Civil engineering, surveying and building Books

Book SynopsisThe construction industry faces continual challenges and demands, due to market conditions and coercion by governments, for improvements in safety, quality and cost control, and in the avoidance of contractual disputes. To meet these challenges construction enterprises need to constantly seek new directions and business models in construction management. A number of tools, methods and concepts have been developed and advocated as aids to achieving improved performance, but many in the industry find them confusing or are sceptical of their relevance. The third edition of Construction Management: New Directionsbrings together, in a single volume, detailed discussion of a range of contemporary management concepts which are relevant to the construction industry, including strategic management; benchmarking; reengineering; partnering and alliancing; enterprise risk management; total safety management; total quality management; value management and constructability. ITable of ContentsPreface to Third Edition ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 The Culture of the Construction Industry 1 The book’s contents 4 References 7 2 Strategic Management 9 Introduction 9 Overview 10 Strategic management process 12 Strategic management in construction 14 Paradoxes of strategic management processes in construction 17 Developing and implementing strategy in construction 18 Change management 19 Linking operational actions to strategy using a balanced scorecard 20 Stakeholder identification, analysis and consultation 22 Strategic management in action – a case study of Arup 25 An integrated strategic management framework 30 Conclusion 32 References 32 3 Benchmarking 35 Introduction 35 Definition of benchmarking 37 Historical development 38 Types of benchmarking 39 The process of benchmarking 42 The benchmarking team 54 Benchmarking Code of Conduct 55 Legal considerations 55 Benchmarking: The major issues 56 Case studies 59 Conclusion 61 References 62 4 Reengineering 65 Introduction 65 Reengineering: What’s in a name? 67 Origins of reengineering 68 Reengineering in a construction industry context 68 The goals of reengineering 70 Reengineering methodology 73 Pitfalls of reengineering 78 Information technology and reengineering 80 Reengineering from a European perspective 83 A case study of a process reengineering study in the Australian construction industry 84 Conclusion 92 References 94 5 Partnering and Alliancing 97 Introduction 97 The origins of partnering 98 Partnering in a construction industry context 98 The goals of partnering 99 Categories of partnering 100 Project partnering 101 Strategic or multi-project partnering 112 Legal and contractual implications of partnering 114 Dispute resolution 117 Partnering: Overview 118 Project alliancing – a natural progression from project partnering? 120 Alliance definitions 121 Alliancing in the construction industry 122 The differences between alliancing and partnering 122 Critical success factors in alliancing 124 The financial arrangements 125 The project outcome 126 Postscript 127 References 128 6 Enterprise Risk Management 132 Introduction 132 Why ERM in the construction industry? 133 Key terms and definitions 135 ERM principles and processes 136 The COSO ERM 137 AS/NZS ISO 31000 Risk Management Standard 138 Establish objectives, context and criteria 138 Risk identification 140 Risk analysis and evaluation 140 Risk response and monitoring 141 Risk review and learning 142 Risk communication and consultation 143 A comparison of risk management processes 143 ERM application techniques 144 Implementing ERM in the construction industry 144 Organisational culture and ERM 146 ERM performance 147 ERM misconceptions 148 Relationship between ERM and strategic planning 148 Improving ERM capability and maturity 149 The ERM3 model 150 ERM3 example 154 ERM capability improvement 156 Project risk management 157 Conclusion 159 References 160 7 Total Safety Management 163 Introduction 163 The science of safety management 164 What is safety risk assessment at the design stage? 164 Why safety risk assessment at design? 165 Barriers for implementing safety risk assessment at design 167 Methods for safety risk assessment at design 167 Case study 169 The art of safety management 176 Components of a safety culture 177 Dimensions of a safety culture 178 Safety culture maturity models 179 A construction safety maturity model 181 Development of measurement instruments 182 Conclusion 184 References 186 8 Total Quality Management 191 Introduction 191 Definition of TQM 191 What is quality? 193 Historical development of TQM 194 The need for a paradigm shift 197 A change in the culture of the construction industry 198 Customer focus 200 Integration 201 The all-embracing nature of TQM 206 Continuous improvement 206 Quality costs and the cost of quality 207 Universal standards of quality such as ISO 9000 208 Change management 209 The methods of TQM 209 How to implement TQM 209 Kaizen 210 Current research into TQM in the construction industry 210 Conclusion 211 References 212 9 Value Management 214 Introduction 214 Historical development 215 Function analysis 218 Organisation of the function analysis study 226 Who should carry out the study? 226 Who should constitute the team? 227 How should alternatives be evaluated? 231 Value management as a system 232 The American system 233 A case study of value management in the United States 233 The British/European system 235 A case study of value management in the UK 236 Value management in Australia 239 A case study of value management (and constructability) in Australia 240 The Japanese system 244 A case study of value management in Japan 244 Why are the systems different? 245 Differences in the style of management 246 Differences in management systems 246 The relationship between value management and quantity surveying 247 Conclusion 247 References 249 10 Constructability 251 Introduction 251 Origins 252 The goals of constructability 253 Implementing constructability 255 Constructability in practice 258 Constructability and the building product 260 Constructability and Building Information Modelling 263 Good and bad constructability 264 Quantifying the benefits of constructability 269 Conclusion 270 References 271 11 Linking the Concepts 274 References 280 Bibliography 282 Index 296

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Book SynopsisThis book ... adds to the impressive ''legacy'' of learning which is still emerging from the successful delivery of the London 2012 construction programme. The authors combine the reforming zeal of a champion for change, who was there every step of the way, with academic rigour, and the result is delivered with impressive passion and commitment to the topic All spenders and suppliers need to read this, to understand how conventional understandings of procurement fall so dramatically short when applied to high value-high risk acquisitions, which invariably is what large construction projects represent.Don Ward, Chief Executive, Constructing Excellence, UK Successful construction is often attributed to one or more aspects of the delivery process from good planning, design and clever engineering to efficient project management and quality construction. Before any of these disciplines can begin, they all require some form of procurement to select the team or supply Table of ContentsAbout the authors xi List of figures and tables xiii Forewords from Sir John Armitt CBE, Howard Shiplee CBE, Martin Rowark and Professor Geoffrey E. Petts xv Preface xix List of acronyms xxvii 1. Purchase and Supplier Engineering and the London 2012 Olympics 1 Introduction 3 The concept of Purchase and Supplier Engineering 4 Programme organisation – an Olympic case study 8 Procurement organisation structure – the Olympic Delivery Authority 11 Roles and responsibilities 11 Projects and programmes 13 Concluding remarks 14 Reference 15 2. A framework for understanding markets in construction 17 Introduction 18 Managing the supply market 19 The client and construction 23 Projects, programmes and construction dynamics 25 The client and the supply chain 27 Defining the supply chain 28 Outsourcing and subcontracting 31 Understanding and managing conflict in construction 34 Concluding remarks 39 References 40 3. The client’s values and the balanced scorecard 43 Introduction 44 Developing a framework for measuring performance 46 All from a project vision 47 Performance measurement 50 Using balanced scorecards to communicate values and measure performance 53 Developing a balanced scorecard 56 Measures including key performance indicators 58 Construction KPI measures of economic sustainability 58 Social sustainability: Respect for people KPI measures 59 Environmental sustainability: Environmental KPI measures 59 Creating appropriate KPIs from a project vision and scorecard 62 Concluding remarks 63 References 64 4. Packaging and contracting strategies 65 Introduction 66 What, why and how to buy 68 Packaging strategy 70 Gestalt theory 73 Programme clusters 75 Programme application 78 Contracting strategy 79 Forms of contract used in the 2012 Olympics procurement 79 Classifi cation of contracts 82 Concluding remarks 85 References 88 5. Common component and commodity strategies 89 Introduction 90 The benefits of a common component strategy 91 Factors infl uencing the procurement of common components 93 Market leverage 93 Supply chain security 95 Future maintenance and operations 95 Design efficiencies 96 Developing a common component strategy 96 Stage 1: Performance criteria 97 Stage 2: Assessment of benefits of implementing a common component strategy 98 Stage 3: The benefi ts of a common component purchasing strategy 99 The common component procurement strategy 100 Concluding remarks 102 References 102 6. Engaging with suppliers: How to attract suppliers and increase interest and awareness 103 Introduction 105 Gathering market intelligence 107 Supplier dialogue 109 One-way supplier dialogue – Supply chain events 110 One-way supplier dialogue – Industry days 110 One way supplier dialogue – One-to-one meetings 111 One-way supplier dialogue – Meet the buyer events 112 One-way supplier dialogue – Meet the contractor events 113 One-way supplier dialogue – Supplier guide 114 One-way supplier dialogue – Business opportunities website 115 One-way supplier dialogue – Opportunity slides 117 Two-way supplier dialogue – Supplier registration and pre-assessment questionnaires 117 Two-way supplier dialogue – Market soundings 120 Concluding remarks 125 Reference 126 7. eSourcing and process codifi cation: Standardising programme procurements 127 Introduction 128 The guiding principles of a robust procurement process 129 Standardising procurement documentation 130 Security of the procurement system 131 Evaluation of tenders 132 The application of electronic tools in the procurement process 133 eSourcing 134 eEvaluation 139 Aspects of managing systematic procurement processes 141 Standard processes 141 Schools of excellence 142 Governance 143 Assurance 144 Training 145 The milestones of procurement reporting 146 Standardisation and codification of the procurement process 147 Stage gate 1 – Agreeing the procurement strategy 148 Stage gate 2 – Tender documentation completion 148 Stage gate 3 – Tender list agreement 149 Stage gate 4 – The tender report 149 Procurement reporting 151 Concluding remarks 151 References 154 8. Managing supply chain involvement across a programme 155 Introduction 156 Supplier relationship management 157 Remaining in contact with all firms who tender for work 159 Supply chain mapping 162 Concluding remarks 167 Reference 168 9. Due diligence and the management of capacity 169 Introduction 170 Modelling supplier utilisation 170 Monitoring the fi nancial strength of suppliers 180 Sub-tier supplier engineering 182 Identifying critical suppliers 185 Concluding remarks 189 References 191 10. Performance management 193 Introduction 195 The Purchase and Supplier Engineering model and programme management 195 Purchase and Supplier Engineering and the programme management office 197 Performance management within Purchase and Supplier Engineering 197 Analysis 198 Control 199 Performance improvement through Purchase and Supplier Engineering 200 Benchmarking 201 Concluding remarks 201 Index 205

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Book SynopsisFacility management - as any profession encompassing multiple disciplines and integrating technology, people and physical space - is not only complicated but fraught with occasions to be exposed to various legal liabilities Successful facility managers need the ability to manage risk well.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Acknowledgments xv Preface xvii PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 Introduction 1 1 American Jurisprudence 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Definition 4 1.3 Functions 4 1.4 Sources of law 6 1.5 Chapter summary 13 1.6 Questions 13 References 14 2 Law in Operation 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 A brief background on US courts 17 2.3 Functions of the US legal system 19 2.4 Chapter summary 31 2.5 Questions 31 References 31 3 Legal Concepts 32 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Who are the players? 33 3.3 Statutes 36 3.4 Administrative laws 37 3.5 Executive orders 37 3.6 Common law 37 3.7 Appeals 38 3.8 Recording the common law 39 3.9 The United States Constitution 42 3.10 Legal research 43 3.11 Useful legal theory 44 3.12 Legislation 48 3.13 Procedural and substantive laws 49 3.14 Chapter summary 54 3.15 Questions 54 References 55 Summary of Part I 56 PART II FACILITY MANAGEMENT AND THE LAW 57 Introduction 57 4 Property Law I: Rights 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 What is property? 60 4.3 Property law 61 4.4 Personal property for Facility Managers 62 4.5 Property ownership 63 4.6 Rights to real property 66 4.7 Legal duties of the parties 68 4.8 Chapter summary 69 4.9 Questions 69 References 70 5 Property Law II: Responsibilities 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Legal duty of care 72 5.3 Americans with Disabilities Act 74 5.4 Chapter summary 77 5.5 Questions 77 6 Environmental Law 79 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Historical perspective 80 6.3 Complications with environmental law 80 6.4 The role of regulators 81 6.5 Sources of environmental law 81 6.6 State laws 86 6.7 Common violations 87 6.8 Chapter summary 88 6.9 Questions 89 References 89 7 Tort Law 90 7.1 Introduction 90 7.2 What is a tort? 91 7.3 Defenses to torts 98 7.4 Premises liability 100 7.5 Damages 105 7.6 Chapter summary 106 7.7 Questions 106 References 107 8 Contract Law 108 8.1 Introduction 108 8.2 Defining contract law 109 8.3 Autonomy to contract 109 8.4 Built environment contracts 110 8.5 Contract elements 112 8.6 Statutes of fraud 114 8.7 Other legal issues in contract law 114 8.8 Contract interpretation 115 8.9 Contractual duty 118 8.10 Preserving the risk assignment 120 8.11 The property lease contract 120 8.12 Additional contract concepts 124 8.13 Chapter summary 125 8.14 Questions 125 References 126 9 Criminal Law 127 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Criminal procedure 128 9.3 Facility management and crime 134 9.4 Chapter summary 138 9.5 Questions 138 References 139 10 Employment Law 140 10.1 Introduction 140 10.2 Employment statutory law overview 141 10.3 Independent contractors 144 10.4 Labor law 147 10.5 Chapter summary 151 10.6 Questions 151 References 152 11 Emerging Legal Issues 153 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Environmental justice 154 11.3 The Construction Manager 155 11.4 Project delivery systems 157 11.5 Surety bonds 160 11.6 Design bid build 160 11.7 Design build 161 11.8 Construction Manager at risk 161 11.9 Construction Manager, agent 162 11.10 Integrated Project Delivery 162 11.11 Design services 163 11.12 Evidence laws and their impact on facility management 165 11.13 Chapter summary 169 11.14 Questions 169 References 169 Summary of Part II 170 PART III APPLICATION 171 Introduction 171 12 Responsibilities of the Facility Manager 173 12.1 Introduction 173 12.2 Professional services 173 12.3 Chapter summary 193 12.4 Questions 194 References 194 13 The Professional Facility Manager and the Law 195 13.1 Introduction 195 13.2 Health and safety management 197 13.3 Physical security issues 201 13.4 Vicarious liability 206 13.5 Premises liability litigation 215 13.6 Chapter summary 218 13.7 Questions 218 References 219 14 Risk Management 220 14.1 Introduction 220 14.2 Risk management 221 14.3 Conflict avoidance 225 14.4 Insurance 230 14.5 Chapter summary 237 14.6 Questions 238 References 238 Summary of Part III 239 Cases 240 Index 243

