Medical microbiology and virology Books

Book SynopsisThis comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, EpsteinâBarr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction; Part II. Basic Virology and Viral Gene Effects on Host Cell Functions; Part II. Basic Virology and Viral Gene Effects on Host Cell Functions; Part II. Basic Virology and Viral Gene Effects on Host Cell Functions; Part III. Pathogenesis, Clinical Disease, Host Response, and Epidemiology; Part III. Pathogenesis, Clinical Disease, Host Response, and Epidemiology; Part III. Pathogenesis, Clinical Disease, Host Response, and Epidemiology; Part III. HHV- 6a, 6b and 7 Ann Arvin and Richard Whitley; Part III. Pathogenesis, Clinical Disease, Host Response, and Epidemiology; Part IV. Non-Human Primate Herpesviruses Ann Arvin, Patrick Moore and Richard Whitley; Part V. Subversion of Adaptive Immunity Richard Whitley and Ann Arvin; Part VI. Antiviral Therapy Richard Whitley; Part VII. Vaccines and Immunotherapy Ann Arvin and Koichi Yamanishi; Part VIII. Herpes as Therapeutic Agents Richard Whitley and Bernard Roizman.

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Book SynopsisTheobald Smith (18591934) is widely considered to be America's first significant medical scientist and the world's leading comparative pathologist. This is the first book-length biography of Smith to appear in print, and is based primarily on personal papers and correspondence that have remained in the possession of his family until now.Trade ReviewThis dedication to microbiologist Smith provides a detailed account of a lifelong passion for using science to alleviate human suffering. Dolman and Wolfe meticulously investigate factors in Smith’s upbringing that led him to studying medicine… The authors recount Smith’s associations with notable scientists who led him to pursue medical studies emphasizing pathology. The list of colleagues who influenced Smith’s research reads like a who’s who of microbiology. Smith’s collaborations include other famous microbiologists who investigated infectious bacterial diseases of animal and humans. Each chapter presents Smith’s research according to the chronology of his life and concurrent developments in medicine and microbiology, and discusses his contributions to controlling tragic livestock diseases such as cattle fever, hog cholera, and swine plague. -- B. R. Shmaefsky * Choice *

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Book SynopsisMeet the challenges of this rapidly expanding field with a solid understanding of the fundamentals of nucleic acid biochemistry as well as the advanced concepts integral to practice in today's laboratories. The third edition of this popular resource encompasses microbiology, virology, genetics, oncology, and human identification.Table of Contents I. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology: An Overview 1. Nucleic Acids and Proteins 2. Gene Expression and Epigenetics II. Common Techniques in Molecular Biology 3. Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods 4. Resolution and Detection of Nucleic Acids 5. Analysis and Characterization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins 6. Nucleic Acid Amplification 7. Chromosomal Structure and Chromosomal Mutations 8. Gene Mutations 9. DNA Sequencing III. Techniques in the Clinical Laboratory 10. DNA Polymorphisms and Human Identification 11. Detection and Identification of Microorganisms 12. Molecular Detection of Inherited Diseases 13. Molecular Oncology 14. DNA-Based Tissue Typing 15. Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the Molecular Laboratory Appendices A. Study Questions Answers B. Answers to Case Studies Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisMedical historian, medical researcher, and clinician Powel H. Kazanjian uses Novy’s archived letters, laboratory notebooks, lecture notes, and published works to examine medical research and educational activities at the University of Michigan and other key medical schools during a formative period in modern U.S. medical science. Trade Review"The 'hero narrative' of science that honours stars such as Isaac Newton and Marie Curie often obscures the multitudes who lay the foundations – that centuries-old chain of curious minds. In this biography, physician and historian Powel Kazanjian pulls one from that multitude into the light: microbiology pioneer Frederick Novy. Kazanjian's detailed and authoritative account reveals how Novy (1864-1957) did fundamental work that shaped the field's development, and introduced basic research into medical training." * Nature *"Novy has been unduly neglected by historians to date, and Kazanjian performs an important service in correcting this gap; Frederick Novy and the Development of Bacteriology in Medicine is a well-written and timely piece that alters our understanding of the rise of biomedical teaching and research in the United States." -- Scott H. Podolsky * Harvard Medical School and author of The Antibiotic Era *"Powel Kazanjian's Frederick Novy and the Development of Bacteriology in Medicine tells a critical, insightful, and overlooked story in the history of medicine and science. It is a triumph of scholarship and narrative." -- Howard Markel * author of An Anatomy of Addiction and When Germs Travel *"The great value of Kazanjian’s work is in providing a case study of how American medicine was made scientific in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." * Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences *"Kazanjian has given us a much desired account of a very significant career. His main point, that Novy’s bacteriology differed from the application-focused William Welchian science of public health, expands our knowledge of American medical bacteriology. It is well founded and important. The book expands our scope of what the history of medical bacteriology is all about." * Bulletin of the History of Medicine *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1 Frederick Novy and the Origins of the Michigan Hygienic Laboratory 2 What Novy Did in His Medical School Laboratory 3 Making Medical Education Scientific 4 Defining Bacteriology as a Discipline in Its Early Years 5 Significance for American Culture: Arrowsmith 6 Making a Scientific Career in Medicine Conclusion Notes Index

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Book SynopsisA user-friendly guide for the evaluation of microbiological assays, Microbiological Assay for Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Rational Approach provides a lucid explanation of the sources of error in microbiological assay and helps analysts choose efficient assay designs that will minimize those sources of error. Beginning with a review of the theoretical basis for the quantitative aspects, the author discusses microbiological assay as a branch of pharmaceutical analysis and distinguishes it from biological assay in general. He draws attention to the microbiological aspects that may not be so obvious to the chemical analyst and to the analytical aspects that may not be so obvious to the microbiologist. The book contains detailed evaluations of assays that illustrate typical experimental designs and addresses how to present a realistic assessment of the best potency estimate from a series of assays. Although there are other valuable books available in this area, they do not address Table of ContentsMicrobiological Assay in Perspective. The Agar Diffusion Assay - Its Quantitative Basis. The Theory and Practice of Tube Assays for Growth Promoting Substances. The Theory and Practice of Tube Assays for Growth Inhibiting Substances. What Do We Want of an Assay? How Do We Attain Our Goal? General Practical Aspects of Microbiological Assays. Standard Reference Materials. Parallel Lines Assays - Some Designs and Their Evaluation. Slope Ratio Assays, Some Designs and Their Evaluation. Choice of Experimental Design. Concluding Thoughts.

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains a series of contributions from established European researchers which consider aspects of molecular variability in fungal pathogens. Chapters are derived from a workshop held in Evian, France, in September 1997, supported by the EU Concerted Action Air 3-CT94-2448. The volume is divided into three sections. The first includes contributions which consider and review the major mechanisms involved, the second details specific studies on variability in populations of different fungal pathogens, and the third includes contributions on methods for interpreting such variability. The workshop was intended to bring together methods and understanding from a wide range of fungal pathogens, and this is reflected in the volume where individual contributions include case studies and reviews of populations of fungi pathogenic on insects and nematodes as well as plant and human pathogens. The combination of mechanisms, characterisation and interpretation across a wide range of appTable of Contents1: Contributors 2: Foreword, Ulrich Kück 3: Molecular Variability of Fungal Pathogens: Using the Rice Blast Fungus as a Case Study, N J Talbot 4: Molecular Variability in Sexually Reproducing Fungal Plant Pathogens, J M Duncan, D Cooke, P Birch and R Toth 5: Parasexuality in Fungi: Mechanisms and Significance in Wild Populations, A J M Debets 6: Molecular Variability of Viruses of Fungi, K W Buck 7: Activator-like Transposons in Beauveria Species, U Kück, S Jacobsen and F Kempken 8: Fungal Pathogenesis in Insects, J Clarkson, S Screen, A Bailey, B Cobb and K Charnley 9: Combination of Different Independent Molecular Markers to Understand the Genetic Structure of Beauveria Populations, Y Couteaudier, M Viaud and C Neuvéglise 10: Assessing Diversity in Colletotrichum and Trichodera Species Using Molecular Markers, P R Mills, S Sreenivasaprasad and S Muthumeenakshi 11: Variability in the Human Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, J P Latgé, J P Debeaupuis, J Sarfati and S Paris 12: Reproduction and Population Structure in Phytopathogenic Fungi, Y Brygoo, V Caffier, J Carlier, Jean-Vincent Fabre, D Fernandez, T Giraud, X Mourichon, C Neema, Jean-Loup Notteghem, C Pope, D Tharreau and Marc-Henri Lebrun 13: Variation in the Subtilisins of Fungal Pathogens of Insects and Nematodes, T M Butt, R Segers, S C Leal and B R Kerry 14: Metabolites Influencing Pathogenicity of Nematophagous Fungi, L V Lopez-Llorca and C Olivares-Bernabeu 15: Sources of Molecular Variability and Applications in Characterization of the Plant Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, S L Woo and M Lorito 16: Variability of Human Pathogenic Fungi, D Sullivan and D Coleman 17: Mitochondrial DNA Differences Provide Maximum Intraspecific Polymorphism in the Entomopathogenic Fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae and Allow Isolate Detection/Identification, M A Typas, A Mavridou and V Kouvelis 18: RAPD-PCR for the Molecular Characterization of Beauveria brongniartii Isolates Useful as Biocontrol Agents of the European Cockchafer Melolontha melolontha, O I Ozino, P Piatti and F Cravanzola 19: Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Implications of ITS Sequence in Plants and in Fungi, J Mugnier 20: Neural Network Approaches to Interpreting Variability, L Boddy, C W Morris, A Morgan and L Al-Haddad 21: Numerical Analysis of Molecular Variability: A Comparison of Hierarchic and Non-hierarchic Methods, P Bridge 22: Index

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Book SynopsisCarl Zimmer writes the Origins column for The New York Times and has frequently contributed to The Atlantic, National Geographic, Time, and Scientific American. His journalism has earned numerous awards, including ones from the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Academies of Science, Medicine, and Engineering. Zimmer is professor adjunct at Yale, where he teaches writing. He is the author of numerous books about science, including She Has Her Mother's Laugh, which was shortlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize, and, most recently, Air-Borne.

