Biochemistry Books

Book SynopsisToxins and Other Harmful Compounds in Foods provides information on the contents, distribution, chemical properties, and biological activity of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods that are natural components of the raw materials, accumulated due to microbial actions and environmental pollution, or are generated due to processing. This book shows how different factors related to the production of raw materials, as well as to storage and processing conditions, affect the presence and concentration of toxins and other harmful compounds in foods. It shows how various regulations, as well as unit operations and processes used in food production, may eliminate different toxins or generate new ones. The real health hazards for the consumers resulting from the presence of toxic/harmful compounds in aliments are discussed, and various national and international regulations obligatory in agriculture and industry aimed at increasing food safety are preTable of ContentsProblems of Food Safety. Natural Toxins of Plant Origin (Phytotoxins). Mushroom Toxins. Marine Phycotoxins and Seafood Safety. Biogenic Amines. Mycotoxins. Bacterial Toxins. Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Antibiotic Residues in Food. Toxic Microelements in Food. Cyanogenic Compounds and Estrogen Disruptors. Phthalates. Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds in Food. Epidemiological and Medical Impact of Food Contamination by Viruses Transmission Via Food and Water. Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additives. Food Allergens. The Effect of Processing on the Safety and Nutritional Value of Food. Toxic Components of Food Packaging Materials. Detection of Harmful Compounds in Food. Regulations Established to Control Harmful Food Contaminations.

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Book SynopsisSewer systems fall into the category out of sight, out of mind they seldom excite interest. But when things go wrong with the air in the sewer system, they go very wrong. Consequences can be dramatic and devastating: sewer workers killed instantly by poisonous gas when they lift a sewer lid, or entire suburban blocks levelled by explosions. This book describes the atmospheric dangers commonly found in the sewer system. It provides easily-understood explanations of the science behind the hazards, combined with real-life examples of when things went dramatically wrong.Trade Review"Science and history (embodied in several case studies) are well paired in Airborne Occupational Hazards in Sewer Systems –and that makes for a very compelling volume for both experts who need to understand and assess the manner in which utilities such as sewers can spread both disaster and disease and historians who need to more fully comprehend the technical background of past tragedies that have had major social implications." — John Grabowski, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"Accidents and accumulative injuries are unfortunately not uncommon when working in sewers, and there is hence a great need to educate the involved personnel. A major obstacle in this respect has been a lack of readily accessible information. The book Airborne Occupational Hazards in Sewer Systems is a very significant contribution in this respect and a great step forward in ensuring the health of people working in all parts of the sewerage system. The book is an excellent text book and also suited for self-study." — Jes Vollertsen, Aalborg University, Denmark"This fine book by Amy Forsgren and Kristina Brinck is a single-source compendium of information on the hazards of municipal sewage and covers both infectious agents and chemicals. The authors place appropriate emphasis on the signature chemical hazard of hydrogen sulfide, also known as "sewer gas", and the potential for lethal exposure in confined spaces, which often occur as multiple deaths due to ill-fated rescue attempts without self-contained breathing apparatus. This book will be useful to public health professionals and invaluable to civil engineers designing municipal sewerage. It may well save a life." — Tee Guidotti, Editor-in-Chief, Archives of Environmental and Occupational HealthTable of ContentsIntroduction; Confined spaces; Hydrogen Sulphide,Part 2: Toxicology; Biomarkers for Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning; Methane and Natural Gas; Methane Case Study: The Abbeystead Explosion; Case Study, Natural Gas: The East Ohio Gas Co. Explosion; Other Vapors or Gases; Biological Hazards; Viral Hepatitis; Leptospirosis/Weill’s Disease; Exercises; Index

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Book SynopsisAround the World, metal pollution is a major problem. Conventional practices of toxic metal removal can be ineffective and/or expensive, delaying and exacerbating the crisis. Those communities dealing with contamination must be aware of the fundamentals advances of microbe-mediated metal removal practices because these methods can be easily used and require less remedial intervention. This book describes innovations and efficient applications for metal bioremediation for environments polluted by metal contaminates.Table of ContentsIntroduction to metal contamination and Environmental Issues. Metals and their toxic effects: An introduction to the noxious elements. Sources of metal pollution, global status and conventional remediation practices. Microbes: The natural scavengers and their role in metal bioremediation. Havocs of toxic metal contaminations: unforgettable stories. Metal-microbe interactions. Evolution of inherent biochemical pathways in microorganisms in metal contaminated environments. Enzyme catalysed microbial transformations of metals. Cellular and genetic machineries of metal resistance in microbes (the role of plasmids, genomic DNA, transposons and other genetic elements). Biosorption of metals by microorganism: bacteria, fungi, algae, actinobacteria. Metal binding proteins and peptides and their role in bioremediation. Bacterial exopolysaccharides in metal removal. Molecular approaches in metal bioremediation. Genetic engineering for enhanced metal remediation by microbes. Novel metabolic pathways for toxic metal removal from the contaminated environment. Introduction of heterologous microbial Metallothioneins into transgenic plants for metal removal. Genetically modified biosorbents for toxic metal removal. GMOs in natural environment and strategies to increase their survivability and stability. Bacterial biofilm and genetic regulation in metal detoxification. Interdisciplinary approaches for enhanced metal bioremediation. Interaction between metals, microbes and plants. Immobilization techniques for bioremediation of metals. Bioreactor based approaches of toxic metal removal. Computer aided studies in metal bioremediation. Bacterial mediated nanoparticle synthesis and their role in bioremediation. Specific metal bioremediation Studies. Investigation on arsenic accumulating and transforming bacteria for potential use in bioremediation. Elucidation of cadmium resistance gene in Cadmium resistant bacteria for utilization in bioremediation. Bioremediation of copper present in waste water using copper resistant microorganisms. Bioremediation of mercury and importance of bacterial mer genes: A biotechnology approach. Suitability of nickel resistant microbes for the use in enhanced nickel bioremediation. Efficacy of microbial entities with lead resistant genotype for in-situ bioremediation of lead contaminated sites. Zinc biosorption and subsequent mineralization/transformation by the microbial species for bioremediation of zinc. Bioremediation of chromium solutions and chromium containing waste waters. Harnessing radiation inducible promoter and gene clusters of microorganisms for enhanced precipitation of radioactive waste. Assessment of diversity and bioremediation potential of mercury resistant marine bacteria in Bay of Bengal, Odisha, India.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition offers a clear and through examination of the most recent results of thirty years of research on calcium-activated-neutral protease (CANP or Calpain). Coverage includes the implications of the recently gained ability to produce functionally active recombinant calpain in various human disorders such as cerebal ischemia, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, cataract formation, myocardial infarction, and Alzheimer's disease. The resulting research to find more selective calpain inhibitors is also discussed. With a copy of Calpain: Pharmacology and Toxicology of Calcium Dependent Protease you will better understand why the calpain research area is such an exciting and promising one.Table of Contents1. The Calpain Super Family Yasuko Ono, Hiroyuki Sorimachi and Koichi Suzuki 2. Structure of Calpastian and its Inhibitory Control of Calpain Emiko Takano and Masatoshi Maki 3. The Expression of Calpain in Bacteria and in Insect Cells John Elce 4. Structure and Assembly of the Calcium-Binding Domains of Calpain Sthanam Narayana, John Elce, Debashish Chattopadhyay, Guang-da Lin, Mike Carson, Helen Blanchard, Pawel Grochulski and Miroslaw Cygler 5. Calpain Substrates, Assay Methods, Regulation, and its Inhibitory Agents Kevin Wang and Po-wai Yuen 6. Calpain In Signal Transduction John Fox and Takaomi Saido 7. The Calpain System in Muscle Tissue Ahmed Ouali and Rong-Ghi Chou 8. Involvement of Calpains in Cell Cycle G-1 - to S-Phase Progression Ronald Mellgren, Wenli Zhang, Qin Lu and Richard Lane 9. Calpain in Excitotoxicity, Cerebral Ischemia and Neuronal Apoptosis Kevin Wang, Po-wai Yuen and Kevin Lee 10. The Contribution of Calpain Proteolysis to Neuronal Death Following Traumatic Brain Injury Ronald Hayes, Andreas Kampfl and Rand Posmantur 11. The Pathophysiological Role of Calpain in Spinal Cord Injury Naren Banik, Donald Shields, Swapan Ray and Edward Hogan 12. Calpain-Mediated Proteolysis of Neuronal Structural Proteins Rodney Guttmann and Gail Johnson 13. Calpain and Cerebrovascular Injury Sung-Don Kang, Adam Arthur, Elisa Beres, Andrea Fergus, Chris Boals, Murad Bavbek and Kevin Lee 14. Calpains in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease Ralph Nixon and Panaiyur Mohan 15. Calpain and Apoptosis in the Immune System Margaret Squier and J. John Cohen 16. The Role of Calpain in Renal Proximal Tubular and Hepatocyte Injury Charles Edelstein and Robert Schrier 17. Calpains in the Lens of the Eye Thomas Shearer, Hong Ma, M.Shih, Chiho Fukiage and Mitsoyoshi Azuma 18. Calpain Activation and Expression in Toxicant Injury Susan Starcevic and Raymond Novak 19. Calpain 3 (p94) in Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2A Isabelle Richard, Jacques Beckmann and Michael Fardeau 20. Genetic Analysis of Calpain Isoform Function in Skeletal Muscle: New Stratagies to Study Protease Function Bor-rung Ou, Jing Huang, Neil Forsberg, Mohammad Ilian and Dong-hyun Hong 21. Crustacean Calcium-Dependent Proteinases Jill Beyette and Donald Mykles 22. Calpains in Drosophila and Mammals: Structure and Implications in Neuronal Function Peter Friedrich, Peter Tompa and Gaspar Jekely. Azuma, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Japan, Naren Banik, Medical University of South Carolina, USA, Murad Bavbek, University of Virginia, USA, Jacques Beckmann, CNRS URA 1922, France, Elisa Beres, University of Virginia, USA, Jill Beyette, University of Cincinnati, USA, Helen Blanchard, National Research Council, Canada, Chris Boals, University of Virginia, USA, Mike Carson, University of Alabama, USA, Debasish Chattapadhyay, University of Alabama, USA, Rong-Ghi Chou, National Chia-Yi Institute of Agriculture, China, J. John Cohen, University of Colordo Health Sciences Centre, USA, Miroslaw Cygler, National Research Council, Canada, Charles Edelstein, University of Colorado, USA, John Elce, Queens University, Canada, Michel Fardeau, Hospital Salpetiere, Andrea Fergus, University of Virginia, USA, Neil Forsberg, Oregon State University, USA, Joan Fox, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, USA, Peter Friedrich, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Chiho Fukiage, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Japan, Darrell Goll, University of Arizona, USA, Pawel Grochulski, National Research Council, Canada, Rodney Guttmann, University of Alabama, USA, Ronald Hayes, University of Texas - Houstan Health Centre, USA, Edward Hogan, Medical University of South Carolina, USA, Dong-hyun Hong, University of Toronto, Canada, Jing Huang, Oregon State University, USA, Mohammad Ilian, Lincoln University, Gaspar Jekely, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Gail Johnson, University of Alabama, USA, Andreas Kamfl, University of Insbruck, Austria, Sung-Don Kang, University of Virginia, USA, Richard Lane, Medical College of Ohio, USA, Kevin Lee, University of Virginia, USA, Guang-da Lin, University of Alabama, USA, Qin Lu, Medical College of Ohio, USA, Hong Ma, Oregon State University, USA, Masatoshi Maki, Nagoya University, Japan, Ronald Mellgren, Medical College of Ohio, USA, Panaiyur Mohan, New York University Medical Centre, USA, Donald Mykles, Colorado State University, USA, Sthanam Narayana, University of Alabama, USA, Ralph Nixon, New York University Medical Centre, USA, Raymond Novak, Wayne State University, USA, Yasuko Ono, University of Tokyo, Japan, Ahmed Ouali, Station de Recherches sur la Viade, France, Bor-rung Ou, Tunghai University, China, Rand M. Posmantur, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, USA, Swapan Ray, Medical University of South Carolina, USA, Isabelle Richard, CNRS URA 1922, France, Takaomi Saido, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan, Robert Schrier, University of Colorado, USA, Thomas Shearer, Oregon Health Sciences University, USA, Donald Shields, Medical University of South Carolina, M. Shih, Oregon Health Sciences University, USA, Hiroyuki Sorimachi, University of Tokyo, Japan, Margaret Squier, University of Colorado Health Sciences Centre, USA, Susan Starcevic, Wayne State University, USA, Koichi Suzuki, University of Tokyo, Japan, Emiko Takanao, Kyoto National Hospital, Japan, Richard Taylor, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France, Valery Thompson, University of Arizona, USA, Peter Tompa, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kevin Wang, Warner Lambert Company, USA, Po-wai Yuen, Warner Lambert Company, USA, Wenli Zhang, Cornell University Medical College.