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Book SynopsisUnified Theory of Concrete Structures develops an integrated theory that encompasses the various stress states experienced by both RC & PC structures under the various loading conditions of bending, axial load, shear and torsion.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface xv Instructors’ Guide xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Structural Engineering 2 1.2.1 Structural Analysis 2 1.2.2 Main Regions vs Local Regions 3 1.2.3 Member and Joint Design 5 1.3 Six Component Models of the Unified Theory 6 1.3.1 Principles and Applications of the Six Models 6 1.3.2 Historical Development of Theories for Reinforced Concrete 7 1.4 Struts-and-ties Model 13 1.4.1 General Description 13 1.4.2 Struts-and-ties Model for Beams 14 1.4.3 Struts-and-ties Model for Knee Joints 15 1.4.4 Comments 20 2 Equilibrium (Plasticity) Truss Model 23 2.1 Basic Equilibrium Equations 23 2.1.1 Equilibrium in Bending 23 2.1.2 Equilibrium in Element Shear 24 2.1.3 Equilibrium in Beam Shear 33 2.1.4 Equilibrium in Torsion 34 2.1.5 Summary of Basic Equilibrium Equations 37 2.2 Interaction Relationships 38 2.2.1 Shear–Bending Interaction 38 2.2.2 Torsion–Bending Interaction 41 2.2.3 Shear–Torsion–Bending Interaction 44 2.2.4 Axial Tension–Shear–Bending Interaction 51 2.3 ACI Shear and Torsion Provisions 51 2.3.1 Torsional Steel Design 52 2.3.2 Shear Steel Design 55 2.3.3 Maximum Shear and Torsional Strengths 56 2.3.4 Other Design Considerations 58 2.3.5 Design Example 60 2.4 Comments on the Equilibrium (Plasticity) Truss Model 67 3 Bending and Axial Loads 71 3.1 Linear Bending Theory 71 3.1.1 Bernoulli Compatibility Truss Model 71 3.1.2 Transformed Area for Reinforcing Bars 77 3.1.3 Bending Rigidities of Cracked Sections 78 3.1.4 Bending Rigidities of Uncracked Sections 82 3.1.5 Bending Deflections of Reinforced Concrete Members 84 3.2 Nonlinear Bending Theory 88 3.2.1 Bernoulli Compatibility Truss Model 88 3.2.2 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 93 3.2.3 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 101 3.2.4 Flanged Beams 105 3.2.5 Moment–Curvature (M–φ) Relationships 108 3.3 Combined Bending and Axial Load 112 3.3.1 Plastic Centroid and Eccentric Loading 112 3.3.2 Balanced Condition 115 3.3.3 Tension Failure 116 3.3.4 Compression Failure 118 3.3.5 Bending–Axial Load Interaction 121 3.3.6 Moment–Axial Load–Curvature (M−N− φ) Relationship 122 4 Fundamentals of Shear 125 4.1 Stresses in 2-D Elements 125 4.1.1 Stress Transformation 125 4.1.2 Mohr Stress Circle 127 4.1.3 Principal Stresses 131 4.2 Strains in 2-D Elements 132 4.2.1 Strain Transformation 132 4.2.2 Geometric Relationships 134 4.2.3 Mohr Strain Circle 136 4.2.4 Principle Strains 137 4.3 Reinforced Concrete 2-D Elements 138 4.3.1 Stress Condition and Crack Pattern in RC 2-D Elements 138 4.3.2 Fixed Angle Theory 140 4.3.3 Rotating Angle Theory 142 4.3.4 ‘Contribution of Concrete’ (Vc) 143 4.3.5 Mohr Stress Circles for RC Shear Elements 145 5 Rotating Angle Shear Theories 149 5.1 Stress Equilibrium of RC 2-D Elements 149 5.1.1 Transformation Type of Equilibrium Equations 149 5.1.2 First Type of Equilibrium Equations 150 5.1.3 Second Type of Equilibrium Equations 152 5.1.4 Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Double Angle 153 5.1.5 Example Problem 5.1 Using Equilibrium (Plasticity) Truss Model 154 5.2 Strain Compatibility of RC 2-D Elements 158 5.2.1 Transformation Type of Compatibility Equations 158 5.2.2 First Type of Compatibility Equations 159 5.2.3 Second Type of Compatibility Equations 160 5.2.4 Crack Control 161 5.3 Mohr Compatibility Truss Model (MCTM) 165 5.3.1 Basic Principles of MCTM 165 5.3.2 Summary of Equations 166 5.3.3 Solution Algorithm 167 5.3.4 Example Problem 5.2 using MCTM 168 5.3.5 Allowable Stress Design of RC 2-D Elements 172 5.4 Rotating Angle Softened Truss Model (RA-STM) 173 5.4.1 Basic Principles of RA-STM 173 5.4.2 Summary of Equations 174 5.4.3 Solution Algorithm 178 5.4.4 Example Problem 5.3 for Sequential Loading 181 5.4.5 2-D Elements under Proportional Loading 188 5.4.6 Example Problem 5.4 for Proportional Loading 194 5.4.7 Failure Modes of RC 2-D Elements 202 5.5 Concluding Remarks 209 6 Fixed Angle Shear Theories 211 6.1 Softened Membrane Model (SMM) 211 6.1.1 Basic Principles of SMM 211 6.1.2 Research in RC 2-D Elements 213 6.1.3 Poisson Effect in Reinforced Concrete 216 6.1.4 Hsu/Zhu Ratios ν12 and ν21 219 6.1.5 Experimental Stress–Strain Curves 225 6.1.6 Softened Stress–Strain Relationship of Concrete in Compression 227 6.1.7 Softening Coefficient ζ 228 6.1.8 Smeared Stress–Strain Relationship of Concrete in Tension 232 6.1.9 Smeared Stress–Strain Relationship of Mild Steel Bars in Concrete 236 6.1.10 Smeared Stress–Strain Relationship of Concrete in Shear 245 6.1.11 Solution Algorithm 246 6.1.12 Example Problem 6.1 248 6.2 Fixed Angle Softened Truss Model (FA-STM) 255 6.2.1 Basic Principles of FA-STM 255 6.2.2 Solution Algorithm 257 6.2.3 Example Problem 6.2 259 6.3 Cyclic Softened Membrane Model (CSMM) 266 6.3.1 Basic Principles of CSMM 266 6.3.2 Cyclic Stress–Strain Curves of Concrete 267 6.3.3 Cyclic Stress–Strain Curves of Mild Steel 272 6.3.4 Hsu/Zhu Ratios υTC and υCT 274 6.3.5 Solution Procedure 274 6.3.6 Hysteretic Loops 276 6.3.7 Mechanism of Pinching and Failure under Cyclic Shear 281 6.3.8 Eight Demonstration Panels 284 6.3.9 Shear Stiffness 287 6.3.10 Shear Ductility 288 6.3.11 Shear Energy Dissipation 289 7 Torsion 295 7.1 Analysis of Torsion 295 7.1.1 Equilibrium Equations 295 7.1.2 Compatibility Equations 297 7.1.3 Constitutive Relationships of Concrete 302 7.1.4 Governing Equations for Torsion 307 7.1.5 Method of Solution 309 7.1.6 Example Problem 7.1 314 7.2 Design for Torsion 320 7.2.1 Analogy between Torsion and Bending 320 7.2.2 Various Definitions of Lever Arm Area, Ao 322 7.2.3 Thickness td of Shear Flow Zone for Design 323 7.2.4 Simplified Design Formula for td 326 7.2.5 Compatibility Torsion in Spandrel Beams 328 7.2.6 Minimum Longitudinal Torsional Steel 337 7.2.7 Design Examples 7.2 338 8 Beams in Shear 343 8.1 Plasticity Truss Model for Beam Analysis 343 8.1.1 Beams Subjected to Midspan Concentrated Load 343 8.1.2 Beams Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load 346 8.2 Compatibility Truss Model for Beam Analysis 350 8.2.1 Analysis of Beams Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load 350 8.2.2 Stirrup Forces and Triangular Shear Diagram 351 8.2.3 Longitudinal Web Steel Forces 354 8.2.4 Steel Stresses along a Diagonal Crack 355 8.3 Shear Design of Prestressed Concrete I-beams 356 8.3.1 Background Information 356 8.3.2 Prestressed Concrete I-Beam Tests at University of Houston 357 8.3.3 UH Shear Strength Equation 364 8.3.4 Maximum Shear Strength 368 8.3.5 Minimum Stirrup Requirement 371 8.3.6 Comparisons of Shear Design Methods with Tests 372 8.3.7 Shear Design Example 375 8.3.8 Three Shear Design Examples 379 9 Finite Element Modeling of Frames and Walls 381 9.1 Overview 381 9.1.1 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 381 9.1.2 OpenSees–an Object-oriented FEA Framework 383 9.1.3 Material Models 384 9.1.4 FEA Formulations of 1-D and 2-D Models 384 9.2 Material Models for Concrete Structures 385 9.2.1 Material Models in OpenSees 385 9.2.2 Material Models Developed at UH 388 9.3 1-D Fiber Model for Frames 392 9.4 2-D CSMM Model for Walls 393 9.4.1 Coordinate Systems for Concrete Structures 393 9.4.2 Implementation 394 9.4.3 Analysis Procedures 396 9.5 Equation of Motion for Earthquake Loading 396 9.5.1 Single Degree of Freedom versus Multiple Degrees of Freedom 396 9.5.2 A Three-degrees-of-freedom Building 399 9.5.3 Damping 400 9.6 Nonlinear Analysis Algorithm 402 9.6.1 Load Control Iteration Scheme 402 9.6.2 Displacement Control Iteration Scheme 403 9.6.3 Dynamic Analysis Iteration Scheme 403 9.7 Nonlinear Finite Element Program SCS 406 10 Application of Program SCS toWall-type Structures 411 10.1 RC Panels Under Static Load 411 10.2 Prestresed Concrete Beams Under Static Load 413 10.3 Framed Shear Walls under Reversed Cyclic Load 414 10.3.1Framed Shear Wall Units at UH 414 10.3.2Low-rise Framed Shear Walls at NCREE 417 10.3.3Mid-rise Framed Shear Walls at NCREE 420 10.4 Post-tensioned Precast Bridge Columns under Reversed Cyclic Load 422 10.5 Framed Shear Walls under Shake Table Excitations 425 10.6 A Seven-story Wall Building under Shake Table Excitations 428 Appendix 433 References 481 Index 489

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Book SynopsisSustainable Development in Practice: Case Studies for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition explores the concept of sustainable development and its implications for science and engineering. It looks at how sustainability criteria can be combined with traditional scientific and engineering considerations to design and operate industrial systems in a more sustainable manner. Taking a life cycle approach to addressing economic, environmental and social issues, the book presents a series of new practical case studies drawn from a range of sectors, including mining, energy, food, buildings, transport, waste, and health. Written in an accessible style, the book opens with a general introduction to the concept of sustainable development and explores its practical implications for technical experts. Recognising that practical application of sustainable development depends on the context, the second part of the book is devoted to case studies. The case studies explore scientific aTable of ContentsAbout the Editors ix List of Contributors xi Preface xiii Part 1 1 The Concept of Sustainable Development and its Practical Implications 3 Slobodan Perdan 2 Measuring Sustainable Development: An Overview 26 Slobodan Perdan and Adisa Azapagic 3 Assessing Environmental Sustainability: Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment 56 Adisa Azapagic Part 2 4 Translating the Principles of Sustainable Development into Business Practice: An Application in the Mining and Minerals Sector 83 Adisa Azapagic and Slobodan Perdan 5 Climate Change and Policy: The Case of Germany 117 Wolfram Krewitt and Hans Mu¨ller-Steinhagen 6 Sustainability Assessment of Biofuels 142 Adisa Azapagic and Heinz Stichnothe 7 Scenario Building and Uncertainties: Options for Energy Sources 170 Richard Darton 8 Fuel Cells in Stationary Applications: Energy for the Future? 189 Martin Pehnt 9 Sustainability of Nuclear Power 211 Adisa Azapagic and Slobodan Perdan 10 Municipal Solid Waste Management: Recovering Energy from Waste 261 Adisa Azapagic 11 Sustainability Issues in Food Provisioning Systems 326 Adisa Azapagic, Heinz Stichnothe and Namy Espinoza-Orias 12 Providing Sustainable Sanitation 348 Richard Fenner and Amparo Flores 13 Sustainable Process Design: The Case of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) 374 Adisa Azapagic 14 Urban Sustainability: The Case of Transport 420 Slobodan Perdan and Adisa Azapagic 15 Aviation and its Response to Environmental Pressure 449 Alice Bows and Kevin Anderson 16 Health Impact Assessment of Urban Pollution 467 Zaid Chalabi and Tony Fletcher 17 Social and Ethical Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Mining in Kakadu National Park 483 Slobodan Perdan Index 511