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Book SynopsisA unique and timely review of the emergence of eukaryotic virulence in fungi, oomycetes, and protozoa, as they affect both animals and plants Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes addresses new developments in defining the molecular basis of virulence in eukaryotic pathogens.Trade Review“It should be of interest to evolutionary biologists, medical microbiologists and plant pathologists at postdoctoral and faculty levels.” (Microbiology Today, 26 November 2012) Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I GENERAL OVERVIEWS 1 1 Population Genetics and Parasite Diversity 3Hsiao-Han Chang, Rachel F. Daniels, and Daniel L. Hartl 2 Evolution of Meiosis, Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction in Eukaryotic Microbes 17Wenjun Li, Elizabeth Savelkoul, Joseph Heitman, and John M. Logsdon, Jr. 3 Phylogenomic Analysis 44Andrew J. Roger, Martin Kolisko, and Alastair G. B. Simpson 4 Phylogenetics and Evolution of Virulence in the Kingdom Fungi 70Monica A. Garcia-Solache and Arturo Casadevall PART II POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES 91 5 Malaria: Host Range, Diversity, and Speciation 93Ananias A. Escalante and Francisco J. Ayala 6 From Population Genomics to Elucidated Traits in Plasmodium Falciparum 111Sarah K. Volkman, Daniel E. Neafsey, Stephen F. Schaffner, Pardis C. Sabeti, and Dyann F. Wirth 7 Selective Sweeps in Human Malaria Parasites 124Xin-zhuan Su and John C. Wootton 8 Evolution of Drug Resistance in Fungi 143Jessica A. Hill, Samantha J. Hoot, Theodore C. White, and Leah E. Cowen 9 Discovery of Extant Sexual Cycles in Human Pathogenic Fungi and Their Roles in the Generation of Diversity and Virulence 168Richard J. Bennett and Kirsten Nielsen 10 Worldwide Migrations, Host Shifts, and Reemergence of Phytophthora Infestans, the Plant Destroyer 192Jean Beagle Ristaino 11 Experimental and Natural Evolution of the Cryptococcus Neoformans and Cryptococcus Gattii Species Complex 208Alexander Idnurm and Jianping Xu 12 Population Genetics, Diversity, and Spread of Virulence in Toxoplasma Gondii 231Benjamin M. Rosenthal and James W. Ajioka PART III FORWARD AND REVERSE GENETIC SYSTEMS FOR DEFINING VIRULENCE 247 13 Genetic Crosses in Plasmodium Falciparum: Analysis of Drug Resistance 249John C. Tan and Michael T. Ferdig 14 Genetic Mapping of Virulence in Rodent Malarias 269Richard Carter and Richard Culleton 15 Genetic Mapping of Acute Virulence in Toxoplasma Gondii 285L. David Sibley and John C. Boothroyd 16 Virulence in African Trypanosomes: Genetic and Molecular Approaches 307Annette Macleod, Liam J. Morrison, and Andy Tait 17 The Evolution of Antigenic Variation in African Trypanosomes 324Andrew P. Jackson and J. David Barry 18 Antigenic Variation, Adherence, and Virulence in Malaria 338Joseph Smith and Kirk W. Deitsch 19 Invasion Ligand Diversity and Pathogenesis in Blood-Stage Malaria 362Manoj T. Duraisingh, Jeffrey D. Dvorin, and Peter R. Preiser PART IV COMPARATIVE "OMICS" APPROACHES TO DEFINING VIRULENCE 385 20 Evolution of Virulence in Oomycete Plant Pathogens 387Paul R. J. Birch, Mary E. Coates, and Jim L. Beynon 21 Evolution and Genomics of the Pathogenic Candida Species Complex 404Geraldine Butler, Michael Lorenz, and Neil A. R. Gow 22 Evolution of Entamoeba Histolytica Virulence 422Upinder Singh and Christopher D. Huston 23 Sex and Virulence in Basidiomycete Pathogens 437Guus Bakkeren, Emilia K. Kruzel, and Christina M. Hull 24 Emergence of the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis and Global Amphibian Declines 461Matthew C. Fisher, Jason E. Stajich, and Rhys A. Farrer 25 Impact of Horizontal Gene Transfer on Virulence of Fungal Pathogens of Plants 473Barbara J. Howlett and Richard P. Oliver 26 Evolution of Plant Pathogenicity in Fusarium Species 485Li-Jun Ma, H. Corby Kistler, and Martijn Rep 27 Genetic, Genomic, and Molecular Approaches to Define Virulence of Aspergillus Fumigatus 501Laetitia Muszkieta, William J. Steinbach, and Jean-Paul Latge 28 Cryptosporidium: Comparative Genomics and Pathogenesis 518Satomi Kato and Jessica C. Kissinger INDEX 545

