Civil engineering, surveying and building Books

Book SynopsisProceedings of a symposium held at Mandurah, Western Australia, July, 1987. No index. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

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Book SynopsisProceeding of a symposium on Contaminant transport in groundwater held in Stuttgart, April 1989. Topics covered include: Field methods & data processing; Field studies & tracer experiments; Contaminant chemistry & column experiments; Modelling of chemistry coupled to transport; Dispersion theory & transport in fractured media; Numerical aspects of modelling, parameter identification & optimization; Multiphase flow & transport in saturated soil.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses a range of basic and essential topics, selected from the author's teaching and research activities, offering a comprehensive guide in three parts: Statics, Kinematics and Kinetics. Chapter 1 briefly discusses the history of classical and modern mechanics, while Chapter 2, presents preliminary knowledge, preparing readers for the subsequent chapters. Chapters 3 to 7 introduce statics, force analysis, simplification of force groups, equilibrium of the general coplanar force group, and the center of the parallel force group. The Kinematics section (Chapters 8 to 10), covers the motion of a particle, basic motion and planar motion of a rigid body.Lastly, the Kinetics section (Chapters 11 to 14) explores Newton’s law of motion, theorem of momentum, theorem of angular momentum, and theorem of kinetic energy. With numerous examples from engineering, illustrations, and step-by-step tutorials, the book is suitable for both classroom use and self-study. After completing the course, students will be able to simplify complex engineering structures and perform force and motion analyses on particles and structures, preparing them for further study and research. The book can be used as a textbook for undergraduate courses on fundamental aspects of theoretical mechanics, such as aerospace, mechanical engineering, petroleum engineering, automotive and civil engineering, as well as material science and engineering.Table of ContentsPreface.- Preliminary knowledge.- Fundamentals of statics.- Force analysis.- Simplification of a force group.- Equilibrium of the general coplanar force gruop.- Center of the parallel force group.- Motion of a particle.- Basic motion of the rigid body.- Planar motion of the rigid body.- Newton’s laws of motion.- Theorem of momentum.- Theorem of angular momentum.- Theorem of kinetic energy.- Summary.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an in-depth and deeply engaged conversation among interfaith religious leaders and interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners in pursuit of an ethical consensus that could ground sustainable development efforts.Trade ReviewIn Ethics in Action for Sustainable Development, religious leaders of many faiths and scholars of many disciplines address the ethics of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Their message is timely and hopeful: the world’s great religious and ethical traditions share the common commitment to end poverty, assure social justice, and achieve environmental sustainability. The world can indeed come together to build the Future We Want. -- Ban Ki-moon, former secretary-general of the United NationsI came away from this book with a lot of new information and ideas but also a sense of relief: maybe it isn't too late; maybe humanity and much of the other life on the planet is not irrevocably lost and without hope. Ethics in Action for Sustainable Development brings together a broad coalition of authors from disparate disciplines and shows how all of their work is connected to the pressing need to address environmental degradation. -- Philip J. Ivanhoe, author of Oneness: East Asian Conceptions of Virtue, Happiness, and How We Are All ConnectedTable of ContentsForeword, by Pope Francis and Ecumenical Patriarch BartholomewIntroduction, by Jeffrey D. Sachs and Owen FlanaganPart I: Advancing the Common Good: Shared Virtues and Visions of Well-Being1. The Vision and Values of the Sustainable Development Goals, by Jeffrey D. Sachs2. A Social Movement to Make the Last First, by Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo3. Virtue Across Traditions: Common Ground?, by Owen Flanagan4. Secular Ethics, Moral Capital, and the Sustainable Development Goals, by Owen Flanagan5. The Current Resurgence of Interest in the Civil Economy Paradigm, by Stefano ZamagniPart II: Religious Traditions and the Common Good6. The Confucian Conception of the Common Good in Contemporary China, by Anna Sun7. Hinduism: “Consider the common good in all actions,” by Anantanand Rambachan8. Judaism and the Common Good, by David Rosen9. Buddhism and the Common Good, by Kyoichi Sugino10. Greek Orthodoxy and the Common Good, by John D. Zizioulas and Jesse Thorson11. Catholicism and the Common Good, by Daniel G. Groody12. Islam and the Common Good, by Hamza YusufPart III: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Poverty13. The Challenge of Global Poverty, by Jeffrey D. Sachs14. Ethical Actions to End Poverty, by Anthony Annett15. Community-Based Poverty Reduction, by Jennifer Gross16. Judaism and Poverty, by David RosenPart IV: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Peace17. On Peace and a Moral Framework for Statecraft, by Jeffrey D. Sachs18. Advancing Shared Well-Being as a Multireligious Vision of Positive Peace, by William F. Vendley19. Building Peace: Strategies, Resources, and Religions, by R. Scott ApplebyPart V: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Migration20. The Drivers of Migration, by Jeffrey D. Sachs21. A Muslim Perspective on Refugees, by Hamza Yusuf22. Migration and Refugees: A Christian Perspective, by Daniel G. GroodyPart VI: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Businesses as Agents of Sustainable Development23. Toward a Laudato si’ Coherent Corporate Responsibility Management, by Klaus M. Leisinger24. Sustainable Investment and Ethics in Action, by Kerry Kennedy25. The Case for Business in Achieving the SDGs, by Jacqueline CorbelliPart VII: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Education26. The Challenge of Education, by Jeffrey D. Sachs27. What Will It Take to Meet the Sustainable Development Goal for Education?, by Radhika Iyengar28. “Only Connect”: Neuroscience, Technology, and Global Literacy, by Maryanne WolfPart VIII: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Climate Justice29. Climate Disruption: A Personal Journey Into the Ethical and Moral Issues, by Veerabhadran Ramanathan30. The Religious Case for Environmental Care, by Emmanuel Adamakis31. Health Justice Is Climate Justice, by Ted Smith and Christina Lee Brown32. Environmental Injustice: How Treaties Undermine the Right to a Healthy Environment, by Lisa Sachs, Ella Merrill, and Lise Johnson33. Ethics in Action and Divestment, by Erin LothesPart IX: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking, and Access to Justice for the Poor and Vulnerable34. Actualizing Justice for the Poor, by Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo35. Multireligious Action Against Modern Slavery and Trafficking, by William F. Vendley36. Violence Against the Poor and Ethics in Action, by Sharon Cohn WuPart X: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Indigenous Peoples37. Care of the Earth, Care of the Soul: Indigenous Communities and Inner Climate Change, by T8aminik (Dominique) Rankin, Marie-Josée Tardif, and Daniel G. Groody38. Practical Approaches to Sustainable Development in Indigenous Communities and Traditional Populations of the Amazon, by Virgilio VianaPart XI: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: Corruption39. Understanding and Combatting Corruption, by Sean Hagan40. The Role of Institutions in Fighting Corruption, by Jermyn BrooksPart XII: An Ethical Consensus on Sustainable Development: The Future of Work41. Unions and the Future of Work, by Sharan Burrow42. The Coming AI Revolution: Is This Time Different?, by Carl Benedikt Frey43. Slow but Sure: Cooperatives and Integral Ecology, by Nathan Schneider44. The End of Work as We Know It: A Muslim Perspective, by Hamza YusufConclusion: Toward a Moral Economy, by Anthony Annett and Jesse ThorsonList of ContributorsIndex

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Book SynopsisVectors and Tensors.- The Geometry of Deformation.- The Transmission of Force.- Elastic Constitutive Theory.- Boundary Value Problems in Elasticity.- The Ritz Method of Approximation.- The Linear Theory of Beams.- The Linear Theory of Plates.- Energy Principles and Static Stability.- Fundamental Concepts in Static Stability.- The Planar Buckling of Beams.- Numerical Computation for Nonlinear Problems.Table of ContentsVectors and Tensors.- The Geometry of Deformation.- The Transmission of Force.- Elastic Constitutive Theory.- Boundary Value Problems in Elasticity.- The Ritz Method of Approximation.- The Linear Theory of Beams.- The Linear Theory of Plates.- Energy Principles and Static Stability.- Fundamental Concepts in Static Stability.- The Planar Buckling of Beams.- Numerical Computation for Nonlinear Problems.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a practical guide to the basic essentials of earthquake engineering with a focus on seismic loading and structural design. The text covers four major sections: introduction to earthquakes and related engineering problems; analysis; seismic loading; and design concepts.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction to Earthquakes 1 1.1 A Historical Perspective 1 1.2 The Nature of Earthquakes 8 1.3 Plate Tectonics 9 1.4 Focus and Epicentre 14 1.5 Seismic Waves 14 1.6 Seismometers 17 1.7 Magnitude and Intensity 22 1.8 Reid’s Elastic Rebound Theory 27 1.9 Significant Milestones in Earthquake Engineering 27 1.10 Seismic Tomography 28 1.11 References 32 2 Single Degree of Freedom Systems 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Free Vibration 38 2.3 Periodic Forcing Function 42 2.4 Arbitrary Forcing Function 49 2.5 References 53 3 Systems with Many Degrees of Freedom 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Lumped Parameter Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom 55 3.3 Lumped Parameter Systems with more than Two Degrees of Freedom 56 3.4 Mode Superposition 65 3.5 Damping Orthogonality 67 3.6 Non-linear Dynamic Analysis 68 3.7 References 73 4 Basics of Random Vibrations 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Concepts of Probability 76 4.3 Harmonic Analysis 85 4.4 Numerical Integration Scheme for Frequency Content 91 4.5 A Worked Example (Erzincan, 1992) 92 4.6 References 95 5 Ground Motion Characteristics 97 5.1 Characteristics of Ground Motion 97 5.2 Ground Motion Parameters 110 5.3 References 136 6 Introduction to Response Spectra 141 6.1 General Concepts 141 6.2 Design Response Spectra 149 6.3 Site Dependent Response Spectra 163 6.4 Inelastic Response Spectra 174 6.5 References 178 7 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis 181 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Basic Steps in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) 183 7.3 Guide to Analytical Steps 192 7.4 PSHA as Introduced by Cornell 195 7.5 Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques 200 7.6 Construction of Uniform Hazard Spectrum 207 7.7 Further Computational Considerations 212 7.8 References 216 8 Code Provisions 219 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Static Force Procedure 234 8.3 IBC 2006 239 8.4 Eurocode 8 244 8.5 A Worked Example (IBC 2000) 249 8.6 References 276 9 Inelastic Analysis and Design Concepts (with Particular Reference to H-Sections) 279 9.1 Introduction 279 9.2 Behaviour of Beam Columns 280 9.3 Full Scale Laboratory Tests 283 9.4 Concepts and Issues: Frames Subjected to Seismic Loading 289 9.5 Proceeding with Dynamic Analysis (MDOF systems) 290 9.6 Behaviour of Steel Members under Cyclic Loading 293 9.7 Energy Dissipating Devices 296 9.8 References 303 10 Soil-Structure Interaction Issues 305 10.1 Introduction 305 10.2 Definition of the Problem 305 10.3 Damaging Effects due to Amplification 308 10.4 Damaging Effects Due to Liquefaction 316 10.5 References 321 11 Liquefaction 323 11.1 Definition and Description 323 11.2 Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance 325 11.3 Liquefaction Analysis – Worked Example 332 11.4 SPT Correlation for Assessing Liquefaction 338 11.5 Influence of Fines Content 348 11.6 Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Clay (cohesive) Soil 349 11.7 Construction of Foundations of Structures in the Earthquake Zones Susceptible to Liquefaction 350 11.8 References 353 12 Performance Based Seismic Engineering – An Introduction 357 12.1 Preamble 357 12.2 Background to Current Developments 358 12.3 Performance-Based Methodology 360 12.4 Current Analysis Procedures 365 12.5 Second Generation Tools for PBSE 370 12.6 References 372 Index 375

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Book SynopsisThe book begins with an introductory chapter to provide you with background knowledge of the different types of steel frames. The following chapter introduces the elastic stiffness equation for beam element, both general and special form is explained, before providing you with application examples of the equation.Table of ContentsPreface xi Symbols xiii Part One Advanced Analysis of Steel Frames 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Type of Steel Frames 3 1.2 Type of Components for Steel Frames 3 1.3 Type of Beam–Column Connections 7 1.4 Deformation of Joint Panel 7 1.5 Analysis Tasks and Method for Steel Frame Design 8 1.6 Definition of Elements in Steel Frames 9 Chapter 2 Elastic Stiffness Equation of Prismatic Beam Element 11 2.1 General Form of Equation 11 2.1.1 Beam Element in Tension 11 2.1.2 Beam Element in Compression 16 2.1.3 Series Expansion of Stiffness Equations 16 2.1.4 Beam Element with Initial Geometric Imperfection 17 2.2 Special Forms of Elemental Equations 19 2.2.1 Neglecting Effect of Shear Deformation 19 2.2.2 Neglecting Effect of Axial Force 21 2.2.3 Neglecting Effects of Shear Deformation and Axial Force 22 2.3 Examples 22 2.3.1 Bent Frame 22 2.3.2 Simply Supported Beam 24 Chapter 3 Elastic Stiffness Equation of Tapered Beam Element 25 3.1 Tapered Beam Element 25 3.1.1 Differential Equilibrium Equation 25 3.1.2 Stiffness Equation 27 3.2 Numerical Verification 29 3.2.1 Symmetry of Stiffness Matrix 29 3.2.2 Static Deflection 30 3.2.3 Elastic Critical Load 30 3.2.4 Frequency of Free Vibration 30 3.2.5 Effect of Term Number Truncated in Polynomial Series 31 3.2.6 Steel Portal Frame 31 3.3 Appendix 33 3.3.1 Chebyshev Polynomial Approach (Rice, 1992) 33 3.3.2 Expression of Elements in Equation (3.23) 34 Chapter 4 Elastic Stiffness Equation of Composite Beam Element 35 4.1 Characteristics and Classification of Composite Beam 35 4.2 Effects of Composite Action on Elastic Stiffness of Composite Beam 37 4.2.1 Beam without Composite Action 37 4.2.2 Beam with Full Composite Action 38 4.2.3 Beam with Partial Composite Action 39 4.3 Elastic Stiffness Equation of Steel–Concrete Composite Beam Element 40 4.3.1 Basic Assumptions 40 4.3.2 Differential Equilibrium Equation of Partially Composite Beam 41 4.3.3 Stiffness Equation of Composite Beam Element 42 4.3.4 Equivalent Nodal Load Vector 46 4.4 Example 49 4.5 Problems in Present Work 51 Chapter 5 Sectional Yielding and Hysteretic Model of Steel Beam Columns 53 5.1 Yielding of Beam Section Subjected to Uniaxial Bending 53 5.2 Yielding of Column Section Subjected to Uniaxial Bending 53 5.3 Yielding of Column Section Subjected to Biaxial Bending 56 5.3.1 Equation of Initial Yielding Surface 56 5.3.2 Equation of Ultimate Yielding Surface 56 5.3.3 Approximate Expression of Ultimate Yielding Surface 61 5.3.4 Effects of Torsion Moment 62 5.4 Hysteretic Model 64 5.4.1 Cyclic Loading and Hysteretic Behaviour 64 5.4.2 Hysteretic Model of Beam Section 65 5.4.3 Hysteretic Model of Column Section Subjected to Uniaxial Bending 67 5.4.4 Hysteretic Model of Column Section Subjected to Biaxial Bending 67 5.5 Determination of Loading and Deformation States of Beam–Column Sections 68 Chapter 6 Hysteretic Behaviour of Composite Beams 71 6.1 Hysteretic Model of Steel and Concrete Material Under Cyclic Loading 71 6.1.1 Hysteretic Model of Steel Stress–Strain Relationship 71 6.1.2 Hysteretic Model of Concrete Stress–Strain Relationship 71 6.2 Numerical Method for Moment–Curvature Hysteretic Curves 75 6.2.1 Assumptions 75 6.2.2 Sectional Division 75 6.2.3 Calculation Procedure of Moment–Curvature Relationship 76 6.3 Hysteretic Characteristics of Moment–Curvature Relationships 77 6.3.1 Characteristics of Hysteretic Curves 77 6.3.2 Typical Phases 78 6.4 Parametric Studies 79 6.4.1 Height of Concrete Flange hc 79 6.4.2 Width of Concrete Flange Bc 79 6.4.3 Height of Steel Beam hs 80 6.4.4 Strength Ratio g 83 6.4.5 Yielding Strength of Steel fy 84 6.4.6 Compressive Strength of Concrete fck 84 6.4.7 Summary of Parametric Studies 85 6.5 Simplified Hysteretic Model 86 6.5.1 Skeletal Curve 86 6.5.2 Hysteresis Model 89 Chapter 7 Elasto-Plastic Stiffness Equation of Beam Element 93 7.1 Plastic Hinge Theory 93 7.1.1 Hinge Formed at One End of Element 94 7.1.2 Hinge Formed at Both Ends of Element 97 7.2 Clough Model 97 7.3 Generalized Clough Model 98 7.4 Elasto-Plastic Hinge Model 99 7.4.1 Both Ends Yielding 102 7.4.2 Only End 1 Yielding 103 7.4.3 Only End 2 Yielding 103 7.4.4 Summary 104 7.5 Comparison Between Elasto-Plastic Hinge Model and Generalized Clough Model 104 7.5.1 Only End 1 Yielding 104 7.5.2 Both Ends Yielding 105 7.5.3 Numerical Example 106 7.6 Effects of Residual Stresses and Treatment of Tapered Element 107 7.6.1 Effects of Residual Stresses on Plasticity Spread Along Element Section 107 7.6.2 Effects of Residual Stresses on Plasticity Spread Along Element Length 109 7.6.3 Treatment of Tapered Element 110 7.7 Beam Element with Plastic Hinge Between Two Ends 110 7.8 Subdivided Model with Variable Stiffness for Composite Beam Element 113 7.8.1 Subdivided Model 113 7.8.2 Stiffness Equation of Composite Beam Element 114 7.9 Examples 117 7.9.1 A Steel Portal Frame with Prismatic Members 117 7.9.2 A Steel Portal Frame with Tapered Members 118 7.9.3 Vogel Portal Frame 119 7.9.4 Vogel Six-Storey Frame 120 7.9.5 A Single-Storey Frame with Mid-Span Concentrated Load 121 7.9.6 A Single-Storey Frame with Distributed Load 123 7.9.7 A Four-Storey Frame with Mid-Span Concentrated Load 124 7.9.8 A Two-Span Three-Storey Composite Frame 126 Chapter 8 Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Stiffness Equations of Column Element 127 8.1 Force and Deformation of Column Element 127 8.2 Elastic Stiffness Equation of Column Element Subjected to Biaxial Bending 127 8.3 Elasto-Plastic Stiffness Equations of Column Element Subjected to Biaxial Bending 129 8.3.1 Both Ends Yielding 131 8.3.2 Only End 1 Yielding 132 8.3.3 Only End 2 Yielding 133 8.3.4 Summary 133 8.4 Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Stiffness Equations of Column Element Subjected to Uniaxial Bending 134 8.5 Axial Stiffness of Tapered Column Element 135 8.5.1 Elastic Stiffness 135 8.5.2 Elasto-Plastic Stiffness 135 8.6 Experiment Verification 136 8.6.1 Experiment Specimen 136 8.6.2 Set-Up and Instrumentation 139 8.6.3 Horizontal Loading Scheme 140 8.6.4 Theoretical Predictions of Experiments 141 8.6.5 Comparison of Analytical and Tested Results 144 Chapter 9 Effects of Joint Panel and Beam–Column Connection 147 9.1 Behaviour of Joint Panel 147 9.1.1 Elastic Stiffness of Joint Panel 147 9.1.2 Elasto-Plastic Stiffness of Joint Panel 149 9.2 Effect of Shear Deformation of Joint Panel on Beam/Column Stiffness 150 9.2.1 Stiffness Equation of Beam Element with Joint Panel 150 9.2.2 Stiffness Equation of Column Element with Joint Panel Subjected to Uniaxial Bending 153 9.2.3 Stiffness Equation of Column Element with Joint Panel Subjected to Biaxial Bending 154 9.3 Behaviour of Beam–Column Connections 155 9.3.1 Moment–Rotation Relationship 156 9.3.2 Hysteretic Behaviour 161 9.4 Effect of Deformation of Beam–Column Connection on Beam Stiffness 163 9.4.1 Stiffness Equation of Beam Element with Beam–Column Connections 164 9.4.2 Stiffness Equation of Beam Element with Connections and Joint Panels 166 9.5 Examples 166 9.5.1 Effect of Joint Panel 166 9.5.2 Effect of Beam–Column Connection 170 Chapter 10 Brace Element and its Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Stiffness Equations 175 10.1 Hysteretic Behaviour of Braces 175 10.2 Theoretical Analysis of Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Stiffnesses of Brace Element 175 10.3 Hysteretic Model of Ordinary Braces 181 10.4 Hysteretic Characteristics and Model of Buckling-Restrained Brace 183 10.5 Stiffness Equation of Brace Element 185 Chapter 11 Shear Beam and its Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Stiffness Equations 187 11.1 Eccentrically Braced Frame and Shear Beam 187 11.1.1 Eccentrically Braced Frame 187 11.1.2 Condition of Shear Beam 187 11.2 Hysteretic Model of Shear Beam 189 11.3 Stiffness Equation of Shear Beam 190 Chapter 12 Elastic Stability Analysis of Planar Steel Frames 193 12.1 General Analytical Method 193 12.2 Effective Length of Prismatic Frame Column 194 12.2.1 Concept of Effective Length 194 12.2.2 Assumption and Analytical Model 195 12.2.3 Formulations of Effective Length 197 12.2.4 Simplified Formula of Effective Length 202 12.2.5 Modification of Effective Length 203 12.2.6 Effect of Shear Deformation on Effective Length of Column 205 12.2.7 Examples 205 12.3 Effective Length of Tapered Steel Columns 211 12.3.1 Tapered Columns Under Different Boundary Conditions 211 12.3.2 Tapered Column in Steel Portal Frame 213 Chapter 13 Nonlinear Analysis of Planar Steel Frames 219 13.1 General Analysis Method 219 13.1.1 Loading Types 219 13.1.2 Criteria for the Limit State of Ultimate Load-Carrying Capacity 220 13.1.3 Analysis Procedure 221 13.1.4 Basic Elements and Unknown Variables 222 13.1.5 Structural Analysis of the First Loading Type 222 13.1.6 Structural Analysis of the Second Loading Type 223 13.1.7 Numerical Examples 223 13.2 Approximate Analysis Considering P_D Effect 226 13.2.1 Formulation 226 13.2.2 Example 227 13.3 Simplified Analysis Model Considering P_D Effect 228 13.3.1 Development of Simplified Model 228 13.3.2 Example 231 Chapter 14 Seismic Response Analysis of Planar Steel Frames 233 14.1 General Analysis Method 233 14.1.1 Kinetic Differential Equation 233 14.1.2 Solution of Kinetic Differential Equation 235 14.1.3 Determination of Mass, Stiffness and Damping Matrices 238 14.1.4 Numerical Example 240 14.2 Half-Frame Model 241 14.2.1 Assumption and Principle of Half-Frame 241 14.2.2 Stiffness Equation of Beam Element in Half-Frame 244 14.2.3 Numerical Examples 244 14.3 Shear-Bending Storey Model 248 14.3.1 Equivalent Stiffness 248 14.3.2 Inter-Storey Shear Yielding Parameters 251 14.3.3 Examples 252 14.4 Simplified Model for Braced Frame 255 14.4.1 Decomposition and Simplification of Braced Frame 255 14.4.2 Stiffness Matrix of Pure Frame 256 14.4.3 Stiffness Matrix of Pure Bracing System 257 14.4.4 Example 258 Chapter 15 Analysis Model for Space Steel Frames 259 15.1 Space Bar Model 259 15.1.1 Transformation from Local to Global Coordinates 259 15.1.2 Requirement of Rigid Floor 264 15.1.3 Global Stiffness Equation of Frame and Static Condensation 267 15.2 Planar Substructure Model 268 15.2.1 Stiffness Equation of Planar Substructure in Global Coordinates 268 15.2.2 Global Stiffness Equation of Spatial Frame 271 15.2.3 Numerical Example 272 15.3 Component Mode Synthesis Method 274 15.3.1 Principle of Component Mode Synthesis Method 274 15.3.2 Analysis of Generalized Elements 276 15.3.3 Stiffness Equation of Generalized Structure 281 15.3.4 Structural Analysis Procedure 282 15.3.5 Numerical Example 283 Part Two Advanced Design of Steel Frames 287 Chapter 16 Development of Structural Design Approach 289 16.1 Deterministic Design Approach 289 16.1.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (AISC, 1989) 289 16.1.2 Plastic Design (PD) (AISC, 1978) 290 16.2 Reliability Design Approach Based on Limit States of Structural Members 290 16.3 Structural System Reliability Design Approach 292 Chapter 17 Structural System Reliability Calculation 293 17.1 Fundamentals of Structural Reliability Theory 293 17.1.1 Performance Requirements of Structures 293 17.1.2 Performance Function of Structures 293 17.1.3 Limit State of Structures 294 17.1.4 Structural Reliability 294 17.1.5 Reliability Index 296 17.2 The First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) Methods for Structural Reliability Assessment 297 17.2.1 Central Point Method 298 17.2.2 Design Point Method 299 17.3 Effects of Correlation Among Random Variables 302 17.4 Structural System Reliability and Boundary Theory 302 17.4.1 Basic Concepts 302 17.4.2 Upper–Lower Boundary Method 305 17.5 Semi-Analytical Simulation Method for System Reliability 306 17.5.1 General Principle 306 17.5.2 Random Sampling 307 17.5.3 Exponential Polynomial Method (EPM) 309 17.6 Example 309 17.6.1 A Steel Beam Section 309 17.6.2 A Steel Portal Frame 313 Chapter 18 System Reliability Assessment of Steel Frames 317 18.1 Randomness of Steel Frame Resistance 317 18.2 Randomness of Loads 318 18.3 System Reliability Evaluation of Typical Steel Frames 319 18.3.1 Effect of Correlation Among Random Variables 319 18.3.2 Evaluation of Structural System Reliability Under Vertical Loads 320 18.3.3 Evaluation of Structural System Reliability Under Horizontal and Vertical Loads 323 18.4 Comparison of System Reliability Evaluation 325 Chapter 19 Reliability-Based Advanced Design of Steel Frames 327 19.1 Structural Design Based on System Reliability 327 19.1.1 Target Reliability of Design 327 19.1.2 Load and Load Combination 329 19.1.3 Practical Design Formula 329 19.2 Effect of Correlation on Load and Resistance Factors 335 19.3 Comparison of Different Design Methods 337 19.3.1 For Steel Portal Frames 337 19.3.2 For Multi-Storey Steel Frames 340 References/Bibliography 345 Author Index 363 Subject Index 365

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Book SynopsisHealth Monitoring of Bridges prepares the bridge engineering community for the exciting new technological developments happening in the industry, offering the benefit of much research carried out in the aerospace and other industrial sectors and discussing the latest methodologies available for the management of bridge stock.Table of ContentsFigures. Tables. Foreword. List of Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction and Motivation. 1.1 Health Monitoring. 1.2 Client Requirements and Motivation. 2 Bridge Management and Health Monitoring. 2.1 Bridge Management Philosophy. 2.2 Structural Health Monitoring. 2.3 Examples of Bridge Management Systems. 2.4 Protection of Bridges against Man-Made and Natural Hazards. 3 Bridge Rating and Risk Assessment. 3.1 Inspection Rating. 3.2 The BRIMOS® Rating. 3.3 Probabilistic Approach in SHM. 3.4 Risks from Natural Hazards. 3.5 Vehicle and Ship Impact. 3.6 Man-Made Hazards. 4 Damage Detection and Assessment. 4.1 Weak Point Detection and Fatigue Assessment. 4.2 Condition Compensation in Frequency Analyses. 4.3 Model Updating and System Identification. 4.4 Performance Assessment (Damping, Time-Histories). 4.5 Discussion of the SHM Axioms. 4.6 Safety Assessment. 5 Decision Support Systems. 5.1 Decision Support Systems for SHM. 5.2 Architecture. 5.3 The Operation Modes. 5.4 Monitoring System and Databases. 5.5 Current Status of the System. 5.6 Data Treatment. 5.7 Data Storage. 6 Lifetime Assessment of Bridges. 6.1 Lifetime Assessment Procedure. 6.2 Hot-Spot Detection. 6.3 Statistical Pattern Recognition. 6.4 Application Example: Steel Bridge. 6.5 Ongoing Research and Development Projects. 7 Bridge SHM Methodologies. 7.1 Ambient Vibration Monitoring. 7.2 Deflection and Displacement Monitoring. 7.3 Fatigue Assessment by Monitoring. 7.4 Corrosion, Carbonization, Chlorite Content. 7.5 Load Transfers. 7.6 Material Properties. 8 The Business Case for SHM of Bridges. 8.1 Incentives for SHM of Bridges. 8.2 The Costs of SHM of Bridges. 8.3 The Future of the SHM Business. 8.4 Typical SHM Service Catalogue. 9 Applications. 9.1 Melk Bridge M6 Austria. 9.2 Porr Bridge, Vienna, Austria. 9.3 Warth Bridge, Austria. 9.4 Putlitz Bridge, Berlin, Germany. 9.5 Westend Bridge, Berlin, Germany. 9.6 Neisse Viaduct, Zittau, Germany. 9.7 Commodore John Barry Bridge, Delaware River, USA. 9.8 Bridge BE 109/21, B¨utzberg, Switzerland. 9.9 RAMA IX Bridge, Bangkok, Thailand. 9.10 Titulcia Steel Bridge, Madrid, Spain. 9.11 Széchenyi Bridge, Gyor, Hungary. 9.12 ESK 551 Bridge, Bad Bevensen, Germany. 9.13 The New Årsta Railway Bridge, Stockholm Sweden. 9.14 The New Svinesund Bridge, Sweden. 9.15 Bridge Z24, Koppigen–Utzenstorf, Switzerland. 9.16 Roberval Bridge, Senlis, France. 9.17 Saint-Jean Bridge, Bordeaux, France. 9.18 Øresund Bridge, Denmark – Sweden. 9.19 Ting Kau Bridge, Hong Kong, China. 9.20 Skovdiget Bridge Columns, Denmark. 9.21 Skovdiget Bridge Superstructure, Denmark. 9.22 Bolshoj Moskvoretsky Bridge, Moscow, Russia. 9.23 Versoix Bridge, Geneva, Switzerland. 9.24 Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong, China. 9.25 A14 Huntingdon Railway Viaduct, England. 9.26 Highway Bridge BW91, Germany. 9.27 Herrenbrücke, L¨ubeck, Germany. 9.28 Pasir Panjang Semi-Expressway, Singapore. 9.29 Pioneer Bridge, Singapore. 9.30 Tuas Second Link, Singapore–Malaysia. 9.31 Bridge I40, New Mexico, USA. 9.32 Källösund Bridge, Goth Sweden. 9.33 Europabrücke, Innsbruck, Austria. 9.34 St. Marx Bridge, Vienna, Austria. 9.35 Taichung Bridge, Taiwan. 10 Feedback from Monitoring to Design. 10.1 Realistic Loads. 10.2 Environmental Conditions. 10.3 Conservative Design. 10.4 Designed-in Monitoring. 11 Guideline and Recommendations for SHM. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Objectives and Outline of the Guideline. 11.3 Analysis of Structural Responses. 11.4 Diagnostics of Structures. 11.5 Damage Identification. 11.6 Qualifications of Test Personnel. 11.7 Sensor Classification, Application and Experience. 11.8 Traffic Load Identification on Bridges. 11.9 Condition Monitoring of Heritage Buildings. 11.10 Identification of Local Damage and the Effect on Structures. 11.11 Damage Identification of a Steel Bridge by Dynamic Parameters. 12 Glossary and Derivation Criteria for SHM of Bridges. 12.1 Glossary of Terms Frequently Used. 12.2 Mathematical Formulations in Dynamics. 12.3 Wind-Induced Vibration of Bridges.