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Book SynopsisWith this fourth edition, Modelling Transport has been fully updated and revised to retain its position as the market-leading text in the field of transport modeling, while still offering a unique, contemporary account of key transport modelling techniques and applications.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Transport Planning and Modelling. 1.2 Characteristics of Transport Problems. 1.3 Modelling and Decision Making. 1.4 Issues in Transport Modelling. 1.5 The Structure of the Classic Transport Model. 1.6 Continuous Transport Planning. 1.7 Theoretical Basis Versus Expedience. 2 Mathematical Prerequisites. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Algebra and Functions. 2.3 Matrix Algebra. 2.4 Elements of Calculus. 2.5 Elementary Mathematical Statistics. 3 Data and Space. 3.1 Basic Sampling Theory. 3.2 Errors in Modelling and Forecasting. 3.3 Basic Data-Collection Methods. 3.4 Stated Preference Surveys. 3.5 Network and Zoning Systems. Exercises. 4 Trip Generation Modelling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Regression Analysis. 4.3 Cross-Classification or Category Analysis. 4.4 Trip Generation and Accessibility. 4.5 The Frequency Choice Logit Model. 4.6 Forecasting Variables in Trip Generation Analysis. 4.7 Stability and Updating of Trip Generation Parameters. Exercises. 5 Trip Distribution Modelling. 5.1 Definitions and Notation. 5.2 Growth-Factor Methods. 5.3 Synthetic or Gravity Models. 5.4 The Entropy-Maximising Approach. 5.5 Calibration of Gravity Models. 5.6 The Tri-proportional Approach. 5.7 Other Synthetic Models. 5.8 Practical Considerations. Exercises. 6 Modal Split and Direct Demand Models. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Factors Influencing the Choice of Mode. 6.3 Trip-end Modal-split Models. 6.4 Trip Interchange Heuristics Modal-split Models. 6.5 Synthetic Models. 6.6 Direct Demand Models. Exercises. 7 Discrete Choice Models. 7.1 General Considerations. 7.2 Theoretical Framework. 7.3 The Multinomial Logit Model (MNL). 7.4 The Nested Logit Model (NL). 7.5 The Multinomial Probit Model. 7.6 The Mixed Logit Model. 7.7 Other Choice Models and Paradigms 8 Specification and Estimation of Discrete Choice Models. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Choice-Set Determination. 8.3 Specification and Functional Form. 8.4 Statistical Estimation. 8.5 Estimating the Multinomial Probit Model. 8.6 Estimating the Mixed Logit Model. 8.7 Modelling with Stated-Preference Data. Exercises. 9 Model Aggregation and Transferability. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Aggregation Bias and Forecasting. 9.3 Confidence Intervals for Predictions. 9.4 Aggregation Methods. 9.5 Model Updating or Transferance. Exercises. 10 Assignment. 10.1 Basic Concepts. 10.2 Traffic Assignment Methods. 10.3 All-or-nothing Assignment. 10.4 Stochastic Methods. 10.5 Congested Assignment. 10.6 Public-Transport Assignment. 10.7 Limitations of the Classic Methods. 10.8 Practical Considerations. Exercises. 11 Equilibrium and Dynamic Assignment. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Equilibrium. 11.3 Transport System Equilibrium. 11.4 Traffic Dynamics. 11.5 Departure Time Choice and Assignment. Exercises. 12 Simplified Transport Demand Models. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Sketch Planning Methods. 12.3 Incremental Demand Models. 12.4 Model Estimation from Traffic Counts. 12.5 Marginal and Corridor Models. 12.6 Gaming Simulation. Exercises. 13 Freight Demand Models. 13.1 Importance. 13.2 Factors Affecting Goods Movements. 13.3 Pricing Freight Services. 13.4 Data Collection for Freight Studies. 13.5 Aggregate Freight Demand Modelling. 13.6 Disaggregate Approaches. 13.7 Some Practical Issues. 14 Activity Based Models. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Activities, Tours and Trips. 14.3 Tours, Individuals and Representative Individuals. 14.4 The ABM System. 14.5 Population Synthesis. 14.6 Monte Carlo and Probabilistic Processes. 14.7 Structuring Activities and Tours. 14.8 Solving ABM. 14.9 Refining Activity or Tour Based Models. 14.10 Extending Random Utility Approaches. 15 Key Parameters, Planning Variables and Value Functions. 15.1 Forecasting Planning Variables. 15.2 Land-Use Transport Interaction Modelling. 15.3 Car-Ownership Forecasting. 15.4 The Value of Travel Time. 15.5 Valuing External Effects of Transport. Exercises. 16 Pricing and Revenue. 16.1 Pricing, Revenue and Forecasting. 16.2 Private Sector Projects. 16.3 Risk. 16.4 Demand Modelling. 16.5 Risk Analysis. 16.6 Concluding Remarks. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn Foundation Design: Theory and Practice, Professor N. S. V. Kameswara Rao covers the key aspects of the subject, including principles of testing, interpretation, analysis, soil-structure interaction modeling, construction guidelines, and applications to rational design. Rao presents a wide array of numerical methods used in analyses so that readers can employ and adapt them on their own. Throughout the book the emphasis is on practical application, training readers in actual design procedures using the latest codes and standards in use throughout the world. Presents updated design procedures in light of revised codes and standards, covering: American Concrete Institute (ACI) codes Eurocode 7 Other British Standard-based codes including Indian codes Provides background materials for easy understanding of the topics, such as: Code provisions for reinforced concrete Pile design and construction Table of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction 1 2 Engineering Properties of Soil 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Basic Soil Relations 9 2.3 Soil Classification 15 2.4 Permeability 15 2.5 Over Consolidation Ratio 16 2.6 Relative Density 18 2.7 Terzaghi’s Effective Stress Principle 19 2.8 Compaction of Soils 20 2.9 Consolidation and Compressibility 21 2.9.1 Compressibility Characteristics and Settlement of Soils 22 2.9.2 Time Rate of Consolidation 24 2.10 Shear Strength of Soils 26 2.11 Soil Exploration and Sampling 32 2.12 Site Investigation -- Boring, Sampling and Testing 33 2.13 Split Spoon Sampler and Standard Penetration Test 35 2.14 Cone Penetration Test 39 2.15 Field Vane Shear Test 43 2.16 Other In Situ Tests 43 2.17 Summary 43 2.18 Examples 43 3 Bearing Capacity, Settlement, Stresses and Lateral Pressures in Soils 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations 51 3.3 Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations 57 3.4 Correlation of UBC and ASP with SPT Values and CPT Values 59 3.5 UBC and Probable Settlements Using Field Plate Load Test 62 3.6 Elastic Stress and Displacement Distribution in Soils 65 3.7 Settlement Analysis 72 3.8 Lateral Earth Pressure 74 3.9 Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest 86 3.10 Other Theories of Lateral Pressure 86 3.11 Examples 87 4 Rational Design of Shallow Foundations 119 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Shallow Foundations 120 4.3 Conventional Design and Rational Design 121 4.4 Procedures for the Design of Footings 122 4.5 Conventional Structural Design of Footings 136 4.6 Foundations in Difficult Soil Formations 137 4.7 Modeling Soil Structure Interactions for Rational Design of Foundations 140 4.8 Evaluation of Spring Constant in Winkler’s Soil Model 151 4.9 Soil-Structure Interaction Equations 162 4.10 Summary 163 5 Analysis of Footings on Elastic Foundations 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Literature Review 165 5.3 Analysis of BEF 167 5.4 Infinite Beams on Elastic Foundations 170 5.5 Finite Beams on Elastic Foundations 173 5.6 Plates on Elastic Foundations 187 5.7 Summary 196 6 Numerical and Finite Difference Methods 203 6.1 Introduction 203 6.2 Trial Solutions with Undetermined Parameters 203 6.3 Finite Difference Method 209 6.4 FDM Applications to General BEF Problems 216 6.5 Boundary Conditions 226 6.6 Calculation of Bending Moments 232 6.7 Shear Forces 234 6.8 Vertical Reactions 237 6.9 Simplification for Prismatic Beams 240 6.10 FDM for Rectangular Plates on Elastic Foundations 248 6.11 FDM for Circular and Annular Plates on Elastic Foundations 256 6.12 BEF Software Package 256 6.13 Summary 256 7 Finite Element Method 261 7.1 General Philosophy 261 7.2 Finite Element Procedure 263 7.3 Formulation of Finite Element Characteristics (Stiffness Analysis) 266 7.4 Beam Elements 270 7.5 Plate Elements for Bending Theory 274 7.6 Summary 284 7.7 Examples 284 8 Parameters and Criteria for Foundation Design 301 8.1 Introduction 301 8.2 Design Considerations 301 8.3 Codes, Practices and Standards 302 8.4 Design Soil Pressure 302 8.5 Gross and Net Values of the Safe Bearing Capacity and Allowable Soil Pressure 303 8.6 Presumptive Bearing Capacity 303 8.7 Settlements and Differential Settlements 304 8.8 Cracks Due to Uneven Settlement 307 8.9 Suggestions to Reduce Large Differential Settlements 308 9 Deep Foundations - Piles, Drilled Piers, Caissons and Pile-Raft Systems 309 9.1 Introduction 309 9.2 Piles 310 9.3 Functions of Piles 314 9.4 Design of Pile Foundations 314 9.5 Type and Length of Piles 315 9.6 Pile Load Capacity 316 9.7 Lateral Load Capacity of Piles 325 9.8 Stresses on Lower Strata Due to Pile Foundations 325 9.9 Settlement Analysis 327 9.10 Design of Piles and Pile Groups 328 9.11 Drilled Piers or Drilled Caissons 328 9.12 Non-Drilled Caissons 333 9.13 Pile-Raft Systems 336 9.14 Examples 338 10 Design of Piles and Pile Groups 351 10.1 Introduction 351 10.2 Use of Pile Foundations 351 10.3 Types of Piles and Pile Groups 351 10.4 Efficiency of Pile Groups 352 10.5 Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations 354 10.6 Lateral Capacity of Piles 357 10.7 Pile Group 367 10.8 Settlement of Piles 367 10.9 Settlement Under Lateral Load 375 10.10 Design of Pile Caps 375 10.11 Uplift 376 10.12 Batter Piles 377 10.13 Design of Pile Foundations 379 10.14 Summary of Assumptions and Guidelines for Design 379 10.15 Example 381 10.16 Construction Guidelines 387 11 Machine Foundations 393 11.1 Introduction 393 11.2 Types of Machine Foundations 394 11.3 General Requirements of Machine Foundations and Design Criteria 394 11.4 Dynamic Loads 395 11.5 Physical Modeling and Response Analysis 396 11.6 Analysis by Lysmer and Richart 403 11.7 General Analysis of Machine-Foundation-Soil Systems Using Analog Models 408 11.8 General Equations of Motion 409 11.9 Methods of Solution 417 11.10 General Remarks 418 11.11 Framed Foundations 418 12 Structural Design of Foundations 471 12.1 Introduction 471 12.2 Analysis of Foundations 471 12.3 Structural Design 472 12.4 Isolated Footings 478 12.5 Wall Footings 483 12.6 Combined Footings 483 12.7 Strap Footings 484 12.8 Raft Foundations 486 12.9 Circular and Annular Footings 490 12.10 Construction Guidelines for Footings 491 12.11 Construction of Raft Foundations 492 12.12 Examples of Structural Design 492 References 619 Author Index 625 Subject Index 629

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Book SynopsisOffers information on sampling, field techniques, stream analysis, the hydrodynamics of moving water, channel form, sediment transport and commonly used statistical methods such as flow duration and flood frequency analysis. This book includes sections on environmental flows, rehabilitation, measuring stream health and stream classification.Table of ContentsPreface for the Second Edition Preface for the First Edition. 1. Introducing the Medium. 1.1 Water as a fluid. 1.2 The physics of fluids. 1.3 Physical properties of water. 2. How to Study a Stream. 2.1 Focusing on physical habitat. 2.2 The planning process. 2.3 Strategic sampling. 2.4 Know your limitations. 2.5 Examples of how and how not to conduct a study. 3. Potential Sources of Data (How to Avoid Reinventing the Weir). 3.1 Data types. 3.2 Physical data sources, format, and quality. 3.3 Maps: finding those spatial places. 3.4 Photographs and other remotely sensed data. 4. Getting to Know Your Stream. 4.1 General character. 4.2 Catchment characteristics. 4.3 Streamflow hydrographs. 4.4 How does this stream measure up? 5. How to Have a Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. 5.1 Venturing into the field. 5.2 Surveying: a brief introduction. 5.3 Methods of measuring areal extent. 5.4 Surveying streams. 5.5 Measurement of water level or stage. 5.6 Measurement of discharge (streamflow). 5.7 Substrates and sediments: sampling and monitoring methods. 5.8 Substrates and sediments: analysis of physical properties. 5.9 Water quality. 6. Water at Rest and in Motion. 6.1 General. 6.2 Hydrostatics: the restful nature of water. 6.3 Studying the flow of fluids. 6.4 Narrowing the focus: flow of a viscous fluid. 6.5 The microenvironment: flow near solid surfaces. 6.6 Open-channel hydraulics: the macro-environment. 7. It's Sedimentary, Watson! 7.1 Introduction to stream channels, streambeds and transported materials. 7.2 Stream-shaping processes. 7.3 The ins and outs of channel topography. 7.4 Sediment motion. 7.5 Sediment yield from a catchment. 8. Dissecting Data with a Statistical Scope. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Streamflow frequency analysis. 8.3 Flow-duration curves. 8.4 Flow-spell analysis. 8.5 Extrapolating from the known to the unknown. 8.6 Numerical taxonomy: multivariate analysis techniques. Appendix 1: Basic Statistics. References.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a common language for improving communication between researchers, biologists, environmental engineers and others managing or studying riverine environments. It summarises stream classification, stream rehabilitation and methods for determining instream flow requirements.Table of ContentsPreface for the Second Edition. Preface for the First Edition. 1. Introducing the Medium. 1.1 Water as a Fluid. 1.2 The Physics of Fluids. 1.3 Physical Properties of Water. 2. How to Study a Stream. 2.1 Focusing on Physical Habitat. 2.2 The Planning Process. 2.3 Strategic Sampling. 2.4 Know Your Limitations. 2.5 Examples of How and How not to Conduct a Study (by M. Keough). 3. Potential Sources of Data (How to Avoid Reinventing the Weir). 3.1 Data types. 3.2 Physical Data Sources, Format, and Quality. 3.3 Maps: Finding those Spatial Places. 3.4 Photographs and other remotely sensed data. 4. Getting to Know Your Stream. 4.1 Gene ral character. 4.2 Catchment Characteristics. 4.3 Streamflow Hydrographs. 4.4 How Does This Stream Measure Up? 5. How to Have a Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. 5.1 Venturing into the Field. 5.2 Surveying: A Brief Introduction. 5.3 Methods of Measuring Areal Extent. 5.4 Surveying Streams. 5.5 Measurement of Water Level or Stage. 5.6 Measurement of Discharge (Streamflow). 5.7 Substrates and Sediments: Sampling and Monitoring Methods. 5.8 Substrates and Sediments: Analysis of Physical Properties. 5.9 Water Quality. 6. Water at Rest and in Motion. 6.1 General. 6.2 Hydrostatics: The Restful Nature of Water. 6.3 Studying the Flow of Fluids. 6.4 Narrowing the Focus: Flow of a Viscous Fluid. 6.5 The Microenvironment: Flow Near Solid Surfaces. 6.6 Open-channel Hydraulics: The Macro-environment. 7. It’s Sedimentary, Watson! 7.1 Introduction to Stream Channels, Streambeds and Transported Materials. 7.2 Stream-shaping Processes. 7.3 The Ins and Outs of Channel Topography. 7.4 Sediment Motion. 7.5 Sediment Yield from a Catchment. 8. Dissecting Data with a Statistical Scope. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Streamflow Frequency Analysis. 8.3 Flow-duration Curves. 8.4 Flow-Spell Analysis. 8.5 Extrapolating from the Known to the Unknown. 8.6 Numerical Taxonomy: Multivariate Analysis Techniques. 9. "Putting It All Together": Assessing Stream Health, stream Classification, Environmental Flows and Rehabilitation. 9.1 Putting Theories into Practice. 9.2 understanding Stream Values. 9.3 Assessing Streamn Health. 9.4 The Use of Steam Classification in Management. 9.5 Assessing Instream Environmental Flows. 9.6 Steam Rehabilitation. Appendix: Basic Statistics. References. Index. Appendix 1 Basic Statistics. References.