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Book SynopsisThe completion of the initial phase of the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) in 1990 marked the end of the largest environmental research and assessment effort to that time. The resulting series of 27 State of Science and Technology (SOS/T) Reports and the NAPAP Integrated Assessment represent a decade of work by hundreds of scientists, engineers, and economists. Since then, many new, significant, more refined studies on acid deposition have been completed and published, considerably broadening knowledge in this area.Aquatic Effects of Acidic Deposition summarizes and synthesizes these major advancements, particularly those topics that are directly relevant to policy making. It offers complete coverage of recent findings that have substantiated, deepened, modified, or in some cases, revolutionized scientific understanding in environmental research.This resource addresses the quantification of effects and recent developments in predictive modeling capabilities. It covers virtually all aspects of nitrogen effects research, the importance of natural sources of acidity, the influence of land use and landscape change on drainage water chemistry, and the role of short-term episodic events. This comprehensive update thoroughly illustrates the progression and refinement in the field. Aquatic Effects of Acidic Deposition helps you make educated decisions based on the most recent, reliable data for air pollution sensitivities, effects, remediation, and future research.Table of Contents1 Introduction -- 1.1 1990 NAPAP Reports and Integrated Assessment -- 1.2 Scope -- 1.3 Goals and Objectives -- 1.4 Outline of State of Science Update -- 2 Background and Approach -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.1.1 Atmospheric Inputs -- 2.1.2 Sensitivity to Acidification -- 2.2 Chemical Response Variables of Concern -- 2.2.1 Sulfur -- 2.2.2 Nitrogen -- 2.2.3 Acid Neutralizing Capacity -- 2.2.4 pH -- 2.2.5 Base Cations -- 2.2.6 Aluminum -- 2.2.7 Biological Effects -- 2.3 Monitoring -- 2.4 Historical Water Quality Assessment Techniques -- 2.4.1 Historical Measurements -- 2.4.2 Paleolimnological Reconstructions -- 2.4.3 Empirical Relationships and Ion Ratios -- 2.5 Models -- 2.5.1 Empirical Models -- 2.5.2 Dynamic Models -- 3 Chronic Acidification -- 3.1 Characteristics of Sensitive Systems -- 3.2 Causes of Acidification -- 3.2.1 Sulfur -- 3.2.2 Organic Acidity -- 3.2.3 Nitrogen -- 3.2.4 Base Cation Depletion -- 3.2.5 Land Use -- 3.2.6 Climate -- 3.2.7 Fire -- 3.2.8 Hydrology -- 3.3 Effects of Acidification -- 3.3.1 Aluminum -- 3.3.2 Effects on Aquatic Biota -- 3.3.3 Effects on Amphibians -- 4 Extent and Magnitude of Surface Water Acidification -- 4.1 Northeast -- 4.1.1 Monitoring Studies -- 4.1.2 Paleolimnological Studies -- 4.1.3 Experimental Manipulation -- 4.1.4 Model Simulations -- 4.2 Appalachian Mountains -- 4.2.1 Monitoring Studies -- 4.2.2 Model Simulations -- 4.3 Florida -- 4.3.1 Monitoring Studies -- 4.3.2 Paleolimnological Studies -- 4.3.3 Model Simulations -- 4.4 Upper Midwest -- 4.4.1 Monitoring Studies -- 4.4.2 Paleolimnological Studies -- 4.4.3 Experimental Manipulation -- 4.4.4 Model Simulations -- 4.5 West -- 4.5.1 Monitoring Studies -- 4.5.2 Paleolimnological Studies -- 4.5.3 Model Simulations -- 5 Chemical Dose-Response Relationships and Critical Loads -- 5.1 Quantification of Chemical Dose-Response Relationships -- 5.1.1 Measured Changes in Acid-Base Chemistry -- 5.1.2 Space-for-Time Substitution -- 5.1.3 Paleolimnological Inferences of Dose-Response -- 5.1.4 Model Estimates of Dose-Response -- 5.2 Critical Loads -- 5.2.1 Background -- 5.2.2 Progress in Europe -- 5.2.3 Progress in the U.S. and Canada -- 5.2.4 Establishment of Standards for Sulfur and Nitrogen -- 6 Episodic Acidification -- 6.1 Background and Characteristics of Sensitive Systems -- 6.2 Causes -- 6.2.1 Natural Processes -- 6.2.2 Anthropogenic Effects -- 6.3 Extent and Magnitude -- 6.4 Biological Impacts -- 7 Nitrogen Dynamics -- 7.1 Nitrogen Cycle -- 7.2 Environmental Effects -- 7.3 Nitrogen in Surface Waters -- 8 Experimental Manipulation Studies -- 8.1 Whole-System Nitrogen and /or Sulfur Enrichment Experimental Manipulations -- 8.1.1 Gardsjon, Sweden -- 8.1.2 Sogndal, Norway -- 8.1.3 Lake Skjervatjern, Norway -- 8.1.4 Aber, Wales -- 8.1.5 Klosterhede, Denmark -- 8.1.6 Bear Brook, ME -- 8.2 Whole-System Nitrogen Exclusion (Roof) Studies -- 8.2.1 Gardsjon, Sweden -- 8.2.2 Ysselsteyn and Speuld, Netherlands -- 8.2.3 Klosterhede, Denmark -- 8.2.4 Soiling, Germany -- 8.2.5 Risdalsheia, Norway -- 8.3 Climatic Interactions -- 8.4 Results and Implications -- 9 Predictive Capabilities -- 9.1 Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments (MAGIC) -- 9.1.1 Background and General Structure as Used -- for the NAPAP 1990 Integrated Assessment -- 9.1.2 Recent Modifications to the MAGIC Model -- 9.1.2.1 Regional Aggregation and Background Sulfate -- 9.1.2.2 Organic Acids -- 9.1.2.3 Aluminum -- 9.1.2.4 Nitrogen -- 9.1.3 Cumulative Impacts of Changes to the MAGIC Model -- 9.1.4 MAGIC Model Testing and Confirmation Studies -- 9.1.4.1 Lake Skjervatjern (HUMEX) -- 9.1.4.2 Risdalsheia (RAIN) -- 9.1.4.3 Bear Brook (WMP) -- 9.1.5 Evaluation of MAGIC Projections -- 9.2 Nitrogen Models -- 10 Case Study: Adirondack Park, NY -- 10.1 Background and Available Data -- 10.1.1 ELS-I -- 10.1.2 ALSC -- 10.1.3 ELS-II -- 10.1.4 DDRP -- 10.1.5 PIRLA -- 10.1.6 ALTM -- 10.1.7 ERP -- 10.2 Watershed History -- 10.3 Lake-Water Chemistry -- 10.4 Organic Acidity -- 10.5 Role of Nitrogen in Acidification Processes -- 10.6 Role of Landscape and Disturbance -- in Acidification Processes -- 10.7 Overall Assessment -- 11 Case Study: Class I Areas in the Mountainous West -- 11.1 Background -- 11.2 Sierra Nevada -- 11.2.1 Atmospheric Deposition -- 11.2.2 Surface Water Chemistry -- 11.2.3 Seasonality and Episodic Processes -- 11.2.4 Weathering and Cation Exchange -- 11.3 Rocky Mountains -- 11.3.1 Glacier National Park -- 11.3.2 Yellowstone National Park -- 11.3.3 Grand Teton National Park -- 11.3.4 Rocky Mountain National Park -- 12 Conclusions and Future Research Needs -- Definitions -- References -- Index.

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Ecotoxicology, Second Edition focuses on toxic substances and how they affect ecosystems worldwide. It presents methods for quantifying and measuring ecotoxicological effects in the field and in the lab, as well as methods for estimating, predicting, and modeling in ecotoxicology studies. Completely revised and updated with 18 new chapters, this second edition includes contributions from over 75 international experts. Also, a Technical Review Board reviewed all manuscripts for accuracy and currency. This authoritative work is the definitive reference for students, researchers, consultants, and other professionals in the environmental sciences, toxicology, chemistry, biology, and ecology - in academia, industry, and government.Trade Review"… This book is destined to be the reference of ecotoxicology, offers a valuable overview of the subject, and constitutes a valuable guide to students, researchers, consultants and other professionals in environmental sciences, toxicology, chemistry, biology, and ecology." - International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2004Table of ContentsQuantifying and Measuring Ecotoxicological Effects. Contaminant Sources and Effects. Case Histories and Ecosystem Surveys. Methods for Making Estimates and Predictability in Ecotoxicology. Special Issues in Ecotoxicology.

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Book SynopsisThe end of the 20th century brought with it a revolution in molecular biology that culminated in advances such as the completion of the human genome. This has brought optimism to the fields of toxicology and environmental health, and the anticipation that molecular biomarkers might soon come of age and have a major impact on human and environmental health. Biomarker research is an area of current interest to scientists in a number of fields that are concerned with environmental exposure to pollutants and environmentally associated disease.Biomarkers of Environmentally Associated Disease: Technologies, Concepts, and Perspectives provides comprehensive coverage of the current status and future prospects of a field that will play a key role in emerging areas of public health and medicine. It focuses on the risk to human and environmental health of exposure to persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, airborne toxics, environmental estrogens, and other environmental pollutants. This material will aid researchers in understanding, treating, and preventing environmentally induced disease.Validated molecular biomarkers have long been recognized as invaluable tools for identifying and preventing human disease. As biomarkers begin to be applied more widely, it is also important to assure that they are implemented ethically, with attention to the social and legal issues associated with their use. Biomarkers of Environmentally Associated Disease is an outstanding resource providing state-of-the-art information for the fields that encompass molecular biomarkers.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Overview. Genomics-Based Biomarkers/Genetic Toxicology Biomarkers. Biomarkers Of Metal Metabolism. Organ & Systems Biomarkers. Biomarkers And Chemical Toxicants. Nanotechniques & Biomarkers.

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Book SynopsisThe presence of cyanide is a significant issue in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment and management, in remediation of former manufactured gas plant sites and aluminum production waste disposal sites, in treatment and management of residuals from hydrometallurgical gold mining, and in other industrial operations in which cyanide-bearing wastes were produced. The complexity of the chemistry and toxicology of cyanide and the risk it poses in different environmental contexts make its management and remediation extremely challenging. Cyanide in Water and Soil is the first book to present the state-of-the-art in managing cyanide across a wide range of industrial and environmental contexts.The book brings together current knowledge and information about cyanide release to and behavior in the environment, and explores how to control or remediate these releases. No other broad-based examination of this topic exists. Exploring the anthropogenic and natural sources of cyanide in the environment, the authors address the full range of issues pertaining to cyanide fate, transport, treatment, and toxicity in water and soil as well as approaches currently used in risk assessment and management. They have developed a careful balance of depth and scope of coverage, providing current references that help readers learn more about topics of particular interest. An array of technologies is available for the treatment of cyanide in surface water and groundwater, wastewaters, and contaminated soils and sludges. These technologies span the gamut of biological, chemical, electrolytic, physical, and thermal treatment processing. Presenting examples of applications of the technologies employed most commonly in municipal and industrial settings, the book is a useful reference tool for engineers, scientists, practitioners, and researchers in academia, industrial organizations, government, and engineering and science consulting firms.Trade Review“Thirty-five different authors have contributed 27 chapters … coverage is comprehensive. Cyanide, its problems and solutions and thereto, is well discussed (and very well referenced, with approximately 60 references per chapter … It is well written, and to say the least, extremely comprehensive in the discussion of cyanide problems and solutions.” — Gary F. Bennett, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Ohio, in Journal of Hazardous Materials, May 2006Table of ContentsIntroduction. Physical and Chemical Forms of Cyanide. Natural Sources of Cyanide. Manufacture and the Use of Cyanide. Physical-Chemical Properties and Reactivity of Cyanide in Water and Soil. Biological Transformation of Cyanide in Water and Soil. Analysis of Cyanide in Water. Analysis of Cyanide in Solids and Semi-Solids. Fate and Transport of Anthropogenic Cyanide in Surface Water. Fate and Transport of Anthropogenic Cyanide in Soil and Groundwater. Anthropogenic Cyanide in the Marine Environment. Cyanide Cycle in Nature. Human Toxicology of Cyanide. Aquatic Toxicity of Cyanide. Toxicity of Cyanide to Aquatic-Dependent Wildlife. Human Health Risk Assessment of Cyanide Compounds in Water and Soil. Ecological Risk Assessment of Cyanide in Water and Soil. Regulation of Cyanide in Water and Soil. Cyanide Treatment Technology: Overview. Ambient Temperature Oxidation Technologies for Treatment of Cyanide. Separation Technologies for Treatment of Cyanide. Thermal and High Temperature Oxidation Technologies for Treatment of Cyanide. Microbiological Technologies for Treatment of Cyanide. Cyanide Phytoremediation. Management of Cyanide in Municipal Wastewaters. Management of Cyanide in Industrial Process Wastewaters. Cyanide Management in Groundwater and Soil.