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Book SynopsisPractical guide to structural stability theory for the design of safe steel structures Not only does this book provide readers with a solid foundation in structural stability theory, it also offers them a practical, working knowledge of how this theory translates into design specifications for safe steel structures. Structural Stability of Steel features detailed discussions of the elastic and inelastic stability of steel columns, beams, beam-columns, and frames alongside numerous worked examples. For each type of structural member or system, the authors set forth recommended design rules with clear explanations of how they were derived. Following an introduction to the principles of stability theory, the book covers: * Stability of axially loaded planar elastic systems * Tangent-modulus, reduced-modulus, and maximum strength theories * Elastic and inelastic stability limits of planar beam-columns Table of ContentsChapter 1: Fundamentals of Stability Theory. Section 1.1 Introduction. Section 1.2 Basics of Stability Behavior : The Spring-Bar System. Section 1.3 Fundamentals of Post-Buckling Behavior. Section 1.4 Snap-Through Buckling. Section 1.5 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. Section 1.6 Summary. Problems. Chapter 2: Elastic Buckling of Planar Columns. Section 2.1 Introduction. Section 2.2 Large-Deflection Solution of an Elastic Column. Section 2.3 Differential Equation of Planar Flexure. Section 2.4 The Basic Case: Pin-Ended Column. Section 2.5 The Five Fundamental Cases. Section 2.6 The Effect of Imperfections. Section 2.7 Stability of A Rigid Frame. Section 2.8 End-Restrained Columns. Section 2.9 Restrained Column Examples. Section 2.10 Continuously Restrained Columns. Section 2.11 Summary. Problems. Appendix. Chapter 3: Inelastic Column Buckling. Section 3.1 The Tangent and Reduced Modulus Concepts. Section 3.2 Shanley's Contribution. Section 3.3 Example Illustrating the Tangent Modulus and the Reduced Modulus Concepts. Section 3.4 Buckling Strength ff Steel Columns. Section 3.5 Illustration Of The Effect of Residual Stresses on the Buckling Strength of Steel Columns. Section 3.6 The Effect of Initial Out-of-Straightness and Load Eccentricity. Section 3.7 Design Formulas For Metal Columns. Section 3.8 Summary. Problems. Chapter 4: Beam-Columns. Section 4.1 Introduction. Section 4.2 General Discussion Of The Behavior Of Beam-Columns. Section 4.3 The Elastic In-Plane Behavior Of Beam-Columns. Section 4.4 Elastic Limit Interaction Relationships. Section 4.5 Example Problems Of Beam-Column Strength. Section 4.6 Systematic Methods Of Analysis: Flexibility Method. Section 4.7 Systematic Methods Of Analysis: The Stiffness Method. Section 4.8 Inelastic Strength Of Beam-Columns. Section 4.9 Design Of Beam-Columns. Problems. Chapter 5: Frame-Stability. Section 5.1 Introduction. Section 5.2 Two-Bay Frame Examples. Section 5.3 Summary. Problems. Chapter 6: Lateral-Torsional Buckling. Section 6.1 Introduction. Section 6.2 Basic Case: Beams Subjected To Uniform Moment. Section 6.3 The Effect Of Boundary Conditions. Section 6.4 The Effect Of Loading Conditions. Section 6.5 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Of Singly-Symmetric Cross Sections. Section 6.6 Beam-Columns And Columns. Section 6.7 Inelastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling. Section 6.8 Summary. Problems. Chapter 7: Bracing. Section 7.1 Introduction. Section 7.2 Discrete bracing. Section 7.3 Relative Bracing. Section 7.4 Lean-on Bracing. Section 7.5 Effects of Imperfections. Section 7.6 Column Bracing Provisions. Section 7.7 Beam Bracing. Section 7.8 AISC Design Provisions for Beam Bracing. Section 7.9 Summary. Suggested Reading. Problems. Chapter 8: Specification - Based Applications of Stability in Steel Design. Section 8.1 Introduction. Section 8.2 Development of the beam-column interaction equations. Section 8.3 Assessment of Column Strength. Section 8.4 Assessment of beam strength. Section 8.5 Specification Based Approaches for Stability Assessment. Section 8.6 Effective Length Factors, aka "K-factors". Section 8.7 Design Assessment Example. Section 8.8 Frame Design Requirements in Canada and Europe. Section 8.9 Summary. Problems.

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Book SynopsisWritten for contractors and endorsed by the Associated General Contractors of America Written specifically for contractors, this how-to book enables you to meet the challenges of green building construction. You''ll discover how constructing environmentally friendly, sustainable buildings influences project management, delivery, documentation, and risk. Moreover, the book guides you through these important considerations at all phases of a green construction project, including: Bidding and contracting Managing green design when the contractor works as a design builder Subcontracting Procurement Construction management Project commissioning and closeout This book is endorsed by the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) and was written with the assistance and advice of a specially assembled AGC task force. With a focus on the green building process from the contractor''s viewpoint, the book avoidTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1. GREEN CONSTRUCTION & THE CONTRACTOR. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Sustainable Development: What Is It? 1.3 Green Building Defined. 1.4 Green Construction: Reactive or Proactive? 1.5 Green Construction without Green Design? 1.6 What is Green Construction? 1.7 Green is Lean. 1.8 The Green Contractor. 1.9 Advantages of Being Green. 1.10 Overview of This Book. 1.11 References. CHAPTER 2. ELEMENTS OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Green Building Evaluation Systems. 2.3 LEEDTM Certification. 2.3.1 U.S. Green Building Council. 2.3.2 LEEDTM Rating Systems. 2.3.3 LEED-NC Certification Process. 2.3.4 Information on the LEEDTM Rating System. 2.3.5 Projects Not Products are LEEDTM Certified. 2.3.6 LEEDTM Accredited Professionals. 2.4 Green GlobesTM Certification. 2.4.1 Origins of Green GlobesTM. 2.4.2 Green Building Initiative. 2.4.3 Green GlobesTM Rating System. 2.4.4 Green GlobesTM Self Assessment. 2.4.5 Green GlobesTM Certification. 2.4.6 Green GlobesTM Verification Process. 2.4.7I nformation on the Green GlobesTM Rating System. 2.5 Additional Rating systems. 2.6 References. CHAPTER 3. UNDERSTANDING GREEN PROJECT REQUIREMENTS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Impact of Green Requirements. 3.3 Green Project Delivery. 3.3.1 Importance of Green Project Delivery. 3.3.2 What is a Project Delivery System? 3.3.3 Project Delivery System Categories. 3.3.4 Construction Manager/General Contractor. 3.3.5 Design Build. 3.4 Green Design-Bid-Build. 3.5 Green Construction Manager at Risk. 3.6 Green Design Build. 3.6.1 Design-Build Overview. 3.6.2 One-Stage Design-Build Process. 3.6.3 Two-Stage Design-Build Process. 3.6.4 Design-Build Variations. 3.6.5 Managing The Green Design Process. 3.7 Contractor Selection Methods. 3.7.1 Selection Methods. 3.7.2 Price-Based Selection. 3.7.3 Qualifications-Based Selection. 3.7.4 "Best Value" Selection. 3.8 Green Scope of Work Impact. 3.9 Identifying Green Requirements. 3.10 Specifications. 3.10.1 Specifications Defined. 3.10.2 Specification Types. 3.10.3 Conflicting Material Specifications. 3.10.4 Mixed Green Specifications. 3.11 CSI MasterFormatTM. 3.11.1 CSI MasterFormattm Background. 3.11.2 2004 MasterFormatTM Groups. 3.11.3 General Requirements Subgroup - Division 01. 3.11.4 Facility Construction Subgroup. 3.11.5 Facility Services Subgroup. 3.11.6 1995 CSI MasterFormatTM References. 3.11.7 A Word of Caution. 3.12 Green Requirements on Drawings. 3.13 References. CHAPTER 4. CONTRACTING FOR GREEN CONSTRUCTION. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Consult Your Advisors. 4.3 Contract Purpose. 4.4 Where Is The Risk? 4.5 Managing Green Construction Risk. 4.5.1 Four Risk Management Methods. 4.5.2 Risk Retention. 4.5.3 Risk Reduction. 4.5.4 Risk Transfer. 4.5.5 Risk Avoidance. 4.6 Owner-Contractor Agreement. 4.7 Conditions of Contract. 4.7.1 General Conditions. 4.7.2 Supplemental Conditions. 4.7.3 Special Conditions. 4.7.4 Combined Supplemental & Special Conditions. 4.8 Drawings & Specifications. 4.9 Addenda. 4.10 Other Listed Documents. 4.11 Green Design-Build Requirements. 4.11.1 Design-Build Project Delivery. 4.11.2 Contract Documents. 4.11.3 Design-Build Risk. 4.11.4 Establish Measurable Design-Build Performance Requirements. 4.12 Order of Contract Document Precedence. 4.13 Insurance coverage on Green Projects. 4.14 Bonding Requirements on Green Projects. 4.15 References. CHAPTER 5. MANAGING GREEN DESIGN. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Designer Defined. 5.3 Design-Build as a Project Delivery System. 5.4 Design-Builder Defined. 5.5 Design-Build is a Team Effort. 5.5.1 Relationship Between Contractor & Designer. 5.5.2 Designer Organization. 5.6 What Makes A Successful Design-Build Project? 5.7 Understanding Owner Needs & Expectations. 5.7.1 Owner Needs & Expectations. 5.7.2 Owner’s Project Criteria. 5.7.3 Owner’s Project Criteria as a Contract Document. 5.7.4 Importance of Measurable Green Criteria. 5.7.5 Establishing Measurable Green Criteria. 5.7.6 Beware of Hidden Green Requirements & Conflicts. 5.7.7 Basis for Commissioning Plan. 5.8 Selecting a Designer. 5.8.1 Need for a Designer. 5.8.2 Defining the Design Firm’s Scope of Services. 5.8.3 Identifying & Selecting a Designer. 5.8.4 Professional Qualifications. 5.9 Contracting with the Designer. 5.9.1 Design Contract Scope. 5.9.2 Design Contract Requirements. 5.9.3 Design Contract Format. 5.9.4 Use of Purchase Orders. 5.9.5 Alignment Between Agreements. 5.10 Professional Liability Insurance. 5.10.1 Professional Liability Insurance Overview. 5.10.2 Need for Professional Liability Insurance. 5.10.3 Insurance Coverage Period. 5.10.4 Example Contractual Requirement for Professional Liability Insurance. 5.11 The Design Process. 5.11.1 Six Design Phases. 5.11.2 Programming Phase. 5.11.3 Schematic Design Phase. 5.11.4 Design Development Phase. 5.11.5 Construction Documents Phase. 5.11.6 Construction Phase. 5.11.7 Commissioning Phase. 5.11.8 Use of the Design Phases. 5.12 Perform Regular Design Reviews. 5.12.1 Need for Regular Design Reviews. 5.12.2 Types of Design Reviews. 5.12.3 Internal Design Reviews. 5.12.4 Owner Design Reviews. 5.13 Managing the Design Process. 5.13.1 Establishing Design Documentation Requirements. 5.13.2 Design Change & Modification Procedure. 5.13.3 Plan & Schedule the Design Process. 5.14 References. CHAPTER 6. GREEN SUBCONTRACTING. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Green Subcontracting. 6.3 Why Are Subcontractors Important On Green Projects? 6.4 Specialty Contractor Prequalification. 6.5 Defining Subcontractor Scope. 6.6 Basis for Green Scope of Work. 6.7 Establishing Green Criteria. 6.8 Green Processes & Procedures. 6.9 Educate Specialty Contractors. 6.10 Subcontractor Selection. 6.11 Subcontract Terms & Condition. 6.11.1 Current Model Contract Documents. 6.11.2 Subcontract Documents. 6.11.3 Green Flow-Through Requirements. 6.11.4 Implicit Green Requirements. 6.11.5 Subcontractor Green Submittals. 6.11.6 Subcontractor Design Management Responsibilities. 6.11.7 System Startup & Commissioning. 6.11.8 Early Startup of Building Systems. 6.12 Training Subcontractors on Site. 6.13 References. CHAPTER 7. GREEN PROCUREMENT. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Building Product Life Cycle. 7.2.1 Building Product Life Cycle. 7.2.2 Raw Material Extraction/Harvesting. 7.2.3 Raw Material Transport. 7.2.4 Raw Material Conversion. 7.2.5 Converted Material Transport. 7.2.6 Product Manufacture. 7.2.7 Product Transport. 7.2.8 Building Product Installation. 7.2.9 Building Product Use. 7.2.10 Building Product Removal. 7.2.11 Building Product Disposition. 7.2.12 Transport Salvaged Product. 7.2.13 Refurbish Product. 7.2.14 Transport Refurbished Product. 7.2.15 Recover Material. 7.2.16 Transport Recovered Material. 7.2.17 Landfill/Incinerate Waste. 7.3 Where are the Green Building Product Requirements? 7.3.1 Specific Requirements. 7.3.2 General Performance Requirements. 7.3.3 Partial Performance Requirements. 7.3.4 Need to Understand Green Building Product Requirements. 7.4 S ubcontractor Procurement Responsibility. 7.5 Green Building Product Characteristics. 7.5.1 Green Building Product Characteristics. 7.5.2 Resource Efficiency. 7.5.3 Waste Minimization. 7.5.4 Indoor Air Quality. 7.5.5 Energy Efficiency. 7.5.6 Water Conservation. 7.6 Green Building Product Screening Process. 7.6.1 Screening Process Steps. 7.6.2 Step #1: Research. 7.6.3 Step#2: Evaluate. 7.6.4 Step #3: Select. 7.7 Green Procurement Process. 7.8 Green Building Product Requirements Analysis. 7.8.1 Green Building Product Requirements Analysis . 7.8.2 Review & Identify Green Building Product Requirements. 7.8.3 General Green Requirement’s Path. 7.8.4 Mixed Green Requirement’s Path. 7.8.5 Specific Green Requirement’s Path. 7.8.6 Prepare & Distribute Bid Package. 7.9 Supplier RFQ Development. 7.9.1 Supplier RFQ Development Process. 7.9.2 Identify Product Requirements. 7.9.3 Performance Specification Path. 7.9.4 Descriptive Specification Path. 7.9.5 Prescriptive Specification Path. 7.9.6 Identify Suppliers. 7.9.7 Prepare & Issue RFQ. 7.10 Product Procurement Process. 7.11 Establish a Procurement Procedure. 7.12 References. CHAPTER 8. CONSTRUCTING A GREEN PROJECT. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Green Construction Process. 8.3 Green Construction Planning & Scheduling. 8.4 Workforce Conservation. 8.4.1 Need to Conserve The Workforce. 8.4.2 Safety. 8.4.3 Ergonomics. 8.4.4 Use of Local Workforce. 8.5 Material Conservation. 8.5.1 Material Conservation. 8.5.2 Material Conservation Planning. 8.5.3 Material Conservation Strategies. 8.5.4 Build with Standard Material Dimensions. 8.5.5 Fabricate Nonstandard Material Dimensions. 8.5.6 Prefabricate Material Assemblies. 8.5.7 Material Shipping. 8.6 Site Layout & Use. 8.6.1 Reduced Site Disturbance & Green Construction. 8.6.2 Set Construction Boundaries. 8.6.3 Restrict Vehicle & Equipment Movement. 8.6.4 Establish Trailer, Storage, & Laydown Areas. 8.6.5 Prevent Site Erosion & Sediment Runoff. 8.6.6 Manage Storm Water & Wastewater. 8.7 Construction Waste Management. 8.8 Material Storage & Protection. 8.9 Providing a Healthy Work Environment. 8.10 Creating an Environmentally-Friendly Jobsite. 8.11 Construction Equipment Selection & Operation. 8.12 Documenting Green Construction. 8.13 References. CHAPTER 9. GREEN PROJECT COMMISSIONING & CLOSEOUT. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Building Commissioning Purpose & Objectives. 9.3 Building Commissioning Defined. 9.4 Owner Building Commissioning Benefits. 9.4.1 Building Commissioning Benefits. 9.4.2 Verified Equipment & System Operation. 9.4.3 Established Baseline System Performance. 9.4.4 Reduced Operating Costs. 9.4.5 Improved Occupant Well being. 9.4.6 Increased System Reliability & Maintainability. 9.5 Commissioning As A Quality Assurance Program. 9.5.1 Contractor Building Commissioning Benefits. 9.5.2 What Is Quality? 9.5.3 Quality Control. 9.5.4 Commissioning as a Quality Assurance Program. 9.5.5 Quality Planning. 9.6 Contractor’s Responsibility for Building Performance. 9.6.1I mportance Of Understanding Responsibility for Building Performance. 9.6.2 Determining Responsibility for Building Performance. 9.6.3 Design-Bid-Build: Descriptive or Prescriptive Specification. 9.6.4 Design-Bid-build: Performance Specification. 9.6.5 Design build. 9.6.6 Draw Build or Design Assist. 9.7 Building Commissioning Extent & Timing. 9.8 Project Commissioning Requirements. 9.8.1 Project Commissioning Requirements. 9.8.2 Contractor Needs To Understand Commissioning Requirements. 9.8.3 Defining Subcontractor Scopes of Work. 9.8.4 1995 CSI MasterFormatTM. 9.8.5 2004 CSI MasterFormatTM. 9.8.6 Division 25 - Integrated Automation. 9.9 Basic Building Commissioning Process. 9.9.1 Basic Building Commissioning Process. 9.9.2 Equipment Commissioning. 9.9.3 Subsystem Commissioning. 9.9.4 System Commissioning. 9.9.5 Integrated Systems Commissioning. 9.9.6 Building Commissioning. 9.10 Commissioning Authority. 9.10.1 What is the Commissioning Authority’s Role? 9.10.2 Who Can Be the Commissioning Authority. 9.10.3 Contractor as Commissioning Authority. 9.10.4 Commissioning Authority Qualifications. 9.10.5 Commissioning Authority Responsibilities. 9.11 Commissioning Plan. 9.12 Commissioning Team. 9.13 Commissioning Activities. 9.14 Prefunctional Equipment Testing. 9.14.1 What Is Prefunctional Equipment Testing? 9.14.2 Who Develops The Prefunctional Testing Requirements? 9.14.3 How Is Prefunctional Testing Performed? 9.14.4 Prefunctional Equipment Testing Documentation. 9.15 Control system Checkout & Testing. 9.16 Testing, Adjusting, & Balancing. 9.17 Functional Testing. 9.17.1 What Is Functional Testing? 9.17.2 Methods Of Functional Testing. 9.18 Operational Training. 9.19 Commissioning & Closeout Submittals. 9.20 Project Functional Completion. 9.21 Working with an Outside Commissioning Authority. 9.21.1 Contractor Interaction with Outside Commissioning Authority. 9.21.2 Understand the Commissioning Requirements. 9.21.3 Subcontractor Commissioning Requirements. 9.21.4 Interaction with The Commissioning Authority. 9.21.5 Finalizing the Commissioning Plan. 9.21.6 Ongoing Commissioning Authority Interaction. 9.21.7 Equipment & System Documentation & Submittals. 9.21.8 Create a Commissioning File. 9.21.9 Preparation & Submission of O&M Manuals. 9.22 References. APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS. APPENDIX B. REFFERENCE.

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1958, Salvato''s Environmental Engineering has long been the definitive reference for generations of sanitation and environmental engineers. Approaching its fiftieth year of continual publication in a rapidly changing field, the Sixth Edition has been fully reworked and reorganized into three separate, succinct volumes to adapt to a more complex and scientifically demanding field with dozens of specializations. Updated and reviewed by leading experts in the field, this revised edition offers new process and plant design examples and added coverage of such subjects as urban and rural systems. Stressing the practicality and appropriateness of treatment, the Sixth Edition provides realistic solutions for the practicing public health official, water treatment engineer, plant operator, and others in the domestic and industrial waste treatment professions. This volume, Environmental Engineering: Water, Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and RemediatioTable of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xv Chapter 1 Water Supply 1T. David Chinn Introduction 1 Groundwater Pollution Hazard 3 Travel of Pollution through the Ground 5 Disease Transmission 10 Water Quantity and Quality 10 Water Cycle and Geology 10 Groundwater Flow 13 Groundwater Classification 16 Water Quality 17 Sampling and Quality of Laboratory Data 26 Sanitary Survey and Water Sampling 30 Sampling Frequency 33 Water Analyses 36 Heterotrophic Plate Count—The Standard Plate Count 37 Bacterial Examinations 38 Biological Monitoring 42 Virus Examination 42 Protozoa and Helminths Examination 43 Specific Pathogenic Organisms 43 Physical Examinations 44 Microscopic Examination 46 Chemical Examinations 48 Drinking Water Additives 68 Water Quantity 69 Water Conservation 70 Water Reuse 75 Source and Protection of Water Supply 77 General 77 Groundwater 88 Dug Well 88 Bored Well 89 Driven and Jetted Well 90 Drilled Well 91 Well Development 93 Grouting 96 Well Contamination—Cause and Removal 99 Spring 101 Infiltration Gallery 101 Cistern 103 Domestic Well-Water Supplies—Special Problems 105 Household Treatment Units (Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry) 108 Desalination 111 References 118 Bibliography 126 Chapter 2 Water Treatment 133T. David Chinn Treatment of Water—Design and Operation Control 133 Introduction 133 Surface Water 134 Treatment Required 135 Disinfection 136 Gas Chlorinator 137 Testing for Residual Chlorine 138 Chlorine Treatment for Operation and Microbiological Control 139 Distribution System Contamination 145 Plain Sedimentation 146 Microstraining 146 Coagulation, Flocculation, and Settling 147 Filtration 149 Slow Sand Filter 149 Rapid Sand (Granular Media) Filter 151 Direct Filtration 157 Pressure Sand Filter 160 Diatomaceous Earth Filter 160 Package Water Treatment Plant 161 Water Treatment Plant Wastewater and Sludge 162 Causes of Tastes and Odors 162 Control of Microorganisms 163 Zebra Mussel and Its Control 169 Aquatic Weed Control 169 Other Causes of Tastes and Odors 170 Methods to Remove or Reduce Objectionable Tastes and Odors 172 Iron and Manganese Occurrence and Removal 182 Corrosion Cause and Control 187 Removal of Inorganic Chemicals 197 Prevention and Removal of Organic Chemicals 201 Water System Design Principles 205 Water Quantity 205 Design Period 206 Watershed Runoff and Reservoir Design 206 Intakes and Screens 208 Pumping 209 Distribution Storage Requirements 210 Peak Demand Estimates 213 Distribution System Design Standards 217 Small Distribution Systems 220 Fire Protection 220 Cross-Connection Control 222 Hydropneumatic Systems 226 Pumps 231 Displacement Pump 231 Centrifugal Pump, Also Submersible and Turbine 233 Jet Pump 235 Air-Lift Pump 235 Hydraulic Ram 236 Pump and Well Protection 237 Pump Power and Drive 237 Automatic Pump Control 239 Water Hammer 239 Rural Water Conditions in the United States 240 Design of a Household Water System 242 Examples 242 Design of Small Water Systems 242 Design of a Camp Water System 255 Water System Cost Estimates 255 Cleaning and Disinfection 257 Wells and Springs 258 Pipelines 260 Storage Reservoirs and Tanks 261 Emergency Water Supply and Treatment 262 Boiling 263 Chlorination 263 Iodine 266 Filtration in an Emergency 267 Bottled, Packaged, and Bulk Water 267 References 269 Bibliography 278 Chapter 3 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 283John R. Kiefer Disease Hazard 283 Criteria for Proper Wastewater Disposal 285 Definitions 285 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems 288 Wastewater Characteristics 289 Soil Characteristics 289 Soil Suitability 290 Pollutant Travel from Septic Systems 291 Soil Percolation Test 291 Sewage Flow Estimates 293 Septic Tank 295 Care of Septic Tank and Subsurface Absorption Systems 299 Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems 301 Absorption Field System 301 Leaching Pit 305 Cesspool 305 Dry Well 306 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems for Unsuitable Soils or Sites 308 General 308 Modified Septic Tank Soil Absorption System 308 Example 309 Capillary Seepage Trench 309 Raised Bed Absorption-Evapotranspiration System 310 Septic Tank Sand Filter System 312 Aerobic Sewage Treatment Unit 315 Septic Tank Mound System 315 Example 1 317 Electric Osmosis System 318 Septic Tank Evapotranspiration System 318 Example 2 320 Water Conservation 321 Sewage Works Design—Small Treatment Plants 322 Disinfection 322 Physical-Chemical Treatment 326 Sedimentation 326 Coagulation/Flocculation 326 Filtration 327 Activated Carbon Adsorption 328 Biological Treatment 328 Wastewater Reuse 334 Wastewater Aerosol Hazard 335 Wastewater Disposal by Land Treatment 336 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 341 Typical Designs for Small Treatment Plants 344 Standard-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank 344 High-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank 346 Intermittent Sand Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank or Septic Tank 347 Design of Large Treatment Plants 347 Biosolids Treatment and Disposal 352 Cost of Sewage Treatment 357 Industrial Wastes 360 Hazardous and Toxic Liquid Wastes 360 Pretreatment 362 References 363 Bibliography 367 Index 371

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1958, Salvato's Environmental Engineering has long been the definitive text/reference for generations of sanitation and environmental engineers.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv CONTRIBUTORS xvii CHAPTER 1 DISEASE TRANSMISSION BY CONTAMINATED WATER 1Richard F. Unz Introduction / 1 Control of Source (Agent Factors) / 3 Control of Mode of Transmission / 5 Control of Susceptibles (Host Factors) / 6 Typical Epidemic Control / 8 Waterborne Diseases / 12 General / 12 Survival of Pathogens / 13 Substance Dose to Cause Illness / 15 Summary of Characteristics and Control of Water- and Foodborne Diseases / 17 Vehicle or Means by Which Waterborne Diseases Are Spread / 44 Historical Waterborne Disease Background / 45 Control and Prevention of Waterborne Diseases / 55 Prevention of Waterborne Diseases / 56 Schistosomiasis / 58 Bioterrorism / 59 Smallpox / 61 Anthrax / 62 Plague / 64 Tularemia / 65 Glanders / 65 Botulism / 66 Tetanus or Lockjaw / 67 Noninfectious and Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions Associated with the Water Environment / 67 Background / 67 Prevention and Control / 71 Investigation of a Water Disease Outbreak / 72 General / 72 Samples and Specimens / 81 Epidemiology and Risk / 83 Molecular Detection of Waterborne Pathogens / 86 References / 90 Bibliography / 98 CHAPTER 2 CONTROL OF DISEASES OF THE AIR AND LAND 99Nabarun Dasgupta Communicable Diseases / 99 Background / 99 Life Expectancy and Mortality / 101 Framework for Disease Transmission / 106 Regulatory Authorities in Health / 108 Epidemic Control at the Individual Level / 109 Behavioral Change / 110 Antibiotics and Antivirals / 111 Vaccination (or Immunization) / 111 Control of Infectious Agents and Vectors / 113 Environmental Control of Infectious Diseases / 114 Arthropodborne Diseases / 116 Zoonoses and Their Spread / 127 Infectious Respiratory Diseases / 138 Bioterrorism / 141 Smallpox / 142 Anthrax / 143 Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions Associated with the Environment / 143 Background / 143 Prevention and Control / 146 Environmental Control Legislation / 147 Lead Poisoning / 151 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / 154 Mercury Poisoning / 155 Illnesses Associated with Air Pollution—Lung Diseases / 157 Asbestos Diseases / 159 Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer) / 160 Cardiovascular Diseases / 160 Methemoglobinemia / 162 Dental Caries / 162 Hypothermia / 163 High Environmental Temperatures / 163 Skin Damage from Sunlight / 164 Tap Water Scalds / 165 Sporotrichosis / 165 Definitions / 165 Useful Internet Web Sites / 169 References / 169 CHAPTER 3 FOODBORNE DISEASES 175Nabarun Dasgupta Introduction / 175 Survival of Pathogens / 176 Infectious Dose / 177 Reservoir or Source of Disease Agents / 178 Humans as Reservoirs / 178 Animals as Reservoirs / 180 Food Spoilage / 181 Burden and Cost of Foodborne Illness / 183 Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance / 184 Poultry / 185 Milk and Other Dairy Products / 186 Fruits and Vegetables / 188 Meat and Seafood / 188 Control and Prevention of Foodborne Diseases / 188 Prevention of Foodborne Diseases / 188 Mercury Poisoning / 197 Methemoglobinemia / 199 Dental Caries / 200 Sporotrichosis / 201 Nutritional Deficiency and Related Diseases / 201 References / 207 CHAPTER 4 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 213Harvey F. Ludwig Abbreviations / 213 Introduction / 215 Background / 215 History / 215 Problem of Developing Countries / 216 Summary of DC Problem / 217 Purpose of This Chapter / 219 Specific Subjects Included in This Chapter / 220 Environmental Governance / 223 Introduction / 223 Situation in DCs versus United States/ICs / 223 What DC and IAA Practitioners Can Do to Correct This Problem / 224 Role of the Private Sector / 225 Urban Water Supply / 225 Situation in United States/ICs / 225 Situation in Typical DCs / 226 Suggested Approach for Improving IAA Assistance to DCs / 227 Appropriate Water Quality Standards / 229 Water and Sewer Pipes in Same Trench / 229 Reuse of Treated Wastewater / 231 IAA-Sponsored Community Water Supply Programs / 231 Other Considerations / 232 Water Hyacinths / 233 Water Quality Analyses / 234 Water Quality Monitoring / 238 Role of Private Sector / 238 Integrated Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning (IEEDP) / 240 Water Resources Management / 240 Reducing Water Irrigation Requirement / 241 China Studies Sponsored by World Bank / 241 Watershed Management / 242 Urban Sewerage and Excreta Management (USEM) / 242 Situation in ICs / 243 Situation in Typical DCs / 245 Sewerage-cum-Sanitation Systems for 100 Percent Excreta Management / 247 Sewage Treatment Systems / 247 Sewage Collection (Including Interceptors, Pumping, Transmission) / 248 Sewage Characteristics and Needs for Treatment and Point Source Control / 250 Sewage Flow Measurement / 250 Appropriate Standards / 251 Marine Sewage Disposal / 251 Buffer Area Requirements around Treatment/Pumping Plants / 253 Regional Water Pollution Control / 253 Industrial Wastewater Management / 253 Situation in ICs versus DCs / 253 Discharge into Municipal Sewerage Systems (MSSs) / 255 Discharge Directly to Environment / 256 Appropriate Standards / 257 Cleaner Production (CP) / 257 Industrial Estates / 258 Marine Disposal / 258 Abstract / 260 Urban Solid Waste Management / 261 Situation in United States versus DCs / 261 Practical Sanitary Landfilling Technology for DCs / 261 Experience in Asian DCs / 262 Alternative Disposal Methods / 264 Reclamation of Swamp Lowlands by Refuse Landfilling / 264 Urban Air Pollution Control / 269 Background / 269 Thailand: General Situation / 269 Thailand: Sharing of Controls for Multiple Industries / 270 Air Pollution Control Experience in India / 272 Hazardous Wastes Management / 276 Background / 276 Guidelines Manual for DCs / 276 Megacities: Rural to Urban Migration / 282 Background / 282 Economic Policies for Sustainable Development (ADB) / 282 Existing Situation in the DCs / 283 Urban Growth Management/Action Strategy / 285 Effective Control of Environmental Degradation / 287 Follow-up Evaluation of ADB Study / 288 Essay on Urban Population Growth in DCs / 290 Urban Slums / 292 Background / 292 Indonesia Kampung Improvement Projects (KIPs) / 292 Urban Sanitation / 295 Ports and Harbors / 295 Coastal City of Chonburi in Thailand / 296 Public Water Supply Taps / 296 Rural Sanitation / 298 Very Low Priority for Attention / 298 WHO Manuals / 298 Xiaolangdi Resettlement / 298 Farm Animal Manures / 300 Handwashing / 300 School Sanitation / 301 Hazard of Flies / 301 Septic Tanks for Coastal Homes on Stilts / 301 Water Treatment for Homes Using Surface Waters / 301 Public Health / 302 Assessment by Asian Development Bank / 302 Water Supply and Sanitation / 302 Disease Reporting / 303 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) / 305 Difficulties in Application of EIA Process to DCs / 305 Effective Use of EIA Process in DCs / 306 Recommended EIA Report Components / 309 Constraints for Construction Contractors / 310 Need for Effective Training / 312 Environmental Economics and Financing / 313 Inclusion of Environmental Values in Project Economic Analysis (PEA) / 313 Effect of EPMs on Project Economic and Financial Analyses / 313 Human Greed Parameter / 313 Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning / 314 Value of Human Life / 314 Protecting Precious Eco-Resources / 314 Emergencies Management / 315 Technology Transfer (TT) / 315 Problem / 315 Recommendation / 317 Development Planning for DCs / 317 Social Parameters: Attention to Rural Poverty Poor / 317 Eco-Resources Protection / 319 Affordability of Environmental Improvements / 322 Integrated Economic-cum-Environmental Development Planning (IEEDP) / 322 Global Warming / 323 Problem / 323 Future of Environment in Developing Countries / 325 Problem of DCs / 325 Changes in Environmental Policy in the ICs / 325 Glimpse of Future / 326 Recommendations / 326 References / 326 CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS 335Piero M. Armenante and James P. Mack Introduction / 335 Emergency Planning for Industrial Facilities / 339 Resources / 340 Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs) / 341 Media Center / 341 Communication Equipment and Alarm Systems / 342 Firefighting Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies / 344 Spill and Vapor Release Control Equipment / 345 Medical Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies / 345 Meteorological Equipment / 346 Security and Access Control Equipment / 346 Environmental Testing Systems / 346 Emergency Action Levels / 347 Emergency Response Organization / 347 Initial-Response Organization / 348 Full Emergency Response Organization / 349 Emergency Director (Site Emergency Coordinator) / 349 Response Operations Coordinator / 349 Incident Response Commander (IRC, Field Operations Coordinator) / 351 Incident Response Team / 351 Emergency Functions / 352 Emergency Response Actions / 353 Concept of Operations / 353 Emergency Response Implementing Procedures / 353 Environmental Considerations / 354 Recovery, Reentry, and Restoration / 354 Training, Exercises, and Plan Maintenance / 355 Emergency Planning at the Local Level / 356 Emergency Management / 356 Leadership Commitment / 356 Planning Team / 357 Planning Process / 358 Hazards Analysis / 358 Damage Assessment and Recovery Operations / 360 Resources / 360 Content of the Plan and Procedures / 361 Plan Integration / 362 Public Information / 363 Public Education / 363 Public Emergency Notification / 364 Conclusion / 364 References / 364 INDEX 367