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Book SynopsisEconomic to build, environmentally friendly, and versatile enough as a material to be used with reinforced concrete or steel, timber constructions are used worldwide. Timber Engineering examines its state of the art, covering the newest developments in practice-related research, while placing the industry in an international context.Trade Review"...worthy of recognition...should not be assigned to the bookshelf...will be established as a constant source of reference..." (Jnl of the Inst of Wood Science, Winter 2004)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Timber Engineering - General Introduction (Sven Thelandersson). PART ONE: BASIC PROPERTIES OF WOOD-BASED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. Introduction: Wood as a Construction Material (Sven Thelandersson). Grading of Timber with Respect to Mechanical Properties (Carl-Johan Johansson). Structural Timber - Variability and Statistical Modelling (Tord Isaksson). Mechanical Performance and Modelling of Glulam (Erik Serrano). Engineered Wood Products for Structural Purposes (Frank Lam, Helmut Prion). Fracture Perpendicular to Grain - Structural Applications (Per Johan Gustafsson). Strength Under Long-term Loading (Preben Hoffmeyer). Effects of Climate and Climate Variations on Strength (Alpo Ranta-Maunus). PART TWO: DESIGN ASPECTS OF TIMBER STRUCTURES. Introduction: Safety and Serviceability in Timber Engineering (Sven Thelandersson). Reliability of Structures with Timber and Wood-Based Products (Ricardo O. Foschi). Design of Structures based on Glulam, LVL and Other Solid Timber Products (Hans J. Larsen). Short- and Long-term Deformations of Timber Structures (Annika Mårtensson). Vibrations of Timber Floors: Serviceability Aspects (Ian Smith). Design for Earthquake Resistance (Erol Karacabeyli and Marjan Popovski). PART THREE: JOINTS AND STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES. Introduction: Fasteners, Joints and Composite Structures (Hans J. Larsen). Joints with Dowel-type Fasteners (Hans J. Blass). Structural Adhesive Joints Including Glued-in Bolts (Simon Aicher). Trusses and Joints with Punched Metal Plate Fasteners (Jacob Nielsen). Shear Walls and Diaphragms (Helmut G.L. Prion, Frank Lam). Composite Structures (Ario Ceccotti). Index.

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Book SynopsisA third or more of the energy consumption of industrialized countries is expended on creating acceptable thermal and lighting conditions in buildings. As a result, building heat transfer is keenly important to the design of buildings, and the resulting analytical theory forms the basis of most design procedures.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Elementary Steady-State Heat Transfer. 2 Physical Constants of Materials. 3 Conduction-Dominated Systems. 4 Thermal Circuit Theory. 5 Heat Transfer by Air Movement. 6 Heat Transfer by Radiation. 7 Design Model for Steady-State Room Heat Exchange. 8 Moisture Movement in Rooms. 9 Solar Heating. 10 The Wall with Lumped Elements. 11 Wall Conduction Transfer Coefficients for a Discretised System. 12 The Fourier Continuity Equation in One Dimension. 13 Analytical Transient Models for Step Excitation. 14 Simple Models for Room Response. 15 Wall Parameters for Periodic Excitation. 16 Frequency-Domain Models for Room Response. 17 Wall Conduction Transfer Coefficients for a Layered System. 18 Accuracy of Temperature Estimates Using Transfer Coefficients. 19 Room Thermal Response Using Transfer Coefficients. Principal Notation. References. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMeshfree and Particle Methods is the first comprehensive book on meshfree methods, providing an overview of the major methodologies that have been developed for solid and linear mechanics. It provides a through examination of the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, with implementations and solutions techniques.Table of ContentsPreface xi Glossary of Notation xvii 1 Introduction to Meshfree and Particle Methods 1 1.1 Definition of Meshfree Method 1 1.2 Key Approximation Characteristics 2 1.3 Meshfree Computational Model 3 1.4 A Demonstration of Meshfree Analysis 4 1.5 Classes of Meshfree Methods 4 1.6 Applications of Meshfree Methods 8 References 11 2 Preliminaries: Strong and Weak Forms of Diffusion, Elasticity, and Solid Continua 17 2.1 Diffusion Equation 17 2.1.1 Strong Form of the Diffusion Equation 17 2.1.2 The Variational Principle for the Diffusion Equation 19 2.1.2.1 The Standard Variational Principle 20 2.1.2.2 The Variational Equation 20 2.1.2.3 Equivalence of the Variational Equation and the Strong Form 21 2.1.3 Constrained Variational Principles for the Diffusion Equation 25 2.1.3.1 The Penalty Method 25 2.1.3.2 The Lagrange Multiplier Method 26 2.1.3.3 Nitsche’s Method 28 2.1.4 Weak Form of the Diffusion Equation by the Method of Weighted Residuals 29 2.2 Elasticity 32 2.2.1 Strong Form of Elasticity 32 2.2.2 The Variational Principle for Elasticity 34 2.2.3 Constrained Variational Principles for Elasticity 35 2.2.3.1 The Penalty Method 35 2.2.3.2 The Lagrange Multiplier Method 35 2.2.3.3 Nitsche’s Method 36 2.3 Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics 37 2.3.1 Strong Form for General Continua 37 2.3.2 Principle of Stationary Potential Energy 39 2.3.3 Standard Weak Form for Nonlinear Continua 40 2.A Appendix 42 2.A.1 Elasticity with Discontinuities 42 2.A.2 Continuum Mechanics with Discontinuities 44 References 44 3 Meshfree Approximations 45 3.1 MLS Approximation 45 3.1.1 Weight Functions 50 3.1.2 MLS Approximation of Vectors in Multiple Dimensions 53 3.1.3 Reproducing Properties 56 3.1.4 Continuity of Shape Functions 57 3.2 Reproducing Kernel Approximation 58 3.2.1 Continuous Reproducing Kernel Approximation 58 3.2.2 Discrete RK Approximation 62 3.3 Differentiation of Meshfree Shape Functions and Derivative Completeness Conditions 67 3.4 Properties of the MLS and Reproducing Kernel Approximations 68 3.5 Derivative Approximations in Meshfree Methods 73 3.5.1 Direct Derivatives 73 3.5.2 Diffuse Derivatives 74 3.5.3 Implicit Gradients and Synchronized Derivatives 74 3.5.4 Generalized Finite Difference Methods 79 3.5.5 Non-ordinary State-based Peridynamics under the Correspondence Principle, and RK Peridynamics 80 References 83 4 Solving PDEs with Galerkin Meshfree Methods 87 4.1 Linear Diffusion Equation 87 4.1.1 Penalty Method for the Diffusion Equation 90 4.1.2 The Lagrange Multiplier Method for the Diffusion Equation 92 4.1.3 Nitsche’s Method for the Diffusion Equation 95 4.2 Elasticity 98 4.2.1 The Lagrange Multiplier Method for Elasticity 101 4.2.2 Nitsche’s Method for Elasticity 102 4.3 Numerical Integration 105 4.4 Further Discussions on Essential Boundary Conditions 107 References 108 5 Construction of Kinematically Admissible Shape Functions 111 5.1 Strong Enforcement of Essential Boundary Conditions 111 5.2 Basic Ideas, Notation, and Formal Requirements 112 5.2.1 Basic Ideas 112 5.2.2 Formal Requirements 112 5.2.3 Comment on Procedures 114 5.3 Transformation Methods 114 5.3.1 Full Transformation Method: Matrix Implementation 114 5.3.2 Full Transformation Method: Row-Swap Implementation 117 5.3.3 Mixed Transformation Method 120 5.3.4 The Sparsity of Transformation Methods 121 5.3.5 Preconditioners in Transformation Methods 121 5.4 Boundary Singular Kernel Method 123 5.5 RK with Nodal Interpolation 125 5.6 Coupling with Finite Elements on the Boundary 126 5.7 Comparison of Strong Methods 127 5.8 Higher-Order Accuracy and Convergence in Strong Methods 130 5.8.1 Standard Weak Form 130 5.8.2 Consistent Weak Formulation One (CWF I) 131 5.8.3 Consistent Weak Formulation Two (CWF II) 134 5.9 Comparison Between Weak Methods and Strong Methods 135 References 136 6 Quadrature in Meshfree Methods 137 6.1 Nomenclature and Acronyms 137 6.2 Gauss Integration: An Introduction to Quadrature in Meshfree Methods 138 6.3 Issues with Quadrature in Meshfree Methods 140 6.4 Introduction to Nodal integration 142 6.5 Integration Constraints and the Linear Patch Test 144 6.6 Stabilized Conforming Nodal Integration 148 6.7 Variationally Consistent Integration 154 6.7.1 Variational Consistency Conditions 154 6.7.2 Petrov–Galerkin Correction: VCI 157 6.8 Quasi-Conforming SNNI for Extreme Deformations: Adaptive Cells 159 6.9 Instability in Nodal Integration 160 6.10 Stabilization of Nodal Integration 161 6.10.1 Notation for Stabilized Nodal Integration 163 6.10.2 Modified Strain Smoothing 164 6.10.3 Naturally Stabilized Nodal Integration 166 6.10.4 Naturally Stabilized Conforming Nodal Integration 168 Notes 168 References 169 7 Nonlinear Meshfree Methods 173 7.1 Lagrangian Description of the Strong Form 174 7.2 Lagrangian Reproducing Kernel Approximation and Discretization 177 7.3 Semi-Lagrangian Reproducing Kernel Approximation and Discretization 180 7.4 Stability of Lagrangian and Semi-Lagrangian Discretizations 185 7.4.1 Stability Analysis for the Lagrangian RK Equation of Motion 185 7.4.2 Stability Analysis for the Semi-Lagrangian RK Equation of Motion 187 7.4.3 Critical Time Step Estimation for the Lagrangian Formulation 189 7.4.4 Critical Time Step Estimation for the Semi-Lagrangian Formulation 191 7.4.5 Numerical Tests of Critical Time Step Estimation 192 7.5 Neighbor Search Algorithms 196 7.6 Smooth Contact Algorithm 198 7.6.1 Continuum-Based Contact Formulation 198 7.6.2 Meshfree Smooth Curve Representation 201 7.6.3 Three-Dimensional Meshfree Smooth Contact Surface Representation and Contact Detection by a Nonparametric Approach 204 7.7 Natural Kernel Contact Algorithm 207 7.7.1 A Friction-like Plasticity Model 209 7.7.2 Semi-Lagrangian RK Discretization and Natural Kernel Contact Algorithms 210 Notes 212 References 215 8 Other Galerkin Meshfree Methods 219 8.1 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics 219 8.1.1 Kernel Estimate 220 8.1.2 SPH Conservation Equations 224 8.1.2.1 Mass Conservation (Continuity Equation) 224 8.1.2.2 Equation of Motion 225 8.1.2.3 Energy Conservation Equation 227 8.1.3 Stability of SPH 228 8.2 Partition of Unity Finite Element Method and h-p Clouds 232 8.3 Natural Element Method 234 8.3.1 First-Order Voronoi Diagram and Delaunay Triangulation 234 8.3.2 Second-Order Voronoi Cell and Sibson Interpolation 235 8.3.3 Laplace Interpolant (Non-Sibson Interpolation) 236 References 237 9 Strong Form Collocation Meshfree Methods 241 9.1 The Meshfree Collocation Method 242 9.2 Approximations and Convergence for Strong Form Collocation 245 9.2.1 Radial Basis Functions 245 9.2.2 Moving Least Squares and Reproducing Kernel Approximations 246 9.2.3 Reproducing Kernel Enhanced Local Radial Basis 247 9.3 Weighted Collocation Methods and Optimal Weights 248 9.4 Gradient Reproducing Kernel Collocation Method 251 9.5 Subdomain Collocation for Heterogeneity and Discontinuities 253 9.6 Comparison of Nodally-Integrated Galerkin Meshfree Methods and Nodally Collocated Strong Form Meshfree Methods 255 9.6.1 Performance of Galerkin and Collocation Methods 255 9.6.2 Stability of Node-Based Galerkin and Collocation Methods 256 References 258 10 RKPM2D: A Two-Dimensional Implementation of RKPM 261 10.1 Reproducing Kernel Particle Method: Approximation and Weak Form 261 10.1.1 Reproducing Kernel Approximation 261 10.1.2 Galerkin Formulation 262 10.2 Domain Integration 264 10.2.1 Gauss Integration 264 10.2.2 Variationally Consistent Nodal Integration 265 10.2.3 Stabilized Nodal Integration Schemes 266 10.2.3.1 Modified Stabilized Nodal Integration 267 10.2.3.2 Naturally Stabilized Nodal Integration 268 10.3 Computer Implementation 269 10.3.1 Domain Discretization 269 10.3.2 Quadrature Point Generation 272 10.3.3 RK Shape Function Generation 273 10.3.4 Stabilization Methods 278 10.3.5 Matrix Evaluation and Assembly 281 10.3.6 Description of subroutines in RKPM2D 285 10.4 Getting Started 287 10.4.1 Input File Generation 288 10.4.1.1 Model 290 10.4.1.2 RK 294 10.4.1.3 Quadrature 295 10.4.2 Executing RKPM2D 295 10.4.3 Post-Processing 295 10.5 Numerical Examples 297 10.5.1 Plotting the RK Shape Functions 297 10.5.2 Patch Test 298 10.5.3 Cantilever Beam Problem 300 10.5.4 Plate With a Hole Problem 303 10.A Appendix 310 References 313 Index 315