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Book SynopsisLipids play an essential role in cell signaling and subcellular structure. Systematic analysis of the total lipid structure of a cell or organism, the lipodome, can reveal novel avenues of therapeutic intervention and diagnosis. This analysis is best modeled after the lessons learned from proteomics. With contributions from pioneering researchers from the US, Europe, Canada, Japan, and China, Functional Lipidomics introduces lipidomics, explores the current state of the field, and provides a comprehensive background for future groundbreaking work in this burgeoning field.The first book dedicated to the topic, Functional Lipidomics first defines and introduces the field before delving deeply into the methods, processes, analyses, and research aspects. The book uncovers the biosynthesis, metabolism, and function of fatty acids, acylglyerols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, terpenes, and lipids that complex with proteins. Taking both academic and industrial perspectives, the contributors elaborate upon cutting-edge approaches to lipid analysis, diagnostic approaches using lipid and lipid-binding protein patterns, and the therapeutic significance of targeting proteins involved with the lipid signaling pathway. Functional Lipidomics elucidates state-of-the-art strategies and techniques that enable us to understand biochemical patterns related to disease states, develop new targets for drug design, and identify important markers of a developmental stage, pathological condition, or disease treatment.Table of ContentsThe LIPID MAPS Approach to Lipidomics. LC/MS Methodology in Lipid Analysis and Structural Characterization of Novel Lipid Species. Functional Plasticity of Lipid Mediators: The Example of Endocannabinoids. Eicosanoid Lipidomics. Functional Lipidomics: Lysophosphatidic Acid as a Target for Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy of Ovarian Cancer. Analysis of Lysophospholipids in Human Body Fluids: Comparison of the Lysophospholipid Content in Malignant vs. Nonmalignant Diseases. Functional Lipidomics: Lessons and Examples from the Sphingolipids. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Analysis of Sphingolipids. Methods of Probing Phosphoinositides–Protein Interactions. Fishing for Pharmaceutically Relevant phosphoinositide-Binding Proteins Using Chemical Proteomics. Phosphoinositide Profiling in Complex Lipid Mixtures. Multiplexed Lipid Arrays of Antiimmunoglobulin M–Induced Changes in the Glycerophospholipid Composition of WEHI-231 Cells. Specific Lipid Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes: Shotgun Global Cellular Lipidome Analyses by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Intrasource Separation. High-Throughput Lipid Profiling to Identify and Characterize Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism, Signaling, and Stress Response.

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Book SynopsisThe Handbook of Carbohydrate Engineering provides an overview of the basic science, theory, methods, and applications of this broad, interdisciplinary field. The text provides background information along with practical knowledge for current and future research methodologies used in the characterization and synthesis of various carbohydrates. This multidisciplinary perspective involves aspects of basic biology, synthetic chemistry, enzymology, complex instrumentation, and sophisticated modeling. The book presents the fundamentals of carbohydrate engineering, addressing concepts in structure, biosynthesis, and biological functions for a variety of carbohydrates with a particular emphasis on mammalian glycoproteins and their N-linked oligosaccharides, glycolipids, sialic acid, as well as polysaccharides from both eukaryotes and bacteria. It describes glycosylation processes found in nature and surveys methods to manipulate these metabolic systems in living cells both for the improved production of carbohydrates and to give these molecules novel properties. Subsequent sections discuss the various methods of purification, synthesis, modification, and analysis used to create and manipulate carbohydrates in the laboratory; these approaches include chemical-enzymatic synthesis, small-molecule cell-based strategies, as well as complete chemical synthesis.The Handbook of Carbohydrate Engineering also focuses on practical applications for carbohydrates. It emphasizes methods to characterize glycosylation pathways and expounds upon the role of carbohydrates in health and disease, a significant - and rapidly growing - area of research. World-renowned experts discuss biomedical applications, including the development of vaccines, therapeutics, glycomimetics, antibody engineering, drug delivery, tissue engineering and organ regeneration, and diagnostic agents. Several chapters also cover important applications in agriculture, industry, food technology, and envirTable of ContentsMammalian Glycosylation: An Overview of Carbohydrate Biosynthesis. Patterning of Lectins of Vero and MDCK Cells and Influenza Viruses: The Search for Additional Virus/Cell Interactions. O-Acetyl Sialic Acids in Parasitic Diseases. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation. Role of Milk Carbohydrates in Preventing Bacterial Adhesion. Structural Characterization of Glycosaminoglycans. Carrageenans: Structural and Conformational Studies. Computational Modeling in Glycosylation. Biosynthetic Pathways for Differential Expression of Functional Chondroitin Sulfate and Heparan Sulfate. Large-Scale Production of Oligosaccharides Using Engineered Bacteria. Fructan Biosynthesis in Genetically-Modified Plants. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Glycosylation Mutants for Glycan Engineering. Biochemical Engineering of Sialic Acids. Glycosylation in Native and Engineered Insect Cells. N-Glycan Engineering in Yeasts and Fungi: Progress Toward Human-Like Glycosylation. Bacterial Capsules: A Route for Polysaccharide Engineering. Chemo-Biological Approach to Modification of the Bacterial Cell Wall. Engineering Bacterial Biopolymers for the Biosorption of Heavy Metals. Treatment of Wastewaters with the Biopolymer Chitosan. The Role of Glycosylation in Engineered Antibodies. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Oligosaccharides by Hyperthermophilic Glycosidases. Modification of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides Using Enzymes from Aspergillus. ß-Glucosidases from Filamentous Fungi: Properties, Structure, and Applications. Sialic Acids and Sialylmimetics: Useful Chemical Probes of Sialic Acid-Recognizing Proteins. Engineering Carbohydrate Scaffolds into the Side Chains of Amino Acids and Use in Combinatorial Synthesis. Effects of Short- and Long-Chain Fructans on Large Intestinal Physiology and Development of Pre-Neoplastic Lesions in Rats. Alginate as Drug a Delivery Carrier. Chitosan-Based Nonviral Vectors for Gene Delivery. Polysaccharides in Tissue Engineering Applications. Index

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Book SynopsisWhile the genomic revolution has quickly led to the deposit of more than 30,000 structures in the protein data bank (PDB), less than one percent of those contributions represent membrane proteins despite the fact that membrane proteins constitute some 20 percent of all proteins. This discrepancy becomes significantly troublesome when it is coupled with the fact that 60 percent of current drugs are based on targeting this group of proteins, a trend that does not seem likely to reverse.Structural Genomics on Membrane Proteins provides an excellent overview on novel research in bioinformatics and modeling on membranes, as well as the latest technological developments being employed in expression, purification, and crystallography to obtain high-resolution structures on membrane proteins. This cutting-edge work also explains the difficulties facing researchers—both technical and ethical—that have slowed the process. Structural Genomics on Membrane Proteins provides researchers with an unprecedented look at the novel technologies that will ultimately allow them to conquer the last frontier in structural biology, leading to accelerated breakthroughs in drug discovery.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Bioinformatics in Membrane Protein Analysis. Prokaryotic Membrane Transport Proteins: Amplified Expression and Purification. Membrane Protein Production Strategies for Structural Genomics. Refolding of Membrane Proteins for Large-scale Production. Crystallization of Membrane Proteins. Signaling through Membrane Proteins. Expression of Membrane Proteins in Yeasts. Expression of Functional Membrane Proteins in the Baculovirus-Insect Cell System: Challenges and Developments. Expression of Membrane Proteins in Mammalian Cells, Solubilization and Purification of Membrane Proteins. Fluorescent Labeling of Membrane Proteins in Living Cells. Membrane Protein NMR. Miniaturization of Structural Biology Technologies: From Expression to Biophysical Analyses. Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy of Reconstituted Membrane Proteins. Structural Genomics on Membrane Proteins. Molecular Modeling of Membrane Proteins. Towards Structural Bases for GPCR Ligand-binding: A Path for Drug Discovery.

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Book SynopsisFacilitating the innovation, development, and application of new spectroscopic methods in proteomics, Spectral Techniques in Proteomics provides a broad overview of the spectroscopic toolbox that can be used, either with proteome or sub-proteome mixtures or with individual/purified proteins studied in parallel. It gives a modest overview of existing and proven techniques as well as a detailed examination of less established spectroscopic methods with studied speculation on future applications.Intended for a broad audience of protein biochemists and biophysicists, the book adopts a wider definition of proteomics to include the systems-based study of proteomes and sub-proteomes involving proteins related through regulatory cascades, metabolic pathways, post-translational modifications, or associated biologic effect, as well as the parallel study of subsets such as proteins with associated protein folds (structural proteomics) or binding sites (chemical proteomics). Beginning by defining the scope of the field as is relevant to spectroscopists, the book then briefly reviews current commonly used spectroscopic methods. It covers separation techniques that typically precede ESI studies as well as MALDI MS/MS based protein identification. SELDI is also presented as a tool that combines separation techniques with MS analysis on the same chip. The book presents studies of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions using NIR fluorescence, NMR, MS, and SPR. Recent developments in ICAT labeling strategies are addressed along with a discussion of metabolomics. A description of advances in structural proteomics using NMR, x-ray crystallography, and EPR precedes a final summary of current technology and future prospects of the science. Analyzing the current state of the science and the future evolution of the field, Spectral Techniques in Proteomics applies a systems-based approach to studying the function and mechanism of proteins.Table of ContentsThe Scope of Proteomic and Chemical Proteomic Studies, Mass Spectral Studies of Proteome and Subproteome Mixtures, Protein–Protein (or Peptide) Interactions: Studies in Parallel and with Mixtures, Chemical Proteomics: Studies of Protein–Ligand Interactions in Pools and Pathways, Structural Proteomics: Parallel Studies of Proteins, Summary of Chapters and Future Prospects for Spectral Techniques in Proteomics