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Book SynopsisA timely exploration of the impact of global change on the emergence, reemergence, and control of vector-borne and zoonotic viral infections From massively destructive superstorms to rapidly rising sea levels, the world media is abuzz with talk of the threats to civilization posed by global warming.Trade Review“I learnt so much from the book and enjoyed reading it. It is definitely a welcome and timely addition to the biomedical literature.” (Microbiology Today, 1 August 2014) “The healthcare professionals and scientists best equipped to prevent an actual viral apocalypse will have Viral Infections and Global Change at hand, rather than a machete. Or maybe both.” (Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25 April 2014) Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii Contributors xxv About the Editor xxix Part I General aspects 1 1 Climate Change And Vector-Borne Viral Diseases 3 Ying Zhang, Alana Hansen, and Peng Bi 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Epidemiology of VVD 4 1.3 Association between climatic variables and emerging VVD 6 1.4 Invasion of nonzoonotic vvd to humans 14 1.5 Implications and recommendations for prevention and control 14 References 16 2 Impact Of Climate Change On Vector-Borne Arboviral Episystems 21 Walter J. Tabachnick and Jonathan F. Day 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 The complex factors influencing mosquito-borne arbovirus episystems 24 2.3 West Nile virus 25 2.4 Dengue in Florida 28 2.5 Bluetongue 29 2.6 Conclusions 31 Acknowledgement 32 References 32 3 Influence Of Climate Change On Mosquito Development And Blood-Feeding Patterns 35 William E. Walton and William K. Reisen 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Mosquito development 37 3.3 Blood-feeding patterns 46 References 52 4 Environmental Perturbations That Influence Arboviral Host Range: Insights Into Emergence Mechanisms 57 Aaron C. Brault and William K. Reisen 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 The changing environment 59 4.3 Deforestation and the epizootic emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 62 4.4 Rice, mosquitoes, pigs, and japanese encephalitis virus 63 4.5 Culex pipiens complex, house sparrows, urbanization, and west Nile virus 66 4.6 Urbanization, global trade, and the reemergence of chikungunya virus 70 4.7 Conclusions 71 References 71 5 The Socio-Ecology Of Viral Zoonotic Transfer 77 Jonathan D. Mayer and Sarah Paige 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Historical perspective 78 5.3 Human–animal interface 79 5.4 Surveillance 79 5.5 Deforestation and fragmentation 80 5.6 Urbanization 81 5.7 Examples 82 5.8 Conclusion 84 References 84 6 Human Behavior And The Epidemiology Of Viral Zoonoses 87 Satesh Bidaisee, Cheryl Cox Macpherson, and Calum N.L. Macpherson 6.1 Introduction 88 6.2 Societal changes and the epidemiology of viral zoonoses 89 6.3 Viral zoonoses and human societal values 92 6.4 Human behavior and the epidemiology of vector-borne viral zoonoses 93 6.5 Human behavior and the epidemiology of respiratory viral zoonoses 96 6.6 Human behavior and the epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses 98 6.7 Human behavior and the epidemiology of wildlife-associated viral zoonoses 101 6.8 The role of human behavior in the control of viral zoonoses 103 References 104 7 Global Trave l, Trade, And The Spread Of Viral Infections 111 Brian D. Gushulak and Douglas W. MacPherson 7.1 Introduction 112 7.2 Basic principles 113 7.3 An overview of population mobility 113 7.4 The dynamics of modern population mobility 114 7.5 Human population mobility and the spread of viruses 115 7.6 The biological aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 117 7.7 The demographic aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 119 7.8 Potential impact of climate change 126 7.9 Conclusion 127 References 128 8 Effects Of Land-Use Changes And Agricultural Practices On The Emergence And Reemergence Of Human Viral Diseases 133 Kimberly Fornace, Marco Liverani, Jonathan Rushton, and Richard Coker 8.1 Introduction 134 8.2 Ecological and environmental changes 136 8.3 Agricultural change 139 8.4 Demographic changes 141 8.5 Land use, disease emergence, and multifactorial causation 143 8.6 Conclusion 145 References 145 9 Animal Migration And Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 151 Diann J. Prosser, Jessica Nagel, and John Y. Takekawa 9.1 Introduction 152 9.2 Does animal migration increase risk of viral spread? 152 9.3 Examples of migratory animals and spread of viral disease 157 9.4 Climate change effects on animal migration and viral zoonoses 166 9.5 Shifts in timing of migration and range extents 166 9.6 Combined effects of climate change, disease, and migration 167 9.7 Conclusions and future directions 169 Acknowledgements 170 References 170 10 Illegal Animal And (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 179 Christopher Kilonzo, Thomas J. Stopka, and Bruno Chomel 10.1 Introduction 180 10.2 Search strategy and selection criteria 180 10.3 The bushmeat trade 181 10.4 Bushmeat hunting and emerging infectious diseases 181 10.5 Risk factors and modes of transmission 183 10.6 Conservation and wildlife sustainability 184 10.7 Case study: The role of the bushmeat trade in the evolution of Hiv 185 10.8 Illegal trade of domestic animals and exotic pets 186 10.9 Discussion and future directions 187 10.10 Prevention and control: From supply and demand to health education techniques 187 10.11 New technologies 188 10.12 Collaboration: Multidisciplinary advances and next steps 189 10.13 Conclusion 190 Conflicts of interest 190 References 190 11 Biological Significance Of Bats As A Natural Reservoir Of Emerging Viruses 195 Angela M. Bosco-Lauth and Richard A. Bowen 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Bats as exemplars of biodiversity 196 11.3 Bats are reservoir hosts for zoonotic and emerging pathogens 197 11.4 Contact rate as a driver for emergence of bat-associated zoonoses 203 11.5 Potential impact of climate change on viruses transmitted by bats 205 11.6 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Role And Strategies Of Surveillance Networks In Handling Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 213 Carlos Castillo-Salgado 12.1 Introduction 214 12.2 Global trend of viral infectious agents and diseases 214 12.3 Recognized importance of public health surveillance 215 12.4 Definition and scope of public health surveillance 216 12.5 Key functions and uses of disease surveillance 217 12.6 New expansion of surveillance by the ihr-2005 218 12.7 Emergence of new global surveillance networks 218 12.8 Global influenza surveillance and who’s pandemic influenza preparedness framework 219 12.9 Early warning surveillance systems 220 12.10 Innovative approaches for surveillance 222 12.11 Electronic and web-based information platforms for information reporting, sharing, and dissemination 222 12.12 Real-time and near real-time information 223 12.13 New updated statistical methods for tracking viral and infectious disease outbreaks 223 12.14 Using proxy and compiled web-based information from different sources 225 12.15 Incorporation of public–private partnerships in surveillance activities 226 12.16 Use of volunteer sentinel physicians 226 12.17 Improving guidelines and protocols for viral surveillance 226 12.18 Incorporating health situation rooms or strategic command centers for monitoring, analysis, and response in surveillance efforts 227 12.19 Challenges of viral and public health surveillance 228 References 229 13 Predictive Modeling Of Emerging Infections 233 Anna L. Buczak, Steven M. Babin, Brian H. Feighner, Phillip T. Koshute, and Sheri H. Lewis 13.1 Introduction 233 13.2 Types of models 234 13.3 Remote sensing and its use in disease outbreak prediction 235 13.4 Approaches to modeling and their evaluation 241 13.5 Examples of prediction models 244 13.6 Conclusion 250 References 250 14 Developments And Challenges In Diagnostic Virology 255 Luisa Barzon, Laura Squarzon, Monia Pacenti, and Giorgio Palù 14.1 Introduction 256 14.2 Preparedness 258 14.3 Challenges in diagnosis of emerging viral infections 259 14.4 Approaches to the diagnosis of emerging viral infections 260 14.5 Conclusions 267 Acknowledgement 268 References 268 15 Advances In Detecting And Responding To Threats From Bioterrorism And Emerging Viral Infections 275 Stephen A. Morse and Angela Weber 15.1 Introduction 276 15.2 Emerging, reemerging, and intentionally emerging diseases 276 15.3 Bioterrorism 278 15.4 Viruses as bioweapons 279 15.5 Impact of biotechnology 282 15.6 Deterrence, recognition, and response 284 15.7 Public health surveillance 288 15.8 Conclusion 291 References 291 16 Molecular And Evolutionary Mechanisms Of Viral Emergence 297 Juan Carlos Saiz, Francisco Sobrino, Noemí Sevilla, Verónica Martín, Celia Perales, and Esteban Domingo 16.1 Introduction: Biosphere and virosphere diversities 298 16.2 Virus variation as a factor in viral emergence: a role of complexity 299 16.3 High error rates originate quasispecies swarms 300 16.4 Evolutionary mechanisms that may participate in viral disease emergence 302 16.5 Ample genetic and host range variations of fmdv: a human epidemic to be? 304 16.6 The arbovirus host alternations: high exposure to environmental modifications 307 16.7 Arenaviruses: As an emerging threat 313 16.8 Conclusion 315 Acknowledgement 316 References 316 17 Drivers Of Emergence And Sources Of Future Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 327 Leslie A. Reperant and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus 17.1 Introduction 328 17.2 Prehistoric and historic unfolding of the drivers of disease emergence 329 17.3 Proximal drivers of disease emergence and sources of future emerging and reemerging viral infections 334 17.4 Further insights from the theory of island biogeography 338 References 339 18 Spillover Transmission And Emergence Of Viral Outbreaks In Humans 343 Sunit K. Singh 18.1 Introduction 343 18.2 Major anthropogenic factors responsible for spillover 344 18.3 Major viral factors playing a role in spillover 347 18.4 Intermediate hosts and species barriers in viral transmission 349 18.5 Conclusion 349 References 349 Part II Specific Infections 353 19 New, Emerging, And Reemerging Respiratory Viruses 355 Fleur M. Moesker, Pieter L.A. Fraaij, and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus 19.1 Introduction 356 19.2 Influenza viruses 359 19.3 Human metapneumovirus 362 19.4 Human coronaviruses: SARS and non-SARS 363 19.5 Human bocavirus 366 19.6 KI and WU polyomaviruses 367 19.7 Nipah and hendra viruses 368 19.8 Conclusion 369 19.9 List of abbreviations 369 References 370 20 Emergence Of Zoonotic Orthopox Virus Infections 377 Tomoki Yoshikawa, Masayuki Saijo, and Shigeru Morikawa 20.1 Smallpox, a representative orthopoxvirus infection: The eradicated non-zoonotic orthopoxvirus 377 20.2 Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses 379 Acknowledgement 387 References 387 21 Biological Aspects Of The Interspecies Transmission Of Selected Coronavi ruses 393 Anastasia N. Vlasova and Linda J. Saif 21.1 Introduction 393 21.2 Coronavirus classification and pathogenesis 397 21.3 Natural reservoirs and emergence of new coronaviruses 399 21.4 Alpha-, beta- and gamma coronaviruses: cross-species transmission 404 21.5 Anthropogenic factors and climate influence on coronavirus diversity and outbreaks 407 21.6 Conclusion 410 References 410 22 Impac t Of Environmental And Social Factors On Ross River Virus Outbreaks 419 Craig R. Williams and David O. Harley 22.1 Introduction 420 22.2 History of mosquito-borne epidemic polyarthritis outbreaks in australia and the pacific 420 22.3 RRV transmission cycles have a variety of ecologies 421 22.4 Typical environmental determinants of RRV activity 422 22.5 Social determinants of RRV disease activity 423 22.6 A Conceptual framework for understanding the influence of environmental and social factors on RRV disease activity 423 22.7 Climate Change and RRV 427 22.8 Conclusion 427 Acknowledgement 428 References 428 23 Infection Patterns And Emergence Of O’nyong-Nyong Virus 433 Ann M. Powers 23.1 Introduction 433 23.2 History of outbreaks 434 23.3 Clinical manifestations 435 23.4 Epidemiology 435 23.5 Factors affecting emergence 437 23.6 Conclusion 440 References 441 24 Zoonotic Hepa titis E: Animal Reservoirs, Emerging Risks, And Impact Of Climate Change 445 Nicole Pavio and Jérôme Bouquet 24.1 Introduction 446 24.2 HEV biology and classification 446 24.3 Pathogenesis in humans 449 24.4 Animal Reservoirs 451 24.5 Zoonotic and Interspecies Transmission of HEV and HEV-like viruses 454 24.6 HEV in the environment 456 24.7 Climate change and impact on HEV exposure 457 24.8 Prevention 458 24.9 Conclusion 458 Acknowledgement 459 References 459 25 Impact Of Climate Change On Outbreaks Of Arenaviral Infections 467 James Christopher Clegg 25.1 Introduction 467 25.2 Natural history of arenaviruses 468 25.3 Predicted climate changes 470 25.4 Arenaviral diseases and climate change 471 References 473 26 Emerging And Reemerging Human Bunyavirus Infections And Climate Change 477 Laura J. Sutherland, Assaf Anyamba, and A. Desiree LaBeaud 26.1 Introduction 478 26.2 Bunyaviridae family 478 26.3 Climate Change and Bunyaviridae: Climatic influences on transmission cycles and subsequent risk for transmission of bunyaviruses 482 26.4 Disease spread due to growing geographic distribution of competent vectors 485 26.5 using climate as a means for outbreak prediction 486 26.6 Future problems 489 References 489 27 Emerging Trend Of Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, And Rotavi ruses In Human Viral Gastroenteritis 495 Daniel Cowley, Celeste Donato, and Carl D. Kirkwood 27.1 Introduction 496 27.2 Emerging trends in rotaviruses 497 27.3 Emerging trends in enteric adenoviruses 501 27.4 Emerging trends in astroviruses 504 28 Emerging Human Norovirus Infections 517 Melissa K. Jones, Shu Zhu, and Stephanie M. Karst 28.1 Introduction 517 28.2 Norovirus epidemiology 518 28.3 Features of norovirus outbreaks 519 28.4 Clinical features of norovirus infection 521 28.5 Host Susceptibility 522 28.6 Effect of increased size of immunocompromised population 522 28.7 Effect of globalization of the food market on norovirus spread 523 28.8 Effect of climate change 525 References 525 29 Emergence Of Novel Viruses (Toscana, Usutu) In Population And Climate Change 535 Mari Paz Sánchez-Seco Fariñas and Ana Vazquez 29.1 Introduction 536 29.2 TOSV 536 29.3 USUV 542 29.4 Conclusions 550 30 Borna Disease Virus And The Search For Human Infection 557 Kathryn M. Carbone and Juan Carlos de la Torre 30.1 Introduction 558 30.2 Long-standing controversy around bdv as a human pathogen 559 30.3 A negative is impossible to prove, but do we have enough evidence to stop looking? 560 30.4 Recent improvements in testing for evidence of bdv in human samples 562 30.4.1 Serology 562 30.4.2 Nucleic acid tests 563 30.5 The possibilities for clinical expression of human bdv infection are myriad and almost impossible to predict 563 30.6 Epidemiology: the “new” frontier of human bdv studies? 565 30.7 Where do we go from here? 566 Acknowledgement 568 References 568 31 Tick-Transmitted Viruses And Climate Change 573 Agustín Estrada-Peña, Zdenek Hubálek, and Ivo Rudolf 31.1 Introduction 574 31.2 Ticks in nature 575 31.3 Family Flaviviridae 576 31.4 Family Bunyaviridae 583 31.5 Family Reoviridae 590 31.5.1 Colorado tick fever virus 590 31.5.2 Kemerovo virus 590 31.5.3 Tribeè virus 591 31.6 Family Orthomyxoviridae 591 31.6.1 Thogoto virus 591 31.6.2 Dhori virus 592 31.7 Other tick-transmitted viruses 592 31.8 Conclusions 592 Acknowledgements 594 References 594 32 The Tick–Virus Interface 603 Kristin L. McNally and Marshall E. Bloom 32.1 Introduction 604 32.2 Viruses within the tick vector 605 32.3 Saliva-assisted transmission 609 32.4 Summary and future directions 611 Acknowledgements 612 References 612 Index 617

