Civil engineering, surveying and building Books

Book Synopsis*Finite Element Analysis with Mathematica and Matlab Computations and Practical Applications is an innovative, hands-on and practical introduction to the Finite Element Method that provides a powerful tool for learning this essential analytic method. *Support website (www.wiley.com/go/bhatti) includes complete sets of Mathematica and Matlab implementations for all examples presented in the text. Also included on the site are problems designed for self-directed labs using commercial FEA software packages ANSYS and ABAQUS. *Offers a practical and hands-on approach while providing a solid theoretical foundation.Trade Review"The book is an innovative, hands-on and practical introduction to the nite element method that provides a powerful tool for learning this essential analytic method." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2016)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Finite Element Method: The Big Picture. 1.1 Discretization and Element Equations. 1.1.1 Plane Truss Element. 1.1.2 Triangular Element for Two Dimensional Heat Flow. 1.1.3 General Remarks on Finite Element Discretization. 1.1.4 Triangular Element for Two Dimensional Stress Analysis. 1.2 Assembly of Element Equations. 1.3 Boundary Conditions and Nodal Solution. 1.3.1 Essential Boundary Conditions by Re-arranging Equations. 1.3.2 Essential Boundary Conditions by Modifying Equations. 1.3.3 Approximate Treatment of Essential Boundary Conditions. 1.3.4 Computation of Reactions to Verify Overall Equilibrium. 1.4 Element Solutions and Model Validity. 1.4.1 Plane Truss Element. 1.4.2 Triangular Element for Two Dimensional Heat Flow. 1.4.3 Triangular Element for Two Dimensional Stress Analysis. 1.5 Solution of Linear Equations. 1.5.1 Solution Using Choleski Decomposition. 1.5.2 Conjugate Gradient Method. 1.6 Multipoint Constraints. 1.6.1 Solution Using Lagrange multipliers. 1.6.2 Solution Using Penalty function. 1.7 Units. 2. Mathematical Foundation of the Finite Element Method. 2.1 Axial Deformation of Bars. 2.1.1 Differential equation for axial deformations. 2.1.2 Exact solutions of some axial deformation problems. 2.2 Axial Deformation of Bars Using Galerkin Method. 2.2.1 Weak form for axial deformations. 2.2.2 Uniform bar subjected to linearly varying axial load. 2.2.3 Tapered bar subjected to linearly varying axial load. 2.3 One Dimensional BVP Using Galerkin Method. 2.3.1 Overall solution procedure using Galerkin method. 2.3.2 Higher-Order Boundary Value Problems. 2.4 Rayleigh-Ritz Method. 2.4.1 Potential Energy for Axial Deformation of Bars. 2.4.2 Overall solution procedure using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. 2.4.3 Uniform bar subjected to linearly varying axial load. 2.4.4 Tapered bar subjected to linearly varying axial load. 2.5 Comments on the Galerkin & the Rayleigh-Ritz Methods. 2.5.1 Admissible assumed solution. 2.5.2 Solution convergence - the completeness requirement. 2.5.3 Galerkin versus Rayleigh-Ritz. 2.6 Finite Element Form of Assumed Solutions. 2.6.1 Linear interpolation functions for second-order problems. 2.6.2 Lagrange interpolation. 2.6.3 Galerkin weighting functions in the finite element form. 2.6.4 Hermite interpolation for fourth-order problems. 2.7 Finite Element Solution of Axial Deformation Problems. 2.7.1 Two Node Uniform Bar Element for Axial Deformations. 2.7.2 Numerical examples. 3. One Dimensional Boundary Value Problem. 3.1 Selected Applications of 1D BVP. 3.1.1 Steady state heat conduction. 3.1.2 Heat flow through thin fins. 3.1.3 Viscous fluid flow between parallel plates - Lubrication problem. 3.1.4 Slider bearing. 3.1.5 Axial deformation of bars. 3.1.6 Elastic buckling of long slender bars. 3.2 Finite Element Formulation for Second Order 1D BVP 3.2.1 Complete Solution Procedure. 3.3 Steady State Heat Conduction. 3.4 Steady State Heat Conduction and Convection. 3.5 Viscous Fluid Flow Between Parallel Plates. 3.6 Elastic Buckling of Bars. 3.7 Solution of Second Order 1D BVP. 3.8 A Closer Look at the Inter-Element Derivative Terms. 4. Trusses, Beams, and Frames. 4.1 Plane Trusses. 4.2 Space Trusses. 4.3 Temperature Changes and Initial Strains in Trusses. 4.4 Spring Elements. 4.5 Transverse Deformation of Beams. 4.5.1 Differential equation for beam bending. 4.5.2 Boundary conditions for beams. 4.5.3 Shear stresses beams. 4.5.4 Potential energy for beam bending. 4.5.5 Transverse deformation of a uniform beam. 4.5.6 Transverse deformation of a tapered beam fixed at both ends. 4.6 Two Node Beam Element. 4.6.1 Cubic assumed solution. 4.6.2 Element equations using Rayleigh-Ritz method. 4.7 Uniform Beams Subjected to Distributed Loads. 4.8 Plane Frames. Contents 4.9 Space Frames. 4.9.1 Element equations in local coordinate system. 4.9.2 Local to global transformation. 4.9.3 Element Solution. 4.10 Frames in Multistory Buildings. 5. Two Dimensional Elements. 5.1 Selected Applications of the 2D BVP. 5.1.1 Two dimensional potential flow. 5.1.2 Steady-state heat flow. 5.1.3 Bars subjected to torsion. 5.1.4 Waveguides in Electromagnetics. 5.2 Integration by Parts in Higher Dimensions. 5.3 Finite Element Equations Using the Galerkin Method. 5.4 Rectangular Finite Elements. 5.4.1 Four node rectangular element. 5.4.2 Eight node rectangular element. 5.4.3 Lagrange interpolation for rectangular elements. 5.5 Triangular Finite Elements. 5.5.1 Three node triangular element. 5.5.2 Higher-order triangular elements. 6. Mapped Elements. 6.1 Integration Using Change of Variables. 6.1.1 One dimensional integrals. 6.1.2 Two dimensional area integrals. 6.1.3 Three dimensional volume integrals. 6.2 Mapping Quadrilaterals Using Interpolation Functions. 6.2.1 Mapping lines. 6.2.2 Mapping quadrilateral areas. 6.2.3 Mapped mesh generation. 6.3 Numerical Integration Using Gauss Quadrature. 6.3.1 Gauss quadrature for one dimensional integrals. 6.3.2 Gauss quadrature for area integrals. 6.3.3 Gauss quadrature for volume integrals. 6.4 Finite Element Computations Involving Mapped Elements. 6.4.1 Assumed solution. 6.4.2 Derivatives of the assumed solution. 6.4.3 Evaluation of area integrals. 6.4.4 Evaluation of boundary integrals. Fundamental Finite Element Theory and Applications. 6.5 Complete Mathematica and Matlab Based Solutions of 2DBVP Involving Mapped. Elements. 6.6 Triangular Elements by Collapsing Quadrilaterals. 6.7 Infinite Elements. 6.7.1 One dimensional BVP. 6.7.2 Two dimensional BVP. 7. Analysis of Elastic Solids. 7.1 Fundamental Concepts in Elasticity. 7.1.1 Stresses. 7.1.2 Stress failure criteria. 7.1.3 Strains. 7.1.4 Constitutive equations. 7.1.5 Temperature effects and initial strains. 7.2 Governing Differential Equations. 7.2.1 Stress equilibrium equations. 7.2.2 Governing differential equations in terms of displacements. 7.3 General Form of Finite Element Equations. 7.3.1 Potential energy functional. 7.3.2 Weak form. 7.3.3 Finite Element Equations. 7.3.4 Finite Element Equations in the Presence of Initial Strains. 7.4 Plane Stress and Plane Strain. 7.4.1 Plane stress problem. 7.4.2 Plane strain problem. 7.4.3 Finite element equations. 7.4.4 Three node triangular element. 7.4.5 Mapped quadrilateral elements. 7.5 Planar Finite Element Models. 7.5.1 Pressure Vessels. 7.5.2 Rotating Disks and Flywheels. 7.5.3 Residual Stresses due to Welding. 7.5.4 Crack-Tip Singularity. 8. Transient Problems. 8.1 Transient Field Problems. 8.1.1 Finite element equations. 8.1.2 Triangular element. 8.1.3 Transient heat flow. 8.2 Elastic Solids Subjected to Dynamic Loads. 8.2.1 Finite Element Equations. 8.2.2 Mass matrices for common structural elements. Contents 8.2.3 Free Vibration Analysis. 8.2.4 Transient Response Examples. 9. p-Formulation. 9.1 p-Formpulation for Second-Order 1D BVP. 9.2 p-Formpulation for Second-Order 2D BVP. Appendix A: Use of Commercial FEA Software. A.1 Ansys Applications. A.1.1 General Steps. A.1.2 Truss Analysis. A.1.3 Steady-State Heat Flow. A.1.4 Plane Stress Analysis. A.2 Optimizing Design Using Ansys. A.2.1 General Steps. A.2.2 Heat Flow example. A.3 Abaqus Applications. A.3.1 Execution procedure. A.3.2 Truss Analysis. A.3.3 Steady State Heat Flow. A.3.4 Plane Stress Analysis. Appendix B: Variational Form for Boundary Value Problems. B.1 Basic concept of variation of a function. B.2 Derivation of Equivalent Variational Form. B.3 Boundary Value Problem Corresponding to a Given Functional. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisConcise, practical advice on developing important business skills. Written by a professional engineer and licensed land surveyor with over 30 years of first hand experience running his own small business. Supplements skills not thoroughly taught in the current engineer or surveyor education.Trade Review"Provides clear tutorials on expanding basic business knowledge, managing employees, marketing products and services, understanding the legal and financial aspects of a company, maintaining a professional image and communicating with confidence." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Professionalism & Business 1 What Is a Professional Surveyor or Engineer? 2 The Dual Career Path 7 Being an Entrepreneur versus Climbing the Corporate Ladder 9 Types of Business Organizations and Their Structure 11 2 Managing Yourself 17 A Personal Quiz 18 Paradigms 19 Principles 22 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 23 Theory X & Y 25 Time Management 27 Interruptions 32 Procrastination 34 So What Is Personal Productivity Anyway? 36 So What’s the Big Deal about Increasing Productivity? 38 3 Communications 41 Different Types of Communications 42 The Communications Model & Managerial Effectiveness 43 Listening 45 Speaking 48 Written Communication 60 Roadblocks to Effective Communication 70 Avoiding Roadblocks to Effective Communications 71 4 Leaders, Managers, & Motivation 73 Motivation 75 Leadership 81 Summary 94 5 Project Management 95 An Introduction to Project Management as a System 96 Pitfalls of No Project Management 101 How Did I Get to Be a PM Anyway? 103 Why Is PM Necessary? 104 The Project Life Cycle 106 Planning, Organizing, & Implementing Your Projects 109 6 Ethics & Professionals 135 Introduction 135 An Ethical Dilemma 136 Examples of Unethical Behavior 138 Professional versus Nonprofessional Ethics 140 Values & Morals 142 Ethical Obligations to Others 145 Codes of Ethics 148 Enforceability of Codes of Ethics 151 The Role of Mentoring 152 7 Basics of Financial Accounting & Analysis for Managers 155 Introduction 155 Accounting Basics 158 Income & Income Statements 164 The Balance Sheet—A Snapshot in Time 169 Capital Sources 175 Budgets 177 8 Legal Issues 191 Introduction 191 Definitions 192 The Legal System 194 Basics of Tort Law 203 Professional Liability 205 9 Marketing Professional Services 211 Introduction 211 How Do Surveyors and Engineers Get Work? 212 The Selection Process—Different Strokes for Different Folks 213 What’s the Difference between Marketing, Advertising, and Sales? 216 The Market Planning Process 219 Prospecting 229 Maintenance Marketing & Cross-Selling 232 Interviews & Presentations 232 Scope of Work 238 Negotiating the Agreement 241 10 Ownership Transition 245 Introduction 245 The Leadership Development Plan 246 Planning for Ownership Transition—Exploring the Options 248 Bibliography 269 Index 271

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive manual provides guidance to the legal mechanisms used to protect wildlife and to conserve nature in the UK. For each section (e.g. trees, hedgerows, SSIs, protected species) there is an introduction covering the scale of the problem, the level of decline of the species and why there is a need to protect.Trade Review"this is a most practical book...it is well worth the attention of those involved in wildlife conservation or protecting the environment" "It also provides an excellent resource for veterinarians, biologists and others pursuing the many graduate and undergraduate courses which feature wildlife conservation law, ecology or planning." "It should definitely be on appropriate library shelves and course reading lists." The Veterinary Record, Feb 2003Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; Introduction; Part 1 Law, Ecology and organisations - An introduction to the law; The principles of classification and ecology; The organisation and administration of nature conservation in the UK;. Part II Species and habitat protection - Species protection under UK law; Habitat and landscape protection under UK law; The protection of trees and hedgerows; European and international wildlife law;. Part III Planning, Urban Environments and Environmental Impact Assessment - Planning, highways and wildlife; Environmental impact assessment; The future; Appendices; Glossary and acronyms; Information sources; Index

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Book SynopsisBuilding care encompasses everything from maintenance of a building to energy conservation and range of approaches, including the effects on design. A range of approaches to looking after buildings and their users is covered in this book. The rationale and conditions that support them (e.g.Trade Review'This is a very well written book, interesting, comprehensive and easy to read, covering all aspects from maintenence to customer care to energy conservation.' Building EngineerTable of ContentsBackground and introduction; Planned preventive maintenance prevails; Just in time:gurus from East and West; Procurement of building maintenance services; Reengineering the process; Enter customer care, contact and call centres; Intelligent building care; Sustainable building care; Building futures:left or right; Cradle to grave:whole life assessment and implications for design

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisAn essential, pocket-sized manual for industrial craftspeople from a brand relied on for more than a century The Audel Industrial Trades Multi-Craft Reference Manual is aimed at the industrial mechanic, millwright, machinist, plumber, pipefitter, welder, carpenter, sheet metal mechanic, and other skilled craftspeople who need quick, no-nonsense access to dependable informationfast. Including up-to-date focus on green thinking and industrial sustainability, this handy, compact guide serves as an ideal on-the-job reference on topics such as pump facts, bearing information, motor facts, wood and carpentry, pipefitting, welding, blacksmithing, and much more. New Audel book from bestselling author Tom Davis Topics searchable by machine, device, or material Heavily illustrated and designed with lay-flat binding for ease of use on the job Includes worked-out examples when math is presented to accelerate learning Building Table of ContentsPreface v Chapter 1 Machining 01 Drilling 01 Drill Press Troubleshooting 02 Drill Sharpening 03 Drill Sizes and Decimal Equivalents 06 Screw Threads 09 Drilling and Tapping a Hole 12 Calculating a Tap Drill Size without a Table 15 Screw Thread—Drill and Tap Chart (UNC and UNF) 16 Taper Pipe—Drill and Tap Chart (NPT) 17 Screw Thread—Drill and Tap Chart (UNEF) 17 Metalworking Lubricants 18 Chapter 2 Metals 19 Thermal Expansion of Metals 19 Linear Expansion for Various Materials 21 Chapter 3 Repairs and Rebuilding 24 Stub Shaft Repair 24 Freeing Frozen Bolts 28 Removing Broken Bolts 30 Chapter 4 Machinery Inspection and Measurement 32 Reading a Micrometer 32 Using a Strobe Light 39 Vibration Measurement 44 Simple Vibration Severity Test 56 Vibration Calibration 57 Detecting a Bad Bearing 58 Chapter 5 Lubrication 59 Prepacking a Bearing with Grease 59 Calibration of a Grease Gun 60 How Much Grease to Add to a Bearing 62 Grease Relubrication Interval 64 Chapter 6 Bearings 69 Bearing Identification Numbers 69 Bearing Dimension Tables 74 Bearing Installation 78 Fitting of Antifriction Bearings 81 Bearing Bore and Shaft Seat Dimensions 83 Bearing OD and Housing Dimensions—100 Series 84 Bearing OD and Housing Dimensions—200 Series 85 Bearing OD and Housing Dimensions—300 Series 86 Bearing OD and Housing Dimensions—400 Series 87 Chapter 7 Shaft Alignment 88 Rough Shaft Alignment 88 Correcting Soft Foot 90 Shim Chart 93 Straightedge and Feeler Gage Alignment 94 Chapter 8 V-Belt Drives 95 V-Belt Drives 95 V-Belt Sheave Inspection 97 Sheave Speed Ratio Calculation 98 V-Belt Tensioning—Force Deflection Method 101 V-Belt Tensioning—Percent Elongation Method 105 Belt Length Calculation 108 Standard V-Belt Lengths 110 Chapter 9 Mechanical Bushings 113 Mechanical Bushings 113 Mechanical Bushings—QD Installation 114 Mechanical Bushings—Taper Lock Installation 117 Chapter 10 Electricity 118 The Laws of Electricity 118 Chapter 11 Electric Motors 122 Understanding and Troubleshooting Industrial Induction Motors 122 Improving Motor Bearing Life 125 Electric Motor Insulation Values 128 Industrial Motor Dimension Charts 129 Electric Motor Sleeve Bearing Wear 134 Industrial Motor Keyseat Dimensions and Horsepower Ratings 135 Adding a Wire to a Conduit 136 Chapter 12 Centrifugal Pumps 138 Understanding and Troubleshooting Centrifugal Pumps 138 Packing a Pump 144 Centrifugal Pump Affinity Laws Explanation 146 Chapter 13 Industrial Fans 155 Understanding and Troubleshooting Industrial Fans 155 Balancing a Fan 164 Chapter 14 Welding 174 Oxyacetylene Gas Welding 174 Chapter 15 Miscellaneous Information 178

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Book SynopsisFocusing on the conversion of biomass into gas or liquid fuels the book covers physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion technologies Details the latest biomass characterization techniques Explains the biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes Discusses the development of integrated biorefineries, which are similar to petroleum refineries in concept, covering such topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing Describes how to mitigate the environmental risks when using biomass as fuel Includes many problems, small projects, sample calculations and industrial application examplesTable of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii PART I SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1 1 Introduction: Socioeconomic Aspects of Biomass Conversion 3 Wiebren de Jong and J. Ruud van Ommen 1.1 Energy Supply: Economic and Environmental Considerations 4 1.2 Ways to Mitigate Threats to a Sustainable Energy Supply 16 1.3 What is Sustainable Supply of Biomass? 20 1.4 Resources and Sustainable Potential of Biomass 25 1.5 A Brief Introduction to Multiproduct Biomass Conversion Techniques 29 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 30 Key Concepts 30 Short-Answer Questions 30 Problems 32 Projects 32 Internet References 33 References 33 2 Biomass Composition, Properties, and Characterization 36 Wiebren de Jong 2.1 Physicochemical Properties 37 2.2 Main Structural Organic Constituents 42 2.3 Minor Organic Constituents 45 2.4 Inorganic Compounds 49 2.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 52 2.6 Heating Values 57 2.7 Ash Characterization Techniques 59 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 61 Key Concepts 62 Short-Answer Questions 62 Problems 63 Projects 65 Internet References 65 References 65 PART II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PROCESSING 69 3 Conservation: Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balances 71 Wiebren de Jong 3.1 General Conservation Equation 73 3.2 Conservation of Mass 74 3.3 Conservation of Energy 80 3.4 Conservation of Momentum 90 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 92 Key Concepts 92 Short-Answer Questions 93 Problems 93 Projects 95 Internet Reference 96 References 96 4 Transfer: Basics of Mass and Heat Transfer 97 Dirk J.E.M. Roekaerts 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Transport Terms in the Governing Equations 100 4.3 Radiative Heat Transfer 103 4.4 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer 108 4.5 Transfer of Heat and Mass with Phase Change 110 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 124 Key Concepts 124 Short-Answer Questions 125 Problems 125 Projects 127 References 128 5 Reactions: Thermodynamic Aspects, Kinetics, and Catalysis 129 Martina Fantini, Wiebren de Jong, and J. Ruud van Ommen 5.1 Reaction Kinetics 130 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium 138 5.3 Catalysis 148 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 154 Key Concepts 155 Short-Answer Questions 155 Problems 155 Projects 156 References 158 6 Reactors: Idealized Chemical Reactors 159 Lilian de Martín and J. Ruud van Ommen 6.1 Preliminary Concepts 160 6.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 163 6.3 Steady-State Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 167 6.4 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs) 168 6.5 Residence Time and Space Time for Flow Reactors 173 6.6 Deviations from Plug Flow and Perfect Mixing 176 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 180 Key Concepts 181 Short-Answer Questions 181 Problems 181 Project 182 References 183 7 Processes: Basics of Process Design 184 Johan Grievink, Pieter L.J. Swinkels, and J. Ruud van Ommen 7.1 Scope 186 7.2 Characterization of Biomass Processing 187 7.3 Analyzing the Outside of a Process 189 7.4 Analyzing the Inside of a Process 192 7.5 A Design Procedure for Biomass Conversion Processes 195 7.6 Interface with Supply Chain: Input–Output Diagram 201 7.7 Division in Subprocesses 206 7.8 Process Design: Functional Block Diagram 207 7.9 Example of Analysis and Evaluation in Process Design 212 7.10 Integrating Process Units into the Functional Network 222 7.11 Application Potential 224 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 224 Key Concepts 225 Short-Answer Questions 225 Problems 226 Projects 229 Internet References 229 References 229 PART III BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 231 8 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass 233 Wiebren de Jong 8.1 Introduction 235 8.2 Harvesting and Transport 236 8.3 Storage 241 8.4 Washing 242 8.5 Size Reduction 243 8.6 Particle Size Characterization 247 8.7 Screening and Classification 249 8.8 Methods of Moisture Reduction 249 8.9 Compaction Technologies 257 8.10 Sequencing the Pretreatment Steps 261 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 261 Key Concepts 261 Short-Answer Questions 262 Problems 263 Projects 264 Internet References 265 References 265 9 Thermochemical Conversion: Direct Combustion 268 Rob J.M. Bastiaans and Jeroen A. van Oijen 9.1 Introduction 270 9.2 Fundamental Conversion Processes 271 9.3 Particle Conversion Modes 273 9.4 Combustion Systems 283 9.5 Emissions 288 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 294 Key Concepts 295 Short-Answer Questions 295 Problems 295 Projects 296 Internet References 296 References 297 10 Thermochemical Conversion: (Co)gasification and Hydrothermal Gasification 298 Sascha R.A. Kersten and Wiebren de Jong 10.1 What is Gasification? A Chemical and Engineering Background 300 10.2 A Short History of Gasification 317 10.3 (Co)gasification Technologies for Dry Biomass 318 10.4 Gasification in an Aqueous Environment: Hydrothermal Biomass Conversion 329 10.5 Gas Cleaning for Biomass Gasification Processes 337 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 348 Key Concepts 348 Short-Answer Questions 349 Problems 350 Projects 353 Internet References 353 References 353 11 Thermochemical Conversion: An Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis 359 Stijn R.G. Oudenhoven and Sascha R.A. Kersten 11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 A First Look at a Liquefaction Process 362 11.3 A First Look at Fast Pyrolysis Oil 363 11.4 Chemistry and Kinetics of Pyrolysis 364 11.5 Processes at the Particle Level 368 11.6 A Closer Look at Pyrolysis Oil 371 11.7 Fast Pyrolysis Processes 374 11.8 Catalytic Pyrolysis 377 11.9 Oil Applications 378 11.10 Outlook 380 Appendix 11.1 Single-Particle Model (Based on the Model by Di Blasi, 1997) 380 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 383 Key Concepts 383 Short-Answer Questions 383 Problems 384 Projects 384 Internet References 385 References 385 12 Thermochemical Conversion: Torrefaction 388 Jaap H.A. Kiel, Arno H.H. Janssen, and Yash Joshi 12.1 Introduction 388 12.2 Fundamentals of Torrefaction 389 12.3 Advantages of Torrefaction 392 12.4 Torrefaction Technology 392 12.5 Torrefaction: An Enabling Technology 397 12.6 The Future of Torrefaction 398 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 399 Key Concepts 399 Short-Answer Questions 399 Problems 400 Projects 401 References 401 13 Biochemical Conversion: Biofuels by Industrial Fermentation 403 Maria C. Cuellar and Adrie J.J. Straathof 13.1 Introduction 404 13.2 First-Generation Bioethanol Processes 406 13.3 Second-Generation Bioethanol Processes 417 13.4 Butanol 428 13.5 Diesel-like Products 429 13.6 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Comparison of Fermentative Biofuels 432 13.7 Outlook 436 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 437 Key Concepts 438 Short-Answer Questions 438 Problems 438 Projects 439 References 439 14 Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic Digestion 441 Robbert Kleerebezem 14.1 Introduction 442 14.2 Biochemical Fundamentals 443 14.3 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 453 14.4 Process Engineering 454 14.5 Outlook and Discussion 463 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 466 Key Concepts 466 Short-Answer Questions 466 Problems 467 Project 467 References 468 15 Biorefineries: Integration of Different Technologies 469 Wiebren de Jong 15.1 What is a Biorefinery and What is the Difference with an Oil Refinery? 470 15.2 Types of Biorefineries 474 15.3 Economic Considerations Evaluating Biorefinery Concepts: Basic Methods for Assessing Investments and Cost Prices 481 15.4 Outlook to the Future of Biorefineries 492 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 493 Key Concepts 493 Short-Answer Questions 493 Problems 494 Projects 497 Internet References 500 References 500 PART IV END USES 503 16 High-Efficiency Energy Systems with Biomass Gasifiers and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 505 P.V. Aravind and Ming Liu 16.1 Introduction 506 16.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 507 16.3 Biomass Gasifier–SOFC Combination 512 16.4 Concluding Remarks 520 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 520 Key Concepts 521 Short-Answer Questions 521 Problems 521 Projects 522 Internet References 522 References 523 17 Synthesis Gas Utilization for Transportation Fuel Production 525 J. Ruud van Ommen and Johan Grievink 17.1 Introduction 526 17.2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 527 17.3 Synthetic Natural Gas Synthesis 535 17.4 Methanol Synthesis 537 17.5 Comparison of the Different Options 538 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 540 Key Concepts 540 Short-Answer Questions 541 Problems 541 Projects 544 Internet References 545 References 545 18 Chemistry of Biofuels and Biofuel Additives from Biomass 547 Isabel W.C.E. Arends 18.1 Introduction 548 18.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel 548 18.3 Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbon Fuels 553 18.4 Greenness of the Conversion of Platform Molecules into Biobased Fuel Additives 557 18.5 Direct Aqueous Reforming of Sugars Leading to a Range of Alkanes 564 18.6 Future Generations of Biofuel 566 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 566 Key Concepts 567 Short-Answer Questions 567 Problems 568 Projects 568 Internet References 568 References 569 INDEX 571

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Book SynopsisRSMeans Cost Data RSMeans Cost Data for Students RSMeans Cost Data, Student Edition provides a thorough introduction to cost estimating in a self-contained print and online package. With clear explanations and a hands-on, example-driven approach, it is the ideal reference for students and new professionals who need to learn how to perform cost estimating for building construction. Features include: Commercial and residential construction cost data in print and online formats Complete how-to guidance on the essentials of cost estimating A supplemental website with plans, specifications, problem sets, and a full sample estimate With more than 930 Location Factors in the United States and Canada, the data includes up-to-date system prices for more than 100 standard assemblies and in-place costs for thousands of alternatesmaking it easy to customize budget estimates and compare system costs. UNIT PRICES (organized in Master

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Book SynopsisThe definitive guide to the critical issue of slope stability and safety Soil Strength and Slope Stability, Second Edition presents the latest thinking and techniques in the assessment of natural and man-made slopes, and the factors that cause them to survive or crumble. Using clear, concise language and practical examples, the book explains the practical aspects of geotechnical engineering as applied to slopes and embankments. The new second edition includes a thorough discussion on the use of analysis software, providing the background to understand what the software is doing, along with several methods of manual analysis that allow readers to verify software results. The book also includes a new case study about Hurricane Katrina failures at 17th Street and London Avenue Canal, plus additional case studies that frame the principles and techniques described. Slope stability is a critical element of geotechnical engineering, involved in virtually evTable of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Summary 3 Chapter 2 Examples and Causes Of Slope Failures 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Examples of Slope Failure 5 2.3 The Olmsted Landslide 11 2.4 Panama Canal Landslides 12 2.5 The Rio Mantaro Landslide 12 2.6 Kettleman Hills Landfill Failure 13 2.7 Causes of Slope Failure 13 2.8 Summary 17 Chapter 3 Soil Mechanics Principles 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Total and Effective Stresses 20 3.3 Drained and Undrained Shear Strengths 21 3.4 Basic Requirements for Slope Stability Analyses 26 Chapter 4 Stability Conditions for Analysis 31 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 End-of-Construction Stability 31 4.3 Long-Term Stability 32 4.4 Rapid (Sudden) Drawdown 32 4.5 Earthquake 33 4.6 Partial Consolidation and Staged Construction 33 4.7 Other Loading Conditions 34 4.8 Analysis Cases for Earth and Rockfill Dams 34 Chapter 5 Shear Strength 37 5.1 Introduction 37 5.2 Behavior of Granular Materials—Sand, Gravel, and Rockfill 37 5.3 Silts 52 5.4 Clays 57 5.5 Municipal Solid Waste 78 Chapter 6 Mechanics of Limit Equilibrium Procedures 81 6.1 Definition of the Factor of Safety 81 6.2 Equilibrium Conditions 82 6.3 Single Free-Body Procedures 82 6.4 Procedures of Slices: General 87 6.5 Procedures of Slices: Circular Slip Surfaces 87 6.6 Procedures of Slices: Noncircular Slip Surfaces 94 6.7 Procedures of Slices: Assumptions, Equilibrium Equations, and Unknowns 105 6.8 Procedures of Slices: Representation of Interslice Forces (Side Forces) 105 6.9 Computations with Anisotropic Shear Strengths 112 6.10 Computations with Curved Strength Envelopes 112 6.11 Finite Element Analysis of Slopes 112 6.12 Alternative Definitions of the Factor of Safety 113 6.13 Pore Water Pressure Representation 116 Chapter 7 Methods of Analyzing Slope Stability 125 7.1 Simple Methods of Analysis 125 7.2 Slope Stability Charts 126 7.3 Spreadsheet Software 128 7.4 Finite Element Analyses of Slope Stability 129 7.5 Computer Programs for Limit Equilibrium Analyses 130 7.6 Verification of Results of Analyses 132 7.7 Examples for Verification of Stability Computations 134 Chapter 8 Reinforced Slopes and Embankments 159 8.1 Limit Equilibrium Analyses with Reinforcing Forces 159 8.2 Factors of Safety for Reinforcing Forces and Soil Strengths 159 8.3 Types of Reinforcement 160 8.4 Reinforcement Forces 161 8.5 Allowable Reinforcement Forces and Factors of Safety 162 8.6 Orientation of Reinforcement Forces 163 8.7 Reinforced Slopes on Firm Foundations 164 8.8 Embankments on Weak Foundations 164 Chapter 9 Analyses for Rapid Drawdown 169 9.1 Drawdown during and at the End of Construction 169 9.2 Drawdown for Long-Term Conditions 169 9.3 Partial Drainage 177 9.4 Shear-Induced Pore Pressure Changes 177 Chapter 10 Seismic Slope Stability 179 10.1 Analysis Procedures 179 10.2 Pseudostatic Screening Analyses 182 10.3 Determining Peak Accelerations 184 10.4 Shear Strength for Pseudostatic Analyses 184 10.5 Postearthquake Stability Analyses 188 Chapter 11 Analyses of Embankments with Partial Consolidation of Weak Foundations 193 11.1 Consolidation During Construction 193 11.2 Analyses of Stability with Partial Consolidation 194 11.3 Observed Behavior of an Embankment Constructed in Stages 195 11.4 Discussion 197 Chapter 12 Analyses to Back-Calculate Strengths 201 12.1 Back-Calculating Average Shear Strength 201 12.2 Back-Calculating Shear Strength Parameters Based on Slip Surface Geometry 203 12.3 Examples of Back-Analyses of Failed Slopes 205 12.4 Practical Problems and Limitation of Back-Analyses 213 12.5 Other Uncertainties 214 Chapter 13 Factors of Safety and Reliability 215 13.1 Definitions of Factor of Safety 215 13.2 Factor of Safety Criteria 216 13.3 Reliability and Probability of Failure 217 13.4 Standard Deviations and Coefficients of Variation 217 13.5 Estimating Reliability and Probability of Failure 220 Chapter 14 Important Details of Stability Analyses 227 14.1 Location of Critical Slip Surfaces 227 14.2 Examination of Noncritical Slip Surfaces 233 14.3 Tension in the Active Zone 234 14.4 Inappropriate Forces in the Passive Zone 238 14.5 Other Details 241 14.6 Verification of Calculations 245 14.7 Three-Dimensional Effects 246 Chapter 15 Presenting Results of Stability Evaluations 249 15.1 Site Characterization and Representation 249 15.2 Soil Property Evaluation 249 15.3 Pore Water Pressures 250 15.4 Special Features 250 15.5 Calculation Procedure 250 15.6 Analysis Summary Figure 250 15.7 Parametric Studies 254 15.8 Detailed Input Data 257 15.9 Table of Contents 257 Chapter 16 Slope Stabilization and Repair 259 16.1 Use of Back-Analysis 259 16.2 Factors Governing Selection of Method of Stabilization 259 16.3 Drainage 260 16.4 Excavations and Buttress Fills 263 16.5 Retaining Structures 264 16.6 Reinforcing Piles and Drilled Shafts 267 16.7 Injection Methods 269 16.8 Vegetation 269 16.9 Thermal Treatment 270 16.10 Bridging 270 16.11 Removal and Replacement of the Sliding Mass 271 Appendix A Slope Stability Charts 273 Appendix B Curved Shear Strength Envelopes Forfully Softened Shear Strengths and Their Impact on Slope Stability Analyses 289 References 295 Index 309

