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Book SynopsisClimate change is already beginning to affect New York State and these impacts are projected to grow. At the same time, the state has the ability to develop adaptation strategies that will address many climate-related risks, thereby reducing impacts and taking advantage of possible opportunities. The ClimAID assessment presented in this volume provides information on climate change impacts and adaptation for eight sectors in New York State: water resources, coastal zones, ecosystems, agriculture, energy, transportation, telecommunications, and public health. Observed climate trends and future climate projections were developed for seven regions across the state. Within each of the sectors, climate risks, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies are identified. Integrating themes across all of the sectors are equity and environmental justice and economics. Case studies are used to examine specific vulnerabilities and potential adaptation strategies in each of the eight sectors. These case studies also illustrate the linkages among climate vulnerabilities, risks, and adaptation, and demonstrate specific monitoring needs. Stakeholder participation was critical to the ClimAID assessment process to ensure relevance to decision makers across the state. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the fundamental basics for solving fluid structure interaction problems, and describes different algorithms and numerical methods used to solve problems where fluid and structure can be weakly or strongly coupled. These approaches are illustrated with examples arising from industrial or academic applications. Each of these approaches has its own performance and limitations. The added mass technique is described first. Following this, for general coupling problems involving large deformation of the structure, the Navier-Stokes equations need to be solved in a moving mesh using an ALE formulation. The main aspects of the fluid structure coupling are then developed. The first and by far simplest coupling method is explicit partitioned coupling. In order to preserve the flexibility and modularity that are inherent in the partitioned coupling, we also describe the implicit partitioned coupling using an iterative process. In order to reduce computational time for large-scale problems, an introduction to the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique applied to FSI problems is also presented. To extend the application of coupling problems, mathematical descriptions and numerical simulations of multiphase problems using level set techniques for interface tracking are presented and illustrated using specific coupling problems. Given the book's comprehensive coverage, engineers, graduate students and researchers involved in the simulation of practical fluid structure interaction problems will find this book extremely useful.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Mhamed SOULI Chapter 1. Introduction to Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian in Finite Element Methods 1 David J. BENSON 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Governing equations 3 1.3. Operator splitting 4 1.4. The Lagrangian step 7 1.5. Mesh relaxation 25 1.6. The Eulerian step 27 1.7. Future research directions 44 1.8. Bibliography 45 Application to Dynamic Problems 51 Mhamed SOULI 2.1. Introduction 51 2.2. General ALE description of Navier–Stokes equations 54 2.3. Fluid–structure interaction 57 2.4. Numerical applications 72 Chapter 2. Fluid–Structure Interaction: Application to Dynamic Problems 51 Mhamed SOULI 2.5. Conclusion 104 2.6. Acknowledgments 104 2.7. Bibliography 105 Chapter 3. Implicit Partitioned Coupling in Fluid–Structure Interaction 109 Michael SCHÄFER 3.1. Introduction 109 3.2. Computational fluid mechanics 110 3.3. Computational structural mechanics 121 3.4. Fluid–structure interaction algorithms 136 3.5. Results and applications 150 3.6. Bibliography 161 Chapter 4. Avoiding Instabilities Caused by Added Mass Effects in Fluid–Structure Interaction Problems 165 Sergio IDELSOHN, Facundo DEL PIN and Riccardo ROSSI 4.1. Introduction 165 4.2. The discretized equations to be solved in a FSI problem 169 4.3. Monolithic solution of the FSI equations by pressure segregation 174 4.4. Static condensation of the pressure 176 4.5. Evaluation of the Laplace matrix for FSI problems 187 4.6. The partitioned (or staggered) scheme 189 4.7. Numerical examples 195 4.8. Conclusions 215 4.9. Acknowledgments 216 4.10. Bibliography 216 Chapter 5. Multidomain Finite Element Computations: Application to Multiphasic Problems 221 Thierry COUPEZ, Hugues DIGONNET, Elie HACHEM, Patrice LAURE, Luisa SILVA, Rudy VALETTE 5.1. Introduction 221 5.2. Characterization of different phases 228 5.3. Stabilized finite element formulations 240 5.4. Multiphasic problems with fluid–air and fluid–fluid interface 256 5.5. Immersion of solid bodies in fluid 264 5.6. Conclusion 281 5.7. Acknowledgements 282 5.8. Bibliography 282 List of Authors 291 Index 293

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Book SynopsisThis book provides answers to the following problems: how to identify the most probable critical failures; how to describe and use data-concerning materials that are either heterogeneous, time-variant, or space-variant; how to quantify the reliability and lifetime of a system; how to use feedback information to actualize reliability results; and how to optimize an inspection politic or a maintenance strategy. Numerous authors from public research centers and firms propose a synthesis of methods, both new and well-known, and offer numerous examples concerning dams, geotechnical study, and structures from nuclear and civil engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Julien BAROTH, Franck SCHOEFS and Denys BREYSSE Introduction xvii Julien BAROTH, Alaa CHATEAUNEUF and Franck SCHOEFS PART 1. QUALITATIVE METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE RELIABILITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Methods for System Analysis and Failure Analysis 5 Daniel BOISSIER, Laurent PEYRAS and Aurélie TALON 1.1. Introduction 5 1.2. Structural analysis 7 1.3. Functional analysis 10 1.4. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 14 1.5. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Methods for Modeling Failure Scenarios 21 Daniel BOISSIER, Laurent PEYRAS and Aurélie TALON 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Event tree method 22 2.3. Fault tree method 24 2.4. Bow-tie method 26 2.5. Criticality evaluation methods 29 2.6. Bibliography 34 Chapter 3. Application to a Hydraulic Civil Engineering Project 37 Daniel BOISSIER, Laurent PEYRAS and Aurélie TALON 3.1. Context and approach for an operational reliability study 37 3.2. Functional analysis and failure mode analysis 39 3.3. Construction of failure scenarios 42 3.4. Scenario criticality analysis 44 3.5. Application summary 50 3.6. Bibliography 51 PART 2. HETEROGENEITY AND VARIABILITY OF MATERIALS: CONSEQUENCES FOR SAFETY AND RELIABILITY 53 Introduction to Part 2 55 Chapter 4. Uncertainties in Geotechnical Data 57 Denys BREYSSE, Julien BAROTH, Gilles CELEUX, Aurélie TALON and Daniel BOISSIER 4.1. Various sources of uncertainty in geotechnical engineering 57 4.2. Erroneous, censored and sparse data 62 4.3. Statistical representation of data 64 4.4. Data modeling 66 4.5. Conclusion 74 4.6. Bibliography 74 Chapter 5. Some Estimates on the Variability of Material Properties 77 Denys BREYSSE and Antoine MARACHE 5.1. Introduction 77 5.2. Mean value estimation 77 5.3. Estimation of characteristic values 82 5.4. Principles of a geostatistical study 86 5.5. Bibliography 96 Chapter 6. Reliability of a Shallow Foundation Footing 97 Denys BREYSSE 6.1. Introduction 97 6.2. Bearing capacity models for strip foundations – modeling errors 98 6.3. Effects of soil variability on variability in bearing capacity and safety of the foundation 101 6.4. Taking account of the structure of the spatial correlation and its influence on the safety of the foundation 109 6.5. Conclusions 115 6.6. Bibliography 117 PART 3. METAMODELS FOR STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY 119 Introduction to Part 3 121 Chapter 7. Physical and Polynomial Response Surfaces 123 Frédéric DUPRAT, Franck SCHOEFS and Bruno SUDRET 7.1. Introduction 123 7.2. Background to the response surface method 124 7.3. Concept of a response surface 125 7.4. Usual reliability methods 131 7.5. Polynomial response surfaces 133 7.6. Conclusion 143 7.7. Bibliography 143 Chapter 8. Response Surfaces based on Polynomial Chaos Expansions 147 Bruno SUDRET, Géraud BLATMAN and Marc BERVEILLER 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Building of a polynomial chaos basis 149 8.3. Computation of the expansion coefficients 151 8.4. Applications in structural reliability 158 8.5. Conclusion 164 8.6. Bibliography 165 PART 4. METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY OVER TIME 169 Introduction to Part 4 171 Chapter 9. Data Aggregation and Unification 173 Daniel BOISSIER and Aurélie TALON 9.1. Introduction 173 9.2. Methods of data aggregation and unification 173 9.3. Evaluation of evacuation time for an apartment in case of fire 181 9.4. Conclusion 185 9.5. Bibliography 185 Chapter 10. Time-Variant Reliability Problems 187 Bruno SUDRET 10.1. Introduction 187 10.2. Random processes 188 10.3. Time-variant reliability problems 192 10.4. PHI2 method 197 10.5. Industrial application: truss structure under time-varying loads 202 10.6. Conclusion 204 10.7. Bibliography 205 Chapter 11. Bayesian Inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods 207 Gilles CELEUX 11.1. Introduction 207 11.2. Bayesian Inference 208 11.3. MCMC methods for weakly informative data 210 11.4. Estimating a competing risk model from censored and incomplete data 219 11.5. Conclusion 225 11.6. Bibliography 225 Chapter 12. Bayesian Updating Techniques in Structural Reliability 227 Bruno SUDRET 12.1. Introduction 227 12.2. Problem statement: link between measurements and model prediction 228 12.3. Computing and updating the failure probability 229 12.4. Updating a confidence interval on response quantities 233 12.5. Bayesian updating of the model basic variables 235 12.6. Updating the prediction of creep strains in containment vessels of nuclear power plants 238 12.7. Conclusion 245 12.8. Acknowledgments 246 12.9. Bibliography 246 PART 5. RELIABILITY-BASED MAINTENANCE OPTIMIZATION 249 Introduction to Part 5 251 Chapter 13. Maintenance Policies 253 Alaa CHATEAUNEUF, Franck SCHOEFS and Bruno CAPRA 13.1. Maintenance 253 13.2. Types of maintenance 257 13.3. Maintenance models 262 13.4. Conclusion 269 13.5. Bibliography 269 Chapter 14. Maintenance Cost Models 271 Alaa CHATEAUNEUF and Franck SCHOEFS 14.1. Preventive maintenance 271 14.2. Maintenance based on time 273 14.3. Maintenance based on age 275 14.4. Inspection models 276 14.5. Structures with large lifetimes 283 14.6. Criteria for choosing a maintenance policy 284 14.7. Example of a corroded steel pipeline 285 14.8. Conclusion 290 14.9. Bibliography 290 Chapter 15. Practical Aspects: Industrial Implementation and Limitations in a Multi-criteria Context 293 Franck SCHOEFS and Bruno CAPRA 15.1. Introduction 293 15.2. Motorway concession with high performance requirements 296 15.3. Ageing of civil engineering structures: using field data to update predictions 303 15.4. Conclusion 307 15.5. Bibliography 308 Conclusion 311 Julien BAROTH, Franck SCHOEFS and Denys BREYSSE List of Symbols 315 List of Authors 323 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the development of efficient methods for the assessment and the management of civil structures is today a major challenge from economical, social and environmental aspects. Tools for handling uncertainties in loads, geometry, material properties, construction and operating conditions are nowadays essential. Covers the key concepts across topics including probability theory and statistics, structural safety, performance-based assessment, modelling uncertainties and principles of decision theory.Table of ContentsPreface . xi Chapter 1. Concepts from Probability Theory and Statistics 1 1.1. The role of probability in civil engineering 1 1.2. Physical and statistical uncertainties 2 1.3. Axiomatics 3 1.4. Random variables – distributions 8 1.5. Useful random variables 21 1.6. Limit theorems 31 1.7. Modeling random variables 38 1.8. Distribution of extremes 51 1.9. Significance testing 58 1.10. Bayesian analysis 65 1.11. Stochastic processes 74 Chapter 2. Structural Safety, Performance and Risk 81 2.1. Introduction 81 2.2. Safety and risk 82 2.3. Risk evaluation and acceptable risk 87 2.4. Risk-based management 96 2.5. Examples of failure: bridges 105 2.6. From safety to performance 110 2.7. Human errors 122 Chapter 3. Performance-based Assessment 125 3.1. Analysis methods and structural safety 125 3.2. Safety and performance