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Book SynopsisProvides an overview of the biology of microsporidia. This book combines background and basic information on microsporidia with descriptive methods and resources for working with the pathogen. It deals with general methodologies as well as special techniques related to these organisms.Trade Review“This book represents a massive undertaking, involved 47 contributors, is splendidly produced and illustrated, and is surely destined to be the reference on the phylum for the foreseeable future. It really opened my eyes to the enormous diversity and importance of these “newcomers” to kingdom Fungi, and I have no doubt that most mycologists will have a similar reaction.” (IMA Fungus, 1 December 2014) Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1. Structure of Microsporidia 1 Jiří Vávra and J. I. Ronny Larsson 2. Developmental Morphology and Life Cycles of the Microsporidia 71 Ann Cali and Peter M. Takvorian 3. Epidemiology of Microsporidia in Human Infections 135 Ronald Fayer and Monica Santin-Duran 4. Epizootiology of Microsporidiosis in Invertebrate Hosts 165 Leellen F. Solter 5. Phylogenetic Place of Microsporidia in the Tree of Eukaryotes 195 Patrick J. Keeling 6. Phylogeny of the Microsporidia 203 Charles R. Vossbrinck, Bettina A. Debrunner-Vossbrinck and Louis M. Weiss 7. Microsporidian Genome Structure and Function 221 Patrick J. Keeling, Naomi M. Fast and Nicolas Corradi 8. Sex and the Microsporidia 231 Soo Chan Lee, Joseph Heitman and Joseph E. Ironside 9. Microsporidian Biochemistry and Physiology 245 Bryony A. P. Williams, Viacheslav V. Dolgikh and Yuliya Y. Sokolova 10. The Microsporidian Polar Tube and Spore Wall 261 Louis M. Weiss, Frédéric Delbac, J. Russell Hayman, Guoqing Pan, Xiaoqun Dang and Zeyang Zhou 11. The Immunology of Microsporidiosis in Mammals 307 Elizabeth S. Didier and Imtiaz A. Khan 12. Mammalian Animal Models of Human Microsporidiosis 327 Elizabeth S. Didier 13. Microsporidia Infections in Caenorhabditis elegans and Other Nematodes 341 Malina A. Bakowski, Robert J. Luallen and Emily R. Troemel 14. The Zebrafish as a Model for Microsporidiosis 357 Justin L. Sanders and Michael L. Kent 15. Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis 371 Louis M. Weiss 16. Ocular Microsporidiosis 403 Savitri Sharma, Praveen K. Balne and Sujata Das 17. Laboratory Diagnosis of Microsporidia 421 Kaya Ghosh, David Schwartz and Louis M. Weiss 18. Culture and Propagation of Microsporidia 457 Robert Molestina, James J. Becnel and Louis M. Weiss 19. Microsporidia in Higher Vertebrates 469 Karen F. Snowden 20. Microsporidia in Fish 493 Michael L. Kent, Ross W. Shaw and Justin L. Sanders 21. Microsporidia in Insects 521 James J. Becnel and Theodore G. Andreadis 22. Microsporidia, Honeybees, and Colony Collapse Disorder 571 Ingemar Fries 23. Microsporidia in Aquatic Invertebrates 579 Grant D. Stentiford and Alison M. Dunn 24. The Primitive Microsporidia 605 J. I. Ronny Larsson 25. Microsporidia Biological Control Agents and Pathogens of Beneficial Insects 635 Susan Bjørnson and David Oi Appendix A. Checklist of Available Generic Names for Microsporidia with Type Species and Type Hosts 671 James J. Becnel, Peter M. Takvorian and Ann Cali Appendix B. MicrosporidiaDB: the Functional Genomic Resource for Microsporidia 687 Omar S. Harb (on behalf of the EuPathDB group) Index 695

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Book SynopsisEndodontic Microbiology, Second Edition presents a comprehensive reference to the microbiology, pathogenesis, management, and healing of endodontic pathosis, emphasizing the importance of biological sciences in understanding and managing endodontic disease and its interaction with systemic health.Table of ContentsContributors ix Preface xi Preface to the First Edition xiii 1 Microbial Perspectives in the Twenty-First Century 1William Wade 2 Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Global Impact of Endodontic Infections 11Dag Ørstavik 3 Microbiology of Dental Caries and Dentinal Tubule Infection 25Robert M. Love and Anne C.R. Tanner 4 Culture-Based Analysis of Endodontic Infections 51Gunnar Dahlén 5 Molecular Analysis of Endodontic Infections 81José F. Siqueira, Jr, and Isabela N. Rôças 6 Extraradicular Endodontic Infections 129Brenda P. F. A. Gomes and Ericka T. Pinheiro 7 Virulence of Endodontic Bacterial Pathogens 149Christine Sedgley 8 Viruses in Endodontic Pathosis 179Mohamed Sabeti 9 Fungi in Endodontic Infections 197Bilge Hakan Sen and B. Güniz Baksi 10 Severe Head and Neck Infections 231Jaime S. Brahim and Robert A. Ord 11 Endodontic Infections and Pain 251Anibal Diogenes and Ken M. Hargreaves 12 Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontic Infections 269Ashraf F. Fouad 13 Topical Antimicrobials in Endodontics 287Anil Kishen 14 Endodontic Infections in Incompletely Developed Teeth 311George T.J. Huang, Domenico Ricucci, and Louis M. Lin 15 Prognosis of Healing in Treated Teeth with Endodontic Infections 341Shimon Friedman 16 Endodontic Infections and Systemic Disease 385Ashraf F. Fouad Glossary 409 Index 413

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the community of microbial species (the microbiota, microbiome), which inhabits the large bowel of humans. Written from the perspective of an academic who has been familiar with the topic for 40 years, it provides a long-term perspective of knowledge about this high profile and fast-moving topic.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 References 4 2 Prime Facts 7 Summary 14 Explanation of Terms 15 References 16 3 A Sense of Community 19 Summary 33 Explanation of Terms 33 References 35 4 Assembling Communities 39 Summary 55 Explanation of Terms 55 References 56 5 Bowel Society 63 References 69 6 Chemostat Bowel 71 Summary 82 Explanation of Terms 82 References 83 7 Revealing Secret Lives 87 Summary 98 Explanation of terms 98 References 101 8 Remembrance of Microbes Past 105 Summary 111 References 112 9 Out of Tune: Dysbiosis 115 Summary 130 Explanation of Terms 130 References 132 10 We may be Lost, but we’re Making Good Time 139 Particularly Important Considerations 143 Running Out of Fuel? 145 The End of the Journey 146 References 146 Addendum: A Brief Summary of Technological Aspects of ]omics 149 General Features of Nucleic Acid-based Technology 149 Older Electrophoretic Methods for Screening Microbiota Compositions 150 Fluorescent Probes (FISH/FC) 151 Measuring the Abundance of Bacterial Groups by qPCR 152 Using DNA Chips to Screen Microbiota Compositions 153 Detailed Phylogenetic Analysis 154 Metagenomics: Determining the Functional Capacity of Microbiotas 155 Metatranscriptomics: Microbiota Biochemical Pathways in Action 156 Metaproteomics 157 Metabolomics 157 Summary 158 References 159 Index 163