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Book SynopsisFor more than four decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-to-date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. Volume 44 of this authoritative series once again compiles the work of expert contributors in order to present timely and cutting-edge reviews on a variety of related topics.Each author's clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations make the material in Advances in Chromatography: Volume 44 accessible and engaging to biochemists and analytical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill.Table of ContentsSeparations in Multiple-Channel Microchips. Temperature Effects in Liquid Chromatography. Lipophilicity Measurements by Liquid Chromatography. Concepts and Practice of Multidimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Application, Validation, and Regulatory Issues. The Use of Polysaccharide Phases in the Separation of Enantiomers. Chaotropic Effects in RP-HPLC. Chromatography of Difficult and Water-Insoluble Proteins with Organic Solvents.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on cutting-edge advances and applications in tropical agriculture and bioresources. It outlines some of the newest advances, basic tools, and the applications of novel approaches to improve agricultural practices and utilization of bioresources for the enhancement of human life. Highlights include a thorough discussion on various aspects of agricultural modernization through technological advances in information technology, efficient utilization of under-exploited natural bioresources, new chemical approaches for the generation of novel biochemicals, and the applications of forensic and genetics approaches for bioresource conservation.Table of ContentsPart I: Technological Advances for Sustainable Agricultural Practices. A Fuzzy Approach in Categorizing Ripeness of Citrus Suhuensis Using Selected Optical Indices. Automated Visible Color Spectrum Model for Recognizing Ripeness of Citrus Suhuensis. Effect of Temperature on the Life Performance of Tropical Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia cornuta from Tasik Elham, Perlis. Semantic Multi-Modality Ontology Image Retrieval with Relevance Feedback for Herbal Medicinal Plant. Effects of Diets Containing Effective Microorganisms (EM) on Growth Performance, Worm Burden, Hematological and Biochemical Analysis in Female Goats. RFID Application Development for Livestock Monitoring System. Part II: Molecular Aspect of Natural Biodiversity. PV92, ACE and TPA25 Alu Insertion Polymorphism in Kelantan Malays Subethnic Group. Screening and Isolation of Locally Thermophilic Facultative Anaerobe Bacteria for Biosurfactant Production. Toxicity Effects of Dimethoate and Chlorpyrifos on Esterase in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Preliminary Study of Human Earprints: Method Development on Sampling and Enhancement Technique of Earprint on Non-Porous Surface. Influence of Diclofenac on Development Rates of Forensic Blowfly Chrysomya megacephala. The Effect of Mandibular Angulation on Gonial Angle and Tooth Length Measurement of Dental Panoramic Radiographs. Part III: Renewable Products from Agricultural and Natural Sources. Screening of the Best Carbon and Nitrogen Sources for Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a Potential Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and Rhamnolipids Producer. Survivability Characteristics of Bifidobacterium Spp. Isolates from New Borne Muconium and Breast Fed/Formulated Infant Faeces in Acidic-Simulated Intestinal Conditions. Antioxidant and Anti-Bacterial Potential of Lichen Species from Malaysia. Part IV: Sustainable Synthesis and Production of Advanced Organomaterials. Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids: Betulinic Acid Peptides as Bioactive Molecules. Synthesis of Enantiopure Azido Trimethylsiloxy Cyclohexene Derivatives: A Useful Intermediates for the Synthesis of Tamiflu. Synthesis of Amino-Based Metal Organic Framework (MOF) in Oxidative Catalysis. Conductivity Studies of Schiff Base Ligands Derived from Phenylenediamine Derivatives.

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Book SynopsisMicrobial lipases are industrially important and have gained attention due to their stability, selectivity, and broad substrate specificity. Lipases are used as medicine, and they also aid in indigestion, heartburn, allergy to gluten in wheat products (celiac disease), Crohn’s disease, and cystic fibrosis. This volume considers the industrial demand for new sources of lipases with different catalytic characteristics that stimulate the isolation, growth, and development of new microbial strains. The volume narrates the challenging metagenomic approach with the isolation of the lipase gene, its cloning into Escherichia coli, culture of the recombinant bacteria, and extraction and assessment of the lipase enzyme. Lipase-producing bacteria are available in different habitats, such as industrial wastes, vegetable oil processing factories, dairy plants, and soils contaminated with oil and oil seeds, among others. This volume is the effort of the authors to document the scientific findings carried out over the last eight years in the area of un-culturable soil microorganisms. The book presents the physic-chemical features of lipases and their specific applications in different commercial industries. The in-depth study looks at metagenomics for lipases from all angles and provides a truly informative resource. It describes the biochemical characterization of lipase enzymes with the high activity in the presence of 1% tributyrin. A wide review has been presented in the book on lipase enzymes purified from a large collection of microbes present in soil, seawater, waste-dumping sites, animal systems (including human beings), and the atmosphere. Stability of enzymes over changing environments of the industry is indeed a big issue, and the book deals at length with the changing temperatures and pH and metal ion concentrations. Table of ContentsIntroduction. Application of Lipases. Metagenomics and Unculturable Bacteria. Accessing Metagenomics. Metagenomics for Lipase. Functional Approach for Metagenomic Library Construction. Overexpression of Recombinant Protein. Biochemical Characterization of Purified Lipase. Genomic Study of Culture Dependent Bacteria. Genomic Study of Culturable Bacteria. Microbial Assay of Culture Supernatant Containing Crude Lipase. Critical Observations.

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Book SynopsisThis first book in this three-volume set provides comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics in phytochemistry. With chapters from professional specialists from key institutions around the world, the volume starts with an introduction to phytochemistry and details the fundamentals. Part II discusses the state-of-the-art modern methods and techniques in phytochemical research, while Part III provides an informative overview of computational phytochemistry and its applications. Part IV presents novel research findings in the discovery of drugs that will be effective in the treatment of diseases. The chapters are drawn carefully and integrated sequentially to aid flow, consistency, and continuity.Table of ContentsPart 1: Fundamentals Of Phytochemistry 1. Introduction to Phytochemistry 2. Biosynthesis of Phytochemicals 3. Mechanisms of Plant Defense Against Pathogens: Phytoalexins Induction 4. Biological Roles of Phytochemicals 5. Phytochemicals as Immunomodulators 6. Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals and Pharmafoods 7. The Role of Phytochemistry in Plant Classification: Phytochemotaxonomy 8. Plant Metabolomics Part 2: Methods And Techniques 9. Phytochemical Extraction, Isolation and Detection Techniques 10. Techniques in Phytochemotaxonomy 11. Chromatographical Techniques in Phytochemical Research 12. UV/Visible Spectroscopy and HPLC in Phytochemical Analysis: An Introduction 13. HPLC and HPTLC as Sophisticated Tools in Phytochemical Analysis 14. Analytical Techniques in Elemental Profiling 15. Phytochemical Test Methods 16. Animal Models in Phytopharmacology 17. Toxicological Testing of Plant Products 18. Role of Biostatistics in Phytochemical Research: Emphasis on Essential Oil Studies Part 3: Computational Phytochemistry 19. Computational Phytochemistry in Drug Discovery: Databases and Tools 20. Stemness Modulation by Phytochemicals to Target Cancer Stem Cells 21. Targeting Cancer Cell Carbohydrate Metabolism by Phytochemicals 22. Herbal Drug Discovery: The Envision Biotechnology Approach Part 4: Phytochemical Research 23. GC-MS Analysis and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Tectona grandis Bark Extract Against Human Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7) 24. Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Seeds Aqueous Extract by GC-MS and FTIR 25. Phytochemical Studies on Five Nigerian Indigenous Vegetables

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Book SynopsisAs volume 2 of this three-volume set on phytochemistry, this book features chapters that comprehensively review a selection of important recent advances in ethnopharmacology and alternative and complementary medicines. It also presents many informative chapters on the medicinal potential of phytochemicals in the treatment and management of various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, male infertility, and more.Table of ContentsPart 1: Ethnomedicine And Pharmacognosy 1. Pharmacognosy and Prehistoric Uses of Medicinal Plants 2. Complementary and Alternative Systems of Medicines 3. Ethnobotanical Study of Indigenous Peoples’ Medicinal Plants 4. Herbal Medicine: A Case Study of Nigerian Medicinal Plants 5. Plant Species Utilized for Ethnoveterinary Practices in India 6. Antioxidants and Phytochemicals 7. Roles of Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases 8. Phytochemicals as Oxidative Stress Mitigators 9. Antimicrobial Medicinal Plants as Effective Natural Bioresources 10. Medicinal Plants with Anti-Venom Activities 11. Medicinal Potentials of Green Tea 12. Antioxidant Potentials of Cinnamon 13. Phytochemical as the Hope for the Treatment of Hepatic and Neuronal Disorders 14. Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Male Infertility 15. Roles of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Cancer 16. Methylated Flavonoids as a Novel Inhibitor of Metastasis in the Cancer Cell 17. Medicinal Roles of Phytomolecules in the Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus 18. Roles of Phytomolecules in the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy 19. Phytochemicals as Protagonist for the Treatment and Management of Autoimmune Diseases Part 3: Nanoparticle Biosynthesis And Its Biomedical Applications 20. Green Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 21. Cytotoxicity and Biomedical Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Plants 22. Biosynthesis of Carbon Dot’s Nanoparticles from Plants Part 4: Phytochemicals As Friends And Foes 23. Toxic Plants and Phytochemicals 24. Phytochemicals as Prooxidants 25. Phytochemical as an Antinutrient

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents chapters that discuss secondary metabolites of marine origin, the industrial applications of phytochemicals, and recent advances in phytochemical research. It considers production of secondary metabolites and accumulations through in vitro cultures and also reviews the effects of natural products as biopesticides and as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors. In addition, the volume discusses the effects of the environment on the distribution of phytochemicals and the roles of phytochelatins and heavy metal tolerance in plants.Table of ContentsPart 1: Marine Sources Of Secondary Metabolites 1. Phytochemicals of Marine Origin 2. Marine Sponge Alkaloids: A Source of Novel Anticancer Agent 3. Marine Antioxidants and Assay Methods 4. Extraction of Marine Phytochemicals: Methods and Techniques Part 2: Industrial And Medicinal Applications Of Phytochemicals 5. Biotechnology Approach to the Production of Phytochemicals: An Introduction 6. Secondary Metabolites Accumulation and Production through In Vitro Cultures 7. Practical Processes Involved in the Production of Phytochemicals by Plant Tissue Culture 8. Medicinal and Industrial Applications of Bromelain 9. Cysteine Proteases from Plants and Its Applications 10. Phytotherapy and Encapsulation 11. Effective Processing Methods for Fruits and Vegetables Part 3: Environmental Concerns And Eco-Friendly Control Measures 12. Effects of Environmental Factors on the Accumulation of Phytochemicals in Plants Sechene 13. Effects of Environment on the Chemical Constituents and Biological Characteristics of Some Medicinal Plants 14. Phytochelatins and Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants 15. Phytochemical Biopesticides 16. Sustainable Approach in Integrated Pest Management: Role of Phytomolecules as Biopesticide 17. Essential Oil in Pest Control and Disease Management 18. Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion in Acidic Media by Phytochemicals Part 4: Recent Advances 19. Novel Terpenoids as Anticancer Stem Cell Agents 20. Evaluation of the Phytohemagglutinin Activities of Echinacea Species in Ontogenesis

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the general properties of heterocyclic compounds and methods for their preparation to use in applications of green chemistry. Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of molecules in organic chemistry due to their presence in natural products and their use in pharmaceuticals and new materials. They also play a vital role in the metabolism of living cells. Heterocyclic compounds have a wide range of applications in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, veterinary products, etc. This research-oriented volume is ideal for readers who want to fully realize the almost limitless potential of heterocyclic compounds and to discover new and effective pharmaceuticals among heterocyclic compounds, the largest and most varied family of organic compounds. The book features several case studies and step-by-step descriptions of synthetic methods and practical techniques. It also serves as a guide for chemists, offering them new insights and new paths to explore for effective drug discovery.Table of Contents1. An Overview on the Organic Synthesis and Transformations Initiated by Sulfate Radical Anions (So 4•-) Produced from Aqueous Persulfate Solutions under Transition Metal-Free Conditions 2. Design and Synthesis of Triazine Amine Derivatives as Antibacterial, Antifungal Agents 3. An Efficient Green Synthesis of Diphenyl Pyrazol-4-Yl-Thio-Pyridin-4-Yl-1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole Derivatives and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity 4. Multicomponent Synthesis of 2-Substituted Derivatives of 6-Amino-5-Cyano-1, 4-Dihydro-3-Methyl-1, 4-Diphenylpyrano-[2, 3-C]-Pyrazole Using Knoevenagel and Michael Addition 5. Triazole-Derived, Artesunate and Metabolic Pathways for Artemisinin 6. Facile Synthesis of Some 1, 3, 4 Thiadiazole Based Ligands and their Metal Complexes as Potential Antimicrobial Agents 7. An Efficient and Green Synthesis of 2, 3- Dihydroquinazolin-4(1h)-One Derivatives Catalyzed Bu {[Bmim]Methanesulfonate} Ionic Liquid 8. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Substituted 2-Phenoxynicotinaldehydes Asα-Amylase Inhibitor 9. Separation of Coffee Pulp Bioactive Phenolic Compounds by Mplc Fractionation and Identification by Hplc-Esi-Ms 10. Trichoderma Asperellum as a Biological Control Agent: Fungal Cellulase and Spore Production by Solid-State Fermentation 11. Knowledge Democratization and the Hidden Face of Palm Oil Biodiesel 12. Nanobiocomposites, Biomimetic Nanocomposites, and Biologically Inspired Nanocomposites