principles 134 3.3. Invariant measures 136 3.4. Reliability theory 138 3.5. General formulation 150 3.6. System reliability 187 3.7. Determination of collapse/failure mechanisms 208 3.8. Calibration of partial factors 217 3.9. Nature of a probabilistic calculation 224 3.10. Failure probabilities and acceptable risks 225 Chapter 4. Structural Assessment of Existing Structures 235 4.1. Introduction 235 4.2. Assessment rules 236 4.3. Limits when using design rules 236 4.4. Main stages in structural assessment 237 4.5. Structural safety assessment 239 4.6. General remarks on the methods 260 Chapter 5. Specificities of Existing Structures 261 5.1. Loads 261 5.2. Resistance 331 5.3. Geometric variability 348 5.4. Scale effects 351 Chapter 6. Principles of Decision Theory 355 6.1. Introduction 355 6.2. The decision model 356 6.3. Controls and inspections 364 6.4. Maintenance optimization 384 6.5. Life cycle cost analysis 391 6.6. Maintenance strategies 403 Bibliography 413 Index 423

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the latest issues in multiscale geomechanics. Written by leading experts in the field as a tribute to Jean Biarez (1927-2006), it can be of great use and interest to researchers and engineers alike. A brief introduction describes how a major school of soil mechanics came into being through the exemplary teaching by one man. Biarez's life-long work consisted of explaining the elementary mechanisms governing soil constituents in order to enhance understanding of the underlying scientific laws which control the behavior of constructible sites and to incorporate these scientific advancements into engineering practices. He innovated a multiscale approach of passing from the discontinuous medium formed by individual grains to an equivalent continuous medium. The first part of the book examines the behavior of soils at the level of their different constituents and at the level of their interaction. Behavior is then treated at the scale of the soil sample. The second part deals with soil mechanics from the vantage point of the construction project. It highlights Biarez's insightful adoption of the Finite Element Codes and illustrates, through numerous construction examples, his methodology and approach based on the general framework he constructed for soil behavior, constantly enriched by comparing in situ measurements with calculated responses of geostructures.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1. Jean Biarez: His Life and Work 1 Jean-Louis BORDES, Jean-Louis FAVRE and Daniel GRIMM 1.1. Early years and arrival in Grenoble 1 1.2. From Grenoble to Paris 4 1.3. The major research interests of Jean Biarez 8 1.4. Research and teaching 9 1.5. Conclusion 13 Chapter 2. From Particle to Material Behavior: the Paths Chartered by Jean Biarez 15 Bernard CAMBOU and Cécile NOUGUIER-LEHON 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. The available tools, the variables analyzed and limits of the proposed analyses 16 2.3. Analysis of geometric anisotropy 18 2.4. Analysis of the distribution of contact forces in a granular material 21 2.5. Analysis of local arrays 24 2.6. Particle breakage 27 2.7. Conclusion 32 2.8. Bibliography 32 Chapter 3. Granular Materials in Civil Engineering: Recent Advances in the Physics of Their Mechanical Behavior and Applications to Engineering Works 35 Etienne FROSSARD 3.1. Behavior resulting from energy dissipation by friction 37 3.1.1. Introduction 37 3.1.2. Fundamentals 38 3.1.3. Main practical consequences 43 3.1.4. Conclusions 52 3.2. Influence of grain breakage on the behavior of granular materials 53 3.2.1. Introduction to the grain breakage phenomenon 53 3.2.2. Scale effect in shear strength 56 3.3. Practical applications to construction design 63 3.3.1. A new method for rational assessment of rockfill shear strength envelope 63 3.3.2. Incidence of scale effect on rockfill slope stability 65 3.3.3. Scale effects on deformation features 70 3.4. Conclusions 78 3.5. Bibliography 79 Chapter 4. Waste Rock Behavior at High Pressures: Dimensioning High Waste Rock Dumps 83 Edgar BARD, María EUGENIA ANABALÓN and José CAMPAÑA 4.1. Introduction 83 4.2. Development of new laboratory equipment for testing coarse materials 84 4.2.1. Triaxial and oedometric equipment at the IDIEM 85 4.3. Mining rock waste 86 4.3.1. In situ grain size distribution 86 4.3.2. Analyzed waste rock 87 4.4. Characterization of mechanical behavior of the waste rock 88 4.4.1. Oedometric tests 88 4.4.2. Triaxial tests 89 4.4.3. Oedometric test results 90 4.4.4. Triaxial test results 94 4.5. Evolution of density 102 4.6. Stability analysis and design considerations 104 4.7. Operation considerations 106 4.7.1. Basal drainage system 106 4.7.2. Water management 107 4.7.3. Foundation conditions 107 4.7.4. Effects of rain and snow 108 4.7.5. Effects of in situ leaching on waste rock 108 4.7.6. Designing for closure 109 4.8. Conclusions 109 4.9. Acknowledgements 110 4.10. Bibliography 110 Chapter 5. Models by Jean Biarez for the Behavior of Clean Sands and Remolded Clays at Large Strains 113 Jean-Louis FAVRE and Mahdia HATTAB 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. Biarez’s model for the oedometer test 115 5.3. Perfect plasticity state and critical void ratio 118 5.4. Normally and overconsolidated isotropic loading 122 5.4.1. Analogy between sands and clays 122 5.4.2. Normally consolidated state (ISL) 123 5.4.3. Overconsolidated state (Cs) 124 5.5. The drained triaxial path for sands and clays 126 5.5.1. The reference behavior 126 5.5.2. The mathematical model 127 5.6. The undrained triaxial path for sands 128 5.6.1. Simplified Roscoe formula for undrained consolidated soils 129 5.6.2. Modeling of the maxima under the right M on the plan q – p' 130 5.7. Standard behavior for undrained sands 132 5.7.1. Normalization by the theoretical overconsolidation stress p'iC 132 5.7.2. Perfect plasticity normalization of the curves in the (q – ε1) plane and pore pressure variation 133 5.7.3. Initial stress p'0 normalization in the (q – p) plane 133 5.8. The triaxial behavior of “lumpy” sands 134 5.8.1. “Lump” sands 134 5.8.2. The Roscoe model applied to lump sands 135 5.8.3. Synthesis of several lump sand behaviors 136 5.9. A new model to analyze the oedometer’s path 138 5.9.1. Burland’s model 138 5.9.2. Comparison of models and mixed model 141 5.9.3. Burland’s model in (IL – logσ'v) Biarez’s space 144 5.10. “Destructuration” of clayey sediments 144 5.11. Conclusion 145 5.12. Examples of manuscript