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Book SynopsisMethods of Measuring Environmental Parameters provides a systematic review of modern methods and instruments for measuring environmental parameters used in determining the state and quality of the atmosphere, indoor air, soil, and water.Table of ContentsPREFACE xxv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxix ABOUT THE BOOK xxxi ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxxiii INTRODUCTION 1 Some Principal Definitions, 1 PART I CLIMATIC FACTORS 1 Pressure 5 1.1 Definition of Pressure, 5 1.2 Atmospheric Pressure, 6 1.3 Physiological Effects of Decreased Air Pressure on Human Organism, 9 1.4 Physiological Effects of Altitude on Animals, 9 1.5 Effects of Altitude on Plants, 9 1.6 Variation of Pressure with Depth, 10 1.7 Physiological Effects of Increased Pressure on Human Organism, 11 1.8 Physiological Effects of Pressure on Diving Animals, 12 References, 13 2 Measurement of Pressure 14 2.1 Manometers, 14 2.2 Barometers, 17 2.3 Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor, 19 2.4 Vibrating Wire Sensor, 20 2.5 Capacitive Pressure Sensor, 20 2.6 Measurement of Pressure at Depth, 22 Questions and Problems, 23 Further Reading, 23 Electronic References, 23 Practical Exercise 1. Analysis of Observed Data: Theory of Errors 25 1 Approximation of Data, 25 1.1 Rules for Dealing with Significant Numbers, 25 1.2 The Precision of the Measurement During Multiplication or Division, 26 1.3 The Precision of the Measurement During Addition or Subtraction, 26 1.4 The Precision of the Measurement During Raising to a Power or Extracting a Root, 26 2 Theory of Errors, 26 2.1 Types of Errors, 26 2.2 Errors in Direct Measurements, 27 2.3 Errors in Indirect Measurements, 29 References, 33 Electronic Reference, 33 3 Wind 34 3.1 Definition of Wind, 34 3.2 Forces That Create Wind, 34 3.3 Parameters of Wind, 35 3.4 Effect of Wind on Living Organisms, 37 Reference, 37 4 Measurement of Wind Parameters 38 4.1 Cup Anemometer, 38 4.2 Windmill Anemometer, 40 4.3 Hot-Wire Anemometer, 41 4.4 Sonic Anemometer, 42 4.5 Remote Wind Sensing, 43 4.6 Measurement of Wind Direction, 47 4.7 Cyclone Assessment, 49 Reference, 49 Practical Exercise 2. Modeling the Variation inWind Speed 50 1 Modeling Variation in Wind Speed Near the Ground, 50 2 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed Above a Plant Canopy, 52 Questions and Problems, 55 Reference, 56 Further Reading, 56 Electronic References, 56 5 Temperature 57 5.1 Definition of Temperature, 57 5.2 Temperature Scales, 57 5.3 Atmospheric Temperature, 59 5.4 Soil Temperature, 59 5.5 Temperature of Water Reservoirs, 60 5.6 Heat Flux, 60 5.7 Effect of Temperature on Living Organisms, 61 6 Measurement of Temperature 67 6.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers, 67 6.2 Bimetallic Thermometer, 69 6.3 Resistance Thermometer, 70 6.4 Thermocouples, 71 6.5 Optical Pyrometry, 72 6.6 Infrared Thermometers, 73 6.7 Heat Flux Measurement, 74 6.8 Method of Scintillometry, 76 References, 77 Practical Exercise 3. Modeling Vertical Changes in Air Temperature 78 1 Measurement of Temperature Above Uniform Surface, 78 2 Measurement of Sensible Heat Flux, 82 Questions and Problems, 83 Reference, 83 Further Reading, 83 Electronic References, 84 7 Humidity 85 7.1 Definition of Humidity, 85 7.2 Parameters of Humidity, 85 7.3 Effect of Humidity on Living Organisms, 86 8 Measurement of Air Humidity 88 8.1 Hygrometers, 88 8.2 Assmann Psychrometer, 88 8.3 Hair Hygrometer, 91 8.4 Capacitive Hygrometer, 92 8.5 Condensation Hygrometer, 93 8.6 Electrolytic Hygrometer, 95 8.7 Radiation Absorption Hygrometer (Gas Analyzer), 95 8.8 An Open-Path System for Measuring Humidity, 96 8.9 Remote Sensing Humidity, 97 Practical Exercise 4. Measuring Parameters of Humidity 99 1 Objectives, 99 2 Materials Supplied, 99 3 Principle of Operation, 99 4 Experimental Procedure, 100 Questions and Problems, 101 Reference, 101 Further Reading, 101 Electronic Reference, 102 9 Precipitation 103 9.1 Definitions, 103 9.2 Mechanisms of Precipitation, 103 9.3 Parameters of Precipitation, 104 9.4 Acid Rain, 104 9.5 Interception, 105 9.6 General Characteristics of Isotopes, 105 9.7 Stable Isotopes of Water, 105 9.8 Isotopic Fractionation, 106 9.9 Stable Isotopes in Precipitation Processes, 106 9.10 Application of Stable Isotopes, 107 9.11 Effect of Precipitation on Living Organisms, 107 9.12 Snow, 108 9.13 Fog, 109 References, 111 10 Measurement of Precipitation 112 10.1 Measurement of Precipitation Parameters, 112 10.2 Measurement of Acid Rain Pollution, 119 10.3 Isotopes in Precipitation, 121 10.4 Remote Sensing of Precipitation, 126 10.5 Snow Measurement, 129 10.6 Fog-Water Measurement, 132 References, 132 Practical Exercise 5. Velocity of a Falling Raindrop 134 1 Balance of Forces, 134 2 The Size and Shape of Raindrops, 135 3 The Drag Coefficient, 135 4 The Reynolds Number, 135 Questions and Problems, 138 References, 138 Further Reading, 138 Electronic References, 139 11 Solar Radiation 141 11.1 SI Radiometry and Photometry Units, 141 11.2 The Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, 142 11.3 Parameters of Sun, 142 11.4 Intensity of the Sun, 142 11.5 Periodicity of Solar Activity, 144 11.6 Spectral Composition of Solar Radiation, 144 11.7 Atmospheric Radiation, 144 11.8 Terrestrial Radiation, 145 11.9 Effect of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Living Organisms, 145 11.10 Effect of Solar Visible Radiation on Living Organisms, 146 References, 147 12 Measurement of Solar Radiation 148 12.1 Classification of Radiometers, 148 12.2 Measurement of Direct Solar Radiation—Pyrheliometer, 149 12.3 Measurement of Global Radiation—Pyranometer, 149 12.4 Measurement of Diffuse Radiation—Pyranometer with a Sun-Shading Ring, 150 12.5 Measurement of Long-Wave Radiation—Pyrgeometer, 150 12.6 Measurement of Albedo—Albedometer, 151 12.7 Measurement of Total Radiation—a 4-Component Net Radiometer, 152 12.8 Photometer, 153 12.9 Photon Meter, 154 12.10 Conversion of Light Environment Units, 155 Practical Exercise 6. Parameters of Optical Radiation 156 1 Parameters of Electromagnetic Radiation, 156 2 The Inverse-Square Law, 157 3 The Cosine Law, 158 4 The Wien’s Displacement Law, 159 5 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law, 160 6 The Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, 160 7 The Laboratory Exercise “The Inverse-Square Law”, 160 Questions and Problems, 162 Further Reading, 162 Electronic Reference, 163 13 Eddy Covariance 164 13.1 Turbulence, 164 13.2 Boundary Layer, 164 13.3 Eddy Covariance, 165 13.4 Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations, 166 13.5 Vertical Momentum Flux, 167 13.6 Sensible Heat Flux, 167 13.7 Latent Heat Flux, 167 13.8 Carbon Dioxide Flux, 168 References, 168 14 Measurement of Eddy Covariance 169 14.1 Meteorological Towers, 169 14.2 Gas Analyzers, 170 14.3 Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy for Atmospheric Gases: Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements, 171 14.4 Stable Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide, 172 14.5 Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometry, 173 14.6 Eddy Covariance Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Isotopologues, 173 14.7 Measurement of Eddy Accumulation, 174 14.8 Interaction of Climatic Factors, 174 14.9 Automatic Weather Stations, 175 Reference, 176 Practical Exercise 7. Eddy Covariance Measurement 177 Questions and Problems, 178 Further Reading, 179 Electronic Reference, 180 PART II ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS 15 Atmosphere 183 15.1 Composition of the Atmosphere, 183 15.2 Air Pollution, 183 15.3 Air Quality, 184 Reference, 184 16 Measurement of Ambient Air Quality 185 16.1 Measurement of NO2, 185 16.2 Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide on Human Health, 195 16.3 Measurement of SO2, 195 16.4 Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Human Health, 198 16.5 Measurement of CO, 198 16.6 Particulate Matter Sampling, 202 16.7 Gravimetric Methods, 203 16.8 Continuous Methods, 206 16.9 Effect of Particulate Matter on Human Health, 208 16.10 Nanoparticles, 209 16.11 Effect of Nanoparticles on Human Health, 209 16.12 Bioaerosols, 209 16.13 Bioaerosol Sampling and Identification, 210 16.14 Measurement of Atmospheric Ozone, 212 16.15 Measurement of Ground-Level Ozone, 214 16.16 Effect of Ozone on Human Health, 214 16.17 Measurement of Lead, 214 16.18 Effect of Lead on Human Health, 216 References, 216 Practical Exercise 8. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 218 1 Beer–Lambert–Bouger Law, 218 2 Photometry of Ozone in Gas Phase, 219 3 Fourier Transform Spectrometry, 220 Questions and Problems, 221 Further Reading, 221 Electronic References, 221 17 Indoor Air Quality 223 17.1 Indoor Air, 223 17.2 Volatile Organic Compounds, 224 17.3 Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds, 224 17.4 Effect of External Factors on VOCs Emission in Indoor Air, 225 17.5 Health Effects and Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds, 226 References, 227 18 Methods of Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds 229 18.1 Principal Stages of Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis, 229 18.2 Gas Chromatography, 230 18.3 Detection Systems, 231 18.4 Mass Spectrometry, 233 18.5 Combination of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, 235 18.6 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, 236 18.7 Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry, 238 18.8 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Volatile Organic Compounds, 239 Questions and Problems, 240 References, 240 Further Reading, 242 Electronic References, 242 PART III HYDROGRAPHIC FACTORS 19 Water Quality 247 19.1 Water Resources, 247 19.2 Properties of Water, 247 19.3 Classification of Water, 249 19.4 Quality of Water, 249 19.5 Water Quality Parameters, 249 19.6 Effect of Water Quality on Human Health, 251 References, 252 20 Measurement of Water Quality Parameters 253 20.1 In Situ Measurement of Water Quality Parameters, 253 20.2 Laboratory Measurement of Water Quality Parameters, 262 References, 266 Practical Exercise 9. Water Quality Parameters 267 1 pH-Value, 267 2 Oxidation–Reduction Potential. Nernst Equation, 267 3 Conductivity, 268 4 Water Quality Index, 269 Questions and Problems, 269 Further Reading, 270 Electronic References, 270 PART IV EDAPHIC FACTORS 21 Soil Quality 275 21.1 Soil as a Natural Body, 275 21.2 Soil Structure and Composition, 276 21.3 Soil Quality, 276 21.4 Soil Quality Indicators, 277 References, 277 22 Physical Indicators 278 22.1 Aggregate Stability, 278 22.2 Measurement of Aggregate Stability, 279 22.3 Available Water Capacity, 280 22.4 Measurement of Available Water Capacity, 280 22.5 Bulk Density, 282 22.6 Measurement of Bulk Density, 284 22.7 Infiltration, 285 22.8 Measurement of Infiltration, 286 References, 289 23 Chemical Indicators 291 23.1 pH of Soil, 291 23.2 Electrical Conductivity of Soil, 292 23.3 Optical Emission Spectroscopy with Inductively Coupled Plasma, 292 23.4 Mass Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma, 293 23.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, 294 References, 295 24 Biological Indicators 297 24.1 Earthworms as Soil Bioindicators, 297 24.2 Analysis of Earthworms, 298 24.3 A Biota-to-Soil Accumulation Factor, 299 24.4 Soil Respiration, 299 24.5 Measurement of Soil Respiration, 300 References, 303 Practical Exercise 10. Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity and the Density of Solid Particles 305 1 Derivation of the Sedimentation Equation, 305 2 Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity of Solid Particles, 306 3 Determination of the Density of Solid Particles, 307 Questions and Problems, 308 Further Reading, 308 Electronic References, 309 PART V VEGETATION FACTORS 25 Spectroscopic Analysis of Plants and Vegetation 315 25.1 Spectroscopic Approach, 315 25.2 Reflectance Spectroscopy, 317 25.3 Methods of Reflectance Spectroscopy, 317 25.4 Effect of External Factors on Single Leaf and Canopy Reflectance, 324 25.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 325 25.6 Laboratory Methods of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 327 25.7 Remote Sensing of Vegetation Fluorescence, 333 25.8 The Effect of Various Factors on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence, 335 References, 335 Practical Exercise 11. Determination of Perpendicular Vegetation Index 338 Questions and Problems, 340 Further Reading, 341 Electronic References, 341 PART VI PHYSICAL TYPES OF POLLUTION 26 Mechanical Vibration 345 26.1 Parameters of Vibration, 345 26.2 Vibration Level, 346 26.3 Sources of Vibration, 346 26.4 Effect of Vibration on Human Health, 346 27 Measurement of Vibration 348 27.1 Resistive Transducers, 348 27.2 Electromagnetic Transducers, 349 27.3 Capacitive Transducers, 349 27.4 Piezoelectric Transducers, 349 27.5 Laser Doppler Vibrometer, 350 28 Noise 351 28.1 Main Defintions of Noise, 351 28.2 Sources of Noise, 351 28.3 Parameters of Noise, 352 28.4 Equivalent Sound Level, 352 28.5 Integrating Sound Level, 353 28.6 Spectral Density of Noise, 353 28.7 Effect of Noise on Human Health, 354 28.8 Mechanisms of Noise Action, 354 28.9 How to Protect Yourself from Noise, 355 28.10 Effect of Noise Pollution on Ecosystem, 355 29 Measurement of Noise 356 29.1 Sound Level Meters, 356 29.2 Types of Microphones, 357 29.3 Noise Frequency Analyzers, 357 29.4 Sound Intensity Measurement, 357 Practical Exercise 12. Sound Insulation and Reverberation Time 358 1 Sound Insulation, 358 2 Reverberation Time, 359 30 Thermal Pollution 362 30.1 Sources of Thermal Pollution, 362 30.2 The Effect of Thermal Pollution on Living Organisms, 362 31 Measurement of Thermal Pollution 364 31.1 Thermal Discharge Index, 364 31.2 Indirect Measurement of Thermal Pollution, 364 32 Light Pollution 365 32.1 The Sources of Light Pollution, 365 32.2 Types of Light Pollution, 365 32.3 Effects of Light Pollution on Human Health, 366 32.4 Effects of Light Pollution on Wildlife, 367 References, 367 33 Measurement of Light Pollution 368 33.1 Digital Photography, 368 33.2 Portable Spectrophotometers, 369 33.3 Sky Quality Meter, 369 33.4 The Bortle Scale, 370 References, 370 34 Electromagnetic Pollution 371 34.1 Principal Terminology and Units, 371 34.2 Electromagnetic Pollution, 372 34.3 Effect of Elecromagnetic Pollution on Human Health, 373 References, 376 35 Measurement of Electromagnetic Pollution 377 35.1 EMF Meter, 377 35.2 Types of EMF Meters, 377 36 Radioactive Pollution 380 36.1 Principal Definitions, 380 36.2 Units of Radioactivity, 381 36.3 Nuclear Explosions and Testing of Nuclear Weapons, 381 36.4 Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants, 382 References, 384 37 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 385 37.1 Doses of Ionizing Radiation, 385 37.2 Gas-Filled Detectors, 386 37.3 Scintillation Counter, 390 37.4 Semiconductor Diode Detector, 390 37.5 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter, 391 Practical Exercise 13. Investigation of Radionuclide Activity and Determination of the Absorption Coefficient of Gamma Radiation 393 1 Objectives, 393 2 Theory, 393 3 Experiment, 394 Questions and Problems, 395 References, 396 Further Reading, 396 Electronic References, 397 PART VII BIOTIC FACTORS 38 Bioindication 401 38.1 Lichens as Bioindicators, 401 38.2 Algae as Bioindicators, 402 38.3 Classification of Water Reservoirs, 402 38.4 Water Quality Indices, 402 38.5 Invertebrates as Bioindicators, 404 References, 406 Electronic References, 406 39 Biomonitoring 407 39.1 Test-Organisms and Test-Functions, 407 39.2 Bacteria as Test-Objects, 408 39.3 Protozoa as Test-Objects, 408 39.4 Algae as Test-Objects, 408 39.5 Invertebrates as Test-Objects, 409 39.6 Fungi as Test-Objects, 410 39.7 Fish as Test-Objects, 410 39.8 Remote Water-Quality Monitoring, 411 References, 411 Practical Exercise 14. Photomovement Parameters as Test-Functions During Biomonitoring 412 1 Simultaneous Use of Several Test-Functions During Biomonitoring, 412 2 Vector Method of Biomonitoring, 413 Questions and Problems, 414 References, 415 Further Reading, 415 Electronic References, 415 APPENDIX 417 INDEX 421

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide for both fundamentals and real-world applications of environmental engineering Written by noted experts, Handbook of Environmental Engineering offers a comprehensive guide to environmental engineers who desire to contribute to mitigating problems, such as flooding, caused by extreme weather events, protecting populations in coastal areas threatened by rising sea levels, reducing illnesses caused by polluted air, soil, and water from improperly regulated industrial and transportation activities, promoting the safety of the food supply. Contributors not only cover such timely environmental topics related to soils, water, and air, minimizing pollution created by industrial plants and processes, and managing wastewater, hazardous, solid, and other industrial wastes, but also treat such vital topics as porous pavement design, aerosol measurements, noise pollution control, and industrial waste auditing. This important handbook: Enables environmental engineers to treat Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 Environmental Systems Analysis 1Adisa Azapagic 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Systems Analysis Methods 1 1.3 Summary 11 References 11 2 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 13Daniel A. Vallero Summary 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches 18 2.3 Laboratory Analysis 22 2.4 Sources of Uncertainty 25 2.5 Measurements and Models 27 2.6 Contaminants of Concern 27 2.7 Environmental Indicators 31 2.8 Emerging Trends in Measurement 33 2.9 Measurement Ethics 40 Note 41 References 41 3 Environmental Law for Engineers 45Jana B. Milford 3.1 Introduction and General Principles 45 3.2 Common Law 48 3.3 The National Environmental Policy Act 50 3.4 Clean Air Act 52 3.5 Clean Water Act 55 3.6 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 58 3.7 CERCLA 61 3.8 Enforcement and Liability 62 Notes 65 4 Climate Modeling 67Huei‐Ping Huang 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Historical Development 67 4.3 Numerical Architecture of the Dynamical Core 68 4.4 Physical and Subgrid‐Scale Parameterization 71 4.5 Coupling among the Major Components of the Climate System 73 4.6 The Practice of Climate Prediction and Projection 73 4.7 Statistical Model 77 4.8 Outlook 77 References 78 5 Climate Change Impact Analysis for the Environmental Engineer 83Panshu Zhao, John R. Giardino, and Kevin R. Gamache 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Earth System’s Critical Zone 84 5.3 Perception,Risk, and Hazard 87 5.4 Climatology Methods 94 5.5 Geomorphometry:The Best Approach for Impact Analysis 99 References 114 6 Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 119Mujde Erten‐Unal and Mason Andrews 6.1 Introduction: Sea Level Rise 119 6.2 Existing Structures and Adaptation Design to Sea Level Rise 120 6.3 Case Studies Reflecting Adaptation Design Solutions 124 Notes 135 References 135 7 Soil Physical Properties and Processes 137Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Emmanuel Arthur, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Basic Properties of Soils 137 7.3 Water Flow in Soils 158 7.4 Solute Transport 173 7.5 Soil Temperature, Thermal Properties, and Heat Flow 182 7.6 Summary 194 Acknowledgments 194 Abbreviations 194 Physical Constants and Variables 195 References 198 8 In Situ Soil and Sediment Remediation: Electrokinetic and Electrochemical Methods 209Sibel Pamukcu 8.1 Introduction and Background 209 8.2 Overview and Theory of Direct Electric Current in Soil and Sediment Remediation 211 8.3 Electrokinetically and Electrochemically Aided Soil and Sediment Remediation 222 8.4 Summary and Conclusions 239 References 240 9 Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Fluxes 249Morteza Sadeghi, Ebrahim Babaeian, Ardeshir M. Ebtehaj, Scott B. Jones, and Markus Tuller 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 RadiativeTransfer Theory 249 9.3 RS Technology 255 9.4 RS of Static Soil Properties 263 9.5 RS of State Variables 269 9.6 RS of Environmental Fluxes 282 9.7 Summary 287 Acknowledgments 288 Abbreviations 288 Physical Constants and Variables 289 References 290 10 Environmental Fluid Mechanics 303Nigel B. Kaye, Abdul A. Khan, and Firat Y. Testik 10.1 Open‐ Channel Flow 303 10.2 Surface Waves 308 10.3 Groundwater Flow 310 10.4 Advection and Diffusion 313 10.5 Turbulent Jets 318 10.6 Turbulent Buoyant Plumes 320 10.7 Gravity Currents 326 References 329 11 Water Quality 333Steven C. Chapra 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2 Historical Background 334 11.3 Overview of Modern Water Quality 336 11.4 Natural or “Conventional” Water Quality Problems 339 11.5 Toxic Substances 345 11.6 Emerging Water Pollutants 348 11.7 Back to the Future 348 Note 349 References 349 12 Wastewater Engineering 351Say Kee Ong 12.1 Introduction 351 12.2 Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment Requirements 351 12.3 Treatment Technologies 355 12.4 Summary 371 References 371 13 Wastewater Recycling 375Judith L. Sims and Kirsten M. Sims 13.1 Introduction 375 13.2 Uses of Reclaimed Wastewater 376 13.3 Reliability Requirements for Wastewater Reclamation and Recycling Systems 414 13.4 Planning and Funding for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 416 13.5 Legal and Regulatory Issues 416 13.6 Public Involvement and Participation 418 13.7 Additional Considerations for Wastewater Recycling and Reclamation: Integrated Resource Recovery 418 13.8 Additional Sources of Information 423 References 423 14 Design of Porous Pavements for Improved Water Quality and Reduced Runoff 425Will Martin, Milani Sumanasooriya, Nigel B. Kaye, and Brad Putman 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 Benefits 428 14.3 Hydraulic Characterization 430 14.4 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Behavior 435 14.5 Design, Construction, and Maintenance 442 References 448 15 Air Pollution Control Engineering 453Kumar Ganesan and Louis Theodore 15.1 Overview of Air Quality 453 15.2 Emissions of Particulates 453 15.3 Control of Particulates 459 15.4 Control of Gaseous Compounds 476 Acknowledgment 491 References 491 Further Reading 491 16 Atmospheric Aerosols and Their Measurement 493Christian M. Carrico 16.1 Overview of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere 493 16.2 History and Regulation 493 16.3 Particle Concentration Measurements 494 16.4 Measuring Particle Sizing Characteristics 497 16.5 Ambient Aerosol Particle Size Distribution Measurements 498 16.6 Aerosol Measurements: Sampling Concerns 501 16.7 Aerosol Formation and Aging Processes 501 16.8 Aerosol Optical Properties: Impacts on Visibility and Climate 502 16.9 Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties 505 16.10 Aerosol Chemical Composition 506 16.11 Aerosol Hygroscopicity 509 16.12 Aerosols,Meteorology, and Climate 511 16.13 Aerosol Emission Control Technology 513 16.14 Summary and Conclusion 515 References 515 17 Indoor Air Pollution 519Shelly L. Miller 17.1 Introduction 519 17.2 Completely Mixed Flow Reactor Model 522 17.3 Deposition Velocity 524 17.4 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 526 17.5 Filtration of Particles and Gases 528 17.6 Ventilation and Infiltration 532 17.7 Ventilation Measurements 536 17.8 Thermal Comfort and Psychrometrics 539 17.9 Energy Efficiency Retrofits 541 17.10 Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution 542 17.11 Radon Overview 546 17.12 Sources of Indoor Radon 548 17.13 Controlling Indoor Radon 550 17.14 Particles in Indoor Air 551 17.15 Bioaerosols 553 17.16 Volatile Organic Compounds 555 17.17 VOC Surface Interactions 556 17.18 Emissions Characterization 557 17.19 Odors 559 Acknowledgments 560 Note 560 References 560 18 Environmental Noise Pollution 565Sharad Gokhale 18.1 Introduction 565 18.2 Environmental Noise 565 18.3 Effects on Human Health and Environment 566 18.4 Sound Propagation in Environment 567 18.5 Characteristics of Sound 569 18.6 Relationship between Characteristics 570 18.7 Environmental Noise Levels 573 18.8 Measurement and Analysis of Ambient Noise 574 18.9 Environmental Noise Management 579 Note 580 References 581 19 Hazardous Waste Management 583Clayton J. Clark II and Stephanie Luster‐Teasley 19.1 Fundamentals 583 19.2 Legal Framework 585 19.3 Fate and Transport 591 19.4 Toxicology 593 19.5 Environmental Audits 594 19.6 General Overall Site Remediation Procedure 596 References 598 20 Waste Minimization and Reuse Technologies 599Bora Cetin and Lin Li 20.1 Introduction 599 20.2 Type of Recycled Waste Materials 599 20.3 Recycling Applications of Fly Ash and Recycled Concrete Aggregates 601 20.4 Benefit of Recycling Materials Usage 621 20.5 Conclusions 621 References 623 21 Solid Waste Separation and Processing: Principles and Equipment 627Georgios N. Anastassakis 21.1 Introduction 627 21.2 Size (or Volume) Reduction of Solid Waste 629 21.3 Size Separation 636 21.4 Manual‐/Sensor‐Based Sorting 638 21.5 Density (or Gravity) Separation 649 21.6 Magnetic/Electrostatic Separation 653 21.7 Ballistic Separation 660 21.8 Froth Flotation 661 21.9 Products Agglomeration (Cubing and Pelletizing) 661 21.10 Compaction (Baling) 663 21.11 Benefits and Prospects of Recycling 666 References 669 22 Waste Reduction in Metals Manufacturing 673Carl C. Nesbitt 22.1 Wastes at the Mine Sites 674 22.2 Chemical Metallurgy Wastes 678 22.3 Conclusions 686 Reference 686 Further Reading 687 23 Waste Reduction and Pollution Prevention for the Chemicals Industry: Methodologies, Economics,and Multiscale Modeling Approaches 689Cheng Seong Khor, Chandra Mouli R. Madhuranthakam, and Ali Elkamel 23.1 Introduction 689 23.2 Development of Pollution Prevention Programs 691 23.3 Economics of Pollution Prevention 698 23.4 Survey of Tools, Technologies, and Best Practices for Pollution Prevention 699 23.5 Concluding Remarks 707 References 707 24 Industrial Waste Auditing 709C. Visvanathan 24.1 Overview 709 24.2 Waste Minimization Programs 710 24.3 Waste Minimization Cycle 711 24.4 Waste Auditing 712 24.5 Phase I: Preparatory Works for Waste Audit 712 24.6 Phase II: Preassessment of Target Processes 717 24.7 Phase III: Assessment 719 24.8 Phase IV: Synthesis and Preliminary Analysis 722 24.9 Conclusion 724 Suggested Reading 729 Index 731