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding the growing complexities in environmental management and risk assessment involves four distinct disciplines: landscape ecology, environmental risk assessment, valuation of ecological goods and services, and environmental management decision processes.Table of ContentsPreface. Prologue. Table of Contents. Chapter 01. Introduction (Lawrence A. Kapustka and Wayne G. Landis). Chapter 02. Risk Assessment (Lawrence A. Kapustka). Chapter 03. Population, Habitat, and Ecological Systems (Lawrence A. Kapustka). Chapter 04. Relevance of Spatial and Temporal Scales to Ecological Risk Assessment (Alan R. Johnson and Sandra J Turner). Chapter 05. Quantitative Measures and Ecological Hierarchy (G. Darrel Jenerette and Jianguo Wu). Chapter 06. Bayesian Models in Assessment and Management (Jannicke Moe). Chapter 07. Linking Regional and Local Risk Assessment (Rosana Moraes and Sverker Molander). Chapter 08. Integrating Health in Environmental Risk Assessments (Kenneth L. Froese and Marla Orenstein). Chapter 09. Valuing Wildlands (Rebecca A. Efromson, Henriette I. Jager, and William W. Hargrove). Chapter 10. Predicting Climate Change Risks to Riparian Ecosystems in Arid Watersheds: The Upper San Pedro as a Case Study (Hector Galbraith, Mark D. Dixon, Juliet C. Stromberg, and Jeff T. Price). Chapter 11. Invasive Species and Environmental Risk Assessment (Greg Linder and Edward Little). Chapter 12. Landscape Non-indigenous Species Risk Assessment: Asian Oyster and Nun Moth Case Studies (Wayne G. Landis, Valerie C. Chen, Audrey M. Colnar, Laurel Kaminski, Goro Kushima and Ananda Seebach). Chapter 13. Ecological Risk Assessment of the Invasive Sargassum muticum for the Cherry Point Reach, Washington USA (Ananda Seebach, Audrey M. Colnar and Wayne G. Landis). Chapter 14. Integrated Laboratory and Field Investigations: Case Study—Assessing Contaminant Risk to American Badger (Dale J. Hoff, Deborah A. Goeldner, Michael J. Hooper). Chapter 15. Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals (Joanne Parrott, Alison Mclaughlin, David Lapen and Edward Topp). Chapter 16. Economic Analysis of Ecological Goods and Services (Ronald J. McCormick, James Pittman, and Timothy F. H. Allen). Chapter 17. Ecosystem Service Valuation Concepts and Methods (James Pittman and Ronald J. McCormick). Chapter 18. Metrics and Indices for Sustainable Social – Ecological Landscapes (Ronald J. McCormick). Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisPresents the application of investigative forensic techniques to the field of land boundary retracement Contains detailed information on records research Unique presentation of physical evidence investigation techniques Provides a guide for surveyors faced with a difficult retracement with little or faulty evidence.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgement. 1. Forensic Science. 2. The Nature of Evidence. 3. The Scene. 4. Investigation - The Search of Evidence. 5. The Thought Process. 6. Studying a Land Parcel. 7. Interpreting the Evidence. 8. Land Records. 9. Dealing with Words. 10. Following Footsteps. 11. Corners. 12. Directions and Distances. 13. Dealing with Directions. 14. Dealing with Distances. 15. Dealing with Mathematics. 16. Profiling. 17. Interviewing (Interrogation). 18. Wood Evidence. 19. Fences. 20. Other Types of Monuments and Markers. 21. Highways, Roads and Streets. 22. Water-related Problems. 23. Ethics. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisIn order to assess the effectiveness of groundwater monitoring devices and their end results, statistical techniques must be employed. Thoroughly updated and expanded, the Second Edition examines the multiple problems inherent in the analysis of groundwater monitoring data and illustrates their application and interconnections.Trade Review"This book is an excellent supplementary text for courses on environmental statistics or reference for researchers and practitioners." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xxiii Acronyms xxv 1 Normal Prediction Intervals 1 2 Nonparametric Prediction Intervals 35 3 Prediction Intervals for Other Distributions 67 4 Gamma Prediction Intervals and Some Related Topics 77 5 Tolerance Intervals 97 6 Method Detection Limits 111 7 Practical Quantitation Limits 137 8 Interlaboratory Calibration 147 9 Contaminant Source Analysis 161 10 Intra-Well Comparison 191 11 Trend Analysis 205 12 Censored Data 217 13 Normal Prediction Limits for Left-Censored Data 245 14 Tests for Departure From Normality 257 15 Variance Component Models 281 16 Detecting Outliers 289 17 Surface Water Analysis 303 18 Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring 317 19 Regulatory Issues 337 20 Summary 351 Topic Index 366

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Book SynopsisLarry Mays' Hydrology is a comprehensive text stressing fundamentals of hydrologic process for both surface water hydrology and groundwater hydrology. The text makes use of internet resources, such as free modeling tools, to help solve more complicated and real-world problems more quickly, and motivate interest in the topics.Table of ContentsAbout the Author v Preface vii Chapter 1 Hydrology, Climate Change, and Sustainability 1 1.1 Introduction to Hydrologic Processes 1 1.1.1 What is Hydrology? 1 1.1.2 Why Study Hydrology? 1 1.1.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 3 1.1.4 Hydrologic Systems 4 1.1.5 Surface Water in the Hydrologic Cycle 5 1.1.6 Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cycle 5 1.1.7 Control Volume Approach for Hydrologic Processes 7 1.2 Climate Change Effects and the Hydrologic Cycle 8 1.2.1 The Climate System 8 1.2.2 What is Climate Change? 10 1.2.3 Climate Change Prediction 11 1.2.4 Hydrologic Effects of Climate Change 12 1.3 Anthropogenic Effects on the Hydrologic Cycle 16 1.3.1 Urbanization 16 1.3.2 Land and Water Management Effects on the Hydrologic Cycle 17 1.4 Water Resources Sustainability 18 1.5 Hydrologic Budgets 19 1.6 Hydrologic Data and Publication Sources 21 1.7 U.S. Geological Survey Publications 22 Problems 25 References 25 Chapter 2 Occurrence of Groundwater 27 2.1 Origin of Groundwater 27 2.2 Rock Properties Affecting Groundwater 27 2.2.1 Aquifers 27 2.2.2 Porosity 28 2.2.3 Soil Classification 31 2.2.4 Porosity and Representative Elementary Volume 33 2.2.5 Specific Surface 33 2.3 Vertical Distribution of Groundwater 36 2.4 Zone of Aeration 37 2.4.1 Soil Water Zone 37 2.4.2 Intermediate Vadose Zone 38 2.4.3 Capillary Zone 38 2.4.4 Measurement of Water Content 40 2.4.5 Available Water 40 2.5 Zone of Saturation 41 2.5.1 Specific Retention 41 2.5.2 Specific Yield 41 2.6 Geologic Formations as Aquifers 42 2.6.1 Alluvial Deposits 43 2.6.2 Limestone 43 2.6.3 Volcanic Rock 44 2.6.4 Sandstone 46 2.6.5 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 46 2.6.6 Clay 46 2.7 Types of Aquifers 46 2.7.1 Unconfined Aquifer 46 2.7.2 Confined Aquifers 46 2.7.3 Leaky Aquifer 48 2.7.4 Idealized Aquifer 48 2.8 Storage Coefficient 48 2.9 Groundwater Basins/Regional Groundwater Flow Systems 50 2.9.1 High Plains Aquifer 52 2.9.2 Gulf Coastal Plain Aquifer System 54 2.10 Springs 54 2.10.1 What Are Springs? 54 2.10.2 Edwards Aquifer—Discharge of Springs 61 2.11 Groundwater in the United States 63 Problems 70 References 71 Chapter 3 Groundwater Movement 75 3.1 Darcy’s Law 75 3.1.1 Experimental Verification 75 3.1.2 Darcy Velocity 78 3.1.3 Validity of Darcy’s Law 78 3.2 Permeability 79 3.2.1 Intrinsic Permeability 79 3.2.2 Hydraulic Conductivity 80 3.2.3 Transmissivity 80 3.2.4 Hydraulic Conductivity of Geologic Materials 81 3.3 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity 82 3.3.1 Formulas 82 3.3.2 Laboratory Methods 83 3.3.3 Tracer Tests 85 3.3.4 Auger Hole Tests 87 3.3.5 Pumping Tests of Wells 88 3.4 Anisotropic Aquifers 89 3.5 Groundwater Flow Rates 91 3.6 General Flow Equations 93 3.7 Unsaturated Flow 95 3.7.1 Flow Through Unsaturated Soils 96 3.7.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity 99 3.7.3 Vertical and Horizontal Flows 103 Problems 104 References 105 Chapter 4 Groundwater and Well Hydraulics 109 4.1 Steady Unidirectional Flow 109 4.1.1 Confined Aquifer 109 4.1.2 Unconfined Aquifer 110 4.1.3 Base Flow to a Stream 112 4.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well 115 4.2.1 Confined Aquifer 115 4.2.2 Unconfined Aquifer 120 4.2.3 Unconfined Aquifer with Uniform Recharge 122 4.3 Well in a Uniform Flow 124 4.4 Unsteady Radial Flow in a Confined Aquifer 126 4.4.1 Nonequilibrium Well Pumping Equation 126 4.4.2 Theis Method of Solution 127 4.4.3 Cooper–Jacob Method of Solution 129 4.4.4 Chow Method of Solution 132 4.4.5 Recovery Test 132 4.5 Unsteady Radial Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer 135 4.6 Unsteady Radial Flow in a Leaky Aquifer 140 4.7 Well Flow Near Aquifer Boundaries 143 4.7.1 Well Flow Near a Stream 143 4.7.2 Well Flow Near an Impermeable Boundary 148 4.7.3 Well Flow Near Other Boundaries 151 4.7.4 Location of Aquifer Boundary 153 4.8 Multiple Well Systems 154 4.9 Partially Penetrating Wells 158 4.10 Well Flow for Special Conditions 160 4.11 Slug Tests 161 4.11.1 Definition 161 4.11.2 Design Guidelines 161 4.11.3 Performance of Slug Tests 162 4.11.4 Methods for Analyzing Slug-Test Data 164 4.12 Slug Tests for Confined Formations 166 4.12.1 Cooper, Bredehoeft, and Papadopulos Method 166 4.12.2 Hvorslev Method 170 4.13 Slug Tests for Unconfined Formations 172 4.13.1 Bouwer and Rice Method 173 4.13.2 Dagan Method 179 Problems 182 References 189 Chapter 5 Artificial Recharge, Stormwater Infiltration, and Saltwater Intrusion Prevention 193 5.1 Artificial Recharge 193 5.1.1 Recharge Systems 193 5.1.2 Recharge Mounds 195 5.2 Stormwater Infiltration Basin Mound Development 203 5.2.1 Potential Flow Model for a Trench 204 5.2.2 Potential Flow Model for Circular Basin 205 5.2.3 Mound Growth 208 5.2.4 Mound Recession 209 5.3 Saline Water Intrusion in Aquifers 210 5.3.1 Occurrence of Saline Water Intrusion 210 5.3.2 Ghyben–Herzberg Relation Between Freshwater and Saline Water 211 5.3.3 Shape of the Freshwater–Saltwater Interface 213 5.3.4 Structure of the Freshwater–Saltwater Interface 216 5.3.5 Effect of Wells on Seawater Intrusion 219 5.3.6 Upconing of Saline Water 221 5.3.7 Control of Saline Water Intrusion 225 Problems 227 References 228 Chapter 6 Groundwater Flow Modeling 231 6.1 Introduction 231 6.1.1 Why Develop Groundwater Models? 231 6.1.2 Types of Groundwater Models 232 6.1.3 Steps in the Development of a Groundwater Model 232 6.2 Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow Model 233 6.2.1 Derivation of Finite Difference Equations 233 6.2.2 Simulation of Boundaries 239 6.2.3 Vertical Discretization 239 6.2.4 Hydraulic Conductance Equations 240 6.3 MODFLOW-2005 Description 243 6.3.1 Model Introduction 243 6.3.2 Space and Time Discretization 245 6.3.3 External Sources and Stresses 246 6.3.4 Hydraulic Conductance—Layer-Property Flow (LPF) Package 248 6.3.5 Solver Packages 251 6.3.6 Telescopic Mesh Refinement 252 6.4 Case Study: Using MODFLOW: Lake Five-O, Florida 256 6.4.1 Finite Difference Grid and Boundary Conditions 256 6.4.2 Model Calibration and Sensitivity Analysis 256 6.4.3 Model Results 260 6.5 Example Applications and Input of MODFLOW 261 Problems 270 References 271 Chapter 7 Hydrologic Processes 273 7.1 Introduction to Surface Water Hydrology 273 7.1.1 What is Surface Water Hydrology? 273 7.1.2 The Hydrologic Cycle 273 7.1.3 Hydrologic Systems 273 7.1.4 Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation 278 7.1.5 Hydrologic Budget 280 7.2 Precipitation (Rainfall) 281 7.2.1 Precipitation Formation and Types 281 7.2.2 Rainfall Variability 282 7.2.3 Disposal of Rainfall on a Watershed 283 7.2.4 Design Storms 286 7.2.5 Estimated Limiting Storms 301 7.3 Evaporation 304 7.3.1 Energy Balance Method 304 7.3.2 Aerodynamic Method 307 7.3.3 Combined Method 309 7.4 Infiltration 310 7.4.1 Unsaturated Flow 310 7.4.2 Green–Ampt Method 313 7.4.3 Other Infiltration Methods 319 Problems 321 References 324 Chapter 8 Surface Runoff 327 8.1 Drainage Basins and Storm Hydrographs 327 8.1.1 Drainage Basins and Runoff 327 8.2 Hydrologic Losses, Rainfall Excess, and Hydrograph Components 331 8.2.1 Hydrograph Components 333 8.2.2 F-Index Method 333 8.2.3 Rainfall-Runoff Analysis 335 8.3 Rainfall-Runoff Analysis Using Unit Hydrograph Approach 335 8.4 Synthetic Unit Hydrographs 338 8.4.1 Snyder’s Synthetic Unit Hydrograph 338 8.4.2 Clark Unit Hydrograph 339 8.5 S-Hydrographs 343 8.6 NRCS (SCS) Rainfall-Runoff Relation 345 8.7 Curve Number Estimation and Abstractions 347 8.7.1 Antecedent Moisture Conditions 347 8.7.2 Soil Group Classification 348 8.7.3 Curve Numbers 351 8.8 NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Procedure 354 8.8.1 Time of Concentration 355 8.8.2 Time to Peak 357 8.8.3 Peak Discharge 357 8.9 Kinematic Wave Overland Flow Runoff Model 358 8.10 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff Analysis 363 Problems 365 References 372 Chapter 9 Reservoir and Streamflow Routing 375 9.1 Routing 375 9.2 Hydrologic Reservoir Routing 376 9.3 Hydrologic River Routing 380 9.4 Hydraulic (Distributed) Routing 384 9.4.1 Unsteady Flow Equations: Continuity Equation 385 9.4.2 Momentum Equation 387 9.5 Kinematic Wave Model for Channels 390 9.5.1 Kinematic Wave Equations 390 9.5.2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Kinematic Wave Model for Overland Flow and Channel Routing 392 9.5.3 KINEROS2 Channel Flow Routing Model 393 9.5.4 Kinematic Wave Celerity 394 9.6 Muskingum–Cunge Model 395 9.7 Implicit Dynamic Wave Model 396 9.8 Distributed Routing in U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS 398 Problems 401 References 406 Chapter 10 Probability, Risk, and Uncertainty Analysis for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design 407 10.1 Probability Concepts 407 10.2 Commonly Used Probability Distributions 410 10.2.1 Normal Distribution 410 10.2.2 Log-Normal Distribution 410 10.2.3 Gumbel (Extreme Value Type I) Distribution 413 10.3 Hydrologic Design for Water Excess Management 414 10.3.1 Hydrologic Design Scale 414 10.3.2 Hydrologic Design Level (Return Period) 416 10.3.3 Hydrologic Risk 416 10.3.4 Hydrologic Data Series 417 10.4 Hydrologic Frequency Analysis 419 10.4.1 Frequency Factor Equation 419 10.4.2 Application of Log-Pearson III Distribution 420 10.4.3 Extreme Value Distribution 425 10.5 U.S. Water Resources Council Guidelines for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis 425 10.5.1 Procedure 426 10.5.2 Testing for Outliers 427 10.6 Analysis of Uncertainties 430 10.7 Risk Analysis: Composite Hydrologic and Hydraulic Risk 433 10.7.1 Reliability Computation by Direct Integration 434 10.7.2 Reliability Computation Using Safety Margin/Safety Factor 435 10.8 Computer Models for Flood-Flow Frequency Analysis 437 Problems 438 References 441 Chapter 11 Hydrologic Design and Floodplain Analysis 443 11.1 Hydrologic Design for Stormwater Management: Storm Sewers Design 443 11.1.1 Rational Method Design 443 11.1.2 Risk-Based Design of Storm Sewers 451 11.2 Hydrologic Design of Stormwater Detention 453 11.2.1 Why Detention? Effects of Urbanization 453 11.2.2 Sizing Detention 454 11.2.3 Detention Basin Routing 455 11.2.4 Preliminary Sizing of Detention: Modified Rational Method 456 11.2.5 Infiltration Basin Design 460 11.3 Floodplain Analysis 461 11.3.1 Floodplain Analysis Components 461 11.3.2 Floodplain Hydraulics 464 11.3.3 Water Surface Profile Computation 468 11.4 Flood-Control Alternatives 472 11.4.1 Structural Alternatives 473 11.4.2 Nonstructural Alternatives 477 11.4.3 Flood Damage and Net Benefit Estimation 478 11.5 Urban Flood Management: A Matter of Water Resources Sustainability 480 11.5.1 Urban Flood Management and Sustainability 480 11.5.2 Climate Change, Urbanization, and Integrated Management 481 11.5.3 Developing Countries and Flood Management 482 11.5.4 Developed Countries and Flood Disasters 482 11.6 Water Supply for Crop Water Requirements: Evapotranspiration Calculations 483 11.6.1 Combination Equation 483 11.6.2 FAO-56 Penman–Monteith Equation 484 11.6.3 Meteorological Data and Factors 485 11.6.4 Radiation Calculations 489 11.6.5 ASCE-EWRI Standardized Penman-Monteith Equation 493 11.7 Hydrologic Design for Water Supply 494 11.7.1 Surface Water Reservoir Systems 494 11.7.2 Storage—Firm Yield Analysis forWater Supply 495 11.7.3 Reservoir Simulation 503 Problems 505 References 508 Chapter 12 Hydrologic Measurement 511 12.1 Atmosphere-Land Interface 511 12.1.1 Wind, Humidity, and Solar Radiation 512 12.1.2 Precipitation 515 12.1.3 Evaporation 519 12.1.4 Weather/Climate Stations 521 12.1.5 Infiltration 522 12.2 Discharge Measurement 523 12.2.1 Weir 523 12.2.2 Flumes 527 12.3 Streamflow Measurement 528 12.3.1 Measuring Stage 528 12.3.2 Velocity-Area-Integration Method 531 12.3.3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 533 12.4 Groundwater Measurement 534 12.5 Automated Data Acquisition and Transmission Systems 536 12.6 Hydrologic Monitoring Systems 538 12.6.1 Urban Stormwater Systems 538 12.6.2 Flood Early-Warning Systems 541 Problems 541 References 542 Chapter 13 Hydrology of Specific Climates 543 13.1 Hydrology of Arid and Semiarid Climates 543 13.1.1 Physical Features 543 13.1.2 Hydrologic Processes 545 13.1.3 Rainfall Hyetographs for Arabian Gulf States 548 13.1.4 Design Rainfall Patterns for Arizona 549 13.1.5 Hydrology of Alluvial Fan Flooding 549 13.2 Hydrology of Cold Climates 555 13.2.1 Snowpack, Snow Water Equivalent, and Snowmelt Runoff 556 13.2.2 Snowmelt—Energy Budget Solutions 558 13.2.3 Snowmelt—Temperature Index Solutions 561 13.2.4 Models for Snowmelt Runoff 562 13.3 Hydrology of Humid Tropical Climates 562 13.3.1 ENSO: El Ni~no-Southern Oscillation 563 13.3.2 Rainfall for Drainage Design 565 13.3.3 Rainfall Interception—Vegetation Canopy 567 13.4 Introduction to Watershed Hydrology Models 569 13.4.1 What are Watershed Models? 570 13.4.2 Classification of Watershed Models 571 13.4.3 Distributed Model Spatial Configurations 572 13.4.4 Discussion of Selected Models 573 References 574 Appendix A Control Volume Approach for Hydrosystems 577 Continuity 580 Energy 581 Momentum 583 Appendix B NWS Precipitation Frequency Documents 585 Appendix C U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-HMS 589 Watershed and Meteorological Description 589 Example Application 591 References 597 Appendix D U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS 599 HEC-RAS Model Features 599 Cross-Sections 599 Cross-Section Description for Conveyance Calculation 600 Cross-Section Interpolation 600 Cross-Sections at Junctions 601 Bridge Description 601 Encroachment Methods Floodplain Analysis 602 Reference 606 Index

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Book SynopsisThe increasing sophistication of buildings and bridges demands new analytical techniques. Reliability-based design is a well established technique in the structural and mechanical engineering communities that is now gaining momentum among geotechnical engineers.Trade Review"The publication presents an examination of the theories and methodologies available for risk assessment in geotechnical engineering, spanning the full range from established single-variable and “first order” methods to the most recent, advanced numerical developments. In response to the growing application of LRFD methodologies in geotechnical design, coupled with increased demand for risk assessments by clients ranging from regulatory agencies to insurance companies, the authors have introduced an innovative reliability-based risk assessment method, the Random Finite Element Method (RFEM). The authors have spent more than fifteen years developing this statistically based method for modeling the real spatial variability of soils and rocks." (MCEER, Information Service, January 5, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. PART 1: THEORY. Chapter 1: Review of Probability Theory. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Basic Set Theory. 1.3 Probability. 1.4 Conditional Probability. 1.5 Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 1.6 Measures of Central Tendency, Variability, and Association. 1.7 Linear Combinations of Random Variables. 1.8 Functions of Random Variables. 1.9 Common Discrete Probability Distributions. 1.10 Common Continuous Probability Distributions. 1.11 Extreme-Value Distributions. Chapter2: Discrete random Processes. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Discrete-Time, Discrete-State Markov Chains. 2.3 Continuous-Time Markov Chains. 2.4 Queueing Models. Chapter 3: Random Fields. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Covariance Function. 3.3 Spectral Density Function. 3.4 Variance Function. 3.5 Correlation Length. 3.6 Some Common Models. 3.7 Random Fields in Higher Dimensions. Chapter 4: Best Estimates, Excursions, and Averages. 4.1 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation. 4.2 Threshold Excursions in One Dimension. 4.3 Threshold Excursions in Two Dimensions. 4.4 Averages. Chapter 5: Estimation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Choosing a Distribution. 5.3 Estimation in Presence of Correlation. 5.4 Advanced Estimation Techniques. Chapter 6: Simulation. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Random-Number Generators. 6.3 Generating Nonuniform Random Variables. 6.4 Generating Random Fields. 6.5 Conditional Simulation of Random Fields. 6.6 Monte carlo Simulation. Chapter 7: Reliability-Based Design. 7.1 Acceptable Risk. 7.2 Assessing Risk. 7.3 Background to Design Methodologies. 7.4 Load and Resistance Factor Design. 7.5 Going Beyond Calibration. 7.6 Risk-Based Decision making. PART 2: PRACTICE. Chapter 8: Groundwater Modeling. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Finite-Element Model. 8.3 One-Dimensional Flow. 8.4 Simple Two-Dimensional Flow. 8.5 Two-Dimensional Flow Beneath Water-Retaining Structures. 8.6 Three-Dimensional Flow. 8.7 Three Dimensional Exit Gradient Analysis. Chapter 9: Flow Through Earth Dams. 9.1 Statistics of Flow Through Earth Dams. 9.2 Extreme Hydraulic Gradient Statistics. Chapter 10: Settlement of Shallow Foundations. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Two-Dimensional Probabilistic Foundation Settlement. 10.3 Three-Dimensional Probabilistic Foundation Settlement. 10.4 Strip Footing Risk Assessment. 10.5 Resistance Factors for Shallow-Foundation Settlement Design. Chapter 11: Bearing Capacity. 11.1 Strip Footings on c-ø Soils. 11.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design of Shallow Foundations. 11.3 Summary. Chapter 12: Deep Foundations. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Random Finite-Element Method. 12.3 Monte Carlo Estimation of Pile Capacity. 12.4 Summary. Chapter 13: Slope Stability. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis. 13.3 Slope Stability Reliability Model. Chapter 14: Earth Pressure. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Passive Earth Pressures. 14.3 Active Earth Pressures: Retaining Wall Reliability. Chapter 15: Mine Pillar Capacity. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Literature. 15.3 Parametric Studies. 15.4 Probabilistic Interpretation. 15.5 Summary. Chapter 16: Liquefaction. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Model Size: Soil Liquefaction. 16.3 Monte Carlo Analysis and Results. 16.4 Summary PART 3: APPENDIXES. APPENDIX A: PROBABILITY TABLES. A.1 Normal Distribution. A.2 Inverse Student t-Distribution. A.3 Inverse Chi-Square Distribution APPENDIX B: NUMERICAL INTEGRATION. B.1 Gaussian Quadrature. APPENDIX C. COMPUTING VARIANCES AND CONVARIANCES OF LOCAL AVERAGES. C.1 One-Dimensional Case. C.2 Two-Dimensional Case C.3 Three-Dimensional Case. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to water supply pipe system analysis and design This authoritative resource consolidates information on the analysis and design of water supply systems into one practical, hands-on reference.Trade Review"Accessible and comprehensive, this is an excellent reference for civil and environmental engineers involved in the planning, deign, operation, and maintenance of water systems; water supply managers and planners; and postgraduate students in civil and environmental engineering." (MCEER Information Service, January 2009)Table of ContentsTable of Tables. Table of Figures. Notations. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Basic Principles of Pipe Flows. Chapter 3: Pipe Network Analysis. Chapter 4: Cost Considerations. Chapter 5: General Principles of Network Synthesis. Chapter 6: Water Transmission Lines. Chapter 7: Water Distribution Mains. Chapter 8: Single Input Source Branched Systems. Chapter 9: Single Input Source Looped Systems. Chapter 10: Multi-Input Sources Branched Systems. Chapter 11: Multi-Input Sources Looped Systems. Chapter 12: Decomposition of A Large Water System And Optimal Zone Size. Chapter 13: Reorganisation of Water Distribution Systems. Chapter 14: Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines. Appendix A1: Linear Programming. Appendix A2: Geometric Programming. Appendix A3: Water Distribution Network Analysis Program. Book Drawings - Art Work. Notations.