notes 147 5.13. Bibliography 149 Chapter 6. The Concept of Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils 153 Said TAIBI, Jean-Marie FLEUREAU, Sigit HADIWARDOYO, Hanène SOULI and António GOMES CORREIA 6.1. Introduction 153 6.2. Microstructural model for unsaturated porous media 160 6.3. Material and methods 164 6.3.1. Material and preparation of samples 164 6.3.2. Experimental devices and test procedures 165 6.3.3. Normalization of data 170 6.4. Experimental results 171 6.4.1. Isotropic compression paths 171 6.4.2. Deviatoric compression paths 72 6.4.3. Small strain behavior 173 6.5. Interpretation of results using the effective stress concept 174 6.5.1. Interpretation of large strain triaxial tests 175 6.5.2. Interpretation of small strain modulus measurements 176 6.6. Conclusions 177 6.7. Acknowledgements 178 6.8. Bibliography 178 Chapter 7. A Microstructural Model for Soils and Granular Materials 183 Pierre-Yves HICHER 7.1. Introduction 183 7.2. The micro-structural model 185 7.2.1. Inter-particle behavior 186 7.2.2. Stress−strain relationship 189 7.2.3. Model parameters 190 7.3. Results of numerical simulation on Hostun sand 191 7.3.1. Drained triaxial tests 191 7.3.2. Undrained triaxial tests 195 7.4. Model extension to clayey materials 196 7.4.1. Remolded clays 198 7.4.2. Natural clays 200 7.5. Unsaturated granular materials 204 7.6. Summary and conclusion 214 7.7. Bibliography 216 Chapter 8. Modeling Landslides with a Material Instability Criterion 221 Florent PRUNIER, Sylvain LIGNON, Farid LAOUAFA and Félix DARVE 8.1. Introduction 221 8.2. Study of the second-order work criterion 223 8.2.1. Analytical study 223 8.2.2. Physical interpretation 227 8.3. Petacciato landslide modeling 229 8.3.1. Site presentation 229 8.3.2. Description of the model used 231 8.3.3. Landslide computation 234 8.4. Conclusion 238 8.5. Bibliography 240 Chapter 9. Numerical Modeling: An Efficient Tool for Analyzing the Behavior of Constructions 243 Arezou MODARESSI-FARAHMAND-RAZAVI 9.1. Notations 243 9.2. Introduction 247 9.3. Modeling soil behavior 248 9.3.1. Main characteristics of the soil’s mechanical behavior 248 9.3.2. Constitutive models used for computation 253 9.3.3. Simplified model 254 9.3.4. Generalizing the simplified model 262 9.3.5. Mechanical behavior of non-saturated soil 265 9.3.6. Loading/unloading definition in plasticity 272 9.3.7. Multimechanism model 274 9.4. Parameter identification strategy for the ECP model 275 9.4.1. Classification and identification of the ECP model parameters 276 9.4.2. Directly measurable parameters 279 9.4.3. Parameters that are not directly measurable 288 9.4.4. Parameters defining the initial state 290 9.4.5. Application of parameter identification strategy 293 9.5. Influence of constitutive behavior on structural response 299 9.5.1. Retaining walls 299 9.5.2. Vertically loaded piles 304 9.5.3. Earth and rockfill dams 312 9.6. Conclusions 318 9.7. Acknowledgments 319 9.8. Appendix 319 9.9. Bibliography 323 Chapter 10. Evaluating Seismic Stability of Embankment Dams 333 Jean-Jacques FRY 10.1. Introduction 333 10.1.1. A tribute to Jean Biarez 333 10.1.2. Definitions 334 10.2. Observed seismic performance 335 10.2.1. Earthquake performance of gravity dams 335 10.2.2. Earthquake performance of buttress dams 336 10.2.3. Earthquake performance of arch dams 337 10.2.4. Earthquake performance of hydraulic fills 338 10.2.5. Earthquake performance of tailing dams 339 10.2.6. Earthquake performance of road embankments and levees 339 10.2.7. Earthquake performance of river hydroelectric embankments 339 10.2.8. Earthquake performance of small earth dams 340 10.2.9. Earthquake performance of large earth dams 342 10.2.10. Earthquake performance of large zoned dams with rockfill 344 10.2.11. Earthquake performance of concrete face rockfill dams 344 10.2.12. Dynamic performance of physical models 345 10.2.13. Assessment of seismic damage on dams 345 10.2.14. Major seismic damage of large concrete dams 346 10.2.15. Seismic damage of large embankment dams 347 10.2.16. Delayed or indirect consequences of an earthquake 347 10.3. Method for analyzing seismic risk 348 10.3.1. Seismic classification of dams in France 348 10.4. Evaluation of seismic hazard 350 10.4.1. Scenarios for dimensioning a particular situation 350 10.4.2. Choice of seismic levels 350 10.4.3. Choice of the seismic characteristics 351 10.4.4. Choice of accelerographs 352 10.5. Re-evaluation of seismic stability 355 10.5.1. Maximum risk associated with seismic loading: liquefaction 355 10.5.2. A recommended step-by-step methodology 357 10.5.3. Identification 357 10.5.4. Pseudo-static analysis of stability 358 10.5.5. Pseudo-static analysis of displacement 358 10.5.6. Analysis of the liquefaction risk 362 10.5.7. Coupled non-linear analysis 365 10.5.8. Analysis of post-seismic stability 367 10.5.9. Assessment 367 10.6. Semi-coupled modeling of liquefaction 368 10.6.1. Objectives 368 10.6.2. Constitutive model 368 10.6.3. Failure criterion 369 10.6.4. Shear strain law 370 10.6.5. Volumetric strain law: liquefaction 372 10.6.6. Model implementation 373 10.6.7. Model qualification in the case of the San Fernando Dam failure 373 10.6.8. Model application to fluvial dikes 380 10.7. Bibliography 387 List of Authors 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisRockfall Engineering is an up-to-date, international picture of the state of the art in rockfall engineering. The three basic stages of rockfalls are considered: the triggering stage, the motion stage, and the interaction with a structure stage; along with contributions including structural characterization of cliffs, remote monitoring, stability analysis, boulder propagation, design of protection structures an risk assessment. Academic contributions are illustrated by practical examples, and completed by engineering contributions where practical purposes are thoroughly considered. This title is intended for engineers, students as well as researchers.