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Book SynopsisDesign of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition by Jack McCormac and Russell Brown, introduces the fundamentals of reinforced concrete design in a clear and comprehensive manner and grounded in the basic principles of mechanics of solids.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 1 1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material 1 1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material 2 1.4 Historical Background 3 1.5 Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel for Buildings and Bridges 5 1.6 Compatibility of Concrete and Steel 6 1.7 Design Codes 6 1.8 SI Units and Shaded Areas 7 1.9 Types of Portland Cement 7 1.10 Admixtures 9 1.11 Properties of Concrete 10 1.12 Aggregate 18 1.13 High–Strength Concretes 19 1.14 Fiber–Reinforced Concretes 20 1.15 Concrete Durability 21 1.16 Reinforcing Steel 22 1.17 Grades of Reinforcing Steel 24 1.18 SI Bar Sizes and Material Strengths 25 1.19 Corrosive Environments 26 1.20 Identifying Marks on Reinforcing Bars 26 1.21 Introduction to Loads 28 1.22 Dead Loads 28 1.23 Live Loads 29 1.24 Environmental Loads 30 1.25 Selection of Design Loads 32 1.26 Calculation Accuracy33 1.27 Impact of Computers on Reinforced Concrete Design 34 Problems 34 2 Flexural Analysis of Beams 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Cracking Moment 38 2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked 41 2.4 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments 48 2.5 SI Example 51 2.6 Computer Examples 52 Problems 54 3 Strength Analysis of Beams According to ACI Code 65 3.1 Design Methods 65 3.2 Advantages of Strength Design 66 3.3 Structural Safety 66 3.4 Derivation of Beam Expressions 67 3.5 Strains in Flexural Members, 70 3.6 Balanced Sections, Tension–Controlled Sections, and Compression–Controlled or Brittle Sections 71 3.7 Strength Reduction or φ Factors 71 3.8 Minimum Percentage of Steel 74 3.9 Balanced Steel Percentage 75 3.10 Example Problems 76 3.11 Computer Examples 79 Problems 80 4 Design of Rectangular Beams and One–Way Slabs 82 4.1 Load Factors 82 4.2 Design of Rectangular Beams 85 4.3 Beam Design Examples 89 4.4 Miscellaneous Beam Considerations 95 4.5 Determining Steel Area When Beam Dimensions Are Predetermined 96 4.6 Bundled Bars 98 4.7 One–Way Slabs 99 4.8 Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams 102 4.9 SI Example 103 4.10 Computer Example 105 Problems 106 5 Analysis and Design of T Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams 112 5.1 T Beams 112 5.2 Analysis of T Beams 114 5.3 Another Method for Analyzing T Beams 118 5.4 Design of T Beams 120 5.5 Design of T Beams for Negative Moments 125 5.6 L–Shaped Beams 127 5.7 Compression Steel 127 5.8 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 132 5.9 SI Examples 136 5.10 Computer Examples, 138 Problems 143 6 Serviceability 154 6.1 Introduction 154 6.2 Importance of Deflections 154 6.3 Control of Deflections 155 6.4 Calculation of Deflections 157 6.5 Effective Moments of Inertia 158 6.6 Long–Term Deflections 160 6.7 Simple–Beam Deflections 162 6.8 Continuous–Beam Deflections 164 6.9 Types of Cracks 170 6.10 Control of Flexural Cracks 171 6.11 ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks 175 6.12 Miscellaneous Cracks 176 6.13 SI Example 176 6.14 Computer Example 177 Problems 179 7 Bond, Development Lengths, and Splices 184 7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars 184 7.2 Bond Stresses 187 7.3 Development Lengths for Tension Reinforcing 189 7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars 197 7.5 Hooks 199 7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension 203 7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars 204 7.8 Critical Sections for Development Length 206 7.9 Effect of Combined Shear and Moment on Development Lengths 206 7.10 Effect of Shape of Moment Diagram on Development Lengths 207 7.11 Cutting Off or Bending Bars (Continued) 208 7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members 211 7.13 Tension Splices 213 7.14 Compression Splices 213 7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars 214 7.16 SI Example 215 7.17 Computer Example 216 Problems 217 8 Shear and Diagonal Tension 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams 223 8.3 Lightweight Concrete 224 8.4 Shear Strength of Concrete 225 8.5 Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Beams 226 8.6 Web Reinforcement 227 8.7 Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement 229 8.8 Design for Shear 231 8.9 ACI Code Requirements 232 8.10 Shear Design Example Problems 237 8.11 Economical Spacing of Stirrups 247 8.12 Shear Friction and Corbels 249 8.13 Shear Strength of Members Subjected to Axial Forces 251 8.14 Shear Design Provisions for Deep Beams 253 8.15 Introductory Comments on Torsion 254 8.16 SI Example 256 8.17 Computer Example 257 Problems 258 9 Introduction to Columns 263 9.1 General 263 9.2 Types of Columns 264 9.3 Axial Load Capacity of Columns 266 9.4 Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns 266 9.5 Code Requirements for Cast–in–Place Columns 269 9.6 Safety Provisions for Columns 271 9.7 Design Formulas 272 9.8 Comments on Economical Column Design 273 9.9 Design of Axially Loaded Columns 274 9.10 SI Example 277 9.11 Computer Example 278 Problems 279 10 Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending 281 10.1 Axial Load and Bending 281 10.2 The Plastic Centroid 282 10.3 Development of Interaction Diagrams 284 10.4 Use of Interaction Diagrams 290 10.5 Code Modifications of Column Interaction Diagrams 292 10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns Using Interaction Diagrams 294 10.7 Shear in Columns 301 10.8 Biaxial Bending 302 10.9 Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns 306 10.10 Continued Discussion of Capacity Reduction Factors, φ 309 10.11 Computer Example 311 Problems 312 11 Slender Columns 317 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 Nonsway and Sway Frames 317 11.3 Slenderness Effects 318 11.4 Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts 321 11.5 Determining k Factors with Equations 322 11.6 First–Order Analyses Using Special Member Properties 323 11.7 Slender Columns in Nonsway and Sway Frames 324 11.8 ACI Code Treatments of Slenderness Effects 328 11.9 Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames 328 11.10 Magnification of Column Moments in Sway Frames 333 11.11 Analysis of Sway Frames 336 11.12 Computer Examples 342 Problems 344 12 Footings 347 12.1 Introduction 347 12.2 Types of Footings 347 12.3 Actual Soil Pressures 350 12.4 Allowable Soil Pressures 351 12.5 Design of Wall Footings 352 12.6 Design of Square Isolated Footings 357 12.7 Footings Supporting Round or Regular Polygon–Shaped Columns 364 12.8 Load Transfer from Columns to Footings 364 12.9 Rectangular Isolated Footings 369 12.10 Combined Footings 372 12.11 Footing Design for Equal Settlements 378 12.12 Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments 380 12.13 Transfer of Horizontal Forces 382 12.14 Plain Concrete Footings 383 12.15 SI Example 386 12.16 Computer Examples 388 Problems 391 13 Retaining Walls 394 13.1 Introduction 394 13.2 Types of Retaining Walls 394 13.3 Drainage 397 13.4 Failures of Retaining Walls 398 13.5 Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls 399 13.6 Footing Soil Pressures 404 13.7 Design of Semigravity Retaining Walls 405 13.8 Effect of Surcharge 408 13.9 Estimating the Sizes of Cantilever Retaining Walls 409 13.10 Design Procedure for Cantilever Retaining Walls 413 13.11 Cracks and Wall Joints 424 Problems 426 14 Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures 431 14.1 Introduction 431 14.2 General Discussion of Analysis Methods 431 14.3 Qualitative Influence Lines 431 14.4 Limit Design 434 14.5 Limit Design under the ACI Code 442 14.6 Preliminary Design of Members 445 14.7 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Vertical Loads 445 14.8 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Lateral Loads 454 14.9 Computer Analysis of Building Frames 458 14.10 Lateral Bracing for Buildings 459 14.11 Development Length Requirements for Continuous Members 459 Problems 465 15 Torsion 470 15.1 Introduction 470 15.2 Torsional Reinforcing 471 15.3 Torsional Moments that Have to Be Considered in Design 474 15.4 Torsional Stresses 475 15.5 When Torsional Reinforcing Is Required by the ACI 476 15.6 Torsional Moment Strength 477 15.7 Design of Torsional Reinforcing 478 15.8 Additional ACI Requirements 479 15.9 Example Problems Using U.S. Customary Units 480 15.10 SI Equations and Example Problem 483 15.11 Computer Example 487 Problems 488 16 Two–Way Slabs, Direct Design Method 492 16.1 Introduction 492 16.2 Analysis of Two–Way Slabs 495 16.3 Design of Two–Way Slabs by the ACI Code 495 16.4 Column and Middle Strips 496 16.5 Shear Resistance of Slabs 497 16.6 Depth Limitations and Stiffness Requirements 500 16.7 Limitations of Direct Design Method 505 16.8 Distribution of Moments in Slabs 506 16.9 Design of an Interior Flat Plate 511 16.10 Placing of Live Loads 514 16.11 Analysis of Two–Way Slabs with Beams 517 16.12 Transfer of Moments and Shears between Slabs and Columns 522 16.13 Openings in Slab Systems 528 16.14 Computer Example 528 Problems 530 17 Two–Way Slabs, Equivalent Frame Method 532 17.1 Moment Distribution for Nonprismatic Members 532 17.2 Introduction to the Equivalent Frame Method 533 17.3 Properties of Slab Beams 535 17.4 Properties of Columns 538 17.5 Example Problem 540 17.6 Computer Analysis 544 17.7 Computer Example 545 Problems 546 18 Walls 547 18.1 Introduction 547 18.2 Non–Load–Bearing Walls 547 18.3 Load–Bearing Concrete Walls—Empirical Design Method 549 18.4 Load–Bearing Concrete Walls—Rational Design 552 18.5 Shear Walls 554 18.6 ACI Provisions for Shear Walls 558 18.7 Economy in Wall Construction 563 18.8 Computer Example 564 Problems 565 19 Prestressed Concrete 567 19.1 Introduction 567 19.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete 569 19.3 Pretensioning and Posttensioning 569 19.4 Materials Used for Prestressed Concrete 570 19.5 Stress Calculations 572 19.6 Shapes of Prestressed Sections 576 19.7 Prestress Losses 579 19.8 Ultimate Strength of Prestressed Sections 582 19.9 Deflections 586 19.10 Shear in Prestressed Sections 590 19.11 Design of Shear Reinforcement 591 19.12 Additional Topics 595 19.13 Computer Example 597 Problems 598 20 Reinforced Concrete Masonry 602 20.1 Introduction 602 20.2 Masonry Materials 602 20.3 Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry 606 20.4 Maximum Flexural Tensile Reinforcement 607 20.5 Walls with Out–of–Plane Loads—Non–Load–Bearing Walls 607 20.6 Masonry Lintels 611 20.7 Walls with Out–of–Plane Loads—Load–Bearing 616 20.8 Walls with In–Plane Loading—Shear Walls 623 20.9 Computer Example 628 Problems 630 A Tables and Graphs: U.S. Customary Units 631 B Tables in SI Units 669 C The Strut–and–Tie Method of Design 675 C.1 Introduction 675 C.2 Deep Beams 675 C.3 Shear Span and Behavior Regions 675 C.4 Truss Analogy 677 C.5 Definitions 678 C.6 ACI Code Requirements for Strut–and–Tie Design 678 C.7 Selecting a Truss Model 679 C.8 Angles of Struts in Truss Models 681 C.9 Design Procedure 682 D Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 683 D.1 Introduction 683 D.2 Maximum Considered Earthquake 684 D.3 Soil Site Class 684 D.4 Risk and Importance Factors 686 D.5 Seismic Design Categories 687 D.6 Seismic Design Loads 687 D.7 Detailing Requirements for Different Classes of Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames 691 Problems 698 Glossary 699 Index 703

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Book SynopsisSustainable Surface Water Management: a handbook for SUDS addresses issues as diverse as flooding, water quality, amenity and biodiversity but also mitigation of, and adaptation to, global climate change, human health benefits and reduction in energy use. Chapters are included to cover issues from around the world, but they also address particular designs associated with the implementation of SUDS in tropical areas, problems with retrofitting SUDS devices, SUDS modelling, water harvesting in drought-stricken countries using SUDS and the inclusion of SUDS in the climate change strategies of such cities as Tokyo, New York and Strasbourg.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv About the Editors xix Section 1 Introduction to the Book 1 Chapter 1 An Overture of Sustainable Surface Water Management 3Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Surface Water Management 3 1.3 Sustainable Surface Water Management 5 1.4 Organisation of the Book 5 References 9 Section 2 Sustainable Surface Water Management in Context 11 Chapter 2 Back to the Future? History and Contemporary Application of Sustainable Drainage Techniques 13Susanne M. Charlesworth, Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda and Larry W. Mays 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 ‘Sustainability’? 14 2.3 Rainwater Harvesting in Antiquity 15 2.4 Water Quality Improvement 19 2.5 Water Quantity Reduction: Sub‐Surface Drainage 23 2.6 Water Storage 24 2.7 Reduction in Water Demand: Greywater Recycling 24 2.8 Reducing Water Velocity 25 2.9 Non‐Structural Approaches to Sustainable Water Management 26 2.10 Conclusions 28 References 28 Chapter 3 Surface Water Strategy, Policy and Legislation 31Frank Warwick 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Legislative Hierarchies 32 3.3 Case Study – The United Kingdom 33 3.4 Comparison of UK Approaches with Other Countries 41 3.5 Conclusions 42 References 42 Chapter 4 Sustainable Drainage Systems: Operation and Maintenance 45Neil Berwick 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 What is Operation and Maintenance and Why is it Important? 46 4.3 Inspection, Reporting and Maintenance 47 4.4 Maintenance Schedules and Planned Maintenance 50 4.5 Other Considerations that Will Impact on Maintenance 52 4.6 Conclusions 54 References 55 Section 3 Functions of Sustainable Drainage Systems 57 Chapter 5 Water Quantity: Attenuation of the Storm Peak 59Craig Lashford, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Frank Warwick 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Conventional Drainage, Water Flow and Volume 59 5.3 Existing Flood Management 60 5.4 Water Quantity 61 5.5 History of SuDS Implementation 62 5.6 The Management Train 65 5.7 Retrofit 70 5.8 New Build 71 5.9 Flow Control 72 5.10 Conclusions 72 References 74 Chapter 6 Urban Water and Sediment Quality 79Lian Lundy 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Sources of Pollutants Mobilised by Urban Runoff 79 6.3 Quality of Urban Runoff Originating from a Range of Land Use Types 80 6.4 Quality and Behaviour of Sediment in Urban Receiving Water Bodies 82 6.5 Treatment of Urban Runoff Using SuDS 83 6.6 Pollutant Removal Processes that Occur in SuDS 85 6.7 Quality and Behaviour of Sediment in SuDS 87 References 88 Chapter 7 Sustainable Drainage Systems: Delivering Multiple Benefits for People and Wildlife 91Andy Graham 7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Getting Better SuDS 92 7.3 SuDS and How They Support Biodiversity 93 7.4 Involving People 95 7.5 Designing SuDS for People and Wildlife 96 7.6 SuDS Management Trains and Their Wildlife Benefits 98 7.7 Community Managed and Wildlife‐Rich SuDS – a Case Study of Springhill Cohousing, Stroud, Gloucestershire 103 References 104 Chapter 8 Amenity: Delivering Value for Society 105Stella Apostolaki and Alison Duffy 8.1 Emergence of the Amenity Concept 105 8.2 Amenity, Recreation and Biodiversity in the Built Environment 107 8.3 SuDS Amenity and Sustainable Development 110 8.4 Reviewing the Public Perception of the Concept of Amenity and SuDS 111 8.5 Conclusions 112 References 112 Chapter 9 Biodegradation in Green Infrastructure 115Alan P. Newman and Stephen J. Coupe 9.1 Introduction 115 9.2 Environmental Conditions and Requirements for Biodegradation 116 9.3 Biofilms: What They Are, What They Do and How They Work 118 9.4 Biodegradation in Green SuDS 119 9.5 Nitrogen in Green SuDS 122 9.6 Conclusions 123 References 124 Chapter 10 Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in Hard Infrastructure 127Stephen J. Coupe, Alan P. Newman and Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda 10.1 Introduction 127 10.2 Hard SuDS Structure, Design and Related Technologies 128 10.3 Evidence of Biodegradation in Hard SuDS 130 10.4 Hard SuDS Microbiology and Biofilms 132 10.5 Design and Diversification from Standard Hard SuDS 134 10.6 Other Hard SuDS Biodegradation Studies 135 10.7 Design Optimisation for Catastrophic Pollution Events 136 10.8 Conclusions 138 References 139 Chapter 11 Use of Geosynthetics for Sustainable Drainage 142Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda, Elena Blanco‐Fernandez, Stephen J. Coupe, Jaime Carpio, Alan P. Newman and Daniel Castro‐Fresno 11.1 Introduction to Geosynthetics 142 11.2 Classifications, Functions and Applications of Geosynthetics 143 11.3 Application of Geotextiles in SuDS 145 11.4 Secondary Uses for Urban Water 150 11.5 Conclusions 151 References 152 Section 4 Multiple Benefits of Sustainable Drainage Systems 157 Chapter 12 Natural Flood Risk Management and its Role in Working with Natural Processes 159Tom Lavers and Susanne M. Charlesworth 12.1 Introduction 159 12.2 Defining NFRM 159 12.3 Examples of NFRM Studies 161 12.4 Significance of NFRM in Meeting Policy Agendas 171 12.5 Conclusions 172 References 172 Statuses 176 Chapter 13 Sustainable Drainage Systems and Energy: Generation and Reduction 177Amal Faraj‐Lloyd, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Stephen J. Coupe 13.1 Introduction 177 13.2 Ground Source Heat Extraction 178 13.3 Pervious Paving Systems 178 13.4 Results of Monitoring the EcoHouse 182 13.5 The Hanson Stewartby Office, Bedford, UK 184 13.6 Reducing Energy Use: The Use of Green and Blue Infrastructure on Buildings 186 13.7 Conclusions 188 References 189 Chapter 14 Carbon Sequestration and Storage: The Case for Green Roofs in Urban Areas 193Brad Rowe 14.1 Introduction 193 14.2 The Importance of Carbon Sequestration 193 14.3 Coupling the Stormwater Management Benefits of Green Roofs with Carbon Sequestration 195 14.4 Carbon Sequestration on Green Roofs 197 14.5 Embodied Energy 198 14.6 Improving Carbon Sequestration Potential 199 14.7 Conclusions 201 References 201 Chapter 15 Dual‐Purpose Rainwater Harvesting System Design 205Peter Melville‐Shreeve, Sarah Ward and David Butler 15.1 Introduction 205 15.2 RWH and SuDS in England and Wales 206 15.3 Approaches to Stormwater Source Control Using RwH in England and Wales 207 15.4 Integrating Stormwater Source Control into RwH System Design 209 15.5 Conclusions 215 Acknowledgements 216 References 216 Chapter 16 Progress with Integration of Ecosystem Services in SuDS 218Mark Everard, Robert J. McInnes and Hazem Gouda 16.1 Introduction 218 16.2 Potential Contribution of SuDS Types to Ecosystem Services 220 16.3 Analysis of Ecosystem Service Outcomes from SuDS Schemes 221 16.4 Recognising the Multi‐Functional Opportunities of SuDS 228 16.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 230 References 230 Section 5 Integrating Sustainable Surface Water Management into the Built Environment 233 Chapter 17 Whole Life Costing and Multiple Benefits of Sustainable Drainage 235Jessica E. Lamond 17.1 Introduction 235 17.2 Whole Life Costing 236 17.3 Multiple Benefits of SuDS 238 17.4 Conclusions 241 Acknowledgement 242 References 242 Chapter 18 Green Roof and Permeable Paving Retrofit to Mitigate Pluvial Flooding 245Sara Wilkinson, David G. Proverbs and Jessica E. Lamond 18.1 Introduction 245 18.2 Types of Green Roof for Stormwater Management 246 18.3 Building Retrofit Characteristics 247 18.4 Drivers and Barriers to the Uptake of SuDS in Melbourne 253 18.5 Estimation of Runoff Under Different Scenarios 255 18.6 Conclusions and Further Research 255 Acknowledgements 256 References 256 Chapter 19 Contemporary Landscapes and Buildings of Motorway Service Areas 259Colin A. Booth and Anne‐Marie McLaughlin 19.1 Introduction 259 19.2 Motorway Service Areas in the UK 259 19.3 Exemplar Motorway Service Areas 260 19.4 Conclusions 267 References 267 Chapter 20 Modelling for Design 270Craig Lashford, Susanne M. Charlesworth and Frank Warwick 20.1 Introduction 270 20.2 One‐Dimensional Modelling 270 20.3 Two‐Dimensional Flood Modelling 271 20.4 One‐Dimensional and Two‐Dimensional Modelling 271 20.5 Three‐Dimensional Modelling 271 20.6 Modelling Uncertainty 271 20.7 Validation of Models: Monitoring of SuDS Management Trains 272 20.8 Scale of Drainage Modelling 272 20.9 Issues with SuDS Modelling 274 20.10 Case Study: Modelling the Impacts of a SuDS Management Train at Prior Deram Park, Coventry, UK, Using MicrodrainageR 276 20.11 Case Study: Decision Support Tool for Coventry, UK 278 20.12 Site Design 280 20.13 Conclusions 281 References 281 Chapter 21 Public Perceptions of Sustainable Drainage Devices 285Glyn Everett 21.1 Introduction 285 21.2 Public Preferences and Understanding of Flood Risk Management 286 21.3 The Sustainability of SuDS 286 21.4 Attitudes and Behaviour: Portland, Oregon, USA 288 21.5 Co‐development and Co‐ownership 292 21.6 Conclusions 293 References 293 Section 6 Global Sustainable Surface Water Management 299 Chapter 22 Sustainable Drainage Out of the Temperate Zone: The Humid Tropics 301Susanne M. Charlesworth and Margaret Mezue 22.1 Introduction 301 22.2 Modification of the Urban Hydrological Cycle by Urbanisation in Tropical Countries 303 22.3 Vegetated Devices 303 22.4 Case Study: Sustainable Drainage in Malaysia 308 22.5 Conclusions 312 References 313 Chapter 23 Sustainable Drainage Systems in Brazil 315Marcelo Gomes Miguez and Aline Pires Verol 23.1 Introduction 315 23.2 The History of SuDS in Brazil – an Academic Perspective 316 23.3 Legal Framework 319 23.4 Case Examples 320 23.5 Concluding Remarks 325 References 326 Chapter 24 Interim Measures Towards Sustainable Drainage in the Informal Settlements of South Africa 328Kevin Winter 24.1 Introduction 328 24.2 Overview of the Development of Informal Settlements in South Africa 330 24.3 Co‐Management of Drainage 330 24.4 Langrug: A Case Study of an Informal Settlement 331 24.5 Research‐Led Efforts: First Approach 333 24.6 Discussion on Research‐Led Approach to Drainage 335 24.7 Building Partnerships: A Second Approach 337 24.8 Provincial Government Intervention 339 24.9 Biomimicry at Work: Greywater Swales 339 24.10 Sustainable Urban Drainage Centre 339 24.11 Discussion 341 24.12 Conclusions 343 References 343 Chapter 25 Low Impact Development in the USA 345Bruce K. Ferguson 25.1 Introduction 345 25.2 Unifying Legislation 345 25.3 Stormwater Management Practices 346 25.4 Low‐Impact Development 348 25.5 Stormwater and Urban Agendas 350 25.6 Choices in Challenging Urban Districts 352 References 354 Chapter 26 Sustainable Drainage Systems in Spain 355Valerio C. Andres‐Valeri, Sara Perales‐Momparler, Luis Angel Sanudo Fontaneda, Ignacio Andres‐Domenech, Daniel Castro‐Fresno and Ignacio Escuder‐Bueno 26.1 Introduction 355 26.2 SuDS Case Studies in the Northern Regions of Spain 357 26.3 Integration of SuDS into New Urban Developments 361 26.4 SuDS Retrofitting Case Studies in the Mediterranean Region 362 26.5 Conclusions 366 References 368 Chapter 27 Sustainable Drainage at the City Scale: A Case Study in Glasgow, Scotland 370Neil McLean 27.1 Introduction 370 27.2 SuDS and Legislation 371 27.3 The Importance of Multi‐Functionality 372 27.4 Design Studies 373 27.5 Nitshill Design Study 375 27.6 City Centre Surface Water Management 376 27.7 Funding 377 27.8 The Future 378 References 378 Chapter 28 Water Sensitive Design in Auckland, New Zealand 380Robyn Simcock 28.1 Introduction 380 28.2 WSD in Auckland: Drivers of Design 382 28.3 Case Study: Wynyard Quarter 388 28.4 Conclusions and Parting Thought 389 References 390 Section 7 Summary of the Book 393 Chapter 29 Challenges for the Future: Are Sustainable Drainage Systems Really Sustainable? 395Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 29.1 Introduction 395 29.2 Barriers and Drivers 396 29.3 What is the Future for SuDS? 398 29.4 Conclusions 399 References 399 Index 400

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Book SynopsisWritten by one of the most well-respected teams of scientists in the area of pipelines, this revolutionary approach offers the engineer working in the energy industry the theory, analysis, and practical applications for applying new materials and modeling to the design and effective use of flexible pipes. Recent changes in the codes for building pipelines has led to a boom in the production of new materials that can be used in flexible pipes. With the use of polymers, steel, and other new materials and variations on existing materials, the construction and, therefore, the installation and operation of flexible pipes is changing and being improved upon all over the world. The authors of this work have written numerous books and papers on these subjects and are some of the most influential authors on flexible pipes in the world, contributing much of the literature on this subject to the industry. This new volume is a presentation of some of the most cutting-edge technological advancesTable of ContentsPreface xxi About the Authors xxiii Part I Design and Analysis 1 Flexible Pipes and Limit-States Design 3 1.1 I ntroduction 3 1.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe 3 1.2.1 Metal-Based Flexible Pipes 5 1.2.2 Composite-Based Flexible Pipes 7 1.2.3 D esign Codes and Specifications 10 1.3 Comparison between Flexible Pipes and Rigid Pipes 12 1.3.1 Unbonded Flexible Riser vs. Rigid Steel Riser 12 1.3.2 Flexible Jumper vs. Rigid Steel Jumper 12 1.3.3 Flexible Composite Pipe vs. Rigid Pipe 13 1.3.3.1 Material Costs 14 1.3.3.2 I nstallation Costs 14 1.3.3.3 Operational Costs 15 1.3.3.4 Comparison Example 15 1.4 Failure Mode and Design Criteria 15 1.4.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipe 15 1.4.1.1 Failure Modes 15 1.4.1.2 D esign Criteria 17 1.4.2 Flexible Composite Pipe 20 1.4.2.1 Failure Modes 20 1.4.2.2 D esign Criteria 20 1.5 L imit State Design 24 1.5.1 L imit States 24 1.5.2 Reliability-Based Methods 25 References 26 2 Materials and Aging 29 2.1 I ntroduction 29 2.1.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipes 30 2.1.2 Flexible Composite Pipes 34 vi Contents 2.2 Metallic Material 35 2.2.1 Stainless Steel 35 2.2.2 Carbon Steel 36 2.3 Polymer Material 36 2.3.1 Annulus 36 2.3.2 Chemical Resistance 39 2.3.3 Permeation and Permeation Control Systems 41 2.3.3.1 Theory of Gas Permeation 41 2.3.3.2 Permeation Calculation 42 2.3.4 Anti H2S Layer 44 2.4 Aging 45 2.4.1 N onmetallic Material 46 2.4.2 Metallic Material 48 References 49 3 Ancillary Equipment and End Fitting Design 51 3.1 I ntroduction 51 3.1.1 D esign Criteria 51 3.2 Bend Stiffeners and Bellmouths 53 3.2.1 I ntroduction 53 3.2.2 D esign Criteria and Failure Modes 55 3.2.3 D esign Considerations 56 3.2.4 Bellmouths 57 3.3 Bend Restrictor 58 3.4 Buoyancy Modules 59 3.5 Cathodic Protection 60 3.6 Annulus Venting System 61 3.7 E nd Fittings 63 3.7.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipes 64 3.7.1.1 D esign Criteria 64 3.7.1.2 Metallic Materials 66 3.7.1.3 E nd Fittings by Different Manufacturers 66 3.7.2 Flexible Composite Pipes 68 3.7.2.1 D esign Criteria 70 3.7.2.2 Materials 70 3.7.2.3 E nd Fitting Types 71 3.7.2.4 I nstallation 72 References 74 4 Reliability-Based Design Factors 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Failure Probability 76 4.2.1 L imit State and Failure Mode 76 4.2.2 Failure Probability 76 4.3 Safety Factor Based on Reliability 77 4.3.1 Uncertainties of Resistance and Load Effect 78 4.3.2 L RFD Formulation 79 4.3.3 D esign Process 79 Contents vii 4.4 D esign Example 82 4.4.1 L imit State Function 83 4.4.1.1 Resistance Model for Inner Pressure Load 83 4.4.1.2 L imit State Function 83 4.4.2 Probability Model of Resistance 83 4.4.2.1 Probability Distribution of Resistance Parameters 83 4.4.2.2 Probability Model of Resistance 84 4.4.3 Probability Model of Load Effect 85 4.4.4 Target Reliability 85 4.4.5 Safety Factor Design Results 85 References 87 Part II Unbonded Flexible Pipes 5 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Design 91 5.1 I ntroduction 91 5.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe 92 5.2.1 Flexible Risers 92 5.2.2 Flexible Flowlines 94 5.2.3 L oading and Offloading Hoses 94 5.2.4 Jumper Lines 96 5.2.5 D rilling Risers 97 5.3 Flexible Pipe System and Components 97 5.3.1 I nterlocked Steel Carcass 98 5.3.2 I nternal Polymer Sheath 99 5.3.3 Armor Layers 99 5.3.3.1 Pressure Armor 99 5.3.3.2 Tensile Armor 100 5.3.3.3 Composite Armor 100 5.3.4 E xternal Polymer Sheath 102 5.3.5 Other Layers and Configurations 102 5.3.6 Main Ancillaries 103 5.3.6.1 E nd Fittings 103 5.3.6.2 Bend Stiffener and Bellmouths 104 5.3.6.3 Bend Restrictor 105 5.3.6.4 Buoyancy Modules 106 5.3.6.5 Annulus Venting System 106 References 106 6 Design and Analyses of Unbonded Flexible Pipe 109 6.1 I ntroduction 109 6.2 Flexible Pipe Guidelines 110 6.2.1 API Specification 17K 110 6.2.2 API Specification 17J 111 6.2.2.1 Safety Against Collapse 112 6.2.2.2 D esign Criteria 112 6.2.3 API RP 17B 112 viii Contents 6.3 Material and Mechanical Properties 113 6.3.1 Properties of Sealing Components 114 6.3.1.1 Polymer 114 6.3.1.2 Steel 114 6.3.1.3 Fibres 115 6.3.2 Properties of Armor Components 115 6.3.2.1 Submerged Weight 116 6.3.2.2 Bending Stiffness and Curvature Radius 116 6.3.2.3 Axial Stiffness and Tension Capacity 116 6.3.2.4 Torque Stiffness and Torque Capacity 117 6.4 Analytical Solutions in Flexible Pipe Design 117 6.4.1 Overview 117 6.4.2 Analytical Modeling of Flexible Pipes 117 6.4.3 Analytical Method of Unbonded Flexible Pipes 118 6.4.4 Axis-Symmetric Behavior 120 6.4.4.1 Kinematic Restraint 120 6.4.4.2 Governing Equations 121 6.4.5 Bending Behavior 122 6.5 FE Analysis of Unbonded Flexible Pipe 123 6.5.1 Static Analysis 123 6.5.2 Fatigue Analysis 124 References 126 7 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure 129 7.1 I ntroduction 129 7.2 Analytical Solution 130 7.2.1 Polymeric Layer 131 7.2.2 Helically Wound Steel Layer 132 7.2.3 Assembly of Layers 134 7.3 FE Analysis 134 7.4 Results and Discussion 137 7.4.1 General 137 7.4.2 Axial Tension and End Displacement 138 7.4.3 Hoop Stress 138 7.4.4 Axial Stress 141 7.4.4.1 Axial Stress of Model A and Model B 141 7.4.4.2 Axial Stresses of Model C and Model D_141 7.4.5 Comparison of Mises Stress 144 7.5 Conclusions 145 References 146 8 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure 149 8.1 I ntroduction 149 8.2 Finite Element Analysis 151 8.2.1 Simplification 152 8.2.2 Modeling Description 152 8.2.3 Models with Different Stiffness Ratios 153 8.2.4 Models with Different D/t Ratios 154 Contents ix 8.3 FEM Results and Discussion 155 8.3.1 Prediction of Confined External Pressure 155 8.3.1.1 Same D/t Ratio with Different Stiffness Ratios 155 8.3.1.2 D ifferent D/t Ratios with Different Stiffness Ratios 157 8.3.2 Confined Post-Buckling Behavior 158 8.4 Analytical Solution 158 8.5 Test Study 161 8.5.1 Material Characteristics 162 8.5.2 Confined Collapse Tests 163 8.5.3 Test Results 165 8.6 Comparison of Three Methods 167 8.7 Conclusions 168 References 169 9 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Tension 171 9.1 I ntroduction 171 9.2 Tension Load 172 9.2.1 Helical Layer 172 9.2.2 Tube Layer 175 9.2.3 Principle of Virtual Work 175 9.3 Results and Discussion 177 9.4 Parametric Study 180 9.4.1 L ay Angle 181 9.4.2 D iameter-to-Thickness 183 9.5 Conclusions 184 References 185 10 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Bending 187 10.1 I ntroduction 187 10.2 Helical Layer within No-Slip Range 188 10.2.1 Geometry of Helical Layer 188 10.2.2 Bending Stiffness of Helical Layer 191 10.3 Helical Layer within Slip Range 192 10.3.1 Critical Curvature 192 10.3.2 Axial Force in Helical Wire within Slip Range 194 10.3.3 Axial Force in Helical Wire within No-Slip Range 194 10.3.4 Bending Stiffness of Helical Layer 196 References 197 11 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Under Tension and Internal Pressure 199 11.1 I ntroduction 199 11.2 Analytical Solution 200 11.3 FE Analysis 200 11.3.1 Case 1: Tension Only 201 11.3.2 Case 2: Internal Pressure Only 202 11.3.3 Case 3: Combined Tension and Internal Pressure 202 x Contents 11.4 Results and Discussion 202 11.5 Conclusions 208 References 208 12 Cross-Sectional Design and Case Study for Unbonded Flexible Pipes 211 12.1 I ntroduction 211 12.2 Cross-Sectional Design 212 12.2.1 General Design Requirements 212 12.2.2 Manufacturing Configuration and Material Qualification 213 12.2.2.1 Carcass 213 12.2.2.2 Pressure Sheath 213 12.2.2.3 Pressure Armor 213 12.2.2.4 Tensile Armor 214 12.2.2.5 Tape 214 12.2.2.6 Shield 214 12.3 Case Study 214 12.3.1 D esign Procedure 214 12.3.2 D esign Requirement 214 12.3.3 D esign Method 215 12.3.3.1 Strength Design for Axisymmetric Loads 215 12.3.3.2 Collapse Resistance Design 216 12.3.4 D esign Results 216 12.3.5 L oad Analysis 217 12.3.6 FE Analysis 218 12.4 Conclusions 219 References 220 13 Fatigue Analysis of Unbonded Flexible Pipe 223 13.1 I ntroduction 223 13.2 Theoretical Approach 224 13.2.1 Assumptions 224 13.2.2 E nvironment Conditions 224 13.2.3 Transposition of Forces and Bending Moments 225 13.2.4 Fatigue Design Criteria 225 13.2.4.1 S-N Curves 225 13.2.4.2 Miner’s rule 225 13.3 Case Study 226 13.3.1 I ntroduction 226 13.3.2 Base Case 227 13.4 Conclusions 230 References 230 Contents xi Part III Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipes 14 Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure 235 14.1 I ntroduction 235 14.2 Applications 235 14.2.1 Offshore 236 14.2.2 Onshore 236 14.2.3 Rehabilitation 237 14.3 D esign and Manufacturing 237 14.3.1 D esign Codes 237 14.3.2 Manufacturing 237 14.3.2.1 I ntroduction 237 14.3.2.2 I nner and Outer Layers 238 14.3.2.3 Steel Strip Reinforcement Layers 238 14.3.2.4 E nd Fitting 238 14.4 Analytical Solution 240 14.4.1 Mechanical Properties 240 14.4.2 Assumptions 242 14.4.3 Stress Analysis 242 14.4.3.1 L ayer Properties 244 14.4.3.2 Stress-Strain Relations of HDPE Layers 246 14.4.3.3 Stress-Strain Relations of Steel Strip Layers 247 14.4.4 Boundary Condition 248 14.4.4.1 Stress Boundary Condition 248 14.4.4.2 I nterface Condition 248 14.4.4.3 E quilibrium Equation of Axial Force 248 14.4.4.4 Torsion Balance Equation 248 14.5 FE Analysis 249 14.6 Results and Discussion 249 14.6.1 Stress Analysis on Layer 2 249 14.6.2 Stress Analysis Between Layers 252 14.7 Conclusions 253 References 254 15 Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure 255 15.1 I ntroduction 255 15.2 E xperimental Tests 256 15.2.1 Material Characteristics 256 15.2.2 Collapse Experiment 256 15.2.3 E xperimental Results 258 15.3 FE Analysis 258 15.4 Simplified Estimation for Collapse Pressure 262 15.5 Parametric Study 264 15.6 Conclusions 266 References 267 xii Contents 16 Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Pure Tension 269 16.1 I ntroduction 269 16.2 E xperimental Tests 270 16.2.1 Test Processes 270 16.2.2 Test Results and Discussions 270 16.3 FE Analysis 273 16.3.1 E lements and Interactions 273 16.3.2 L oad and Boundary Conditions 274 16.3.3 Material Properties 274 16.4 Comparison and Discussions 275 16.4.1 Comparison between Test and FE Analysis 275 16.4.2 Mechanical Response of PE Layers 276 16.4.3 Mechanical Response of Steel Strips 279 16.5 Conclusions 281 References 282 17 Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Bending 283 17.1 I ntroduction 283 17.2 FE Analysis 284 17.2.1 Model and Material Properties 284 17.2.2 L oads and Boundary Conditions 285 17.2.3 Analysis Results 285 17.3 Mechanical Behaviors and Discussions 287 17.3.1 I nner PE Layer 287 17.3.2 Outer PE Layer 289 17.3.3 Steel Strip Layers 290 17.4 Conclusions 291 References 291 18 Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Combined Internal Pressure and Tension 293 18.1 I ntroduction 293 18.2 Analytical Solution 293 18.2.1 Strain Analysis 293 18.2.2 Stress Analysis 294 18.2.3 Boundary Conditions 297 18.3 I nner HDPE layer 297 18.3.1 Reinforcement Layers 298 18.3.2 Outer HDPE Layer 298 18.3.3 E quilibrium Equation 299 18.3.4 Solution Chart 299 18.4 Finite Element Analysis 300 18.4.1 I ntroduction 300 18.4.2 Material Properties 300 18.4.3 FE Model 301 18.4.4 Boundary Conditions 304 Contents xiii 18.5 Results and Discussion 304 18.5.1 Comparison of Methods 304 18.5.2 L oad Steps 305 18.5.3 Axial Tension Followed by Internal Pressure 306 18.5.3.1 Stress Response 306 18.5.3.2 Failure Behavior 306 18.5.4 I nternal Pressure Followed by Axial Tension 307 18.6 Conclusions 309 References 310 19 Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Combined Internal Pressure and Bending 311 19.1 I ntroduction 311 19.2 Analytical Solution 312 19.3 FE Analysis 316 19.3.1 Finite Element Model 316 19.3.2 Boundary Conditions 316 19.3.3 Analysis Results 317 19.4 Summary 319 References 321 20 Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under Combined Bending and External Pressure 323 20.1 I ntroduction 323 20.2 E xperimental Tests 324 20.2.1 Test Procedure 324 20.2.2 Test Results and Discussions 325 20.3 FE Analysis 326 20.3.1 Finite Element Modeling 327 20.3.2 Comparison of Test and Analysis Results 327 20.4 Analysis Results and Discussions 329 20.5 Conclusions 330 References 331 21 Cross-Sectional Design and Case Study for Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe 333 21.1 I ntroduction 333 21.2 Mechanical Behaviors 334 21.3 Cross-Sectional Design 335 21.3.1 D esign Requirement 335 21.3.2 Strength Capacity 336 21.4 Case Study 338 21.4.1 General 338 21.4.2 D esign Analysis 339 21.4.2.1 Preliminary Analysis 339 21.4.2.2 FE Analysis 339 21.5 Conclusions 340 References 340 22 Damage Assessment for Steel Reinforced Flexible Pipe 343 22.1 I ntroduction 343 22.2 D amage Analysis of Outer Layer 344 22.2.1 General 344 22.2.2 FE Analysis 344 22.2.3 Material Parameters 345 22.2.4 Modeling of Damage Analysis 346 22.2.5 Analysis Results 347 22.3 I nfluence of Different Intervals 351 22.4 E ffects of Insufficient Strength in Steel Strip 352 References 354 Part IV Bonded Flexible Pipes 23 Bonded Flexible Rubber Pipes 357 23.1 I ntroduction 357 23.1.1 Constructions of Bonded Flexible Pipe 358 23.1.2 Types of Bonded Flexible Pipe 359 23.2 D esign and Applications 360 23.2.1 I ntroduction 360 23.2.2 D esign Criteria 361 23.2.3 Hose Design Activities 361 23.2.4 Bonded Flexible Hose Design 363 23.2.5 E nd Fittings 365 23.2.6 Materials 366 23.2.7 Applications 369 23.3 Failure Modes 371 23.3.1 E arly Failures 372 23.3.2 Random Failures 373 23.3.3 Wear-Down Failures 373 23.3.4 E xamples of Hose Failures 373 23.4 I ntegrity Management 374 23.4.1 Risk Analysis 374 23.4.2 Risk Evaluation Process 374 23.4.3 Actions Following Risk Assessment 375 References 376 24 Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure 377 24.1 I ntroduction 377 24.1.1 N omenclature 378 24.2 E xperimental Tests 379 24.2.1 Material Properties 379 24.2.2 Burst Tests 380 24.3 Analytical Solution 381 24.3.1 I ntroduction 381 24.3.2 Assumptions 381 xiv Contents Contents xv 24.3.3 Coordinate Systems 382 24.3.4 I nner Layer and Outer Layer 383 24.3.5 Reinforced Layers 385 24.3.6 Boundary Conditions 387 24.3.7 Failure Criterion 388 24.3.8 Burst Pressure Calculation 388 24.4 Finite Element Analysis 389 24.5 Results and Comparison 391 References 392 25 Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure 393 25.1 I ntroduction 393 25.2 Analytical Solution of Collapse 394 25.2.1 Kinematics 394 25.2.2 Materials of Each Layer 395 25.2.2.1 PE_395 25.2.2.2 Reinforced Layer 395 25.2.2.3 The Material Plasticity 396 25.2.3 Principle of Virtual Work 397 25.2.4 Amendment of Radius and Wall Thickness 398 25.2.5 Analytical Method 399 25.3 FE Analysis 400 25.3.1 I ntroduction 400 25.3.2 FE Modeling 401 25.4 E xample of Collapse Analysis 401 25.4.1 I ntroduction 401 25.4.2 I nput Data 401 25.4.3 Pressure-Ovality Curves 402 25.5 Sensitivity Analysis 403 25.5.1 E ffect of Initial Imperfections 404 25.5.2 E ffect of Shear Deformation 404 25.5.3 E ffect of Pre-Buckling Deformation 405 References 406 26 Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Bending 407 26.1 I ntroduction 407 26.2 Analytical Solution 409 26.2.1 Assumptions 409 26.2.2 Kinematics 409 26.2.3 Models of Material 410 26.2.3.1 Mechanical Behaviors of HDPE_410 26.2.3.2 Mechanical Behaviors of Fiber Reinforced Layer 412 26.2.4 Constitutive Model for RTP 415 26.2.5 Principle of Virtual Work 415 26.3 FE Analysis 416 26.4 E xperiment Test 418 xvi Contents 26.5 Results and Discussion 419 26.6 Parametric Studies 421 26.6.1 Wall-Thickness 421 26.6.2 D iameter of Pipe 422 26.6.3 D /t Ratio 422 26.6.4 I nitial Ovality 423 26.7 Conclusions 424 References 424 Appendix 426 27 Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Combined Tension and Internal Pressure 429 27.1 I ntroduction 429 27.2 N onlinear Analytical Solution 431 27.2.1 Fundamental Assumptions 431 27.2.2 Simplification of Reinforcement Layers 432 27.2.3 Kinematics of a Single Wire 433 27.2.4 D eformation of Cross Section 434 27.2.5 E quilibrium Equation 440 27.2.6 Constitutive Model 442 27.2.7 Solution Method 442 27.3 Finite Element Model 442 27.3.1 Model Design and Meshing 443 27.3.2 Materials 444 27.3.3 Constraints 444 27.3.4 Boundary Conditions and Loadings 445 27.4 Results and Discussion 445 27.4.1 Tension-Extension Relation 445 27.4.2 Stress in Kevlar Wires 446 27.4.3 Radial Deformation 446 27.4.4 D iscussion 446 27.5 Parametric Study 448 27.5.1 I nternal Pressure 449 27.5.2 L ay Angle 450 27.5.3 D /t Ratio 450 27.5.4 Amount of Kevlar Wires 451 27.6 Conclusions 452 References 453 28 Nonmetallic Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Combined External Pressure and Bending 455 28.1 General 455 28.2 I ntroduction 455 28.3 Analytical Solution 457 28.3.1 Kinematics 457 28.3.2 Material Simplification 458 28.3.3 Constitutive Model 462 Contents xvii 28.3.4 Principle of Virtual Work 462 28.3.5 Amendment of Radius and Wall Thickness 463 28.3.6 Solution Method 463 28.4 Finite Element Model 464 28.5 Results and Discussions 465 28.5.1 Collapse of RTP Under External Pressure 465 28.5.2 Collapse of RTP Under Pure Bending 468 28.5.3 Collapse of RTP Under Combined Bending and External Pressure 471 28.6 Conclusions 473 References 474 29 Fibre Glass Reinforced Flexible Pipes Under Internal Pressure 475 29.1 I ntroduction 475 29.2 Analytical Solution 476 29.2.1 Assumptions 476 29.2.2 Stress Analysis 476 29.2.3 Boundary Conditions 479 29.3 Finite Element Analysis 480 29.4 Results and Discussions 481 29.5 Winding Angle 483 29.6 Conclusions 484 References 485 30 Fibre Glass Reinforced Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure 487 30.1 I ntroduction 487 30.2 FE Analysis 488 30.2.1 I ntroduction 488 30.2.2 Geometrical Parameters and Material Properties 489 30.2.3 FE Modeling 490 30.3 Results and Discussions 491 30.3.1 I ntroduction 491 30.3.2 I nitial Imperfection 491 30.3.2.1 I nitial Ovality 491 30.3.2.2 I nitial Wall Eccentricity 492 30.3.3 Geometrical Configurations 494 30.3.3.1 D iameter Over Thickness Ratio D1/t1 of Outer PE Layer 494 30.3.3.2 N umber of Reinforced Layers 495 30.3.3.3 D iameter Over Thickness Ratio D2/t2 of Inner Layer 496 30.3.4 Material 496 30.5 Conclusions 497 References 498 xviii Contents 31 Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Internal Pressure 499 31.1 I ntroduction 499 31.2 Analytical Solution 501 31.2.1 General 501 31.2.2 Stress and Strain Analysis 501 31.2.3 Simplification of Reinforced Layers 503 31.3 Finite Element Analysis 504 31.3.1 General 504 31.3.2 ABAQUS Modeling 504 31.4 Analysis Results 506 31.4.1 Comparison of Strains 506 31.4.2 E ffect of Winding Angle 507 31.5 E xperimental Test 508 31.5.1 General 508 31.5.2 Test Results 508 31.6 E ngineering Burst Pressure Formula 509 References 510 32 Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe Under External Pressure 513 32.1 I ntroduction 513 32.2 Analytical solution 514 32.2.1 Fundamental Assumptions 514 32.2.2 N onlinear Ring Theory 514 32.2.3 Constitutive Relation of Material 516 32.2.4 Principle of Virtual Work Equation 518 32.3 N umerical Simulations 520 32.4 E xperimental Test 523 32.5 Conclusions 525 References 525 33 Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe Under Bending and Internal Pressure 527 33.1 I ntroduction 527 33.2 Analytical Solution 528 33.2.1 Principle of Virtual Work 529 33.2.2 Burst Pressure of PSP in Axial Direction 531 33.2.3 Burst Pressure of PSP in Circumferential Direction 531 33.2.4 Constitutive Model for Materials 532 33.3 N umerical Simulations 535 33.4 Pure Bending Experimental Test 535 33.4.1 Test 535 33.4.2 Results and Discussion 537 33.5 Combined Internal Pressure and Bending Experimental Test 538 33.5.1 Test Facilities 539 33.5.2 Test Procedure 539 33.5.3 Test Results 540 33.6 Comparison of Results 540 33.7 Conclusions 541 References 542 Contents xix 34 Cross-Sectional Design and Case Study for Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe 543 34.1 I ntroduction 543 34.2 Cross-Sectional Design 544 34.2.1 D esign Procedure 544 34.2.2 D esign Parameters 544 34.2.3 Properties and Capacities 546 34.3 Case Study 550 34.4 V alidation by FE Model 551 34.5 Conclusions 555 References 555 35 Damage Assessment for Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipes 557 35.1 I ntroduction 557 35.2 Analytical Method 558 35.2.1 Basic Assumptions 558 35.2.2 Stress-Strain Relationship 558 35.3 Finite Element Analysis 564 35.4 Comparison between Analytical Method and FEM 565 35.4.1 E ffect of Steel Wire Winding Angle 567 35.4.2 E ffects of Steel Wire Diameter 568 35.4.3 E ffects of Missing Steel Wire 568 35.4.4 E ffect of Damaged Inner and Outer PE Layers 569 35.4.5 E ffects of Layer Interfacial Peeling 569 35.5 Summary 572 References 573 36 Third-Party Damage for Steel Wire Bonded Flexible Pipe 575 36.1 I ntroduction 575 36.2 Pipeline, Soil and Tamper Parameters 576 36.3 Finite Element Model 577 36.4 L oading and Boundary Conditions 578 36.5 Analysis Results 578 36.5.1 D ynamic Response 579 36.5.2 Tamping Velocity 581 36.5.3 Buried Depth 581 36.6 Summary 583 References 583 Index 585