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Book SynopsisCovers the international standards that need to be implemented by companies to operate an efficient and effective environmental management system (EMS).Table of ContentsDedication Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Design and Implementation of ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. 3. Measurement Systems in Environmental Management. 4. Measurement System Errors. 5. Measurement Signal Conversion, Processing, Transmission and Recording. 6. Quantification and Effects of Air Pollution. 7. Quantification and Effects of Water Pollution. 8. Control of Air and Water Pollution. 9. Noise, Vibration and Shock Pollution. 10. Waste Management. 11. System Reliability and Risk Assessment for Environmental Protection. 12. Statistical Process Control. 13. Monitoring Process Parameter Values to Minimise Pollution Risk. Appendix 1: Summary of ISO 14000 Series Standards. Appendix 2: Typical Structure of an Environmental Management System Manual. Index.

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Book SynopsisFire risk assessment in buildings is an integral part of the current move towards performance-based building regulations in most countries. However, the subject is relatively new, and not many people know exactly what fire risk assessment is.Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. PART I: SIMPLE APPROACH TO FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT. 2. What is Fire Risk Assessment? 2.1 Overview. 2.2 What is Fire Risk Assessment? 2.3 Summary. 2.4 Review Questions. 2.5 References. 3. Fire Risk Assessment Based on Past Fire Experience. 3.1 Overview. 3.2 Based on Past Fire Experience. 3.3 Based on Fire Incident Data. 3.4 Summary. 3.5 Review Questions. 3.6 References. 4. Qualitative Fire Risk Assessment. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Risk Matrix. 4.3 Checklist Method. 4.4 Event-Tree Method. 4.5 Summary. 4.6 Review Questions. 4.7 References. 5. Quantitative Fire Risk Assessment. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Risk Indexing. 5.3 Checklist Method. 5.4 Event-Tree Method. 5.5 Summary. 5.6 Review Questions. 5.7 References. PART II: FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT. 6. Fundamental Approach to Fire Risk Assessment. 7. Fire Growth Scenarios. 7.1 Overview. 7.2 Compartment Fire Characteristics. 7.3 Fire Model Input and Output Parameters. 7.4 Design Fires. 7.5 Automatic Fire Suppression to Control Fire Growth. 7.6 Summary. 7.7 Review Questions. 7.8 References. 8. Fire Spread Probabilities. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Fire Resistant Construction. 8.3 Probability of Failure. 8.4 Fire Spread Probabilities. 8.5 Summary. 8.6 Review Questions. 8.7 References. 9. Smoke Spread Scenarios. 9.1 Overview. 9.2 Smoke Spread Characteristics and Modelling. 9.3 Smoke Control Systems to Clear Smoke in Evacuation Routes. 9.4 Summary. 9.5 Review Questions. 9.6 References. 10. Occupant Evacuation Scenarios. 10.1 Overview. 10.2 Occupant Evacuation Characteristics and Modelling. 10.3 Occupant Safety Measures to Expedite Occupant Response and Evacuation. 10.4 Summary. 10.5 Review Questions. 10.6 References. 11. Fire Department Response. 11.1 Overview. 11.2 Fire Department Response Time and Resources. 11.3 Occupant Fatality and Property Loss Modelling. 11.4 Fire Protection Measures to Provide Effective Occupant Rescue and Fire Extinguishment Efforts. 11.5 Summary. 11.6 Review Questions. 11.7 References. 12. Uncertainty Considerations. 12.1 Overview. 12.2 What Are the Uncertainties? 12.3 Treatment of Uncertainty. 12.4 Summary. 12.5 Review Questions. 12.6 References. 13. Fire Risk Management. 13.1 Overview. 13.2 Fire Risk Management. 13.3 Alternative Fire Safety Designs. 13.4 Impact of Inspection and Maintenance on System Reliability. 13.5 Impact of Evacuation Drills on Early Occupant Response and Evacuation. 13.6 Summary. 13.7 Review Questions. 13.8 References. Index

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Book SynopsisAll structures suffer from stresses and strains caused by factors such as wind loading and vibrations. Stress analysis and measurement is an integral part of the design and management of structures, and is used in a wide range of engineering areas. There are two main types of stress analyses the first is conceptual where the structure does not yet exist and the analyst has more freedom to define geometry, materials, loads etc generally such analysis is undertaken using numerical methods such as the finite element method.The second is where the structure (or a prototype) exists, and so some parameters are known.Others though, such as wind loading or environmental conditions will not be completely known and yet may profoundly affect the structure.These problems are generally handled by an ad hoc combination of experimental and analytical methods. This book therefore tackles one of the most common challenges facing engineers how to solve a stress analysis problem when all ofTable of ContentsPreface. Notation. Introduction. 1 Finite Element Methods. 1.1 Deformation and Strain. 1.2 Tractions and Stresses. 1.3 Governing Equations of Motion. 1.4 Material Behavior. 1.5 The Finite Element Method. 1.6 Some Finite Element Discretizations. 1.7 Dynamic Considerations. 1.8 Geometrically Nonlinear Problems. 1.9 Nonlinear Materials. 2 Experimental Methods. 2.1 Electrical Filter Circuits. 2.2 Digital Recording and Manipulation of Signals. 2.3 Electrical Resistance Strain Gages. 2.4 Strain Gage Circuits. 2.5 Motion and Force Transducers. 2.6 Digital Recording and Analysis of Images. 2.7 Moiré Analysis of Displacement. 2.8 Holographic Interferometry. 2.9 Photoelasticity. 3 Inverse Methods 171 3.1 Analysis of Experimental Data. 3.2 Parametric Modeling of Data. 3.3 Parameter Identification with Extrapolation. 3.4 Identification of Implicit Parameters. 3.5 Inverse Theory for Ill-Conditioned Problems. 3.6 Some Regularization Forms. 3.7 Relocation of Data onto a Grid Pattern. 3.8 Discussion. 4 Static Problems 219 4.1 Force Identification Problems. 4.2 Whole-Field Displacement Data. 4.3 Strain Gages. 4.4 Traction Distributions. 4.5 Nonlinear Data Relations. 4.6 Parameter Identification Problems. 4.7 Choosing the Parameterization. 4.8 Discussion. 5 Transient Problems with Time Data. 5.1 The Essential Difficulty. 5.2 Deconvolution using Sensitivity Responses. 5.3 Experimental Studies. 5.4 Scalability Issues: Recursive Formulation. 5.5 The One-Sided Hopkinson Bar. 5.6 Identifying Localized Stiffness and Mass. 5.7 Implicit Parameter Identification. 5.8 Force Location Problems. 5.9 Discussion. 6 Transient Problems with Space Data. 6.1 Space–Time Deconvolution. 6.2 Preliminary Metrics. 6.3 Traction Distributions. 6.4 Dynamic Photoelasticity. 6.5 Identification Problems. 6.6 Force Location for a Shell Segment. 6.7 Discussion. 7 Nonlinear Problems. 7.1 Static Inverse Method. 7.2 Nonlinear Structural Dynamics. 7.3 Nonlinear Elastic Behavior. 7.4 Elastic-Plastic Materials. 7.5 Nonlinear Parameter Identification. 7.6 Dynamics of Cracks. 7.7 Highly Instrumented Structures. 7.8 Discussion. Afterword. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents techniques for effective and successful project management across all phases of the project, covering all of the management tools and leadership skills for any industrial project.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Project Management. 2.1 The Principle of Project Management. 2.2 Project Characteristics. 2.3 Project Life Cycle. 2.4 Is this Project Successful? 2.5 Project Management Tasks. 2.6 Project Manager Skill. 3. Economic Risk Analysis. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Project Cash Row. 3.3 Economic Risk Assessment. 3.4 Decision Tree. 3.5 Monte-Carlo Simulation Technique. 3.6 Risk Adjusted Value (RAV). 4. Time Planning. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Responsibilities of the Team. 4.3 Expected Activity Time Period. 4.4 Calculating the Activity Time Period. 4.5 Time Schedule Preparation. 4.6 Planning Overview. 5. Resource Management. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Project Organization. 5.3 Roles and Responsibilities of the Project Manager. 5.4 Administrative Organization for Total Quality Management. 5.5 Team Member Selection. 5.6 Managing the Team. 5.7 Allocate Resources to Project Plan. 5.8 Relation Between Project Parties. 5.9 Document and Information Transfer. 5.10 Information Transfer. 5.11 Quality Control in the Design Phase. 6. Cost Management. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Cost Types. 6.3 Economic Analysis of Project Cost. 6.4 Cash Flow Calculation. 7. Bidding, Tenders, and Contracts. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Contracts. 7.3 Contracts Between an Owner and an Engineering Consultancy Office. 7.4 The Importance of Contracts for Project Quality Assurance (QA). 7.5 Contracts in ISO. 7.6 FIDIC Contracts. 7.7 General Conditions in Contracts. 7.8 Arbitration and the Arbitrator. 7.9 Bids and Tenders. 7.10 Closeout Report. 8. Quality — From Theory to Reality. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Quality Management Systems. 8.3 The ISO 9000 Standard. 8.4 Quality Management Requirements. 8.5 Project Quality Control in Various Stages. 8.5.1 Feasibility Study Stage 239 8.5 Operational Phase of the Project. 8.7 The "Total Building Commissioning System". 9. Project Risk Management. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Project Risks. 9.3 Risk Assessment. 9.4 Risk Identification. 9.5 Defining Priorities. 9.6 Risk Response Planning and Strategies. 9.7 Risk Monitoring and Control. 9.8 Example. 9.9 Methods of Risk Avoidance. 10. Quiz for Project Management. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Questions. 10.3 The Right Decisions. References. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisThe A-to-Z reference resource for nuclear energy information A significant milestone in the history of nuclear technology, Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology, and Applications is a comprehensive and authoritative reference guide written by a committee of the world's leading energy experts.Trade Review“It may be most suited for acquisition by public rather than academic libraries, but schools and colleges will certainly find considerable value in its pages as well.” (Reference Reviews, 1 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface ix (Steven B. Krivit) Introduction xi (Jay Lehr) Contributors xiii Nuclear Fission: Glossary and Acronyms xv (K. Anantharaman, P.R. Vasudeva Rao, Carlos H. Casta˜no, and Roger Henning) Nuclear Fusion: Glossary and Acronyms (Lester M. Waganer) xix PART I GENERAL CONCEPTS 1 1 Nuclear Energy: Past, Present, and Future 3 (Jay Lehr) 2 Benefits and Role of Nuclear Power 7 (Patrick Moore) 3 Early History Of Nuclear Energy 15 (Roger Tilbrook) 4 Early Commercial Development of Nuclear Energy 23 (Roger Tilbrook) 5 Basic Concepts of Thermonuclear Fusion 31 (Laila A. El-Guebaly) 6 Basic Concepts of Nuclear Fission 45 (Pavel V. Tsvetkov) 7 Oklo Natural Fission Reactor 51 (L.V. Krishnan) 8 Electrical Generation from Nuclear Power Plants 57 (Pavel V. Tsvetkov and David E. Ames II) 9 Nuclear Energy for Water Desalination 65 (Saly T. Panicker and P.K. Tewari) 10 Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Generation 71 (Alistair I. Miller) PART II NUCLEAR FISSION 77 11 Uranium-Plutonium Nuclear Fuel Cycle 79 (Shoaib Usman) 12 Global Perspective on Thorium Fuel 89 (K. Anantharaman and P.R. Vasudeva Rao) 13 Design Principles of Nuclear Materials 101 (Baldev Raj and M. Vijayalakshmi) 14 Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing 121 (Carlos H. Castano) 15 Safety of Nuclear Fission Reactors: Learning from Accidents 127 (J.G. Marques) 16 Spent Fuel and Waste Disposal 151 (Clifford Singer and William R. Roy) 17 Fission Energy Usage: Status, Trends and Applications 159 (Pavel V. Tsvetkov) PART III FISSION: BROAD APPLICATION REACTOR TECHNOLOGY 165 18 Light-Water-Moderated Fission Reactor Technology 167 (J’Tia P. Taylor and Roger Tilbrook) 19 CANDU Pressurized Heavy Water Nuclear Reactors 175 (Rusi P. Taleyarkhan) 20 Graphite-Moderated Fission Reactor Technology 187 (Pavel V. Tsvetkov) 21 Status of Fast Reactors 193 (Baldev Raj and P. Chellapandi) 22 Review of Generation-III/III+ Fission Reactors 231 (J.G. Marques) 23 Tomorrow's Hope for a Pebble-Bed Nuclear Reactor 255 (Jay Lehr) 24 Hydrogeology and Nuclear Energy 257 (Roger Henning) PART IV FISSION: GEN IV REACTOR TECHNOLOGY 271 25 Introduction to Generation-IV Fission Reactors 273 (Harold McFarlane) 26 The Very High Temperature Reactor 289 (Hans D. Gougar) 27 Supercritical Water Reactor 305 (James R. Wolf) 28 The Potential Use of Supercritical Water-Cooling in Nuclear Reactors 309 (Dr. Igor Pioro) 29 Generation-IV Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor 340 (J’Tia P. Taylor) 30 Generation-IV Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR) 353 (Robert N. Hill, Christopher Grandy, and Hussein Khalil) PART V THERMONUCLEAR FUSION 365 31 Historical Origins and Development of Fusion Research 367 (Stephen O. Dean) 32 Plasma Physics and Engineering 371 (Francesco Romanelli) 33 Fusion Technology 389 (Lester M. Waganer) 34 ITER—An Essential and Challenging Step to Fusion Energy 399 (Charles C. Baker) 35 Power Plant Projects 405 (Laila A. El-Guebaly) 36 Safety and Environmental Features 413 (Lee Cadwallader and Laila A. El-Guebaly) 37 Inertial Fusion Energy Technology 413 (Rokaya A. Al-Ayat, Edward I. Moses, and Rose A. Hansen) 38 Hybrid Nuclear Reactors 421 (Jose M. Martinez-Val, Mireia Piera, Alberto Ab´anades, and Antonio Lafuente) 39 Fusion Maintenance Systems 435 (Lester M. Waganer) 40 Fusion Economics 457 (Lester M. Waganer) PART VI LOW-ENERGY NUCLEAR REACTIONS 479 41 Development of Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction Research 481 (Steven B. Krivit) 42 Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions: A Three-Stage Historical Perspectiv 497 (Leonid I. Urutskoev) 43 Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions: Transmutations 481 (Mahadeva Srinivasan, George Miley, and Edmund Storms) 44 Widom–Larsen Theory: Possible Explanation of LENRs 503 (Joseph M. Zawodny and Steven B. Krivit) 45 Potential Applications of LENRs 547 (Winthrop Williams and Joseph Zawodny) PART VII OTHER CONCEPTS 551 46 Acoustic Inertial Confinement Nuclear Fusion 553 (Rusi P. Taleyarkhan, Richard T. Lahey Jr., and Robert I. Nigmatulin) 47 Direct Energy Conversion Concepts 569 (Pavel V. Tsvetkov) Index 581