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Book SynopsisThis volume brings together innovative research, new concepts, and novel developments in the study of chemistry and biological activity of antioxidants. It is a collection of chapters on new scientific research and practical applications from chemists at several prestigious scientific institutions. It looks at recent significant research and reports on new methodologies and important applications in the field of chemical kinetics.Table of ContentsPart 1: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties Of Antioxidants In The Chemical and Bichemical Model Systems 1. Structure Modification of Bioantioxidants Based on Hindered Phenols 2. Inhibitory Efficiency of the Plant Cell Components in the Model Oxidative Processes 3. Potassium Salt of Phenosan Influences on the State of the Soluble and Membrane-Bounded Proteins 4. Antioxidants as Adaptogens and Plant Growth Regulators 5. How the Antioxidant Melafen Acts to the Structural and Functional Properties of Erithrocytes 6. Role of Water-Soluble Compounds of Reduced Sulfur in the Formation of the Toxic Properties of the Aquatic Environment Part 2: Biological Activity Of Antioxidants and Possibilities Of Their Application 7. Screening Eye Pigments as Natural Antioxidants 8. Blue Light and Retinal Ageing: Morphofunctional Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid on Japanese Quail as an Accelerated Aging Model 9. Effect of the Potassium Phenosan Salt and Radiation at Low Doses on the Functional Activity and State of the Brain Membranes of Mice 10. Antioxidants in Aquatic Ecosystems: Role in Adaptation of the Organisms to the Changing of Global and Local Factors 11. Antioxidant Properties of Safflower Culture (Carthamus tinctorius L.), Introduced Into the Central Region of the Russian Federation 12. Influence of Low Temperatures on the Catalase Activity of Psychrotolerant Bactria of the Genus Bacillus 13. Biological Methods Increasing the Productivity of the Winter False Flax Camelina sativa L.

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Book SynopsisAmino acids play a role in the defence mechanisms and stress responses of plants, as well as in food quality and safety for humans and animals. Recent advances in the field make a comprehensive overview of the information a necessity; this book collates chapters on plant enzymes and metabolism, modulation, molecular aspects and secondary products. Also including information on ecology, the environment and mammalian nutrition and toxicology, it provides an authoritative resource.Table of Contents1: Enzymes and Metabolism 1: Glutamate Dehydrogenase 2: Alanine Aminotransferase: Amino Acid Metabolism in Higher Plants 3: Aspartate Aminotransferase 4: Tyrosine Aminotransferase 5: An Insight Into the Role and Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase in Plants 6: Asparagine Synthetase 7: Glutamate Decarboxylase 8: l-Arginine-Dependent Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity 9: Ornithine: At the Crossroads of Multiple Paths to Amino Acids and Polyamines 10: Polyamines in Plants: Biosynthesis From Arginine, and Metabolic, Physiological and Stress-response Roles 11: Serine Acetyltransferase 12: Cysteine Homeostasis 13: Lysine Metabolism 14: Histidine 15: Amino Acid Synthesis Under Abiotic Stress 16: The Central Role of Glutamate and Aspartate in the Post-translational Control of Respiration and Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Cells 2: Dynamics 17: Amino Acid Export in Plants 18: Uptake, Transport and Redistribution of Amino Nitrogen in Woody Plants 3: Chemical Ecology 19: Auxin Biosynthesis 20: Involvement of Tryptophan-pathway-derived Secondary Metabolism in the Defence Responses of Grasses 21: Melatonin: Synthesis From Tryptophan and its Role in Higher Plants 22: Glucosinolate Biosynthesis From Amino Acids 23: Natural Toxins that Affect Plant Amino Acid Metabolism 24: Glyphosate: The Fate and Toxicology of a Herbicidal Amino Acid Derivative 4: Plant Products: Quality and Safety 25: Amino Acid Analysis of Plant Products 26: Metabolic Amino Acid Availability in Foods of Plant Origin: Implications for Human and Livestock Nutrition 27: Toxicology of Non-protein Amino Acids 5: Conclusions 28: Delivering Innovative Solutions and Paradigms for a Changing Environment

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Book SynopsisPlants are important source of lead molecules for drug discovery. These lead molecules serve as starting materials for laboratory synthesis of drug as well a model for production of biologically active compounds. Phytochemical processing of raw plant materials is essentially required to optimize the concentration of known constituents and also to maintain their activities. Extraction techniques and analytical techniques have played critical roles in phytochemical processing of raw materials. Extraction technologies from conventional extraction to green extraction as well as analytical techniques from single technique to hyphenated/coupled techniques most frequently used in phytochemistry laboratories are covered in the book.Table of Contents1: Analytical Techniques in Natural Product Research 2: Phytochemical Processing: Extraction Methods 3: Supercritical Fluid Extraction 4: Chromatographic Techniques I: High-Performance Thin-Layer. Chromatography and High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography 5: Chromatography Techniques II: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography 6: Tandem Techniques 7: Non-Destructive Techniques 8: Antioxidant Assay

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Book SynopsisThis book collates and reviews recent advances in the microbial metabolism of amino acids, emphasizing diversity - in terms of the range of organisms under investigation and their natural ecology - and the unique features of amino acid metabolism in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. As well as studying the individual amino acids, including arginine, sulfur amino acids, branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids, a number of themes are explored throughout the work. These include: - Comparative issues between the metabolism of microbes and those of higher organisms, including plants and mammals - Potential for drug targets in pathways of both biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids - Relationship between amino acids or associated enzymes and virulence in parasitic pathogens - Practical implications for food microbiology and pathogen characterization - Future priorities relating to fundamental biochemistry of microrganisms, food quality and safety, human and animal health, plant pathology, drug design and ecology As the volume of research into the metabolism of amino acids grows, this comprehensive study of the subject is a vital tool for researchers in the fields of biological, medical and veterinary sciences, including microbiology, biochemistry, genetics and pathology. This book is also essential for corporate organizations with active research and development programmes, such as those in the pharmaceutical industry.Table of Contents-: Preface PART I: GLUTAMATE 1: Structural and Functional Properties of Glutamate Dehydrogenases 2: Glutamate Decarboxylase in Bacteria 3: The Yeast GABA Shunt PART II: LYSINE, ARGININE AND HYDROXYPROLINE 4: Lysine Biosynthesis in Microorganisms 5: Arginine Deiminase in Microorganisms 6: Arginase and Microbial Pathogenesis in the Lungs 7: Arginine and Methionine as Precursors of Polyamines in Trypanosomatids 8: Ornithine and Lysine Decarboxylation in Bacteria 9: The Role of Nitric Oxide Signalling in Yeast Stress Response and Cell Death 10: Hydroxyproline Metabolism in Microorganisms PART III: SERINE AND THREONINE 11: Cellular Responses to Serine in Yeast 12: Threonine Degradation in Hyperthermophilic Organisms PART IV: SULFUR AMINO ACIDS 13: Methionine Synthesis in Microbes 14: Regulation of Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism in Fungi 15: Insight on O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase Structure, Function and Biopharmaceutical Applications PART V: BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS 16: Metabolic Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for L-Valine Production 17: Flavour Formation From Leucine by Lactic Acid Bacteria PART VI: AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS AND HISTIDINE 18: Microbial Degradation of Phenolic Amino Acids 19: The Biosynthesis of Tryptophan 20: Tryptophan Biosynthesis in Bacteria: Drug Targets and Immunology 21: The Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Microorganisms 22: Histidine Degradation in Bacteria 23: Histidine Phosphatase Superfamily in Pathogenic Bacteria PART VII: D-AMINO ACIDS 24: Functions and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids in Microorganisms 25: Pathways of Utilization of D-Amino Acids in Higher Organisms PART VIII: ECOLOGY 26: Rhizobial Amino Acid Metabolism: Polyamine Biosynthesis and Functions 27: Working Together: Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Endosymbiont-Harbouring Trypanosomatidae 28: Amino Acid Metabolism in Helminths 29: Microbial Degradation of Amino Acids in Anoxic Environments 30: Utilization of N-Methylated Amino Acids by Bacteria 31: Biofilm Formation: Amino Acid Biomarkers in Candida albicans 32: Recent Advances Underpinning Innovative Strategies for the Future

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Book SynopsisAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted extensive research attention worldwide. Harnessing and creating AMPs synthetically has the potential to help overcome increasing antibiotic resistance in many pathogens. This new edition lays the foundations for studying AMPs, including a discovery timeline, terminology, nomenclature and classifications. It covers current advances in AMP research and examines state-of-the-art technologies such as bioinformatics, combinatorial libraries, high-throughput screening, database-guided identification, genomics and proteomics-based prediction, and structure-based design of AMPs. Thoroughly updated and revised, this second edition contains new content covering: defensins; cathelicidins; anti-MRSA, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and antibiofilm strategies; combined treatments; adjuvants in vaccines; advances in AMP technologies that cover surface coating to prevent biofilm formation; nanofiber encapsulation technologies for delivery and sustained release; and understanding innate immunity and the basis for immune boosting to overcome obstacles in developing AMPs into therapeutic agents. Written and reviewed by a group of established investigators in the field, Antimicrobial Peptides is a valuable resource for postgraduate students, researchers, educators, and medical and industrial personnel.Table of ContentsPART I: OVERVIEW OF ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES 1: Discovery, Classification and Functional Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides PART II: NATURAL TEMPLATES FOR PEPTIDE ENGINEERING 2: Structural and Functional Diversity of Cathelicidins 3: Disulfide-linked Defensins and Their Therapeutic Potential 4: Lantibiotics: Bioengineering and Applications PART III: EXPANDING PEPTIDE SPACE: COMBINATORIAL LIBRARY, GENOME-BASED PREDICTION AND DE NOVO DESIGN 5: Discovery of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides Using Combinatorial Chemistry and High-throughput Screening 6: Prediction and Design of Antimicrobial Peptides: Methods and Applications to Genomes and Proteomes PART IV: MECHANISMS OF ACTION: BIOPHYSICS AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 7: Antimicrobial Peptides: Multiple Mechanisms Against a Variety of Targets 8: Microbial Membranes and the Action of Antimicrobial Peptides 9: Non-membranolytic Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides – Novel Therapeutic Opportunities? 10: Structural Insight into the Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides and Structure-based Design PART V: NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES: SYNERGY, IMMUNE MODULATION, SURFACE COATING, AND DELIVERY 11: Synergy of Antimicrobial Peptides 12: Surface Immobilization of Antimicrobial Peptides to Prevent Biofilm Formation 13: Sustained Delivery of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide-Inducing Compounds to Minimize Infection and Enhance Wound Healing 14: Immunomodulatory Activities of Cationic Host Defence Peptides and Novel Therapeutic Strategies

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Book SynopsisThis book provides comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge relating to the morphological, structural, and functional characteristics of tuber starches, particularly in relation to their applications in food and industry. In recent years there has been significant progress and extensive research conducted on tropical root starches and especially on some of the lesser known tuber crop starches. There has also been a shift towards using biomaterials in place of synthetic materials in various applications. As researchers investigate the availability of natural products with similar properties, starch has been identified as a reliable alternative to these synthetic materials. Reflecting the growing body of research, Tropical Tuber Starches: - Explores the structure, properties and applications of tropical root and tuber starches (cassava, sweet potato, aroids, yams and other minor tuber crops) - Includes a chapter on the methodology for starch characterisation - Covers patents on starch-based products and the commercial potential of tropical root starches A valuable resource for researchers and students, plant breeders, and commercial producers working with, or considering working with, tropical tuber starches.Table of Contents1: Introduction - Tropical Tuber Crops and Their Importance 2: Starch - General Considerations 3: Cassava 4: Sweet Potato 5: Aroids 6: Yams 7: Other Starches 8: Starch Modifications 9: Applications of Tuber Starches 10: Characterization and Analysis of Starches 11: Conclusions and Future Prospects