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the triumph of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry over the past decade and provides insight into new and expanding technologies through a comprehensive range of short chapters that enable the reader to gauge their current status and how they may progress over the next decade. This book serves as a platform to consolidate current strengths of the technology and highlight new frontiers in tandem MS/MS that are likely to eventually supersede MALDI-TOF MS. Chapters discuss:Challenges of IdentifyingMycobacterium to the Species level Identification of Bacteroides and Other ClinicallyRelevant AnaerobesIdentification of Species inMixed Microbial PopulationsDetection of ResistanceMechanismsProteomics as a biomarkerdiscovery and validation platformDetermination of AntimicrobialResistance using Tandem Mass SpectrometryTable of ContentsList of Contributors xxi Preface xxix Part I MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 1 1 A Paradigm Shift from Research to Front]Line Microbial Diagnostics in MALDI]TOF and LC]MS/MS: A Laboratory’s Vision and Relentless Resolve to Help Develop and Implement This New Technology amidst Formidable Obstacles 3Haroun N. Shah and Saheer E. Gharbia 2 Criteria for Development of MALDI]TOF Mass Spectral Database 39Markus Kostrzewa and Thomas Maier 3 Applications of MALDI]TOF Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Diagnostic Microbiology 55Onya Opota, Guy Prod’hom and Gilbert Greub 4 The Challenges of Identifying Mycobacterium to the Species Level using MALDI]TOF MS 93 5 Transformation of Anaerobic Microbiology since the Arrival of MALDI]TOF Mass Spectrometry 123Elisabeth Nagy, Mariann Abrok, Edith Urban, A.C.M. Veloo, Arie Jan van Winkelhoff, Itaru Dekio, Saheer E. Gharbia and Haroun N. Shah 6 Differentiation of Closely Related Organisms using MALDI]TOF MS 147Mark A. Fisher 7 Identification of Species in Mixed Microbial Populations using MALDI]TOF MS 167Pierre Mahe, Maud Arsac, Nadine Perrot, Marie]Helene Charles, Patrick Broyer, Jay Hyman, John Walsh, Sonia Chatellier, Victoria Girard, Alex van Belkum, and Jean]Baptiste Veyrieras 8 Microbial DNA Analysis by MALDI]TOF Mass Spectrometry 187 9 Impact of MALDI]TOF MS in Clinical Mycology; Progress and Barriers in Diagnostics 211Cledir R. Santos, Elaine Francisco, Mariana Mazza, Ana Carolina B. Padovan, Arnaldo Colombo and Nelson Lima 10 Development and Application of MALDI]TOF for Detection of Resistance Mechanisms 231Stefan Zimmermann and Irene Burckhardt 11 Discrimination of Burkholderia Species, Brucella Biovars, Francisella tularensis and Other Taxa at the Subspecies Level by MALDI]TOF Mass Spectrometry 249Axel Karger 12 MALDI]TOF]MS Based on Ribosomal Protein Coding in S10]spc]alpha Operons for Proteotyping 269Hiroto Tamura Part II Tandem MS/MS-Based Approaches to Microbial Characterization 311 13 Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis as an Approach to Delineate Genetically Related Taxa 313Raju V. Misra, Tom Gaulton, Nadia Ahmod, Min Fang, Martin Hornshaw, Jenny Ho, Saheer E. Gharbia and Haroun N. Shah 14 Mapping of the Proteogenome of Clostridium difficile Isolates of Varying Virulence 379Caroline H. Chilton, Saheer E. Gharbia, Raju V. Misra, Min Fang, Ian R. Poxton, Peter S. Borriello and Haroun N. Shah 15 Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance using Tandem MassSpectrometry 399Ajit J. Shah, Vlad Serafim, Zhen Xu, Hermine Mkrtchyan and Haroun N. Shah 16 Proteotyping: Tandem Mass Spectrometry Shotgun Proteomic Characterization and Typing of Pathogenic Microorganisms 419Roger Karlsson, Lucia Gonzales]Siles, Fredrik Boulund, Asa Lindgren, Liselott Svensson]Stadler, Anders Karlsson, Erik Kristiansson and Edward R.B. Moore 17 Proteogenomics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis Infections 451Liang Yang and Song Lin Chua 18 Top]Down Proteomics in the Study of Microbial Pathogenicity 493Joseph Gault, Egor Vorontsov, Mathieu Dupre, Valeria Calvaresi, Magalie Duchateau, Diogo B. Lima, Christian Malosse and Julia Chamot]Rooke 19 Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Resolving Complex Gut Microbiota Functions 505Carolin Kolmeder, Kaarina Lahteenmaki, Pirjo Wacklin, Annika Kotovuori, Ilja Ritamo, Jaana Matto, Willem M. de Vos, and Leena Valmu 20 Proteogenomics of Non]model Microorganisms 529Jean Armengaud 21A Analysis of MALDI]TOF MS Spectra using the BioNumerics Software 539Katleen Vranckx, Katrien De Bruyne and Bruno Pot 21B Subtyping of Staphylococcus spp. Based upon MALDI]TOF MS Data Analysis 563Zhen Xu, Ali Olkun, Katleen Vranckx, Hermine V. Mkrtchyan, Ajit J. Shah, Bruno Pot, Ronald R. Cutler and Haroun N. Shah 21C Elucidating the Intra]Species Proteotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Cystic Fibrosis 579Ali Olkun, Ajit J. Shah and Haroun N. Shah References 588 Index 593

