Description
Book Synopsis - A practical book written for engineers who design and use antennas
- The author has many years of hands on experience designing antennas that were used in such applications as the Venus and Mars missions of NASA
- The book covers all important topics of modern antenna design for communications
- Numerical methods will be included but only as much as are needed for practical applications
Table of ContentsPreface xv
1 Properties of Antennas 1
1-1 Antenna Radiation 2
1-2 Gain 3
1-3 Effective Area 6
1-4 Path Loss 6
1-5 Radar Range Equation and Cross Section 7
1-6 Why Use an Antenna? 9
1-7 Directivity 10
1-8 Directivity Estimates 11
1-8.1 Pencil Beam 11
1-8.2 Butterfly or Omnidirectional Pattern 13
1-9 Beam Efficiency 16
1-10 Input-Impedance Mismatch Loss 17
1-11 Polarization 18
1-11.1 Circular Polarization Components 19
1-11.2 Huygens Source Polarization 21
1-11.3 Relations Between Bases 22
1-11.4 Antenna Polarization Response 23
1-11.5 Phase Response of Rotating Antennas 25
1-11.6 Partial Gain 26
1-11.7 Measurement of Circular Polarization Using Amplitude Only 26
1-12 Vector Effective Height 27
1-13 Antenna Factor 29
1-14 Mutual Coupling Between Antennas 29
1.15 Antenna Noise Temperature 30
1-16 Communication Link Budget and Radar Range 35
1-17 Multipath 36
1-18 Propagation Over Soil 37
1-19 Multipath Fading 39
References 40
2 Radiation Structures and Numerical Methods 42
2-1 Auxiliary Vector Potentials 43
2-1.1 Radiation from Electric Currents 44
2-1.2 Radiation from Magnetic Currents 49
2-2 Apertures: Huygens Source Approximation 51
2-2.1 Near- and Far-Field Regions 55
2-2.2 Huygens Source 57
2-3 Boundary Conditions 57
2-4 Physical Optics 59
2-4.1 Radiated Fields Given Currents 59
2-4.2 Applying Physical Optics 60
2-4.3 Equivalent Currents 65
2-4.4 Reactance Theorem and Mutual Coupling 66
2-5 Method of Moments 67
2-5.1 Use of the Reactance Theorem for the Method of Moments 68
2-5.2 General Moments Method Approach 69
2-5.3 Thin-Wire Moment Method Codes 71
2-5.4 Surface and Volume Moment Method Codes 71
2-5.5 Examples of Moment Method Models 72
2-6 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 76
2-6.1 Implementation 76
2-6.2 Central Difference Derivative 77
2-6.3 Finite-Difference Maxwell’s Equations 77
2-6.4 Time Step for Stability 79
2-6.5 Numerical Dispersion and Stability 80
2-6.6 Computer Storage and Execution Times 80
2-6.7 Excitation 81
2-6.8 Waveguide Horn Example 83
2-7 Ray Optics and the Geometric Theory of Diffraction 84
2-7.1 Fermat’s Principle 85
2-7.2 H -Plane Pattern of a Dipole Located Over a Finite Strip 85
2-7.3 E-Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 87
2-7.4 H -Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn 89
2-7.5 Amplitude Variations Along a Ray 90
2-7.6 Extra Phase Shift Through Caustics 93
2-7.7 Snell’s Laws and Reflection 93
2-7.8 Polarization Effects in Reflections 94
2-7.9 Reflection from a Curved Surface 94
2-7.10 Ray Tracing 96
2-7.11 Edge Diffraction 96
2-7.12 Slope Diffraction 98
2-7.13 Corner Diffraction 99
2-7.14 Equivalent Currents 99
2-7.15 Diffraction from Curved Surfaces 99
References 100
3 Arrays 102
3-1 Two-Element Array 104
3-2 Linear Array of N Elements 109
3-3 Hansen and Woodyard End-Fire Array 114
3-4 Phased Arrays 115
3-5 Grating Lobes 117
3-6 Multiple Beams 118
3-7 Planar Array 120
3-8 Grating Lobes in Planar Arrays 125
3-9 Mutual Impedance 127
3-10 Scan Blindness and Array Element Pattern 127
3-11 Compensating Array Feeding for Mutual Coupling 128
3-12 Array Gain 129
3-13 Arrays Using Arbitrarily Oriented Elements 133
References 135
4 Aperture Distributions and Array Synthesis 136
4-1 Amplitude Taper and Phase Error Efficiencies 137
4-1.1 Separable Rectangular Aperture Distributions 139
4-1.2 Circularly Symmetrical Distributions 140
4-2 Simple Linear Distributions 140
4-3 Taylor One-Parameter Linear Distribution 144