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Book SynopsisThis book, the second of three volumes, concentrates on peripheral nervous system disorders. Examining the effects of neurotoxicants on nerve, muscle and the neuromuscular junction, it builds on the scientific principles outlined in volume 1 by looking at the application of the methods discussed, particularly in terms of the evaluation and diagnosis of individual patients and the related process of establishing causation.Neurobehavorial Toxicology, Volume 2 will be of interest to practicing neurologists and neuropsychologists, as well as to occupational medicine physicians and medical toxicologists.Trade Review'It is ... a welcome development in the field that a multivolume series dedicated to neuropsychological and neurological perspectives on toxicology has recently been published, and it can only be hoped that this will lead to an increase in the awareness of the neuropsychological consequences of of toxic exposure among clinicians and encourage further research in this field. ... Although the forthcoming volume will be of undoubted interest, the first two volumes are certainly very worthy of consideration. ... The authors are both very experienced, thoughtful clinicians, as indicated from the clinical anecdotes that frequently illustrate the text, turning what could have been, in less expert hands, rather dry tomes into an engaging read, full of clinical insights and well-reasoned arguments. Both volumes are also very comprehensively referenced, enabling a relative newcomer to the field of neurobehavioral toxicology to embark on wider reading if desired, although the comprehensive ... manner in which the material is presented will no doubt provide a sufficient introduction to the field for most newcomers. ... The volume also includes a detailed overview of research paradigms and methodologies that are ... beautifully written and highly engaging, containing a series of interesting discussions on the nature of the research process and of the clinical knowledge that is based on it. ... This series promises to be a most useful addition to the library of any neuropsychological department and to the personal collection of any clinician or researcher with a particular interest in the field. ... The quality of the material included within the volumes is of a uniformly high standard.'- Stephen Mullin, in PsyCritiques, 2nd June 2006'The authors are both very experienced, thoughtful clinicians, as indicated from the clinical anecdotes that frequently illustrate the text, turning what could have been, in less expert hands, rather dry tomes into an engaging read, full of clinical insights and well-reasoned arguments.'-Stephen Mullin, PsyCritiques, 2nd June 2006Table of ContentsClinical and Electrodiagnostic Evaluations of the Peripheral Nervous System. Industrial and Environmental Agents. Medications and Substances of Abuse. Conditions Which Sometimes Mimic Peripheral Nervous System Disease. Consequences of an Incomplete Differential Diagnosis. Issues and Controversies Involving the Peripheral Nervous System Evaluation. Postscript Volume II. Appendix to Volume II. Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThis monograph brings together the proceedings of a workshop held in Geneva, Switzerland in March 2000 under the joint sponsorship of the University of Sheffield and F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd. Chapters by leading scientists present the latest research on biochemical markers of bone remodelling as well as their clinical applications in the management of osteoporosis. The text focuses on four major areas of interest: 1) potential candidates for markers of bone remodelling, 2) sources of biological bone marker variability, 3) use of biochemical markers in monitoring treatment of osteoporosis, and 4) use of biochemical markers in the prediction of bone loss and fractures. The book also includes transcripts of the lively panel discussions from the Geneva workshop.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Potential Candidates for Bone Turnover Markers: N-Telopeptide Cross Links of Type I Collagen 3. C-Telopeptides 4. Pyridinium Crosslinks as Bone Resorption Markers 5. Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase 6. Osteocalcin 7. The N- and C-Terminal Propeptides of Human Procollagen Type I (PINP and PICP) Bone Sialoprotein 8. Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover: 9. Age, Gender, and Race as Sources of Biological Variability 10. Circadian Rhythm Studies of Serum Bone Resorption Markers: Implications for Optimal Sample Timing and Clinical Utility 11. Sources of Biological Bone Marker Variability 12. The Effects of Fracture or Disease on Biochemical Markers of Bone Remodelling 13. Variation in Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover: Sources, Quantification, Minimisation 14. The Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover for Monitoring Treatment of Osteoporosis 15. The Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover to Monitor Response to Therapy: Statistics and Logic 16. Prediction of Response in Bone Mass by Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover During Anti-Resorptive Therapy for Prevention of Osteoporosis 17. Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover as Predictors of Bone Loss and Response to Therapy 18. Assessment of Fracture Risk 19. Markers of Bone Turnover, Endogenous Hormones, Rate of Bone Loss and Fracture Risk in the OFELY Study 20. Prediction of Hip Fractures with Markers of Bone Turnover in the EPIDOS Study 21. Which Fractures are Associated with High Bone Resorption in Elderly Women: The Rotterdam Study 22. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures 23. The Association Between Bone Turnover and Fracture Risk: The Sheffield Osteoporosis Study 24. Panel Discussions

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Book SynopsisSpices are high value, export-oriented crops used extensively in food and beverage flavourings, medicines, cosmetics and perfumes. Interest is growing however in the theoretical and practical aspects of the biosynthetic mechanisms of active components in spices as well as the relationship between the biological activity and chemical structure of these secondary metabolites. A wide variety of phenolic substances and amides derived from spices have been found to possess potent chemopreventive, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties. Representing the first discussion of the chemical properties of a wide cross section of important spices, this book covers extensively the three broad categories of plant-derived natural products: the terpenoids, the alkaloids and the phenyl propanoids and allied phenolic compounds. Spice crops such as black pepper, ginger, turmeric and coriander are covered with information on botany, composition, uses, chemistry, international specifications and the properties of a broad range of common and uncommon spices.Table of Contents1: Spices covered include: 1.1: Black pepper 1.2: Cardamom 1.3: Ginger 1.4: Turmeric 1.5: Cinnamon 1.6: Vanilla 1.7: Coriander 1.8: Cumin 1.9: Fennel 1.10: Fenugreek 1.11: Celery 1.12: Ajowan 1.13: Star Anise 1.14: Aniseed 1.15: Parsley 1.16: Paprika 1.17: Clove 1.18: Nutmeg and Mace 1.19: Garcinia 1.20: Tamarind

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Book SynopsisFruits and vegetables are one of the richest sources of ascorbic acid, other antioxidants and produce-specific bioactive compounds. A general consensus from health experts has confirmed that an increased dietary intake of specific bioactive compounds found in some fresh produce types may protect against oxidative damage and reduce the incidence of certain cancers and chronic diseases. This book collectively discusses and reviews empirical data on health-promoting properties of major fresh produce types. It provides detailed information on identity, nature, bioavailablity, chemopreventative effects and postharvest stability of specific chemical classes with known bioactive properties. In addition, chapters discuss the various methodologies for extraction, isolation, characterisation and quantification of bioactive compounds and the in vitro and in vivo anticancer assays. This book is an essential resource for researchers and students in food science, nutrition and fruit and vegetable production.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Alliums 3: Avocado 4: Blueberry and Cranberry 5: Brassicas 6: Citrus 7: Cucurbits 8: Exotics 9: Grape 10: Leafy Vegetables and Salads 11: Pome Fruit 12: Potato and Other Root Crops 13: Prunus 14: Ribes and Rubus 15: Strawberry 16: Tomato and Other Solanaceous Fruits 17: Tropical Fruit 18: Methodologies for Extraction, Isolation, Characterization and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds 19: Methodologies for Evaluating In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Bioactive Compounds

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Book SynopsisThe ability of pathogenic bacteria to adapt to various chemical, biochemical and physical conditions within the human host and their ability to respond to stresses generated in these environments is a central feature of infectious diseases and the outcome of bacterial infection. This book covers the key aspects of this rapidly developing field, including the generation of stresses by the host immune system, bacterial response to reactive chemicals, and adaptation to environmental conditions of anatomical niches such as the gut, mouth and urogenital tract. It also addresses the increasing importance of different metal ions in the pathogenesis and survival of specific bacteria. With chapters by active research experts in the field, the book provides a comprehensive outline of the current understanding of this field, the latest developments and where future research is likely to be directed.Table of ContentsPart 1: Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress 1: Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Defence Systems in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2: Coordinated Regulation of Stress and Virulence Adaptations in Stages of Haemophilus Pathogenesis 3: Nitric Oxide Stress in E. coli and Salmonella 4: Nitric Oxide and Gram-positive Pathogens Part 2: Novel Gene Regulation in Response to Host Defences 5: Novel Regulation in Response to Host-generated Stresses 6: Stress Responses in the Pathogenic Neisseria Part 3: Acid Stress: pH Control and Survival in the Human Host 7: Acid Survival Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogens of the Digestive Tract 8: Urease and the Bacterial Acid Stress Response Part 4: Nutrient Stress 9: Secretion Systems and Metabolism in the Pathogenic Yersiniae 10: Response of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Oxygen Limitation and Excess Part 5: Metal Ions and Pathogenic Bacteria 11: Copper and Zinc Stress in Bacteria 12: Metal Ion Sensing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 13: Salmonella and the Host in the Battle for Iron

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Book SynopsisHuman health issues relating to amino acids are extremely broad and include metabolic disorders of amino acid metabolism as well as their presence in food and use as supplements. This book covers the biochemistry of amino acid metabolism in the context of health and disease. It discusses their use as food supplements, in clinical therapy and nutritional support and focuses on major recent developments, highlighting new areas of research that will be needed to sustain further interest in the field.Table of ContentsPART I: ENZYMES AND METABOLISM 1: Glutamate Dehydrogenase 2: Aminotransferases 3: Arginase 4: Bypassing the Endothelial L-Arginine-Nitric-Oxide Pathway: Effects of Dietary Nitrite and Nitrate on Cardiovascular Function 5: Histidine Decarboxylase 6: Glutamate Decarboxylase 7: Glutaminase 8: D-Serine and Serine Racemase in Retina 9: Tryptophan Hydroxylase 10: Methionine Metabolism PART II: DYNAMICS 11: Amino Acid Transport Across Each Side of the Blood-Brain Barrier 12: Inter-Organ Fluxes of Amino Acids 13: Cellular Adaptation to Amino Acid Availability: Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Gene Expression PART III: NUTRITION 14: Endogenous Amino Acids at the Terminal Ileum of the Adult Human 15: Metabolic Availability of Amino Acids in Food Proteins: New Methodology 16: Amino Acid Requirements: Quantitative Estimates 17: Amino Acid Supplements and Muscular Performance 18: Amino Acids in Clinical and Nutritional Support: Glutamine in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 19: Adverse Effects 20: The Umami Taste of Glutamate PART IV: HEALTH 21: Homocysteine Status: Factors Affecting and Health Risks 22: Modified Amino Acid-Based Molecules: Accumulation and Health Implications 23: Phenylketonuria: Newborn Identification Through to Adulthood 24: Principles of Rapid Tryptophan Depletion and its use in Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders 25: Excitatory Amino Acids in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders 26: Efficacy of L-DOPA Therapy in Parkinson's Disease 27: Amino Acid Profiles for Diagnostic Applications PART V: CONCLUSIONS 28: Emergence of a New Momentum

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive collection of up-to-the-minute research in the field of poisonous plants investigates the effects of toxins on animals and humans. It covers the effects of poisonous plants on the liver, the reproductive system, and the nervous system, as well as exploring the field of herbal medicine. In a specialised section devoted to control measures, the book highlights techniques such as vaccination and taste aversion, providing the reader with important information on safeguarding against disaster. This volume is an essential reference for veterinarians, researchers, toxicologists and chemists.Table of Contents1: Sections: 2: Overview 3: The Liver 4: Reproductive System 5: Nervous System 6: Toxic Plants Affecting Other Systems 7: Mycotoxins and Other Toxins 8: Toxic Compounds and Chemical Methods 9: Control Measures 10: Herbals

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Book SynopsisBacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. As such, they have many potential uses for promoting health and combating disease. This book covers the many facets of phage-bacterial-human interaction in three sections: the role and impact of phages on natural bacterial communities, the potential to develop phage-based therapeutics and other aspects in which phages can be used to combat disease, including bacterial detection, bacterial epidemiology, the tracing of fecal contamination of water and decontamination of foods.Table of Contents1: Phages Section I: Phages, Bacterial Disease, and Normal Flora 2: Bacteriophages as Part of the Human Microbiome 3: Diseases Caused by Phages 4: Prophage-Induced Changes in Cellular Cytochemistry and Virulence 5: The Lion and the Mouse: How Bacteriophages Create, Liberate, and Decimate Bacterial Pathogens 6: Phages and Bacterial Epidemiology Section II: Phage-Based Biomedical Technology 7: Phages as Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles 8: Clinical Applications of Phage Display 9: Phages and Their Hosts: A Web of Interactions - Applications to Drug Design 10: Bacteriophage-Based Methods of Bacterial Detection and Identification 11: Phage Detection as Indication of Fecal Contamination Section III: Phage-Based Antibacterial Strategies 12: Phage Translocation, Safety, and Immunomodulation 13: Phage Therapy of Wounds and Related Purulent Infections 14: Phage Therapy of Non-Wound Infections 15: Phage-Based Enzybiotics 16: Role of Phages in Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Food 17: Phage Therapy Best Practices