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Book SynopsisThe optimal approach to design, build, operate, and maintain buildings With this strategic guide to building information modeling (BIM), you'll learn how to implement this new technology as part of a comprehensive systems approach to the design, construction, management, operation, maintenance, and use of buildings. The authors, among the leading experts and pioneers in BIM, show you how BIM supports more streamlined, integrated, and efficient business processes throughout the life cycle of buildings, from their initial conception through their eventual retirement or reuse. The result is better quality buildings, lower construction and operating costs, shorter project turnaround times, and a higher quality of building information to support better business decisions. Moreover, they set forth a plan for incorporating BIM into every organization's existing workflows, enabling you to take full advantage of all the benefits that BIM offers. Everything you need to implemenTable of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xv Chapter 1 Building Industry Challenges and Opportunities 1 Global Trends in Supply and Demand 2 Benchmarking Construction Productivity 3 Construction Productivity Metrics 6 Benchmarking Building Performance 8 Converting Inefficiency and Waste into Profit 10 Benchmarking Waste 11 Identifying Business Opportunities 12 Emerging Business Strategies 15 Choosing the Right Tools, Deploying the Right Tool Suites 16 The BIM Value Proposition 19 Process Engineering 20 Thinking Like an Owner 22 Building Performance Metrics 23 New Metrics for Real Property Valuation 23 Chapter 2 BIM Implementation Strategies 27 Leaving the CAD Era Behind 28 A Systems Approach to BIM Implementation 29 Avoiding Ideological Pitfalls 30 Aligning a BIM Implementation Strategy with Technology Trends 32 Assessing Fundamental Risks 33 Fostering a Culture of Information Stewardship 33 Managing Culture Change 35 Using Technology to Build Trust and Mitigate Risk 36 Maintaining Data Exchange Capabilities 37 Assessing Team Capabilities 41 Managing Expectations 42 Measuring Progress toward Strategic Goals 44 Toward a New Business Paradigm 54 Chapter 3 Business Process Reform 57 Managing Innovation Risk 58 The Imperative of Change 59 Innovation Management Strategies 60 The “I” in BIM 62 Business Reform Strategies 63 Industry-wide Reform Efforts 64 Industry Standards and Innovation 66 The Industry Standards Landscape 68 Aligning Business Strategies with Industry Standards 70 Integrating Information Gathering into the Business Process 72 Leadership and Vision 75 Engaging Business Partners 77 Business Process Modeling 78 Business Process Modeling Case Study 82 Managing Change 83 Populating the Building Information Model 87 Chapter 4 BIM-Based Enterprise Workflow 89 BIM Implementation Fundamentals 90 Sidebar: Integrating Data Collection with Business Processes 94 Business Operations and BIM 98 Marketing/Business Development 99 Human Resources 101 Finance 102 Information Technology 104 Operations 105 Workflow Visualization 108 Chapter 5 The Building Life Cycle 111 Life Cycle Views of Building Information 111 The Feasibility, Planning, and Development View 115 The Design and Construction View 116 The Operations and Maintenance View 118 The Ownership and Asset Management View 123 Chapter 6 Building Information Exchange Challenges 129 Sidebar: Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom 130 Information Management 131 Sidebar: Case Study: Information Management 134 Information Provenance 135 Information Maturity 137 Sidebar: The Wayback Machine: Archiving the Web 138 Information Content Decay 140 Information Electronic Degradation 140 Information Integrity and Continuity 141 Information Transparency, Accessibility, and Security 143 Information Flow 144 The Life Cycle of Information 146 Stakeholder Views 146 Interoperability 146 Chapter 7 Building Information Exchange Requirements 153 The Big Picture 154 Information Delivery Manuals 154 Defining “Best Case” Business Processes 159 agcXML: Organizing Transactional Information 161 SMARTcodes: Automating the Regulatory Process 162 The Construction Operations Building Information Exchange 163 Specifiers Property Information Exchange (SPIE) 166 Coordination View Information Exchange (CVIE) 168 Chapter 8 The Way Forward 171 Workflow: From Sequential to Parallel Processing 173 Business and Contractual Relationships 176 Evolving Roles and Responsibilities 177 Bibliography 179 Index 183

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Book SynopsisAn integrated framework for water resources management It has been said that "water is the next oil. " A strong global consensus has begun to develop that effective water management must start at the watershed level, and that water management actions must be taken in the context of watersheds, and the human communities in them.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Current Issues in Weather Management. 1.2. Characteristics of Effective Watershed Management. 1.3. Why "Integrated"Management? 1.4. A Recommend Planning and Management Approach. 2. The Watershed Inventory. 2.1. Physical Features sand Landforms. 2.2. Climate. 2.3. Soils, Infiltration and Runoff. 2.4. Streamflow. 2.5. Groundwater. 2.6. Water Quality. 2.7. Pl.ant and Animal Communities. 2.8. Land Use. 2.9. Social and Economic Systems. 2.10. Valued Features and Activities. 3. Problem Dentition and Scoping. 3.1. Identifying Current Water Uses and Use Impairments. 3.2. Identifying Current Water Users (Stakeholders). 3.3. Setting Targets for Future Use. 3.4. Scoping the Plan. 4. The Consultation Process. 4.1. The Need for Public Involvement. 4.2. Principles of Consultation. 4.3. Indentifying Interested Publics. 4.4. Public Involvement Techniques and Processes. 4.5. Evaluating the Results. 5. Developing Workable Management Options. 5.1. Identifying the Sources. 5.2. Creating a Long List of Management Options. 5.3. Types of Options. 5.4. Developing Mutually Exclusive Management Alternatives. 5.5. Evaluation Constraints and Criteria. 6. Simple Assessment Methods. 6.1. The Watershed Inventory. 6.2. Scoping. 6,.3. Developing and Screening Management Alternatives. 6.4. Outputs of a Simple Assessment Process. 6.5. An Example of the Application of Simple Assessment Procedures. 7. Detailed Assessment Methods. 7.1. The Detailed Watershed Inventory. 7.2. Scoping. 7.3. Developing and Screening Management Alternatives. 8. Costing and Financing. 8.1. Scope and Measures. 8.2. Costing Major Public Works. 8.3. Benefit-Cost Analysis. 8.4. Allocation of Costs Among Multipurpose Projects. 8.5. Quantifying Intangibles. 8.6. Incorporating Risk and Uncertainty in Economic Analyses. 8.7. Capital Financing (Sourcing). 9. Legal, Institutional, and Administrative Concerns. 9.1. The Evolution of Modern Environmental. 9.2. Common-Law Causes of Action. 9.3. The Making of Laws. 9.4. Existing Legal Frameworks for Water and Environmental Management. 9.5. Administrative and Institutional Systems. 9.6. Transboundary Water Issues and Free Trade. 10. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. 10.1. The History of Environmental Assessment Policy. 10.2. Overview of the EA Process. 10.3. Challenges in Environmental Assessment. 10.4. Environmental Assessment Methodologies. 10.5. Social Impact Assessment. 10.6. Strategic Environmental Assessment. 10.7. Monitoring and Follow-Up. 10.8. The Shortcoming of Environmental Assessment. 11. Choosing the Best Plan. 11.1. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Options and Strategies. 11.2. Implementation Considerations. 11.3. Case Study: Watershed Management for Gander Lake, Newfoundland. 12. Implementing the Plan. 12.1. Principles of Water Resources Administration. 12.2. Planning for Successful Implementation. 12.3. Why Implementation Sometimes Fails. 12.4. Case Studies. 12.5. Lessons Learned. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisCompiles a number of papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (9 th CMCEE) in Shanghai, China and was the continuation of a series of international conferences held all over the world over the last three decades.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii I. Basic Science, Design, Modeling and Simulation FRACTURE STATISTICS OF SMALL SPECIMENS 3 Robert Danzer and Peter Supancic STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF Ti-AI-C/TiB2 COMPOSITE CERAMICS 13 Xinmin Min, Gang Xu, and Bin-Chu Mei THE EFFECT OF DOPED SINTERING AIDS FOR Nd(Mg0 5Ti0 5)03 MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC CERAMICS PROPERTIES 17 Kok-Wan Tay and Teng-Yi Huang MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF (1-x)(Mg0.6Zn0.4)o.95Co005Ti03-xSrTi03 CERAMIC SYSTEM 25 Jun-Jie Wang, Chun-Huy Wang, Ting-Kuei Hsu, and Yi-Hua Liu OXYNITRIDE GLASSES: EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION ON GLASS FORMATION AND PROPERTIES WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOUR OF SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS 31 Stuart Hampshire and Michael J. Pomeroy THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINIUM NITRIDE: A PROBLEM OR AN ADVANTAGE 39 Kristoffer Kmel and Tomaz Kosmac PREPARATION AND COMPARISION OF TWO TYPICAL CVD FILMS FROM CH4 AND C3H6 AS CARBON RESOURCES 47 W. B. Yang, L. T. Zhang, L. F. Cheng, Y. S. Liu, and W. H. Zhang KINETIC INVESTIGATION ON THE DEPOSITION OF SiC FROM METHYLTRICHLOROSILANE AND HYDROGEN 55 Cuiying Lu, Laifei Cheng, Chunnian Zhao, Litong Zhang, and Fang Ye II. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies SYNTHESIS OF HEMATITE-ZIRCON-SILICA NANO COMPOSITE AS A NON TOXIC CERAMIC PIGMENT BY SOL-GEL METHOD 65 Maryam Hosseini Zori FORMATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE á-ALUMINAS IN DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGY FROM GEL POWDER AND BOEHMITE POWDER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 71 Xiaoxue Zhang, Yanling Ge, Simo-Pekka Hannula, Erkki Levänen, and Tapio Mäntylä SYNTHESIS AND IN VITRO RELEASE OF GENTAMICIN FROM CaMCM-41/PLLA COMPOSITE MICROSPHERES 79 Yufang Zhu and Stefan Kaskel HIGHLY ORDERED CUBIC MESOPOROUS COBALT OXIDE BY AN ACCURATELY CONTROLLED INCIPIENT WETNESS TECHNIQUE 85 Limin Guo, Xiangzhi Cui, and Jianlin Shi PREPARATION OF Fe304 NANOPARTICLES BY TWO DIFFERENT METHODS 93 Mingxin Geng, Futian Liu, and Zengbao Zhao NANO-ZIRCONIA/MULLITE COMPOSITE CERAMICS PREPARED BY IN-SITU CONTROLLED CRYSTALLIZATION FROM THE Si-AI-Zr-0 AMORPHOUS BULK 99 Liang Shuquan, Zhong Jie, Zhang Guowei, and Tan Xiaoping PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Er:Gd203 POWDERS 109 Rong Zhang, Lian-Jie Qin, Bo Wang, Zhi-Qiang Feng, and Ru Ge III. Ceramics in Energy Conversion Systems CMC MATERIALS AND BIOMORPHIC SiSiC FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS 117 B. Heidenreich, J. Schmidt, Sandrine Denis, Nicole Lützenburger, J. Goring, P. Mechnich, and M. Schmücker CRYSTALLIZATION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF NEW TYPES OF BOROSILICATE GLASS-CERAMICS 125 Shufeng Song, Zhaoyin Wen, Liu Yu , Qunxi Zhang, Jingchao Zhang, and Xiangwei Wu vi · Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications A STUDY OF Al203 AND YSZ CERAMIC SUPPORTS FOR PALLADIUM MEMBRANE 131 M. Kitiwan and D. Atong SYNTHESIS OF OLIVINE (LiFeP04) and Ni/OLIVINE (LiFeP04) CATALYSTS FOR UPGRADING SYN-GAS PRODUCTION 139 D. Atong, C. Pechyen, D. Aht-Ong, and V. Sricharoenchaikul FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CERMET MEMBRANE FOR HYDROGEN SEPARATION 147 S. Vichaphund and D. Atong POROUS CERAMICS FOR HOT GAS CLEANING; DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF SiC-BASED FILTERS CAUSED BY LONG TERM WATER VAPOUR EXPOSURE 155 Pirjo Laurila and Tapio Mantyla IV. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): Materials and Technologies DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-STRUCTURED YSZ ELECTROLYTE LAYERS FOR SOFC APPLICATIONS VIA SOL-GEL ROUTE 165 Feng Han, Tim Van Gestel, Robert Mücke, and Hans-Peter Buchkremer DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE-CHAMBER SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS: PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION AND MICRO-STACK DESIGNS 173 Bo Wei, Zhe Lü, Xiqiang Huang, Mingliang Liu, Dechang Jia, and Wenhui Su DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLE/STACK FABRICATION TECHONOLOGY FOR MICRO SOFCS 179 Toshio Suzuki, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Yoshinobu Fujishiro, Masanobu Awano, and Yoshihiro Funahashi AN OVERVIEW OF SCANDIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA ELECTROLYTE DEVELOPMENT FOR SOFC APPLICATION 185 K. Ukai, M. Yokoyama, J. Shimano, Y. Mizutani, and O. Yamamoto FABRICATION OF Ni-GDC ANODE SUBSTRATE BY TAPE CASTING PROCESS 191 Fu Chang Jing, Chan Siew Hwa, Liu Qing Lin, and Ge Xiao Ming V. Ceramics in Environmental Applications INFLUENCE OF LATTICE STRAIN ON THE Ce0 5Zr0 502 AND Al203 DOPED Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 CATALYTIC POWDERS 199 Chia-Che Chuang, Hsing-I Hsiang, and Fu-Su Yen MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CORDIERITE-BONDED POROUS SiC CERAMICS PREPARED BY IN SITU REACTION BONDING 207 Shifeng Liu, Yu-Ping Zeng, and Dongliang Jiang FABRICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT CLAY BRICKS FROM RECYCLED GLASS WASTES 213 Vorrada Loryuenyong, Thanapan Panyachai, Kanyarat Kaewsimork, and Chatnarong Siritai THE PERFORMANCE OF GEOPOLYMER BASED ON RECYCLED CONCRETE SLUDGE 221 Z.X. Yang, N.R. Ha, M.S. Jang, K.H. Hwang, B.S. Jun, and J.K.Lee STRUCTURE AND MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF THE 2.02L¡2O-1Nb?O5-1T¡O2 CERAMICS 225 Qun Zeng, Wei Li, and Jing-kun Guo PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES AND X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF ZnO MICROTUBES SYNTHESIZED BY AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION METHOD 231 Liwei Lin, Masayoshi Fuji, Hideo Watanabe, and Minoru Takahashi THE DYNAMICS OF WATER MOLECULES ON YV04 PHOTO- CATALYST SURFACE 237 Mitsutake Oshikiri, Akiyuki Matsushita, Jinhua Ye, and Mauro Boero PREPARATION OF SILICON CARBIDE HOLLOW SPHERES BY A TEMPLATE METHOD 243 Lei Zhang, Jiu-jun Yang, Xue-ping Wang, and Feng-chun Wei NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF DEFECT IN A C/SÍC COMPOSITE 249 Hui Mei, Xiaodong Deng, and Laifei Cheng VI. Advanced Structural Ceramics FABRICATION OF BARIUM ALUMINOSILICATE-SILICON NITRIDE-CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES BY PRESSURELESS SINTERING 259 Bo Wang, Jian-Feng Yang, Ji-Qiang Gao, and Koiichi Niihara NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER STEADY THERMAL STRESSES IN A Zr02/FGMATi-6AI-4V COMPOSITE EFBF PLATE WITH TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES 265 Yangjian Xu, Daihui Tu, and Chunping Xiao EFFECT OF MULLITE GRAINS ORIENTATION ON TOUGHNESS OF MULLITE/ZIRCONIA COMPOSITES 273 Y. K. Tür, A. E. Sünbül, H. Yilmaz, and C. Duran CONTROLLED CRYSTALLISATION OF GRAIN BOUNDARY-TYPE Y-SIALON GLASS TYPICAL OF THOSE FOUND IN SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS 279 Michael J. Pomeroy and Stuart Hampshire HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPRESSION CREEP BEHAVIOR OF AMORPHOUS Si-B-C-N CERAMICS IN CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE 285 Ravi Kumar, C. Eswarapragada, A. Zimmermann, and F. Aldinger FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF SÍ3N4/BN COMPOSITE CERAMICS BY PRESSURELESS SINTERING WITH Yb203-Al203-Y203 AS SINTERING ADDITIVES 291 Yongfeng Li, Ping Liu, Guanjun Qiao, Jianfeng Yang, Haiyun Jin, Xiangdong Wang, and Guojun Zhang EFFECT OF B4C ADDITIONS ON THE PRESSURELESS SINTERING OF ZrB2-SiC ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMICS 297 Hui Zhang, Yongjie Yan, Zhengren Huang, Xuejian Liu, and Dongliang Jiang TRANSLUCENT AND TOUGHENED Dy-a-SiAION CERAMICS WITH LiF AS SINTERING ADDITIVE 303 Qian Liu, Junming Xue, and Wei He PROPERTIES OF SILICON CARBIDE CERAMIC FROM GELCASTING AND PRESSURELESS SINTERING 309 Jingxian Zhang, Dongliang Jiang, Qingling Lin, Zhongming Chen, and Zhengren Huang MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF Nb203-Zn0.95Mg0.05TiO3+0.25TiO2 CERAMICS WITH Bi203 ADDITION 315 Ying-Chieh Lee, Hui-Hsiang Huang, Wen-Hsi Lee, Yen-Lin Huang, and Shin-Feng Chien FABRICATION OF YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA CERAMICS WITH RETICULATED PORE MICROSTRUCTURE BY FREEZE-DRYING 321 Yuan Zhang, Kaihui Zuo, and Yu-Ping Zeng THE NOTCHED BALL TEST—A NEW STRENGTH TEST FOR CERAMIC SPHERES 327 Peter Supancic, Robert Danzer, Zhonghua Wang, Stefan Witschnig, and Oskar Schöppl LIQUID PHASE SINTERED á-SILICON CARBIDE WITH AIN-Re203 AS SINTERING ADDITIVE 337 Yuhong Chen, Laner Wu, Yong Jiang, Youjun Lu, and Zhenkun Huang PREPARATION OF Si3N4 CERAMICS FROM LOW-COST Si3N4 POWDER WITH HIGHER ß PHASE AND OXYGEN CONTENT 345 Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Fei Han, and Zhenkun Huang MICROSTRUCTURE OF LIQUID PHASE SINTERED SILICON CARBIDE CERAMICS WITH HIGH FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 349 Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Yuhong Chen, and Zhenkun Huang VII. Advanced Ceramic Coatings DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROSPINNING TITANIA WEB FROM SUSPENSION 357 W. D. Teng and Nassya M. Said HIGH-SPEED ENGINEERING CERAMIC COATING BY LASER CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 363 Takashi Goto, Teiichi Kimura, and Rong Tu A REVIEW OF NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND/ß-SiC COMPOSITE FILMS 371 Vadali. V. S. S. Srikanth, Thorsten Staedler, and Xin Jiang EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ON DEPOSITION OF BORON CARBIDE COATING FORM BCI3-CH4-H2 SYSTEM 379 Yongsheng Liu, Litong Zhang, Laifei Cheng, Wenbin Yang, Weihua Zhang, and Yongdong Xu EFFECT OF DEPOSITION RATE ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF YSZ FILMS PREPARED BY MOCVD 387 Rong Tu and Takashi Goto VIII. Novel Processing of Ceramics PREPARATION OF Na-ß"-AI203 GREEN BODIES THROUGH NONAQUEOUS GEL-CASTING PROCESS 397 Xiaogang Xu, Zhaoyin Wen, Ning Li, Xiangwei Wu, Jiu Lin, and Zhonghua Gu ROD-LIKE ß-SIALON POWDER PREPARED BY A NEW N2-ASSISTED CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION OF CARBON AND ALUMINUM NANOCASTED MESOPOROUS SILICA 403 Tongping Xiu, Qian Liu, Minghui Wang, and Qiang Yan CERIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA/ALUMINA NANOCOMPOSITE SUITABLE FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION IN THE FABRICATION OF DENTAL RESTORATIONS 407 Takashi Nakakmura, Hisataka Nishida, Tohru Sekino, Xuehua Tang, and Hirofumi Yatani PREPARATION OF POROUS ALUMINA BY GEL-CASTING PROCESS USING COMMERCIAL STARCHES AS A GELLING AGENT 413 Vorrada Loryuenyong, Ajcharaporn Aontee, Daruni Kaeoklom, and Adisorn Sridej THE EFFECT OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE POROUS Ti02 SHEETS FABRICATED BY FREEZE TAPE-CASTING 417 Linlin Ren, Yu-Ping Zeng, and Dongliang Jiang PRECERAMIC PAPER DERIVED FIBRILLAR CERAMICS 421 Cynthia M. Gomes, Bjoern Gutbrod, Nahum Travitzky, Tobias Fey, and Peter Greil IX. Composites IN-SITU SYNTHESYS AND PROPERTIES OF TiB2/Ti3SiC2 COMPOSITES 431 Wei Gu, Jian Yang, and Tai Qiu EFFECT OF La203 ADDITIVE ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF Si3N4-AIN COMPOSITE CERAMICS 437 Peng Xu, Jian Yang, and Tai Qiu VAPOR SILICON INFILTRATION FOR FIBER REINFORCED SILICON CARBIDE MATRIX COMPOSITES 443 Qing Zhou, Shaoming Dong, Haijun Zhou, and Dongliang Jiang TAILING PROPERTIES OF C/SiC COMPOSITES VIA MODIFICATION OF MATRIX COMPOSITION 449 Shaoming Dong, Zhen Wang, Yusheng Ding, Xiangyu Zhang, Ping He, and Le Gao STATUS AND CRITICAL ISSUES OF SiC/SiC COMPOSITES FOR FUSION APPLICATIONS 455 Zhou Xingui, Yu Haijiao, Cao Yingbin, Liu Rongjun, Wang Honglei, Zhao Shuang, and Luo Zheng PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF C/SiC-ZrB2 COMPOSITES VIA PRECURSOR INFILTRATION AND PYROLYSIS PROCESS 467 Jun Wang, Haifeng Hu, Yudi Zhang, Qikun Wang, and Xinbo He FABRICATION OF Cf/SiC-BN COMPOSITES USING POLYCARBOSILANE(PCS)- BORON-SiC FOR MATRIX DERIVATION 473 Zhen Wang, Shaoming Dong, Le Gao, Haijun Zhou, Jinshan Yang, and Dongliang Jiang SINTERABILITY, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND MICROWAVE ATTENUATION PERFORMANCE OF AIN-SiC SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT SiC CONTENTS 479 Wenhui Lu, Xiaoyun Li, Weihua Cheng, and Tai Qiu EFFECT OF ALKALINE EARTH OXIDES ON DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE BaTi205 PREPARED BY ARC MELTING 485 Xinyan Yue, Rong Tu, Takashi Goto, and Hongqiang Ru JOINING AND INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED CARBON-CARBON AND CARBON-SILICON CARBIDE COMPOSITES TO METALLIC SYSTEMS 493 M. Singh and R. Asthana JOINING OF ZIRCONIUM DIBORIDE-BASED CERAMIC COMPOSITES TO METALLIC SYSTEMS FOR HIGHTEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS 505 M. Singh and R. Asthana X. Bioceramics PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PLGA-COATED POROUS BIOACTIVE GLASS-CERAMIC SCAFFOLDS FOR SUBCHONDRAL BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING 517 Timothy Mark O'Shea and Xigeng Miao CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR BONE TISSUE REPLACEMENT AND REGENERATION 525 W. Swieszkowski, Z. Jaegermann, D.W. Hutmacher, and K. J. Kurzydlowski CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN HYDROXYAPATITE AND ORGANIC MOLECULES IN BIOMATERIALS 531 K. Tsuchiya, T. Yoshioka, T. Ikoma, and J. Tanaka POROUS Al203 PREPARED VIA FREEZE CASTING AND ITS BIOCOMPATIBILITY 537 Jing Li, Kaihui Zuo, Wenjuan Liu, Yu-Ping Zeng, Fu-Qiang Zhang, and Dongliang Jiang XI. Laser Ceramics PREPARATION OF TRANSPARENT CERAMIC Nd:YAG WITH MgO AS ADDITIVE 547 Yongchao Li, Tiecheng Lu, Nian Wei, Ruixiao Fang, Benyuan Ma, and Wei Zhang SYNTHESIS OF La, Yb CODOPED Y203 POWDER AND LASER CERAMICS 553 Yihua Huang , Dongliang Jiang , Jingxian Zhang , and Qingling Lin MICROCRYSTALLIZATION IN OXYFLUORIDE Nd3+ DOPED GLASS DUE TO LASER IRRADIATION 561 S. González-Pérez, P. Haro-González, and I. R. Martin OPTICAL GAIN BY UPCONVERSION IN Tm-Yb OXYFLUORIDE GLASS CERAMIC 567 P. Haro-González, F. Lahoz, I. R. Martin, S. González-Pérez, and N. E. Capuj FEMTOSECOND LASER MODIFICATION ON STRONTIUM BARIUM NIOBATE GLASSES DOPED WITH Er3+ IONS 573 P. Haro-González, I. R. Martín, S. González-Pérez, L. L. Martin, F. Lahoz, D. Puerto, and J. Soli's INFLUENCE OF POWDER TYPE ON THE DENSIFICARON OF TRANSPARENT MgAI204 SPINEL 579 Adrian Goldstein, Ayala Goldenberg, and Meir Hefetz SINTERING EVOLUTION OF NOVEL Nd:YAG POWDERS WITH TEOS AS ADDITIVE 585 Ruixiao Fang, Tiecheng Lu, Nian Wei, Yongchao Li, Wei Zhang, and Benyuan Ma THE EFFECT OF La203 ON THE PROPERTIES OF Nd3+-DOPED YTTRIUM LANTHANUM OXIDE TRANSPARENT CERAMICS 591 Hongxu Zhou, Qiuhong Yang, and Jun Xu Lu203:Eu3+ ULTRADISPERSED POWDERS AND TRANSLUCENT CERAMICS 597 R.P. Yavetskiy, E. A. Vovk, M. B. Kosmyna, Z. P. Sergienko, A. V. Tolmachev, V. M. Puzikov, B. P. Nazarenko, and A. N. Shekhovtsov FABRICATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF Nd:Lu203 TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FOR LASER MEDIA 605 Ding Zhou, Yan Cheng, Yu Ying Ren, Ying Shi, and Jian Jun Xie FABRICATION AND LASER PERFORMANCE OF (Ybo.osYo.gs-xLa^Os CERAMICS 611 Qiuhong Yang, Chuanguo Dou, Hongxu Zhou.Qiang Hao, Wenxue Li, and Heping Zeng A STUDY ON THE ZnO-AI203-Si02 SYSTEM NdF3-DOPED TRANSPARENT FLUORIDE-OXIDE GLASS-CERAMICS 617 Jing Shao, Guohui Feng , Hongbo Zhang , Guangyuan Ma , and Chunhui Su SYNTHESIS OF NANO-SIZED Lu203 POWDER FOR TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FABRICATION USING CARBONATE DERIVED PRECURSORS 623 Xiaodong Li, Xudong Sun, Ji-Guang Li, Zhimeng Xiu, Di Huo, and Yan Liu PREPARATION AND INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPARENT YAG CERAMICS DOPED WITH d1 IONS 629 V. B. Kravchenko, Yu. L. Kopylov, S. N. Bagayev, V. V .Shemet, A. A. Komarov, and L. Yu. Zaharov PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEODYMIUM- DOPED LZS TRANSPARENT GLASS-CERAMICS 635 Hongbo Zhang, Yimin Wang, Guang Cui, Jing Shao, Huashan Zhang, and Chunhui Su PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnO-AI203-Si02 TRANSPARENT GLASS-CERAMICS 639 Jing Shao, Guohui Feng, Hongbo Zhang, Guangyuan Ma, and Chunhui Su LUMINESCENCE OF Yb3+, Ho3+: Lu203 NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDERS AND SINTERED CERAMIC 645 Liqiong An, Jian Zhang, Guohong Zhou, and Shiwei Wang MIRRORLESS CONTINUOUS WAVE LASER EMISSION FROM Nd:YAG CERAMIC FEMTOSECOND-WRITTEN WAVEGUIDES 649 A. Benayas, D. Jaque, A. Rodenas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and G. A. Torchia Author Index 655

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Book SynopsisA unified treatment of the vulnerabilities that exist in real-world network systemswith tools to identify synergies for mergers and acquisitions Fragile Networks: Identifying Vulnerabilities and Synergies in an Uncertain World presents a comprehensive study of network systems and the roles these systems play in our everyday lives. This book successfully conceptualizes, defines, and constructs mathematically rigorous, computer-based tools for the assessment of network performance and efficiency, along with robustness and vulnerability analysis. The result is a thorough exploration that promotes an understanding of the critical infrastructure of today''s network systems, from congested urban transportation networks and supply chain networks under disruption to financial networks and the Internet. The authors approach the analyses by abstracting not only topological structures of networks, but also the behavior of network users, the demand for resources, the resulTable of ContentsPART I NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS, EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT, AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS. 1 Introduction and Overview. 2 Fundamental Methodologies, Network Models, and Algorithms. 3 Network Performance Measurement and Robustness Analysis. PART II APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS. 4 Application of the Measures to Transportation Networks. 5 Supply Chain Networks with Disruption Risks. 6 Critical Nodes and Links in Financial Networks. 7 Dynamic Networks, the Internet, and Electric Power. PART III MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS, NETWORK INTEGRATION, AND SYNERGIES. 8 A System-Optimization Perspective for Supply Chain Network Integration. 9 Environmental and Cost Synergy in Network Integration. 10 Multiproduct Supply Chain Network Integration. 11 Network Oligopolies and the Merger Paradox. Appendix. Bibliography. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisWhile emphasizing conservation and sustainable strategies, this book provides steps to improve the manufacturing technologies used in creating products. By simplifying the chemistry, process development, manufacturing practices and processes, the book provides a structured approach to producing quality products with little waste, making the process not only efficient but environmentally friendly. Illustrated with case studies, this is an essential resource for chemical engineers, chemists, plant engineers, and operating personnel in any chemical related businesses.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Process Simplification: Basic Guidelines 1 2 Process Solutions 9 3 Commonalities of Businesses 53 4 Laboratory Process Development 77 5 Mass and Heat Balance 95 6 Reaction Kinetics 111 7 Physical Properties 123 8 Combination of Heat, Mass Balance, and Physical Properties 135 9 Cross-Fertilization of Technologies 159 10 Scale-up to Commercialization 171 Appendix A: Ideas and Observations from the Author 189 Appendix B: Related Articles by the Author 231 Index 279