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Book SynopsisA deep understanding of the implications of green roof retrofit is required amongst students and practitioners to make the decisions and take the actions needed to mitigate climate changes. Green Roof Retrofit: building urban resilience illustrates the processes undertaken to develop this new knowledge and thereby embed a deeper level of understanding in readers.Illustrative case studies and exemplars are drawn from countries outside of the core researched areas to demonstrate the application of the knowledge more broadly. Examples are used from the Americas (North and South and Canada), Oceania, Asia and other European countries.The book describes the multiple criteria which inform decision making and how this provides a way forward for making better decisions about green roof retrofit in different countries and climates.Table of ContentsNotes on Editors x Notes on Contributors xi Foreword xiv Acknowledgements xvi Chapter 1 Building Resilience in Urban Settlements Through Green Roof Retrofit 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Context: Green Infrastructure 2 1.1.1 Green Roofs 4 1.2 Extensive and Intensive Systems 5 1.3 Valuing Green Infrastructure and Wider Economic Benefits 5 1.4 Measures of Greenness in Cities and the Growing Market for Green Roofs 7 1.5 A Growing Global Market for Green Roofs 7 1.6 Overview of the Structure of the Book 8 1.7 Conclusion 12 References 12 Chapter 2 Technical and Engineering Issues in Green Roof Retrofit 14 2.0 Introduction 14 2.1 Technical and Engineering Considerations 15 2.2 Roof Structure and Covering Typologies 15 2.2.1 Pitched Roof Structures 15 2.2.2 Pitched Roof Coverings 16 2.2.3 Flat Roof Structures 18 2.2.4 Flat Roof Coverings 19 2.2.5 Other Roof Designs 20 2.2.6 Green Roof Modular Systems 20 2.3 Available Space 21 2.4 Structural Capacity 21 2.5 Waterproof Membranes and Insulation 23 2.6 Drainage 24 2.7 Heritage 24 2.8 Green Roof Access 24 2.8.1 Access for Maintenance 25 2.8.2 Temporary or Permanent Access Strategies 25 2.8.3 Maintenance Frequency 26 2.9 Other Issues 26 2.10 How to Determine Which Green Roof Type is Best Suited to Different Structures 26 2.11 Illustrative Case Studies 27 2.11.1 Australia – Surry Hills Library and Beare Park, Sydney 27 2.11.2 Brazil 30 2.11.3 1214 Queen St West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 33 2.11.4 107 Cheapside, London, UK 34 2.12 Conclusions 35 References 36 Chapter 3 Green Roof Retrofit and the Urban Heat Island 37 3.0 Introduction 37 3.1 Defining the Urban Heat Island 37 3.1.1 UHI Impacts on Environment, Society and Economy 39 3.2 Microclimatic Effects of Rooftop Greening 40 3.3 Green Roof Cooling Mechanisms 43 3.4 Green Roof Retrofit for UHI Mitigation – Defining the Boundaries 45 3.4.1 Roof Availability and Suitability 45 3.4.2 Design Considerations – Intensive Versus Extensive 46 3.5 Green Roof Retrofit for UHI Mitigation – Developing the Model 47 3.5.1 Overview of Methods 47 3.5.2 Modelling Roof Availability and Suitability 48 3.5.3 Modelling Thermal Performance 49 3.6 Model Implementation – Evaluating Sydney’s Surface and Canopy]Layer Heat Islands 50 3.7 Green Roof Retrofit for UHI Mitigation – Model Implementation 55 3.8 Conclusions – Where to from Here? 57 3.8.1 Limitations of the Research and Opportunities for Further Work 58 References 59 Chapter 4 Thermal Performance of Green Roof Retrofit 62 4.0 Introduction 62 4.1 Green Roof Retrofit and Thermal Performance 63 4.2 Research Methodology 67 4.3 Case study: Rio de Janeiro and Sydney 68 4.3.1 Rio de Janeiro Case Study 69 4.3.2 Sydney Case Study 74 4.3.3 Evaluation of Rio de Janeiro and Sydney Cases 78 4.4 Conclusions 80 References 82 Chapter 5 Stormwater Attenuation and Green Roof Retrofit 85 5.0 Introduction 85 5.1 The Problem of Pluvial Flooding 86 5.2 Specifications for Stormwater Roofs and Issues for Retrofit 88 5.2.1 Technical and Physical Issues in Retrofit 88 5.2.2 Estimating Runoff Reduction 89 5.3 Modelling for City]Scale Stormwater Attenuation 90 5.3.1 Melbourne, Australia 92 5.3.2 Newcastle]upon]Tyne, UK CBD Database 95 5.3.3 Melbourne and Newcastle Runoff Estimation 97 5.4 Assessment of Retrofit at a Building Scale 99 5.4.1 Portland Ecoroof Programme 101 5.5 Conclusions – Where to Next? 102 References 103 Chapter 6 Biodiversity and Green Roof Retrofit 106 6.0 Introduction 106 6.1 What is Biodiversity? 108 6.2 Green Roofs for Vertebrate Conservation 109 6.3 Green Roofs for Invertebrate Conservation 110 6.4 Conclusions 112 6.4.1 Designing Biodiverse Green Roofs 113 References 115 Chapter 7 Planting Choices for Retrofitted Green Roofs 118 7.0 Introduction 118 7.1 Ecosystem Services Delivery By Green Roofs: The Importance of Plant Choice 120 7.2 Plant Species Choice and Building Cooling/Insulation 120 7.2.1 Plants and Cooling – Basic Principles 120 7.2.2 Plant Species Choice and Summer]Time Surface Cooling 123 7.2.3 Plant Species Choice and Winter]Time Insulation 129 7.3 Plant Species Choice and Stormwater Management 130 7.4 Greater Plant Variety can Enhance Urban Biodiversity 133 7.5 Plant Choices and Particle Pollution Mitigation 134 7.6 New Plant Choices and Adaptation of Current Green Roof Systems 134 7.7 Conclusions and Future Work 135 References 136 Chapter 8 Green Roof Retrofitting and Conservation of Endangered Flora 140 8.0 Introduction 140 8.1 Biodiversity Conservation – a Strategic Overview 141 8.2 A Review of Green Roofs in Habitat Conservation 143 8.3 Knowledge Gaps and Further Research 146 8.3.1 A Research Programme for Conserving Endangered Species on Green Roofs 147 8.3.2 The Endangered Community of the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub 147 8.4 A Model Research Design for Species Conservation 149 8.4.1 Extensive or Intensive Roofs? 149 8.4.2 Research Objectives 150 8.4.3 Guiding Principles for ESBS Regeneration 152 8.4.4 Preparatory Steps 152 8.4.5 Monitoring 153 8.4.6 Expected Outcomes 153 8.5 Conclusions 154 References 154 Chapter 9 Urban Food Production on Retrofitted Rooftops 158 9.0 Introduction 158 9.1 Green Roof Retrofit and Urban Food Production 159 9.2 Stakeholders and Urban Food Production 161 9.3 Contamination and Air]Quality Issues 162 9.3.1 Types of Pollutant 163 9.3.2 Most Urban Soils are Contaminated 164 9.3.3 Do Contaminants Accumulate in Urban Crops? 165 9.3.4 Mitigating Urban Crop Contamination 167 9.3.5 Urban Gardens and Air Quality 169 9.4 The Research Design and Methodology 170 9.4.1 Case Studies 171 9.4.2 Gumal Student Housing 171 9.4.3 Science Roof 173 9.4.4 Vertical Gardens 175 9.4.5 Results and Interpretation 176 9.4.6 Findings 180 9.5 The Carbon Footprint of Food Grown on Demonstration Beds 180 9.6 Potential Reductions in Carbon Footprint 181 9.7 Conclusions 183 References 183 Chapter 10 Social Aspects of Institutional Rooftop Gardens 189 10.0 Introduction and Objectives 189 10.1 Social Aspects, Productivity and Sustainability Potential of Rooftop Gardens 190 10.2 Methodology 193 10.2.1 Comparative Analysis of Eight University Rooftop Garden Case Studies 195 10.2.2 Semi]Structured Interviews with UTS Roof Gardening Club 195 10.2.3 107 Projects Rooftop Garden: A Sensory Ethnography 196 10.3 Main Findings 197 10.3.1 Comparative Analysis of Eight Rooftop Gardens in Universities 197 10.3.2 Qualitative Analysis of UTS Roof Gardening Club Semi]Structured Interviews 198 10.3.3 107 Projects Rooftop Garden, Sydney 205 10.3.4 St Canice Kitchen Garden, Kings Cross, Sydney 208 10.4 Recommendations, Discussions and Conclusions 209 Acknowledgement 212 References 212 Chapter 11 Cool Roof Retrofits as an Alternative to Green Roofs 216 11.0 Introduction 216 11.1 What is a Cool Roof? 216 11.2 Background – How does a Cool Roof Work? 217 11.3 Cool Roof Studies and Measurements 217 11.4 The Experiments 218 11.4.1 Results 219 11.4.2 Other Residential Building Typologies 228 11.4.3 Impact of CRP on PV Energy Generation 231 11.5 Conclusions 232 11.5.1 Negative Impacts of Cool Roofs 232 11.5.2 Green Roofs Versus Cool Roofs 232 11.5.3 Cool Roofs and Retrofits 233 11.5.4 Barriers and Stakeholders 233 Acknowledgements 233 References 234 Chapter 12 Looking to the Future 235 12.0 Introduction 235 12.1 City]level Actions: Basel and Paris 235 12.2 City]level Actions: Requirements or Inducements? 237 12.3 Tools and Information Sources 240 12.4 Green Roofs: The Big Picture of GI and Future Developments 241 12.5 Recognising the Multiple Benefits of Green Roof Retrofit 243 12.6 Overall Conclusions 244 References 245 Appendices 247 Appendix 1: A Checklist for Appraising the Suitability of an Existing Roof for Green Roof Retrofit 247 Appendix 2: Checklist for Designers of Biodiverse Green Roofs 250 Appendix 3: Tools, Information Sources and Mapping/GIS for Green Roofs – Some Examples 253 Index 257

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Book SynopsisThis important, self-contained reference deals with structural life assessment (SLA) and structural health monitoring (SHM) in a combined form. SLA periodically evaluates the state and condition of a structural system and provides recommendations for possible maintenance actions or the end of structural service life.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Part I Fracture Mechanics Dynamics and Peridynamics 1 1 Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics 3 1.1 Introduction and Historical Background 3 1.2 Classical Theory of Solid Mechanics 6 1.3 Stress Intensity Factor 12 1.3.1 Analytical Development 12 1.3.2 Evaluation of Stress Intensity Factors 15 1.4 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) 17 1.4.1 Griffith’s Criterion 18 1.5 Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics 19 1.5.1 Irwin’s Modification 20 1.5.2 Crack Tip Element Method 22 1.5.3 Paris–Erdogan Law 23 1.5.4 AFGROW Program 25 1.5.5 Energy Release Integrals 26 1.5.6 Mechanisms of Crack Propagation 35 1.6 Boundary]Layer Effect of Composites 38 1.6.1 Introduction 38 1.6.2 Analytical Treatment 40 1.6.3 Thermal Loading Stress Field 48 1.7 Closing Remarks 55 2 Applications of Fracture Mechanics 59 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Fracture Mechanics of Metallic Structures 59 2.2.1 Steel Structures 59 2.2.2 Aluminum Alloys 62 2.3 Damage of Composite Structures 70 2.3.1 Preliminaries 70 2.3.2 Assessment of Composites Mechanics 71 2.3.3 Damage of Sandwich Structures 76 2.3.4 Sandwich Plates under Normal Loads 78 2.3.5 Thermo]Mechanical Coupling of Sandwich Plates 90 2.3.6 Mechanics of Solid Foams 108 2.4 Closing Remarks 127 3 Dynamic Fracture and Peridynamics 129 3.1 Introduction 129 3.2 Fracture Dynamics 131 3.2.1 Features of Dynamic Fracture 131 3.2.2 Instability of Cracks and Microbranching 133 3.2.3 Experimental Techniques 139 3.2.4 Dynamic Crack Propagation Using Optical Caustics 142 3.3 Fracture Dynamics of Metals 148 3.3.1 Spalling of Metals 148 3.3.2 Dynamic Crack Propagation in Metals 149 3.3.3 Melting Metals 154 3.4 Dynamic Fracture of Composites 155 3.4.1 Functionally Graded Materials and Bi]Materials 157 3.4.2 Polymer and PMMA Materials 163 3.4.3 Fiber]Reinforced Composites 169 3.5 Peridynamics 171 3.5.1 Ingredients of Peridynamic Theory 171 3.5.2 Remarks and Restrictions 181 3.5.3 Numerical Simulation 185 3.5.4 Horizon Convergence 190 3.5.5 Application 192 3.6 Closing Remarks 208 Part II Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring 211 4 Structural Health Monitoring Basic Ingredients and Sensors 213 4.1 Introduction 213 4.2 Between Structural Life Assessment and Health Monitoring 213 4.3 Basic Ingredients of SHM 216 4.3.1 Non]Destructive Evaluation 217 4.3.2 Lamb Waves 220 4.3.3 Acoustic Emission 227 4.3.4 Damage Location using Smart Sensors 241 4.3.5 Electric Resistance and Capacitance Techniques 251 4.3.6 Impact Resonance Method 253 4.3.7 Optimal Sensor Location 256 4.4 Closing Remarks 261 5 Statistical Pattern Recognition and Vibration]Based Techniques 263 5.1 Introduction 263 5.2 The Statistical Pattern Recognition Paradigm 264 5.2.1 Basic Concept 264 5.2.2 Damage Index and Outlier Analysis 267 5.2.3 Case Study: Impact Tests of Composite Plates 269 5.3 Vibration]Based Techniques 276 5.3.1 Overview 276 5.3.2 Damage Detection Using Strain Energy Method 278 5.3.3 Damage Detection and Location Using Modal Properties 280 5.3.4 Damage Detection Using Frequency Response Function 285 5.3.5 Damage Index and Modal Assurance Criterion 286 5.3.6 Applications 292 5.3.7 Operational Deflection Shapes/Vibration Deflection Shapes 324 5.4 Closing Remarks and Conclusions 356 Part III Reliability and Fatigue under Extreme Loading 359 6 Fatigue Life and Reliability Assessment 361 6.1 Introduction 361 6.2 Fatigue Life Assessment 362 6.2.1 Fatigue Crack Propagation 362 6.2.2 Fatigue Cumulative Damage 363 6.2.3 Half]Cycle Fatigue Life Approach 369 6.2.4 Thermal Fatigue 372 6.2.5 Acoustical Fatigue 377 6.2.6 Fatigue of Structural Joints 379 6.2.7 Design Considerations 386 6.3 Design Based on Ultimate Strength of Ship Structures 388 6.3.1 Modes of Ship Failure 394 6.3.2 Modes of Hull Failure 395 6.4 Probabilistic Models of Load Effects 398 6.4.1 Reliability Index 401 6.4.2 Limit Sate Function 403 6.4.3 Risk Analysis 408 6.4.4 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 410 6.4.5 Reliability and Uncertainty 415 6.4.6 Reliability]Based Fatigue Assessment 418 6.4.7 Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Assessment 421 6.5 Climate and Environmental Effects 425 6.6 Closing Remarks 428 7 Structural Reliability and Risk Assessment Under Extreme Loading 431 7.1 Introduction 431 7.2 Historic Extreme Loading Events 432 7.2.1 World Trade Center Towers (Terrorist Attack) 432 7.2.2 Ship Collisions and Grounding 436 7.2.3 Bridges under Extreme Loading 438 7.2.4 Collision of Road Tankers 443 7.3 Structural Life Assessment of Ocean Systems 444 7.3.1 Ship Structural Damage due to Slamming Loads 445 7.3.2 Damage Due to Grounding Accidents 472 7.3.3 Risk Assessment 472 7.3.4 Damage Due to Collisions 478 7.3.5 Reliability under Extreme Loading 487 7.4 Road Tanker Rollover 496 7.4.1 Rollover Scenarios and Metrics 497 7.4.2 Quasi]Dynamic Approach 506 7.4.3 Rollover of Road Tankers 508 7.4.4 International Standards of Roll Threshold 512 7.4.5 Directional Stability and Dynamics 513 7.4.6 Collision of Vehicles and Structural Fatigue 516 7.4.7 Coupled Dynamics of Liquid–Tanker Systems 520 7.4.8 Liquid–Vehicle Coupling During Braking 523 7.4.9 Passive Control of Liquid Sloshing 527 7.5 Pipes Conveying Fluids 529 7.5.1 Mechanics of the Linear Problem 530 7.5.2 Mechanics of the Nonlinear Problem 534 7.5.3 Constrained Pipes Conveying Liquid 544 7.6 Closing Remarks 557 Part IV Environment Conditions, Joints and Crack Propagation Control 561 8 Corrosion and Hydrogen Embrittlement 563 8.1 Introduction 563 8.2 Corrosion of Ocean and Aerospace Structures 564 8.2.1 Corrosion of Ocean Structures 564 8.2.2 Problems of Aluminum Ship Structures 578 8.2.3 Corrosion of Aircraft Structures 582 8.2.4 Corrosion Monitoring 588 8.2.5 Corrosion Control 589 8.2.6 Corrosion Fatigue Cracking 593 8.3 Fretting/Wear in Heat Exchangers 598 8.3.1 Analytical and Computational Models 600 8.3.2 Experimental Investigations 603 8.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement 605 8.4.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement Problems 606 8.4.2 Fatigue Crack Enhancement 608 8.4.3 Crack Growth Modeling 610 8.4.4 Hydrogen Cracking Due to Welding 611 8.5 Closing Remarks and Conclusions 613 9 Joints and Weldments 615 9.1 Introduction 615 9.2 Energy Dissipation and Nonlinearity of Joints 616 9.2.1 Friction Characteristics 616 9.2.2 Energy Dissipation 617 9.2.3 Sources of Nonlinearities 621 9.2.4 Nonlinear Identification 623 9.2.5 Force]State Mapping Technique 626 9.3 Design Considerations 629 9.3.1 Fully and Partially Restrained Joints 634 9.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis to Joint Parameter Variations 636 9.3.3 Stochastic Sensitivity 638 9.3.4 Joint Uncertainties and Relaxation 640 9.3.5 Uncertainty of Boundary Conditions and Material Properties 643 9.3.6 Mechanism of Relaxation and Loosening 645 9.3.7 Case Study A: Elastic Structures with Parameter Uncertainties and Relaxation of Joints 649 9.3.8 Case Study B: Beloiu et al. (2005) – Influence of Boundary Conditions Relaxation 662 9.4 Welded Joints 690 9.4.1 Types of Welding Processes 690 9.4.2 Aluminum Welded Panels 694 9.4.3 Fatigue Assessment of Welded Joints 696 9.4.4 Fracture Mechanics Assessment 699 9.4.5 Fatigue Improvement of Welded Joints 704 9.5 Closing Remarks and Conclusions 706 Appendix 708 10 Crack Control 711 10.1 Introduction 711 10.2 Basic Concept and Development of Crack Arresters 711 10.2.1 Basic Concept 711 10.2.2 Crack Arrest Toughness 714 10.3 Crack Arresters of Ship Structures 719 10.3.1 Crack Arresters of Metal Ship Structures 720 10.3.2 Crack Arresters of Composite Ship Structures 730 10.4 Crack Control and Repair of Aerospace Structures 737 10.4.1 Crack Control of Metallic Structures 737 10.4.2 Composite Patches 743 10.4.3 Crack Control of Composite Structures 745 10.5 Pipeline Crack Arresters 752 10.5.1 Transmission Pipelines 752 10.5.2 Buckle Arresters of Pipelines 756 10.6 Closing Remarks 763 References 767 Index 983