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together experts in the field who present material on a number of important and growing topics including lighting, displays, solar concentrators.The first chapter provides an overview of the field of nonimagin and illumination optics. Included in this chapter are terminology, units, definitions, and descriptions of the optical components used in illumination systems. The next two chapters provide material within the theoretical domain, including etendue, etendue squeezing, and the skew invariant. The remaining chapters focus on growing applications. This entire field of nonimaging optics is an evolving field, and the editor plans to update the technological progress every two to three years.The editor, John Koshel, is one of the most prominent leading experts in this field, and he is the right expert to perform the task.Trade Review“Aside from illumination engineers, the book could be useful for graduate electrical or optical engineering students.” (Optics & Photonics News, 13 September 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CONTRIBUTORS xvii GLOSSARY xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 1 1.1 What Is Illumination? 1 1.2 A Brief History of Illumination Optics 2 1.3 Units 4 1.3.1 Radiometric Quantities 4 1.3.2 Photometric Quantities 6 1.4 Intensity 9 1.5 Illuminance and Irradiance 10 1.6 Luminance and Radiance 11 1.6.1 Lambertian 13 1.6.2 Isotropic 14 1.7 Important Factors in Illumination Design 15 1.7.1 Transfer Effi ciency 15 1.7.2 Uniformity of Illumination Distribution 16 1.8 Standard Optics Used in Illumination Engineering 17 1.8.1 Refractive Optics 18 1.8.2 Refl ective Optics 20 1.8.3 TIR Optics 22 1.8.4 Scattering Optics 24 1.8.5 Hybrid Optics 24 1.9 The Process of Illumination System Design 25 1.10 Is Illumination Engineering Hard? 28 1.11 Format for Succeeding Chapters 29 References 30 CHAPTER 2 ÉTENDUE 31 2.1 Étendue 32 2.2 Conservation of Étendue 33 2.2.1 Proof of Conservation of Radiance and Étendue 34 2.2.2 Proof of Conservation of Generalized Étendue 36 2.2.3 Conservation of Étendue from the Laws of Thermodynamics 40 2.3 Other Expressions for Étendue 41 2.3.1 Radiance, Luminance, and Brightness 41 2.3.2 Throughput 42 2.3.3 Extent 43 2.3.4 Lagrange Invariant 43 2.3.5 Abbe Sine Condition 43 2.3.6 Confi guration or Shape Factor 44 2.4 Design Examples Using Étendue 45 2.4.1 Lambertian, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 45 2.4.2 Isotropic, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 48 2.4.3 Isotropic, Spatially Nonuniform Disk Emitter 50 2.4.4 Tubular Emitter 52 2.5 Concentration Ratio 59 2.6 Rotational Skew Invariant 61 2.6.1 Proof of Skew Invariance 61 2.6.2 Refi ned Tubular Emitter Example 63 2.7 Étendue Discussion 67 References 68 CHAPTER 3 SQUEEZING THE ÉTENDUE 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Étendue Squeezers versus Étendue Rotators 71 3.2.1 Étendue Rotating Mappings 74 3.2.2 Étendue Squeezing Mappings 77 3.3 Introductory Example of Étendue Squeezer 79 3.3.1 Increasing the Number of Lenticular Elements 80 3.4 Canonical Étendue-Squeezing with Afocal Lenslet Arrays 82 3.4.1 Squeezing a Collimated Beam 82 3.4.2 Other Afocal Designs 83 3.4.3 Étendue-Squeezing Lenslet Arrays with Other Squeeze-Factors 85 3.5 Application to a Two Freeform Mirror Condenser 88 3.6 Étendue Squeezing in Optical Manifolds 95 3.7 Conclusions 95 Appendix 3.A Galilean Afocal System 96 Appendix 3.B Keplerian Afocal System 98 References 99 CHAPTER 4 SMS 3D DESIGN METHOD 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 State of the Art of Freeform Optical Design Methods 101 4.3. SMS 3D Statement of the Optical Problem 103 4.4 SMS Chains 104 4.4.1 SMS Chain Generation 105 4.4.2 Conditions 106 4.5 SMS Surfaces 106 4.5.1 SMS Ribs 107 4.5.2 SMS Skinning 108 4.5.3 Choosing the Seed Rib 109 4.6 Design Examples 109 4.6.1 SMS Design with a Prescribed Seed Rib 110 4.6.2 SMS Design with an SMS Spine as Seed Rib 111 4.6.3 Design of a Lens (RR) with Thin Edge 115 4.6.4 Design of an XX Condenser for a Cylindrical Source 117 4.6.5 Freeform XR for Photovoltaics Applications 129 4.7 Conclusions 140 References 144 CHAPTER 5 SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 147 5.1 Concentrated Solar Radiation 147 5.2 Acceptance Angle 148 5.3 Imaging and Nonimaging Concentrators 156 5.4 Limit Case of Infi nitesimal Étendue: Aplanatic Optics 164 5.5 3D Miñano–Benitez Design Method Applied to High Solar Concentration 171 5.6 Köhler Integration in One Direction 180 5.7 Köhler Integration in Two Directions 195 5.8 Appendix 5.A Acceptance Angle of Square Concentrators 201 5.9 Appendix 5.B Polychromatic Effi ciency 204 Acknowledgments 207 References 207 CHAPTER 6 LIGHTPIPE DESIGN 209 6.1 Background and Terminology 209 6.1.1 What is a Lightpipe 209 6.1.2 Lightpipe History 210 6.2 Lightpipe System Elements 211 6.2.1 Source/Coupling 211 6.2.2 Distribution/Transport 211 6.2.3 Delivery/Output 212 6.3 Lightpipe Ray Tracing 212 6.3.1 TIR 212 6.3.2 Ray Propagation 212 6.4 Charting 213 6.5 Bends 214 6.5.1 Bent Lightpipe: Circular Bend 214 6.5.2 Bend Index for No Leakage 215 6.5.3 Refl ection at the Output Face 216 6.5.4 Refl ected Flux for a Specifi c Bend 217 6.5.5 Loss Because of an Increase in NA 218 6.5.6 Other Bends 219 6.6 Mixing Rods 220 6.6.1 Overview 220 6.6.2 Why Some Shapes Provide Uniformity 221 6.6.3 Design Factors Infl uencing Uniformity 223 6.6.4 RGB LEDs 226 6.6.5 Tapered Mixers 228 6.7 Backlights 233 6.7.1 Introduction 233 6.7.2 Backlight Overview 234 6.7.3 Optimization 235 6.7.4 Parameterization 235 6.7.4.1 Vary Number 236 6.7.4.2 Vary Size 236 6.7.5 Peak Density 237 6.7.6 Merit Function 237 6.7.7 Algorithm 238 6.7.8 Examples 239 6.8 Nonuniform Lightpipe Shapes 245 6.9 Rod Luminaire 246 Acknowledgments 247 References 247 CHAPTER 7 SAMPLING, OPTIMIZATION, AND TOLERANCING 251 7.1 Introduction 251 7.2 Design Tricks 253 7.2.1 Monte Carlo Processes 254 7.2.2 Reverse Ray Tracing 257 7.2.3 Importance Sampling 260 7.2.4 Far-Field Irradiance 263 7.3 Ray Sampling Theory 266 7.3.1 Transfer Effi ciency Determination 266 7.3.2 Distribution Determination: Rose Model 268 7.4 Optimization 272 7.4.1 Geometrical Complexity 273 7.4.2 Merit Function Designation and Calculation 280 7.4.3 Optimization Methods 281 7.4.4 Fractional Optimization with Example: LED Collimator 282 7.5 Tolerancing 289 7.5.1 Types of Errors 290 7.5.2 System Error Sensitivity Analysis: LED Die Position Offset 290 7.5.3 Process Error Case Study: Injection Molding 291 References 297 INDEX 299

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Book SynopsisEMERGENCY RESPONSE MANAGEMENT OF OFFSHORE Examines the Deepwater Horizon disaster and offers processes for safety and environmental protection Though renewable energy is a growing piece of the energy pie, fossil fuels still dominate our energy supplies and will continue to do so for decades. This makes offshore drilling, especially in places like the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea, extremely important for the future of the world's energy supply. Unfortunately, the world has been witnessing, over and over again, accidents, deadly explosions, spills, and environmental disasters that could have been avoided with proper safety and environmental processes put in place. The Deepwater Horizon catastrophe is the largest offshore oil spill in U.S. history and an ecological nightmare of epic proportions. Emergency Response Management of Offshore Oil Spills aids in the response of this and future disasters by providing this handy reference volume for engineers, manTable of ContentsPreface ix 1. Toxic Nature of Crude Oil 1 1.1 High Risk Areas 1 1.2 Potential Impacts 7 1.3 Definitions 8 1.4 Examples of Historical Oil Spills and Their Impacts 10 2. Origins of Spills 37 2.1 Offshore Drilling 37 2.2 Case Study 44 3. Use of Chemical Dispersants 55 3.1 Dispersants 55 3.2 Methods of Applicaion 60 3.3 Types of Dispensants and Commerical Products 62 4. Combating Spills at the Shoreline 93 4.1 Chemical Warfare 93 4.2 Booms and Barriers 157 5. Emerging Technologies 237 5.1 Clean World Innovations and EncapSol 237 5.2 Centrifuges 243 5.3 Skimmers and Response Vessels 244 6. Spill Response and Worker Protection 247 6.1 Countermeasure Options 247 6.2 Spill Response Protocols and Strategies 271 6.3 Worker Protection 336 6.4 The Oil Spill Response Plan 420 6.5 Air Monitoring 429 7. Standard of Care and The BP Oil Spill 443 7.1 The Impacts 443 7.2 The Waxman/Stupak Letter 449 7.3 Standard of Care 462 Index 509 About the Authors 531

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Book SynopsisThe first book on the subject written by a practitioner for practitioners.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Behavior of Soil and Rock. PLANNING MONITORING PROGRAMS. Systematic Approach to Planning Monitoring Programs UsingGeotechnical Instrumentation. MONITORING METHODS. Instrumentation Transducers and Data Acquisition Systems. Measurement of Deformation. GENERAL GUIDELINES ON THE EXECUTION OF MONITORING PROGRAMS. Calibration and Maintenance of Instruments. Collection, Processing, Presentation, Interpretation, and Reportingof Instrumentation Data. EXAMPLES OF INSTRUMENTATION APPLICATIONS. Embankments on Soft Ground. Excavated and Natural Slopes. THE KEY TO SUCCESS. The Key to Success: The Chain with 25 Links. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisCritical Path Method (CPM) and Performance Evaluation and ReviewTechnique (PERT) are widely recognized as the most effectivemethods of keeping large, complex construction projects onschedule, under budget, and up to professional standards. But thesemethods remain underused because they are poorly understood and,due to a host of unfamiliar terms and applications, may seem morecomplicated than they really are. This encyclopedia brings together, in one comprehensive volume, allterms, definitions, and applications related to the time and costmanagement of construction projects. While many of these termsrefer to ancient and venerable building practices, others haveevolved quite recently and refer specifically to modernconstruction and management techniques. Sources include hundreds ofprofessional books, trade journals, and research publications, aswell as planning and scheduling software vendor literature. The detailed glossary of all applicable terms includes across-refer

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Book SynopsisTwo important scheduling techniques for modern construction management--the precedence technique and the arrow technique--are developed and analyzed. The parallel treatment of these two applications presents a basis of theory and practice for the civil engineering student and the practicing project manager.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Project Breakdown. Basic Arrow Diagraming. Basic Precedence Diagraming. Establishing Activity Durations. Scheduling Computations for Arrow Networks. Scheduling Computations for Precedence Networks. Communicating the Schedule. Project Control. Time-Cost Adjustments. Resource Leveling. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). Overlapping Networks. Index.