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Book SynopsisGet the updated industry standard for a new age of construction! For more than fifty years, Olin's Construction has been the cornerstone reference in the field for architecture and construction professionals and students. This new edition is an invaluable resource that will provide in-depth coverage for decades to come. You'll find the most up-to-date principles, materials, methods, codes, and standards used in the design and construction of contemporary concrete, steel, masonry, and wood buildings for residential, commercial, and institutional use. Organized by the principles of the MasterFormat 2010 Update, this edition: Covers sitework; concrete, steel, masonry, wood, and plastic materials; sound control; mechanical and electrical systems; doors and windows; finishes; industry standards; codes; barrier-free design; and much more Offers extensive coverage of the metric system of measurement Includes more than 1,800 illustTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii Acknowledgments for the Ninth Edition xv Disclaimer xvii CHAPTER 1 DESIGN AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS 1 Introduction 2 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 2 1.1 Building Design 3 1.2 Industry Standards 8 1.3 Codes 16 1.4 Barrier-Free Design 24 1.5 Sustainable Building Design 36 1.6 Construction Documents 41 1.7 Bidding and Negotiation 46 1.8 Construction Contract Administration 47 1.9 Construction Management 48 1.10 Additional Reading 51 1.11 Acknowledgments and References 52 CHAPTER 2 EXISTING CONDITIONS 55 Introduction 56 Sustainability Considerations 56 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 56 2.1 Land Surveys and Descriptions 56 2.2 Demolition 62 2.3 Subsurface Investigation 63 2.4 Additional Reading 64 2.5 Acknowledgments and References 65 CHAPTER 3 CONCRETE 67 Introduction 68 Sustainability Considerations 68 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 69 3.1 History 70 3.2 Concrete Materials 72 3.3 Formwork 78 3.4 Reinforcement 84 3.5 Accessories 91 3.6 Joints 93 3.7 Mixtures and Mixing 96 3.8 Handling, Transporting, Placing, and Consolidating 105 3.9 Finishing 108 3.10 Curing and Protection 114 3.11 Concrete Foundation Systems 116 3.12 Concrete Slabs on Grade 121 3.13 Cast-in-Place Structural Concrete 128 3.14 Precast Concrete 137 3.15 Specialty Concretes 143 3.16 Concrete Toppings 144 3.17 Structural Insulating Roof Decks 145 3.18 Underlayment 146 3.19 Additional Reading 147 3.20 Acknowledgments and References 148 CHAPTER 4 MASONRY 151 Introduction 152 Sustainability Considerations 152 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 152 4.1 History 153 4.2 Mortar and Grout 154 4.3 Reinforcement, Ties, Anchors, and Flashing 161 4.4 Clay Masonry Units 164 4.5 Concrete Masonry Units 179 4.6 Unit Masonry Design 187 4.7 Unit Masonry Erection 209 4.8 Stone 227 4.9 Glass Unit Masonry 235 4.10 Properties of Selected Masonry Walls 241 4.11 Additional Reading 241 4.12 Acknowledgments and References 244 CHAPTER 5 METALS 247 Introduction 248 Sustainability Considerations 249 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 250 5.1 Iron and Steel Materials and Products 250 5.2 Aluminum Materials and Products 270 5.3 Joints and Connections in Metal Assemblies 278 5.4 Structural Steel Framing 286 5.5 Steel Joists and Joist Girders 291 5.6 Steel Decking 291 5.7 Long Spans in Steel Construction 293 5.8 Steel Stairs 294 5.9 Cold-Formed Metal Framing 295 5.10 Other Metals 299 5.11 Metal Finishes 301 5.12 Additional Reading 312 5.13 Acknowledgments and References 312 CHAPTER 6 WOOD, PLASTICS, AND COMPOSITES 315 Introduction 316 Sustainability Considerations 316 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 317 6.1 Properties of Wood 317 6.2 Lumber 325 6.3 Engineered Wood Products 337 6.4 Wood Protection 352 6.5 Foundations 356 6.6 General Framing Requirements 360 6.7 Conventional Framing and Furring 361 6.8 Structural Panels 378 6.9 Shop-Fabricated Structural Wood 380 6.10 Sheathing 385 6.11 Other Framing Systems 395 6.12 Long Span Wood Structures 409 6.13 Finish Carpentry 411 6.14 Plastics 413 6.15 Additional Reading 422 6.16 Acknowledgments and References 423 CHAPTER 7 THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION 425 Introduction 426 Sustainability Considerations 426 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 426 7.1 Moisture Control 427 7.2 Dampproofing and Waterproofing 440 7.3 Thermal Insulation 443 7.4 Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems 455 7.5 Weather and Air Barriers 457 7.6 Steep-Slope Roofing 458 7.7 Siding 502 7.8 Membrane Roofing Systems 521 7.9 Flashing and Sheet Metal 534 7.10 Metal Roofing 540 7.11 Roof Specialties and Accessories 545 7.12 Fireproofing 545 7.13 Joint Protection 548 7.14 Additional Reading 555 7.15 Acknowledgments and References 556 CHAPTER 8 OPENINGS 561 Introduction 562 Sustainability Considerations 562 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 562 8.1 Metal Doors and Frames 562 8.2 Wood and Plastic Doors 567 8.3 Specialty Doors 577 8.4 Entrances and Storefronts 579 8.5 Glazed Aluminum Curtain Walls 583 8.6 Metal Windows and Sliding Glass Doors 590 8.7 Wood and Plastic Windows and Sliding Glass Doors 597 8.8 Storm and Screen Doors and Windows 607 8.9 Door Hardware 610 8.10 Glazing 615 8.11 Additional Reading 633 8.12 Acknowledgments and References 634 CHAPTER 9 FINISHES 639 Introduction 640 Sustainability Considerations 640 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 641 9.1 Supports for Plaster and Gypsum Board 641 9.2 Materials for Plaster and Gypsum Board 651 9.3 Gypsum Plaster Mixes and Application 658 9.4 Portland Cement Plaster Mixes and Application 661 9.5 Gypsum Board 668 9.6 Tiling 694 9.7 Acoustical Treatment 717 9.8 Brick Flooring and Paving 730 9.9 Stone Flooring and Paving 732 9.10 Wood Flooring 737 9.11 Resilient Flooring 746 9.12 Terrazzo Flooring 767 9.13 Fluid-Applied Flooring 779 9.14 Carpeting 782 9.15 Vinyl-Coated Fabric Wall Coverings 796 9.16 Painting 796 9.17 Special Coatings 814 9.18 Additional Reading 819 9.19 Acknowledgments and References 819 CHAPTER 10 SPECIALTIES 825 Introduction 826 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 826 10.1 Fire Protection Specialties 826 10.2 Additional Reading 827 10.3 Acknowledgments and References 827 CHAPTER 11 FURNISHINGS 829 Introduction 830 Sustainability Considerations 830 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 830 11.1 Wood and Decorative Laminate Casework 830 11.2 Window Treatment 837 11.3 Additional Reading 840 11.4 Acknowledgments and References 840 CHAPTER 12 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 841 Introduction 842 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 842 12.1 Sound Control 842 12.2 Additional Reading 889 12.3 Acknowledgments and References 889 CHAPTER 13 CONVEYING SYSTEMS 891 Introduction 892 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 892 13.1 Elevators and Lifts 892 13.2 Escalators and Moving Walks 899 13.3 Additional Reading 900 13.4 References 900 CHAPTER 14 FIRE SUPPRESSION 901 Introduction 902 Sustainability Considerations 902 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 902 14.1 Fire Suppression Standpipe Systems 902 14.2 Fire Suppression Sprinkler Systems 903 14.3 Fire Extinguishing Systems 904 14.4 Additional Reading 904 14.5 References 904 CHAPTER 15 PLUMBING 905 Introduction 906 Sustainability Considerations 906 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 907 15.1 Codes, Laws, and Industry Standards 907 15.2 Water Supply 907 15.3 Drainage 922 15.4 Plumbing Fixtures 942 15.5 Sound Control 949 15.6 Additional Reading 952 15.7 Acknowledgments and References 952 CHAPTER 16 HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) 955 Introduction 956 Sustainability Considerations 956 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 957 16.1 Heat and Comfort 957 16.2 Building Design Recommendations 968 16.3 Heat Loss and Heat Gain 970 16.4 Commissioning 972 16.5 HVAC Controls 973 16.6 HVAC Delivery Systems 976 16.7 Central HVAC Equipment 990 16.8 Decentralized HVAC Equipment 993 16.9 Additional Reading 995 16.10 Acknowledgments and References 995 CHAPTER 17 ELECTRICAL 999 Introduction 1000 Sustainability Considerations 1000 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 1002 17.1 Fundamentals of Electricity 1002 17.2 Service and Distribution 1005 17.3 Lightning Protection 1025 17.4 Lighting 1027 17.5 Additional Reading 1032 17.6 Acknowledgments and References 1033 CHAPTER 18 COMMUNICATIONS 1035 Introduction 1036 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 1036 18.1 Communications Systems 1036 18.2 Additional Reading 1037 18.3 References 1037 CHAPTER 19 ELECTRONIC SAFETY AND SECURITY 1039 Introduction 1040 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 1040 19.1 Intrusion Prevention and Detection 1040 19.2 Fire Detection and Alarm 1045 19.3 Additional Reading 1047 19.4 Acknowledgments and References 1047 CHAPTER 20 EARTHWORK 1049 Introduction 1050 Sustainability Considerations 1050 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 1050 20.1 Soils 1050 20.2 Site Clearing 1055 20.3 Earthwork 1055 20.4 Surface Water and Groundwater Problems 1064 20.5 Special Foundations and Load-Bearing Elements 1066 20.6 Additional Reading 1068 20.7 Acknowledgments and References 1068 CHAPTER 21 EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS 1069 Introduction 1070 Sustainability Considerations 1070 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 1070 21.1 Lawns and Landscaping 1070 21.2 Additional Reading 1074 21.3 Acknowledgments and References 1074 CHAPTER 22 UTILITIES 1075 Introduction 1076 Sustainability Considerations 1076 Applicable MasterFormat™ Sections 1076 22.1 Water Supply Sources 1077 22.2 Sanitary Sewage Utilities 1077 22.3 Subdrainage Systems and Storm Drainage Utilities 1078 22.4 Electrical Power Distribution 1080 22.5 Additional Reading 1081 22.6 Acknowledgments and References 1081 CHAPTER 23 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1083 Introduction 1084 23.1 Structure of Matter 1084 23.2 Properties of Matter 1089 23.3 Additional Reading 1094 23.4 Acknowledgments and References 1094 CHAPTER 24 THE METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT 1095 Introduction 1096 24.1 The History of Measurement 1096 24.2 The Metric System 1097 24.3 The International System of Units 1098 24.4 SI Units for Design and Construction 1100 24.5 Conversion of Numerical Values 1120 24.6 Preferred Dimensions and Coordination 1123 24.7 Metric Conversions Applicable to This Book 1123 24.8 Additional Reading 1124 24.9 Acknowledgments and References 1124 GLOSSARY 1133 INDEX 1161

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Book SynopsisSoil Mechanics Lab Manual prepares readers to enter the field with a collection of the most common soil mechanics tests. The procedures for all of these tests are written in accordance with applicable American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Video demonstrations for each experiment available on the website prepare readers before going into the lab, so they know what to expect and will be able to complete the tests with more confidence and efficiency. Laboratory exercises and data sheets for each test are included in the Soil Mechanics Lab Manual.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Measurement of Moisture Content. 3. Measurement of Specific Gravity of Soil Solids. 4. Measurement of Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit. 5. Analysis of Grain Size Distribution. 6. Laboratory Classification of Soil. 7. Field Classification of Soil. 8. Laboratory Soil Compaction. 9. Field Measurement of Dry Unit Weight and Moisture Content. 10. Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Granular Soil Using a Fixed-Wall Permeameter. 11. One-Dimensional Consolidation Test of Cohesive Soil. 12. Direct Shear Strength Test of Granular Soil. 13. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test of Cohesive Soil. 14. Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial Shear Strength Test of Cohesive Soil. Appendix A. Laboratory Data Sheets.

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Book SynopsisSoil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition presents the basic concepts and principles of soil mechanics and foundations in the context of basic mechanics, physics, and mathematics. It is appropriate for a single course combining introduction to soil mechanics and foundations, or for a two-course geotechnical engineering sequence. The author presents topics thoroughly and systematically without diluting technical rigor, and gives students confidence in learning the principles of soil mechanics and its application to foundation analysis by clearly defining what they should learn from this text, and providing tools to help them organize and assess their own learning. Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition supports active learning and student self-assessment by defining learning outcomes and objectives, providing questions to guide their reading, definitions of key terms, multimedia supporting self-assessment, and homework exercises defined to target theory, problem-solving,Table of ContentsPreface. Notes for Students and Instructors. Notes for Instructors. Chapter 1 Introduction to Soil Mechanics and Foundations. 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 Marvels of Civil Engineering – The Hidden Truth. 1.2 Geotechnical Lessons from Failures. Chapter 2 Geological Characteristics of Soils and Particle Sizes of Soils. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 2.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 2.3 Basic Geology. 2.4 Composition of Soils. 2.5 Determination of Particle Size of Soils – ASTM D. 2.6 Comparison of Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Soils for Engineering Use. 2.7 Summary. Self-Assessment. Exercises. Chapter 3 Soils Investigation. 3.0 Introduction. 3.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 3.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 3.3 Purposes of a Soils Investigation. 3.4 Phases of a Soils Investigation. 3.5 Soils Exploration Program. 3.6 Soils Report. 3.7 Summary. Self-Assessment. Exercises. Chapter 4 Physical Soil Parameters and Soil Classification. 4.0 Introduction. 4.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 4.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 4.3 Phase Relationships. 4.4 Physical States and Index Properties of Fine-Grained Soils. 4.5 Determination of the Liquid, Plastic, and Shrinkage Limits. 4.6 Soil Classification Schemes. 4.7 Engineering Use Chart. 4.8 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 5 Soil Compaction. 5.0 Introduction. 5.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 5.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 5.3 Basic Concept. 5.4 Proctor Compaction Test – ASTM D 1140 and ASTM D 1557. 5.5 Interpretation of Proctor Test Results. 5.6 Benefits of Soil Compaction. 5.7 Field Compaction. 5.8 Compaction Quality Control. 5.9 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Example. Exercises. Chapter 6 One-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Soils. 6.0 Introduction. 6.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 6.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 6.3 Head and Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest. 6.4 Darcy's Law. 6.5 Empirical Relationships for k. 6.6 Flow Parallel to Soil Layers. 6.7 Flow Normal to Soil Layers. 6.8 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity. 6.9 Determination of the Hydraulic Conductivity. 6.10 Groundwater Lowering by Wellpoints. 6.11 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Example. Exercises. Chapter 7 Stresses, Strains, and Elastic Deformations of Soils. 7.0 Introduction. 7.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 7.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 7.3 Stresses and Strains. 7.4 Idealized Stress-Strain Response and Yielding. 7.5 Hooke's Law 7.6 Plane Strain and Axial Symmetric Conditions. 7.7 Anisotropic, Elastic States. 7.8 Stress and Strain States. 7.9 Total and Effective Stresses. 7.10 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest. 7.11 Stresses in Soil from Surface Loads. 7.12 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 8 Stress Path. 8.0 Introduction. 8.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 8.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 8.3 Stress and Strain Invariants. 8.4 Stress Paths. 8.5 Summary Self-Assessment. Practical Example. Exercises. Chapter 9 One-Dimensional Consolidation Settlement of Fine-Grained Soils. 9.0 Introduction. 9.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 9.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 9.3 Basic Concepts. 9.4 Calculation of Primary Consolidation. 9.5 One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory. 9.6 Secondary Compression Settlement. 9.7 One-Dimensional Consolidation Laboratory Test. 9.8 Relationship Between Laboratory and Field Consolidation. 9.9 Typical Values of Consolidation. 9.10 Preconsolidation of Soils Using Wick Drains. 9.11 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 10 Shear Strength of Soils. 10.0 Introduction. 10.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 10.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 10.3 Typical Response of Soils to Shearing Forces. 10.4 Four Models for Interpreting the Shear Strength of Soils. 10.5 Practical Implications of Failure Criteria. 10.6 Interpretation of the Shear Strength of Soils. 10.7 Laboratory Tests to Determine Shear Strength Parameters. 10.8 Porewater Pressure Under Axisymmetric Undrained Loading. 10.9 Other Laboratory Devices to Measure Shear Strength. 10.10 Field Tests. 10.11 Specifying Laboratory Strength Tests. 10.12 Empirical Relationships for Shear Strength Parameters. 10.13 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 11 A Critical State Model to Interpret Soil Behavior. 11.0 Introduction. 11.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 11.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 11.3 Basic Concepts. 11.4 Elements of the Critical State Model. 11.5 Failure Stresses from the Critical State Model. 11.6 Modifications of CSM and Their Practical Implications. 11.7 Relationships from CSM that Are of Practical Significance. 11.8 Soil Stiffness. 11.9 Strains from the Critical State Model. 11.10 Calculated Stress-Strain Response. 11.11 Applications of CSM to Cemented Soils. 11.12 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 12 Bearing Capacity of Soils and Settlement of Shallow Foundations. 12.0 Introduction. 12.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 12.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 12.3 Allowable Stress and Load and Resistance Factor Design. 12.4 Basic Concepts. 12.5 Collapse Load Using the Limit Equilibrium Method. 12.6 Bearing Capacity Equations. 12.7 Mat Foundations. 12.8 Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils. 12.9 Building codes Bearing Capacity Values. 12.10 Settlement. 12.11 Settlement Calculations. 12.12 Determination of Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Coarse-Grained Soils from Field Tests. 12.13 Shallow Foundation Analysis Using CSM. 12.14 Horizontal Elastic Displacement and Rotation. 12.15 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 13 Pile Foundations. 13.0 Introduction. 13.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 13.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 13.3 Types of Piles and Installations. 13.4 Basic Concept. 13.5 Load Capacity of Single Piles. 13.6 Pile Load Test (ASTM D 1143). 13.7 Methods Using Statics for Driven Piles. 13.8 Pile Load Capacity of Driven Piles Based on SPT and CPT Results. 13.9 Load Capacity of Drilled Shafts. 13.10 Pile Groups. 13.11 Elastic Settlement of Piles. 13.12 Consolidation Settlement Under a Pile Group. 13.13 Procedure to Estimate Settlement of Single and Group Piles. 13.14 Settlement of Drilled Shafts. 13.15 Piles Subjected to Negative Skin Friction. 13.16 Pile-Driving Formulas and Wave Equation. 13.17 Laterally Loaded Piles. 13.18 Micropiles. 13.19 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 14 Two-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Soils. 14.0 Introduction. 14.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 14.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 14.3 Two-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Porous Media. 14.4 Flownet Sketching. 14.5 Interpretation of Flownet. 14.6 Finite Difference Solution for Two-Dimensional Flow. 14.7 Flow Through Earth Dams. 14.8 Soil Filtration. 14.9 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 15 Stability of Earth Retaining Structures. 15.0 Introduction. 15.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 15.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 15.3 Basic Concepts of Lateral Earth Pressures. 15.4 Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory. 15.5 Rankine's Lateral Earth Pressure for a Sloping Backfill and a Sloping Wall Face. 15.6 Lateral Earth Pressures for a Total Stress Analysis. 15.7 Application of Lateral Earth Pressures to Retaining Walls. 15.8 Types of Retaining Walls and Modes of Failure. 15.9 Stability of Rigid Retaining Walls. 15.10 Stability of Flexible Retaining Walls. 15.11 Brace Excavation. 15.12 Mechanical Stabilized Earth Walls. 15.13 Other Types of Retaining Walls. 15.14 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Examples. Exercises. Chapter 16 Slope Stability. 16.0 Introduction. 16.1 Definitions of Key Terms. 16.2 Questions to Guide Your Reading. 16.3 Some Types of Slope Failure. 16.4 Some Causes of Slope Failure. 16.5 Infinite Slopes. 16.6 Two-Dimensional Slope Stability Analyses. 16.7 Rotational Slope Failures. 16.8 Method of Slices. 16.9 Application of the Method of Slices. 16.10 Procedure for the Method of Slices. 16.11 Stability of Slopes with Simple Geometry. 16.12 Factor of Safety (FS). 16.13 Summary. Self-Assessment. Practical Example. Exercises. Appendix A A Collection of Frequently Used Soil Parameters and Correlations. Appendix B Distribution of Vertical Stress and Elastic Displacement Under a Uniform Circular Load. Appendix C Distribution of Surface Stresses within Finite Soil Layers. Appendix D Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients (Kerisel and ABSI, 1990). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis accessible, clear and concise textbook strikes a balance between theory and practical applications for an introductory course in soil mechanics for undergraduates in civil engineering, construction, mining and geological engineering.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Other Books by this Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix Notes for Students and Instructors xxi Notation, Abbreviations, Unit Notation, and Conversion Factors xxv 1 Composition and Particle Sizes of Soils 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions of Key Terms 1 1.3 Composition of Soils 2 1.3.1 Soil formation 2 1.3.2 Soil types 2 1.3.3 Soil minerals 3 1.3.4 Surface forces and adsorbed water 5 1.3.5 Soil fabric 6 1.4 Determination of Particle Size 7 1.4.1 Particle size of coarse-grained soils 7 1.4.2 Particle size of fine-grained soils 9 1.5 Characterization of Soils Based on Particle Size 10 1.6 Comparison of Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Soils for Engineering Use 18 1.7 Summary 19 Exercises 19 2 Phase Relationships, Physical Soil States, and Soil Classification 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Definitions of Key Terms 23 2.3 Phase Relationships 24 2.4 Physical States and Index Parameters of Fine-Grained Soils 36 2.5 Determination of the Liquid, Plastic, and Shrinkage Limits 40 2.5.1 Casagrande’s cup method: ASTM D 4318 40 2.5.2 Plastic limit test: ASTM D 4318 41 2.5.3 Shrinkage limit: ASTM D 427 and D 4943 42 2.6 Soil Classification Schemes 45 2.6.1 American Society for Testing and Materials and the Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM-USCS) 45 2.6.2 AASHTO soil classification system 45 2.6.3 Plasticity chart 49 2.7 Engineering Use Chart 50 2.8 Summary 54 2.8.1 Practical examples 54 Exercises 57 3 Soils Investigation 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Definitions of Key Terms 64 3.3 Purposes of a Soils Investigation 64 3.4 Phases of a Soils Investigation 65 3.5 Soils Exploration Program 66 3.5.1 Soils exploration methods 67 3.5.1.1 Geophysical methods 67 3.5.1.2 Destructive methods 71 3.5.2 Soil identification in the field 72 3.5.3 Number and depths of boreholes 75 3.5.4 Soil sampling 76 3.5.5 Groundwater conditions 78 3.5.6 Types of in situ or field tests 79 3.5.6.1 Vane shear test (VST): ASTM D 2573 80 3.5.6.2 Standard penetration test (SPT): ASTM D 1586 81 3.5.6.3 Cone penetrometer test (CPT): ASTM D 5778 87 3.5.6.4 Pressuremeter: ASTM D 4719-87 90 3.5.6.5 Flat plate dilatometer (DMT) 90 3.5.7 Soils laboratory tests 92 3.5.8 Types of laboratory tests 92 3.6 Soils Report 93 3.7 Summary 95 Exercises 96 4 One- and Two-Dimensional Flows of Water Through Soils 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Definitions of Key Terms 99 4.3 One-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Saturated Soils 100 4.4 Flow of Water Through Unsaturated Soils 103 4.5 Empirical Relationship for kz 103 4.6 Flow Parallel to Soil Layers 105 4.7 Flow Normal to Soil Layers 106 4.8 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity 106 4.9 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity 108 4.9.1 Constant-head test 108 4.9.2 Falling-head test 109 4.10 Two-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Soils 112 4.11 Flownet Sketching 114 4.11.1 Criteria for sketching flownets 115 4.11.2 Flownet for isotropic soils 116 4.12 Interpretation of Flownet 116 4.12.1 Flow rate 116 4.12.2 Hydraulic gradient 117 4.12.3 Critical hydraulic gradient 117 4.12.4 Porewater pressure distribution 118 4.12.5 Uplift forces 118 4.13 Summary 119 4.13.1 Practical examples 119 Exercises 123 5 Soil Compaction 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Definition of Key Terms 127 5.3 Benefits of Soil Compaction 128 5.4 Theoretical Maximum Dry Unit Weight 128 5.5 Proctor Compaction Test: ASTM D 698 and ASTM D 1557 128 5.6 Interpretation of Proctor Test Results 131 5.7 Field Compaction 137 5.8 Compaction Quality Control 139 5.8.1 Sand cone: ASTM D 1556 139 5.8.2 Balloon test: ASTM D 2167 141 5.8.3 Nuclear density meter: ASTM D 2922 and ASTM D 5195 142 5.8.4 Comparisons among the three popular compaction quality control tests 142 5.9 Summary 143 5.9.1 Practical example 143 Exercises 145 6 Stresses from Surface Loads and the Principle of Effective Stress 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Definition of Key Terms 149 6.3 Vertical Stress Increase in Soils from Surface Loads 150 6.3.1 Regular shaped surface loads on a semi-infinite half-space 150 6.3.2 How to use the charts 155 6.3.3 Infinite loads 156 6.3.4 Vertical stress below arbitrarily shaped areas 157 6.4 Total and Effective Stresses 166 6.4.1 The principle of effective stress 166 6.4.2 Total and effective stresses due to geostatic stress fields 167 6.4.3 Effects of capillarity 168 6.4.4 Effects of seepage 169 6.5 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest 177 6.6 Field Monitoring of Soil Stresses 178 6.7 Summary 179 6.7.1 Practical example 179 Exercises 181 7 Soil Settlement 187 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Definitions of Key Terms 187 7.3 Basic Concept 188 7.4 Settlement of Free-Draining Coarse-Grained Soils 191 7.5 Settlement of Non–Free-Draining Soils 192 7.6 The One-Dimensional Consolidation Test 193 7.6.1 Drainage path 195 7.6.2 Instantaneous load 195 7.6.3 Consolidation under a constant load: primary consolidation 196 7.6.4 Effective stress changes 196 7.6.5 Effects of loading history 198 7.6.6 Effects of soil unit weight or soil density 198 7.6.7 Determination of void ratio at the end of a loading step 200 7.6.8 Determination of compression and recompression indexes 200 7.6.9 Determination of the modulus of volume change 201 7.6.10 Determination of the coefficient of consolidation 202 7.6.10.1 Root time method (square root time method) 203 7.6.10.2 Log time method 204 7.6.11 Determination of the past maximum vertical effective stress 205 7.6.11.1 Casagrande’s method 205 7.6.11.2 Brazilian method 206 7.6.11.3 Strain energy method 206 7.6.12 Determination of the secondary compression index 208 7.7 Relationship between Laboratory and Field Consolidation 216 7.8 Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement 218 7.8.1 Effects of unloading/reloading of a soil sample taken from the field 218 7.8.2 Primary consolidation settlement of normally consolidated fine-grained soils 219 7.8.3 Primary consolidation settlement of overconsolidated fine-grained soils 219 7.8.4 Procedure to calculate primary consolidation settlement 220 7.9 Secondary Compression 221 7.10 Settlement of Thick Soil Layers 221 7.11 One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory 224 7.12 Typical Values of Consolidation Settlement Parameters and Empirical Relationships 226 7.13 Monitoring Soil Settlement 227 7.14 Summary 228 7.14.1 Practical example 228 Exercises 232 8 Soil Strength 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 Definitions of Key Terms 239 8.3 Basic Concept 240 8.4 Typical Response of Soils to Shearing Forces 240 8.4.1 Effects of increasing the normal effective stress 242 8.4.2 Effects of overconsolidation ratio, relative density, and unit weight ratio 243 8.4.3 Effects of drainage of excess porewater pressure 245 8.4.4 Effects of cohesion 246 8.4.5 Effects of soil tension and saturation 247 8.4.6 Effects of cementation 248 8.5 Three Models for Interpreting the Shear Strength of Soils 249 8.5.1 Coulomb’s failure criterion 250 8.5.2 Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion 251 8.5.2.1 Saturated, uncemented soils at critical state (Figure 8.9) 252 8.5.2.2 Saturated, uncemented soils at peak state 252 8.5.2.3 Unsaturated, cemented, cohesive soils (Figure 8.10) 252 8.5.3 Tresca’s failure criterion 254 8.6 Factors Affecting the Shear Strength Parameters 256 8.7 Laboratory Tests to Determine Shear Strength Parameters 258 8.7.1 A simple test to determine the critical state friction angle of clean coarse-grained soils 258 8.7.2 Shear box or direct shear test ASTM D 3080 258 8.7.3 Conventional triaxial apparatus 268 8.7.4 Direct simple shear 278 8.8 Specifying Laboratory Strength Tests 279 8.9 Estimating Soil Parameters from in Situ (Field) Tests 280 8.9.1 Vane shear test (VST): ASTM D 2573 280 8.9.2 Standard penetration test (SPT)): ASTM D 1586 281 8.9.3 Cone penetrometer test (CPT): ASTM D 5778 282 8.10 Some Empirical and Theoretical Relationships for Shear Strength Parameters 283 8.11 Summary 284 8.11.1 Practical examples 284 Exercises 290 Appendix A: Derivation of the One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory 295 Appendix B: Mohr’s Circle for Finding Stress States 299 Appendix C: Frequently Used Tables of Soil Parameters and Correlations 301 Appendix D: Collection of Equations 313 References 325 Index 329

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Book SynopsisAn accessible, clear, concise, and contemporary course in geotechnical engineering design.Trade Review“As such, this book is likely to be retained and well thumbed by a student well into their first few years in industry.” (The Structural Engineer, 1 February 2016)Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xiii About the Companion Website xv 1. Introduction to Engineering Geology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Structure of the Earth and geologic time 1 1.3 Formation and classification of rocks 2 1.3.1 Igneous rocks 3 1.3.2 Sedimentary rocks 3 1.3.3 Metamorphic rocks 4 1.4 Engineering properties and behaviors of rocks 4 1.4.1 Geotechnical properties of rocks 4 1.4.2 Comparison of the three types of rocks 6 1.5 Formation and classification of soils 6 1.5.1 Soils formation 6 1.5.2 Soil types 7 1.5.3 Residual and transported soils 8 1.6 Maps used in engineering geology 9 1.6.1 Topographic maps 9 1.6.2 Geologic map 9 Homework Problems 12 References 14 2. Geotechnical Subsurface Exploration 15 2.1 Framework of subsoil exploration 15 2.2 Field drilling and sampling 15 2.2.1 Information required before drilling and sampling 15 2.2.2 Drill rigs 17 2.2.3 Drilling methods and augers 17 2.2.4 Soil sampling methods 23 2.3 Geotechnical boring log 29 2.4 In situ field testing 29 2.4.1 Standard penetration test (SPT) 29 2.4.2 Cone penetration test (CPT) 34 2.4.3 Vane shear test 35 2.4.4 Flat plate dilatometer test 36 2.4.5 Inclinometer test 37 2.4.6 Groundwater monitoring well 38 2.5 Subsurface investigations using geophysical techniques 39 2.5.1 Ground penetration radar (GPR) 40 2.5.2 Electromagnetics in frequency domain and in time domain 42 2.5.3 Electrical resistivity imaging 44 2.5.4 Microgravity 45 2.5.5 Seismic refraction and seismic reflection 45 2.6 Geotechnical investigation report 48 2.6.1 Site reconnaissance and description 48 2.6.2 Subsurface exploration (field exploration) 49 2.6.3 Laboratory testing 50 2.6.4 Geotechnical engineering recommendations 50 2.6.5 Appendix 51 Homework Problems 51 References 56 3. Shallow Foundation Design 57 3.1 Introduction to foundation design 57 3.2 Bearing capacity of shallow foundations 59 3.2.1 Failure modes of shallow foundations 60 3.2.2 Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory 61 3.2.3 The general bearing capacity theory 64 3.2.4 Effect of groundwater on ultimate bearing capacity 67 3.2.5 Foundation design approach based on allowable bearing capacity and the global factor of safety approach 69 3.2.6 Foundation design approach based on allowable bearing capacity and the partial factor of safety approach 71 3.2.7 Bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded shallow foundations 81 3.2.8 Mat foundations 90 3.3 Settlements of shallow foundations 92 3.3.1 Vertical stress increase due to external load 92 3.3.2 Elastic settlement 98 3.3.3 Consolidation settlement 103 Homework Problems 108 References 116 4. Introduction to Deep Foundation Design 118 4.1 Introduction to deep foundations 118 4.1.1 Needs for deep foundation 118 4.1.2 Foundation types 118 4.1.3 Driven pile foundation design and construction process 118 4.2 Pile load transfer mechanisms and factor of safety 120 4.3 Static bearing capacity of a single pile 123 4.3.1 Nordlund method, for cohesionless soil 123 4.3.2 α-method, for undrained cohesive soil 130 4.3.3 β-method, for drained cohesionless and cohesive soils 134 4.3.4 Bearing capacity (resistance) on the basis of the results of static load tests 137 4.4 Vertical bearing capacity of pile groups 139 4.5 Settlement of pile groups 144 4.5.1 Elastic compression of piles 145 4.5.2 Empirical equations for pile group settlement using field penetration data. 145 4.5.3 Consolidation settlement of a pile group in saturated cohesive soil 145 Homework Problems 150 References 152 5. Slope Stability Analyses and Stabilization Measures 154 5.1 Introduction 154 5.2 Overview of slope stability analyses 156 5.3 Slope stability analyses – infinite slope methods 159 5.3.1 Dry slopes 159 5.3.2 Submerged slopes with no seepage 160 5.3.3 Submerged slopes with seepage parallel to the slope face 161 5.4 Slope stability analyses – Culmann's method for planar failure surfaces 163 5.5 Slope stability analyses – curved failure surfaces 168 5.5.1 Undrained clay slope (Φ = 0) 168 5.5.2 c − Φ soil (both c and Φ are not zero) 171 5.6 Slope stability analyses – methods of slices 173 5.6.1 Ordinary method of slices (Fellenius method of slices) 173 5.6.2 Bishop's modified method of slices 178 5.7 Slope stability analyses – consideration of pore water pressure 181 5.7.1 Bishop–Morgenstern method 181 5.7.2 Spencer charts 189 5.7.3 Michalowski charts 193 5.8 Morgenstern charts for rapid drawdown 194 5.9 Averaging unit weights and shear strengths in stratified slopes 198 5.10 Slope stability analyses – finite element methods 199 5.11 Slope stabilization measures 200 5.11.1 Surface drainage 201 5.11.2 Internal drainage 201 5.11.3 Unloading 202 5.11.4 Buttress and berm 204 5.11.5 Slope reinforcements 204 5.11.6 Soil retaining walls 206 Homework Problems 207 References 211 6. Filtration, Drainage, Dewatering, and Erosion Control 212 6.1 Basics of saturated flow in porous media 212 6.2 Filtration methods and design 214 6.3 Dewatering and drainage 217 6.3.1 Open pumping 218 6.3.2 Well points 218 6.3.3 Deep wells 219 6.3.4 Vacuum dewatering 220 6.3.5 Electroosmosis 220 6.4 Surface erosion and control 223 6.4.1 Surface erosion on embankments and slopes 223 6.4.2 Surface erosion control measures 223 6.5 Subsurface erosion and seepage control methods 227 6.5.1 Subsurface erosion 227 6.5.2 Underseepage control methods in levees and earthen dams 228 6.5.3 Through-seepage control methods in levees and earthen dams 230 Homework Problems 234 References 236 7. Soil Retaining Structures 237 7.1 Introduction to soil retaining structures 237 7.2 Lateral earth pressures 237 7.2.1 At-rest earth pressure 239 7.2.2 Rankine’s theory 242 7.2.3 Coulomb’s theory 248 7.3 Conventional retaining wall design 250 7.3.1 Factor of safety against overturning 250 7.3.2 Factor of safety against sliding 253 7.3.3 Factor of safety of bearing capacity 254 7.3.4 Retaining wall drainage 256 7.4 Sheet pile wall design 262 7.4.1 Failure modes 262 7.4.2 Preliminary data for the design 263 7.4.3 Design of cantilever walls penetrating cohesionless soils 264 7.4.4 Design of cantilever walls penetrating cohesive soils 275 7.5 Soil nail wall design 280 7.5.1 Initial design parameters and conditions 283 7.5.2 Global stability failure 284 7.5.3 Sliding failure 288 7.5.4 Bearing capacity failure 291 Homework Problems 297 References 304 8. Introduction to Geosynthetics Design 305 8.1 Geosynthetics types and characteristics 305 8.2 Design of mechanically stabilized Earth walls using geosynthetics 308 8.2.1 Design procedures of geosynthetic MSE walls 310 8.3 Design of reinforced soil slopes 322 8.4 Filtration and drainage design using geotextiles 339 8.4.1 Hydraulic properties of geotextiles 339 8.4.2 Filtration and drainage criteria 340 Homework Problems 346 References 352 9. Introduction to Geotechnical Earthquake Design 353 9.1 Basic seismology and earthquake characteristics 353 9.1.1 Seismic faults and earthquake terminology 353 9.1.2 Seismic waves 353 9.1.3 Earthquake characteristics 357 9.2 Dynamic Earth pressures 361 9.2.1 Dynamic active earth pressure 361 9.2.2 Dynamic passive earth pressure 362 9.3 Seismic slope stability 367 9.3.1 Pseudostatic analysis 368 9.3.2 Newmark sliding block analysis 375 9.3.3 Makdisi–Seed analysis 377 9.4 Liquefaction analysis 379 9.4.1 Liquefaction hazard 379 9.4.2 Evaluations of liquefaction hazard 381 9.4.3 Evaluation of CSR 381 9.4.4 Evaluation of CRR 382 Homework Problems 391 References 397 Index 399