4-4 Taylor n Line Distribution 147
4-5 Taylor Line Distribution with Edge Nulls 152
4-6 Elliott’s Method for Modified Taylor Distribution and Arbitrary Sidelobes 155
4-7 Bayliss Line-Source Distribution 158
4-8 Woodward Line-Source Synthesis 162
4-9 Schelkunoff’s Unit-Circle Method 164
4-10 Dolph–Chebyshev Linear Array 170
4-11 Villeneuve Array Synthesis 172
4-12 Zero Sampling of Continuous Distributions 173
4-13 Fourier Series Shaped-Beam Array Synthesis 175
4-14 Orchard Method of Array Synthesis 178
4-15 Series-Fed Array and Traveling-Wave Feed Synthesis 188
4-16 Circular Apertures 191
4-17 Circular Gaussian Distribution 194
4-18 Hansen Single-Parameter Circular Distribution 195
4-19 Taylor Circular-Aperture Distribution 196
4-20 Bayliss Circular-Aperture Distribution 200
4-21 Planar Arrays 202
4-22 Convolution Technique for Planar Arrays 203
4-23 Aperture Blockage 208
4-24 Quadratic Phase Error 211
4-25 Beam Efficiency of Circular Apertures with Axisymmetric Distribution 214
References 215
5 Dipoles Slots and Loops 217
5-1 Standing-Wave Currents 218
5-2 Radiation Resistance (Conductance) 220
5-3 Babinet–Booker Principle 222
5-4 Dipoles Located Over a Ground Plane 223
5-5 Dipole Mounted Over Finite Ground Planes 225
5-6 Crossed Dipoles for Circular Polarization 231
5-7 Super Turnstile or Batwing Antenna 234
5-8 Corner Reflector 237
5-9 Monopole 242
5-10 Sleeve Antenna 242
5-11 Cavity-Mounted Dipole Antenna 245
5-12 Folded Dipole 247
5-13 Shunt Feeding 248
5-14 Discone Antenna 249
5-15 Baluns 251
5-15.1 Folded Balun 252
5-15.2 Sleeve or Bazooka Baluns 253
5-15.3 Split Coax Balun 255
5-15.4 Half-Wavelength Balun 256
5-15.5 Candelabra Balun 256
5-15.6 Ferrite Core Baluns 256
5-15.7 Ferrite Candelabra Balun 258
5-15.8 Transformer Balun 258
5-15.9 Split Tapered Coax Balun 259
5-15.10 Natural Balun 260
5-16 Small Loop 260
5-17 Alford Loop 261
5-18 Resonant Loop 263
5-19 Quadrifilar Helix 264
5-20 Cavity-Backed Slots 266
5-21 Stripline Series Slots 266
5-22 Shallow-Cavity Crossed-Slot Antenna 269
5-23 Waveguide-Fed Slots 270
5-24 Rectangular-Waveguide Wall Slots 271
5-25 Circular-Waveguide Slots 276
5-26 Waveguide Slot Arrays 278
5-26.1 Nonresonant Array 279
5-26.2 Resonant Array 282
5-26.3 Improved Design Methods 282
References 283
6 Microstrip Antennas 285
6-1 Microstrip Antenna Patterns 287
6-2 Microstrip Patch Bandwidth and Surface-Wave Efficiency 293
6-3 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 299
6-4 Quarter-Wave Patch Antenna 310
6-5 Circular Microstrip Patch 313
6-6 Circularly Polarized Patch Antennas 316
6-7 Compact Patches 319
6-8 Directly Fed Stacked Patches 323
6-9 Aperture-Coupled Stacked Patches 325
6-10 Patch Antenna Feed Networks 327
6-11 Series-Fed Array 329
6-12 Microstrip Dipole 330
6-13 Microstrip Franklin Array 332
6-14 Microstrip Antenna Mechanical Properties 333
References 334
7 Horn Antennas 336
7-1 Rectangular Horn (Pyramidal) 337
7-1.1 Beamwidth 341
7-1.2 Optimum Rectangular Horn 343
7-1.3 Designing to Given Beamwidths 346
7-1.4 Phase Center 347
7-2 Circular-Aperture Horn 348
7-2.1 Beamwidth 350
7-2.2 Phase Center 352
7-3 Circular (Conical) Corrugated Horn 353
7-3.1 Scalar Horn 357
7-3.2 Corrugation Design 357
7-3.3 Choke Horns 358
7-3.4 Rectangular Corrugated Horns 359
7-4 Corrugated Ground Plane 359
7-5 Gaussian Beam 362
7-6 Ridged Waveguide Horns 365
7-7 Box Horn 372
7-8 T-Bar-Fed Slot Antenna 374
7-9 Multimode Circular Horn 376
7-10 Biconical Horn 376
References 378
8 Reflector Antennas 380
8-1 Paraboloidal Reflector Geometry 381
8-2 Paraboloidal Reflector Aperture Distribution Losses 383
8-3 Approximate Spillover and Amplitude Taper Trade-offs 385
8-4 Phase Error Losses and Axial Defocusing 387
8-5 Astigmatism 389
8-6 Feed Scanning 390
8-7 Random Phase Errors 393
8-8 Focal Plane Fields 396
8-9 Feed Mismatch Due to the Reflector 397