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Book SynopsisAntimicrobial Resistance in Wastewater Treatment Processes Antimicrobial resistance is arguably the greatest threat to worldwide human health. This book evaluates the roles of human water use, treatment and conservation in the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xiii Préface xvii About the Cover Artist xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1 Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Wastewater Treatment 1Mehrnoush Mohammadali and Julian Davies 2 When Pathogens and Environmental Organisms Meet: Consequences for Antibiotic Resistance 15Jose Luis Martinez and Fernando Baquero 3 One Health: The Role Wastewater Treatment Plants Play as Reservoirs, Amplifiers, and Transmitters of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria 35Marilyn C. Roberts 4 Assessing the Impact of Wastewater Treatment Plants on Environmental Levels of Antibiotic Resistance 55Jessica Williams]Nguyen, Irene Bueno, and Randall S. Singer 5 Navigating through the Challenges Associated with the Analysis of Antimicrobials and Their Transformation Products in Wastewater 73Randolph R. Singh, Rachel A Mullen, and Diana S. Aga 6 Metagenomic Approaches for Antibiotic Resistance Gene Detection in Wastewater Treatment Plants 95Ying Yang and Tong Zhang 7 Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria in Australia 109Andrew J. Watkinson and Simon D. Costanzo 8 The Mobile Resistome in Wastewater Treatment Facilities and Downstream Environments 129Roberto B. M. Marano and Eddie Cytryn 9 Bacterial Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plant Influents and Effluents 157Veiko Voolaid, Erica Donner, Sotirios Vasileiadis, and Thomas U. Berendonk 10 The Effect of Advanced Treatment Technologies on the Removal of Antibiotic Resistance 179Popi Karaolia, Stella Michael, and Despo Fatta]Kassinos 11 Antimicrobial Resistance Spread Mediated by Wastewater Irrigation: The Mezquital Valley Case Study 207Melanie Broszat and Elisabeth Grohmann 12 Antimicrobial Resistance Related to Agricultural Wastewater and Biosolids 219Lisa M. Durso and Amy Millmier Schmidt 13 Environmental Antibiotic Resistance Associated with Land Application of Biosolids 241Jean E. McLain, Channah M. Rock, and Charles P. Gerba 14 High Throughput Method for Analyzing Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants 253Johanna Muurinen, Antti Karkman, and Marko Virta 15 Antibiotic Resistance and Wastewater Treatment Process 263Thi Thuy Do, Sinéad Murphy, and Fiona Walsh 16 Antibiotic Pollution and Occurrence of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Latin American Developing Countries: Case Study of the Katari Watershed in the Bolivian Highlands 293Denisse Archundia, Celine Duwig, Jean M.F. Martins, Frederic Lehembre, Marie]Christine Morel and Gabriela Flores 17 Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Wastewaters 309Judith Isaac]Renton and Patricia L. Keen 18 Curbing the Resistance Movement: Examining Public Perception of the Spread of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms 321Agnes V. MacDonald and Patricia L. Keen 19 Public Health Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Wastewater Treatment Process 329Patricia L. Keen, Raphaël Fugère, and David M. Patrick Index 339

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Book SynopsisDescribes all aspects of sustainable conversion adaptation of existing buildings and provides solutions for making urban settlements resilient to climate change This comprehensive book explores the potential to change the character of cities with residential conversion of office space in order to withstand the negative effects of climate change. It investigates the nature and extent of sustainable conversion in a number of global cities, as well as the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal drivers and barriers to successful conversion. The book also identifies the key lessons learned through international comparisons with cases in the UK, US, Australia, and the Netherlands. Building Urban Resilience Through Change of Use covers the benefits and aspects of sustainable conversion adaptation through the whole lifecycle from inception, planning, and design, to procurement, construction, and management and operational issues. It illustrates and quantifies, Table of ContentsAbout the Editors ix Contributor Biographies xi Acknowledgements xv Foreword: Resilience as a ‘Lens’ for Driving the Adaptive Capacity of Cities xvii Chapter 1 The Context for Building Resilience through Sustainable Change of Use Adaptation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scale of the Problem: From City to Building Scale 4 1.3 Definitions of Key Terms 6 1.4 Background and Scope 8 1.5 The Notion of Urban Resilience 9 1.6 Synopsis 13 1.7 Summary 17 References 18 Chapter 2 Precinct]scale Innovation and the Sharing Paradigm 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 The Emergence of the Sharing Paradigm 24 2.3 Potential Benefits of the Sharing Paradigm for Cities and Precincts 25 2.4 How Building and Land Conversions Could Help Enable the Sharing Paradigm 27 2.5 Conclusions: Sharing the City 35 References 36 Chapter 3 Planning Policy Instruments for Resilient Urban Redevelopment: The Case of Office Conversions in Rotterdam, the Netherlands 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Conceptual Planning Policy Instruments 41 3.3 Planning Policy Instruments in Rotterdam 46 3.4 Classifying and Evaluating Policy Instruments in Rotterdam 51 3.5 Conclusions 54 References 54 Chapter 4 Adaptation and Demolition in a Masterplan Context 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Literature Review 58 4.3 Methodology 64 4.4 Analysis 67 4.5 Conclusion 75 4.6 Planned Continuation of Research 77 References 78 Chapter 5 Sustainable Design and Building Conversion 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Durability: Measuring ‘Long Life’ 85 5.3 Adaptability: Measuring ‘Loose Fit’ 86 5.4 Sustainability: Measuring ‘Low Energy’ 88 5.5 Case Studies 89 5.6 A Framework for Evaluation of Urban Renewal Projects 91 5.7 The Application and Implications of Life Cycle Costing 99 5.8 Conclusion: Implications for Future Practice 100 References 102 Chapter 6 Top]up: Urban Resilience through Additions to the Tops of City Buildings 105 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Top]up Context 105 6.3 Top]up Typology 108 6.4 Top]up and Heritage 109 6.5 Case Studies 111 6.6 Urban Resilience 115 6.7 Conclusion 118 References 118 Chapter 7 Conversion Potential Assessment Tool 121 7.1 Introduction: Why Adaptive Reuse? 121 7.2 Opportunities and Risks 122 7.3. Conversion Meter 126 7.4 Conversion Meter Case Studies 142 7.5 Lessons Learned from Case Studies 143 7.6 Concluding Remarks 148 7.7 Next Steps 148 References 149 Chapter 8 Rating Tools, Resilience and Sustainable Change of Use Adaptations 153 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Sustainability in Building Adaptation: Drivers and Barriers 154 8.3 Leading Rating Tools and Conversion Adaptation 156 8.4 Resilience Challenges 168 8.5 Conclusions 171 References 172 Chapter 9 Conclusions on Building Resilience through Change of Use Adaptation: A Manifesto for the Future 175 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 Overview of Resilience Issues, Sustainability and Change of Use Adaptation 175 9.3 Qualities of Resilient Systems in the Context of Conversion Adaptation 182 9.4 Resilience and Sustainable Conversion Adaptation 183 9.5 The Manifesto for Sustainable and Resilient Conversion Adaptation 184 9.6 Moving Forward 185 9.7 Conclusions 186 References 187 Appendix 9.A Checklists for Building Resilient Cities though Sustainable Change of Use 188 Index 193

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Book SynopsisIt's often said that the construction professional has to be a jack of all trades, and master of all. This text covers a wide range of subjects, reflecting the breadth of knowledge needed to understand the dynamics of this large and complex industry. This edition includes updated chapters on planning and scheduling, a new chapter addressing linear scheduling methods, material regarding the historical background of construction as a profession, and includes an Instructor Resource of solutions to the end-of-chapter review exercises. This text has become a standard course text at many universities. The first four editions have enjoyed wide success as an introductory treatment of the subjects which are critical to success in the construction industry. This fifth edition preserves the features that have been most appreciated by its users throughout the years, and adds suggestions provided by instructors and students through formal surveys and informal feedback to the authors.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors v Preface vii 1 History and Basic Concepts 1 1.1. Bridges and History 1 1.2. The Historical Impact of Construction 2 1.3. Great Captains of Construction 3 1.4. Panama Canal 5 1.5. Other Historic Projects 8 1.6. Construction versus Manufacturing Processes 9 1.7. Project Format 10 1.8. Project Development 11 1.9. Construction Technology and Construction Management 12 1.10. Construction Management Is Resource Driven 13 1.11. Construction Industry 14 1.12. Structure of the Construction Industry 14 1.13. Differing Approaches to Industry Breakdown 15 1.14. Management Levels of Construction 16 Review Questions and Exercises 18 2 Preparing the Bid Package 19 2.1. Project Concept and Need 19 2.2. Establishing Need 20 2.3. Formal Need Evaluation 21 2.4. Conceptual Drawings and Estimates 22 2.5. Preliminary and Detail Design 27 2.6. Notice to Bidders 28 2.7. Bid Package 28 2.8. General Conditions 33 2.9. Supplementary Conditions 34 2.10. Technical Specifications 34 2.11. Addenda 38 2.12. Decision to Bid 38 2.13. Prequalification 39 2.14. Subcontractor and Vendor Quotations/Contracts 39 2.15. Bid Bond 40 2.16. Performance and Payments Bonds 41 2.17. Cost and Requirements for Bonds 42 Review Questions and Exercises 3 Issues During Construction 45 3.1. Acceptance Period/Withdrawal 45 3.2. Award of Contract/Notice to Proceed 46 3.3. Contract Agreement 47 3.4. Time Extensions 47 3.5. Change Orders 48 3.6. Changed Conditions 49 3.7. Value Engineering 50 3.8. Suspension, Delay, or Interruption 51 3.9. Liquidated Damages 53 3.10. Progress Payments and Retainage 54 3.11. Progress Reporting 55 3.12. Acceptance and Final Payment 55 3.13. Summary 57 Review Questions and Exercises 4 Contracts 59 4.1. Contract Environment 59 4.2. Process of Purchasing Construction 60 4.3. Major Construction Contract Types 61 4.4. Competitively Bid Contracts 61 4.5. Stipulated-Sum Contracts 62 4.6. Unit-Price Contracts 63 4.7. Negotiated Contracts 66 4.8. Project Delivery Methods 68 4.9. Design-Build Contracts 69 4.10. Design-Build in a Consortium Format 70 4.11. Construction Management Contracts 71 4.12. Construction Management At-Risk 72 4.13. Comparing Project Delivery Methods 72 Review Questions and Exercises 73 5 Legal Structure 75 5.1. Types of Organization 75 5.2. Legal Business Forms 75 5.3. Proprietorship 76 5.4. Partnership 77 5.5. Corporation 78 5.6. Comparison of Legal Structures 82 5.7. Joint Venturing 84 Review Questions and Exercises 85 6 Impact of Taxes 86 6.1. Society and Taxation 86 6.2. Business Impact of Taxation 87 6.3. Why Taxes? 88 6.4. Types of Taxes 88 6.5. Income Tax Systems 88 6.6. Taxation of Businesses 89 6.7. Business Deductions in General 91 6.8. Taxable Income: Individuals 91 6.9. Itemized Deductions, Standard Deductions, and Personal Exemptions 92 6.10. The Tax Significance of Depreciation 93 6.11. Marginal Tax Rates 93 6.12. Tax Credits 95 6.13. Tax Payroll Withholding 96 6.14. Tax Payment Schedules 96 6.15. Marginal, Average, and Effective Tax Rates 97 6.16. Summary 97 Review Questions and Exercises 98 7 Project Planning 99 7.1. Introduction 99 7.2. Work Breakdown Structure 100 7.3. Developing the Work Breakdown Structure 102 7.4. A Work Breakdown Example 102 7.5. Work Packages for the Gas Station Project 103 7.6. Determining Sequence of Work Packages 104 7.7. Estimate Development and Cost Control Related to the Work Breakdown Structure 106 7.8. Role of Code of Accounts 108 7.9. Summary 109 Review Questions and Exercises 109 8 Project Scheduling 111 8.1. Introduction 111 8.2. Estimating Activity Durations 112 8.3. Using Historic Productivity Data 113 8.4. Bar Charts 113 8.4.1. Description 113 8.5. Scheduling Logic 116 8.6. Scheduling Networks 119 8.7. The Critical Path Method 119 8.8. Forward Pass 120 8.9. Backward Pass 122 8.10. Activity Floats 123 8.11. Working to Calendar Dates 125 8.12. Example: Scheduling the Small Gas Station 127 8.13. Summary 130 Review Questions and Exercises 130 9 Scheduling: Program Evaluation and Review Technique Networks and Linear Operations 134 Review Questions and Exercises 148 10 Resource-Related and Advanced Linear Scheduling Techniques 152 10.1. Resource Scheduling 152 10.2. Resource Allocation 152 10.3. Resource Leveling 153 10.4. Time–Cost Trade-off 155 10.5. Linear and Repetitive Scheduling Techniques 156 10.6. Linear Scheduling Method 158 10.7. Case Study of a Linear Project 160 Review Questions and Exercises 163 11 The Mathematics of Money 164 11.1. Introduction 165 11.2. Time Value of Money 165 11.3. Factors Determining the Time Value of Money 166 11.4. Simple and Compound Interest 166 11.4.1. Simple Interest 166 11.4.2. Compound Interest 167 11.5. Nominal and Effective Rate 167 11.6. Equivalence and Minimum Attractive Rate of Return 168 11.7. Discount Rate 169 11.8. Sunk Costs 169 11.9. Cash Flow Diagrams 169 11.10. Annuities 170 11.11. Conditions for Annuity Calculations 170 11.11.1. Present Value of an Annuity: Finding P Given A 171 11.11.2. Installments Paying for an Item: Finding A Given P 172 11.12. Future Value of a Series of Payments: Finding F Given A 172 11.13. Annuity Required to Reach a Goal Amount: Finding A Given F 173 11.14. Summary of Equivalence Formulas 173 11.15. Worth Analysis Techniques: Rationale and Vocabulary 175 11.16. Present Worth Analysis 175 11.16.1. Example: Small Excavator 175 11.17. Equivalent Annual Worth 176 11.17.1. Example: Best Job Offer 176 11.18. Internal Rate of Return 176 11.19. Limitations of the Internal Rate of Return Method 177 11.20. A Practical Example Using Present Worth Analysis 177 11.21. Comparison Using Equivalent Annual Worth 179 11.22. Summary 181 Review Questions and Exercises 181 12 Project Cash Flow 183 12.1. Cash Flow Projection 183 12.2. Cash Flow to the Contractor 184 12.3. Overdraft Requirements 186 12.4. Comparison of Payment Schemes 188 Review Questions and Exercises 192 13 Project Funding 194 13.1. Money: A Basic Resource 194 13.2. Construction Financing Process 195 13.3. Long-Term Pro Forma Example 195 13.4. Mortgage Loan Commitment 198 13.5. Construction Loan 199 13.6. Owner Financing Using Bonds 201 13.7. Build, Operate, and Transfer 203 Review Questions and Exercises 204 14 Equipment Ownership 205 14.1. General 205 14.2. Equipment Ownership and Operating Costs 206 14.3. Depreciation of Equipment 207 14.4. Straight-Line Method 209 14.5. Declining Balance 211 14.6. Production Method 213 14.7. Depreciation Based on Current Law 213 14.8. Depreciation versus Amortization 215 14.9. Interest, Insurance, and Tax Costs 215 14.10. Operating Costs 217 14.11. Overhead and Markup 219 Review Questions and Exercises 219 15 Equipment Productivity 221 15.1. Need for Heavy Equipment 221 15.2. Productivity Concepts 222 15.3. Cycle Time and Power Requirements 225 15.4. Power Available 227 15.5. Usable Power 232 15.6. Equipment Balance 235 15.7. Random Work Task Durations 239 Review Questions and Exercises 241 16 Construction Labor 243 16.1. The Labor Resource 243 16.2. Short History of Labor Organizations 244 16.3. Early Labor Legislation 245 16.4. Norris-LaGuardia Act 246 16.5. Davis-Bacon Act 246 16.6. National Labor Relations Act 247 16.7. Fair Labor Standards Act 248 16.8. Union Growth 248 16.9. Labor Management Relations Act 249 16.10. Other Labor Legislation 251 16.11. Vertical versus Horizontal Labor Organization Structure 252 16.12. Jurisdictional Disputes 253 16.13. Union Structure 254 16.14. National Unions 256 16.15. State Federations and City Centrals 256 16.16. Union Locals 256 16.17. Union Hiring Halls 16.18. Secondary Boycotts 257 16.19. Open-Shop and Double-Breasted Operations 259 16.20. Labor Agreements 259 16.21. Labor Costs 260 16.22. Average Hourly Cost Calculation 264 Review Questions and Exercises 266 17 Estimating Process 268 17.1. Estimating Construction Costs 268 17.2. Types of Estimates 268 17.3. Detailed Estimate Preparation 271 17.4. Definition of Cost Centers 274 17.5. Quantity Takeoff 274 17.6. Methods of Detailed Cost Determination 278 17.7. Problems with Unit-Cost Method 280 17.8. Resource Enumeration 282 17.9. Work Package or Assembly-Based Estimating 284 17.10. Summary 286 Review Questions and Exercises 288 18 Cost Control 289 18.1. Cost Control as a Management Tool 289 18.2. Project Cost Control Systems 289 18.3. Cost Accounts 290 18.4. Cost Coding Systems 292 18.5. Project Cost Code Structure 292 18.6. Cost Accounts for Integrated Project Management 296 18.7. Earned Value Method 299 18.8. Labor Cost Data Collection 305 18.9. Charges for Indirect and Overhead Expense 307 18.10. Project Indirect Costs 309 18.11. Fixed Overhead 309 18.12. Considerations in Establishing Fixed Overhead 310 Review Questions and Exercises 312 19 Materials Management 314 19.1. Material Management Process 314 19.2. The Order 315 19.3. Approval Process 320 19.4. Fabrication and Delivery Process 322 19.5. Installation Process 323 19.6. Material Types 324 Review Questions and Exercises 326 20 Safety 327 20.1. Need for Safe Practice 327 20.2. Humanitarian Concerns 328 20.3. Economic Costs and Benefits 328 20.4. Uninsured Accident Costs 331 20.5. Federal Legislation and Regulation 332 20.6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Requirements 334 20.7. How the Law Is Applied 334 20.8. Safety Record Keeping 337 20.9. Safety Program 338 Review Questions and Exercises 345 Appendices 347 Appendix A Typical Considerations Affecting the Decision to Bid 348 Appendix B Performance and Payment Bonds 351 Appendix C Arrow Notation Scheduling Calculations 356 Appendix D Generalized Network Relationships 362 Appendix E Productivity Scheduling Method Using Singularity Functions 368 Appendix F Plans for Small Gas Station 371 Appendix G Compound Interest Table 374 Appendix H Site Reconnaissance Checklist 375 Appendix I The Cumulative Normal Distribution Function 377 Bibliography 381 Index 385

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Book SynopsisThe bestselling introduction to the field, updated and expanded Construction Management Jumpstart is the definitive introduction to the field, providing a detailed walkthrough of each stage of a project from the construction manager's perspective. Authoritative coverage of fundamental concepts and practices clearly delineates the manager's role, while step-by-step guidance provides valuable instruction for essential management duties. This new third edition has been updated to reflect the field's current environment and best practices, giving students a highly-relevant introduction to an evolving industry. Three new chapters include insightful discussion of the pre-construction phase, team management, and sustainability; challenging chapter review questions help reinforce important concepts and help translate them to practice. Construction managers work alongside project managers, and use many of the same tried-and-true techniquesbut construction managersTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xvii About the Author xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1 The Construction Industry 1 The Scope of the Industry 2 “It’s Just Construction” 2 A Historical Perspective 4 Ancient Times 5 Egypt and the Pyramids 5 Greek Influence 5 The Roman Empire 6 The Middle Ages 6 The Renaissance 7 The Industrial Revolution 7 The Age of the Skyscraper 8 The 20th Century 8 The Age of Technology 9 Industry Sectors 10 Residential Building 11 Commercial Building 13 Heavy Civil Construction 15 Industrial Construction 16 Environmental Construction 18 The Project Players 20 Primary Players 20 Secondary Players 26 The Industry Image 28 An Industry in Transition 28 Making a Difference 33 Career Opportunities 33 Distinguishing Construction Companies 34 Advancement Opportunities 37 Educational Offerings 37 Professional Affiliation and Certification 38 Terms to Know 41 Review Questions 41 Chapter 2 What is Construction Management? 43 Construction Management Defined 43 The Construction Project 45 Project Values 45 The Owner Sets the Stage 48 Scope Definition 49 Project Delivery Methods 49 What is Project Delivery? 50 Types of Project Delivery 50 Trends in Project Delivery 58 Project Delivery Selection 60 What Does a Construction Manager Do? 60 Construction Management Functions 61 Problem Solving and Decision Making 65 What It Takes to Be a Construction Manager 65 General Requirements 65 A Typical Career Track 66 Want to See If You Have the Right Stuff? 70 Terms to Know 73 Review Questions 73 Chapter 3 How We Get the Work 75 Finding the Work 75 Marketing Efforts 76 The Rules of the Game 77 Sources of Information 79 The Competition 81 The Competitive Bidding Process 81 How We Play the Game 82 Competition Criteria and Project Delivery 82 Selection Methods 83 Making the Bid/No Bid Decision 95 A Final Note 97 Terms to Know 97 Review Questions 97 Chapter 4 The Construction Contract 99 The Contract Documents 99 The Drawings 100 The Project Manual 106 The Construction Specification Institute 110 The CSI MasterFormat 111 Contract Types 117 Lump-Sum Contracts 117 Cost-Plus-Fee Contracts 118 Guaranteed Maximum Price Contracts 119 Unit-Price Contracts 120 Terms to Know 121 Review Questions 121 Chapter 5 Project Stages 123 The Design and Construction Process 123 The Design Stage 124 The Pre-construction Stage 127 The Procurement Stage 133 The Construction Stage 135 The Post-construction Stage 137 The Successful Project 143 Measuring Project Success 144 Terms to Know 144 Review Questions 145 Chapter 6 Managing the Project Team 147 The Project Team 148 People 149 Building Trust 153 Accountability 156 Ethical Dealings 157 Communication, Collaboration, and Integration 158 Effective Communication 159 Effective Collaboration and Team Integration 165 The AEC Culture 166 Low-Bid Mentality 167 Competing Agendas 167 Large Diverse Teams 167 Multigenerational Workforce 169 Technology 169 Management vs. Leadership 170 Integrated Project Leaders 172 Terms to Know 173 Review Questions 174 Chapter 7 Performing Pre-construction Services 175 The Evolution of Pre-construction Services 175 Alternative Project Delivery Approaches 176 What are Pre-construction Services? 178 When and How Do They Occur? 178 Common Pre-construction Services 179 Feasibility Studies 180 Constructability Reviews 182 Conceptual Estimating 185 Value Engineering 189 Life-cycle Cost Analysis 194 Terms to Know 195 Review Questions 196 Chapter 8 Estimating Project Costs 197 What is an Estimate? 197 The Characteristics of a Good Estimator 199 Factors Impacting Project Cost 201 Project Size 201 Complexity of the Project 201 The Site Location 203 Time of Construction 204 Quality of the Work 205 Market Conditions 205 Management Factors 206 Types of Estimates 206 Conceptual Estimates 206 Preliminary Estimates 207 Detailed Estimates 207 Understanding Project Costs 208 Direct Costs 208 Indirect Costs 208 The Estimating Process 209 Getting Started 209 How You Build the Estimate 212 Organizing the Work of the Estimate 213 Calculating Quantities 214 Pricing the Work 218 Obtaining Subcontractor and Vendor Bids 220 Putting It All Together 224 Taxes 226 General Overhead 226 Profit 227 Completing the Estimate 227 Applying Technology 228 Remember, It’s All a Game 230 Terms to Know 231 Review Questions 231 Chapter 9 Contract Administration 233 Starting Off Right 233 The Pre-construction Conference 234 The Contract Administration Function 235 Setting the Tone 236 Who’s on First? 238 Coordinating Construction Details 240 Requests for Information (RFI) 241 Submittals 243 The Information Flow 244 Getting Paid 245 The Payment Request Process 246 The Final Payment 251 Schedule Issues 252 A Stick or a Carrot? 252 Making Changes 254 The Change Order Process 254 When Things Go Wrong 257 Dispute Resolution 258 It’s All About the Relationships 259 Applying Technology 260 Terms to Know 261 Review Questions 261 Chapter 10 Construction Operations and Job Site Management 263 Building the Project 263 Subcontractor Coordination 264 Material and Equipment Deliveries 266 Productivity 266 Coordination with Local Agents 268 Job Site Safety 268 Quality Control 270 Construction Impacts 270 Noise Control 271 Dust and Mud Control 272 Environmental Protections 274 Cleanup and Trash Removal 277 There’s More to It Than Meets the Eye 279 The Superintendent 279 Setting Up the Field Office 280 Organizing the Job Site 282 Establishing Work Hours 286 Documenting Construction Activity 288 Project Meetings 288 Logs, Diaries, and Daily Field Reports 289 Labor Records 291 Visual Records 291 Correspondence 292 Public Relations 293 Owner Relations 293 Employee Relations 294 Subcontractor Relations 295 Company Image and Publicity 296 Signage 296 Dealing with the Media 297 Applying Technology 297 Terms to Know 298 Review Questions 298 Chapter 11 Project Planning and Scheduling 301 It’s All About Time! 301 Types of Schedules 302 Gantt Charts 303 Network Diagrams 304 How We Use Schedules 305 Building the Schedule 306 The Planning Stage 306 The Sequencing Stage 310 The Scheduling Stage 312 Communicating and Updating the Schedule 318 Notifying Subcontractors 319 Applying Technology 320 Terms to Know 321 Review Questions 321 Chapter 12 Monitoring Project Performance 323 The Project Control Cycle 323 The Feedback Loop 325 Factors Impacting Project Performance 326 Tracking Quality, Cost, and Time 329 Tracking Quality 330 Tracking Project Cost 330 Tracking Project Time 337 Assessing Overall Project Status 342 Documenting Project Performance 343 Management Reports 343 Evaluating Project Performance 344 Applying Technology 345 Terms to Know 346 Review Questions 346 Chapter 13 Managing Quality and Safety 347 Attitude is Everything 347 Developing the Quality Management Plan 348 Defining Quality 349 Primary Objectives of the Plan 350 The QA/QC Functions 353 Quality Assurance 353 Quality Control 355 Safety as a Component of Quality 363 The Safety Manager Role 363 A Dangerous Business 364 Developing the Safety Management Plan 365 Personal Protection 366 Accident Prevention 366 Substance Abuse 368 Hazardous Materials Communication 369 The Economics of Quality and Safety 370 The Bottom Line 370 Terms to Know 371 Review Questions 371 Chapter 14 Managing Project Risks 373 A Systematic Process 373 Identifying Risks 374 Quantifying Risks 384 Mitigating Risks 385 The Risk Mitigation Plan 388 The Risk Management Team 391 You Get What You Plan For 392 Terms to Know 392 Review Questions 393 Chapter 15 BIM and Beyond 395 What is a Building Information Model? 396 Evolution of Modeling 396 Implementing BIM 399 Designing with BIM 400 Level of Development (LOD) 401 BIM Execution Planning 403 Using BIM to Manage Construction 404 Design Visualization 406 Design Assistance and Constructability Review 406 Site Planning and Site Utilization 406 Integration of Subcontractor and Supplier Data 406 Systems Coordination 407 Layout and Fieldwork 407 Prefabrication 407 Scheduling and Sequencing (4D BIM) 407 Cost Estimating (5D BIM) 408 Sustainability (6D BIM) 408 Facility Management (7D BIM) 408 Advances on the Horizon 409 Other Collaborative Tools 410 Terms to Know 411 Review Questions 412 Chapter 16 Sustainability and the Built Environment 413 Building Process Life Cycle 414 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 415 Fundamental Principles 415 Optimize Site Potential 416 Optimize Energy Use 416 Protect and Conserve Water 417 Optimize Building Space and Material Use 418 Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality 420 Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices 421 Waste in Construction 421 Triple Bottom Line 423 Educating the Next Generation 424 Going Beyond Green 425 Sustainability Standards 428 LEED Certification 428 The Bigger Picture 431 Terms to Know 431 Review Questions 431 Appendix A Common Acronyms Used in Construction 433 Appendix B Answers to Review Questions 435 Chapter 1 435 Chapter 2 436 Chapter 3 438 Chapter 4 439 Chapter 5 440 Chapter 6 442 Chapter 7 443 Chapter 8 444 Chapter 9 446 Chapter 10 447 Chapter 11 449 Chapter 12 450 Chapter 13 451 Chapter 14 453 Chapter 15 454 Chapter 16 455 Glossary 457 Index 467