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Book SynopsisA first-level text stressing chemistry of natural and polluted water and its application to waste-water treatment. Discusses principles of chemical kinetics, dilute solution equilibria, effects of temperature and ionic strength, and thermodynamics in relation to water chemistry. Strong emphasis given to graphical procedures.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Properties of Water 11.2 Composition of Several Types of Water 31.3 Methods of Expressing Concentration 141.4 Additional Reading 23Chapter 2 Chemical Kinetics 242.1 Introduction 242.2 Collisions of Reacting Species 242.3 Orientations of Reactants 262.4 The Rate Law 272.5 Reaction Mechanisms 362.6 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 402.7 Catalysis 442.8 Empirical Rate Laws 482.9 Problems 552.10 Additional Reading 57 Chapter 3 Chemical Equilibrium 58 3.1 Introduction 583.2 The Dynamic Nature of Chemical Equilibrium 583.3 The Thermodynamic Basis of Chemical Equilibrium 603.4 Enthalpy and the Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant 713.5 Nonideal Behavior of Ions and Molecules in Solution 743.6 Problems 823.7 Additional Reading 85 Chapter 4 Acid-Base Chemistry 86 4.1 Introduction 864.2 Definition of Terms 864.3 Rate of Reaction 934.4 Equilibrium Calculations – A General Approach 954.5 Strong Acid-Strong Base Calculations 1024.6 Weak Acid-Weak Base Calculations 1084.7 Graphical Procedure for Equilibrium Calculations – pC-pH Diagrams 1144.8 Determination of Temperature and Ionic Strength Effects on Equilibria Using pC-pH diagrams 1224.9 Multiprotic Acid-Conjugate Base Equilibrium Calculations 1254.10 Ionization Fractions and Distribution diagrams 1344.11 Mixtures of Acids and Bases – pH Calculation 1364.12 pH Buffers and Buffer Intensity 1464.13 The Carbonate System 1564.14 Problems 1924.15 Additional Reading 195 Chapter 5 Coordination Chemistry 197 5.1 Introduction 1975.2 Nomenclature and Definitions of Terms 1975.3 Reaction Rate 2005.4 Complex Stability and Equilibrium Calculations 2015.5 Metal Ion Hydrolysis – H2O and OH as Ligands 2175.6 Complexes with Other Inorganic Ligands 2175.7 Complexes with Organic Ligands 2235.8 Problems 2415.9 Additional Reading 242 Chapter 6 Precipitation and Dissolution 243 6.1 Introduction 2436.2 Precipitation and Dissolution Kinetics 2446.3 Equilibrium Calculations 2476.4 Solubility of Salts of Weak Acids and Bases 2586.5 Effect of Complexation on Solubility 262 6.6 Competitive Effects of Several Ligands 2706.7 Calcium Carbonate Solubility and Water Stability 2826.8 Phosphate Chemistry 2986.9 Problems 3136.10 Additional Reading 315 Chapter 7 Oxidation – Reduction Reactions 316 7.1 Introduction 3167.2 Redox Stoichiometry 3167.3 Redox Equilibria 3227.4 Electron Activity and pϵ 3387.5 Graphical Representation of Redox Equilibria 3437.6 Corrosion 3637.7 Iron Chemistry 3787.8 Chlorine Chemistry 3867.9 Biologically Important Redox Reactions 4047.10 Electrochemical Measurements 4147.11 Problems 4267.12 Additional Reading 430Appendix 1 Ionization Fractions 431Appendix 2 Answers to Problems 435Appendix 3 Useful Data 442Index 453

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Book SynopsisContinuing in its forty-year history of providing students and professionals with a thorough grounding in the science and technology of groundwater hydrology, this third edition has been completely updated to reflect the tremendous changes in the field. A true essential reference, this book provides a unified presentation of groundwater hydrology, treating fundamental principles, methods and problems encountered in the field as a whole. Since the earlier editions of this book in 1959 and 1980, the groundwater resource field has made tremendous strides in awareness of the environment, concerns and competition for water supplies, contamination of groundwater, and enhanced regulation of water resources. This new edition includes the many new developments that have occurred in the groundwater field. Chief among these is the role of computers, not only for organizing data and solving problems, but also in managing groundwater resources on a basin-wide basis for known or anticipatTable of Contents1. Introduction 1 Problems 32 References 33 2. Occurrence of Groundwater 35 Problems 83 References 84 3. Groundwater Movement 86 Problems 140 References 142 4. Groundwater and Well Hydraulics 146 Problems 198 References 204 5. Water Wells 206 Problems 273 References 276 6. Groundwater Levels and Environmental Influences 279 Problems 324 References 325 7. Quality of Groundwater 329 Problems 356 References 357 8. Pollution of Groundwater 359 Problems 407 References 409 9. Groundwater Flow Modeling Techniques 413 Problems 460 References 461 10. Management of Groundwater 464 Problems 504 References 506 11. Surface Investigations of Groundwater 509 Problems 520 References 521 12. Subsurface Investigations of Groundwater 523 Problems 541 References 545 13. Artificial Recharge of Groundwater 547 Problems 585 References 586 14. Saline Water Intrusion in Aquifers 589 Problems 611 References 612 Appendix A 615 Appendix B 619 Appendix C 620 Index 625

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Book SynopsisComplete, up-to-date coverage of the critical issues of water quality, emphasizing the illustration and application of both hydrologic and economic water management techniques. Using a fundamentals through applications approach, the book includes worked examples, case studies, and problems. Current methodologies, such as the use of a spreadsheet in hydrology and the use of the Internet in data collection are covered in this text.Table of ContentsComputational Methods. Precipitation. Evapotranspiration. Watershed Characteristics and Infiltration. Hydrographs. Streamflow Measurements and Flow Control Devices. Flow Routing. Groundwater Hydrology. Stormwater Management. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisPrecast concrete and reinforced concrete are two common building materials and both are used in areas where seismic effects must be considered when designing and constructing buildings. This book provides cutting-edge guidance on designing seismicresistant structures built with precast and reinforced concrete.Table of ContentsPreface. Nomenclature. Introduction. Chapter 1. Basic Concepts. 1.1 Ductility - A System Behavior Enhancer. 1.2 Confinement - A Component Behavior Enhancement. 1.3 Shear. Chapter 2. Component Behavior and Design. 2.1 Beams. 2.2 The Beam Column. 2.3 Beam-Column Joints. 2.4 Shear Dominated Systems. Chapter 3. Systems Design. 3.1 Shear Wall Braced Buildings. 3.2 Frame Braded Buildings. 3.3 Diaphragms. 3.4 Design Process Overview. Chapter 4. Design Confirmation. 4.1 Response of Shear Wall Braced Buildings to Ground Motion. 4.2 Frame Braced Buildings. 4.3 Behavior Imponderables. Index.

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Book SynopsisModeling the occurrence and behaviour of groundwater is a critical aspect to any groundwater studies, whether they're being done to plan a clean-up project or in the preliminary site studies for a planned future development. This book defines what GIS is, how to perform it, and how to use GIS technology in modeling groundwater.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Flow Modeling. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Areal Extent of a Model. 1.3 Hydrological Boundaries to the Model. 1.4 Compilation of Geological Information. 1.4.1 Unconsolidated Environments. 1.4.2 Consolidated Rocks. 1.4.3 Metamorphic Rocks. 1.4.4 Igneous Rocks. 1.4.5 Representation of Geological Units. 1.5 Compilation of Hydrological Information. 1.5.1 Geohydrological Parameters. 1.5.2 Boundary Conditions. 1.5.3 Stresses. 1.6 Water-Table Condition. 1.6.1 Near-Surface Aquifer Zone. 1.6.2 Sharp-Interface Approximation of the Water Table. 1.6.3 Variably Saturated Water-Table Formulation. 1.6.4 Comparison of the Sharp-Interface and Variably Saturated Formulations. 1.7 Physical Dimensions of the Model. 1.7.1 Vertical Integration of the Flow Equation. 1.7.2 Free-Surface Condition. 1.8 Model Size. 1.9 Model Discretization. 1.9.1 Finite-Difference Approximations. 1.9.2 Finite-Element Approximations. 1.9.3 Two-Space Dimensional Approximations. 1.10 Finite-Difference Approximation to the Flow Equation. 1.10.1 Model Boundary Conditions. 1.10.2 Model Initial Conditions. 1.11 Finite-Element Approximation to the Flow Equation. 1.11.1 Boundary Conditions. 1.11.2 Initial Conditions. 1.12 Parameters. 1.13 Fractured and Cavernous Media. 1.14 Model Stresses. 1.14.1 Well Discharge or Recharge. 1.14.2 Rainfall. 1.14.3 Multiple Stress Periods. 1.15 Finite-Element Mesh. 1.16 Simulation. 1.16.1 Solution Algorithm. 1.16.2 Bandwidth. 1.16.3 Running PTC. 1.17 Output. 1.18 Calibration. 1.18.1 Model Building Guidelines. 1.18.2 Model Evaluation Guidelines. 1.18.3 Additional Data-Collection and Model Development Guidelines. 1.18.4 Uncertainty-Evaluation Guidelines. 1.18.5 Some Rules of Thumb. 1.19 Production Runs. 1.20 Summary. References. 2 Transport Modeling. 2.1 Compilation of Water-Quality Information. 2.2 Physical Dimensions. 2.3 Model Size. 2.4 Transport Equation. 2.4.1 Equilibrium or Adsorption Isotherms. 2.4.2 Mass Flux. 2.4.3 Example of Retardation. 2.5 Chemical Reactions. 2.6 Model Boundary Conditions. 2.7 Finite-Element Approximation. 2.8 Boundary Conditions 2.8.1 First-Type Boundary Condition. 2.8.2 Second-Type Boundary Condition. 2.8.3 Third-Type Boundary Condition. 2.9 Initial Conditions. 2.10 Model Parameters. 2.11 Model Stresses. 2.12 Running the Model. 2.13 Output. 2.14 Calibration. 2.15 Production Runs. 2.16 Summary. References. 3 Finite-Element versus Finite-Difference Simulation. 3.1 Elementary Application. 3.1.1 Groundwater Flow. 3.1.2 Groundwater Transport. 3.2 Comparison of Methods. 3.2.1 Graphical User Interfaces. 3.2.2 Model Formulation and Implementation. 3.2.3 Groundwater Flow. 3.2.4 Groundwater Transport. 3.3 Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an integrated, comprehensive guide to the core topics in both environmental engineering and occupational health and safety.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: REGULATORY OVERVIEW. Environmental Protection Agency. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING. Air Pollution Engineering. Waste Treatment and Disposal Technologies. Wastewater and Water Quality. Statistical Applications. PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY ENGINEERING. Safety Management. Fire and Life Safety. Construction Safety. PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ENGINEERING. Chemical Hazard Assessment and Communication. Industrial Ventilation. Noise and Hearing Conservation. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this important new work, Howard T. Odum, widely acknowledged asthe father of systems ecology, lucidly explains his concept ofemergy, a measure of real wealth that provides a rational,science-based method of evaluating commodities, services, andenvironmental goods. Using specific real-world examples, Dr. Odumclearly demonstrates the revolutionary role of emergy inenvironmental management and policy making. Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Makingoffers environmental professionals--policymakers, managers,ecologists, planners, developers, and activists--a systematicapproach to environmental and economic valuation that willeliminate much of the rancor and adversarial decision making thatoften plagues environmental issues. Specifically, this book: * Describes the theoretical basis, calculation procedures, andapplications of emergy * Introduces the concept of transformity, the ratio of emergy(work put into a product) and energy (value received frTable of ContentsIntroduction: EMERGY and Real Wealth. EMERGY and the Energy Hierarchy. Earth EMERGY. Environmental Production and Economic Use. EMERGY Evaluation Procedure. Empower Through Networks: EMERGY Algebra. Evaluating Environmental Resources. Net EMERGY of Fuels and Electricity. Evaluating Alternatives for Development. EMERGY of States and Nations. Evaluating International Exchange. Evaluating Information and Human Service. EMERGY Over Time. Comparison of Methods. Policy Perspectives. An Emergy Glossary. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow to reap the enormous benefits of this dynamic newpractice SUCCESSFUL PARTNERING Fundamentals for Project Owners and Contractors In the tightly budgeted and competitive business environment of the1990s, firms involved in construction projects can no longer (ifthey ever could) afford the suspicions, squabbles, and evenlitigation that have afflicted far too many projects. Thisenlightening book shows project owners, construction professionals,and others how to implement the recently developed practice ofpartnering as a more efficient, cost-effective, and far lessstressful way of planning, organizing, and completing constructionprojects. Adopted by such organizations as the Army Corps ofEngineers, its growing number of converts have reported fewerdelays and lawsuits and other benefits, including a morecooperative and focused work atmosphere. With this new book--theonly one of its kind currently available--practicing professionalswill gain a solid understandingTable of ContentsWhy All the Hoopla about Partnering? What is Really Involved in Partnering? A Word to the Wise. What Is Partnering? How Does Partnering Apply to Owners? How Does Partnering Apply to the Engineering ConstructionBusiness? Benefits for the Project Commercial Professionals. Don't We Partner Already? When Does Partnering Start? Benefits for the Owner. Benefits for the Architect Engineer. Benefits for the Contractor. Who Should Be Involved in Partnering? The Partnering Process. An Industry Example--Bechtel Procurement--The Strategic SupplierProgram. Lessons Learned. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisUsing the Build, Operate, Transfer (BOT) system, private developers design, finance, construct, and operate revenue-producing public projects, and, at the end of the pay-back period, turn projects over to the community.Table of ContentsThe Global Move Toward Public/Private Partnerships. Toll Roads in America--An Old Concept Updated. The Dulles Greenway. Caltrans and the Public/Private Sector Projects. Washington State and Arizona--What Went Wrong? South Carolina's Partnerships for Progress. Canada and the Canadian Atlantic Provinces. Great Britain Host to BOT and DBFO. Trafalgar House, A World Leader in Public/Private-SectorWork. The Channel Tunnel. Kumagai Gumi, Japan's Leading BOT Participant. From the Dardenelles to Durban. The Philippines and Its BOT Vision of the Future. From Indonesia to Thailand--And in Between. Mexico and Its Latin Neighbors. What Does the Future Hold? Index.