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Book SynopsisPowell-Smith and Furmston's Building Contract Casebook The interaction between general principles and the provisions of the standard building and construction contracts is a central feature of construction law. The major part of the law is laid down in decided cases and construction professionals should be familiar with these cases, but the information is scattered throughout a large number of law reports. The fifth edition of Powell-Smith and Furmston's Building Contract Casebook is designed to help construction professionals become familiar with those key cases. It brings together a wide range of cases on the main aspects of the law of construction contracts, states the principle established by each case and gives a summary of the facts and the decision. For the majority of cases, verbatim extracts from the judgment are included. The casebook presents the leading cases on each topic, together with many lesser-known but important decisions. A number of useful deciTable of ContentsPreface vii PART I – FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 1 1 Letters of Intent 3 2 Costs of Tendering 9 3 Tenders and Estimates 14 4 Incorporation of Documents 20 5 Completion of the Contract 43 PART II – PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACT 59 6 The Contractor’s Obligations 61 Design 61 Materials and workmanship 74 Progress and completion 92 Indemnities and insurance 95 7 The Employer’s Obligations 133 Possession of site 133 Time and extent of possession 133 Site conditions 137 Co-operation 142 Instructions 151 Payment 154 Lump sum contracts 155 Other contracts 158 Retention 159 Quantum meruit 162 Set-off 165 Miscellaneous 176 Nomination of sub-contractors and specialists 176 Objection to nominees 176 Displacement of implied terms 177 Form of sub-contracts 177 Effect of failure 177 Default in supply of goods 178 8 Ownership and Vesting of Materials 180 Materials and goods 180 Vesting clauses 185 9 Acceptance and Defects 187 10 Approval and Certifi cates 191 General 191 Nature and effect of certifi cates 204 Recovery without certifi cate 226 11 Variations 228 12 Damages for Breach of Construction Contracts 246 13 Prolongation and Disruption Claims 272 14 Liquidated Damages and Extensions of Time 319 Liquidated damages 319 Extensions of time 336 Interpretation of provisions 351 PART III – DISCHARGE OF THE CONTRACT 353 15 Release 355 16 Frustration 358 17 Illegality 365 18 Forfeiture Clauses, Repudiation and Determination 369 19 Limitation 388 The Limitation Act 1980 388 Latent Damage Act 1986 391 PART IV – SUB-CONTRACTS AND SUB-CONTRACTING 399 20 Assignment and Sub-letting 401 21 Domestic Sub-contractors 411 22 Nominated Sub-contractors 414 PART V – BUILDING CONTRACTS AND THE LAW OF TORT 441 23 Building Contracts and the Law of Tort 443 Table of Cases 467 Index 485

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Book SynopsisThe role of the expert witness has long been important in the resolution of construction disputes. The specialist opinion brought by the expert can aid understanding and interpretation of the facts of the dispute, and may be influential in deciding the outcome.Trade ReviewBook review Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Management, Procurement and the Law http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/mpal.14.00041 … The result of this collaboration is an excellent book providing a comprehensive coverage of the many facets of the work of an expert witness, both from a legal and practical viewpoint. The topics are covered in sufficient depth to be of real value and help to experienced prectitioners as well as being written in a style that is accessible and informative to the less experienced but aspiring expert or party representative, the parties themselves seeking to understand better what might be expected of an expert, and indeed anyone with an interest in the subject…. The joint authors appear to have collaborated closely to produce a comprehensive, coherent and valuable source of reference on the often misunderstood and different roles of the expert in construction disputes. -- Barry ManieTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi Part 1 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 What is expert evidence? 4 1.3 The expanding role of the expert witness 5 1.4 What makes a good expert witness? 7 1.5 What is an expert witness and what is an expert witness used for? 10 1.6 Duties of the expert witness 16 1.7 Use of expert evidence 19 1.8 Summary 21 2 Independence and Duties 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Duties of expert witnesses 23 2.3 Partiality and impartiality 26 2.4 Failings in obligations 28 2.5 Investigations 29 2.6 Conflict of interest 30 2.7 Those giving instructions 33 2.8 Summary – nature of the conflicting duty 35 3 Roles in Different Forums 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Litigation 38 3.3 Arbitration 44 3.4 Adjudication 45 3.5 Mediation 47 3.6 Expert determination 48 3.7 Informal processes 49 3.8 Summary 50 4 Different Types of Expert 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 The expert witness 51 4.3 The expert advisor 51 4.4 Tribunal-appointed experts 56 4.5 The single joint expert 62 4.6 Assessors 81 4.7 Expert determination 83 4.8 Expert evaluation 91 4.9 ICC expertise rules 92 4.10 The advocate and expert witness 94 5 Procedural Rules, Evidential Rules and Professional Codes 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Civil Procedure Rules 96 5.3 Domestic arbitration 105 5.4 International arbitration 112 5.5 The IBA Rules of Evidence 120 5.6 Professional institute rules 124 5.7 Summary 128 6 The International Dimension 129 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 What is international? 130 6.3 General issues arising 130 6.4 Key differences in approach 131 6.5 International legal issues 134 6.6 International application of professional standards 135 Part 2 137 7 Selection and Appointment 139 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Pre-appointment 142 7.3 Availability 145 7.4 Expert witness interviews 146 7.5 Terms and conditions 150 7.6 Fees and getting paid 151 7.7 Instructions 154 7.8 Ending the appointment 161 7.9 Summary 164 8 Obtaining Information 165 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Litigation 166 8.3 Domestic arbitration 166 8.4 International arbitration 167 8.5 Getting started 169 8.6 Focusing in on the issues 172 8.7 Electronic disclosure 174 8.8 Further documents and disclosure 174 8.9 Other experts 175 8.10 Redfern Schedules 177 8.11 At the trial or hearing 178 8.12 Access to the site and property 179 8.13 Translation of documents 179 8.14 Other problem areas 180 8.15 The expert report 182 8.16 Summary 182 9 Writing Reports 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Where to start 184 9.3 Duty to the tribunal 186 9.4 Independent opinions 187 9.5 Writing the report 193 9.6 Structure, layout, contents 198 9.7 The expert’s qualifications 204 9.8 Use of assistants 208 9.9 All sources shown 212 9.10 Facts and instructions relied upon 214 9.11 Accurate and complete 217 9.12 Sampling 219 9.13 Instructions received 221 9.14 Joint briefs or terms of reference 223 9.15 Qualifications or ranges of opinions 225 9.16 Report conclusions 227 9.17 Statement of truth 227 9.18 Declarations 228 9.19 Questions on an expert report 230 10 Meetings of Experts 233 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Purpose 238 10.3 Timing 241 10.4 Agenda 243 10.5 How to record and report on the meeting 249 10.6 Producing a joint statement 252 10.7 Binding effect of experts’ agreements 258 10.8 Attendance of lawyers 264 10.9 Involving a tribunal expert/facilitator/manager 266 10.10 Attendance of the arbitrator 269 10.11 A change of expert 271 10.12 Conclusions 274 11 Giving Evidence 275 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Will oral evidence be taken? 277 11.3 Preparation before the hearing 279 11.4 Split hearings 285 11.5 Giving evidence at the hearing 288 11.6 Modern technology 291 11.7 Examination-in-chief 293 11.8 Cross-examination 294 11.9 Tribunal examination 297 11.10 Re-examination 298 11.11 ‘In purdah’ 298 11.12 ‘Hot tubbing’ 299 11.13 Tribunal- and jointly-appointed experts 306 11.14 Ex-parte proceedings 307 11.15 Post-hearing activities 308 12 Liability and Immunity 311 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 How could liability arise? 311 12.3 General immunity as it has been historically 313 12.4 Erosion of the general position 314 12.5 Current expert liability (for what and to whom) 315 12.6 The facts of Jones v Kaney 316 12.7 The main judgment 317 12.8 Issues for experts to consider 322 12.9 Likely future developments 322 Appendix 1 Useful Websites for Further Information and Common Abbreviations 325 Appendix 2 Tables Comparing Rules for Different Types of Expert Involvement 327 Appendix 3 Typical Tribunal Order for ‘Hot Tubbing’ 345 Index 347

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete guide, from basic principles, to all the elements of modern water based heating systems. It presents material systematically so that each topic builds on the previous material, giving students a detailed and thorough understanding of the principles of heating buildings using water based systems.Trade Review"The highly practical approach is complemented by many simple, easy-to-use diagrams. A key theme of the book is that there is little difference, in the approach to the engineering and design of such systems, between domestic and commercial installations." (FM Link, 16 December 2011) "The highly practical approach is complemented by many simple, easy-to-use diagrams. A key theme of the book is that there is little difference, in the approach to the engineering and design of such systems, between domestic and commercial installations. I really enjoyed reading this book, and am sure that others will have a similar pleasurable experience." (Morningstar, 5 December 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Introduction to Heating Services 1 2 Wet Heating Systems 5 3 Materials 55 4 Heat and Heat Transfer 97 5 Heat Emitters 108 6 Underfl oor Heating 140 7 Heat Requirements of Buildings 165 8 Heat Emitter Selection and Sizing 194 9 Pipe Sizing 206 10 Electricity 226 11 Controls, Components and Control Systems 242 12 Oil Firing 278 13 Natural Gas Firing 316 14 Liquefi ed Petroleum Gas Firing (LPG) 345 15 Alternative Fuels and Energy 356 16 Combustion, Flues and Chimneys 383 17 Combustion Effi ciency Testing 442 18 Circulating Pumps 454 19 Domestic Hot Water 482 20 Solar Energy for Water Heating 513 21 Water Treatment 542 22 District Heating 559 23 Expansion of Pipework 571 24 Regulations, Standards, Codes and Guides 591 25 Testing and System Commissioning 608 26 Operating Costs and Whole Life Costing 622 Appendices 631 Appendix 1 Comparative table of sheet metal gauges 632 Appendix 2 Temperature comparison at atmospheric pressure 634 Appendix 3 Mesh/micron rating 635 Appendix 4 Copper tube BS EN1057 (introduced 15/8/96, Formerly BS2871) 636 Appendix 5 Dimensional tolerances of low carbon mild steel tube conforming to BS EN10255, 2004. Formerly BS1387 637 Appendix 6 Hydrostatic data 638 Appendix 7 Composition of copper alloys (common) 639 Appendix 8 Composition of soft solders 640 Appendix 9 SI prefi xes 641 Appendix 10 Light gauge stainless steel tube austenitic type 304 or 316 (BS EN10312) 641 Appendix 11 Elements and chemical symbols 642 Appendix 12 Beaufort wind scale 643 Appendix 13 Comparison of BSP and NPT threads 643 Appendix 14 Properties of water 644 Appendix 15 Temperature conversions 645 Appendix 16 Metric conversion factors 646 Appendix 17 Pressure conversion 648 Appendix 18 Heat fl ow conversion 648 Appendix 19 Approximate viscosity conversion 649 Appendix 20 Viscosity–temperature relationship 650 Appendix 21 Altitude and pressure corrections 651 Index 653

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative textbook on construction management offering a clear model for understanding theoretical aspects. The construction industry has become a truly global network of interconnected stakeholders making demands which require the involvement of skilled workforces from all over the world. Construction Management Strategies sets the foundations for understanding and managing construction's inherent complexity and uniqueness. It establishes clear definitions of commonly accepted terms like built environment, construction, civil engineering, etc. which are often given confusing and conflicting interpretations. It cuts through the plethora of overlapping role titles currently used in the construction sector that make it difficult to establish how projects are actually managed. Construction Management Strategies: Offers a robust and consistent theoretical basis to explain the performance of the main approaches to constructionTrade Review“Nevertheless it makes many good points, it has a refreshingly different perspective on both past and future CM research, and it is open to discussion and debate, as any theory should be.” (Construction Management and Economics, 1 September 2012) Table of ContentsThe Authors ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction and Background 1 Construction viewed from space 2 What is construction? 9 Why a theory of construction management is needed 11 Who can manage construction? 12 Construction managed by designers 13 Construction managed by customers 15 Construction managed by contractors 16 Construction managed by facilities managers 17 Construction managed by independent project managers 18 Construction managed by independent construction managers 20 How the construction industry works 21 Designer-led practice 22 Manager-led practice 23 Contractor-led practice 25 Conclusions 28 2 The Built Environment 31 Introduction 31 Forces which shape the built environment 34 Climate and geology 35 Economy 35 Government 36 Culture and fashion 37 Technology 39 Customers 40 Buildings and infrastructure 48 Architecture 49 Civil engineering 49 Thinking about the forces which shape the built environment 50 3 Construction Concepts 53 Introduction 53 Construction products 53 Customers 53 Construction actions 54 Construction 59 Construction organizations 60 Common characteristics of construction organizations 62 Interactions and relationships 64 Double-loop learning in construction networks 66 Categories of relationship 67 Factors influencing construction performance 69 Construction management 71 Construction efficiency 71 4 Theory of Construction Management 75 Introduction 75 A worst case construction project 77 A straightforward and certain construction project 80 Barriers to effective relationships 82 Inherent difficulty caused by design 83 Inherent difficulty caused by construction teams 84 Inherent difficulty caused by construction environments 85 Inherent difficulty 85 Construction management 86 Construction management strategies 86 Basic theorems 87 Basic propositions about construction management decisions 88 Construction teams efficiency conditions 89 Propositions about construction management decisions relating to construction teams 90 Construction team relationships efficiency conditions 90 Propositions about construction management decisions relating to construction team relationships 91 Construction companies’ efficiency conditions 91 Propositions about construction management decisions relating to construction companies 92 Common organizational characteristics efficiency conditions 92 Propositions about construction management decisions relating to common characteristics of construction organizations 93 Double-loop learning condition 94 Propositions about construction management decisions relating to double-loop learning 94 Construction efficiency 95 Inherent difficulty indicators 95 IDIs in Practice 102 Size of construction projects 106 Using the theory of construction management 107 5 Traditional Construction 111 Introduction 111 Fundamental traditional construction 111 Project organization 112 Strengths and weaknesses 112 Construction management propositions and fundamental traditional construction 114 New technologies 114 Demanding customers 116 Developed traditional construction 117 Internal and boundary relationships 118 Strengths of developed traditional construction 120 Weaknesses of developed traditional construction 120 Construction management propositions and developed traditional construction 122 Scenarios to rescue developed traditional construction 127 Projects led by design consultants 127 Specialist contractor design 130 Architects and engineers design 132 Conclusions 133 6 Design Build 137 Introduction 137 Design build customers 138 Design build companies 140 Design build process 143 Design build performance 145 Design build efficiency 148 Construction management propositions 149 The theory of construction management 150 7 Management Approaches 157 Introduction 157 Customers 159 Designers 159 Construction managers 161 Works contractors 162 Construction management process 162 Construction management propositions 165 Construction management performance 166 Other management approaches 169 The theory of construction management 170 8 Partnering 177 Introduction 177 Project partnering 178 Strategic partnering 182 Strategic collaborative working 189 Partnering efficiency 191 Construction management propositions 193 Partnering performance 194 The theory of construction management 195 9 Total Construction Service 201 Introduction 201 Total construction service providers 201 Industrialised housing 203 General construction 206 Other total construction service companies 212 Total construction service efficiency 215 Construction management propositions 220 Total construction service performance 221 The theory of construction management 222 10 Implications for Industry 229 Introduction 229 Implications for customers 229 Implications for construction companies 239 Construction company strategies 241 Implications for construction companies providing a total construction service 241 Implications for project management companies 248 Implications for construction management companies 248 Implications for design companies 252 Implications for specialist contractors 253 Implications for other construction companies 255 11 The Future for Construction Management 257 Introduction 257 The theory of construction management and practice 259 The theory of construction management and research 262 Testing the theory of construction management 267 Research data 267 Research proposals 268 A basis for future practice and research 275 Appendix: Theory of Construction Management Propositions 277 Glossary 279 Index 283

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Book SynopsisDisruption of a construction project is of key concern to the contractor as any delay to the project will involve the contractor in financial loss, unless those losses can be recovered from the employer.Trade Review“This book provides valuable guidance on how to save time and therefore money by avoiding -- or at least coping -- with the factors that cause expensive delays, or disruption on construction and engineering projects. Certainly its sage advice on dispute resolution should prove indispensable to everyone from architects and construction lawyers to project managers and quantity surveyors.” (Flickr.com, 7 August 2015)Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The aims of this book 3 1.3 The SCL Protocol 3 1.4 Conclusion 9 2 Contracts and Case Law 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Contracts 13 2.3 Case law 18 3 Planning, Programmes and Record Keeping 61 3.1 Background and history of planning 61 3.2 Planning and programming 64 3.3 Programme submission, review and acceptance 78 3.4 Programme updates and revisions 84 3.5 Progress records and other record keeping 91 4 Delay, Disruption and Causation 99 4.1 Delay 99 4.2 Disruption 107 4.3 Causation 118 5 Loss of Productivity 123 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Productivity and efficiency 124 5.3 Common causes of loss of efficiency 128 5.4 Methods of productivity measurement 133 6 Acceleration and Mitigation 153 6.1 Acceleration 153 6.2 Mitigation 164 Appendix 1 Definitions and Glossary 169 Appendix 2 Levels of Programmes 177 Appendix 3 SCL Protocol; Guidance Clauses on ‘Disruption’ 187 Index 191

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Book SynopsisGeared to construction industry professionals, who need to meet the practical requirements of the Building Regs, Guide to Building Control presents all the information contained in the Building Regulations 2010 and Approved Documents in a clear, concise, and fully illustrated format.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Acknowledgements xiii Notes to the Reader xv Expected Changes to the Building Regulations to Come into Force in 2013 xvii Section 1 General information 1.1 Introduction 1.3 The Building Act 1984 and the Building Regulations 2010 1.3 Approved Documents 1.4 Other ways of satisfying the Building Regulations requirements 1.5 Technical and condensation risks 1.5 Timber-sizing tables independently calculated by GEOMEX for solid timber members 1.6 Engaging a property professional 1.6 Obtaining Building Regulations approval 1.7 Notices of stages of works 1.9 Exempt buildings and work 1.9 Preliminary works 1.11 Matters related to the Building Regulations 1.14 The Party Wall Act 1996 1.15 Rights of Light 1.17 Section 2 Domestic extensions 2.1 Part A: Structure 2.9 A1: Sub-structure 2.9 Foundations 2.9 Ground floors and sub-structure walls 2.18 A2: Superstructure 2.28 Minimum headroom heights 2.28 External walls 2.28 External cavity wall construction 2.35 Lateral restraint strapping of upper floors to walls 2.49 Lateral restraint strapping of roofs to walls 2.51 Lateral restraint strapping of walls at ceiling level 2.52 A3: Separating walls and floors 2.53 Masonry party walls separating dwellings 2.53 Double-leaf timber-frame party walls separating dwellings 2.54 A4: Internal partitions 2.56 A5: Intermediate upper floor(s) 2.56 Floor joists 2.56 Trimming and trimmer joists 2.58 A6: Pitched roofs 2.60 Pitched roof coverings 2.61 Pitched roof structure 2.62 A7: Flat-roof construction 2.70 Option 1: Flat roof with ‘cold deck’ 2.70 Option 2: Flat roof with ‘warm deck’ 2.72 Option 3: Flat roof with inverted ‘warm deck’ (insulation on top of waterproof coverings) 2.74 Option 4: Flat roof with green roof on ‘warm deck’ (either intensive or extensive) 2.74 The design, workmanship and selection of materials for flat roofs 2.75 A8: Mortars, renders and gypsum plasters 2.75 Cement mortars and renders 2.75 Gypsum plasters 2.77 Part B: Fire safety and means of escape 2.78 Fire detection and fi re alarm systems 2.78 Means of escape 2.79 Surface spread of flame: internal wall and ceiling linings including roof lights 2.89 Part C: Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture 2.92 C1: Resistance to contaminants 2.92 Radon gas 2.93 Methane and other ground gas protection 2.96 C2: Resistance to moisture 2.96 Part D: Cavity wall filling with insulation 2.98 Part E: Resistance to the passage of sound 2.98 Part F: Ventilation 2.99 Purge (natural) ventilation 2.99 Mechanical extract ventilation and fresh air inlets for rooms without purge ventilation 2.99 Background ventilation 2.100 Intermittent mechanical extract ventilation 2.100 Part G: Sanitation, hot-water safety and water efficiency 2.100 Wholesome hot and cold water supply 2.100 Solar water heating 2.102 Electrical water heating 2.102 Insulation of pipework to prevent freezing 2.102 Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 2.103 Part H: Drainage and waste disposal 2.103 H1: Foul- and storm-water drainage 2.103 H2: Septic tanks, sewage treatment systems and cesspools 2.113 Septic tanks 2.113 Sewage treatment systems 2.114 Percolation tests 2.116 Cesspools 2.118 H3: Rainwater drainage and harvesting 2.119 H4: Building over or close to, and connections to, public sewers 2.122 Building over or close to a public sewer 2.122 Connections to public sewers 2.123 H5: Separate systems of drainage 2.124 H6: Solid waste storage 2.124 Part J: Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems 2.124 Solid fuel appliances up to 50 kW rated output 2.125 Appliances other than solid fuel 2.133 Fuel storage tanks 2.134 Renewable energy/micro regeneration installations 2.134 Part K: Protection from falling, collision and impact 2.135 Internal stairs, guarding and landings for changes in level of 600 mm or more 2.135 External stairs, guarding and landings for changes in level of 600 mm or more 2.138 Loft conversion stairs 2.139 Ramps 2.140 Part L: Conservation of fuel and power in existing dwellings 2.141 Areas of external windows, roof windows and doors 2.141 New thermal elements 2.141 Energy-efficient lighting 2.143 Insulation of pipework to prevent freezing 2.143 External walls, roofs, floors and swimming-pool basin 2.143 Renovation/upgrading of existing thermal elements 2.144 Part M: Access to and use of buildings for disabled 2.145 Part N: Safety glazing, opening and cleaning 2.146 Safety glass and glazing 2.146 Part P: Electrical safety 2.147 Electrical installations 2.147 External works – paths, private drives, patios and gardens 2.149 Section 3 New dwellings 3.1 Parts A and L: Starting point 3.4 Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings 3.4 Criterion 1 – Achieving the Target Emission Rate (TER) 3.4 Criterion 2 – Limits on design flexibility 3.5 Criterion 3 – Limiting the effects of solar heat gain 3.5 Criterion 4 – Calculation of the Dwelling Design Emission Rate (DER) 3.6 Criterion 5 – Provision for energy-efficient operation of the dwelling 3.10 Insulation guidance details for floors, walls and roofs 3.10 Guidance on the Code for Sustainable Homes for new dwellings 3.12 Guidance on PassivHaus 3.18 Part B: Fire safety and means of escape 3.19 Part C: Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture 3.20 Part D: Cavity wall filling with insulation 3.20 Part E: Resistance to the passage of sound 3.20 Part F: Ventilation to new dwellings 3.21 Ventilation systems 3.21 Purge (natural) ventilation to habitable rooms: system 1 – new dwellings 3.22 Background ventilation: system 1 – new dwellings 3.23 Intermittent mechanical extract ventilation: system 1 – new dwellings 3.24 Part G: Sanitation, hot-water safety and water efficiency 3.24 Part H: Drainage and waste disposal 3.25 Part J: Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems 3.26 Part K: Protection from falling, collision and impact 3.26 Part L: Conservation of fuel and power 3.26 Part M: Access to and use of buildings for disabled 3.26 Guidance on Lifetime Homes Standard for new dwellings 3.31 Part N: Safety glazing, opening and cleaning 3.32 Part P: Electrical safety 3.32 Section 4 Domestic loft conversions 4.1 Converting an existing loft space 4.3 Assessing the feasibility of your loft for conversion 4.3 Part A: Structure 4.5 A1: Inspection of the existing roof and building structure 4.5 A2: Alteration, modification and strengthening of the existing roof structure 4.5 A3: Roof conversion details 4.5 Upgrading existing external walls 4.5 Internal load-bearing timber stud walls 4.7 Part B: Fire safety and means of escape 4.11 Single-storey dwellings with loft conversion 4.11 Two-storey dwellings with loft conversion (or new third storey) 4.13 Part C: Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture 4.17 Part D: Cavity wall fi lling with insulation 4.17 Part E: Resistance to the passage of sound 4.17 Part F: Ventilation 4.17 Part G: Sanitation, hot-water safety and water efficiency 4.17 Part H: Drainage and waste disposal 4.17 Part J: Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems 4.17 Part K: Protection from falling, collision and impact 4.17 Part L: Conservation of fuel and power in conversions 4.17 Part M: Access to and use of buildings for disabled 4.18 Part N: Safety glazing, opening and cleaning 4.18 Part P: Electrical safety 4.18 Section 5 Domestic garage and basement conversions into habitable rooms and conversion of barns and similar buildings into new dwellings 5.1 Assessing the feasibility of your building for conversion 5.6 Part A: Structure 5.14 A1: Underpinning works 5.14 Traditional underpinning 5.14 Sections through proposed underpinning (not to scale) 5.15 A2: Single-wall garage conversions (or similar buildings) into habitable rooms (typical details indicated in Figures 5.2–5.12) 5.16 Upgrading pitched roofs 5.16 Upgrading flat roofs 5.19 Infilling of garage door openings 5.20 Upgrading single-skin external walls 5.21 Upgrading garage ground floors (or similar) with upgraded enclosing single-skin walls 5.26 A3: Cavity wall garage conversions (or similar buildings) into habitable rooms (typical details indicated in Figures 5.16–5.26) 5.29 Upgrading pitched roof 5.29 Infilling of garage door opening 5.31 Upgrading external cavity walls 5.33 Upgrading garage ground floors (or similar) with enclosing upgraded cavity walls 5.34 A4: Basement conversions into habitable rooms 5.38 Existing basements and tanking systems 5.38 A5: Conversion of barns and similar buildings into new dwellings – Technical and practical guidance 5.40 Part A: Structure 5.40 Part B: Fire safety and means of escape 5.51 Part C: Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture 5.51 Part D: Cavity wall filling with insulation 5.51 Part E: Resistance to the passage of sound 5.51 Performance standards 5.51 Part F: Ventilation to new dwellings 5.52 Part G: Sanitation, hot-water safety and water efficiency 5.52 Part H: Drainage and waste disposal 5.53 Part J: Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems 5.53 Part K: Protection from falling, collision and impact 5.53 Part L: Conservation of fuel and power in conversions 5.53 Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) 5.53 Part M: Access to and use of buildings for disabled 5.53 Part N: Safety glazing, opening and cleaning 5.54 Part P: Electrical safety 5.54 Section 6 Upgrading old buildings using lime and modern applications 6.1 Upgrading old buildings using lime and modern applications 6.3 Re-pointing and repair of existing buildings 6.4 Types of lime mortar, lime render/plaster and decorative finish suitable for breathable buildings 6.10 Index I.1