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Book SynopsisProvides an in-depth look at science, policy and management in the water sector across the globe Sustainable water management is an increasingly complex challenge and policy priority facing global society. This book examines how governments, municipalities, corporations, and individuals find sustainable water management pathways across competing priorities of water for ecosystems, food, energy, economic growth and human consumption. It looks at the current politics and economics behind the management of our freshwater ecosystems and infrastructure and offers insightful essays that help stimulate more intense and informed debate about the subject and its need for local and international cooperation. This book celebrates the 15-year anniversary of Oxford University's MSc course in Water Science, Policy and Management. Edited and written by some of the leading minds in the field, writing alongside alumni from the course, Water Science, Policy and Management: A GTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Foreword xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 Water Science, Policy, and Management: Introduction 1Simon J. Dadson, Edmund C. Penning‐Rowsell, Dustin E. Garrick, Rob Hope, Jim W. Hall, and Jocelyne Hughes 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Drivers of Change: Environment, Politics, Economics 2 1.3 Responses to Change: Technology, Information, Equity 4 1.4 Science, Policy and Management 6 Part I Water Science 9 2 Hydroclimatic Extremes and Climate Change 11Simon J. Dadson, Homero Paltan Lopez, Jian Peng, and Shuchi Vora 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Key Concepts in Climate Science 12 2.2.1 The Water Cycle in the Earth System 12 2.2.2 Radiative Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere 12 2.2.3 Convection and Atmospheric Stability 13 2.2.4 The General Circulation 14 2.3 Hydroclimatic Variability and Extremes 14 2.3.1 Modes of Hydroclimatic Variability 14 2.3.2 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 14 2.3.3 South Asian Monsoon 16 2.3.4 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 16 2.3.5 Other Modes of Variability 17 2.4 Climate Change and Hydrology 18 2.4.1 Understanding the Link Between Climate Change and Hydroclimatic Extremes 18 2.4.2 Climate Models and Climate Projections 18 2.4.3 Downscaling and Uncertainty 19 2.5 Managing Hydroclimatic Extremes 20 2.5.1 Quantifying Risk and Uncertainty 20 2.5.2 Planning for Extremes in Flood Risk and Water Resources Management 22 2.5.3 Comparing Top‐down with Bottom‐up Approaches 22 2.6 Conclusion 25 References 25 3 Groundwater Resources: Past, Present, and Future 29Abi Stone, Michelle Lanzoni, and Pauline Smedley 3.1 Introduction to Groundwater Science 29 3.2 Quantities of Groundwater: Storage, Recharge, and Abstraction 31 3.2.1 What Do We Know? 31 3.2.2 Future Outlook on Measuring Groundwater Quantity 34 3.2.3 Improving Scientific Knowledge of Groundwater Volumes and Fluxes 39 3.3 Groundwater Quality 39 3.3.1 The Composition of Groundwater: Natural Baselines and Pollution 39 3.3.2 Future Outlook on Groundwater Water Quality: Key Constraints and Approaches to Addressing Them 45 3.4 Groundwater and Climate Change 48 3.4.1 Long‐term Climatic Influences on Groundwater 48 3.4.2 Current and Future Influences of Climate Change on Groundwater 48 3.5 Continuing Challenges for Groundwater Science 49 3.6 Concluding Points 50 References 51 4 Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring, and Management 55Paul Whitehead, Michaela Dolk, Rebecca Peters, and Hannah Leckie 4.1 Water Quality Modelling Background 55 4.1.1 Water Quality: The Problem 55 4.1.2 Management Model Approaches and History 56 4.1.3 Generic Types of Water Quality Models 57 4.1.4 Lumped Modelling Approaches 58 4.1.5 Case Study 1: Modelling of Metals Downstream of Mines in Transylvania 59 4.2 Water Quality Modelling at the Catchment Scale 59 4.2.1 Integrated Catchment Approach – A Brief Review 59 4.2.2 The Integrated Catchments (INCA) Model System 61 4.2.3 Case Study 2: Modelling Contaminants Using INCA – Metaldehyde in the Thames 62 4.2.4 Case Study 3: Water Quality in the Turag‐Balu River System, Dhaka, Bangladesh 62 4.2.5 Model Uncertainty 63 4.3 Monitoring Strategies Past and Present 65 4.3.1 Global Monitoring 66 4.3.2 National‐scale Monitoring 66 4.3.3 Long‐term Monitoring of Key Scientific Sites 66 4.3.4 Citizen Science Monitoring 68 4.3.5 Case Study 4: Monitoring and Modelling the Murray‐Darling System in Australia 68 4.4 Conclusions 70 References 70 5 Challenges for Freshwater Ecosystems 75Jocelyne Hughes, Heather Bond, Clarke Knight, and Kieran Stanley 5.1 How do Freshwater Ecosystems Work? 75 5.1.1 Structure and Function of Freshwater Ecosystems 75 5.1.2 Key Challenges in Freshwater Ecology 76 5.2 The Challenge of Water Quality Management: Linking Freshwater Ecosystems to Water Quality 78 5.2.1 ‘The Kidneys of the Landscape’ 78 5.2.2 Constructed Wetlands 78 5.2.3 Managing Freshwater Ecosystems for Water Quality Enhancement 81 5.3 The Challenge of Invasive Non‐native Species: Impacts on Diversity and Ecosystem Function 82 5.3.1 The Spread of Non‐native Freshwater Species 82 5.3.2 Impacts of INNS 82 5.3.3 What Can be Done About the Problem? 84 5.4 The Challenge of Environmental Change : Managing Biogeochemical Cycles and Water Security in Freshwaters 85 5.4.1 Impacts of Warming and Changing Atmospheric GHGs on Freshwaters 85 5.4.2 Environmental Flows 87 5.5 Approaches to Tackling the Challenges of Freshwater Ecosystem Conservation and Management 89 5.5.1 Technical Innovations 89 5.5.1.1 Environmental DNA 89 5.5.1.2 Remote Sensing Methods and Databases 89 5.5.2 Social Science Innovations 91 References 92 6 Water and Health: A Dynamic, Enduring Challenge 97Katrina J. Charles, Saskia Nowicki, Patrick Thomson, and David Bradley 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Classifying and Measuring Health Outcomes 97 6.3 Politics and Innovation in Water and Health 99 6.3.1 Measurement: Understanding the Role of Malnutrition and Infection in Diarrhoea 100 6.3.2 Treatment: Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) 100 6.3.3 Knowledge: Emerging Health Issues 101 6.3.4 Politics and the Pace of Disruption 101 6.4 Beyond Outbreaks: The Underreported Health Burden of Inadequate Water Supplies 102 6.5 Enteric Environmental Dysfunction 103 6.5.1 Visible Disease from Chemical Exposure 103 6.5.2 Hypertension and Cancer 105 6.5.3 Cognitive Impairment 106 6.5.4 Psychosocial Distress 107 6.5.5 Revisiting the Water‐Related Burden of Disease 107 6.6 Water and Health Challenges in the SDG Period 108 6.6.1 Improving Service Levels 109 6.6.2 Improving Water Quality Testing Methods 110 6.6.3 Leaving No One Behind 111 6.7 Conclusions 112 References 113 7 Monitoring and Modelling Hydrological Processes 117Simon J. Dadson, Feyera Hirpa, Patrick Thomson, and Megan Konar 7.1 Modelling Hydrological Systems: Current Approaches 117 7.1.1 From Local Catchment Models to Global Hydrological Studies 119 7.1.2 Validation, Verification, and Confirmation in Hydrological Modelling 121 7.1.3 Representing Human‐managed Water Systems 122 7.2 Monitoring Hydrological Systems 124 7.2.1 Monitoring the Global Water Cycle Across Scales 124 7.2.2 Decline of In Situ Monitoring 125 7.2.3 The Role of EO 126 7.2.4 Land‐based and Airborne Techniques 127 7.2.5 Non‐traditional Hydrological Monitoring Systems 128 7.3 Future Challenges 128 7.4 Conclusion 129 References 130 Part II Policy 139 8 Reallocating Water 141Dustin E. Garrick, Alice Chautard, and Jonathan Rawlins 8.1 Water Crises as Allocation Challenges 141 8.2 Navigating Reallocation 142 8.3 Socio‐cultural Dimensions 144 8.3.1 Navigating the Changing Culture of Water in Spain 146 8.4 Natural and Technological Dimensions 147 8.5 Political Economy Dimensions 149 8.5.1 Barriers to Reallocation from Agriculture to the City of Cape Town 151 8.6 A Ladder of Interventions? 152 8.7 Frontiers of Water Allocation 153 References 154 9 Rural Water Policy in Africa and Asia 159Rob Hope, Tim Foster, Johanna Koehler, and Patrick Thomson 9.1 Fifty Years of Rural Water Policy in Africa and Asia 159 9.2 Pillars of Rural Water Policy 160 9.3 Community Access, 1980–2000 163 9.4 Rights and Results, 2000–2020 166 9.5 Regulated Services, 2020–2030 169 9.6 Limits to Progress 173 References 174 10 The Human Right to Water 181Rhett Larson, Kelsey Leonard, and Richard Rushforth 10.1 The Legal and Historical Background of the Human Right to Water 181 10.2 Defining the Human Right to Water 185 10.2.1 Difference Between Human Right to Water and Water Rights 187 10.3 Implementing the Human Right to Water 188 10.4 Gap Between Policy Articulation and Implementation of the Human Right to Water 190 10.5 Key Policy Challenges Facing the Human Right to Water 192 10.6 Conclusion 193 References 193 11 Policy Processes in Flood Risk Management 197Edmund C. Penning‐Rowsell, Joanna Pardoe, Jim W. Hall, and Julie Self 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Flood Risk: Global and Local Scales 198 11.3 Three Theories of the Policy Process 199 11.3.1 Punctuated Equilibrium 199 11.3.2 Multiple Streams 200 11.3.3 Advocacy Coalitions 201 11.4 Four Contrasting Case Studies of the Policy Process 201 11.4.1 South Africa: 1994–2002 and Beyond 201 11.4.2 Advocacy Coalitions in Bangladesh and the Role of Donor Agencies 204 11.4.3 Flood Risk Management in Tanzania: The President as Policy Entrepreneur 205 11.4.4 Flood Insurance in the UK: Six Decades of Relative Policy Stability 207 11.5 Conclusions 210 References 211 12 The Political Economy of Wastewater in Europe 215Heather M. Smith and Gareth Walker 12.1 Introduction 215 12.2 Models of Service Delivery 216 12.3 Wastewater as a Driver of Investment and Cost Recovery 219 12.4 Case Studies – Paris and Ireland 221 12.4.1 Paris 221 12.4.2 Ireland 224 12.5 Discussion and Conclusion 226 12.5.1 The Hidden Role of Wastewater 226 12.5.2 Emerging Needs and Opportunities in Wastewater 227 References 229 13 Drought Policy and Management 233Rachael McDonnell, Stephen Fragaszy, Troy Sternberg, and Swathi Veeravalli 13.1 Introduction 233 13.2 Drought, Aridity, Water Scarcity, and Desertification 234 13.3 Climate Change and Drought 237 13.4 Drought Policy and Management Development 238 13.4.1 Drought Legislation 238 13.4.2 Drought Policies 239 13.4.3 Drought Governance 240 13.5 The ‘Three Pillars’ of Drought Management 240 13.5.1 Pillar 1: Drought Monitoring and Early Warning Systems 241 13.5.2 Pillar 2: Drought Impact and Vulnerability Assessments 241 13.5.3 Pillar 3: Drought Preparedness Planning 242 13.5.4 A Range of Policy Instruments Including Insurance and Water Allocation Regimes 243 13.6 Drought in Mongolia 243 13.6.1 Pillars 1 and 2: Drought Monitoring, Impacts, and Vulnerability 244 13.6.2 Pillar 3: Drought Preparedness, Mitigation, and Response Strategies 245 13.7 The Example of the Middle East and North Africa Region 245 13.7.1 Pillar 1: Technical and Institutional Drought Monitoring Challenges 246 13.7.2 Pillars 2 and 3: Drought Management Institutional Coordination Challenges 247 13.7.3 Building Resilience – The Moroccan Drought Insurance Example 248 13.8 Discussion 248 13.8.1 Case Studies Synthesis 248 13.8.2 Future Directions for Research 249 13.9 Conclusions 249 References 250 Part III Water Management 255 14 Water Resource System Modelling and Decision Analysis 257Jim W. Hall, Edoardo Borgomeo, Mohammad Mortazavi‐Naeini, and Kevin Wheeler 14.1 The Challenge of Sustainable Water Supply 257 14.2 The Water Resource System Problem 259 14.3 Dealing with Multiple Objectives 261 14.4 Variability and Risk 263 14.5 Uncertainty and Decisions 264 14.6 Embedding Simulation Modelling in Practical Decision‐making 266 14.7 The Expanding Boundaries of Water Resource Systems 268 14.7.1 New Data Sources 268 14.7.2 Economics 268 14.7.3 Finance 269 14.7.4 Society 269 14.7.5 The Environment 269 14.8 Conclusions 270 References 271 15 Financing Water Infrastructure 275Alex Money 15.1 Introduction 275 15.2 The Infrastructure Financing Challenge 276 15.3 Bridging the Gap 278 15.4 Stakeholder Collaboration and the Constructive Corporation 279 15.5 Hybridity and Blended Finance 280 15.6 Blended Returns on Investments in Infrastructure 282 15.7 Water Infrastructure Portfolio Management 283 15.8 Hybrid Income 284 15.9 Synthesis 285 15.10 Scaling the Model 286 15.11 Conclusion 286 References 287 16 Wastewater: From a Toxin to a Valuable Resource 291David W.M. Johnstone, Saskia Nowicki, Abishek S. Narayan, and Ranu Sinha 16.1 Introduction 291 16.2 The Early Formative Years 291 16.3 Early Full‐Scale Application and Process Development 294 16.4 The Age of Understanding 294 16.5 Some Important Legislative and Institutional Changes 295 16.6 More Understanding and a Plethora of Processes 296 16.7 The Question of Sludge 298 16.7.1 Heavy Metals 298 16.7.2 Toxic Organic Chemicals 299 16.7.3 Pathogens 299 16.8 A New Philosophy; A New Paradigm? 299 16.8.1 Water 300 16.8.2 Energy 300 16.8.3 Fertilisers 301 16.8.4 Phosphate 301 16.8.5 Other Recoverable Materials 301 16.9 The Uncollected and Untreated 301 16.9.1 Sewers 303 16.9.2 Innovative Institutional Arrangements 303 16.10 Concluding Remarks 303 References 305 17 A Road Map to Sustainable Urban Water Supply 309Michael Rouse and Nassim El Achi 17.1 Introduction 309 17.2 International Stimuli – What Has Been Achieved? 309 17.2.1 A Brief History Before the Water Decade of 1981–1990 309 17.2.2 The Water Decade 1981–1990 310 17.2.3 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 312 17.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 312 17.3.1 Formation and Definitions 312 17.3.2 Water and Sanitation as a Human Right 313 17.4 Challenges to be Faced 314 17.4.1 Sustained Political Commitment to Goal 314 17.4.2 Reliable Data 315 17.4.3 Effective Planning 315 17.4.4 Water Resources 317 17.4.5 Water Distribution 318 17.4.6 City Planning 320 17.4.7 Finance 321 17.5 Reform Requirements 321 17.5.1 Phnom Penh 321 17.5.2 National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Uganda 322 17.5.3 Chile 323 17.5.4 Singapore 324 17.5.5 Conclusions 324 17.6 Achieving Awareness of What Needs to Be Done 325 17.7 An Outline Road Map to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on Water 325 References 326 18 Equity and Urban Water Security 329Katrina J. Charles, Thanti Octavianti, Erin Hylton, and Grace Remmington 18.1 Introduction 329 18.2 Urban Water Security: Framing the Global Challenge 330 18.2.1 Urban Water Security 330 18.2.2 The Importance of the Urban Space 331 18.2.3 The Challenge of Water Security for Urban Spaces 332 18.3 Trade‐offs in Urban Water Security 334 18.3.1 The Water Security Challenge 335 18.3.2 One Solution for a Complex Issue 335 18.3.3 Universal and Equitable Development 337 18.4 Inclusive Water Security: A Case Study of São Paulo’s Water 339 18.5 Conclusions 340 References 341 19 Reflections on Water Security and Humanity 345David Grey 19.1 Introduction 345 19.2 Human Origins and Water: Then and Now 346 19.2.1 African Beginnings 346 19.2.2 The Nile 346 19.2.3 The Tigris and Euphrates 347 19.2.4 The Indus 347 19.2.5 What Might We Learn from These Reflections? 348 19.3 Water Security and Risk 349 19.4 Eight Major Global Water Security Challenges 351 19.4.1 The Dynamic Challenge of Water Security Risks in Changing Climates 351 19.4.2 The Challenge of Water Supply and Sanitation 352 19.4.3 The Challenge of Hunger 352 19.4.4 The Challenge of Floods 353 19.4.5 The Challenge of Drought 353 19.4.6 The Challenge of International and Transboundary Waters 354 19.4.7 The Challenge of ‘Spillovers’: From Local to Global 355 19.4.8 The Challenge for the World’s ‘Low Latitude’ Regions 355 19.5 Conclusions: Priorities and Pathways for Policy‐makers 356 19.5.1 Three Priorities for Investment 356 19.5.2 Pathways to Water Security 357 References 358 20 Charting the World’s Water Future? 363Simon J. Dadson, Edmund C. Penning‐Rowsell, Dustin E. Garrick, Rob Hope, Jim W. Hall , and Jocelyne Hughes 20.1 Linking Water Science, Policy, and Management 363 20.2 Charting the World’s Water Future: Five Key Challenges 363 20.3 A Vision for Interdisciplinary Water Education 365 Index 367

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Book SynopsisA complete guide to the evolving methods by which we may recover by-products and significantly reduce food waste Across the globe, one third of cereals and almost half of all fruits and vegetables go to waste. The cost of such waste both to economies and to the environment is a serious and increasing concern within the food industry. If we are to overcome this crisis and move towards a sustainable future, we must do everything possible to utilize innovative new methods of extracting and processing valuable by-products of all kinds. Food Wastes and By-products represents a complete primer to this important and complex process. Edited and written by leading researchers, the text provides essential information on the supply of waste and its composition, identifies foods rich in valuable bioactive compounds, and explores revolutionary methods for creating by-products from fruit, vegetable, and seed waste. Other chapters discuss the nutraceutical properties Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv 1 Cereal/Grain By-products 1Norma Julieta Salazar-López, Maribel Ovando-Martínez, and J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Global Production of Cereals and Crop Residues 2 1.3 Cereal Processing and Production of By-products 5 1.3.1 Cereals Morphology and Composition 5 1.3.2 Cereal Grains Processing 6 1.3.2.1 Milling 6 1.3.2.2 Dry Milling 6 1.3.2.3 Wet Milling 6 1.3.2.4 Pearling 7 1.3.2.5 Malting 8 1.3.2.6 Fermentation 8 1.3.2.7 Others 9 1.4 Cereal Grains By-products 9 1.5 Nutraceutical from Cereal/Grain By-products 11 1.5.1 Classification of Nutraceutical Ingredients in Cereal By-products 12 1.5.1.1 Polyphenols 12 1.5.1.2 Carotenoids 16 1.5.1.3 Dietary Fiber 16 1.5.1.4 Prebiotics 17 1.5.1.5 Lipids and Fatty Acids 17 1.5.1.6 Proteins 18 1.5.1.7 Starch 18 1.6 Health Potential of Cereal/Grain By-products 18 1.6.1 Non-Communicable Diseases 18 1.6.1.1 Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Effect 18 1.6.1.2 Diabetes 22 1.6.1.3 Anticancer Effect 23 1.7 Current and Future Perspectives 25 1.8 Concluding Remarks 26 References 26 2 Enrichment and Utilization of Thin Stillage By‑products 35Timothy J. Tse and Martin J. T. Reaney 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Endemic Bacteria in Wheat‐Based Thin Stillage 37 2.3 Protein and Organic Solute Concentration in Thin Stillage 39 2.4 Bacteriocins 43 2.5 Separation and Purification of Bacteriocins 46 2.6 Conclusion 47 References 48 3 Pulse By-products 59Iván Luzardo-Ocampo, M. Liceth Cuellar-Nuñez, B. Dave Oomah, and Guadalupe Loarca-Piña 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Beans By-products 62 3.3 Pea (Pisum sativum) By-products 68 3.4 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Lentil (Lens culinaris) By-products 71 3.5 Lupin (Lupinus) By-products 72 3.6 Other Pulse By-products 74 3.6.1 Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) 74 3.6.2 Broad Beans (Vicia faba) 75 3.7 Concluding Remarks 78 References 86 4 Aquafaba, from Food Waste to a Value-Added Product 93Rana Mustafa and Martin J. T. Reaney 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Plant-based Dairy and Eggs Replacement 94 4.3 History of Use and Etymology 95 4.4 Composition of Chickpea and Aquafaba 96 4.5 Anti-nutritional Compounds 98 4.5.1 Protein Anti-nutritional Compounds 100 4.5.2 Nonprotein Anti-nutritional Compounds 100 4.6 Functional Properties 101 4.6.1 Water Holding Capacity and Oil Holding Capacity 102 4.6.2 Emulsion Stabilizer 103 4.6.3 Foaming Properties 104 4.6.4 Gelling and Thickening Properties 107 4.7 Factors Affecting Functional Properties 108 4.7.1 Effect of Cultivars and Genotypes 108 4.7.2 Effect of Processing Methods 110 4.8 Environmental Impact 112 4.9 Value-added Products for the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries 113 4.10 Current and Future Perspectives 115 4.11 Conclusion 116 References 116 5 Brazilian (North and Northeast) Fruit By-Products 127Larissa Morais Ribeiro DA Silva, Paulo Henrique Machado de Sousa, Luiz Bruno de Sousa Sabino, Giovana Matias do Prado, Lucicleia Barros Vasconcelos Torres, Geraldo Arraes Maia, Raimundo Wilane de Figueiredo, and Nágila Maria Pontes Silva Ricardo 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Coproducts’ Origin 131 5.3 Types of Waste Processing 131 5.4 Bioactive Compounds 132 5.4.1 Vitamin C 133 5.4.2 Phenolic Compounds 134 5.4.3 Antioxidant Activity in Fruit Coproducts 136 5.4.4 Phytosterols in Fruit Coproducts 141 5.5 Brazilian Fruit By-products from the North and Northeast as a Source of Colorants 141 5.6 Brazilian North and Northeast Fruit By-products as Source of Polysaccharides 144 5.7 Brazilian North and Northeast Fruit By-products as Source of Fibers 145 5.8 Conclusions 149 References 149 6 Health Benefits of Mango By-products 159Abraham Wall-Medrano, Francisco J. Olivas-Aguirre, Jesus F. Ayala-Zavala, J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila, Gustavo A. Gonzalez-Aguilar, Luz A. Herrera-Cazares, and Marcela Gaytan-Martinez 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Mango Agro wastes and Industrial By-products 161 6.2.1 Impacts of Generating Mango Wastes and By-products 162 6.2.1.1 Economic Impact 163 6.2.1.2 Environmental Impact 163 6.2.2 Research and Development (R&D) 164 6.3 Nutritional and Functional Value of Mango Wastes and By-products 165 6.3.1 Nutritional and Functional Value of Mango Wastes and By-products 165 6.3.1.1 Macro/Micronutrients 165 6.3.1.2 Dietary Fiber 166 6.3.1.3 Phenolic Compounds 168 6.3.2 Metabolic Fate of Phytochemicals from Mango By-products 170 6.4 Potential Health Benefits of Mango Wastes and By-products 171 6.4.1 Infectious Diseases 171 6.4.1.1 Antibiotic Effect: Planktonic Cells 172 6.4.1.2 Antibiotic Effect: Biofilms 174 6.4.1.3 Prebiotic Effects 176 6.4.2 Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases (NCCDs) 176 6.4.2.1 Obesity 177 6.4.2.2 Diabetes Mellitus 177 6.4.2.3 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) 179 6.4.2.4 Cancer 180 6.4.2.5 Inflammatory Diseases 181 6.4.2.6 Neurological Diseases 182 Acknowledgements 182 References 183 7 Citrus Waste Recovery for Sustainable Nutrition and Health 193Adriana Maite Fernández-Fernández, Eduardo Dellacassa, Alejandra Medrano-Fernandez, and María Dolores Del Castillo 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Citrus By-products: Natural Sources of Health-Promoting Food Ingredients 194 7.2.1 Polyphenols 196 7.2.2 Antioxidant dietary fiber 198 7.3 Health-Promoting Effects 200 7.4 Food Applications 208 7.5 Safety 210 7.6 Conclusions 210 Acknowledgments 210 References 211 8 Vegetable By-products 223L. Gabriela Espinosa-Alonso, Maribel Valdez-Morales, Xochitl Aparicio-Fernandez, Sergio Medina-Godoy, and Fidel Guevara-Lara 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Global and/or by Region Vegetable Food Production and Postharvest Waste 226 8.2.1 Tomato 227 8.2.2 Chili 229 8.2.3 Broccoli and Cauliflower 229 8.2.4 Zucchini 230 8.2.5 Cucumber 230 8.3 Global and/or Regional Vegetable Industrialization and By-Product Generation 231 8.3.1 Tomato 231 8.3.2 Chili 232 8.3.3 Broccoli and Cauliflower 235 8.4 Nutraceutical Composition 236 8.4.1 Tomato 236 8.4.2 Chili 237 8.4.3 Broccoli and Cauliflower 238 8.4.4 Zucchini 239 8.4.5 Cucumber 241 8.5 Proven Nutraceutical In Vitro and In Vivo Bioactivity 242 8.5.1 Tomato 242 8.5.2 Chili 243 8.5.3 Broccoli and Cauliflower 245 8.5.4 Zucchini 245 8.5.4.1 Fruit 245 8.5.4.2 Peel 246 8.5.4.3 Leaves and Stems 247 8.5.5 Cucumber 247 8.5.5.1 Fruit 248 8.5.5.2 Seeds 249 8.5.5.3 Peel 250 8.5.5.4 Leaves and Stems 250 8.6 Methods and Strategies Used by the Food Sector and Other Industries 251 8.7 Commercialization or Transformation in Value-Added Products 253 8.7.1 Tomato 253 8.7.2 Seed Chili 254 8.7.3 Broccoli and Cauliflower 255 8.7.4 Zucchini 256 Acknowledgments 256 References 256 9 Flaxseed By-products 267B. Dave Oomah 9.1 Introduction 267 9.2 Flaxseed Protein 269 9.2.1 Extraction 269 9.2.2 Composition 272 9.2.3 Amino Acid Profile 273 9.2.4 Product Application 275 9.3 Advanced Processing 276 9.4 Mucilage 277 9.5 Current Trends and Perspectives 278 Acknowledgments 283 References 283 10 Seed Hull Utilization 291E.E. Martinez-Soberanes, R. Mustafa, Martin J.T. Reaney, and W.J. Zhang 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Seed Hull Production 292 10.3 Seed Hull Composition 294 10.3.1 Dietary Fiber (DF) 295 10.3.2 Phytochemicals 297 10.3.3 Protein and Other Minor Components 303 10.4 Dehulling Technology 304 10.4.1 Seed Dehulling 304 10.4.2 Dehulling Technology 305 10.5 Recovery of Compounds from Seed Hull 308 10.5.1 Traditional Solvent Extraction 309 10.5.2 Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction 310 10.5.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 312 10.5.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 313 10.5.5 Membrane Separation 314 10.5.6 Seed Hull in Value-Added Food Products 316 10.6 Prospects and Challenges 316 References 317 11 Health Benefits of Spent Coffee Grounds 327Norma Julieta Salazar-López, Carlos Vladimir López-Rodríguez, Diego Antonio Hernández-Montoya, and Rocio Campos-Vega 11.1 Introduction 327 11.2 Coffea Arabica L. Generalities 328 11.3 Coffee Processing and By-products 329 11.3.1 Coffee Husks 330 11.3.2 Coffee Pulp 330 11.3.3 Coffee Silverskin 331 11.3.4 Spent Coffee Grounds 331 11.4 Physicochemical Characteristics in SCG 331 11.5 Nutritional Properties of SCG 333 11.5.1 Carbohydrates 334 11.5.2 Proteins 336 11.5.3 Lipids 336 11.5.4 Minerals 337 11.5.5 Feed Quality 337 11.6 Nutraceuticals in SCG 338 11.6.1 Dietary Fiber 339 11.6.2 Resistant Starch 339 11.6.3 Antioxidant Compounds 340 11.6.4 Antioxidant Dietary Fiber 341 11.7 Health Benefits of Spent Coffee Grounds 341 11.7.1 Weight Management and Obesity 342 11.7.2 Cardiovascular Diseases 344 11.7.3 Gastrointestinal Diseases 345 11.7.4 Cancer 346 References 348 12 Health Benefits of Silverskin 353Amaia Iriondo-DeHond, Teresa Herrera, and María Dolores Del Castillo 12.1 Introduction 353 12.2 Improvement of Gastrointestinal Health 358 12.3 Prevention of Metabolic Disorders 359 12.3.1 Obesity and Dyslipemia 360 12.3.2 Diabetes 362 12.4 Improvement of Skin Health 363 12.5 Conclusions 366 Acknowledgements 366 References 367 13 Cocoa By‐products 373Karen Haydeé Nieto Figueroa, Nancy Viridiana Mendoza García, and Rocio Campos-Vega 13.1 Introduction 373 13.2 Cocoa Bean Shell 376 13.2.1 Chemical Composition 376 13.2.2 Nutraceutical Composition 377 13.2.2.1 Dietary Fiber 377 13.2.2.2 Phenolic Compounds 378 13.2.2.3 Methylxanthines 379 13.2.2.4 Other Compounds 380 13.2.3 Applications 381 13.2.3.1 Feedstuff 381 13.2.3.2 Agriculture 382 13.2.3.3 Biofuels 382 13.2.3.4 Adsorbent 382 13.2.3.5 Dye 383 13.2.3.6 Food Products 383 13.2.3.7 Cocoa Shell Tea 383 13.2.3.8 Cocoa Hulls Polyphenols as a Functional Ingredient for Bakery Applications 383 13.2.3.9 Bio‐Recyclable Paper Packaging 384 13.2.3.10 Cocoa Shell Extracts 384 13.3 Cocoa Pod Husk 386 13.3.1 Chemical Composition 387 13.3.2 Drying Methods 387 13.3.3 Nutraceutical Composition 388 13.3.3.1 Dietary Fiber 388 13.3.3.2 Antioxidants 390 13.3.3.3 Theobromine 391 13.3.3.4 Other Compounds 392 13.3.4 Applications 393 13.3.4.1 Animal Feed 393 13.3.4.2 Soap Making 394 13.3.4.3 Activated Carbon 394 13.3.4.4 Fertilizer and Soil Organic Matter 394 13.3.4.5 Paper Making 395 13.3.4.6 Biofuels and Chemical Industry 395 13.3.4.7 Gums 396 13.3.4.8 Source of Enzymes 396 13.4 Cocoa Mucilage/Pulp/Sweating 396 13.4.1 Chemical Composition 397 13.4.2 Nutraceutical Composition 398 13.4.2.1 Dietary Fiber 398 13.4.2.2 Phenolic Content 398 13.4.3 Applications 399 13.4.3.1 Cocoa Juice 399 13.4.3.2 Cocoa Alcoholic Products 399 13.4.3.3 Pectin 400 13.4.3.4 Marmalade 400 13.4.3.5 Cocoa Jelly 401 13.4.3.6 Other Products 401 13.5 Technological Properties of Cocoa By‐products 402 13.5.1 Water (WHC)‐ and Oil (OHC)‐Holding and Swelling Capacities (SWC) 402 13.6 Concluding Remarks 402 References 403 14 Emerging and Potential Bio-Applications of Agro-Industrial By-products Through Implementation of Nanobiotechnology 413Hayde Azeneth Vergara-Castañeda, Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas, and Héctor Pool 14.1 Introduction 413 14.2 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Mediated by Agro-Industrial Wastes 414 14.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 417 14.2.2 Silver Nanoparticles 419 14.2.3 Quantum Dots 422 14.3 Agro-Industrial Wastes as Platforms for Biofunctional Nanocomposite Production 425 14.4 Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Encapsulation, Protection, and Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents Extracted from Agro-Industrial Wastes 431 14.5 Concluding Remarks 435 References 436 Index 445

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Book SynopsisPresents the first ever guide for vehicle scanning of the dynamic properties of bridges Written by the leading author on the subject of vehicle scanning method (VSM) for bridges, this book allows engineers to monitor every bridge of concern on a regular and routine basis, for the purpose of maintenance and damage detection. It includes a review of the existing literature on the topic and presents the basic concept of extracting bridge frequencies from a moving test vehicle fitted with vibration sensors. How road surface roughness affects the vehicle scanning method is considered and a finite element simulation is conducted to demonstrate how surface roughness affects the vehicle response. Case studies and experimental results are also included. Vehicle Scanning Method for Bridges covers an enhanced technique for extracting higher bridge frequencies. It examines the effect of road roughness on extraction of bridge frequencies, and looks at a dual vehicle technique for suppressing theTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Modal Properties of Bridges 1 1.2 Basic Concept of the Vehicle Scanning Method 3 1.2.1 Bridge Frequency Extraction 3 1.2.2 Bridge Mode Shapes Construction 4 1.3 Brief on the Works Conducted by Yang and Co‐Workers 5 1.4 Works Done by Researchers Worldwide 7 1.4.1 Theoretical Analysis and Simulation 8 1.4.2 Laboratory Test 16 1.4.3 Field Investigation 20 1.5 Concluding Remarks 22 2 Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies: Simple Theory 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Formulation of the Analytical Theory 27 2.3 Single‐ Mode Analytical Solution 28 2.4 Condition of Resonance 34 2.5 Simulation by the Finite Element Method (FEM) 39 2.6 Verification of Accuracy of Analytical Solutions 41 2.7 Extraction of Fundamental Frequency of Bridge 42 2.7.1 Effect of Moving Speed of the Vehicle 46 2.7.2 Condition of Resonance 46 2.7.3 Effect of Damping of the Bridge 48 2.7.4 Effect of a Vehicle Traveling over a Stiffer Bridge 49 2.8 Concluding Remarks 50 3 Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies: General Theory 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Physical Modeling and Formulation 53 3.3 Dynamic Response of the Beam 55 3.3.1 Beam’s Response to a Single Moving Vehicle 58 3.3.2 Beam’s Response to Five Moving Vehicles 61 3.4 Dynamic Response of the Moving Vehicle 62 3.5 Numerical Verification 66 3.6 Concluding Remarks 69 4 Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies: Experiment 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Objective of This Chapter 72 4.3 Description of the Test Bridge 73 4.4 Description of the Test Vehicle 73 4.5 Instrumentation 75 4.6 Testing Plan 75 4.7 Eigenvalue Analysis Results 77 4.8 Experimental Results 77 4.8.1 Ambient Vibration Test 77 4.8.2 Vehicle Characteristics Test 78 4.8.3 Bridge Response to the Moving Truck 79 4.8.4 Response of the Test Cart Resting on the Bridge to the Moving Truck 81 4.8.5 Response of the Moving Test Cart with No Ongoing Traffic 83 4.8.6 Response of the Moving Test Cart with Ongoing Traffic 85 4.9 Comparing the Measured Results with Numerical Results 86 4.10 Concluding Remarks 87 5 EMD‐Enhanced Vehicle Scanning of Bridge Frequencies 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Analytical Formulation of the Problem 93 5.3 Finite Element Simulation of the Problem 96 5.4 Empirical Mode Decomposition 97 5.5 Extraction of Bridge Frequencies by Numerical Simulation 99 5.5.1 Example 1: Single Moving Vehicle 101 5.5.2 Example 2: Five Sequential Moving Vehicles 102 5.5.3 Example 3: Five Random Moving Vehicles 105 5.6 Experimental Studies 105 5.7 Concluding Remarks 114 6 Effect of Road Roughness on Extraction of Bridge Frequencies 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Simulation of Roughness Profiles 116 6.3 Simulation of Bridges with Rough Surface 117 6.4 Effect of Road Roughness on Vehicle Response 118 6.4.1 Case 1: Vehicle Frequency Less than Any Bridge Frequencies 119 6.4.2 Case 2: Vehicle Frequency Greater than the First Bridge Frequency 119 6.5 Vehicle Responses Induced by Separate Excitational Sources 122 6.6 Closed‐Form Solution of Vehicle Response Considering Road Roughness 122 6.7 Reducing the Impact of Road Roughness by Using Two Connected Vehicles 127 6.8 Numerical Studies 131 6.8.1 Example 1. Two Identical Vehicles Moving over the Bridge of Class A Roughness 131 6.8.2 Example 2. Two Identical Vehicles Moving over the Bridge of Class C Roughness 131 6.8.3 Example 3. Two Vehicles of Identical Frequency but Different Properties 132 6.8.4 Effect of Vehicle Spacing on Identification of Bridge Frequencies 133 6.9 Concluding Remarks 135 7 Filtering Technique for Eliminating the Effect of Road Roughness 137 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Numerical Simulations for Vehicle Responses 138 7.3 Filtering Techniques 141 7.3.1 Band‐Pass Filter (BPF)/Band‐Stop Filter (BSF) 141 7.3.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) 142 7.3.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis with Band‐Pass Filter (SSA‐BPF) 144 7.4 Case Studies 145 7.4.1 Case 1: Vehicle Frequency Smaller than First Bridge Frequency 145 7.4.2 Case 2: Vehicle Frequency Greater than First Bridge Frequency 148 7.5 Concluding Remarks 151 8 Hand‐Drawn Cart Used to Measure Bridge Frequencies 153 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Dynamic Properties of the Hand‐Drawn Test Cart 156 8.3 Basic Dynamic Tests for the Test Cart 157 8.4 Field Tests 162 8.4.1 Effect of Cart Weight 163 8.4.2 Effect of Various Traveling Speeds 165 8.4.3 Various Volumes of Existing Traffic Flows 170 8.5 Concluding Remarks 173 9 Theory for Retrieving Bridge Mode Shapes 175 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 Hilbert Transformation 176 9.3 Theoretical Formulation 177 9.4 Algorithms and Constraints 181 9.5 Case Studies 185 9.5.1 Test Vehicle Passing through a Bridge with Smooth Road Surface 186 9.5.2 Effect of Vehicle Speed 187 9.5.3 Test Vehicle Traveling along with Random Traffic 190 9.5.4 Effect of Road Surface Roughness 190 9.6 Concluding Remarks 193 10 Contact‐Point Response for Modal Identification of Bridges 195 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Theoretical Formulation 197 10.2.1 Dynamic Response of the Vehicle−Bridge Contact Point 198 10.2.2 Dynamic Response of the Moving Vehicle 199 10.2.3 Procedure for Calculating the Contact‐Point Response in a Field Test 201 10.2.4 Relationship Between the Contact‐Point and Vehicle Responses 201 10.3 Finite Element Simulation of VBI Problems 204 10.3.1 Brief on VBI Element 204 10.3.2 Verification of the Theoretical Solution 205 10.4 Retrieval of Bridge Frequencies 206 10.5 Retrieval of Bridge Mode Shapes 208 10.5.1 Effect of Moving Speed 209 10.5.2 Effect of Vehicle Frequency 210 10.6 Effect of Road Roughness 212 10.6.1 Bridge with Rough Surface Free of Existing Traffic 212 10.6.2 Bridge with Rough Surface under Existing Traffic 214 10.7 Concluding Remarks 215 11 Damage Detection of Bridges Using the Contact‐Point Response 217 11.1 Introduction 217 11.2 Dynamic Response of the Vehicle‐Bridge System 219 11.2.1 Contact‐Point Response: Analytical Solution 220 11.2.2 Contact‐Point Response: For Use in Field Test 220 11.3 Algorithm for Damage Detection 221 11.3.1 Hilbert Transformation 221 11.3.2 Strategy for Damage Detection 221 11.4 Finite Element Simulation of the Problem 223 11.4.1 Damage Element for Beams 223 11.4.2 Brief on Vehicle−Bridge Interaction (VBI) Element Used 224 11.5 Detection of Damages on a Beam 225 11.5.1 Detection of Damage Location on the Beam 225 11.5.2 Detection of Damage Severity 226 11.5.3 Detection of Multiple Damages 228 11.6 Parametric Study 228 11.6.1 Effect of Test Vehicle Speed 229 11.6.2 Effect of Measurement Noise 229 11.6.3 Bridge with Rough Surface Free of Random Traffic 230 11.6.4 Bridge with Rough Surface under Random Traffic 232 11.7 Concluding Remarks 234 Appendix: Finite Element Simulation 237 References 247 Author Index 259 Subject Index 265