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Geophysical Detection and Characterization of Discontinuities in Rock Slopes 1 Jacques DEPARIS, Denis JONGMANS, Stéphane GARAMBOIS, Clara LÉVY, Laurent BAILLET and Ombeline MERIC 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Geophysical parameters and methods 2 1.3. Applications 19 1.4. Conclusions 31 1.5. Acknowledgments 32 1.6. Bibliography 33 Chapter 2. Remote Sensing and Monitoring Techniques for the Characterization of Rock Mass Deformation and Change Detection 39 Marc-Henri DERRON, Michel JABOYEDOFF, Andrea PEDRAZZINI, Clément MICHOUD and Thierry VILLEMIN 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Main issues 40 2.3. Investigation and monitoring techniques 41 2.4. Examples of applications 48 2.5. Perspectives 57 2.6. Conclusions 58 2.7. Bibliography 58 Chapter 3. Mechanical Stability Analyses of Fractured Rock Slopes 67 Véronique MERRIEN-SOUKATCHOFF, Jérôme DURIEZ, Muriel GASC-BARBIER, Félix DARVE and Frédéric-Victor DONZÉ 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Experimental study of rock joint behavior 68 3.3. Failure computations of rigid blocks 72 3.4. Overview of different stress-strain analyses 86 3.5. An advanced stress-strain analysis of failure 92 3.6. Conclusions 105 3.7. Bibliography 106 Chapter 4. Assessment of Constitutive Behaviors in Jointed Rock Masses from a DEM Perspective 113 Cédric LAMBERT and John READ 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Discrete Element Modeling of rock materials 115 4.3. Representation of rock discontinuities 116 4.4. Synthetic Rock Mass modeling methodology 125 4.5. Analysis of specific mechanical behaviors: case studies 132 4.6. Conclusions 138 4.7. Bibliography 138 Chapter 5. Methods for Predicting Rockfall Trajectories and Run-out Zones 143 Luuk DORREN, Ulrik DOMAAS, Kalle KRONHOLM and Vincent LABIOUSE 5.1. Introduction 143 5.2. Preparation of a rockfall trajectory study 148 5.3. Definition of the release scenarios 153 5.4. Rockfall models 154 5.5. Plausibility check / validation of model output 164 5.6. Fixing model results and translation into a readable map166 5.7. Future improvements 167 5.8. Bibliography 168 Chapter 6. Rockfall Dynamics: A Critical Review of Collision and Rebound Models 175 Franck BOURRIER and Oldrich HUNGR 6.1. Introduction 175 6.2. Physical processes associated with collision and rebound 175 6.3. Review of rebound models 181 6.4. Perspectives and conclusions 203 6.5. Bibliography 203 Chapter 7. Rockfall Hazard Zoning for Land Use Planning 211 Vincent LABIOUSE and Jacopo Maria ABBRUZZESE 7.1. Introduction 211 7.2. Rockfall zoning for urban development planning 212 7.3. Zoning methodologies at the regional/valley scale 222 7.4. Zoning methodologies at the local scale 224 7.5. Sources of uncertainties and differences in hazard zoning results 237 7.6. Implications of zoning results in land use planning 243 7.7. Conclusions 247 7.8. Acknowledgments 249 7.9. Bibliography 249 Chapter 8. Rockfall Quantitative Risk Assessment 255 Jordi COROMINAS and Olga MAVROULI 8.1. Introduction 255 8.2. Objectives of the QRA 261 8.3. Assessment of the rockfall risk components 266 8.4. Examples of rockfall risk 290 8.5. Bibliography 296 Chapter 9. Multi-scale Analysis of an Innovative Flexible Rockfall Barrier 303 Ayman TRAD, Ali LIMAM, David BERTRAND and Philippe ROBIT 9.1. Introduction 303 9.2. Presentation of rockfall protection nets 304 9.3. Presentation of tools used for the numerical simulation 306 9.4. Characterization of the net 308 9.5. Characterization of the energy dissipators 321 9.6. Full scale test on the barrier 328 9.7. Conclusion and perspectives 340 9.8. Bibliography 340 Chapter 10. A New Design Method for Rockfall Shelters Covered by Granular Layers 343 Francesco CALVETTI and Claudio DI PRISCO 10.1. Definition of the impact phenomenon 343 10.2. Real scale experiments 345 10.3. An uncoupled approach for the definition of impact actions 359 10.4. Conclusions 371 10.5. Acknowledgments 372 10.6. Bibliography 372 Chapter 11. Design Procedure for a Three-Layer Absorbing System in Rockfall Protection Galleries 375 Norimitsu KISHI and Hisashi KON-NO 11.1. Introduction 375 11.2. Standard impact design formula for sand cushion 376 11.3. Absorbing performance of sand cushion and TLAS 379 11.4. Design concept for TLAS 383 11.5. Estimate of impact energy transmitted to EPS bottom layer 386 11.6. Design of reinforced concrete core slab 387 11.7. Estimate of required thickness of EPS bottom layer 388 11.8. Estimate of impact force transmitted to gallery roof slab 390 11.9. Verification of proposed design procedure 390 11.10. Conclusion 390 11.11. Bibliography 392 Chapter 12. Ground Reinforced Embankments for Rockfall Protection: From Real Scale Tests to Numerical Modeling 393 Daniele PEILA 12.1. Introduction 393 12.2. Full-scale tests on embankments 397 12.3. Numerical modeling of ground reinforced embankments 411 12.4. Conclusions 422 12.5. Acknowledgments 422 12.6. Bibliography 422 List of Authors 427 Index 433

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Book SynopsisThis book contains the proceedings of the international workshop “Designing and Building with Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC): State of the Art and Development”, organized by AFGC, the French Association for Civil Engineering and French branch of fib, in Marseille (France), November 17-18, 2009. This workshop was focused on the experience of a lot of recent UHPFRC realizations. Through more than 50 papers, this book details the experience of many countries in UHPFRC construction and design, including projects from Japan, Germany, Australia, Austria, USA, Denmark, the Netherlands, Canada… and France. The projects are categorized as novel architectural solutions, new frontiers for bridges, new equipments and structural components, and extending the service life of structures. The last part presents major research results, durability and sustainability aspects, and the updated AFGC Recommendations on UHPFRC.Table of ContentsForeword xxvii UHPFRC’09 Scientific Committee xxxi UHPFRC’09 Sponsors xxxiii PART I. GENESIS OF A NEW CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL 1 Chapter 1. Introduction: What is a UHPFRC? 