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Book SynopsisBuilding Performance Evaluation (BPE) informs and enhances the usability and sustainability of building designs with lessons learned from evaluation of building performance throughout the building life cycle, from initial planning through occupancy to adaptive re-use.Table of ContentsContributors x Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxv Foreword xxvii Duncan A. Joiner I Introduction: Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Process Model 1 1 Introduction to Building Performance Evaluation: Milestones in Evolution 3 Shauna Mallory-Hill, Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Chris Watson 1.1 Enhancing building performance 3 1.2 Emergence of person-environment research 4 1.3 Maturation of Post-Occupancy Evaluation (1975–1985) 6 1.4 POE as a distinct discipline (1985–1995) 7 1.5 Feeding forward: from POE to BPE (1995–2005) 9 1.6 Ongoing global efforts in BPE (2005 +) 11 1.7 Conclusion 12 2 A Process Model for Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) 19 Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Ulrich Schramm 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Description of the process model for BPE 19 2.3 The performance concept and the building process 25 2.4 Conclusion 29 II Design Processes and Evaluation 33 3 The Integrative Design Process 35 Rodney C. McDonald and Sonja Persram 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Origin, evolution and definitions of IDP 36 3.3 Highlights of others’ work: systems thinking in IDP and a unitive process 39 3.4 The means to motivation: engaging clients in sustainability prior to IDP 43 3.5 The integrative regulatory process 45 3.6 Conclusion 46 4 Participatory/Collaborative Design Process 48 Henry Sanoff 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Background 49 4.3 Community participation 51 4.4 Conclusion 57 5 Enhancing Design Programming: The Case of Detroit Collaborative Design Center and Detroit Hispanic Development Corporation 60 Sheri Blake 5.1 Introduction 60 5.2 Participatory design process and intent 61 5.3 Enhancing the process 69 5.4 Conclusions 72 6 Patterns in Post-Occupancy Evaluation 75 Chris Watson 6.1 Introduction 75 6.2 Principles 75 6.3 Communities of interest 77 6.4 Process 77 6.5 Evaluating environmental impact 78 6.6 Pattern language format 79 6.7 Recurring findings 79 6.8 Communicating stakeholders' experience of architecture 85 6.9 Conclusion 85 III Case Studies 87 7 The Changing Meaning of Workspace: Planning Space and Technology in the Work Environment 89 Jacqueline C. Vischer 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 The 'X' organization – building for the future 90 7.3 Involving users for better workspace design 91 7.4 Building and workspace outcomes 94 7.5 Conclusion 96 8 Programming Spaces for Innovation 98 Martin Hodulak 8.1 Introduction 98 8.2 Spaces for innovation 98 8.3 Understanding requirements 99 8.4 Analysis methods 100 8.5 Key requirements for innovation spaces 102 8.6 Conclusion 107 9 Assessing Building Performance for Local Government Offices in Japan 109 Akikazu Kato, Toru Ando and Mina Kitazawa 9.1 Introduction 109 9.2 Organizational development of the Mie Prefecture Government office 110 9.3 Example of office layout changes 110 9.4 Work style classification studies 112 9.5 Analysis of worker activities 114 9.6 Analysis of work style classifications 116 9.7 Analysis of workers’ collaboration activities 117 9.8 Relationships among work communication activities 118 9.9 Conclusions 118 10 Developing Occupancy Feedback to Improve Low Carbon Housing 120 Fionn Stevenson 10.1 Introduction 120 10.2 Background 120 10.3 A framework for evaluating interactive adaptability 121 10.4 Low carbon home case study 121 10.5 Where next? 127 10.6 Conclusions 128 11 Evaluating Federal Workplaces in the US: The Case of the General Services Administration 130 Kevin Kelly 11.1 Introduction 130 11.2 Background 130 11.3 Survey results 133 11.4 Reflections on 'efficiency' and 'expression' 135 11.5 Re-deploying the survey to measure post-occupancy success 137 11.6 Conclusion 137 12 Assessing Qatar University’s Campus Outdoor Spaces: Design Intentions Versus Users’ Reactions 139 Ashraf M. Salama 12.1 Introduction 139 12.2 Overview of the literature on campus outdoor spaces 140 12.3 Campus features – architect’s statements 141 12.4 Assessing outdoor spaces: a multilayered methodology 142 12.5 Key findings 147 12.6 Conclusion 150 13 Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) and the Role of Perceived Values in Heritage Preservation – A Research Case for Italy 152 Carlotta Fontana 13.1 Introduction 152 13.2 Background 152 13.3 A performance-based approach for sustainable reuse 154 13.4 Counseling for communities: a performance-based approach at different scales 154 13.5 Conclusions 161 IV Research Methods and Tools 165 14 Evaluating the Impact of Green Building on Worker Productivity and Health: A Literature Review 167 Shauna Mallory-Hill and Anna Westlund 14.1 Introduction 167 14.2 Background 168 14.3 Literature review method 168 14.4 Performance indicators and data collection techniques 169 14.5 Conclusions 174 15 Quantitative (GIS) and Qualitative (BPE) Assessments of Library Performance 179 Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Xinhao Wang 15.1 Introduction 179 15.2 Background 179 15.3 Project design and methodology 180 15.4 Results 183 15.5 Recommendations 187 15.6 Conclusion 188 16 Applying MAPLE/D and BPE to Complex Building Types 191 Monika Schill-Fendl 16.1 Introduction 191 16.2 Background: the meta-method MAPLE/D 191 16.3 Example: POE of a large-scale laboratory building complex 199 16.4 Links between BPE and MAPLE/D 201 16.5 Conclusion 201 17 Stimulating Physically Active Behavior Through Good Building Design 203 Edward Finch, Paul Wilson and Lindsey Dugdill 17.1 Introduction 203 17.2 The active imperative 204 17.3 Servicescapes 205 17.4 Layering of built environment solutions 206 17.5 Evaluating the capacity of buildings to encourage physically active behavior 209 17.6 Conclusion 210 18 Evidence-Based Decision-Making on Office Accommodation: Accommodation Choice Model 213 Theo J. M. van der Voordt, Yolanda M. D. Ikiz-Koppejan and Anca Gosselink 18.1 Introduction 213 18.2 Modeling accommodation processes 213 18.3 Elaboration of the model 215 18.4 Justification of the accommodation choice model 219 18.5 Application in practice 219 18.6 Conclusion 221 19 Evaluation Through Computational Building Performance Simulation 223 Jan L. M. Hensen 19.1 Introduction 223 19.2 Background 223 19.3 Building performance simulation 224 19.4 State-of-the-art 226 19.5 Quality assurance of simulation based decisions 229 19.6 Conclusion 232 20 Incorporating Occupant Perceptions and Behavior into BIM 234 Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick and Richard E. Wener 20.1 Introduction 234 20.2 BIM and the design process 235 20.3 Linking BPE and BIM 235 20.4 Simulating behavior 236 20.5 Metrics 238 20.6 Illustrative simulation model 238 20.7 Conclusions: implications for emerging practice 244 V Education 247 21 Post-Occupancy Evaluation in Brazil: Its Impact on Professional Practice 249 Sheila W. Ornstein, Rosaria Ono, César Imai, Ana J. G. Limongi França and Maria Beatriz Barbosa 21.1 Introduction 249 21.2 POE methodology 250 21.3 Case studies 252 21.4 Conclusions 257 22 Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) in the Construction Project Management Curriculum 259 Ulrich Schramm 22.1 Introduction 259 22.2 The school and its programs 259 22.3 BPE in the curriculum 261 22.4 Outline of selected lectures and seminars 263 22.5 Employment opportunities 272 22.6 Conclusions 274 23 Evaluation Research and Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) in Architecture and Urbanism: Consumption Versus Production of Knowledge 277 Ashraf M. Salama 23.1 Introduction 277 23.2 Idiosyncrasies on knowledge delivery and acquisition 278 23.3 Evaluation research and inquiry based learning (IBL) 279 23.4 Evaluation research: a paradigm for utilizing the built environment as an open textbook 280 23.5 Conclusion: Evaluation research and seeking a new form of pedagogy 284 24 Post Tower Evaluation: User-Needs Analysis (UNA) in German Student Education 286 Rotraut Walden 24.1 Introduction 286 24.2 Background 286 24.3 Prelminary studies 287 24.4 Stakeholder questionnaire 288 24.5 Data collection – the walkthrough 292 24.6 Results 292 24.7 Conclusions 296 25 Ethnographic Methods in Support of Architectural Practice 299 Eleftherios Pavlides and Galen Cranz 25.1 Introduction 299 25.2 The nature of the student research is ethnographic 300 25.3 Two kinds of findings 303 25.4 Benefits of student research projects 307 25.5 Conclusion 310 VI Epilogue 313 26 Reflections on Stage M: The Dog that Didn’t Bark 315 Francis Duffy 26.1 Introduction 315 26.2 Background 315 26.3 Stage M feedback on meeting client objectives 316 26.4 Conclusions 319 Endnotes 319 References 320 Index 321

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Book SynopsisThis guide will help the contractor's staff overcome some of the difficulties encountered on a typical international contract using FIDIC forms. The majority of FIDIC-based contracts use the Red Book (Conditions of Contract for Construction), so this book concentrates on the use of those particular forms. Supplementary comments are included in Appendix C for the Yellow Book (Plant & Design-Build) recommended for use where the contractor has a design responsibility. The Contractor is represented on site by the Contractor's Representative who carries the overall responsibility for all the Contractor's on-site activities. In order to provide guidance to the Contractor's Representative and his staff, this book is divided into five sections: A summarized general review of the Red Book from the Contractor's perspective. A review of the activities and duties of the Contractor's Representative in the same clause sequencing as they appear in thTable of ContentsPreface v Acknowledgements and dedication ix Chapter 1 Review of the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction (CONS) – ‘The Red Book’ 1 Chapter 2 Activities and duties of the FIDIC Contractor’s Representative discussed in the same order as they appear in the FIDIC Conditions of Contract 105 Chapter 3 Activities and duties of the FIDIC Contractor’s Representative summarised and arranged in time sequence 143 Appendices 157 Appendix A Contractor’s claims under a CONS contract 159 Appendix B Employer’s claims under a CONS contract 161 Appendix C Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-build (P & DB) – ‘The Yellow Book’ 162 Appendix D Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey projects (EPCT) – ‘The Silver Book’ 165 Appendix E Other FIDIC publications 166 Appendix F Model form for submissions to the Engineer for approval and/or consent 168 Appendix G Model form of daywork/daily record sheets 169 Appendix H Evaluation of cost 171 Appendix I Contractor’s overhead costs 173 Appendix J Model letters for use by the Contractor 178 Introduction to indexes 250 Index of sub-clauses (FIDIC system) 251 Index of sub-clauses (sorted according to FIDIC clause numbering system) 258

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Book SynopsisWood in Construction - How to Avoid Costly Mistakes focuses on the basic principles and appropriate use of wood in construction and illustrates how to avoid or minimise problems, to ensure that wood performs as expected when used in a construction application.Table of ContentsPreface x 1 Wood as a Material 1 1.1 Cellulose 2 1.2 Grain 4 1.3 Dimensional change in wood 8 1.4 Heartwood and sapwood 10 1.5 Natural durability 13 1.6 Rays 14 1.7 Radial and tangential directions 15 1.8 Permeability in timber 16 1.9 Chapter summary 16 2 More on Timber: Some Stuff About the UK Timber Trade 18 2.1 'Wood' or 'timber'? 18 2.2 Wood species and timber trading 19 2.3 Softwoods and hardwoods 19 2.4 Some more detail on cell structure 23 2.5 Trade names and scientific names 27 2.6 A cautionary tale about timber names 28 2.7 Growth rings 31 2.8 Earlywood and latewood 32 2.9 Rate of growth in softwoods 33 2.10 Rate of growth in hardwoods 34 2.11 Chapter summary 37 3 Water in Wood: Moisture Content and the Drying of Timber 39 3.1 The definition of moisture content 39 3.2 Moisture meters 40 3.3 'Wet' or 'dry'? In-service moisture contents and 'EMC' 43 3.4 EMC 44 3.5 Specification of desired moisture content 44 3.6 Fibre saturation point 46 3.7 Shrinkage 47 3.8 Movement 48 3.9 Kiln drying 49 3.10 Air drying 53 3.11 Timescales for drying timber 54 3.12 Chapter summary 55 4 Specifying Timber – for Indoor or Outdoor Uses 57 4.1 British and European standards 57 4.2 Durability and treatability of different wood species 58 4.3 Use classes 59 4.4 Examples of timbers employed in different use classes 60 4.5 Hazard and risk – and their relative importance 60 4.6 Use Class 1 – examples 61 4.7 Use Class 2 – examples 64 4.8 Use Class 3 – examples 66 4.9 Use Class 4 – examples 70 4.10 Use Class 5 – examples 76 4.11 Chapter summary 78 5 The Quality of Timber: Grading for Appearance 79 5.1 The need for grading 80 5.2 ‘Quality’ or ‘grade’? 81 5.3 Quality 82 5.4 Grade 82 5.5 The different types of grading 83 5.6 Appearance grading 83 5.7 Appearance grading: based on defects 83 5.8 Scandinavian grades 87 5.9 Unsorted, fifths and sixths 88 5.10 Russian softwood qualities 89 5.11 European appearance grading 90 5.12 North American softwood appearance grades 90 5.13 Clears, merchantable and commons 92 5.14 A comparison of Scandinavian grades and North American grades 93 5.15 Appearance grading: based on ‘cuttings’ 93 5.16 The NHLA grades 94 5.17 FAS, selects and commons 96 5.18 Selects 96 5.19 'F1F' 97 5.20 Prime and Comsel grades 97 5.21 Malaysian grades 98 5.22 Prime, select and standard 98 5.23 'PHND', 'BHND' or 'sound' 99 5.24 Rules are made to be bent! (within reason) 99 5.25 Shipper's usual 99 5.26 BS EN 942: the quality of timber in joinery 100 5.27 J classes 100 5.28 'Exposed face' 101 5.29 Chapter summary 102 6 Strength Grading and Strength Classes of Timber 104 6.1 Appearance versus strength 106 6.2 Visual strength grades 107 6.3 GS and SS strength grades 107 6.4 Strength classes for softwoods 108 6.5 BS EN 1912 108 6.6 SC3, SC4: C16 and C24 109 6.7 Machine grading 110 6.8 Other strength grades: Europe and North America 112 6.9 Select structural, No. 1 and No. 2 structural and stud grades 112 6.10 TR26 113 6.11 Specifying the strength class or the wood species: some things to think about 114 6.12 Hardwood strength grades 115 6.13 Tropical hardwoods 116 6.14 Temperate hardwoods 116 6.15 The ‘Size effect’ 117 6.16 Hardwood strength classes 118 6.17 The marking of strength graded timber 119 6.18 Chapter summary 120 7 Wood Preservatives and Wood Finishes 122 7.1 Treat the timber last! 122 7.2 Wood preservative types 123 7.3 'Old' and 'new' types of treatments 124 7.4 The basic methods of timber treatment 124 7.5 Low pressure treatment 125 7.6 High pressure treatment 126 7.7 Preservative chemicals 126 7.8 CCA preservatives 126 7.9 The 'environmentally-friendly' preservatives 127 7.10 'Tanalised' timber 128 7.11 Organic compounds 128 7.12 'Treated' timber 129 7.13 'Wood finishes' 129 7.14 Wood in exterior uses 130 7.15 Exterior finishes 131 7.16 Varnish – and paint 131 7.17 'Microporous' exterior stains and paints 133 7.18 Non-film-forming finishes 133 7.19 Exterior paints 134 7.20 The durability of exterior finishes 135 7.21 The effects of lighter or darker colours 136 7.22 Chapter summary 137 8 Principal Softwoods Used in the UK 139 8.1 European redwood ( Pinus sylvestris ) 139 8.2 European whitewood (mostly Picea abies ) 141 8.3 Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) 142 8.4 Western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ) 142 8.5 'Douglas fir' ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) 143 8.6 Larch (mainly Larix decidua and L. kaempferi/L. leptolepis ) 145 8.7 'Western red cedar' ( Thuja plicata ) 145 8.8 Southern pine ( Pinus spp – principally Pinus elliottii and P. palustris ) 146 8.9 Yellow pine ( Pinus strobus ) 147 8.10 'Parana pine' ( Araucaria angustifolia ) 147 8.11 Species groups 148 8.12 Spruce-pine-fir 148 8.13 Hem-fir 149 8.14 Douglas fir-larch 149 9 A Selection of Hardwoods Used in the UK 150 9.1 Ash, American ( Fraxinus spp ) 151 9.2 Ash, European ( Fraxinus excelsior ) 152 9.3 Beech, European ( Fagus sylvatica ) 152 9.4 Birch, European (mainly Betula pubescens ) 153 9.5 Cherry, American ( Prunus serotina ) 153 9.6 Chestnut, Sweet ( Castanea sativa ) 153 9.7 Ekki ( Lophira alata ) 154 9.8 Greenheart ( Ocotea rodiaei ) 154 9.9 Idigbo ( Terminalia ivorensis ) 155 9.10 Iroko ( Milicia excelsa ) 155 9.11 Keruing ( Dipterocarpus spp .) 156 9.12 Mahogany, African ( Khaya ivorensis and K. anthotheca ) 156 9.13 Mahogany, American ( Swietenia macrophylla ) 156 9.14 Maple ( Acer saccharum ) 157 9.15 Meranti ( Shorea spp .) 157 9.16 Oak, American red (principally Quercus rubra and Q. falcata ) 158 9.17 Oak, American white (principally Quercus alba, Q. prinus, Q. lyrata and Q. michauxii ) 158 9.18 Oak, European (mainly Quercus robur ) 158 9.19 Obeche ( Triplochiton scleroxylon ) 159 9.20 Opepe ( Nauclea diderrichii ) 160 9.21 Sapele ( Entandrophragma cylindricum ) 160 9.22 Tatajuba ( Bagassa guianensis ) 161 9.23 Teak ( Tectona grandis ) 161 9.24 Utile ( Entandrophragma utile ) 161 9.25 Walnut, American ( Juglans nigra ) 162 9.26 Walnut, European ( Juglans regia ) 162 9.27 Whitewood, American, or Tulipwood ( Liriodendron tulipifera ) 163 10 Wood-based Sheet Materials 164 10.1 Plywood 164 10.2 The two fundamental properties of plywood 165 10.3 Basic types of plywood 166 10.4 Conifer plywoods 166 10.5 Temperate hardwood plywoods 168 10.6 Tropical hardwood plywoods 168 10.7 Plywood glue bond and ‘WBP’ 169 10.8 Exterior 170 10.9 Adhesives used in plywood 171 10.10 BS 1088 marine plywood 172 10.11 Plywood face quality 172 10.12 Appearance grading of face veneers 173 10.13 Conifer plywood appearance grades 173 10.14 Temperate hardwood plywood appearance grades 175 10.15 Tropical hardwood plywood appearance grades 175 10.16 Particleboards and wood chipboard 177 10.17 Flaxboard and bagasse board 178 10.18 OSB 178 10.19 Fibreboards 181 10.20 Hardboard, medium board and softboard 181 10.21 MDF 183 10.22 Chapter summary 185 Appendices 186 1 A Glossary of Wood and Timber Terms Used in the Timber and Construction Industries 186 2 A Select Bibliography of Some Useful Technical References About Wood 200 3 Some Helpful Technical, Advisory and Trade Bodies Concerned with Timber 201 Index 202

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Book SynopsisThis construction client''s manual is written in the form of a list of activities. It supports owners in the role of client by helping them make choices during the project development process. This increases control over cost, quality and duration at each stage. Activities within each main stage of the project development (preparation stage; procurement; design; preparation for construction; construction itself; handover; implementation) are divided into phases, each requiring separate decision-making. The phase begins with a list of direct previous decisions and continues with a list of executors, the goal of the present phase and a list of activities to be performed. And each phase ends with a list of expected results and a list of activities that these results release for action in the next phase. The sequence of these seven stages can be altered to help building owners manage risk by choosing and combining the timing of these stages. The tasks involved in project preparaTrade Review"In this clearly organized manual, Sutt (construction economics and management, Tallinn U. of Technology, Estonia) lists activities that building owners who are construction clients will need to make decisions about during project development, to help them understand the expectations of their construction partners. The guide can also be used by the designers, contractors, supervisors, and construction managers working with them, and details the stages of a project (preparation, procurement, design, preparation for construction, construction, and handover) and their phases, goals, executors, and expected results." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface vii About the Author ix Introduction xi Glossary xix Chapter 1: Preparation stage 1 1.1 Project statement 2 1.2 Appointment of a project manager and integration of project management in the process management of the owner’s company 5 1.3 Needs and profitability analysis 6 1.4 Preparation of the financial scheme and loan contracts 16 1.5 Preparation for land purchase and corresponding contracts 20 1.6 Feasibility studies and corresponding investigations 24 1.7 Detailed area planning 31 1.8 Scheme design 35 Chapter 2: Procurement stage 41 2.1 Choice of procurement path 42 2.2 Methods for choosing the contractor 55 2.3 Process of tendering 58 Chapter 3: Design stage 61 3.1 Preparation phase 62 3.2 The choice of designer 65 3.3 Contracting between client and designer (consultant) 68 3.4 Management of design 72 Chapter 4: Construction preparation stage 77 4.1 Building permit application 78 4.2 Construction procurement programme preparation (preliminary conditions of contract) 78 4.3 Choice of contractor 81 4.4 Construction contracting 85 Chapter 5: Construction stage 91 5.1 Construction management 92 5.2 Owner’s supervision and quality management 94 5.3 Cost control 99 5.4 Management of changes and additional works 102 5.5 Management of the client’s direct contracts 105 Chapter 6: Take-over stage 107 6.1 Revisions of general construction work 108 6.2 Revisions of engineering systems 109 6.3 Building take-over 110 6.4 The building’s taking for use 112 6.5 Project completion 114 6.6 Warranty period 116 Appendices 119 Appendix 1 119 List of the construction client’s principal decisions 119 Appendix 2 120 List of document folders that should be completed during project development 120 Bibliography 123 Index 125

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Book SynopsisThis book examines 200 contractual problems which regularly arise on building and engineering projects and provides a detailed explanation of their solutions, citing standard contract conditions and key parts of legal judgements as authority. A succinct summary is provided at the end of each detailed solution.Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii 1 Procurement 1 2 Tenders and Bidding 27 3 Design 49 4 Letters of Intent 71 5 Programme 83 6 Delays and Delay Analysis 93 7 Extensions of Time 117 8 Liquidated/Delay Damages 137 9 Variations 167 10 Loss and Expense/Additional Cost 185 11 Payment 239 12 Practical Completion and Defects 303 13 Rights and Remedies 325 14 Adjudication 383 Table of Cases 433 Index 445

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Book SynopsisThe drive towards environmentally friendly buildings and infrastructure has led to a growing interest in providing design solutions underpinned by the core principles of sustainability to balance economic, social and environmental factors.Table of ContentsEditors and Contributors xii Foreword xxiii Preface xxv PART I THEORIES, PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES 1 1 Economic Context, Policy Environment and the Changing Role of Design Economists 3Herbert Robinson and Barry Symonds 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The economic context 4 1.3 Globalisation of construction market 6 1.4 The policy environment and the construction industry 9 1.5 Current and emerging role of design economists 11 2 Theories and Principles of Design Economics 16Herbert Robinson and Barry Symonds 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Factors affecting design costs and benefits 17 2.3 Capital cost theory 18 2.4 Whole life cost theory 21 2.5 Value management theory 23 2.6 Value of design theory 24 2.7 Carter’s model 26 2.8 Resource]based theory 27 3 New Approaches and Rules of Measurement for Cost Estimating and Planning 31Barry Symonds, Peter Barnes and Herbert Robinson 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 The standardisation of cost estimating 32 3.3 The RICS NRM 1 33 3.4 RIBA plan of work, RICS estimating, cost planning and NRM 1 34 3.5 Cost estimating and cost planning 35 3.6 Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis (SFCA) 40 3.7 Benchmarking (cost limits) 41 3.8 Building information modelling 43 3.9 Concluding remarks 44 4 The Relationship between Building Height and Construction Costs 47David Picken and Benedict Ilozor 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Research in the 1970s and 1980s 48 4.3 More recent research in Hong Kong and Shanghai 50 4.4 Conclusions 59 5 Appraisal of Design to Determine Viability of Development Schemes 61Herbert Robinson 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Assessing costs and benefits of design alternatives 61 5.3 Appraisal of design using discounting methods 63 5.4 Appraisal of design using residual technique 65 5.5 Case study of the blackfriars development project 69 5.6 Concluding remarks 77 6 Eco-cost Associated with Tall Buildings 80Peter de Jong and J.W.F. Hans Wamelink 6.1 Introduction 80 6.2 Overview of the Dutch housing market and land use planning 80 6.3 Eco-costs/value ratio and the EVR model 82 6.4 Applying the EVR model to housing 86 6.5 EVR and tall buildings 88 6.6 Embedding EVR in other sustainable ranking methods 89 6.7 Conclusion 90 7 Productivity in Construction Projects 93Shamil Naoum 7.1 Introduction 93 7.2 Concept and measurement of productivity 94 7.3 Previous literature on factors affecting site productivity 94 7.4 Productivity survey 100 7.5 Proposed framework for site productivity 102 7.6 Conclusion and further research 104 8 Design Variables and Whole-Life Cost Modelling 107Andrea Pelzeter 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Whole-life cost modelling 108 8.3 Steps in LCC modelling 110 8.4 Design principles to optimise lcc 112 8.5 A worked example of an office façade 116 8.6 Inclusion of carbon emissions into wlc modelling 118 8.7 Limitations of wlc 119 8.8 Concluding remarks 119 9 Procurement and Contract Strategy: Risks Allocation and Construction Cost 121John Adriaanse and Herbert Robinson 9.1 Introduction 121 9.2 Procurement strategy and contract selection 122 9.3 Wembley stadium case study 123 9.4 Allocation of risks and forms of contract 124 9.5 Risks and construction costs 125 9.6 Procurement systems and contract issues 128 9.7 Alternative forms of procurement 133 9.8 Concluding remarks 135 10 Sustainable Design, Investment and Value 137Thomas Lützkendorf and David Lorenz 10.1 Introduction 137 10.2 Formulation of project goals 138 10.3 Identifying value-related characteristics 142 10.4 The performance approach 143 10.5 Use of sustainability assessment systems 146 10.6 Relationship between sustainable credentials and value 148 10.7 Concluding remarks 150 11 Carbon Reduction and Fiscal Incentives for Sustainable Design 152Paul Farey 11.1 Introduction 152 11.2 Key drivers of owners and occupiers 153 11.3 Reducing demand for energy in buildings 153 11.4 Fiscal drivers 155 11.5 Reliefs and allowances 161 11.6 Subsidies and incentives 173 11.7 Conclusion 175 12 Environmental Assessment Tools: An Overview of the UK’s BREEAM and the US’s LEED 177Ina Colombo, Benedict Ilozor and Herbert Robinson 12.1 Introduction 177 12.2 Context and the need to design to reduce carbon emission 178 12.3 Key features of environmental assessment tools 179 12.4 The Breeam tool 180 12.5 The LEED tool 184 12.6 Concluding remarks 190 13 Space Planning and Organisational Performance 191Benedict Ilozor 13.1 Introduction 191 13.2 Organisational performance and innovative work settings 192 13.3 Hypotheses and test results 193 13.4 Discussion 195 13.5 Conclusions 198 14 Achieving Zero Carbon in Sustainable Communities 201Malgorzata Jacewicz and Herbert Robinson 14.1 Introduction 201 14.2 Key concepts and principles 202 14.3 Key features of decentralised energy networks 203 14.4 Activity-based design approach 204 14.5 Key steps in the design process 206 14.6 Evaluating energy, space and land requirements 209 14.7 Concluding remarks 211 15 Flood Risk Mitigation: Design Considerations and Cost Implications for New and Existing Buildings 213Rotimi Joseph, David Proverbs and Jessica Lamond 15.1 Introduction 213 15.2 Increasing challenges of flooding due to global warming and urban development 214 15.3 Flood mitigation 215 15.4 Flood mitigation consideration for new buildings at design stage 218 15.5 Implications of mitigation measures in terms of building cost 218 15.6 Implications of mitigation measures in terms of property value and insurance cost 222 15.7 Conclusions 224 PART II INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE, CASE STUDIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT 227 16 Reusing Knowledge and Leveraging Technology to Reduce Design and Construction Costs 229Herbert Robinson and Chika Udeaja 16.1 Introduction 229 16.2 Knowledge reuse in construction processes and projects 229 16.3 Knowledge reuse in construction projects 231 16.4 Leveraging knowledge systems to reduce time and costs 232 16.5 4Projects knowledge solution 234 16.6 Case studies and discussions 235 16.7 Concluding remarks 237 17 Sustainable Design Economics and Property Valuation: An Industry Perspective 240Barry Gilbertson, Ann Heywood, Ian Selby and John Symes-Thompson 17.1 Introduction 240 17.2 Sustainable design economics and property valuation 240 17.3 Data collection 243 17.4 UK government impact 244 17.5 The valuation process 245 17.6 Conclusion 247 18 Cost Planning of Construction Projects: An Industry Perspective 248Jon Scott 18.1 Introduction 248 18.2 Concept and format of a cost plan 248 18.3 How a cost plan is put together 253 18.4 How the cost plan evolves through the riba design stages 255 18.5 Main factors that affect the overall cost of a building 257 18.6 Impact of sustainability on cost plans 258 18.7 Recent developments in BIM and the implications for cost planning 260 18.8 Conclusion 260 19 Life Cycle Costing and Sustainability Assessments: An Industry Perspective with Case Studies 262Sean Lockie 19.1 Introduction 262 19.2 Sustainability considerations in design 263 19.3 Using the life cycle costing standards 269 19.4 Case study 1 – whole building 275 19.5 Case study 2 – lighting 279 19.6 Concluding remarks 282 20 Designing Super-Tall Buildings for Increased Resilience: New Measures and Cost Considerations 284James Hayhoe 20.1 Introduction 284 20.2 Challenges of tall buildings and the need for increased resilience 284 20.3 Factors influencing design and cost of tall buildings 285 20.4 Design of counter-terrorism measures 288 20.5 Cost of new measures and design 291 20.6 Concluding remarks 295 21 Building Information Modelling: A New Approach to Design, Quantification, Costing, and Schedule Management with Case Studies 299Aviad Almagor and Barry Symonds 21.1 Introduction 299 21.2 Concept of Bim 300 21.3 Integration and dataflow 302 21.4 Model Progression Specification: Developing a common language 303 21.5 Quality 305 21.6 Cost planning 310 21.7 Construction schedule 314 21.8 Conclusion and future directions 317 22 Case Study: Value Engineering and Management Focusing on Groundworks and Piling Packages 319Richard Powell 22.1 Introduction 319 22.2 Why VM? 319 22.3 When and where is VM applied? 320 22.4 Value management implemention and tools used 320 22.5 Practical benefits and savings 324 22.6 Reflection and concluding remarks 327 23 Case Study: Value Engineering of a New Office Development with Retail Provision 330Paul Ullmer 23.1 Introduction 330 23.2 Why value management? 330 23.3 When and where is value management applied? 331 23.4 Value management implementation and tools used 332 23.5 Practical benefits and savings 334 23.6 Concluding remarks 335 24 Case Studies: Sustainable Design, Innovation and Competitiveness in Construction Firms 336Arthlene Amos and Herbert Robinson 24.1 Introduction 336 24.2 Background and context 336 24.3 Key drivers of sustainability in design and construction 337 24.4 Case studies 339 24.5 Findings and discussions 340 24.6 Concluding Remarks 353 25 Case Study: Retrofitting Building Services Design and Sustainability in Star Island 356Victoria Hardy 25.1 Introduction 356 25.2 Initial study or analysis to identify problems 357 25.3 Funding for capital improvement plan 358 25.4 Evaluation of design options and the cost implications 358 25.5 Proposed design solution and costs 359 25.6 Concluding remarks 361 26 Case Studies: Maximising Design and Construction Opportunities through Fiscal Incentives 362Paul Farey 26.1 Introduction 362 26.2 Strategic considerations 362 26.3 Capital allowances planning 364 26.4 Enhanced capital allowances (ECA) 366 26.5 Land remediation relief (LRR) 367 26.6 Value added tax 368 26.7 Taxation anti-avoidance 370 26.8 Conclusion 370 27 Mapping Sustainability in the Quantity Surveying Curriculum: Educating Tomorrow’s Design Economists 372Chika Udeaja, Damilola Ekundayo, Lei Zhou, John Pearson and Srinath Perera 27.1 Introduction 372 27.2 Literature review on sustainability issues 373 27.3 Development of the Sustainability Framework 376 27.4 Mapping of Sustainability Education in QS Degree Programmes 380 27.5 Discussion and conclusions 382 Appendix A: UK Property Investment Yields (December 2013) 387 Appendix B: IPD/RICS Sustainability Inspection Checklist 2014 389 Index 392

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Book SynopsisNatural ventilation is considered a prerequisite for sustainable buildings and is therefore in line with current trends in the construction industry. The design of naturally ventilated buildings is more difficult and carries greater risk than those that are mechanically ventilated. A successful result relies increasingly on a good understanding of the abilities and limitations of the theoretical and experimental procedures that are used for design. There are two ways to naturally ventilate a building: wind driven ventilation and stack ventilation. The majority of buildings employing natural ventilation rely primarily on wind driven ventilation, but the most efficient design should implement both types. Natural Ventilation of Buildings: Theory, Measurement and Design comprehensively explains the fundamentals of the theory and measurement of natural ventilation, as well as the current state of knowledge and how this can be applied to design. The book also describes the Trade Review"In conclusion this is a substantially numerical book which is very much aimed at the student of building services engineering. However, in addition to the extensive use of equations, a good descriptive account of the theory is presented. Hence this book should also have wider appeal to anyone requiring a good background knowledge of the theory and application of natural ventilation." (International Journal of Ventilation, 1 March 2012) Table of ContentsChapter 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF NATURAL VENTILATION DESIGN. 1.1 Aims and scope of the book. 1.2 Natural ventilation in context. 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of natural ventilation. 1.3 Overview of design. 1.4 Notes on references. Chapter 2. PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN NATURAL VENTILATION. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The effect of gravity on ventilation flows. 2.3 Types of flow encountered in ventilation. 2.4 Fluid mechanics – other important concepts and equations. 2.5 Steady and unsteady ventilation. 2.6 Flow through a sudden expansion. 2.7 Dimensional analysis. 2.8 Heat transfer between air and envelope. 2.9 Definitions relating to ventilation rate. 2.10 Errors and uncertainties. 2.11 Mathematical models. 2.12 Boundary conditions. Bibliography. References. Chapter 3. STEADY FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF OPENINGS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Classification of openings. 3.3 Still-air discharge coefficient. 3.4 Installation effects on Cd. 3.5 Openings in combination. 3.6 Determination of Cd. 3.7 Uncertainties in design calculations. 3.8 Other definitions of discharge coefficient. 3.9 Large (and very large) openings. 3.10 Relevance to design. References. CHAPTER 4. STEADY ENVELOPE FLOW MODELS. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic theory 4.3 Single- and multi-cell models. 4.4 Simple analytic solutions. 4.5 Non-uniform density. 4.6 Turbulent diffusion. 4.7 Large openings. 4.8 Adventitious openings. 4.9 Explicit method of solution. 4.10 Uncertainties in envelope flow models. 4.11 Combined envelope and thermal models. 4.12 Models for very large openings. 4.13 Relevance to design. References. CHAPTER 5. UNSTEADY ENVELOPE FLOW MODELS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Flow equation. 5.3 Pressure difference across openings. 5.4 Mass conservation equation. 5.5 Envelope flow models. 5.6 Comparisons with measurement. 5.7 Mean flow rates. 5.8 Instantaneous flow rates. 5.9 Unsteady flow models in design. 5.10 Relevance to design. References. Chapter 6. INTERNAL AIR MOTION, ZONAL MODELS AND STRATIFICATION. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Governing equations. 6.3 Primary and secondary flows. 6.4 Zonal models. 6.5 Coarse-grid CFD. 6.6 Integrated zonal and envelope models. 6.7 Stratification. 6.8 Relevance to design References. Chapter 7. CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Concentration at a point. 7.3 Conservation equations for bounded spaces, envelope models. 7.4 Conservation equations for large unbounded volumes as used in zonal models. 7.5 Analytic relations for concentration at a point. 7.6 Analytic relations for uniform concentration. 7.7 Analytic relations for non-uniform concentration. 7.8 Calculations with CFD, coarse-grid CFD and zonal models. 7.9 Definitions relating to contaminant removal. 7.10 Relevance to design. References. Chapter 8. AGE OF AIR AND VENTILATION EFFICIENCY. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Theoretical modelling of age properties at a point. 8.3 Zonal models. 8.4 Ventilation efficiency. 8.5 Analytic relationships. 8.6 Experimental determination of age (using a tracer). 8.7 Unsteady age distributions. 8.8 Relevance to design. References. CHAPTER 9. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Basics of CFD. 9.3 Important modelling issues. 9.4 Calculation of external wind flow. 9.5 Calculation of internal flows 9.6 Whole-field calculations. 9.7 Other applications. 9.8 Relevance to design. References. Chapter 10. SCALE MODELLING. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Requirements for similarity. 10.3 Wind alone. 10.4 Buoyancy alone. 10.5 Wind and buoyancy combined. 10.6 Use of water as the modelling fluid. 10.7 Relevance to design. References. Chapter 11. FULL-SCALE MEASUREMENTS. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Laboratory measurements of Cd and effective area. 11.3 Measurement of adventitious leakage using steady pressurisation. 11.4 Unsteady techniques for measurement of low-pressure leakage. 11.5 Field measurements of ventilation rates. 11.6 Other measurements. 11.7 Relevance to design. References. Chapter 12. DESIGN PROCEDURES. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Feasibility of natural ventilation (Stage 1). 12.3 Ventilation strategies (Stage 2). 12.4 Envelope design (Stage 3). 12.5 Internal environment (Stage 4). 12.6 Data specification. 12.7 Low-energy cooling systems. 12.8 Control systems. 12.9 Commissioning (Stage 5). 12.10 Concluding remarks. References.