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Book SynopsisPraised forits clarity of presentation and accessibility, Introduction to Modern Virology has been a successful student text for over 30 years.Table of ContentsPreface xvii About the companion website xix Part I The Nature of Viruses 1 Chapter 1 Towards a definition of a virus 3 1.1 Discovery of viruses 4 1.2 Multiplication of viruses 5 1.3 The virus multiplication cycle 6 1.4 Viruses can be defined in chemical terms 7 1.5 Multiplication of bacterial and animal viruses is fundamentally similar 10 1.6 Viruses can be manipulated genetically 11 1.7 Properties of viruses 11 1.8 Origin of viruses 12 Key points 12 Further reading 12 Chapter 2 The structure of virus particles 13 2.1 Virus particles are constructed from subunits 13 2.2 The structure of filamentous viruses and nucleoproteins 14 2.3 The structure is of isometric virus particles 15 2.4 Enveloped (membrane-bound) virus particles 24 2.5 Virus particles with head-tail morphology 27 2.6 Frequency of occurrence of different virus particle morphologies 28 2.7 Principles of disassemply: virus particles are metastable 28 Key points 29 Further reading 29 Chapter 3 Classification of viruses 30 3.1 Classification on the basis of disease 30 3.2 Classification on the basis of host organism 31 3.3 Classification on the basis of virus particle morphology 31 3.4 Classification on the basis of viral nucleic acids 32 3.5 Classification on the basis of taxonomy 34 3.6 Satellites, viroids and prions 35 Key points 37 Further reading 38 Chapter 4 The evolution of viruses 39 4.1 Mechanisms of virus evolution 40 4.2 The potential for rapid evolution: mutation and quasispecies 40 4.3 Rapid evolution: recombination 43 4.4 Rapid evolution: reassortment 43 4.5 Evolution to find a host, and subsequent co-evolution with the host 46 Key points 51 Questions 51 Further reading 51 Chapter 5 Techniques for studying viruses 52 5.1 Culturing wild virus isolates 52 5.2 Enumeration of viruses 54 5.3 Measuring infectious virus titres 55 5.4 Measuring physical virus titres 57 5.5 Detecting virus in a sample 58 5.6 Understanding virus replication cycles 62 5.7 Viral genetics and reverse genetics 63 5.8 Systems-level virology 63 Key points 65 Questions 65 Further reading 65 Part II Virus Growth in Cells 67 Chapter 6 The process of infection: I. Virus attachment and entry into cells 69 6.1 Infection of animal cells: the nature and importance of receptors 69 6.2 Infection of animal cells: enveloped viruses 73 6.3 Infection of animal cells: non-enveloped viruses 78 6.4 Infection of plant cells 80 6.5 Infection of bacteria 81 6.6 Infection of cells: post-entry events 82 6.7 Virus entry: cell culture and the whole organism 84 Key points 84 Questions 84 Further reading 85 Chapter 7 The process of infection: IIA. The replication of viral DNA 86 7.1 The universal mechanism of DNA synthesis 87 7.2 Replication of circular double-stranded DNA genomes 90 7.3 Replication of linear double-stranded DNA genomes that can form circles 93 7.4 Replication of linear double-stranded DNA genomes that do not circularize 96 7.5 Replication of single-stranded circular DNA genomes 100 7.6 Replication of single-stranded linear DNA genomes 100 7.7 Dependency versus autonomy among DNA viruses 103 Key points 103 Questions 103 Further reading 103 Chapter 8 The process of infection: IIB. Genome replication in RNA viruses 105 8.1 Nature and diversity of RNA virus genomes 106 8.2 Regulatory elements for RNA virus genome synthesis 106 8.3 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 3 viruses 111 8.4 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 4 viruses 111 8.5 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 5 viruses 115 8.6 Synthesis of the RNA genome of viroids and hepatitis delta virus 118 Key points 119 Questions 119 Further reading 119 Chapter 9 The process of infection: IIC. The replication of RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate and vice versa 121 9.1 The retrovirus replication cycle 122 9.2 Discovery of reverse transcription 122 9.3 Retroviral reverse transcriptase 123 9.4 Mechanism of retroviral reverse transcription 125 9.5 Integration of retroviral DNA into cell DNA 128 9.6 Production of retrovirus progeny genomes 130 9.7 Spumaviruses: retrovirus with unusual features 131 9.8 The hepadnavirus replication cycle 131 9.9 Mechanism of hepadnavirus reverse transcription 131 9.10 Comparing reverse transcribing viruses 134 Key points 134 Questions 134 Further reading 135 Chapter 10 The process of infection: IIIA. Gene expression in DNA viruses and reverse-transcribing viruses 136 10.1 The DNA viruses and retroviruses: Baltimore classes 1, 2, 6 and 7 137 10.2 Polyomaviruses 138 10.3 Papillomaviruses 142 10.4 Adenoviruses 144 10.5 Herpesviruses 147 10.6 Poxviruses 149 10.7 Parvoviruses 149 10.8 Retroviruses 150 10.9 Hepadnaviruses 153 10.10 DNA bacteriophages 154 Key points 154 Questions 155 Further reading 155 Chapter 11 The process of infection: IIIB. Gene expression and its regulation in RNA viruses 156 11.1 The RNA viruses: Baltimore classes 3, 4 and 5 157 11.2 Reoviruses 158 11.3 Picornaviruses 163 11.4 Alphaviruses 164 11.5 Coronaviruses 166 11.6 Negative sense RNA viruses with segmented genomes 169 11.7 Orthomyxoviruses 169 11.8 Arenaviruses 173 11.9 Negative sense RNA viruses with non-segmented, single stranded genomes: rhabdoviruses and paramyxoviruses 174 Key points 177 Questions 178 Further reading 178 Chapter 12 The process of infection: IV. The assembly of viruses 179 12.1 Self-assembly from mature virion components 180 12.2 Assembly of viruses with a helical structure 180 12.3 Assembly of viruses with an isometric structure 184 12.4 Assembly of complex viruses 187 12.5 Sequence-dependent and -independent packaging of virus DNA in virus particles 189 12.6 The assembly of enveloped viruses 190 12.7 Segmented virus genomes: the acquisition of multiple nucleic acid molecules 194 12.8 Maturation of virus particles 195 Key points 196 Questions 197 Further reading 197 Part III Virus Interactions with the Whole Organism 199 Chapter 13 Innate and intrinsic immunity 201 13.1 Innate immune responses in vertebrates – discovery of interferon 202 13.2 Induction of type 1 interferon responses 203 13.3 Virus countermeasures to innate immunity 207 13.4 TRIM proteins and immunity 209 13.5 Intrinsic resistance to viruses in vertebrates 210 13.6 Innate and intrinsic immunity and the outcome of infection 212 13.7 RNAi is an important antiviral mechanism in invertebrates and plants 212 13.8 Detecting and signalling infection in invertebrates and plants 214 13.9 Virus resistance mechanisms in bacteria and archaea 215 Key points 216 Questions 217 References 217 Chapter 14 The adaptive immune response 218 14.1 General features of the adaptive immune system 219 14.2 Cell-mediated immunity 221 14.3 Antibody-mediated humoral immunity 226 14.4 Virus evasion of adaptive immunity 232 14.5 Age and adaptive immunity 233 14.6 Interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems 233 Key points 234 Questions 236 Further reading 236 Chapter 15 Interactions between animal viruses and cells 237 15.1 Acutely cytopathogenic infections 238 15.2 Persistent infections 238 15.3 Latent infections 241 15.4 Transforming infections 243 15.5 Abortive infections 243 15.6 Null infections 244 15.7 How do animal viruses kill cells? 244 Key points 246 Questions 247 Further reading 247 Chapter 16 Animal virus–host interactions 248 16.1 Cause and effect: Koch’s postulates 248 16.2 A classification of virus–host interactions 249 16.3 Acute infections 252 16.4 Subclinical infections 253 16.5 Persistent and chronic infections 254 16.6 Latent infections 256 16.7 Slowly progressive diseases 257 16.8 Virus-induced tumours 258 Key points 259 Questions 260 Further reading 260 Chapter 17 Mechanisms in virus latency 261 17.1 The latent interaction of virus and host 261 17.2 Gene expression and the lytic and lysogenic life of bacteriophage λ 263 17.3 Herpes simplex virus latency 270 17.4 Epstein-Barr virus latency 274 17.5 Latency in other herpesviruses 275 17.6 HIV-1 latency 277 Key points 277 Questions 278 Further reading 278 Chapter 18 Transmission of viruses 279 18.1 Virus transmission cycles 279 18.2 Barriers to transmission 281 18.3 Routes of horizontal transmission in animals 282 18.4 Vertical transmission 285 18.5 Vector-borne viruses and zoonotic transmission 287 18.6 Epidemiology of virus infections 289 18.7 Sustaining infection in populations 290 Key points 291 Questions 291 Further reading 291 Part IV Viruses and Human Disease 293 Chapter 19 Human viral disease: an overview 295 19.1 A survey of human viral pathogens 295 19.2 Factors affecting the relative incidence of viral disease 297 19.3 Factors determining the nature and severity of viral disease 299 19.4 Common signs and symptoms of viral infection 301 19.5 Acute viral infection 1: gastrointestinal infections 302 19.6 Acute viral infection 2: respiratory infections 304 19.7 Acute viral infection 3: systemic spread 306 19.8 Acute viral disease: conclusions 306 Key points 307 Questions 308 Further reading 308 Chapter 20 Influenza virus infection 309 20.1 The origins of human influenza viruses 309 20.2 Influenza virus replication 315 20.3 Influenza virus infection and disease 316 20.4 Virus determinants of disease 321 20.5 Host factors in influenza virus disease 322 20.6 The immune response and influenza virus 323 20.7 Anti-influenza treatment 324 Key points 325 Questions 326 Further reading 326 Chapter 21 HIV and AIDS 327 21.1 Origins and spread of the HIV pandemic 327 21.2 Molecular biology of HIV 330 21.3 HIV transmission and tropism 338 21.4 Course of HIV infection: pathogenesis and disease 339 21.5 Immunological abnormalities during HIV infection 342 21.6 Prevention and control of HIV infection 343 Key points 345 Questions 346 Further reading 346 Chapter 22 Viral hepatitis 347 22.1 The signs and symptoms of hepatitis 347 22.2 Hepatitis A virus infections 349 22.3 Hepatitis E virus infections 350 22.4 Hepatitis B virus infections 352 22.5 Hepatitis D virus infections 355 22.6 Hepatitis C virus infections 356 Key points 359 Questions 361 Further reading 361 Chapter 23 Vector-borne infections 362 23.1 Arboviruses and their hosts 362 23.2 Yellow fever virus 363 23.3 Dengue virus 367 23.4 Chikungunya virus 369 23.5 West Nile virus in the USA 372 Key points 375 Questions 375 Further reading 375 Chapter 24 Exotic and emerging viral infections 376 24.1 Ebola and Marburg viruses: emerging filoviruses 377 24.2 Hendra and Nipah viruses: emerging paramyxoviruses 381 24.3 SARS and MERS: emerging coronaviruses 383 24.4 Predicting the future: clues from analysis of the genomes of previously unknown viruses 386 Key points 386 Questions 386 Further reading 387 Chapter 25 Carcinogenesis and tumour viruses 388 25.1 Immortalization, transformation and tumourigenesis 389 25.2 Oncogenic viruses 390 25.3 Polyomaviruses, papillomaviruses and adenoviruses: the small DNA tumour viruses as experimental models 394 25.4 Papillomaviruses and human cancer 398 25.5 Polyomaviruses and human cancer 399 25.6 Herpesvirus involvement in human cancers 400 25.7 Retroviruses as experimental model tumour viruses 402 25.8 Retroviruses and naturally-occurring tumours 404 25.9 Hepatitis viruses and liver cancer 405 25.10 Prospects for the control of virus-associated cancers 406 Key points 407 Questions 408 Further reading 408 Chapter 26 Vaccines and immunotherapy: the prevention of virus diseases 409 26.1 The principles of vaccination 411 26.2 Whole virus vaccines 412 26.3 Advantages, disadvantages and difficulties associated with whole virus vaccines 415 26.4 Subunit vaccines 420 26.5 Advantages, disadvantages and difficulties associated with subunit vaccines 421 26.6 Considerations for the generation and use of vaccines 422 26.7 Adverse reactions and clinical complications with vaccines 423 26.8 Eradication of virus diseases by vaccination 425 26.9 Immunotherapy for virus infections 428 26.10 Adverse reactions and clinical complications with immunotherapy 429 Key points 429 Questions 430 Further reading 430 Chapter 27 Antiviral therapy 431 27.1 Scope and limitations of antiviral therapy 431 27.2 Antiviral therapy for herpesvirus infections 432 27.3 Antiviral therapy for influenza virus infections 434 27.4 Antiviral therapy for HIV infections 435 27.5 Antiviral therapy for hepatitis virus infections 439 27.6 Therapy for other virus infections 440 Key Points 441 Questions 441 Further Reading 442 Chapter 28 Prion diseases 443 28.1 The spectrum of prion diseases 443 28.2 The prion hypothesis 444 28.3 The aetiology of prion diseases 447 28.4 Prion disease pathogenesis 448 28.5 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 451 28.6 BSE and the emergence of variant CJD 453 28.7 Concerns about variant CJD in the future 454 28.8 Unresolved issues 455 Key points 456 Questions 456 Further reading 456 Part V Virology – The Wider Context 459 Chapter 29 The economic impact of viruses 461 29.1 The economics of virus infections of humans 462 29.2 The economics of virus infections of animals 464 29.3 The economics of virus infections of plants 466 29.4 The Netherlands tulip market crash 469 Key points 470 Further reading 470 Chapter 30 Recombinant viruses: making viruses work for us 472 30.1 Recombinant viruses as vaccines 473 30.2 Recombinant viruses for gene therapy 474 30.3 Retroviral vectors for gene therapy 476 30.4 Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy 478 30.5 Parvovirus vectors for gene therapy 480 30.6 Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy 480 30.7 Recombinant viruses in the laboratory 482 Key points 482 Questions 482 Further reading 483 Chapter 31 Viruses: shaping the planet 484 31.1 Virus infections can give a host an evolutionary advantage 484 31.2 Endogenous retroviruses and host biology 485 31.3 Bacteriophage can be pathogenicity determinants for their hosts 488 31.4 Cyanophage impacts on carbon fixation and oceanic ecosystems 488 31.5 Virology and society: for good or ill 489 Key points 490 Questions 490 Further reading 490 Index 491