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Book SynopsisThis book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments. This fifth volume is devoted to the study of transformations and equilibria between phases. First- and second-order pure phase transformations are presented in detail, just as with the macroscopic and microscopic approaches of phase equilibria. In the presentation of binary systems, the thermodynamics of azeotropy and demixing are discussed in detail and applied to strictly-regular solutions. Eutectic and peritectic points are examined, as well as the reactions that go with them. The study of ternary systems then introduces the concepts of ternary azeotropes and eutectics. For each type of solid-liquid system, the interventions of definite compounds with or without congruent melting are taken into account. The particular properties of the different notable points of a diagram are also demonstrated.Table of ContentsPreface xi Notations and Symbols xv Chapter 1. Phase Transformations of Pure Substances 1 1.1. Standard state: standard conditions of a transformation 1 1.2. Classification and general properties of phase transformations 2 1.2.1. First-order transformations and the Clapeyron relation 4 1.2.2. Second-order transformations 7 1.3. Liquid–vapor transformations and equilibrium states 16 1.3.1. Method of two equations of state, using the Clapeyron equation 16 1.3.2. Gibbs energy and fugacity method 18 1.3.3. Unique equation of state method 19 1.3.4. The region of the critical point and spinodal decomposition 21 1.3.5. Microscopic modeling 22 1.3.6. Liquid–vapor equilibrium in the presence of an inert gas 26 1.4. Solid–vapor transformations and equilibriums 28 1.4.1. Macroscopic treatment 28 1.4.2. Microscopic treatment 29 1.5. Transformations and solid–liquid equilibria 30 1.5.1. Macroscopic treatment 31 1.5.2. Microscopic treatment 31 1.6. Diagram for the pure substance and properties of the triple point 32 1.7. Allotropic and polymorphic varieties of a solid 35 1.7.1. Enantiotropy 36 1.7.2. Monotropy 39 1.7.3. Transition from enantiotropy to monotropy and vice versa 39 1.8. Mesomorphic states 40 Chapter 2. Properties of Equilibria Between Binary Phases 43 2.1. Classification of equilibria between the phases of binary systems 43 2.2. General properties of two-phase binary systems 45 2.2.1. Equilibrium conditions for two-phase binary systems 45 2.2.2. Conditions of evolution of a two-phase binary system 46 2.3. Graphical representation of two-phase binary systems 47 2.3.1. Gibbs energy graphs 47 2.3.2. Phase diagram in the mono- and bi-phase zones 53 2.3.3. Isobaric cooling curves 63 2.4. Isobaric representation of three-phase binary systems 66 2.4.1. Gibbs energy curve 66 2.4.2. Isobaric phase diagram in tri-phase regions 68 2.4.3. Isobaric cooling curves with tri-phase zones 70 2.5. Isothermal phase diagrams 72 2.6. Composition/composition curves 73 2.7. Activity of the components and consequences of Raoult’s and Henry’s laws 73 Chapter 3. Equilibria Between Binary Condensed Phases 75 3.1. Equilibria between phases of the same nature: liquid–liquid or solid–solid 76 3.1.1. Thermodynamics of demixing 76 3.1.2. Demixing in the case of low reciprocal solubilities 79 3.1.3. Demixing of strictly-regular solutions 81 3.2. Liquid–solid systems 84 3.2.1. Thermodynamics of the equilibria between a liquid phase and a solid phase 86 3.2.2. Isobaric phase diagrams of equilibria between a solid and a liquid 90 3.2.3. Solidus and liquidus in the vicinity of the pure substance 97 3.3. Equilibria between two solids with two polymorphic varieties of the solid 100 3.4. Applications of solid–liquid equilibria 102 3.4.1. Solubility of a solid in a liquid: Schröder–Le Châtelier law 102 3.4.2. Determination of molar mass by cryometry 104 3.5. Membrane equilibria – osmotic pressure 106 3.5.1. Thermodynamics of osmotic pressure 107 3.5.2. Osmotic pressure of infinitely-dilute solutions: the Van ‘t the Hoff law 109 3.5.3. Application of osmotic pressure to the determination of the molar mass of polymers 110 3.5.4. Osmotic pressure of strictly-regular solutions 111 3.5.5. Osmotic pressure and the osmotic coefficient 112 Chapter 4. Equilibria Between Binary Fluid Phases 113 4.1. Thermodynamics of liquid–vapor equilibrium in a binary system 113 4.2. Liquid–vapor equilibrium in perfect solutions far from the critical conditions 117 4.2.1. Partial pressures and total pressure of a perfect solution 118 4.2.2. Isothermal diagram of a perfect solution 119 4.2.3. Isobaric diagram of a perfect solution 120 4.2.4. Phase composition curve 121 4.3. Liquid–gas equilibria in ideal dilute solutions 122 4.4. Diagrams of the liquid–vapor equilibria in real solutions 125 4.4.1. Total miscibility in the liquid phase 125 4.4.2. Partial miscibility in the liquid phase, heteroazeotropes 128 4.5. Thermodynamics of liquid–vapor azeotropy 129 4.5.1. Relation between the pressure of the azeotrope and the activity coefficients of the liquid phase at the azeotropic composition 129 4.5.2. Relation between the activity coefficient and the temperature of the azeotrope 130 4.6. Liquid–vapor equilibria and models of solutions 132 4.6.1. Liquid–vapor equilibria in strictly-regular solutions 132 4.6.2. Liquid–vapor equilibrium in associated solutions 137 4.7. Liquid–vapor equilibria in the critical region 140 4.8. Applications of liquid–vapor equilibria 143 4.8.1. Solubility of a gas in a liquid 143 4.8.2. Determination of molar masses by tonometry 145 4.8.3. Determination of molar masses by ebulliometry 146 4.8.4. Continuous rectification or fractional distillation 149 Chapter 5. Equilibria Between Ternary Fluid Phases 163 5.1. Representation of the composition of ternary systems 163 5.1.1. Symmetrical representation of the Gibbs triangle 163 5.1.2. Dissymmetrical representation of the right triangle 168 5.2. Representation of phase equilibria 169 5.2.1. Isothermal projections 169 5.2.2. Conjugate points and conodes 170 5.2.3. Isopleth sections 171 5.3. Equilibria in liquid phases with miscibility gaps 171 5.3.1. Representation of the miscibility gap 171 5.3.2. Sharing in liquid–liquid systems 173 5.3.3. Application of sharing between two liquids to solvent extraction 177 5.4. Liquid–vapor systems 182 5.4.1. Isothermal and isopleth sections (boiling and dew) 182 5.4.2. Distillation trajectories 184 5.4.3. Systems with two distillation fields 186 5.4.4. Systems with three distillation fields 187 5.5. Examples of applications of ternary diagrams between fluid phases 187 5.5.1. Treatment of argentiferous lead 187 5.5.2. Purity of oil products: aniline point 188 5.5.3. Obtaining concentrated ethyl alcohol 189 Chapter 6. Equilibria Between Condensed Ternary Fluid Phases 191 6.1. Solidification of a ternary system with total miscibility in the liquid state and in the solid state 192 6.2. Solidification of a ternary system with no miscibility and with a ternary eutectic 192 6.2.1. Invariant transformations of a liquid–solid ternary system 193 6.2.2. Representations of the ternary system with no miscibility in the solid state 194 6.2.3. Lowering of the melting point of a binary system by the addition of a component 199 6.2.4. Slope at the ternary eutectic 202 6.3. Ternary systems with partial miscibilities in the solid state and ternary eutectic 204 6.4. Solidification of ternary systems with definite compounds 208 6.4.1. Ternary system with a binary definite compound binary with congruent melting 208 6.4.2. Generalization to the case of a ternary compound and of multiple definite compounds 211 6.4.3. Definite compound with incongruent melting: quasi-peritectic transformation 213 6.5. A peritectic transformation in one binary system and total miscibility in the other two 215 6.6. The ternary peritectic transformation 217 Bibliography 219 Index 221