3 Jacques RESPLENDINO Chapter 2. UHPFRC: Science-driven Material Engineering Can Provide Sustainable Solutions 15 Paul ACKER and Franz-Josef ULM Chapter 3. UHPFRC Development: Review of a Determining Application 21 Gérard BIRELLI Chapter 4. UHPFRC Development: Experience with Ductal® Over the Past Two Decades 43 Jean-François BATOZ and Mouloud BEHLOUL Chapter 5. UHPFRC Development: The Experience of BSI® Applications 63 Thierry THIBAUX PART II. NOVEL ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS 77 Chapter 6. The Enrico Navarra Gallery 79 Rudy RICCIOTTI, Romain RICCIOTTI and Patrick MAZZACANE Chapter 7. UHPFRC – A Material for Perforated Panels and Lattice Work: Controlling Shrinkage in Order to Experiment with Various Shapes 87 Dominique STOEUX, Jean-François BATOZ, Laurence JACQUES and Louis GUINGOT Chapter 8. The Jean Bouin Stadium 101 Rudy RICCIOTTI, Guillaume LAMOUREUX and Romain RICCIOTTI PART III. NEW FRONTIERS FOR BRIDGES 109 Chapter 9. The Passerelle des Anges Footbridge 111 Patrick MAZZACANE, Romain RICCIOTTI and François TEPLY Chapter 10. Gärtnerplatz – Bridge over River Fulda in Kassel: Multispan Hybrid UHPC-Steel Bridge 125 Ekkehard FEHLING, Kai BUNJE and Michael SCHMIDT Chapter 11. Construction of the PS34 UHPFRC Bridge 137 Olivier DELAUZUN, Damien ROGAT, Laurent BOUTILLON, Lionel LINGER and Christian CLERGUE Chapter 12. The Innovation and Application of UHPFRC Bridges in Japan 149 Yoshihiro TANAKA, Koichi MAEKAWA, Yutaka KAMEYAMA, Akio OHTAKE, Hiroyuki MUSHA and Norio WATANABE Chapter 13. Perspective on UHPCs from a Specialist Construction Company 189 Mark REBENTROST and Gavin WIGHT Chapter 14. Road Bridge “Wild”: Application of the UHPFRC Precast Segmental Construction Method for an Arch Structure 209 Michael REICHEL, Bernhard FREYTAG and Lutz SPAROWITZ Chapter 15. UHPC in the US Highway Infrastructure 221 Benjamin GRAYBEAL Chapter 16. ITE® Beams, a Cost-effective Enduring Alternative to Filler-beam Decks 235 Ziad HAJAR, Marco NOVARIN, Alain SIMON, Thierry THIBAUX, Sandrine CHANUT and René-Gérard SALE Chapter 17. UHPFRC Waffle Deck Concept for a Bridge at Livron-Loriol 249 Ferry TAVAKOLI, Sébastien BOUTEILLE and François TOUTLEMONDE Chapter 18. UHPFRC Prototype for a Flexible Modular Temporary High-speed Railway Bridge 263 Michael REICHEL, Guido ALTERSBERGER and Lutz SPAROWITZ Chapter 19. Effective use of UHPC for Deep Foundation Piles 279 Sri SRITHARAN, Tom VANDE VOORT and Muhannad SULEIMAN Chapter 20. Design of Prestressed UHPFRC Girder Bridges According to Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code 295 Husham ALMANSOUR and Zoubir LOUNIS PART IV. NEW EQUIPMENTS AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 317 Chapter 21. CRC: Precast Applications of UHPFRC 319 Bendt AARUP Chapter 22. Contribution of UHPFRCs in the Treatment of Thermal Bridges 331 Thierry BURCKEL, Laurence JACQUES, Alain BIRAULT, Laurent HEINTZ, Jacques DALIPHARD and Mouloud BEHLOUL Chapter 23. UHPFRC Sunshades: An Elegant Solution for Regulating Heat Input in Buildings 349 Laurence JACQUES, Yves FOURNIER, Jean-Yves JOUSSELIN and Jean-François BATOZ Chapter 24. Investigation of UHPFRC Slabs under Blast Loads 363 Mark REBENTROST and Gavin WIGHT Chapter 25. Experience with Prefabricated UHPFRC in the Netherlands 377 Steffen GRÜNEWALD, Rik WEYNS and Jan DEKKERS Chapter 26. Precast Bridge Parapets in Ultra High Performance Fiber-reinforced Concrete 391 Jean-Philippe CHARRON, Eric NIAMBA and Bruno MASSICOTTE Chapter 27. Using UHPFRC for Complex Façade Elements 405 René SUTER, Lionel MOREILLON, Christian CLERGUE and Roger RACORDON Chapter 28. Innovative Field Cast UHPC Joints for Precast Bridge Decks. Design, Prototype Testing and Projects 421 Vic PERRY and Gary WEISS Chapter 29. The High Performance Cementitious Material (HPCM), a Cousin of UHPFRC for Long-life Pavement 437 François DE LARRARD Chapter 30. Performance of UHPC Crossarms for High-voltage Transmission Lines 447 Raafat EL-HACHA, Hani ABDELAZEEM and Ignacio CARIAGA Chapter 31. Structural Evaluation of Hybrid FRP-UHPC Bridge Girders 467 Ayman ELMAHDY, Raafat EL-HACHA, Nigel SHRIVE and Vic PERRY Chapter 32. Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations (MuCEM): The Owner’s Ambition 481 Gérard GAZON Chapter 33. Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations (MuCEM): High UHPFRC Content Structure Design 487 Rudy RICCIOTTI, Jacques PORTELATINE and Florence NICOLAS Chapter 34. Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations (MuCEM): Experimentation and Modeling of Straight and Y-shaped UHPFRC Prestressed Columns Under the Action of an Off-centered Vertical Load 501 Philippe RIVILLON, Jacques PORTELATINE and Florence NICOLAS PART V. EXTENDING THE LIFE OF STRUCTURES 529 Chapter 35. Seismic Retrofitting of Bridge Piers with UHPFRC Jackets 531 Bruno MASSICOTTE and Guillaume BOUCHER-PROULX Chapter 36. Application of Ultra-high-strength Fiber-reinforced Concrete for Irrigation Channel Repair Works 541 Tsuyoshi ONO Chapter 37. Using UHPFRC for Structural Reinforcement of Buildings and Civil Works 553 Thierry THIBAUX PART VI. MAJOR RESEARCH RESULTS 565 Chapter 38. Ultra High Performance Concrete for Prestressed Elements. Interest of Creep Prediction 567 Philippe FRANCISCO, Farid BENBOUDJEMA, Patrick ROUGEAU and Jean-Michel TORRENTI Chapter 39. Rheology of Fiber-reinforced Cementitious Materials: Basic Concepts and Application to UHPFRC 575 Laëtitia MARTINIE, Pierre ROSSI and Nicolas ROUSSEL Chapter 40. Behavior of UHPFRC at High Temperatures 579 Pierre PIMIENTA, Jean-Christophe MINDEGUIA, Alain SIMON and Mouloud BEHLOUL Chapter 41. Ant Colony Optimization for Ultra High Performance Concrete Structures 601 Martin FLINT, Steffen GRÜNEWALD and Jeroen COENDERS Chapter 42. Investigation of Biaxial Stress States of UHPC Bridge Girders through Small Panel Testing and Finite Element Analysis 619 Kacie D’ALESSANDRO, Carin ROBERTS-WOLLMANN, Thomas COUSINS and Elisa SOTELINO Chapter 43. An Overview of Research Advances from 2002 Concerning UHPFRC, in View of Updating the AFGC Recommendations 639 François TOUTLEMONDE, Bernard FOURÉ, Luca SORELLI, Florent BABY, Pierre MARCHAND and Franz Josef ULM PART VII. DURABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY 665 Chapter 44. An Example of UHPFRC Recycling 667 Thierry SEDRAN, Cédric DURAND and François DE LARRARD Chapter 45. Ultra High Performance Concrete and its Contribution to Sustainable Development 681 Jean-François BATOZ and Mathieu RIVALLAIN Chapter 46. Field Experience of UHPFRC Durability in an Air Cooling Tower 697 François TOUTLEMONDE, Myriam CARCASSES and Maxime LION PART VIII. UPDATED AFGC RECOMMENDATIONS 711 Chapter 47. Ultra High Performance Concrete: New AFGC Recommendations 713 Jacques RESPLENDINO Chapter 48. New AFGC Recommendations on UHPFRC: Chapter 1 – Mechanical Characteristics and Behavior of UHPFRC 723 Alain SIMON Chapter 49. New AFGC Recommendations on UHPFRC: Chapter 2 – Design 743 Pierre MARCHAND Chapter 50. New AFGC Recommendations on UHPFRC: Chapter 3 – Durability 755 Myriam CARCASSES Chapter 51. Ultra High Performance Concrete and Sustainable Development: Synthesis of Available Data 765 Pierre MARCHAND List of Authors 771 Index 779 Author Index 783 French Summaries 785