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Book SynopsisMedical Microbiology and Infection Lecture Notes is ideal for medical students, junior doctors, pharmacy students, junior pharmacists, nurses, and those training in the allied health professions. It presents a thorough introduction and overview of this core subject area, and has been fully revised and updated to include: Chapters written by leading experts reflecting current research and teaching practice New chapters covering Diagnosis of Infections and Epidemiology and Prevention& Management of Infections Integrated full-colour illustrations and clinical images A self-assessment section to test understanding Whether you need to develop your knowledge for clinical practice, or refresh that knowledge in the run up to examinations, Medical Microbiology and Infection Lecture Notes will help foster a systematic approach to the clinical situation for all medical studeTable of ContentsPreface v Contributors vii Basic microbiology 1 Basic bacteriology 3 Peter Lambert 2 Classification of bacteria 12 Peter Lambert 3 Staphylococci 16 Tom Elliott and Peter Lambert 4 Streptococci and enterococcci 20 Anna Casey 5 Clostridia 26 Tony Worthington 6 Other Gram-positive bacteria 30 Anna Casey 7 Gram-negative cocci 36 Jonathan Sandoe 8 Enterobacteriaceae 40 Peter Lambert 9 Haemophilus and other fastidious Gram-negative bacteria 45 Jonathan Sandoe 10 Pseudomonas, Legionella and other environmental Gram-negative bacilli 51 Peter Lambert 11 Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Vibrio 54 Martin Skirrow, Cliodna McNulty and Tom Elliott 12 Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira 58 Susan O’Connell 13 Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria 62 Peter Lambert 14 Chlamydiaceae, Rickettsia, Coxiella, Mycoplasmataceae and Anaplasmataceae 64 Jonathan Sandoe 15 Basic virology 69 Peter Mackie 16 Major virus groups 75 Peter Mackie 17 Basic mycology and classification of fungi 93 Elizabeth Johnson 18 Parasitology: protozoa 101 Peter Chiodini 19 Parasitology: helminths 112 Peter Chiodini Antimicrobial agents 20 Antibacterial agents 127 Peter Lambert 21 Antifungalagents 144 ElizabethJohnson 22 Antiviral agents 147 Eleni Nastouli Infection 23 Diagnostic laboratory methods 157 Tony Worthington 24 Epidemiology and prevention of infection 167 Barry Cookson 25 Upper respiratory tract infections 177 Jonathan Sandoe 26 Lower respiratory tract infections 183 Shruti Khurana 27 Tuberculosis and mycobacteria 189 Sumeet Singhania 28 Gastrointestinal infections 193 Tariq Iqbal 29 Liver and biliary tract infections 202 David Mutimer 30 Urinary tract infections 207 Chris Catchpole 31 Genital infections 210 Kaveh Manavi 32 Infections of the central nervous system 220 Erwin Brown 33 Bacteraemia and bloodstream infections 229 Tom Elliott 34 Device-related infections 233 Tom Elliott 35 Cardiovascular infections 238 Richard Watkin 36 Bone and joint infections 241 Jonathan Sandoe 37 Skin and soft-tissue infections 246 Supriya Narasimhan and Rabih Darouiche 38 Infections in the compromised host 257 Tom Elliott 39 Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria 260 David Livermore 40 Perinatal and congenital infections 264 James Gray 41 Human immunodeficiency virus 271 Kaveh Manavi 42 Miscellaneous viral infections 277 John Cheesbrough Self-assessment Self-assessment questions 285 Answers to self-assessment questions 300 General subject index 309 Organism index 317

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Book SynopsisNeurovirology is an interdisciplinary field representing a melding of virology, clinical neuroscience, molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic virology, molecular biology, and immunology. Neuroviral Infections: General Principles and DNA Viruses covers recent developments in the area of neuroviral infections and discusses their role in related fields such as immunology, cell biology, and molecular biology. It offers a complete discussion of the major neuroviral infections caused by DNA viruses, including information on emerging basic principles, neuroviral infections, and future challenges in virology. Table of ContentsPrinciples of Viral Infections of the Nervous System: Neuroviral Infections: A Historical Perspective. Neuroviral Infections and Immunity. Controlling Neuroinflammation: Lessons from Rabies Virus. Laboratory Diagnosis of CNS Viral Infections. New Trends in Antiviral Therapy of CNS Infections. Animal Models of Viral Encephalitis. Neurotropic DNA Viruses and their Diseases: Herpes Simplex Virus and Human CNS Infections. CNS, Neurological Infections Caused by the Herpesvirus Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), and Models of VZV Neurotropism. Epstein–Barr Virus and CNS Infections. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection. Human Herpesvirus 6A, 6B, and 7 Encephalitis. The Human Polyomavirus JC and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.

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Book SynopsisViral transmission through contaminated food and water claims hundreds of thousands of lives every year, particularly affecting children in developing nations. Foodborne viral pathogens are associated with gastroenteritis and hepatitis, causing widespread epidemics that affect all populations and demographics worldwide. Foodborne Viral Pathogens comprehensively covers the predominant etiological viral agents of foodborne disease, including norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, astrovirus, sapovirus and rotavirus, and several emerging viruses and prions. By improving food safety awareness and viral detection, and through promotion of global food safety standards, our ability to cope with and control foodborne disease will be enhanced. Foodborne Viral Pathogens includes a detailed review of the molecular biology, potential vaccines, and available antiviral treatments of all major foodborne viral pathogens and prions. WritteTable of ContentsNEW TECHNOLOGIES, RISK ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF VIRAL FOODBORNE ILLNESS. Introduction. Next Generation Sequencing, What Has It Told Us So Far? New Technologies for Viral Diagnosis and Detection, Using Enteroviruses as an Example. Measuring and Minimizing Health Impacts of Foodborne Viruses: A Targeting Tool for Risk Reduction. Strategies for Control of Food- and Waterborne Viruses. IMPORTANT AGENTS IN FOODBORNE VIRAL INFECTIONS. Norovirus and Sapovirus. Hepatitis A Virus. Hepatitis E Virus, an Etiological Agent of Foodborne and Waterborne Hepatitis. Astroviruses. Rotavirus. Emerging Foodborne Pathogenic Kobuvirus, Picobirnavirus, and Torovirus. Prions

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Book SynopsisYour ability to fight off infections and viruses is determined by your immune system. It may be that you fall ill more frequently than those around you. But this is not something you just have to live with - your immune resilience can be improved.Clinical nutritionist Romilly Hodges offers science-based nutritional and lifestyle advice on how to build your immune resilience.Exploring how our bodies protect us from disease, Immune Resilience will allow you to identify ways you can build your body''s defences. A personalised programme covering diet, lifestyle and stress will help you achieve this. Did you know that sleep is connected to immune memory? And that good germs increase your immunity? You can even undertake exercises that boost immunity.With healthy recipes, a supplements guide and information on specific infections, Immune Resilience allows you to take control of your health.