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Book SynopsisHere is the ultimate handbook for engineers, architects, contractors, specifications workers, and hardware managers who need to deliver products and services at a consistently high level of quality.Table of ContentsHistory and Background. ISO 9000 Family of Standards. ISO 9001 Explained. How to Plan and Implement an ISO 9000 Quality System. Auditing Quality Systems. Managing the Quality System. The Consultant's Role in ISO 9000 Registration. Case Studies. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a novel approach for radically reducing industrial pollution by creating "industrial complexes" in which groups of industrial plants consume each others' wastes. It provides detailed examples of how complexes in different industries could be structured.Table of ContentsRationale for Attainment of Zero Pollution. Economics of Zero Pollution. Waste Minimization by Reuse Recovery. Waste Minimization by Recovery and External Sale of Products. Environmentally Balanced Industrial Complexes: An InnovativeSolution to Attain Zero Pollution. Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Wiley Dictionary of Civil Engineering and Construction:English-Spanish/Spanish-English offers the first bilingual updateof civil engineering terminology in forty years. With more than50,000 entries in each language, it provides comprehensive coverageof a broad range of industrial disciplines, including architecture,engineering, surveying, building, heavy construction, and municipalengineering. Entries include technical terms and phrases not found in anygeneral translation dictionary--many of these are taken directlyfrom The Contractor''s Dictionary by L. F. Webster, officialpublications, engineering specifications, and engineeringtextbooks. Virtually all terms and their functions were supplied byworking professionals and experts in each field. Each translationhas been confirmed by teams of reviewers in the United States andLatin America to ensure accuracy and reflect a wide range ofSpanish dialects. Since there is considerable overlap amongengineering disciplines, many of

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Book SynopsisA rigorous, concise development of the concepts of modern matrix structural analysis, with particular emphasis on the techniques and methods that form the basis of the finite element method. All relevant concepts are presented in the context of two-dimensional (planar) structures composed of bar (truss) and beam (frame) elements, together with simple discrete axial, shear and moment resisting spring elements. The book requires only some basic knowledge of matrix algebra and fundamentals of strength of materials.Table of ContentsBasic Concepts. Statistically Determinate Trusses. Statistically Determinate Frames. Virtual Work. Introduction to Analysis of Indeterminate Structures: Force Method. Symmetry. Influence Lines. Introduction to the Displacement Method. Displacement Method: Advanced Formulation. Energy Concepts and Approximations. Introduction to Finite Element Analysis. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book includes a section on cavitation in hydraulic structures and a concise introduction to the physics of cavitation and application to hydraulic structures. It applies the laws of similitude to the use of physical models to improve hydraulic design and computer programs for the numerical solution of unsteady flow in closed and open channels.Table of ContentsHydrology. Groundwater. Open Channel Flow. Closed Conduit Flow. Dams and Reservoirs. Hydraulic Structures. Hydraulic Machinery. Flood Damage Reduction. Mathematical Modeling of Hydraulic Systems. Unsteady Closed-Conduit Flow. Unsteady Open-Channel Flows. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive review and evaluation of waste containment technologies presently practiced in remediation applications. Covers the state-of-knowledge, construction and performance of the three main barrier types - vertical (walls), bottom (floors) and surface (caps).Table of ContentsOverview of Containment Transport and Site Conditions. Vertical Barriers (Walls). Bottom Barriers (Floors). Surface Control Barriers (Caps). Conclusions. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the theory and methods of systems analysis and computer modeling as applied to problems in ecology and natural resource management. It reflects the problems and conflicts between competing uses of limited space and the need for quantitative predictors of the outcome of various management strategies.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: THE SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE. Basic Concepts of Systems Analysis and Simulation. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: FOUR PHASES OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. Conceptual-Model Formulation. Quantitative-Model Specification. PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SIMULATION-MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND USE. Modular Representation of System Structure and Dynamics. Reporting the Development and Use of Simulation Models. APPLICATION OF SIMULATION MODELS IN ECOLOGY. Population Dynamics: Effects of Density-Independent andDensity-Dependent Factors. APPLICATION OF SIMULATION MODELS IN NATURAL RESOURCEMANAGEMENT. Forest Management: Effects of Timber Harvest on the RelativeAbundance of Wildlife Species. References. About the CD-ROM. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction, with a management perspective, to maintenance and engineering for hotel and foodservice managers-in-training.Table of ContentsHospitality Maintenance and Engineering. Managing the Maintenance-and-Engineering Department. Energy and Energy-Management Systems. Reading Blueprints for Energy Management. Computer Applications for Maintenance and Engineering. Life Safety Systems. Heating Concepts and Heat Management. Management of Refrigeration Systems. Management of Ventilation Systems. Management of Air-Conditioning Systems. Electrical Networks and Systems. Water Systems Management. Management of Building Transportation Systems. Management of Sound. Foodservice Equipment Maintenance. Management of Laundry Systems. Exterior Systems. Waste and Pollution Management. Appendices. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete guide to OSHA training requirements for hazardous wastecleanup professionals Love Canal, Times Beach, Bhopal--these and other industry-relatedenvironmental disasters provided the impetus for present-dayregulations governing cleanup of hazardous waste sites and thehealth and safety training of workers engaged in these operations.This manual addresses the 1986 amendments to Congress''s Superfundact (known as SARA) and the growth industry in hazardous wasteremediation that emerged as a result. Specifically, it deals withthe OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.120 that requires all businesses withhazardous waste operations--and all remediation contractors--totrain their staffs on a regular basis, stressing training formanagers, supervisors, scientists, and engineers. Covering all training topics mandated by OSHA''s 29 CFR 1910.120,this comprehensive guide * Conforms point by point to OSHA''s 40-hour off-site trainingrequirement for site professionals, managers, and sTable of ContentsOccupational Health Regulations, Standards, and Guidelines. Fundamentals of Chemistry. Industrial Hygiene. Hazard Recognition. Personal Protective Equipment. Respiratory Protection. Monitoring. Decontamination. Work Practices. Developing a Site Safety Plan. Medical Surveillance Program. Risk Assessment in Superfund Site Remediation. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the fundamentals of environmental engineering and applications in water quality, air quality, and hazardous waste management. It begins by describing the fundamental principles that serve as the foundation of the entire field of environmental engineering.Table of ContentsFUNDAMENTALS. Overview. Water, Air, and Their Impurities. Transformation Processes. Transport Phenomena. Transport and Transformation Models. APPLICATIONS. Water Quality Engineering. Air Quality Engineering. Hazardous Waste Management. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisComplete, practical coverage of the evaluation, analysis, and design and code requirements of seismic isolation systems. Based on the concept of reducing seismic demand rather than increasing the earthquake resistance capacity of structures, seismic isolation is a surprisingly simple approach to earthquake protection. However, proper application of this technology within complex seismic design code requirements is both complicated and difficult. Design of Seismic Isolated Structures provides complete, up-to-date coverage of seismic isolation, complete with a systematic development of concepts in theory and practical application supplemented by numerical examples. This book helps design professionals navigate and understand the ideas and procedures involved in the analysis, design, and development of specifications for seismic isolated structures. It also provides a framework for satisfying code requirements while retaining the favorable cost-effective and damaTable of ContentsDevelopment of Seismic Isolation Worldwide. Theoretical Basis of Seismic Isolation. Isolation System Components. Code Provisions for Seismic Isolation. Mechanical Characteristics and Modeling of Isolators. Buckling and Stability of Elastomeric Isolators. Design Earthquake Ground Motions. Design Examples. Computer Applications. Specifications for Design, Manufacturing, and Testing of Isolation Devices. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis easy-to-read guide links the regulatory and technical aspectsof air quality compliance in one self-contained volume. This unique handbook explains air quality compliance in plainlanguage, free of legalese. Russell E. Erbes draws on twenty yearsof industrial air quality compliance experience as he clarifies thecomplex regulatory and technical issues facing industry in the wakeof the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. He guides the reader througha labyrinth of demanding regulations, rising costs, and complexprocedures. A Practical Guide to Air Quality Compliance, Second Edition, sortsthrough requirements and helps environmental professionals managecompliance effectively and efficiently--whatever the needs of theirfacilities. Filled with real-world examples that illustrate bothproblems and solutions, it features: * Unwritten applicability guidelines known only by technicalexperts in air compliance. * Tips on obtaining permits and variances, and monitoring andensTable of ContentsHistory of Air Quality Legislation. Legislative and Regulatory Concepts. Ambient Air Quality Standards and Atmospheric Dispersion. Risk Assessment and Management. Emission Standards for Criteria Pollutants. Hazardous Air Pollutants. New Source Review. Nonattainment. Permits and the New National Operating Permits Program. Acid Rain Provisions of the 1990 CAA. Stratospheric Ozone Protection. Enforcement. Transportation and General Conformity. Future Implementation of the 1990 CAA. Summary. References. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll states require that underground storage tanks (USTs) and leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs) be registered with the state. This book is a practical guide to the technology and regulatory requirements of installing, maintaining, closing and removing underground storage tanks.Table of ContentsCodes, Regulations, and Recommended Practices. Contract Documents. Legal Considerations in Tank Installation. Project Management. Material Handling. Excavating and Trenching. Supplemental Holddown. Backfilling and Compaction. Secondary Containment and Overfill/Spill Protection. Piping. Electrical Installation. Equipment Installation. Safety. Tank Closure. Testing. Release Detection. Corrosion Control. Vapor Recovery Systems. Site Assessment, Investigation, and Responsibility. Corrective Action. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisSubsurface projects can spell tremendous liability and risk concerns for geotechnical engineers, who pay among the highest liability insurance rates among A/E/C professionals. Written for a non-legal audience by a recognized liability authority, this helpful book brings together the information and expertise needed to manage the non-technical aspects of such projects. Discusses the implications of errors and omissions, applicable law, bid and contract document disclosure, and much more. Filled with relevant case studies.Table of ContentsClient-Consultant Selection (D. Thompson). The Professional Services Agreement (J. Monsees & T. Smirnoff). Subsurface Investigations and Geotechnical Report Preparation (G. Brierley). Preparation of Contract Documents for Subsurface Projects (E. Abbott). Risk Management Considerations for Complex Subsurface Projects (T. Neff). Engineers' Involvement in Construction Means and Methods of Subsurface Projects (R. Simon). Risk Management Considerations for Engineers Engaged by Contractors on Subsurface Projects (J. Guertin). Role of the Professional Consultant in the Evaluation of Differing Site Conditions Claims (S. Poulos). Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Differing Site Conditions Claims (H. Caspe). Professional Liability and Risk Allocation/Management Considerations for Design and Construction Management Professionals Involved in Subsurface Projects (D. Hatem). Insurance for Subsurface Projects (T. Gilmartin). Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisOceanography calls for a wide variety of mathematical and statistical techniques. This title provides the basics oceanographers need to know, including: practical ways to deal with chemical, geological, and biological oceanographic data; and instructions on detecting the existence of patterns in what appears to be noise.Trade Review"...It presents many well discussed and illustrative examples..." (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.988, No.13, 2002)Table of ContentsCalculus Review. Model I Linear Regression. Correlation. Model II Linear Regression. Polynomial Curve Fitting, Linear Multiple Regression Analysis, andNonlinear Least Squares. Numerical Integration. Box Models. Time Series Analysis. Appendices. Answers to Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis professional reference tool combines basic concepts ofhydrology with the latest applications for landscape architectureand site engineering--including effective, eco-friendly, andpeople-friendly design methods for: * Wetlands construction * Groundwater recharge * Infiltration * Porous pavements * Stream restoration * Water harvesting Stormwater management is an essential component of all landscapearchitecture and site engineering projects. Introduction toStormwater helps solve environmental problems that arise in theprocess of planning, implementing, and evaluating the builtenvironment. This useful guide is of singular importance to landscapearchitects, civil engineers, architects, wetlands scientists, andother environmental professionals who must comply withever-changing government regulations. Concepts such as drainage,runoff quality, and drought control are presented in aneasy-to-learn, nontechnical format, using case studies drawn fromTable of ContentsStormwater and Environment. Stormwater and Human Experience. Introduction to Hydrologic Concepts. Storm Runoff. Water Balance. Conveyance. Detention. Extended Detention. Infiltration. Water Harvesting. Epilogue. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisGeodesy is the science that deals with the Earth's figure and the interrelationship of selected points on its surface. This is the only book on the market designed to provide readers with an introduction to geodesy without the usual emphasis on complex mathematics. Describes such positioning techniques as horizontal and vertical geodetic datums.Table of ContentsHistory of Geodesy. Earth's Shape. Units of Measure. Traditional Survey Positioning Techniques. Geodetic Systems. Physical Geodesy. World Geodetic System. Satellite Geodesy. Very Long Baseline Interferometry. Global Positioning System. Gravity. Gyroscope. Inertial Surveying. Velocity of Light, EDM, and Laser Ranging. Projections. Examples of Modern Projects. Bibliography. About the Author. Index.

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