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Book SynopsisThe book features comparative perspectives on the field of chemical ecology, present and future, offered by scientists from a wide variety of disciplines. The scientists contributing to this book –biologists, ecologists, biochemists, chemists, biostatisticians – are interested in marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and work on life forms ranging from micro-organisms to mammals, including humans, living in areas from the tropics to polar regions. Here, they cross their analyses of the present state of chemical ecology and its perspectives for the future. Those presented here include complex, multispecies communities and cover a wide range both of organisms and of the types of molecules that mediate the interactions between them. Up to now, no book has presented a solid scientific treatment of a wide range of examples. This book illustrates a diverse panel of the most advanced aspects of this rapidly expanding field.Table of ContentsForeword xiStéphanie THIÉBAULT and Françoise GAILL Introduction xiiiAnne-Geneviève BAGNÈRES and Martine HOSSAERT-MCKEY Chapter 1. Biodiversity and Chemical Mediation 1Bertrand SCHATZ, Doyle MCKEY and Thierry PÉREZ 1.1. Systematic and integrative taxonomy from chemical ecology 2 1.2. Scent communication between sexual partners 4 1.3. Scent communication between species 6 1.4. Chemical mimicry, to enhance reproduction 8 1.5. A dialog that sometimes evolves into an interaction network 10 1.6. Conclusions 18 1.7. Bibliography 18 Chapter 2. Chemical Ecology: An Integrative and Experimental Science 23Anne-Marie CORTESERO, Magali PROFFIT, Christophe DUPLAIS and Frédérique VIARD 2.1. Semiochemicals 23 2.2. Chemical ecology in multitrophic networks and co-evolution between species 28 2.3. Contribution of chemical ecology to the study of tropical plant diversification 32 2.4. When chemical ecology sheds light on the process of biological invasion – an example demonstratingintegration between chemistry and ecology 36 2.5. Protection is in the air: how plants defend themselves against phytophagous insects through VOC emissions 40 2.6. Conclusions 43 2.7. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Scents in the Social Life of Non-Human and Human Primates 47Marie CHARPENTIER, Guillaume ODONNE and Benoist SCHAAL 3.1. Primate societies and their complex systems of communication 47 3.2. The role of odors in human communication 53 3.2.1. Human odors convey a large panel of cues 53 3.2.2. Body odors reflect internal states 55 3.2.3. What are the functions of social smells in human daily life? 56 3.2.4. Human pheromones, fact or fiction? 59 3.3. The senses of smell and taste in the search for food and remedies 61 3.3.1. Interactions between senses and food in primates 61 3.3.2. Senses and self-medication in animals 62 3.3.3. Senses in human therapies 63 3.3.4. An evolutionary conception of the link between senses and health 65 3.4. Conclusions – the adaptive functions of the sense of smell in “microsmatic” species 66 3.5. Bibliography 68 Chapter 4. Microbiota and Chemical Ecology 71Soizic PRADO, Catherine LEBLANC and Sylvie REBUFFAT 4.1. The protagonist microorganisms of chemical ecology 71 4.2. Strategies for the study of microbiota 72 4.2.1. How should the microbiota be characterized? 72 4.2.2. What tools are available to help understand the roles of the microbiota? 73 4.3. The molecular dialog of microorganisms 75 4.3.1. Language and social life of microorganisms 75 4.3.2. The AMPs, main actors in the equilibrium of bacterial communities 78 4.3.3. Fungi and bacteria communicate to better help each other 79 4.3.4. When helping each other degenerates into chemical warfare between bacteria and fungi 80 4.3.5. The Trichoderma fungi: heavy artillery against pathogenic fungi 80 4.4. Chemical communication between microorganisms and their hosts 81 4.4.1. Plant–bacteria relationships: essential interactions with different partners 81 4.4.2. Plants also establish intimate relations with fungi 83 4.4.3. Mutualist actinobacteria provide care to insects 85 4.4.4. Chemical communication between microorganisms and their host in the marine environment 87 4.5. Regulations and evolution of the interactions in changing ecosystems and environments 89 4.5.1. Contribution of chemical ecology to the understanding of biosynthesis mechanisms of chemical mediators 90 4.5.2. Metabolic networks: new tools for studying the evolution of host/microbiota interactions 91 4.6. Conclusions – from chemical ecology to future applications: impacts of the study of the microbiota 91 4.7. Bibliography 92 Chapter 5. From Chemical Ecology to Ecogeochemistry 95Catherine FERNANDEZ, Virginie BALDY and Nadine LE BRIS 5.1. Balance between primary and secondary metabolism 96 5.2. Role of secondary metabolites in biotic interactions and community structure 99 5.3. Secondary metabolites and ecosystem functioning: plant soil relation – brown food chain 103 5.4. Integration of biotic and abiotic dynamics: benthic marine microhabitats 109 5.5. Conclusions 114 5.6. Bibliography 114 Chapter 6. Omics in Chemical Ecology 117Sylvie BAUDINO, Christophe LUCAS and Carole SMADJA 6.1. Introduction: the different “omic” technologies 118 6.2. From “omics” to signals: identifying new active molecules 120 6.3. From “omics” to the ecology of communities: identifying chemical interactions of organisms in their environment 121 6.4. From “omics” to molecular bases: revealing the genetic and molecular bases of chemical interactions 122 6.5. From “omics” to physiology: characterizing the modes of production and the modes of reception of active molecules 127 6.6. From “omics” to the role of environment: understanding the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on interactions 128 6.7. From “omics” to evolution: understanding and predicting the adaptive value of chemical interactions 131 6.8. Conclusions and perspectives 133 6.9. Bibliography 134 Chapter 7. Metabolomic Contributions to Chemical Ecology 139Philippe POTIN, Florence NICOLÈ and Olivier P. THOMAS 7.1. Definition of metabolomics 139 7.2. Different strategies of the metabolomic approaches 140 7.3. The different steps for conducting a metabolomic study 141 7.3.1. Experimental design and sampling 142 7.3.2. Analytical approaches 144 7.3.3. Data processing 144 7.4. Applications of metabolomics 151 7.4.1. Chemical biodiversity and chemotaxonomy 151 7.4.2. Study of the regulation and evolution of metabolic/ biosynthesis pathways 152 7.4.3. Contributions to functional ecology 155 7.4.4. Application of metabolomics to the study of environmental disturbances 157 7.5. Conclusions 157 7.6. Bibliography 158 Chapter 8. Chemical, Biological and Computational Tools in Chemical Ecology 161Nicolas BARTHÈS, Jean-Claude CAISSARD, Jérémy JUST and Xavier FERNANDEZ 8.1. Chemical tools 161 8.1.1. Analytical tools of chromatography 161 8.1.2. Analytical approach by nuclear magnetic resonance 168 8.1.3. Secondary metabolite imagery techniques 170 8.2. Sequencing tools 173 8.2.1. Principles, strengths and limitations of NGS 174 8.2.2. Major domains of NGS applications 175 8.3. Databases: biodiversity in silico 179 8.3.1. Databases of chemical compounds and general ecology 180 8.3.2. Databases for the omics that can be used in chemical ecology 181 8.4. Conclusions 183 8.5. Bibliography 183 Chapter 9. Academic and Economic Values of Understanding Chemical Communication 185Bernard BANAIGS, Ali AL MOURABIT, Guillaume CLAVE and Claude GRISON 9.1. Nature as a model 185 9.2. Nature as a model for development of new molecules of interest 187 9.2.1. From chemical mediators to new bioactive structural archetypes 188 9.2.2. Biosynthesis and biomimetic synthesis 192 9.2.3. Chemical mediators and ligand/receptor interactions: to the discovery of new cellular receptors and biochemical tools 195 9.3. Chemical ecology and sustainable development 196 9.3.1. Bio-control 198 9.3.2. Bio-inspired chemistry and remedial phytotechnologies 200 9.4. Conclusions 205 9.5. Bibliography 205 Conclusion 207Martine HOSSAERT-MCKEY and Anne-Geneviève BAGNÈRES Glossary 213 List of Authors 217 Index 221

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Book SynopsisThis third volume in the Handbook of Food Science and Technology Set explains the processing of raw materials into traditional food (bread, wine, cheese, etc.). The agri-food industry has evolved in order to meet new market expectations of its products; with the use of separation and assembly technologies, food technologists and engineers now increasingly understand and control the preparation of a large diversity of ingredients using additional properties to move from the raw materials into new food products. Taking into account the fundamental basis and technological specificities of the main food sectors, throughout the three parts of this book, the authors investigate the biological and biochemical conversions and physicochemical treatment of food from animal sources, plant sources and food ingredients.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Gérard Brulé Part 1 Food from Animal Sources 1 Chapter 1 From Milk to Dairy Products 3 Thomas Croguennec, Romain Jeantet and Pierre Schuck 1.1 The biochemistry and physical chemistry of milk 3 1.1.1 Milk fat 4 1.1.2 Carbohydrates 8 1.1.3 Proteins 10 1.1.4 Milk minerals 15 1.2 Biological and physicochemical aspects of milk processing 17 1.2.1 The stability of fat globules 17 1.2.2 Protein stability 19 1.3 Dairy product technology 25 1.3.1 Liquid milk 25 1.3.2 Fermented milk products 29 1.3.3 Milk powder 32 1.3.4 Cheese 39 1.3.5 Cream and butter 58 Chapter 2 From Muscle to Meat and Meat Products 65 Catherine Guérin 2.1 The biochemistry of muscle (land animals and fish) 65 2.1.1 The structure and composition of meat and fish muscle 66 2.1.2 Muscle structure 73 2.1.3 Proteins 78 2.1.4 Carbohydrates 88 2.1.5 Vitamins and minerals 88 2.2 Biological and physicochemical changes in muscle 89 2.2.1 Muscle contraction 89 2.2.2 Changes in muscle after death 91 2.3 Meat and fish processing technology 102 2.3.1 Meat processing technology 102 2.3.2 Fish processing technology 109 Chapter 3 From Eggs to Egg Products 115 Marc Anton, Valérie Lechevalier and Françoise Nau 3.1 Chicken egg – raw material in the egg industry 117 3.1.1 Structure and composition 117 3.1.2 Biochemical and physicochemical properties of the protein and lipid fractions of egg 120 3.2 Physicochemical properties of the different egg fractions 125 3.2.1 Interfacial properties 125 3.2.2 Gelling properties 131 3.3 The egg industry: technology and products 136 3.3.1 Decontamination of shells 138 3.3.2 Breaking and separation of the egg white and yolk 138 3.3.3 Primary processing of egg products – decontamination and stabilization 139 3.3.4 Secondary processing of egg products 142 3.3.5 Egg extracts 143 Part 2 Food from Plant Sources 145 Chapter 4 From Wheat to Bread and Pasta 147 Hubert Chiron and Philippe Roussel 4.1 Biochemistry and physical chemistry of wheat 150 4.1.1 Overall composition 150 4.1.2 Structure and properties of the constituents 154 4.2 Biological and physicochemical factors of wheat processing 163 4.2.1 Development of texture 164 4.2.2 Development of color and flavor 170 4.3 The technology of milling, bread making and pasta making 172 4.3.1 Processing of wheat into flour and semolina 172 4.3.2 Bread making 180 4.3.3 Pasta making 195 Chapter 5 From Barley to Beer 205 Romain Jeantet and Ludivine Perrocheau 5.1 Biochemistry and structure of barley and malt 205 5.1.1 Morphology of barley grain 206 5.1.2 Biochemical composition of barley 207 5.1.3 Composition and structure of starch and protein 208 5.1.4 Effect of malting 209 5.2 Biological and physicochemical factors of processing 213 5.2.1 Enzymatic degradation of starch and protein 214 5.2.2 Fermentability of the wort 220 5.3 Brewing technology 221 5.3.1 Stages of malting 221 5.3.2 Stages of beer production 224 Chapter 6 From Fruit to Fruit Juice and Fermented Products 231 Alain Baron, Mohammad Turk and Jean-Michel Le Quéré 6.1 Fruit development 231 6.1.1 Stages of development 231 6.1.2 Fruit ripening 233 6.2 Biochemistry of fruit juice 237 6.2.1 Pectins 238 6.2.2 Pectinolytic enzymes 241 6.2.3 Bitter and astringent compounds 245 6.3 Fruit juice processing 249 6.3.1 Preparation of fruit 249 6.3.2 Pre-treatment 250 6.3.3 Pressing 250 6.3.4 Treatment of fruit juice 253 6.3.5 Pasteurization, high-pressure treatment, pulsed electric fields and concentration 262 6.4 Cider 264 6.4.1 French cider 264 6.4.2 Fermentation process 265 6.4.3 Action of microorganisms 267 6.4.4 Fermentation and post-fermentation 271 Chapter 7 From Grape to Wine 275 Thomas Croguennec 7.1 Raw materials 276 7.1.1 Grape variety 276 7.1.2 Composition of grapes 276 7.2 Winemaking techniques 280 7.2.1 State of the harvest and adjustments 281 7.2.2 Physicochemical processes involved in winemaking 282 7.2.3 Biological processes involved in winemaking: fermentation 285 7.3 Stabilization and maturation of wine 289 7.3.1 Biological stabilization 289 7.3.2 Physicochemical stabilization 290 7.3.3 Maturation of wine 291 7.4 Specific technology 292 7.4.1 Sparkling wines (traditional method) 292 7.4.2 Sweet wines 293 Chapter 8 From Fruit and Vegetables to Fresh-Cut Products 297 Florence Charles and Patrick Varoquaux 8.1 Respiratory activity of plants 298 8.1.1 Measurement and modeling of respiratory activity 299 8.1.2 Control of respiratory activity 301 8.2 Enzymatic browning 302 8.2.1 Mechanism and evaluation 302 8.2.2 Prevention of enzymatic browning 303 8.3 Unit operations in the production of fresh-cut products: main scientific and technical challenges 304 8.3.1 Raw materials: selection of varieties and cultivation methods 306 8.3.2 Raw material quality control: grading 307 8.3.3 Trimming and mixing 307 8.3.4 Cutting 308 8.3.5 Washing and disinfection 309 8.3.6 Draining and drying 312 8.3.7 Weighing 313 8.3.8 Bagging 313 8.4 Modified atmosphere packaging 314 8.4.1 Diffusion of gases through packaging 315 8.4.2 Change in gas content in modified atmosphere packaging 317 8.5 Conclusion 319 Part 3 Food Ingredients 321 Chapter 9 Functional Properties of Ingredients 323 Gérard Brulé and Thomas Croguennec 9.1 Interactions with water: hydration and thickening properties 324 9.1.1 Types of interaction 324 9.1.2 Influence of hydrophilic components on water availability and mobility 325 9.1.3 Influence of hydration on the solubilization, structure and mobility of compounds 325 9.1.4 Effect of the hydration of components on rheological properties 326 9.2 Intermolecular interactions: texture properties 326 9.2.1 Aggregation/gelation by destabilization of macromolecules or particles 326 9.2.2 Aggregation/gelation by covalent cross-linking 327 9.2.3 Sol–gel transitions 329 9.2.4 Influence of denaturation kinetics and molecular interactions 329 9.3 Interfacial properties: foaming and emulsification 330 9.3.1 Interfacial tension 330 9.3.2 Surfactants 332 9.3.3 Emulsification and foaming 332 Chapter 10 Separation Techniques 335 Thomas Croguennec and Valérie Lechevalier 10.1 Proteins and peptides 335 10.1.1 Milk proteins and peptides 335 10.1.2 Extraction of lysozyme from egg white 346 10.1.3 Extraction of gelatin 348 10.1.4 Plant proteins 349 10.2 Carbohydrates 351 10.2.1 Sucrose 351 10.2.2 Lactose 364 10.2.3 Polysaccharides 369 10.3 Lipids 378 10.3.1 Production of vegetable oils 379 10.3.2 Lipid modification 383 10.4 Pigments and flavorings 391 10.4.1 Types of pigments and flavorings 391 10.4.2 Extraction/concentration of colorings and flavors 397 10.4.3 Formulation 400 Bibliography 403 List of Authors 417 Index 419

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