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an inventory of organic materials and products, the major components of all civil engineering projects, in terms of their scientific and technical background, including the regulations that cover their use and their predicted useful life. Such materials include: bitumen on the roads; geotextiles for retaining walls; membranes for bridges; tunnel and reservoir waterproofing; paint binders to protect metallic and concrete structures or to create road markings; injection resins; gluing products; concrete admixtures; and composite materials. The presentation is based on a physicochemical approach, which is essential if these products are to be considered as part of sustainable development: as such, those studying or working in these fields will find this an invaluable source of information.Table of ContentsIntroduction 15 Chapter 1. Organic Polymers 21 1.1. Definitions 23 1.2. Macromolecular structure 25 1.3. Synthesis of polymers 26 1.3.1. Step polymerization or polycondensation 26 1.3.1.1. Mechanism of polycondensation: polycondensation and polyaddition 26 1.3.1.2. Practical applications 27 1.3.2. Chain polymerization or polymerization strictly speaking 28 1.4. Processing: thermoplastics and thermosets 30 1.4.1. Thermoplastics and thermosets, thermorigid or thermohard 30 1.4.2. Monocomponent and bicomponent 31 1.5. Elastomers 33 1.6. Preliminary conclusions 35 1.7. Crystalline polymers and amorphous polymers: glass transition 37 1.7.1. Notion of crystalline polymer 37 1.7.2. Amorphous polymers: glass transition 38 1.8. Mechanical behaviors of polymers: time-temperature equivalence 39 1.8.1. Elastic behavior 41 1.8.2. Elasto-plastic behavior 41 1.8.3. Rubber-like behavior 42 1.8.4. Case of cross-linked polymers 43 1.8.5. Pure products and formulated products: plasticization 47 1.8.6. Time-temperature equivalence 48 1.9. Miscibility of polymers: concept of alloy 51 1.9.1. Notion of solubility parameter 52 1.9.2. Estimation of the solubility 52 1.9.3. Polymer-polymer mixtures: notion of alloy 54 1.10. Durability and aging of polymers: life cycles 56 1.10.1. Notion of aging 56 1.10.2. Principles of the methods for appreciating the life of materials 58 1.10.3. Fire behavior of polymers 60 1.10.4. General information on the life cycle of polymers 62 1.11. Organic materials, the environment and health: evolution of the market 64 1.12. Main organic and organo-metallic polymers used in civil engineering 66 1.13. General conclusion 69 Chapter 2. Organic Binders I. Bitumen and Road Construction 71 2.1. General terminology 74 2.2. Manufacture of bitumen 76 2.3. Physico-chemical composition of bitumens 78 2.4. Various forms of bitumen 82 2.4.1. Paving bitumens: characterization and classification 82 2.4.2. Fluid binders 83 2.4.3. Bitumen emulsions 84 2.4.3.1. Formation of an emulsion 85 2.4.3.2. Failure of emulsions 86 2.4.3.3. Characterization of emulsions: applications 87 2.5. Usage properties of paving bitumen 87 2.6. Adhesiveness 88 2.7. Rheological properties 92 2.7.1. Viscosity 92 2.7.2. Viscoelasticity 93 2.7.3. Complex modulus 95 2.7.4. Towards a rheological classification 96 2.7.5. The SHRP program – Test methods and specifications of road binders 100 2.7.6. Bending beam creep or BBR test 101 2.8. Aging of bitumen 104 2.9. Limits in the use of bitumen: quest for an ideal binder 108 2.10. Modified bitumens, bitumens with additives and special bitumens 109 2.10.1. Physico-chemical characterization of polymer modified bitumens 113 2.10.2. Practical applications 114 2.10.3. Bitumens with additives 116 2.10.4. Special paving bitumens 116 2.11. Regeneration binders 117 2.12. Other uses of bitumen in civil engineering 117 2.13. General conclusion 118 Chapter 3. Organic Binders II. Materials for the Conservation of Heritage and Safety 119 3.1. Concrete repair and protection products 119 3.1.1. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures: normative definitions 122 3.1.2. Physicochemical classification of repair and protection products 123 3.1.3. Products based on reactive organic binders: general introduction 124 3.1.3.1. Epoxy resins 125 3.1.3.2. Polyurethanes 128 3.1.3.3. Unsaturated polyesters and derivatives 131 3.1.3.4. Methacrylic resins 136 3.1.3.5. Other acrylic derivatives 137 3.1.4. Repair produces based on reactive organic binders: usages and required characteristics 137 3.1.4.1. Surface repair products 138 3.1.4.2. Structural bonding and structure reinforcement products 138 3.1.4.3. Injection products 139 3.1.4.4. Anchoring or sealing or wedging products 141 3.1.4.5. Required characteristics 141 3.1.5. Concrete protection products and systems 143 3.1.5.1. Corrosion inhibitors 144 3.1.5.2. Impregnation products 144 3.1.5.3. Paints and derivatives 145 3.1.5.4. Required characteristics 145 3.1.6. Mixed matrix products (modified binder) 147 3.2. Paints for civil engineering 148 3.2.1. General definitions 148 3.2.1.1. Constituents of paints 148 3.2.1.2. Paint drying modes 150 3.2.1.3. Characteristics of the dry film 150 3.2.1.4. Paint systems 152 3.2.2. Anticorrosion paints for metal structures 153 3.2.2.1. Corrosion 153 3.2.2.2. Anticorrosion protection processes 154 3.2.2.3. Anticorrosion paints 155 3.2.2.4. Criteria for the choice of the protection paint system 155 3.2.2.5. Surface preparation 158 3.2.2.6. Main protection coatings 158 3.2.3. Paints for concrete 159 3.2.4. Road marking paints and products 161 3.2.4.1. Road marking 161 3.2.4.2. Retroreflection 162 3.2.4.3. Choice of the products 164 3.2.4.4. Main products available 164 3.3. Conclusions 165 Chapter 4. Manufactured Products 167 4.1. Organic materials and the waterproofing of structures 168 4.1.1. Materials, products and systems for waterproofing the decks of civil engineering structures 168 4.1.1.1. Asphalt materials 171 4.1.1.2. Thin films bonding with the support (FMBS) 173 4.1.1.3. Monolayer prefabricated membranes (MPM) 174 4.1.1.4. Waterproofing products processed at high production rate with roadworks equipment (HPRE) 175 4.1.1.5. Comparison of traditional types of products 176 4.1.2. Waterproofing materials, products and systems for underground structures 178 4.1.2.1. Design of the waterproofing system 179 4.1.2.2. Intrados waterproofing systems 180 4.1.2.3. Extrados waterproofing systems 180 4.1.2.4. Main products used (extrados waterproofing) 182 4.1.3. Waterproofing materials, products and systems for surface structures: statement of the problem 182 4.2. Geosynthetics 183 4.2.1. Geosynthetic materials for waterproofing: geomembranes and geosynthetic bentonite materials 186 4.2.1.1. Geomembranes 186 4.2.1.2. Bentonite geosynthetics (BGS) 187 4.2.2. Geotextiles and related products 187 4.2.2.1. Functions provided 187 4.2.2.2. Constitutive materials 188 4.2.2.3. Assembling modes 189 4.2.2.4. Durability of geotextiles 189 4.2.3. Waterproofing materials, products and systems for surface structures: different uses 189 4.2.3.1. Hydraulic structures strictly speaking 190 4.2.3.2. Structures for road surface water 191 4.2.3.3. Lagooning ponds 193 4.2.3.4. Tanks and reservoirs for chemicals 193 4.2.3.5. Structures for the containment of wastes 194 4.2.3.6. Conclusions on geomembranes: installation and durability 195 4.3. Products for light geotechnical structures 199 4.3.1. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) embankments 199 4.3.2. Ultra-light cellular structures (ULCS) 201 4.3.3. Structures based on recovered tires 203 4.4. Other uses of synthetic organic materials in civil engineering 204 4.4.1. Bearings of civil engineering structures 204 4.4.2. Products for joints 206 4.4.3. Warning devices for buried systems 207 4.5. Industrial wood used in civil engineering 208 4.5.1. The wood material 209 4.5.2. Moisture sensitivity of wood 210 4.5.3. Durability of the wood 211 4.5.4. Fire behavior 211 4.5.5. Industrial wood 211 4.6. Conclusion 212 Chapter 5. Gluing and Composite Materials: Concrete Admixtures 215 5.1. Gluing and its potential applications in civil engineering 216 5.1.1. Gluing: a future technique in civil engineering? 216 5.1.2. Definitions, reference points 220 5.1.3. Adhesion and gluing: theoretical notions 222 5.1.3.1. Theories of adhesion: physico-chemical approach 223 5.1.3.2. Theories of adhesion: thermodynamic approach 227 5.1.3.3. Kinetic aspect of adhesion 233 5.1.3.4. Practical conclusions 237 5.1.4. Surface treatment 238 5.1.5. Implementation: importance of “in situ cross-linking time” 239 5.1.6. Principle adhesives used in civil engineering: notion of reversibility 241 5.2. Organic matrix composite materials 242 5.2.1. Constituents 242 5.2.2. General principles 243 5.2.3. Basic material used 243 5.2.3.1. Strengthening agents 243 5.2.3.2. Conditioning of strengthening agents 245 5.2.3.3. Matrices 245 5.2.4. Organic matrix composites and civil engineering 246 5.2.4.1. Repair and strengthening of structures 247 5.2.4.2. Prevention of seismic risks 248 5.2.4.3. Cables, stays, anchoring systems 248 5.3. Concrete admixtures 248 5.3.1. The introduction of admixtures in concrete technology 251 5.3.2. Rheological admixtures 253 5.3.2.1. Plasticizers and their growth: mode of action 254 5.3.2.2. Perspectives 259 5.3.3. Other classes of admixture reacting on the rheology of fresh concrete 260 5.3.3.1. Set retarders 260 5.3.3.2. Water retaining agent 260 5.3.4. Other admixtures and connected products organic in nature 261 5.3.4.1. Water resisting admixtures 261 5.3.4.2. Air entraining agents 261 5.3.4.3. Curing compounds 263 5.3.4.4. Organic fibers 264 5.4. General conclusions 264 Chapter 6. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Organic Materials Used in Construction 267 6.1. Chemical analysis of formulated products 268 6.2. Infrared spectrometry 269 6.2.1. Principle of the method 269 6.2.2. Case of ATR: theoretical considerations 273 6.2.3. Utilization and limits of infrared spectroscopy 275 6.3. Methods of fractionation 277 6.3.1. Fractionation of complex mixtures 277 6.3.1.1. Separation of phases 278 6.3.1.2. Distillation 278 6.3.1.3. Solvent extraction 279 6.3.2. Chromatographic methods 280 6.3.2.1. Column chromatography 280 6.3.2.2. Other types of chromatography 285 6.4. Thermal methods 286 6.5. Quantitative analysis and functional assays 288 6.6. General diagram for in-depth analysis of complex mixtures 290 6.7. Conclusions 291 Chapter 7. Organic Materials, Civil Engineering and Sustainable Development Prospective Thoughts from Experts 293 7.1. Economic reality of synthetic materials in civil engineering 293 7.1.1. Preface 293 7.1.2. Positioning of the plastics: some figures 294 7.1.2.1. PVC windows 294 7.1.2.2. Protective sheaths for optical cable networks 295 7.1.3. Civil engineering: a place in the construction market 296 7.1.4. Incorporated or built-in materials 296 7.1.5. Bitumen-polymers 298 7.1.6. Coatings 299 7.1.6.1. Protection of stays and tension cables of bridges 300 7.1.6.2. Sealing by geomembranes 300 7.1.6.3. The “coil coating” market 301 7.1.6.4. Tubes and pipes 301 7.1.6.5. Noise screens 301 7.1.6.6. Composites 302 7.1.7. Conclusion 303 7.2. Bitumens in civil engineering: their place and their future 303 7.2.1. Introduction 303 7.2.2. Bitumens in waterproofing and ancillary industries 304 7.2.2.1. Waterproofing 304 7.2.2.2. Ancillary industries 305 7.2.3. Bitumens in road construction and maintenance 306 7.2.3.1. Asphalts 306 7.2.3.2. Surface dressing 308 7.2.3.3. Cold mixes 308 7.2.4. Conclusion 309 7.3. Organic polymers in building: development and tendencies 309 7.3.1. Current usage tendencies 311 7.3.2. The polymers of tomorrow? 312 7.4. Importance of a physico-chemical approach in the behavior of the materials – with damage as an example 313 7.4.1. Introduction 313 7.4.2. Problem overview 313 7.4.3. Application in case of a damagable elastic material 315 7.4.4. Case of organic polymers 319 7.5. Organic chemistry and molecular engineering: the future of cementing materials? 320 7.5.1. Mastering complexity 320 7.5.2. Using hybrids 321 7.5.3. Molding and molecular imprints 322 7.5.4. Towards a green and intelligent concrete 322 7.6. Synthetic organic materials and architecture 323 7.6.1. Contrasting relationship during the 20thcentury 323 7.6.2. A harmony in the making 324 7.6.3. A necessary partnership between architects and industrialists 325 7.6.4. Organic materials at the core of the mega-technological choices in architecture 326 7.7. Assessment of environmental impact of organic materials 327 7.7.1. Problem overview and available tools 327 7.7.2. Perspectives for organic materials used in civil engineering 330 7.7.3. Conclusion 332 7.7.4. Useful standards 332 7.8. Assessment of health hazards of organic materials 333 7.8.1. General problem and definitions 333 7.8.2. Health hazards of organic materials in civil engineering 335 7.8.3. Methodology for assessment of health hazards 337 7.8.4. As a conclusion: why assess health hazards? 338 Bibliography 341 Abbreviations 351 Index 353

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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