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Book Synopsis**A NEW YORK TIMES BOOK OF THE YEAR 2022 and FINANCIAL TIMES BEST BOOK OF 2023***Shortlisted for the Royal Society Trivedi Science Book Prize 2023*From the author of Spillover, the book that predicted the pandemic, Breathless is the story of Covid-19 and its fierce journey through the human population, as seen by the scientists tasked with fighting it.Bestelling author David Quammen draws on countless interviews with experts, including leading virologists, to take us inside the global race to understand SARS-CoV-2, it's ever-changing nature and capacity to kill. In doing so, he explains how new viruses emerge when we disrupt ecosystems and suggests why the coronavirus may be here to stay.By peering over the shoulders of the brilliant scientists leading the chase, Breathless uncovers the warnings from infectious diseases experts that went unheeded; and which clues are the most compelling in the hunt for the virus' origin.'A viral howdunnit that is pacy and unafraid to educate readers' Observer'A luminous, passionate account of the defining crisis of our time' New York Times'A classic...a masterpiece' Stanley Prusiner, Nobel Prize Winner'As close to authoritative history as we have... It reads like a real-time thriller' Chicago TribuneTrade ReviewA supernova in among science journalists * Oprah Daily *An expert eye on Covid's past and present [and] a viral howdunnit that is pacy and unafraid to educate readers * Observer *[A] tour de force...A luminous, passionate account of the defining crisis of our time - and the unprecedented international response to it. * The New York Times Book Review *As close to authoritative history - from the virus's origins to vaccines and variants - as we have, told through scientists involved, and the signature ease of Quammen's prose. It reads like a real-time thriller. * Chicago Tribune *Will likely prove to be a classic in the history of science ... a masterpiece * Stanley Prusiner, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine *[An] engrossing, at times breathless, scientific narrative of the COVID-19 * Nature *A frightening and fascinating masterpiece of science reporting that reads like a detective story * Walter Isaacson on Spillover *Fascinating and terrifying, Spillover is a real-life thriller with an outcome that affects us all * Elizabeth Kolbert on Spillover *A tremendous book... this gives you all you need to know and should know. Quammen's research and analysis makes sensationalism unnecessary * Sunday Times on Spillover *Chilling... [A] brilliant, devastating book * Daily Mail on Spillover *Travelling deep into the rainforest with the scientists hoping to identify the next pandemic pathogen, Quammen's book is plotted like a detective thriller * Gaia Vince, Guardian on Spillover *David Quammen might be my favourite living science writer: amiable, erudite, understated, incredibly funny, profoundly humane * New York Magazine on Spillover *Come for the compelling interviews with key scientists, including Anthony Fauci; stay for the deep dive into the wild and unpredictable world of viruses * Financial Times, *Books of the Year* *

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Book SynopsisNoroviruses are responsible for approximately 90% of epidemics worldwide; in particular, non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans around the world, causing approximately 200,000 deaths annually in developing countries. In addition, after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination programs, the norovirus is the most common cause of paediatric gastroenteritis, requiring medical care in the high- and middle-income countries. All of this information is indicative of norovirus prevalence worldwide, and of the necessity of efforts to develop effective tools for their control and prevention. The prevalence of noroviruses worldwide is alarming, and this information is indicative of the necessity for effective tools to aid in their control and prevention. This book presents a compilation of recent research on these aspects, providing essential and specific information to help further understand the prevalence and distribution of norovirus genotypes and strains, the potential emergence of new strains of this pathogen, as well as strategies for their prevention and treatment.

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Book SynopsisThe bubonic plague, smallpox, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and influenza are some of the worst epidemics/pandemics that afflicted human beings from antiquity to modern times, killing millions of people. The mosquito-borne human-infecting viruses, rotavirus, and the seasonal influenza regularly affect lives across continents in the millions. Currently, we are facing various disease-inducing organisms of the Flavivirus family the Yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Zika virus was first isolated from a febrile rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947. It drew out heightened attention following the large number of microcephaly in newborn babies in Latin America in 2015. On 1 February 2016, WHO declared that the association of Zika infection with clusters of microcephaly and other neurological disorders constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Although the severity and number of ZIKV afflicted cases have gone down lately, the public health community worldwide is keeping a watchful eye on it. ZIKV is an enveloped virus with a positive-sense RNA genome that translates into a single polypeptide, which then gets cleaved into three structural and seven nonstructural viral proteins. As compared to the earlier centuries, we have an expanding repertoire of diverse and fast acting technologies available at our hand to manage and mitigate emerging diseases. Completion of the Human Genome Project has given rise to sequencing methods which can quickly determine the genetic sequence of an alarming pathogen. Following Moores law, the power of computers, essential for data analysis and visualization, has grown substantially with time. The combination of genomic data of pathogens, computational modeling methods, and data driven methodologies can lead to a generic approach of surveillance, mitigation, vaccine design as well as new drug discovery for emerging pathogens. The four pillars of this may consist of: a) Epidemiological approaches for the characterization of carriers of next possible emerging pathogens; b) Fast computational sequence comparison methods for the characterization of emerging pathogens to understand how novel or severe they could be; c) Once the sequences of the pathogen have been determined, computer-aided vaccine design (CAVD) methods can be used to suggest a set of probable vaccine candidates for quick synthesis and testing in the laboratory; and d) Computer-assisted design of novel therapeutics and their laboratory testing as well as repurposing of already existing FDA-approved drugs. A combination of different classes of methods in vivo, in vitro and in silico will be needed to tackle suddenly emerging viruses like the Zika virus. As in many other fields of biomedical research, high throughput and low cost in silico technologies may provide the first line of defense against such emerging pathogens providing decision support systems for the judicious applications of medium throughput in vitro methods and low throughput as well as costly in vivo techniques. An emerging trend in many scientific disciplines is a strong tendency of being transformed into some form of information science. The editors of this book sincerely hope that the four-pronged computer-assisted approach described in this book will help in managing and mitigating emerging infectious diseases like Zika.

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Book SynopsisTo mitigate the spread of the rare and deadly disease Ebola, Ebola Virus Disease (EVD): Outbreaks, Control and Prevention Strategies begins with the proposition of a mathematical model with vital dynamics and two preventive measures: quarantine and isolation. Humanitarian issues in Ebola prevention and control are explored, as well as the cultural practices and social norms during outbreaks. Additionally, some innovative approaches in the humanitarian response to prevention and control are discussed. The authors expose the dilemma Ebola poses to within the healthcare system, where healthcare providers are caught between the over-arching quest for self-preservation from a highly virulent disease and the professional demand of prioritising the interests of the patients over self. In conclusion, the authors describe successfully developed drug candidates from their laboratory for the treatment Ebola using EBOV protein structure, such as VP24, VP35, VP40, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein.

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Book SynopsisThe opening study included in West Nile Virus: Outbreaks, Control and Prevention Strategies aims to design and implement an efficient data-driven agent-based model of West Nile virus spread, considering highly-mobile humans with a high level of heterogeneous properties. The authors propose a cellular difference equation model for adoption in West Nile virus-agent-based models. Following this, the authors summarize the envelope domain III protein, its production using various host systems, and applications in the development of West Nile virus vaccines and diagnostics. Lastly, this collection reviews the impacts of West Nile virus on several bird species, and discusses the implications for the long-term survival the Yellow-billed Magpie.Table of ContentsPrefaceMulti-Species, Climate-Driven and Landscape-Based Cellular Difference Equation Model for West Nile Virus: Toward an Agent-Based Model of West Nile Virus SpreadRecombinant Envelope Domain III Protein of West Nile Virus: Recent Developments and ApplicationsImpacts of West Nile Virus on the Yellow-Billed Magpie and Other Birds in Californias Central ValleyIndex.

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Book SynopsisBacterial infections have become more difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat due to antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria develop the ability to defeat the available drugs designed to kill them. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each year, 2 million Americans become sick with antibiotic-resistant infections, and of that, about 23,000 die. This book examines the challenges related to antibiotic resistance, the development and use of diagnostic testing to identify antibiotic resistance, the development of treatments for resistant infections, and appropriate antibiotic use.Table of ContentsPreface; Antibiotic Resistance: Additional Federal Actions Needed to Better Determine Magnitude and Reduce Impact; Combating Superbugs: U.S. Public Health Responses to Antibiotic Resistance; Index.

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Book SynopsisFor readers of Giulia Enders' Gut and Bill Bryson's The Body, a surprising, witty and sparkling exploration of the teeming microbiome of possibility in human feces from microbiologist and science journalist Bryn Nelson.The future is sh*t: the literal kind. For most of human history we've been, well, disinclined to take a closer look at our body's natural product-the complex antihero of this story-save for gleaning some prophecy of our own health. But if we were to take more than a passing look at our poop, we would spy a veritable cornucopia of possibilities. We would see potent medicine, sustainable power, and natural fertilizer to restore the world's depleted lands. We would spy a time capsule of evidence for understanding past lives and murderous ends. We would glimpse effective ways of measuring and improving human health from the cradle to the grave, early warnings of community outbreaks like Covid-19, and new means of identifying environmental harm-and then reversing it.Flush is both an urgent exploration of the world's single most squandered natural resource, and a cri de coeur (or cri de colon?) for the vast, hidden value in our "waste." Award-winning journalist and microbiologist Bryn Nelson, PhD, leads readers through the colon and beyond with infectious enthusiasm, helping to usher in a necessary mental shift that could restore our balance with the rest of the planet and save us from ourselves. Unlocking poop's enormous potential will require us to overcome our shame and disgust and embrace our role as the producers and architects of a more circular economy in which lowly byproducts become our species' salvation. Locked within you is a medicine cabinet, a biogas pipeline, a glass of drinking water, a mound of fuel briquettes; it's time to open the doors (carefully!). A dose of medicine, a glass of water, a gallon of rocket fuel, an acre of soil: sometimes hope arrives in surprising packages.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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