8-10 Front-to-Back Ratio 399
8-11 Offset-Fed Reflector 399
8-12 Reflections from Conic Sections 405
8-13 Dual-Reflector Antennas 408
8-13.1 Feed Blockage 410
8-13.2 Diffraction Loss 413
8-13.3 Cassegrain Tolerances 414
8-14 Feed and Subreflector Support Strut Radiation 416
8-15 Gain/Noise Temperature of a Dual Reflector 421
8-16 Displaced-Axis Dual Reflector 421
8-17 Offset-Fed Dual Reflector 424
8-18 Horn Reflector and Dragonian Dual Reflector 427
8-19 Spherical Reflector 429
8-20 Shaped Reflectors 432
8-20.1 Cylindrical Reflector Synthesis 433
8-20.2 Circularly Symmetrical Reflector Synthesis 434
8-20.3 Doubly Curved Reflector for Shaped Beams 437
8-20.4 Dual Shaped Reflectors 439
8-21 Optimization Synthesis of Shaped and Multiple-Beam Reflectors 442
References 443
9 Lens Antennas 447
9-1 Single Refracting Surface Lenses 448
9-2 Zoned Lenses 451
9-3 General Two-Surface Lenses 454
9-4 Single-Surface or Contact Lenses 459
9-5 Metal Plate Lenses 461
9-6 Surface Mismatch and Dielectric Losses 463
9-7 Feed Scanning of a Hyperboloidal Lens 464
9-8 Dual-Surface Lenses 465
9-8.1 Coma-Free Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 466
9-8.2 Specified Aperture Distribution Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens 468
9-9 Bootlace Lens 470
9-10 Luneburg Lens 472
References 472
10 Traveling-Wave Antennas 474
10-1 General Traveling Waves 475
10-1.1 Slow Wave 478
10-1.2 Fast Waves (Leaky Wave Structure) 480
10-2 Long Wire Antennas 481
10-2.1 Beverage Antenna 481
10-2.2 V Antenna 482
10-2.3 Rhombic Antenna 483
10-3 Yagi–Uda Antennas 485
10-3.1 Multiple-Feed Yagi–Uda Antennas 492
10-3.2 Resonant Loop Yagi–Uda Antennas 495
10-4 Corrugated Rod (Cigar) Antenna 497
10-5 Dielectric Rod (Polyrod) Antenna 499
10-6 Helical Wire Antenna 502
10-6.1 Helical Modes 503
10-6.2 Axial Mode 504
10-6.3 Feed of a Helical Antenna 506
10-6.4 Long Helical Antenna 507
10-6.5 Short Helical Antenna 508
10-7 Short Backfire Antenna 509
10-8 Tapered Slot Antennas 512
10-9 Leaky Wave Structures 516
References 518
11 Frequency-Independent Antennas 521
Spiral Antennas 522
11-1 Modal Expansion of Antenna Patterns 524
11-2 Archimedean Spiral 526
11-3 Equiangular Spiral 527
11-4 Pattern Analysis of Spiral Antennas 530
11-5 Spiral Construction and Feeding 535
11-5.1 Spiral Construction 535
11-5.2 Balun Feed 536
11-5.3 Infinite Balun 538
11-5.4 Beamformer and Coaxial Line Feed 538
11-6 Spiral and Beamformer Measurements 538
11-7 Feed Network and Antenna Interaction 540
11-8 Modulated Arm Width Spiral 541
11-9 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 543
11-10 Mode 2 Conical Log Spiral Antenna 549
11-11 Feeding Conical Log Spirals 550
Log-Periodic Antennas 550
11-12 Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna 551
11-12.1 Feeding a Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna 556
11-12.2 Phase Center 558
11-12.3 Elevation Angle 559
11-12.4 Arrays of Log-Periodic Dipole Antennas 560
11-13 Other Log-Periodic Types 561
11-14 Log-Periodic Antenna Feeding Paraboloidal Reflector 563
11-15 V Log-periodic Array 567
11-16 Cavity-Backed Planar Log-Periodic Antennas 569
References 571
12 Phased Arrays 573
12-1 Fixed Phase Shifters (Phasers) 574
12-2 Quantization Lobes 578
12-3 Array Errors 580
12-4 Nonuniform and Random Element Existence Arrays 582
12-4.1 Linear Space Tapered Array 582
12-4.2 Circular Space Tapered Array 584
12-4.3 Statistically Thinned Array 587
12-5 Array Element Pattern 588
12-6 Feed Networks 590
12-6.1 Corporate Feed 590
12-6.2 Series Feed 592
12-6.3 Variable Power Divider and Phase Shifter 592
12-6.4 Butler Matrix 594
12-6.5 Space Feeding 596
12-6.6 Tapered Feed Network with Uniform-Amplitude Subarrays 597
12-7 Pattern Null Formation in Arbitrary Array 599
12-8 Phased Array Application to Communication Systems 601
12-9 Near-Field Measurements on Phased Arrays 602
References 604
Index 607