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Book SynopsisProvides aspiring engineers with pertinent information and technological methodologies on how best to manage industry''s modern-day environment concerns This book explains why industrial environmental management is important to human environmental interactions and describes what the physical, economic, social, and technological constraints to achieving the goal of a sustainable environment are. It emphasizes recent progress in life-cycle sustainable design, applying green engineering principles and the concept of Zero Effect Zero Defect to minimize wastes and discharges from various manufacturing facilities. Its goal is to educate engineers on how to obtain an optimum balance between environmental protections, while allowing humans to maintain an acceptable quality of life. Industrial Environmental Management: Engineering, Science, and Policy covers topics such as industrial wastes, life cycle sustainable design, lean manufacturing, international environmTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv About the Companion Website xxvii 1 Why Industrial Environmental Management? 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Management in Industries 3 1.3 Waste as Pollution 4 1.4 Defining Pollution Prevention 4 1.5 The ZDZE Paradigm 5 1.6 Zero Discharge Industries 5 1.7 Sustainability, Industrial Ecology, and Zero Discharge (Emissions) 6 1.8 Why Zero Discharge is Critical to Sustainability 8 1.9 The New Role of Process Engineers and Engineering Firms 9 1.10 Zero Discharge (Emissions) Methodology 10 1.11 Making the Transition 12 1.12 Constraints and Challenges 17 1.13 The Structure of the Book 18 Problems 21 References 22 2 Genesis of Environmental Problem Worldwide: International Environmental Regulations 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Genesis of the Environmental Problem 25 2.3 Causes of Pollution and Environmental Degradation 26 2.4 Industrialization and Urbanization in the United States 27 2.5 Important Technological Developments 33 2.6 Industrial Disasters 34 2.7 Environmental Law 39 2.8 Pollution Control Laws 39 2.9 Resource Sustainability 41 2.10 Polluter Pays Principle 42 2.11 Theory/Environmental Law Debate 42 2.12 International Law 43 2.13 The Legal and Regulatory Framework for Environmental Protection in India 47 2.14 United States Environmental Law 55 2.15 ISO 9000 and 14000 57 2.16 Current Environmental Regulatory Development in the United States: From End-of-Pipe Laws and Regulations to Pollution Prevention 60 2.17 Greenhouse Gases 60 Examples (Multiple Choice) 64 Problems 65 References 65 3 Industrial Pollution Sources, Its Characterization, Estimation, and Treatment 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Wastewater Sources 71 3.3 Wastewater Characteristics 71 3.4 Chemical Characteristics 73 3.5 Industrial Wastewater Variation 75 3.6 Industrial Wastestream Variables 77 3.7 Concentration vs. Mass of the Pollution 78 3.8 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 82 3.9 Air Quality 83 3.10 The Ideal Gas Law and Concentration Measurements in Gases 94 3.11 Other Applications of the Ideal Gas Law 96 3.12 Gas Flow Measurement 97 3.13 Flow at Standard Temperature and Pressure 98 3.14 Gas Flowrate Conversion from SCFM to ACFM 98 3.15 Corrections for Percent O2 98 3.16 Boiler Flue Gas Concentrations Are Usually Corrected to 3% Oxygen 98 3.17 Air‐to‐Fuel Ratio and Stoichiometric Ratio 98 3.18 Material Balances and Energy Balances 99 3.19 Wastes in the United States 102 3.20 Hazardous Waste 104 3.21 Incineration, Destruction, and WtE 105 3.22 Hazardous Waste Landfill (Sequestering, Isolation, etc.) 106 3.22.1 Pyrolysis 106 3.23 Radioactive Waste 106 3.24 Coal 107 3.25 Low‐ Level Waste 108 3.26 Nuclear Waste Management 109 Problems 110 References 111 4 Industrial Wastewater, Air Pollution, and Solid and Hazardous Wastes: Monitoring, Permitting, Sample Collections and Analyses, QA/QC, Compliance with State Regulations and Federal Standards 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Industrial Process Water 115 4.3 Common Elements, Radicals, and Chemicals in Water Analysis 115 4.4 Purposes and Objectives for Inspecting and Sampling 116 4.5 Sampling and QA/QC Plan 120 4.6 Whole Effluent Toxicity Testing 130 4.7 Flow Measurements 133 4.8 The Point of Compliance with the Water Quality Standards 139 4.9 Water Quality Modeling 142 4.10 Example NPDES Permits (for Refinery and Aluminum Smelter are shown in Section D.1) 145 4.11 Air Pollution Perspective 146 4.12 Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Permitting Process 149 4.13 An Overall Permitting Process 150 4.14 Best Available Control Technology 152 4.15 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling 157 4.16 Dispersion Models: Indoor Concentrations 159 4.17 State Implementation Plan 162 4.18 Compliance 164 4.19 CAA Enforcement Provisions 168 4.20 Industrial Solid Wastes and Its Management 173 4.21 Hazardous Waste Landfill (Sequestering, Isolation, etc.) 180 4.22 Industrial Waste Generation Rates 181 4.23 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfund 182 4.24 Industrial Waste Management in India: Shifting Gears 185 Problems 187 References 189 5 Assessment and Management of Health and Environmental Risks: Industrial and Manufacturing Process Safety 193 5.1 Health Risk Assessment 193 5.2 Assessing the Risks of Some Common Pollutants 201 5.3 Ecological Risk Assessment 207 5.4 Risk Management 217 5.5 Communicating Information on Environmental and Health Risks 227 5.6 Environmental Information Access on the Internet 231 5.7 Health and Occupational Safety 234 5.8 Industrial Process Safety System Guidelines 235 5.9 Industrial Hygiene 236 5.10 Atmospheric Hazards 237 5.11 Safety Equipment 241 5.12 Communication Devices 243 5.13 Noise 246 5.14 Radiation 249 5.15 Effects of Global Warming: Climate Change – The World’s Health 253 5.16 Key Vulnerabilities 257 5.17 Energy Sector 258 Problems 259 References 260 6 Industrial Process Pollution Prevention: Life-Cycle Assesvsment to Best Available Control Technology 265 6.1 Industrial Waste 265 6.2 What is Life Cycle Assessment? 267 6.3 LCA and LCI Software Tools 280 6.4 Evaluating the Life Cycle Environmental Performance of Chemical-, Mechanical-, and Bio-Pulping Processes 282 6.5 Evaluating the Life Cycle Environmental Performance of Two Disinfection Technologies 291 6.6 Case Study: LCA Comparisons of Electricity from Biorenewables and Fossil Fuels 299 6.7 Best Available Control Technology (for Environmental Remediation) 303 6.8 BACT: Applications to Gas Turbine Power Plants 304Problems 312 References 312 7 Economics of Manufacturing Pollution Prevention: Toward an Environmentally Sustainable Industrial Economy 317 7.1 Introduction 317 7.2 Economic Evaluation of Pollution Prevention 317 7.3 Cost Estimates 318 7.4 Economic Criteria for Technology Comparisons 321 7.5 Calculating CF 321 7.6 From Pollution Control to Profitable Pollution Prevention 323 7.7 Resource Recovery and Reuse 325 7.8 Profitable Pollution Prevention in the Metal-Finishing Industry 326 7.9 Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater as Power Plant Cooling System Makeup Water: Tertiary Treatment vs. Expanded Chemical Regimen for Recirculating Water Quality Management 335 7.10 Consequences of Dirty Air: Costs–Benefits 340 7.11 Some On-Going Pollution Prevention Technologies 341 7.12 Cost Indices and Estimating Cost of Equipment 348 7.13 Waste-to-Energy 350 7.14 Sustainable Economy and the Earth 354 Problems 357 References 359 8 Lean Manufacturing: Zero Defect and Zero Effect: Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing 363 8.1 Introduction 363 8.2 Engineering Data Summary and Presentation 364 8.3 Time Series: Process over Time 369 8.4 Process Capability 371 8.5 Lean Manufacturing 374 8.6 Types of Waste 380 8.7 Six Sigma in Industry 381 8.8 Lean Implementation Develops from TPS 381 8.9 Manufacturing System Characteristics: Process Planning Basics 385 8.10 Design for Life Cycle 386 8.11 Sustainable Design and Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing 387 8.12 Lean Six Sigma 390 8.13 Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing 392 8.14 Cost vs. Quality Analysis 393 8.15 Assessing and Reducing Risk in Design: Cost to Manufacturer 395 8.16 The Heart and Soul of the Toyota Way: Lean Processes 396 8.17 Essential Roles of Industrial Environmental Managers 400 8.18 Goals of IEMs 401 8.19 Environmental Compliance and Compliance Assurances 401 8.20 Waste Reduction 401 Problems 403 References 405 9 Industrial Waste Minimization Methodology: Industrial Ecology, Eco-Industrial Park and Manufacturing Process Intensification and Integration 409 9.1 Introduction 409 9.2 Industrial Ecology 409 9.3 Water–Energy Nexus 417 9.4 CE Indicators in Relation to Eco-Innovation 426 9.5 Process Intensification and Integration Potential in Manufacturing 427 9.6 Manufacturing Process Integration 432 9.7 New Sustainable Chemicals and Energy from Black Liquor Gasification Using Process Integration and Intensification 433 9.8 Chemical Recovery and Power/Steam Cogeneration at Pulp and Paper Mills 436 9.9 Conclusions 445 Problems 447 References 448 10 Quality Industrial Environmental Management: Sustainable Engineering in Manufacturing 453 10.1 Introduction: Industry and the Global Environmental Issues 453 10.2 Integrating LCA in Sustainable Product Design and Development 463 10.3 Green Chemistry: The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry 464 10.4 The Hannover Principles 467 10.5 Sustainable Industries and Business 468 10.6 Six Essential Characteristics 470 10.7 Social Services 471 10.8 Environmental Regulatory Law: Command and Control Market Based, and Reflexive 471 10.9 Business Ethics 472 10.10 International Issues 473 10.11 Ethical Sustainability 473 10.12 Social Sustainability 474 10.13 Conclusions 475 10.14 Strategy for Corporate Sustainability 476 Problems 477 References 477 Appendix A Conversion Factors 481 Appendix B International Environmental Law 483 Appendix C Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Stationary Point and Area Sources 487 Appendix D Frequently Asked Questions and Answers: Water Quality Model, Dispersion Model and Permits 493 Appendix E Industrial Hygiene Outlines 511 Appendix F Environmental Cost-Benefit 513 Appendix G Resource Recovery: Waste-To-Energy Facility, City of Spokane, Washington, USA 515 Appendix H The Hannover Principles 519 Appendix I Environmental Goals and Business Goals Are Not Two Distinct Goal Sets 521 Appendix J Sample Codes of Ethics and Guidelines 523 Index 527

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Book SynopsisA guide for urban areas to achieve sustainability by recovering water, energy, and solids Integrated Sustainable Urban Water, Energy, and Solids Management presents an integrated and sustainable system of urban water, used (waste) water, and waste solids management that would save and protect water quality, recover energy and other resources from used water and waste solids including plastics, and minimize or eliminate the need for landfills. The authora noted expert on the topicexplains how to accomplish sustainability with drainage infrastructures connected to receiving waters that protect or mimic nature and are resilient to natural and anthropogenic stresses, including extreme events. The book shows how to reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses to net zero level through water conservation, recycling, and generating blue and green energy from waste by emerging emission free technologies while simultaneously installing solar power on houses and wind poweTable of ContentsPreface xi Integrated Sustainable Urban Water, Energy, and Solids Management 1 1 Sustainability Goals for Urban Water and Solid Waste Systems 3 1.1 Introduction to Urban Sustainability / 3 1.2 Historic and Current Urban Paradigms / 8 Paradigms of Urbanization / 9 1.3 Global Climate Changes / 14 1.4 Need for a Paradigm Shift to Sustainability / 16 1.5 Population Increase, Urbanization, and the Rise of Megalopolises / 19 Waste Accumulation / 23 Brief Outlook Toward the Future / 23 1.6 What Is a Sustainable Ecocity? / 24 Impact of Global Warming and Continuing Overuse of Resources / 28 The UN 2015 Resolution of Sustainability / 28 2 the New Paradigm of Urban Water, Energy, and Resources Management 31 2.1 The Search for a New Paradigm / 31 2.2 From Linear to Hybrid Urban Metabolism / 33 Circular Economy / 37 2.3 Urban Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change / 40 Engineering and Infrastructure Hazards and Disaster Resilience / 42 Socioecological or Governance Resilience / 48 3 Goals and Criteria of Urban Sustainability 51 3.1 Review of Existing Sustainability Criteria / 51 LEED Criteria for Buildings and Subdivisions / 53 Triple Net-Zero (TNZ) Goals / 54 Water Footprint / 56 GHG (Carbon Dioxide) Net-Zero Footprint Goal / 58 Water/Energy Nexus / 60 Ecological Footprint / 60 3.2 Zero Solid Waste to Landfill Goal and Footprint / 61 Landfill Gas (LFG) / 64 Exporting Garbage / 68 Swedish Recycling Revolution / 68 3.3 Importance of Recycling versus Combusting or Landfilling / 69 4 Origin of Hydrogen Energy, GHG Emissions, And Climatic Changes 73 4.1 Introduction to Energy / 73 Energy Definitions and Units / 73 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) / 76 4.2 Hydrogen Energy / 79 Blue and Green Sources of Hydrogen on Earth / 79 Hydrogen as a Source of Energy / 84 Vision of Hydrogen Role in the (Near) Future / 89 4.3 Carbon Dioxide Sequestering and Reuse / 91 Stopping the Atmospheric CO2 Increase and Reversing the Trend / 91 Sequestering CO2 / 93 Non-CCUS Reuse of Carbon Dioxide / 96 Recycling / 97 4.4 Solar and Wind Blue Power / 98 Solar Power / 98 Wind Power / 103 Green and Blue Energy Storage / 106 4.5 Food/Water/Energy/Climate Nexus / 108 4.6 World and US Energy Outlook / 110 5 Decentralized Hierarchical Urban Water, Used Water, Solids, and Energy Management Systems 117 5.1 Economy of Scale Dogma Forced Centralized Management 45 Years Ago / 117 5.2 Distributed Building and Cluster Level Designs and Management / 119 Cluster or Neighborhood Level Water and Energy Recovery / 121 5.3 Flow Separation: Gray Water Reclamation and Reuse / 126 Tap a Sewer, Keep the Liquid, and Sell the Solids / 132 Integrated District Water and Energy Providing Loop / 136 Energy Savings and GHG Reduction by Gray Water Reuse in Clusters / 137 6 Biophilic Sustainable Landscape and Low Impact Development 141 6.1 Urban Nature and Biophilic Designs / 141 Biophilic Designs / 142 6.2 Low-Impact Development / 144 Classification of LID (SUDS) Practices / 149 6.3 Restoring, Daylighting, and Creating Urban Water Bodies / 165 Stream Restoration / 165 Waterscapes / 169 Vertical Forests and Systems / 170 6.4 Biophilic Urban Biomass Management and Carbon Sequestering / 171 Lawns and Grass Clippings / 172 Other Vegetation / 172 7 Building Blocks of the Regional Integrated Resources Recovery Facility (IRRF) 175 7.1 Traditional Aerobic Treatment / 175 GHG Emissions from Traditional Regional Water/Resources Recovery Facilities / 178 7.2 Energy-Producing Treatment / 179 Anaerobic Digestion and Decomposition / 179 Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment and Energy Recovery (Use) Processes / 182 Acid Fermentation and Its Hydrogen Production / 184 Anaerobic Treatment / 188 7.3 Triple Net-Zero: COF Future Direction and Integrated Resource Recovery Facilities / 189 Goals of the Future IRRFs and Enabling Technologies / 190 Energy Recovery in a Centralized Concept with Anaerobic Treatment and Digestion as the Core Technology / 192 Anaerobic Energy Production and Recovery Units and Processes / 194 High Rate Anaerobic Treatment Systems / 195 7.4 Co-Digestion of Sludge with Other Organic Matter / 203 7.5 Conversion of Chemical and Sensible Energy in Used Water into Electricity and Heat / 207 8 Integrating Gasification and Developing An Integrated “waste to Energy” Power Plant 211 8.1 Traditional Waste-to-Energy Systems / 211 Incineration / 212 Heat Energy to Dry the Solids / 215 8.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification / 216 Gasification of Digested Residual Used Water Solids with MSW / 218 Gasification of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) / 221 8.3 Converting Biogas to Electricity / 232 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) to Syngas and Then to Hydrogen / 234 8.4 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) / 235 Increasing Hydrogen Energy Production / 236 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) / 236 Modifications of MFCs to MECs for Hydrogen Production / 238 Hybrid Fermentation and the MEC System / 241 8.5 Hydrogen Yield Potential by Indirect Gasification / 242 Sources of Energy Hydrogen / 244 Maximizing Hydrogen Energy Yield by Selecting the Proper Technologies / 251 8.6 Hydrogen Fuel Cells / 249 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) / 250 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) / 253 Producing Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis / 254 Gas Separation / 256 8.7 The IRRF Power Plant / 257 Hydrogen-CO2 Separator / 260 Carbon Dioxide Sequestering in an IRRF / 262 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Concentration by the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell / 264 9 Nutrient Recovery 265 9.1 The Need to Recover, Not Just Remove Nutrients / 265 9.2 Biological Nutrient Removal and Recovery / 267 Traditional Nutrient Removal Processes / 267 Anammox / 268 Phosphorus Biological Removal and Limited Recovery / 270 MEC Can Recover Struvite / 272 9.3 Unit Processes Recovering Nutrients / 273 Urine Separation / 273 Nutrient Separation / 274 Phytoseparation of Nutrients / 275 Chemical Removal and Recovery of Nutrients / 283 Phosphorus Flow in the Distributed Urban System / 285 Nutrients in Gasifier Ash / 286 10 Building the Sustainable Integrated System 291 10.1 Assembling the System / 291 Concepts, Building Blocks, and Inputs / 291 10.2 Upgrading Traditional Systems to Cities of the Future / 295 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Plan / 295 Danish Billund BioRefinery / 296 Integrating MSW / 299 10.3 Visionary Mid-Twenty-First Century Regional Resource Recovery Alternative / 304 The Power Plant / 309 10.4 Water–Energy Nexus and Resource Recovery of Three Alternative Designs / 311 Three Alternatives / 311 Inputs to the Analyses / 315 CO2 /Kw-h Ratio for the Alternatives / 319 Discussion and Results / 321 11 Closing the Quest Toward Triple Net-zero Urban Systems 337 11.1 Community Self-Reliance on TMZ System for Power and Recovering Resources / 337 11.2 Economic Benefits and Approximate Costs of the 2040+ Integrated Water/Energy/MSW Management / 341 Cost of Green and Blue Energies Is Decreasing / 342 11.3 Can It Be Done in Time to Save the Earth from Irreversible Damage? / 349 Political-Economical Tools / 349 The Process to Achieve the Goals / 351 References 357 Index 385

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 1 1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 3 1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units 4 1.2.1 Systems of Units 7 1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 12 1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 12 1.4.1 Density 12 1.4.2 Specific Weight 14 1.4.3 Specific Gravity 14 1.5 Ideal Gas Law 14 1.6 Viscosity 17 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 23 1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 23 1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 24 1.7.3 Speed of Sound 25 1.8 Vapor Pressure 26 1.9 Surface Tension 27 1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 30 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 32 References 34 2 Fluid Statics 35 Learning Objectives 35 2.1 Pressure at a Point 35 2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 36 2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 38 2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 39 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 42 2.4 Standard Atmosphere 43 2.5 Measurement of Pressure 45 2.6 Manometry 47 2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 47 2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 48 2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 50 2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices 51 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 54 2.9 Pressure Prism 60 2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 63 2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 65 2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 65 2.11.2 Stability 68 2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion 70 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 70 References 71 3 Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation 72 Learning Objectives 72 3.1 Newton’s Second Law 72 3.2 F = ma along a Streamline 75 3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline 79 3.4 Physical Interpretations and Alternate Forms of the Bernoulli Equation 81 3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure 83 3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation 87 3.6.1 Free Jets 87 3.6.2 Confined Flows 90 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 96 3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line 100 3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 103 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 103 References 105 4 Fluid Kinematics 106 Learning Objectives 106 4.1 The Velocity Field 106 4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 109 4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 110 4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 111 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 111 4.2 The Acceleration Field 115 4.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative 115 4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 118 4.2.3 Convective Effects 118 4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 121 4.3 Control Volume and System Representations 122 4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 123 4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 125 4.4.2 Selection of a Control Volume 129 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 130 References 131 5 Finite Control Volume Analysis 132 Learning Objectives 132 5.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation 132 5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 132 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 134 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 140 5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations 143 5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 143 5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 144 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 157 5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 159 5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation 165 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 165 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 168 5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation 172 5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 177 5.3.5 Comparison of Various Forms of the Energy Equation 178 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 182 References 183 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow 184 Learning Objectives 184 6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics 185 6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 185 6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 186 6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation 187 6.2 Conservation of Mass 190 6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 190 6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 192 6.2.3 The Stream Function 193 6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation 196 6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element 197 6.3.2 Equations of Motion 199 6.4 Inviscid Flow 200 6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 200 6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 201 6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 202 6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 203 6.4.5 The Velocity Potential 203 6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 206 6.5.1 Uniform Flow 208 6.5.2 Source and Sink 208 6.5.3 Vortex 210 6.5.4 Doublet 213 6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows 215 6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body 215 6.6.2 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 218 6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis 224 6.8 Viscous Flow 225 6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships 225 6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations 226 6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, Incompressible Flows 227 6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates 228 6.9.2 Couette Flow 230 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 232 6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis 234 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 235 References 237 7 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling 238 Learning Objectives 238 7.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 239 7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 241 7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 241 7.4 Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis 247 7.4.1 Selection of Variables 247 7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 248 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 249 7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 250 7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 251 7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 253 7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 253 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms 254 7.8 Modeling and Similitude 257 7.8.1 Theory of Models 257 7.8.2 Model Scales 260 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models 261 7.9 Some Typical Model Studies 262 7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits 262 7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies 264 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 267 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 269 References 271 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes 272 Learning Objectives 272 8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 273 8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 273 8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 275 8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 276 8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 276 8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 281 8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 281 8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 281 8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 283 8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 284 8.4 Pipe Flow Losses via Dimensional Analysis 286 8.4.1 Major Losses 286 8.4.2 Minor Losses 291 8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 301 8.5 Pipe Flow Examples 304 8.5.1 Single Pipes 304 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 313 8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement 316 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 319 References 321 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies 322 Learning Objectives 322 9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 322 9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 323 9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object 325 9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 330 9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 330 9.2.2 Prandtl / Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 333 9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 335 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 337 9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 339 9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 343 9.3 Drag 346 9.3.1 Friction Drag 346 9.3.2 Pressure Drag 346 9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 347 9.4 Lift 358 9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 360 9.4.2 Circulation 363 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 365 References 367 10 Open-Channel Flow 368 Learning Objectives 368 10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow 368 10.2 Surface Waves 369 10.2.1 Wave Speed 370 10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 372 10.3 Energy Considerations 373 10.3.1 Energy Balance 373 10.3.2 Specific Energy 374 10.4 Uniform Flow 377 10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 377 10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 378 10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples 381 10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 386 10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 386 10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 387 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 391 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 393 10.6.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates 395 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 397 References 398 11 Turbomachines 399 Learning Objectives 399 11.1 Introduction 400 11.2 Basic Energy Considerations 401 11.3 Angular Momentum Considerations 405 11.4 The Centrifugal Pump 406 11.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 407 11.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 410 11.4.3 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection 412 11.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws 416 11.5.1 Specific Speed 418 11.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 419 11.7 Fans 422 11.8 Turbines 422 11.8.1 Impulse Turbines 423 11.8.2 Reaction Turbines 430 11.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 433 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 433 References 435 Appendix A Computational Fluid Dynamics 436 Appendix B Physical Properties of Fluids 448 Appendix C Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 453 Appendix D Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors 455 Questions and Problems SP-1 Chapter 1 SP-1 Chapter 2 SP-9 Chapter 3 SP-26 Chapter 4 SP-41 Chapter 5 SP-48 Chapter 6 SP-66 Chapter 7 SP-76 Chapter 8 SP-84 Chapter 9 SP-96 Chapter 10 SP-105 Chapter 11 SP-110 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisA balanced approach to structural analysis, including both classical techniques and computer-based analysis The second edition of Structural Analysis: Understanding Behavior a team delivers a complete approach to the subject, expertly balancing the classical techniques of analysis with computer-based analysis experiences involving parametric studies. The book provides students with foundational knowledge in the concepts that come from studying a subset of classical techniques, and strengthens this foundation with the use of structural analysis software in activities designed to promote self-discovery of structural concepts and behaviors. Most problem sets include parametric exercises that are designed to let students discover the influence that various modeling parameters have upon the response of structures. Practicing engineers influenced topical coverage, such as the inclusion of the chapter on the lateral load path in a building and its relevant componentsa topic for which many graduating students would otherwise find themselves ill prepared. The author has also provided video examples for each chapter demonstrating the processes in the text, and showing problems worked out from start to finish.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Part 1 Determinate Structures 1 Introduction 2 2 Structural Loads 12 3 Vertical System Loading and Behavior 48 4 Lateral System Loading and Behavior 67 5 Reactions 87 6 Axial Force, Shear Force, and Bending Moment 121 7 Plane Trusses 156 8 Deflections and Angle Changes in Structures 194 9 Deflection and Angle Changes Using Virtual Work 218 Part 2 Indeterminate Structures 10 Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures 246 11 Force Method for Statically Indeterminate Structures 252 12 Force Method for Statically Indeterminate Structures Continued 271 13 Moment Distribution for Beams 288 14 Moment Distribution for Frames 306 15 Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures 327 Part 3 Influence Lines 16 Influence Lines for Determinate Structures 348 17 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Structures 378 Part 4 Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis 18 Introduction to Matrix Methods 392 19 Direct Stiffness Method for Trusses 401 20 Direct Stiffness Method for Beams and Frames 433 21 Additional Topics for the Direct Stiffness Method 471 Part 5 Additional Online-only Chapters 22 Slope Deflection: A Displacement Method of Analysis 23 Deflections Using the Moment Area Method 24 Deflections Using Geometric Methods A ASCE 7-22 Information A-1 B Introduction to SAP 2000 A-3 C Matrix Algebra A-24 D Reference Charts A-35 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface vii Chapter One Introduction 1 1.1 Engineering Fluid Mechanics 2 1.2 Modeling in Fluid Mechanics and Engineering 5 1.3 Modeling of Materials 6 1.4 Weight, Mass, and Newton’s Law of Gravitation 10 1.5 Essential Math Topics 14 1.6 Density and Specific Weight 16 1.7 The Ideal Gas Law (IGL) 18 1.8 Quantity, Units, and Dimensions 21 1.9 Problem Solving 27 1.10 Summarizing Key Knowledge 30 Chapter Two Fluid Properties 32 2.1 System, State, and Property 33 2.2 Looking Up Fluid Properties 34 2.3 Specific Gravity, Constant Density, and the Bulk Modulus 37 2.4 Pressure and Shear Stress 40 2.5 The Viscosity Equation 43 2.6 Surface Tension 48 2.7 Vapor Pressure, Boiling, and Cavitation 53 2.8 Characterizing Thermal Energy in Flowing Gases 53 2.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 54 Chapter Three Fluid Statics 56 3.1 Describing Pressure 57 3.2 The Hydrostatic Equations 62 3.3 Measuring Pressure 67 3.4 The Pressure Force on a Panel (Flat Surface) 71 3.5 Calculating the Pressure Force on a Curved Surface 77 3.6 Calculating Buoyant Forces 80 3.7 Predicting Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 82 3.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 86 Chapter Four The Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation 88 4.1 Describing Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 88 4.2 Characterizing Velocity of a Flowing Fluid 91 4.3 Describing Flow 93 4.4 Acceleration 99 4.5 Applying Euler’s Equation to Understand Pressure Variation 102 4.6 The Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline 108 4.7 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 115 4.8 Characterizing the Rotational Motion of a Flowing Fluid 118 4.9 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 122 4.10 Describing the Pressure Field for Flow over a Circular Cylinder 123 4.11 Calculating the Pressure Field for a Rotating Flow 125 4.12 Summarizing Key Knowledge 127 Chapter Five The Control Volume Approach and The Continuity Equation 131 5.1 Characterizing the Rate of Flow 131 5.2 The Control Volume Approach 137 5.3 The Continuity Equation (Theory) 143 5.4 The Continuity Equation (Application) 144 5.5 Predicting Cavitation 151 5.6 Summarizing Key Knowledge 154 Chapter Six The Momentum Equation 156 6.1 Understanding Newton’s Second Law of Motion 156 6.2 The Linear Momentum Equation: Theory 160 6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation: Application 163 6.4 The Linear Momentum Equation for a Stationary Control Volume 165 6.5 Examples of the Linear Momentum Equation (Moving Objects) 174 6.6 The Angular Momentum Equation 179 6.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 182 Chapter Seven The Energy Equation 184 7.1 Technical Vocabulary: Work, Energy, and Power 185 7.2 Conservation of Energy 187 7.3 The Energy Equation 189 7.4 The Power Equation 196 7.5 Mechanical Efficiency 198 7.6 Contrasting the Bernoulli Equation and the Energy Equation 201 7.7 Transitions 201 7.8 The Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines 204 7.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 207 Chapter Eight Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 210 8.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 210 8.2 Buckingham Π Theorem 212 8.3 Dimensional Analysis 212 8.4 Common π-Groups 216 8.5 Similitude 219 8.6 Model Studies for Flows without Free-Surface Effects 223 8.7 Model–Prototype Performance 226 8.8 Approximate Similitude at High Reynolds Numbers 227 8.9 Free-Surface Model Studies 230 8.10 Summarizing Key Knowledge 233 Chapter Nine Viscous Flow Over a Flat Surface 234 9.1 The Navier–Stokes Equation for Uniform Flow 235 9.2 Couette Flow 236 9.3 Poiseuille Flow in a Channel 237 9.4 The Boundary Layer (Description) 239 9.5 Velocity Profiles in the Boundary Layer 240 9.6 The Boundary Layer (Calculations) 242 9.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 246 Chapter Ten Flow in Conduits 248 10.1 Classifying Flow 249 10.2 Specifying Pipe Sizes 251 10.3 Pipe Head Loss 252 10.4 Stress Distributions in Pipe Flow 254 10.5 Laminar Flow in a Round Tube 256 10.6 Turbulent Flow and the Moody Diagram 259 10.7 A Strategy for Solving Problems 264 10.8 Combined Head Loss 268 10.9 Nonround Conduits 272 10.10 Pumps and Systems of Pipes 274 10.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 279 Chapter Eleven Drag and Lift 282 11.1 Relating Lift and Drag to Stress Distributions 282 11.2 Calculating the Drag Force 284 11.3 Drag of Axisymmetric and 3-D Bodies 287 11.4 Terminal Velocity 292 11.5 Vortex Shedding 294 11.6 Reducing Drag by Streamlining 295 11.7 Drag in Compressible Flow 295 11.8 The Theory of Lift 296 11.9 Lift and Drag on Airfoils 300 11.10 Lift and Drag on Road Vehicles 306 11.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 309 Chapter Twelve Compressible Flow 312 12.1 Wave Propagation in Compressible Fluids 312 12.2 Mach Number Relationships 317 12.3 Normal Shock Waves 322 12.4 Isentropic Compressible Flow through a Duct with Varying Area 327 12.5 Summarizing Key Knowledge 338 Chapter Thirteen Flow Measurements 340 13.1 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 340 13.2 Measuring Flow Rate (Discharge) 347 13.3 Summarizing Key Knowledge 362 Chapter Fourteen Turbomachinery 363 14.1 Propellers 364 14.2 Axial-Flow Pumps 368 14.3 Radial-Flow Machines 372 14.4 Specific Speed 375 14.5 Suction Limitations of Pumps 377 14.6 Viscous Effects 379 14.7 Centrifugal Compressors 380 14.8 Turbines 383 14.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 391 Chapter Fifteen Flow in Open Channels 393 15.1 Describing Open-Channel Flow 394 15.2 Energy Equation for Steady Open-Channel Flow 396 15.3 Steady Uniform Flow 397 15.4 Steady Nonuniform Flow 405 15.5 Rapidly Varied Flow 405 15.6 Hydraulic Jump 415 15.7 Gradually Varied Flow 420 15.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 427 Chapter Sixteen Modeling of Fluid Dynamics Problems 429 16.1 Models in Fluid Mechanics 430 16.2 Foundations for Learning Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 434 16.3 The Continuity Equation 443 16.4 The Navier–Stokes Equation 449 16.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 453 16.6 Examples of CFD 458 16.7 A Path for Moving Forward 460 16.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 461 Problems P-1 Appendix A-1 Answers S-1 Index I-1