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Book SynopsisThis authoritative guide provides a basis for understanding the emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. It equips engineers, geologists, architects, planners and regulators with the fundamental skills needed to manipulate the ground''s huge capacity to store, supply and receive heat, and to implement technologies (such as heat pumps) to exploit that capacity for space heating and cooling. The author has geared the book towards understanding ground source heating and cooling from the ground side (the geological aspects), rather than solely the building aspects. He explains the science behind thermogeology and offers practical guidance on different design options. An Introduction to Thermogeology: ground source heating and cooling is aimed primarily at professionals whose skill areas impinge on the emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. They will be aware of the importance of the technology and wish to rapidly acquire fundamental theTable of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 An Introduction 1 1.1 Who should read this book? 2 1.2 What will this book do and not do? 2 1.3 Why should you read this book? 3 1.4 Thermogeology and hydrogeology 6 2 Geothermal Energy 11 2.1 Geothermal energy and ground source heat 11 2.2 Lord Kelvin’s conducting, cooling earth 12 2.3 Geothermal gradient, heat flux and the structure of the earth 14 2.4 Internal heat generation in the crust 16 2.5 The convecting earth? 17 2.6 Geothermal anomalies 19 2.7 Types of geothermal system 27 2.8 Use of geothermal energy to produce electricity by steam turbines 28 2.9 Binary systems 28 2.10 Direct use 30 2.11 Cascading use 30 2.12 Hot dry rock systems [a.k.a. ‘enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)’] 32 2.13 The ‘sustainability’ of geothermal energy and its environmental impact 35 2.14 And if we do not live in Iceland? 38 3 The Subsurface as a Heat Storage Reservoir 40 3.1 Specific heat capacity: the ability to store heat 41 3.2 Movement of heat 45 3.3 The temperature of the ground 51 3.4 Insolation and atmospheric radiation 55 3.5 Cyclical temperature signals in the ground 59 3.6 Geothermal gradient 61 3.7 Human sources of heat in the ground 65 3.8 Geochemical energy 69 3.9 The heat energy budget of our subsurface reservoir 70 3.10 Cyclical storage of heat 72 3.11 Manipulating the ground heat reservoir 74 4 What Is a Heat Pump? 79 4.1 Engines 81 4.2 Pumps 84 4.3 Heat pumps 85 4.4 The rude mechanics of the heat pump 88 4.5 Absorption heat pumps 91 4.6 Heat pumps for space heating 91 4.7 The efficiency of heat pumps 93 4.8 Air-sourced heat pumps 96 4.9 Ground source heat pumps 98 4.10 Seasonal performance factor (SPF) 99 4.11 GSHPs for cooling 100 4.12 Other environmental sources of heat 100 4.13 The benefits of GSHPs 101 4.14 Capital cost 104 4.15 Other practical considerations 107 4.16 The challenge of delivering efficient GSHP systems 108 4.17 Challenges: the future 109 4.18 Summary 112 5 Heat Pumps and Thermogeology: A Brief History and International Perspective 114 5.1 Refrigeration before the heat pump 115 5.2 The overseas ice trade 117 5.3 Artificial refrigeration: who invented the heat pump? 119 5.4 The history of the GSHP 121 5.5 The global energy budget: how significant are GSHPs? 129 5.6 Ground source heat: a competitor in energy markets? 132 6 Ground Source Cooling 133 6.1 Our cooling needs in space 133 6.2 Scale effects and our cooling needs in time 134 6.3 Traditional cooling 135 6.4 Dry coolers 136 6.5 Evaporation 138 6.6 Chillers/heat pumps 141 6.7 Absorption heat pumps 143 6.8 Delivery of cooling in large buildings 144 6.9 Dehumidification 145 6.10 Passive cooling using the ground 145 6.11 Active ground source cooling 147 6.12 An example of open-loop groundwater cooling 148 7 Options and Applications for Ground Source Heat Pumps 150 7.1 How much heat do I need? 150 7.2 Sizing a GSHP 156 7.3 Open-loop ground source heat systems 161 7.4 Closed-loop systems 173 7.5 Domestic hot water by ground source heat pumps? 191 7.6 Heating and cooling delivery in complex systems 195 7.7 Heat from ice 201 8 The Design of Groundwater-Based Open-Loop Systems 202 8.1 Common design flaws of open-loop groundwater systems 203 8.2 Aquifers, aquitards and fractures 203 8.3 Transmissivity 205 8.4 Confined and unconfined aquifers 206 8.5 Abstraction well design in confined and unconfined aquifers 208 8.6 Design yield, depth and drawdown 210 8.7 Real wells and real aquifers 215 8.8 Sources of information 217 8.9 Multiple wells in a wellfield 222 8.10 Hydraulic feedback in a well doublet 227 8.11 Heat migration in the groundwater environment 234 8.12 The importance of three-dimensionality 240 8.13 Mathematical reversibility 242 8.14 Sustainability: thermally balanced systems and seasonal reversal 243 8.15 Groundwater modelling 244 8.16 Examples of open-loop heating/cooling schemes 245 8.17 Further reading 246 9 Pipes, Pumps and the Hydraulics of Closed-Loop Systems 248 9.1 Our overall objective 251 9.2 Hydraulic resistance of the heat exchanger 252 9.3 The hydraulic resistance of pipes 253 9.4 Acceptable hydraulic losses 255 9.5 Hydraulic resistances in series and parallel 255 9.6 An example 256 9.7 Selecting pumps 262 9.8 Carrier fluids 265 9.9 Manifolds 271 9.10 Hydraulic testing of closed loops 275 9.11 Equipping a ground loop 277 10 Subsurface Heat Conduction and the Design of Borehole-Based Closed-Loop Systems 279 10.1 Rules of thumb? 279 10.2 Common design flaws 282 10.3 Subsurface heat conduction 283 10.4 Analogy between heat flow and groundwater flow 286 10.5 Carslaw, Ingersoll, Zobel, Claesson and Eskilson’s solutions 289 10.6 Real closed-loop boreholes 294 10.7 Application of theory – an example 304 10.8 Multiple borehole arrays 313 10.9 Simulating cooling loads 321 10.10 Simulation time 322 10.11 Stop press 323 11 Horizontal Closed-Loop Systems 325 11.1 Principles of operation and important parameters 326 11.2 Depth of burial 327 11.3 Loop materials and carrier fluids 328 11.4 Ground conditions 329 11.5 Areal constraints 333 11.6 Geometry of installation 333 11.7 Modelling horizontal ground exchange systems 344 11.8 Earth tubes: air as a carrier fluid 351 12 Pond- and Lake-Based Ground Source Heat Systems 353 12.1 The physics of lakes 354 12.2 Some rules of thumb 356 12.3 The heat balance of a lake 357 12.4 Open-loop lake systems 365 12.5 Closed-loop surface water systems 367 12.6 Closed-loop systems – environmental considerations 371 13 Standing Column Wells 372 13.1 ‘Standing column’ systems 372 13.2 The maths 376 13.3 The cost of SCWs 377 13.4 SCW systems in practice 379 13.5 A brief case study: Grindon Camping Barn 379 13.6 A final twist – the Jacob doublet well 381 14 Thinking Big: Large-Scale Heat Storage and Transfer 383 14.1 The thermal capacity of a building footprint 384 14.2 Simulating closed-loop arrays with balanced loads 385 14.3 A case study of a balanced scheme: car showroom, Bucharest 390 14.4 Balancing loads 392 14.5 Deliberate thermal energy storage – closed-loop borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) 395 14.6 Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) 398 14.7 UTES and heat pumps 403 14.8 Regional transfer and storage of heat 403 15 Thermal Response Testing 410 15.1 Sources of thermogeological data 410 15.2 Laboratory determination of thermal conductivity 411 15.3 The thermal response test (TRT) 412 15.4 The practicalities: the test rig 417 15.5 Test procedure 420 15.6 Sources of uncertainty 425 15.7 Non-uniform geology 426 15.8 Non-constant power input 426 15.9 Groundwater flow 427 15.10 Analogies with hydrogeology 428 15.11 Thermal response testing for horizontal closed loops 429 16 Environmental Impact, Regulation and Geohazards 432 16.1 The regulatory framework 432 16.2 Thermal risks 437 16.3 Hydraulic risks 444 16.4 Geotechnical risks 449 16.5 Contamination risks 451 16.6 Geochemical risks 453 16.7 Microbiological risks 454 16.8 Excavation and drilling risks 455 16.9 Decommissioning of boreholes 458 16.10 Promoting technology: subsidy 459 16.11 The final word 460 References 463 Study Question Answers 493 Symbols 503 Glossary 509 Units 515 Index 518

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Book SynopsisWater management is a key environmental issue in controlling of floods and reducing droughts. This book provides analysis of the main issues, offering solutions and describing good practice. Water Resources for the Built Environment: management issues and solutions develops an appreciation of the diverse, complex and current themes of the water resources debate across the built environment, urban development and management continuum. The integration of physical and environmental sciences, combined with social, economic and political sciences, provide a unique resource, useful to policy experts, scientists, engineers and subject enthusiasts. By taking an interdisciplinary approach, water resources issues and impacts on the built environment are presented in the inventive and strategic setting of considering the constraints of delivering potable water to an ever-demanding society who, at the same time, are increasingly aware of living in an urban landscape where excessivTable of ContentsContributors xv About the Editors xviii Section 1 Introduction to the Book 1 Chapter 1 Water Resources: Balancing too Little Versus too Much 3 Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Too Little Versus too Much 3 1.3 Structure of the Book 6 1.4 Conclusions 7 References 7 Section 2 Water Demand, Policy and Cost 9 Chapter 2 Meeting Demand: Water Strategy, Policy and Legislation 11 Sharron McEldowney 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Managing the Water Resources 12 2.3 Water Management and Conservation for the Future 18 2.4 Conclusions 20 References 20 Chapter 3 Water Privatisation and Regulation: The UK Experience 23 John McEldowney 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 The First Country to Fully Privatise its Water and Sewerage Business 24 3.3 Water Privatisation and Structure 25 3.4 The Water Industry and the Domestic Market 27 3.5 The Water Industry and the Market for Business Customers 28 3.6 Conclusions 30 References 31 Chapter 4 Urban Water Economics 33 Graham Squires 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Externalities 33 4.3 Pollution Control (of Water Resources at a Market or Zero Price) 34 4.4 Natural Resource Economics and Water 37 4.5 Resource Valuation and Measurement 38 4.6 International Issues and Development in Water 42 4.7 Conclusions 43 References 43 Section 3 Water Infrastructure and Supply 45 Chapter 5 Impacts and Issues of Dams and Reservoirs 47 KimTannahill, Peter Mills and Colin A. Booth 5.1 Introduction 47 5.2 Building Dams 48 5.3 Historical and Global Context 49 5.4 Environmental Impact 51 5.5 Socioeconomic Impact 52 5.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project 52 5.7 Socioeconomic Impacts of the Manwan Dam, Upper Mekong River, China 53 5.8 Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of the Three Gorges Dam, China 54 5.9 Dam Risks: Incidents and Failures 55 5.10 Insights into the UNEP Dams Project 57 5.11 Conclusions 59 References 59 Chapter 6 Powering the Water Industry 61 Jay Millington 6.1 Introduction 61 6.2 Conventional Approach 61 6.3 Hydropower 63 6.4 Micro and Small Hydros 68 6.5 Other Factors 72 6.6 Conclusions 74 Acknowledgements 74 References 75 Chapter 7 Water Quality and Treatment 77 J. Bryan Ellis 7.1 Introduction 77 7.2 Water Quality 78 7.3 Drinking Water Safety Plans 84 7.4 Urban Growth and Water Demand 86 7.5 Conclusions 89 References 89 Chapter 8 Desalination 92 Augustine Ifelebuegu, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 8.1 Introduction 92 8.2 Desalination Technologies 93 8.3 Developing Technologies 94 8.4 Economics of Desalination 94 8.5 Small and Domestic Scale Desalination Plants 97 8.6 Environmental Impacts 98 8.7 Renewable Energy Sources and Desalination 99 8.8 The Future of Desalination and Sustainable Water Supplies 99 8.9 Case Study: The Thames Water Desalination Plant 100 8.10 Conclusions 101 References 101 Chapter 9 Delivering and Designing for Potable Water in Buildings 104 Phil Harris 9.1 Introduction 104 9.2 Regulating Water Supply 105 9.3 Water Supply to Domestic Low-Rise Buildings 106 9.4 Water Supply to Medium and High-Rise Buildings (or Those with Insufficient Mains Pressure) 110 9.5 Pipe Sizing and Flow Rate Design in Buildings 113 9.6 Pipework Maintenance Issues 116 9.7 Future Issues 118 References 119 Section 4 Water Conservation Strategies 121 Chapter 10 Water Neutrality – An Overview 123 Victoria Ashton 10.1 Introduction 123 10.2 Defining Water Neutrality 124 10.3 Strategies for Water Neutrality Implementation 126 10.4 Funding Mechanisms 131 10.5 Conclusions 133 References 134 Chapter 11 Building Regulations for Water Conservation 135 Sean Churchill, Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 11.1 Introduction 135 11.2 What are the Building Regulations? 136 11.3 Background to the Changes in Approved Document G 137 11.4 Changes to Approved Document G and the Water Calculator for New Dwellings 139 11.5 Rainwater and Greywater Recycling 143 11.6 Case Study: Calculating Water Usage 144 11.7 Other Household Water Conservation Measures 147 11.8 Conclusions 148 References 149 Chapter 12 Rainwater Harvesting – Reaping a Free and Plentiful Supply of Water 151 Susanne M. Charlesworth, Colin A. Booth, Frank Warwick, Craig Lashford and Omolara O. Lade 12.1 Introduction 151 12.2 What is Rainwater Harvesting? 152 12.3 Policy 153 12.4 Rainwater Harvesting Design 154 12.5 Water Quality 156 12.6 Water Quantity 158 12.7 Cost–Benefit Analysis and Whole Life Costs 159 12.8 Case Studies 160 12.9 Conclusions 161 References 162 Chapter 13 Greywater Harvesting – Reusing, Recycling and Saving Household Water 165 Emma Hatfield, Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 13.1 Introduction 165 13.2 Insights into Greywater Harvesting 166 13.3 The Potential for Using Greywater Harvesting Systems 167 13.4 Case Studies in the United Kingdom 171 13.5 The Future of Greywater Harvesting 175 13.6 Conclusions 176 References 177 Chapter 14 Inland Waterway Systems – A Solution to Drought and Flooding Issues 180 Carly B. Rose and Luke Walker 14.1 Introduction 180 14.2 The Past 180 14.3 The Present – Canals in the 20th Century 182 14.4 Sourcing and Conserving Water Supplies 185 14.5 A Climate Resilient Future 190 14.6 Conclusions 191 References 192 Section 5 Flooding Responses and Reinstatement 197 Chapter 15 Urban Precipitation: Measurements, Monitoring and Processes 199 Omolara O. Lade, Michael A. Fullen, David Oloke, Madhu Subedi and Colin A. Booth 15.1 Introduction 199 15.2 Types of Precipitation 200 15.3 Urban Climate and Potential Impacts 200 15.4 Urban Irrigation 201 15.5 Urban Effects on Rainfall Variability 202 15.6 Precipitation Variability in Thunderstorms 203 15.7 Measuring Precipitation 204 15.8 Spatial and Temporal Precipitation Monitoring 205 15.9 Case Study of Small-Scale Variability: Spatial Variability in Precipitation within the Hilton Experimental Site, Shropshire, UK 206 15.10 Conclusions 207 References 207 Chapter 16 Urbanisation and Stormwater 211 John W. Davies and Susanne M. Charlesworth 16.1 Introduction 211 16.2 Urbanisation and Flood Risk 211 16.3 Urban Drainage Systems 212 16.4 Problems with Drainage Systems 215 16.5 Sewer Flooding 215 16.6 Drainage System Capacity 216 16.7 Increasing or Decreasing Impermeable Surfaces 219 16.8 Storage 219 16.9 Stormwater Quality 220 16.10 Conclusions 221 References 222 Chapter 17 River Flood Defences 223 Carly B. Rose 17.1 Introduction 223 17.2 The Historical Context 224 17.3 The Future 229 17.4 Conclusions 229 References 230 Chapter 18 Coastal Flood Defences – Strategies for Protection in the United Kingdom 233 Trevor Goodhew 18.1 Introduction 233 18.2 Holding Back the Sea 233 18.3 The Nature and Complexity of the Coastal Processes 235 18.4 Coastal Flood Defences 237 18.5 The Strategy of Managed Retreat 239 18.6 Flooding Challenges from Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise 241 18.7 Changing Populations, Land Management and Development 244 18.8 Important National Infrastructure 245 18.9 Proportionate Risk-Based Approaches to Flood Risk Management 245 18.10 Beneficiaries Should be Encouraged to Invest in Risk Management 246 18.11 A View to the Future – Strategies Requiring Innovations and New Solutions 246 18.12 Conclusions 247 References 247 Chapter 19 The Costs of Flooding on Households 249 Rotimi Joseph, David G. Proverbs, Jessica E. Lamond and Peter Wassell 19.1 Introduction 249 19.2 Economic Costs of Flooding 250 19.3 Financial Costs of Flooding 251 19.4 Conclusions 255 References 256 Chapter 20 The Role of Market-Based Flood Insurance in Maintaining Communities at Risk of Flooding: A SWOT Analysis 258 Jessica E. Lamond 20.1 Introduction 258 20.2 Strengths 261 20.3 Weaknesses 264 20.4 Threats 266 20.5 Opportunities 267 20.6 Conclusions 268 References 269 Chapter 21 Holistic Property-Level Flood Protection 271 David W. Beddoes and Colin A. Booth 21.1 Introduction 271 21.2 Flood Resistance 272 21.3 Flood Resilience 273 21.4 Current Situation Facing Homeowners 274 21.5 Holistic Solutions 275 21.6 Conclusions 278 References 278 Section 6 Flood Solutions in the Urban Landscape 281 Chapter 22 Sustainable Drainage Systems – Features and Designs 283 Simon Watkins and Susanne M. Charlesworth 22.1 Introduction 283 22.2 Water and Landscape – One and Indivisible 283 22.3 Conclusions 300 References 301 Acknowledgements 301 Chapter 23 Drainage Benefits of Porous, Permeable and Pervious Paving 302 Miklas Scholz, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Steve J. Coupe 23.1 Introduction 302 23.2 Rethinking Stormwater Drainage 302 23.3 Porous, Permeable and Pervious Pavement Systems 303 23.4 Porous Pavements 304 23.5 Cost Implications of Utilising PPS 305 23.6 Design Considerations 305 23.7 Infiltration through PPSs 307 23.8 Maintenance to Enhance Infiltration 307 23.9 Water Quality Improvements 308 23.10 Biodegradation of Pollutants by Microorganisms 310 23.11 Directions of Further Investigation 311 23.12 Conclusions 314 References 314 Chapter 24 Multiple Benefits of Green Infrastructure 319 Rebecca Wade and Neil McLean 24.1 Introduction 319 24.2 What is Green Infrastructure? 320 24.3 Benefits of Green Infrastructure 322 24.4 Barriers to Implementation of GI 330 24.5 The Value of GI 332 24.6 Conclusions 332 References 333 Chapter 25 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management 336 Kate V. Heal 25.1 Introduction 336 25.2 Treatment Processes in Constructed Wetlands 337 25.3 Different Types and Deployment of Constructed Wetlands and Reedbeds 338 25.4 Performance of Constructed Wastelands for Wastewater Management 341 25.5 Design Considerations for Constructed Wetlands 343 25.6 Construction and Maintenance Considerations for Constructed Wetlands 345 25.7 Costs of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management 347 25.8 Conclusions 348 References 348 Chapter 26 Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure and Design 350 Joseph Akunna and Joanne Bartie 26.1 Introduction 350 26.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 351 26.3 Factors Affecting Investment in UK Wastewater Treatment Infrastructure 363 26.4 Conclusions 368 References 369 Websites 370 Section 7 International Case Studies 371 Chapter 27 An Overview of Management Issues in Developing a Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Delivery in Nigeria 373 David Oloke and Dayo Olugboye 27.1 Introduction 373 27.2 Background on WASH Development 374 27.3 Situation of WASH in Nigeria 376 27.4 Sanitation and Hygiene 377 27.5 New Approach to Rural Sanitation 379 27.6 The Sanitation Ladder Concept 379 27.7 Management and Sustainability of WASH facilities 380 27.8 Rural WASH in Nigeria 382 27.9 Conclusions 385 References 386 Chapter 28 Balancing Flood Risk and Water Scarcity of the Asian Delta Regions 389 Jessica E. Lamond 28.1 Introduction 389 28.2 Characteristics of Flooding in Asia 390 28.3 Approaches to Risk Reduction 392 28.4 Flood and Water Management in the Delta City of Jakarta, Indonesia 395 28.5 Conclusions 398 References 399 Section 8 Summary of the Book 401 Chapter 29 Water Resources Challenges – Penury and Peace 403 Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 29.1 Introduction 403 29.2 Insights Gathered from the Chapters of this Book 404 29.3 Dialogue on International Water Resources Challenges 404 29.4 Conclusions 406 References 406 Index 407

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Book SynopsisAn inside view of how one of the world''s leading architecture and engineering practice does business Sustainable Built Environments: Principles and Practice offers detailed, environmentally sound design solutions to a wide range of building engineering challenges. The text uses case examples and project data provided by engineers and designers at Arup Associates. It covers a broad range of relevant issues, with focused commentaries and explanations presented in an accessible format for use by students, busy practitioners and informed clients. Whilst this book stresses the importance of a unified approach to design, the text is divided into six principal chapters, each addressing an important aspect of sustainable architecture and engineering. These chapters (Master Planning, Transport, Energy, The Building Envelope, Environmental Services, and Materials) may be read on their own or in sequence as part of a narrative. Throughout the book, photographs, arcTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Foreword by Dave King: Architect and Founder of Shed-KM xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1Miles Keeping, David Shiers, Ann-Marie Aguilar and Michael Beavan Environmental Assessment 2 EPCs and DECs 5 Materials and Components 6 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 7 Environmental Legislation 7 Corporate Social Responsibility – CSR/ESG 9 ‘Green Value’ 10 The Design Process 12 Bibliography 22 2 Master Planning 23Miles Keeping, David Shiers and Malcolm Smith Regeneration – Master Planning in the Existing City 25 Urban Renewal in History 27 A ‘New Urbanism’ 31 New Settlements and Large-Scale Urban Growth 34 Bicester Eco-town 39 Preston Beach, Western Australia 40 The Business Park 45 Bibliography 46 3 Transport 47Tim Chatterton, Mark Fisher, Miles Keeping and David Shiers Alternative Fuelled Vehicles 50 Alternative Fuels 51 Ebbsfleet International 56 Stratford International 56 Bibliography 65 4 Energy 69Hugo Hodgson, Miles Keeping, Katharine Marsden, David Pearce and David Shiers Renewable Energy Options 70 Photovoltaic Panels 70 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) 73 Ground Source 75 Biomass Boilers 75 Wind Turbines 77 Wave and Hydropower 77 Anaerobic Digestion 78 Conclusion 78 Bibliography 78 5 The Building Envelope 83Michael Beaven, Mick Brundle, Paul Dickenson, Miles Keeping, Robert Pugh and David Shiers Pitched Roofs 85 Flat Roofs 85 Ground Floor Construction 86 Framed Construction 87 Ground Floor and Upper Level Plans 98 Structural Design Strategy 102 Enabling Works 108 Substructure Design 109 Stability Core Design 110 Steel Superstructure Design 111 The Façade Design 113 Projecting Windows 114 Spandrel Panels 117 Product Design: The Wave-Form Ceiling at Ropemaker 121 Completion 124 Bibliography 124 6 Environmental Services 125Michael Beaven, Miles Keeping, David Pearce and David Shiers Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS) 130 Environmental Services Case Examples 130 Chiller Units 140 Equipment Room ‘Free Cooling’ 141 ‘No Gas’ Supply 141 Mixed Mode Ventilation 141 Bibliography 143 7 Materials 145Jane Anderson, Michael Beavan, Francesca Galeazzi, Miles Keeping, David Shiers and Kristian Steele Hazardous and Deleterious Materials 149 Bibliography 157 Conclusions 158 Appendix A The Arup Story 159 Appendix B Arup Guidance Note on GLA Requirements for Renewables 169 Appendix C Arup Team Members 175 Index 177

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Book SynopsisFacilities management continues to expand and develop in terms of the volume and diversity of commercial activity, with a significant influence upon organisational success and goal achievement.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xiii I Dynamic, Strategic Facilities Management 1 1 Diversity and Balance in Facilities Management 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Generic FM model 4 1.3 Illustrations of facilities management systems 7 1.4 Facilities management models 14 1.5 Case studies 18 1.6 Conclusions 52 References 52 2 Excellence Through a Client/User Orientation 53 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Societal context 54 2.3 Built environment impacts on users 55 2.4 The complex sensory impacts of spaces 56 2.5 Focusing through user-orientated design principles 60 2.6 Conclusions 74 Endnote 76 References 76 3 Engaging with Stakeholder Needs 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 The relationship between the facilities management function and user needs evaluation 83 3.3 Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) 88 3.4 Data collection: Methods, analysis and presentation 98 3.5 Conclusions 105 References 105 Appendix: Post-occupancy evaluation data sheets 106 II Organising for Facilities Management 109 4 Organising for Facilities Management 111 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Performance measurement 112 4.3 Organising the FM team 113 4.4 Facilities management and measurement 114 4.5 Relationship approaches to FM 120 4.6 Flexibility and the FM organisation 127 4.7 Tangible and intangible FM 128 4.8 FM in the experience economy 134 4.9 Conclusions 136 References 137 5 Managing People Through Change 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Change as a threat or opportunity? 140 5.3 New service implementation cycle 140 5.4 Multi-faceted ‘space’ 145 5.5 Relinquishing the ‘old’ 156 5.6 Embracing the ‘new’ 157 5.7 Conclusions 161 References 161 6 Managing Briefing in Major Projects 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 The importance of briefing 166 6.3 Five keys to successful briefing 167 6.4 Management of the briefing process 189 6.5 Information required during the briefing process 193 6.6 Conclusions 198 References 200 III Facilities Management Tools 201 7 Information Technology Tools for Facilities Management 203 7.1 Introduction 203 7.2 Information philosophy 204 7.3 Modern applications of IT in facilities management 204 7.4 Interoperability and collaboration 206 7.5 Knowledge management 211 7.6 IT governance models 214 7.7 Viable system model (VSM) 216 7.8 Conclusions 222 References 223 8 Decision Making 225 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Stage 1: Exploration of the nature of the problem 229 8.3 Stage 2: Generation of possible solutions 242 8.4 Stage 3: Choosing among possible solutions 249 8.5 Conclusions 270 References 275 IV Conclusions 277 9 Sustaining the Pursuit of Facilities Management Excellence 279 9.1 Introduction 279 9.2 Client perception of facilities management services 280 9.3 Stimulating and sustaining improvements 283 9.4 Strategic facilities management 290 9.5 Learning organisations 299 9.6 Conclusions and interactions 305 References 309 Appendix: Models of learning organisations 310 Index 313

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Book Synopsis"There should not be a practitioner who does not have a copy. highly recommended. " Arbitration When first published, The Arbitration Act 1996: A Commentary was described by Lord Bingham as "intensely practical and admirably user-friendly".Table of ContentsBiographical Note viii Foreword to Fifth Edition ix Preface to Fifth Edition xi References and Abbreviations xiii 1. Materials 1 A. Arbitration Clauses 1 B. Agreements Prior to or on Constitution of Arbitration 3 C. Agreements as to Tribunal and Court Powers 8 D. Checklist for Preliminary Meetings 10 E. Agreement with Arbitrator on Resignation 13 F. Checklist for Awards 14 G. Agreements as to Costs 16 H. General Note on Arbitration Claims 17 2. The Arbitration Act 1996 21 Text of the Act and Commentary 21 Arrangement of Sections 23 3. Appendices 509 The Arbitration Act 1996 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1996 511 The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 513 The Arbitration Act 1950, Part II 523 Table of Cases 531 Index to Commentary 547

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