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xix Part I Fundamental Concepts 1 Getting Started with the Fundamental Concepts 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Why Calculate Chemical Species Concentrations at Equilibrium? 3 1.3 Primary Variables: Importance of pH and pe 6 1.4 Properties of Water 7 1.5 Part I Roadmap 9 1.6 Chapter Summary 9 1.7 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury be Formed Chemically in Water? 10 Chapter Key Ideas 11 Chapter Glossary 11 Historical Note: S.P.L. Sørensen and the p in pH 11 Chapter References 12 2 Concentration Units 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Units Analysis 13 2.3 Molar Concentration Units 14 2.4 Mass Concentration Units 19 2.5 Dimensionless Concentration Units 24 2.6 Equivalents 25 2.7 Review of Units Interconversion 26 2.8 Common Concentration Units in the Gas Phase 27 2.9 Common Concentration Units in the Solid Phase 28 2.10 Activity 28 2.11 Chapter Summary 30 2.12 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 30 Chapter Key Ideas 31 Chapter Glossary 31 Historical Note: Amadea Avogadro and Avogadro’s Number 32 Problems 33 Chapter References 34 3 Thermodynamic Basis of Equilibrium 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Thermodynamic Properties 36 3.3 Why Do We Need Thermodynamics to Calculate Species Concentrations? 39 3.4 Thermodynamic Laws 42 3.5 Gibbs Free Energy 45 3.6 Properties of Thermodynamic Functions 48 3.7 Changes in Thermodynamic Properties During Chemical Reactions 50 3.8 Relating Gibbs Free Energy to Species Concentrations 55 3.9 Chemical Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 60 3.10 Chapter Summary 62 3.11 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 63 Chapter Key Ideas 63 Chapter Glossary 64 Historical Note: Josiah Willard Gibbs 66 Problems 67 Chapter References 68 4 Manipulating Equilibrium Expressions 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Chemical and Mathematical Forms of Equilibria 69 4.3 Units of Equilibrium Constants 73 4.4 Reversing Equilibria 75 4.5 Effects of Stoichiometry 76 4.6 Adding Equilibria 78 4.7 Creating Equilibria 81 4.8 Chapter Summary 87 4.9 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 87 Chapter Key Ideas 88 Chapter Glossary 89 Historical Note: Henri- Louis Le Châtelier and Le Châtelier’s Principle 89 Problems 90 Chapter References 91 Part II Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems 5 Getting Started withSolving Equilibrium Problems 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 A Framework for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems 95 5.3 Introduction to Defining the Chemical System 97 5.4 Introduction to Enumerating Chemical Species 98 5.5 Introduction to Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations 98 5.6 Part II Roadmap 100 5.7 Chapter Summary 100 5.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 101 Chapter Key Ideas 101 Chapter Glossary 101 Historical Note: “Active Mass” and Familial Relations 102 Chapter References 103 6 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Calculations 105 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Defining the Chemical System 105 6.3 Enumerating Chemical Species 106 6.4 Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations 112 6.5 Review of Procedures for Setting up Equilibrium Systems 120 6.6 Concise Mathematical Form for Equilibrium Systems 121 6.7 Chapter Summary 122 6.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 123 Chapter Key Ideas 126 Chapter Glossary 126 Historical Note: Salts of the Ocean 127 Problems 129 Chapter References 130 7 Algebraic Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Background on Algebraic Solutions 131 7.3 Method of Substitution 133 7.4 Method of Approximation 139 7.5 Chapter Summary 148 7.6 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 148 Chapter Key Ideas 152 Historical Note: What’s in a Name? 152 Problems 153 8 Graphical Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 155 8.1 Introduction 155 8.2 Log Concentration and pC- pH Diagrams 156 8.3 Using pC- pH Diagrams with More Complex Systems 162 8.4 Special Shortcuts for Monoprotic Acids 167 8.5 When Graphical Methods Fail: The Proton Condition 171 8.6 Chapter Summary 177 8.7 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 178 Chapter Key Ideas 179 Chapter Glossary 180 Historical Note: Who Was First? 180 Problems 181 Chapter Reference 182 9 Computer Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Chapter Problem 183 9.3 Spreadsheet Solutions 184 9.4 Equilibrium Calculation Software 188 9.5 Nanoql SE 190 9.6 The Tableau Method and Other Equilibrium Calculation Apps 192 9.7 Visual MINTEQ 201 9.8 Chapter Summary 202 9.9 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 202 Chapter Key Ideas 203 Chapter Glossary 203 Historical Note: ALGOL to VBA 203 Problems 204 Chapter References 205 Part III Acid–Base Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems 10 Getting Started with Acid–Base Equilibrium in Homogenous Aqueous Systems 209 10.1 Introduction 209 10.2 Homogeneous Systems 209 10.3 Types of Reactions in Homogeneous Systems 211 10.4 The Wonderful World of Acids and Bases 212 10.5 Part III Roadmap 215 10.6 Chapter Summary 215 10.7 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 215 Chapter Key Ideas 216 Chapter Glossary 216 Historical Note: “An Evil of the Highest Magnitude” 217 Chapter References 218 11 Acids and Bases 219 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Definitions of Acids and Bases 219 11.3 Acid and Base Strength 223 11.4 Polyprotic Acids 228 11.5 Alpha Values (Distribution Functions) 236 11.6 Chapter Summary 239 11.7 Part II Case Study: Acid Rain 239 Chapter Key Ideas 241 Chapter Glossary 242 Historical Note: Why Is a Base a Base? 242 Problems 243 Addendum: A Surprising Exact Solution 245 Chapter References 248 12 Acid–Base Titrations 249 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Principles of Acid–Base Titrations 250 12.3 Equivalence Points 255 12.4 Titration of Polyprotic Acids 265 12.5 Buffers 269 12.6 Interpretation of Acid–Base Titration Curves with Complex Mixtures 277 12.7 Chapter Summary 279 12.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 280 Chapter Key Ideas 282 Chapter Glossary 283 Historical Note: Mohr about Titrations 284 Problems 285 Chapter References 286 13 Alkalinity and Acidity 287 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 Alkalinity and the Acid Neutralizing Capacity 287 13.3 Alkalinity and the Charge Balance 290 13.4 Characteristics of Alkalinity and Acidity 292 13.5 Using the Definitions of Alkalinity to Solve Problems 302 13.6 Effects of Other Weak Acids and Bases on Alkalinity 308 13.7 Chapter Summary 310 13.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 310 Chapter Key Ideas 311 Chapter Glossary 312 Historical Note: Can You Pass the Litmus Test? 313 Problems 314 Chapter References 316 Part IV Other Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems 14 Getting Started with Other Equilibria in Homogeneous Aqueous Systems 319 14.1 Introduction 319 14.2 Electron- Sharing Reactions 319 14.3 Electron Transfer 321 14.4 Part IV Roadmap 323 14.5 Chapter Summary 323 14.6 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 323 Chapter Key Ideas 324 Historical Note: Hauptvalenz and Nebenvalenz 324 Chapter References 325 15 Complexation 327 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 Metals 327 15.3 Ligands 330 15.4 Equilibrium Calculations with Complexes 335 15.5 Systems with Several Metals and Ligands 345 15.6 Applications of Complexation Chemistry 357 15.7 Chapter Summary 361 15.8 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 362 Chapter Key Ideas 364 Chapter Glossary 365 Historical Note: British Anti- Lewisite – A WMD- Inspired Ligand 366 Problems 368 Chapter References 369 16 Oxidation and Reduction 371 16.1 Introduction 371 16.2 A Few Definitions 371 16.3 Balancing Redox Reactions 374 16.4 Which Redox Reactions Occur? 383 16.5 Redox Thermodynamics and Oxidant and Reductant Strength 386 16.6 Manipulating Half Reactions 393 16.7 Algebraic Equilibrium Calculations in Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer 396 16.8 Graphical Representations of Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer 399 16.9 Applying Redox Equilibrium Calculations to the Real World 413 16.10 Chapter Summary 414 16.11 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 415 Chapter Key Ideas 417 Chapter Glossary 418 Historical Note: Walther Hermann Nernst 419 Problems 420 Chapter References 422 Part V Heterogeneous Systems 17 Getting Started with Heterogeneous Systems 425 17.1 Introduction 425 17.2 Equilibrium Exchange Between Gas and Aqueous Phases 426 17.3 Equilibrium Exchange Between Solid and Aqueous Phases 427 17.4 Part V Roadmap 428 17.5 Chapter Summary 428 17.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 428 Chapter Key Ideas 429 Historical Note: “A Spirit Case and a Gasogene” 429 Chapter References 430 18 Gas–Liquid Equilibria 431 18.1 Introduction 431 18.2 Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law 431 18.3 Equilibrium Calculations Involving Gas–Liquid Equilibria 438 18.4 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide 449 18.5 Chapter Summary 456 18.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 456 Chapter Key Ideas 457 Chapter Glossary 458 Historical Note: A Brief History of Carbon Dioxide 459 Problems 460 Chapter References 462 19 Solid–Liquid Equilibria 463 19.1 Introduction 463 19.2 Saturation and the Activity of Pure Solids 463 19.3 Equilibrium Calculations with Solid–Liquid Equilibria 466 19.4 Factors Affecting Metal Solubility 474 19.5 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate 480 19.6 Models for the Acid–Base Chemistry of Natural Waters 484 19.7 Chapter Summary 491 19.8 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 491 Chapter Key Ideas 492 Chapter Glossary 493 Historical Note: Black Smokers and White Smokers 493 Problems 494 Addendum: Information Requirements 497 Chapter References 498 Part VI Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium 20 Getting Started with Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium 501 20.1 Introduction 501 20.2 Extensions to Nonideal and Nonstandard Conditions 502 20.3 The Strange World of Surfaces 503 20.4 Nonequilibrium Conditions 504 20.5 Integrated Case Studies 504 20.6 Part VI Roadmap 505 20.7 Chapter Summary 505 Chapter Key Ideas 506 Chapter Glossary 506 Historical Note: “Harcourt, Come to Me!” 506 Chapter References 507 21 Thermodynamics Revisited: The Effects of Ionic Strength, Temperature, and Pressure 509 21.1 Introduction 509 21.2 Effects of Ionic Strength 510 21.3 Effects of Temperature on Equilibrium Constants 522 21.4 Effects of Pressure on Equilibrium Constants 528 21.5 Chapter Summary 529 Chapter Key Ideas 530 Chapter Glossary 531 Historical Note: Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff 531 Problems 532 Chapter References 534 22 Aquatic Chemistry ofSurfaces 535 22.1 Introduction 535 22.2 Nomenclature 535 22.3 Isotherms and Ion Exchange 538 22.4 Introduction to Surface Complexation Modeling 543 22.5 Surface Complexation Modeling 546 22.6 Chapter Summary 552 Chapter Key Ideas 553 Chapter Glossary 553 Historical Note: From “Cat’s Cradle” to the “Swiss Model” to Surface Complexation Modeling 554 Problems 555 Addendum: The Freundlich Isotherm and Adsorption Equilibria 556 Chapter References 557 23 Chemical Kinetics of Aquatic Systems 559 23.1 Introduction 559 23.2 The Need for Chemical Kinetics 560 23.3 Reaction Rates 561 23.4 Common Rate Expressions 569 23.5 More Complex Kinetic Forms 577 23.6 Effects of Temperature and Ionic Strength on Kinetics 582 23.7 Chapter Summary 587 Chapter Key Ideas 587 Chapter Glossary 588 Historical Note: Arrhenius, Chick, and Foote 589 Problems 590 Chapter References 592 24 Putting It All Together: Integrated Case Studies in Aquatic Chemistry 593 24.1 Introduction 593 24.2 Integrated Case Study 1: Metal Finishing 594 24.3 Integrated Case Study 2: Oxidation of Fe(+II) by Oxygen 598 24.4 Integrated Case Study 3: Inorganic Mercury Chemistry in Natural Waters 603 24.5 Integrated Case Study 4: Phosphate Buffers 607 24.6 Integrated Case Study 5: Global Climate Change 610 24.7 Chapter Summary 613 Historical Note: Stumm and Morgan 614 Chapter References 614 Appendix A: Background Information 617 A.1 Introduction 617 A.2 Chemical Principles 617 A.3 Mathematical Principles 619 A.4 Spreadsheet Skills 620 Chapter Key Ideas 623 Chapter Glossary 623 Useful Physical Constants and Conversions 623 Appendix B: Equilibrium Revisited 625 B.1 Introduction 625 B.2 Equilibrium and Steady State 625 B.3 Energy Minimization and Algebraic Solutions 628 Chapter Key Ideas 631 Chapter Glossary 631 Appendix C: Summary of Procedures 633 C.1 Oxidation States and Balancing Reactions 633 C.2 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Systems (Section 6.5) 634 C.3 Algebraic Solution Techniques 635 C.4 Graphical Solutions 635 C.5 Computer Solutions: Tableau Method (Section 9.6.6) 637 C.6 Acid–Base Titrations 638 C.7 Complexation (Section 15.4.4) 638 C.8 Ionic Strength Effects (Section 21.2.7) 639 C.9 Surface Complexation Modeling Method (Section 22.5.4) 639 C.10 Chemical Kinetics (Section 23.3.4) 639 Appendix D: Selected Equilibrium Constants 641 Chapter References 651 Appendix E: Animations and Example Spreadsheet Files 653 E.1 Introduction to Animations 653 E.2 Variation of the Equilibrium pH of a Monoprotic Acid Solution with the Total Acid Concentration and K a 653 E.3 How to Draw pC- pH Diagrams for Monoprotic Acids 654 E.4 Equilibrium pH During the Titration of a Monoprotic Acid with a Strong Base 656 E.5 Spreadsheet Examples 657 Appendix F: Nanoql SE 661 F.1 Introduction 661 F.2 Entering Your System 661 F.3 How to Solve Systems and Vary System Parameters 663 F.4 Nanoql SE Examples 666 Chapter Reference 668 Index 669 Biographical Index 677

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Book SynopsisGiving readers the tools to understand and analyse common problems in structural engineering, foundation engineering and soil-structure interaction, this book is accompanied by Excel Spreadsheets and employs the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macro programming language to allow a practical understanding.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv PART ONE COMPUTER SOFTWARE 1 1 Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet 3 1.1 History of Spreadsheet Development 3 1.2 Excel 2010 4 1.3 Transmitting Cell Values Not Formulas 5 1.4 Accuracy 5 1.5 Saving 6 1.6 Implementation of Excel Features 6 2 Microsoft VBA Programming Language 13 2.1 History of the BASIC Computer Language 13 2.2 Justification for Using Excel with VBA Macros 15 2.3 Difference between aWorkbook and a VBA Macro 16 2.4 VBA Macro Nomenclature 16 2.5 Generating a Procedure 17 2.6 Security Level Required to Open VBA Macros 19 2.7 VBA Code Statements that Differ from Previous BASIC Versions 19 2.8 Implementation of VBA Macro Programming 20 2.9 Inputting Data to a VBA Procedure 26 2.10 Output Data from a VBA Procedure 30 2.11 Running a Macro 32 2.12 Code Debugging 33 2.13 Charting in a Worksheet 34 2.14 Line Plots in a Worksheet 34 2.15 Macro Sub Program Showing Output toWorksheet 35 2.16 Computer Hardware/Software Requirements 36 PART TWO STRUCTURES 41 3 Finite Element Method – The Theory 43 3.1 Theory 43 3.2 Developing the Element Stiffness Matrix 44 3.3 Creating the Global Stiffness Matrix by Assembling Element Stiffnesses 47 3.4 Solving Simultaneous Equations for Displacements 47 3.5 Element Displacements and Forces 48 3.6 Flowchart of Steps 49 4 Finite Element Analysis VBA Program PFrame 51 4.1 Program PFrame – Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of Beam–Bar Structural Systems 51 4.2 Creating an Input Data Worksheet 52 4.3 Input Data 52 4.4 Joint Numbering and Dimensions 56 4.5 Load Application 58 4.6 Imposed Joint Displacements 59 4.7 Unstable or Improperly Supported Configurations 60 4.8 Running Program PFrame 60 4.9 Output Data 62 4.10 Alternate Solution Approach to Macro Program PFrame 63 4.11 Significant Aspects of Excel Worksheet & VBA Macro Program Construction 63 5 Beams 65 5.1 Beam Member Types 65 5.2 Bar Members as Pinned-End Beams 65 5.3 Moment of Inertia Conversion for Different Member Axis Orientation 67 5.4 Load Application 69 6 Frames 71 6.1 Analysis of Frames 71 6.2 Rigid Joints 71 6.3 Joint Numbering 71 6.4 Pinned-End Beam 73 6.5 Supports 74 6.6 Varying EI of Members Comprising a Frame 75 6.7 Stability – The P–Delta Effect 76 6.8 Load Case Combinations of Load Groups 76 6.9 Interior Member Forces 77 6.10 Examples 77 7 Trusses 81 7.1 Theory for Bar Members 81 7.2 Analysis of Bar Assemblage 81 7.3 Load Application 82 7.4 Initial Member Length Changes 82 7.5 Support Displacements 82 8 Reinforced Concrete 83 8.1 Concrete and Reinforcing Steel Properties 83 8.2 Design Capacity and Reinforcing Requirements 84 8.3 Strength Properties for a Soil–Structure Interaction Analyses 89 8.4 Cracked-Section Concrete Properties 90 8.5 Excel Workbooks 91 8.6 Notation 92 PART THREE SOILS 95 9 Soil Classification 97 9.1 Field Geotechnical Processes 97 9.2 Soil Description 100 9.3 Field and Laboratory Tests for Soil Identification 103 9.4 Soil Classification Systems 106 9.5 Excel Workbooks and VBA Programs 108 9.6 Soil Mechanics Symbol Nomenclature 109 10 Soil Strength Properties 115 10.1 Discrete and Elastic Finite Element Models 115 10.2 General Elasticity Equations Relating Stress and Strain 115 10.3 Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio 118 10.4 Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction 135 10.5 Mathematical Descriptions of Curves Using Program Curve Fit 138 11 Stresses in an Elastic Half-Space 141 11.1 Closed-Form Elasticity Solutions 141 11.2 Lateral Stresses against a Wall Restrained from Movement due to Point, Line, and Strip Loading 141 11.3 Boussinesq Equation 141 11.4 Westergaard Equation 142 11.5 Mindlin Equation 142 11.6 Chart Solutions 142 11.7 Excel Workbook – Lat&VertStress 143 11.8 VBA Program HSpace 143 11.9 Significant Programming Aspects 144 11.10 VBA Program HSpace – Program Documentation 144 12 Lateral Soil Pressures and Retaining Walls 149 12.1 Lateral Earth Pressure – Sloped Backfill Acting on Inclined Retaining Wall 149 12.2 Slope Stability 150 12.3 Stability of a Vertical Cut 150 12.4 Retaining Wall Movements 151 12.5 Retaining Walls – Factor of Safety 151 13 Shallow and Deep Foundation Vertical Bearing Capacity 153 13.1 Shallow Foundations 153 13.2 Vertical Bearing Stress Capacity 153 13.3 Soil Pressure Distribution 154 13.4 Settlement-Based Bearing Capacity 155 13.5 Excel Workbooks 156 13.6 Deep Foundations 156 13.7 Capacities Based on Displacement Limits 157 13.8 Capacities Based on Stress Limits 158 13.9 Limitations on Capacities 160 13.10 Load Testing 161 13.11 Pier Settlement 161 13.12 Excel Workbook 161 13.13 Combined Foundations – Shallow and Deep 161 14 Slope Stability 165 14.1 Workbook Program Slope – Slope Stability by Bishop’s Modified Method of Slices 165 14.2 Workbook Program STABR – Slope Stability by Bishop’s Modified Method of Slices 166 14.3 Workbook Program Slope8R – Slope Stability by Spencer’s Procedure for Non-circular Slip Surfaces 167 15 Seepage Flow through Porous Media 169 15.1 Program Flownet for Analysis of Seepage Flow through Porous Media 169 15.2 Program Input – from Data file 170 15.3 Program Output – to Data File 171 15.4 Input Data Description 172 15.5 Output Data Description 172 15.6 Example 172 15.7 Significant Aspects of Excel Workbook and VBA Macro Program Construction 174 PART FOUR SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION 177 16 Beam-on-Elastic Foundation 179 16.1 Theory–Classical Differential Equation Solution 179 16.2 Beam–Bar Finite Element Model 180 16.3 Soil Strength – Coefficient of Vertical Subgrade Reaction 182 16.4 Structural Stiffness 183 16.5 Soil–Structure Interaction 183 16.6 Unbalanced Fixed-End Moment from Triangular Load Distribution 184 16.7 Pressure Distribution 184 16.8 Solution Exclusively in Excel Worksheet without VBA 185 16.9 Examples 187 17 Footings andMat Foundations 191 17.1 Mat Foundations 191 17.2 Slab Section Stiffness and Moment Capacity 192 17.3 Soil–Structure Interaction 192 17.4 Practical Considerations Regarding Slab Reinforcement 193 17.5 Case Study – House Slab Foundations in Tucson, Arizona 197 17.6 Example 17.1 House Slab 197 18 Laterally Loaded Piles 201 18.1 Theory – Classical Differential Equation Solution 201 18.2 Conventional Analysis 202 18.3 Beam–Bar Finite Element Solution 202 18.4 Structural Stiffness 207 18.5 Soil Strength 209 18.6 Soil–Structure Interaction 213 18.7 Soil Pressures on Each Side of Pier 215 18.8 Limitations of a Beam–Bar Analysis 219 18.9 Design Procedure 219 18.10 Solution Exclusively in Excel Worksheet without VBA 221 18.11 Point of Fixity 222 18.12 Pile Groups 222 18.13 Conclusions 222 18.14 Significant Aspects of Excel Worksheet and VBA Macro 223 18.15 Examples 223 19 Cantilevered and Anchored Sheet Piles 229 19.1 Cantilevered Sheet Piles 229 19.2 Beam–Bar Finite Element Model for Cantilevered Piles 229 19.3 Anchored Sheet Piles 229 19.4 Beam–Bar Finite Element Model for Anchored Sheet Piles 230 19.5 Soil Strength Representation 230 19.6 Examples 231 20 Buried Arch Culverts (Tunnels) 233 20.1 Theory: Classical Elasticity Formulation – Burns and Richard Solution 233 20.2 Soil–Structure Interaction 234 20.3 Beam–Bar Finite Element Frame Model 235 20.4 Vertical Loads 237 20.5 Distributing and Attenuating Vertical Live Loads 238 20.6 Horizontal Ko Pressure Load 240 20.7 Load Application 240 20.8 General Elasticity FEA Programs 241 20.9 SSI 242 20.10 Cracked-Section Considerations 243 20.11 Examples 244 21 The Arch Form 247 21.1 History of Arches and Vaults 247 21.2 Arch-Shaped Configurations 247 21.3 Force Determination for Various Shaped Arches 249 21.4 Arch Engineering Considerations 250 21.5 Structural and Hydraulic Efficiency 252 21.6 Soil–Structure Interaction 253 21.7 Flexible versus Rigid Structures 254 21.8 Failure Patterns and Deflections 255 21.9 Load Tests 256 21.10 Design Comments 256 21.11 Buckling of Arches 260 21.12 Seismic Design Considerations 261 PART FIVE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 263 22 Domes 265 22.1 Geometry 265 22.2 Membrane Stresses 265 22.3 Stress Computations Using Worksheet Dome 266 23 Critical Path Method 269 23.1 Project Scheduling 269 23.2 VBA Versions 270 24 Financial Analysis 271 24.1 Equations Governing Financial Operations 271 24.2 Excel Worksheets for Financial Calculator and Formulas 272 24.3 Significant Aspects of Excel Worksheet and Macro Functions 272 25 Conversion of Units of Measurement 275 25.1 Unit Systems 275 25.2 Defined Units 276 25.3 Labeling Conventions 276 25.4 Workbook UnitCnvrsn 277 25.5 Excel Conversions 278 25.6 Example 278 Related Workbook on DVD 278 Index 279

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Book SynopsisDeveloping sufficient energy resources to replace coal, oil and gas is a globally critical necessity. Alternatives to fossil fuels such as wind, solar, or geothermal energies are desirable, but the usable quantities are limited and each has inherent deterrents.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xix Acronyms xxi 1 Introduction 1 Thomas T. C. Hsu, Chiun-Lin Wu, and Jui-Liang Lin Part One INFRASTRUCTURE FOR NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY 2 Current Status and Future Role of Nuclear Power 19 Philip G. Tipping 3 Seismic Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Nuclear Power Plants 35 Yin-Nan Huang and Andrew S. Whittaker 4 Seismic Abatement Method for Nuclear Power Plants and Seismic-Isolation Systems for Structural Elements 51 Evgeny Kurbatskiy 5 Framework for Design of Next-Generation Base-Isolated Nuclear Structures 63 Eric Keldrauk, Michael Mieler, Bo¡zidar Stojadinovi´c, and Per Peterson 6 Development of Nuclear Energy in Taiwan 77 Hwai-Chiung Hsu 7 Regulatory Challenges on Safety of Nuclear Power Plants in Taiwan 85 Chuen-Horng Tsai, Yi-Bin Chen, Shin Chang, Wen-Chun Teng, Ching-Hui Wu, Gung-Min Ho, Ta-Kang Hsiung, Syh-Tsong Chiou, and Wen-Chuan Chen 8 Concrete Properties, Safety, and Sustainability of Nuclear Power Plant Infrastructures: New Tools and Themes for Future Research 103 Jacky Mazars, Bruno Capra, Alain Rouquand, and Christophe Pontiroli 9 Small Modular Reactors: Infrastructure and Other Systems 127 David Diamond Part Two CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES 10 Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Japan: NPP Facilities and High-Rise Buildings 135 Tetsuo Kubo 11 Nonlinear Modeling of 3D Structural Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Performance Assessment 153 Koichi Maekawa and Naoyuki Fukuura 12 Shear Ductility and Energy Dissipation of Reinforced Concrete Walls 185 Thomas T. C. Hsu 13 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Tri-Directional Shear Stresses 203 Moheb Labib, Yashar Moslehy, and Ashraf Ayoub 14 Pre-Stressed Concrete Containment Structural Design in China 227 Zufeng Xia 15 Steel Plate Concrete Walls for Containment Structures in Korea: In-Plane Shear Behavior 237 Sung-Gul Hong, Seung-Joon Lee, and Myung-Jae Lee 16 Lessons Learned from Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP after Niigataken Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake (2007) in View of SSI Effect 259 T. Nishikawa, H. Inoue, S. Motohashi, and K. Ebisawa 17 Blast, Shock, and Impact Hazards to Nuclear Structures 277 Theodor Krauthammer 18 History of Shear Design Provisions in the ASME/ACI Code for Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containments 287 Ralph G. Oesterle, W. Gene Corley, and Ahmed Elremaily 19 US NRC Requirements for Containment Structure Design 307 John S. Ma, Bret A. Tegeler, and Brian E. Thomas Part Three COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR CONTAINMENT STRUCTURES 20 FE Program SCS for Analyzing Wall-Type Concrete Structures 321 Y.L. Mo, Padmanabha Rao Tadepalli, Norman Hoffman, and Thomas T.C. Hsu 21 Modeling and Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant Structures Using ANATECH-ANACAP Software System 345 Joseph Y.R. Rashid, Randy J. James, and Robert S. Dunham 22 SASSI FE Program for Seismic Response Analysis of Nuclear Containment Structures 365 Mansour Tabatabaie 23 FE Program LS-DYNA for Analysis of NPP Structures Including Seismic Soil–Structure Interaction 387 Ushnish Basu 24 FE Program ATENA for Safety Assessment of NPP Containments 397 Jan Cervenka and Vladimir Cervenka Part Four NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE FACILITIES 25 Properties of Concrete Required in Nuclear Power Plants 409 Patrick Bamonte and Pietro G. Gambarova 26 Concrete under High Temperature 439 Kaspar Willam, Yunping Xi, and Daniel J. Naus 27 Irradiation Effects on Concrete Structures 459 Osamu Kontani, Yoshikazu Ichikawa, Akihiro Ishizawa, Masayuki Takizawa, and Osamu Sato 28 Activities in Support of Continuing the Service of Nuclear Power Plant Safety Related Concrete Structures 475 D. J. Naus 29 Spent Nuclear Fuel Final Disposal in Taiwan 497 Y. C. Peng 30 Safety Features of Dry Storage System at Chinshan Nuclear Power Plant 503 Yuhao Huang 31 Seismic Consequence Modeling for the Yucca Mountain Repository Project 519 Stanley A. Orrell and Charles Bryan References 533 Index 535

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisGain a solid understanding of soil mechanics and soil properties as Das and Sobhan's PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, SI EDITION, 9E introduces these topics together with coverage of field practices and basic civil engineering procedures. This book provides the important foundation that you need for future studies in your design-oriented courses and in professional practice. This book ensures a practical approach by incorporating a wealth of comprehensive discussions and detailed explanations. PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, SI EDITION, 9E provides more figures and worked-out problems than any other book for the course to further ensure your understanding.Table of Contents1. Geotechnical Engineering -- A Historical Perspective. 2. Origins of Soil and Grain Size. 3. Weight-Volume Relationships. 4. Plasticity and Structure of Soil. 5. Classification of Soil. 6. Soil Compaction. 7. Permeability. 8. Seepage. 9. In Situ Stresses. 10. Stresses in a Soil Mass. 11. Compressibility of Soil. 12. Shear Strength of Soil. 13. Lateral Earth Pressure: At-Rest, Rankine, and Coulomb. 14. Lateral Earth Pressure: Curved Failure Surface. 15. Slope Stability. 16. Soil-Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations. 17. Subsoil Exploration. 18. An Introduction to Geosynthetics. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisExplore present and future energy needs as well as options for continued use of fossil fuels and alternative energy sources with Dunlap's SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, 2nd Edition. Individual chapters thoroughly investigate each energy approach as the book covers both current energy production and future strategies. The author assumes you are familiar with basic concepts of freshman-level physics and chemistry. This edition emphasizes the complexity of energy issues and need for a multidisciplinary approach to solving energy problems. Quantitative end-of-chapter problems help you practice analyzing information, correlating data from various sources, and interpreting graphical data and interpolate values. You see real problems in producing and using energy as you realize that while exact calculations are important, a broad-based analysis is often most appropriate.Table of ContentsPart I: BACKGROUND. 1. Energy Basics. 2. Past, Present, and Future World Energy Use. Part II: FOSSIL FUELS. 3. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use. 4. Environmental Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use. Part III: NUCLEAR ENERGY. 5. Some Basic Nuclear Physics. 6. Energy from Nuclear Fission. 7. Energy from Nuclear Fusion. Part IV: RENEWABLE ENERGY. 8. Direct Use of Solar Energy. 9. Electricity from Solar Energy. 10. Wind Energy. 11. Hydroelectric Energy. 12. Wave Energy. 13. Tidal Energy. 14. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Ocean Salinity Gradient Energy. 15. Geothermal Energy. 16. Biomass Energy. Part V: ENERGY CONSERVATION, ENERGY STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION. 17. Energy Conservation. 18. Energy Storage. 19. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). 20. Hydrogen. Part VI: THE FUTURE. 21. Future Prospects and Research and Design Projects. Appendix A: Powers of Ten. Appendix B: Physical Constants. Appendix C: Energy Conversion Factors. Appendix D: Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. Appendix E: Energy Content of Fuels. Appendix F: R-values in Metric and British Units. Appendix G: The Elements. Appendix H: Table of Acronyms.

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Book SynopsisFacilities @ Management Reference work describing the evolution of Facilities Management from a global perspective as experienced by the leaders in the field With valuable insights from over fifty diverse contributors from all around the world, Facilities @ Management: Concept, Realization, Vision - A Global Perspective describes the evolution of the Facilities Management (FM) internationally, discussing the past, present, and future of a profession that has grown significantly over the last forty years. The contributors are made up of industry professionals, many of whom are the founders of the profession, and members from academia teaching future FM leaders. This edited work is a Facilities Management anthology, with a focus on reviewing the origin of the industry through best practices and lessons learned from some of the sharpest minds in the field. Facilities @ Management: Concept, Realization, Vision - A Global Perspective includes inform

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Book SynopsisAuthoritative reference on the many laws, regulations, and guidelines related to public and private water boundaries Sea Levels and Coastal Boundaries is a comprehensive resource for making critical decisions regarding the issue of coastal boundaries, planning, and regulation amidst climate change and rising sea levels, providing guidance in understanding of how sea level is changing, how society has defined the boundaries between public waters and bordering uplands as well as national offshore boundaries, and how such boundaries are defined and located. This book defines boundaries in public trust tidal waters, non-tidal waters, and boundaries for riparian and littoral rights and describes practices for determining boundaries where shorelines have been altered due to sea level change in the short and long term. Included case law examples and exhibits cover complex legal issues such as navigability, riparian rights, and interstate compact agreements. The text also contributes to the is

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