Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisMüssen Sie sich mit Thermodynamik beschäftigen, fürchten sich aber davor und wissen nicht genau, wo und wie Sie anfangen sollen? Dann ist dies das richtige Buch für Sie. Zuerst werden Stoffeigenschaften der Materie verständlich vermittelt. Dann folgen das Energieprinzip, die berühmten Hauptsätze, das Spezialwissen und die Anwendungen. Anschauliche Beispiele aus der Praxis mit vollständigen Lösungen erweitern Ihr Verständnis. Die dort vorgestellten Lösungsstrategien sind universal und befähigen Sie, auch andere Aufgaben zu lösen. Dieses Buch wird Sie der Thermodynamik näherbringen und Ihre Sicht auf das Fach positiv verändern.Table of ContentsEinführung 19 Teil I: Die exakten Grundlagen 25 Kapitel 1: Warum ist die Thermodynamik wichtig 27 Kapitel 2: Betrachtung der Materie mit Feldgrößen 37 Kapitel 3: Makroskopische Betrachtung der Materie 83 Teil II: Stoffgesetze und ihre praktische Anwendung 117 Kapitel 4: Zustandsgleichungen der idealen Gase 119 Kapitel 5: Reale Gase 145 Kapitel 6: In der Nähe des absoluten Nullpunkts 161 Teil III: Energieprinzip, Hauptsätze und Entropie 177 Kapitel 7: Arbeit und Wärme ist Energie 179 Kapitel 8: Energieprinzip und totale Differentiale 187 Kapitel 9: Der erste Hauptsatz für offene Systeme 207 Kapitel 10: Der erste Hauptsatz für geschlossene Systeme 235 Kapitel 11: Entropie und der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 249 Kapitel 12: Dritter und nullter Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 279 Teil IV: Thermodynamische Kreisprozesse 285 Kapitel 13: Grundlagen der Kreisprozesse 287 Kapitel 14: Rechtsläufige Kreisprozesse 297 Kapitel 15: Linksläufige Kreisprozesse 329 Teil V: Wasser und Wasserdampf 343 Kapitel 16: Wasser und Wasserdampf 345 Kapitel 17: Dampfprozesse 373 Teil VI: Chemische Thermodynamik 383 Kapitel 18: Verbrennungsreaktionen 385 Kapitel 19: Erster Hauptsatz für chemisch reagierende Substanzen 399 Kapitel 20: Entropiefunktionen und der zweite Hauptsatz für chemische Reaktionen 411 Teil VII: Der Top-Ten-Teil 435 Kapitel 21: Zehn wichtige Gleichungen 437 Kapitel 22: Zehn Energiebetrachtungen 443 Stichwortverzeichnis 453

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Book SynopsisJeder Studierende braucht Übungsaufgaben - zur Thermodynamik allemal! Gute, gezielte Aufgaben und Übungen tragen enorm zum tieferen Verständnis bei. Selbst wenn es zunächst noch nicht so klappt: In diesem Buch werden die Lösungen der Aufgaben und Beispiele vollständig durchgerechnet, auf Grundbeziehungen zurückgeführt und methodisch erklärt. Nach einigen Beispielen werden Lösungsstrukturen ersichtlich. Das schafft Lösungssicherheit und ein gutes Gefühl vor der nächsten Prüfung.Table of ContentsÜber den Autor 7 Danksagung 7 Einleitung 21 Über dieses Buch 21 Konventionen in diesem Buch 21 Törichte Annahmen über die Leser 22 Wie dieses Buch aufgebaut ist 22 Teil 1: Grundlegendes (Kapitel 1, 2, 3) 23 Teil 2: Fluide, die in Bewegung sind (Kapitel 4, 5, 6, 7) 23 Teil 3: Energiebilanzen mit realen und idealen Gasen (Kapitel 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) 23 Teil 4: Zustandsänderungen der Stoffe (Kapitel 13 und 14) 24 Teil 5: Kreisprozesse mit Gasen und Wasserdampf (Kapitel 15, 16, 17) 24 Top-Ten-Teil (Kapitel 18) 24 Lösungen zu den Übungsaufgaben 24 Symbole, die in diesem Buch verwendet werden 25 Wie es weitergeht 25 TEIL I GRUNDLEGENDES 27 Kapitel 1 Bausteine der Thermodynamik 29 Atome und Moleküle 29 Temperatur 𝜗 und absolute Temperatur T 31 Volumenausdehnungskoeffizienten der Stoffe 33 Der Druck in Flüssigkeiten und Gasen 35 Hydrostatischer Druck in einer Flüssigkeit 36 Den Druck eines Gases mit einem Schrägrohrmanometer messen 40 Norm- und Standardzustand eines Gases 41 Normzustand eines Gases 42 Standardzustand eines Gases43 Die Stoffmenge einer Substanz 43 Das Molvolumen 44 SI-Einheiten 45 Umrechnungstafel der abgeleiteten Einheiten 46 Kohärente und inkohärente Einheiten 46 Übungsaufgaben 47 Aufgabe 1.1: Einheiten umrechnen 47 Aufgabe 1.2: Die Stoffmenge in einem Kilogramm Wasser berechnen 47 Aufgabe 1.3: An einem schrägen U-Rohrschenkel die Ablesegenauigkeit erhöhen 47 Aufgabe 1.4: Eine einfache Druckerhöhung bewerkstelligen 48 Aufgabe 1.5: Den Druckabfall in einer Wasserleitung berechnen 48 Kapitel 2 Wärmekapazitäten 51 Wärmekapazitäten der Gase 51 Mittlere spezifische Wärmekapazitäten 54 Tabellierte mittlere Wärmekapazitäten 56 Wärmekapazitäten der Flüssigkeiten und Festkörper 60 Übersicht: Wärmekapazitäten der Stoffe 61 Experimentelle Bestimmung der Wärmekapazität c𝑝 62 Übungsaufgaben 64 Aufgabe 2.1: Mittlere spezifische Wärmekapazität bei konstantem Volumen 64 Aufgabe 2.2: Warmwasser bereitstellen 65 Aufgabe 2.3: Die Wärmekapazität einer Sodalösung berechnen 65 Kapitel 3 Ideale Gase 67 Eigenschaften eines idealen Gases 67 Die Grundform der idealen Gasgleichung 68 Historische Entwicklung der idealen Gasgleichungen 69 Ideale Gasgleichungen (Thermische Zustandsgleichungen) 71 Übungsaufgaben 79 Aufgabe 3.1: Das Molvolumen aus der Dichte eines Gases berechnen 79 Aufgabe 3.2: Molmasse eines H-Atoms bestimmen 79 Aufgabe 3.3: Stoffmenge eines Salzkristalls 80 Aufgabe 3.4: Massenstrom berechnen 80 Aufgabe 3.5: Luftfederung 81 Aufgabe 3.6: Druckausgleich bei verschiedenen Gasen 81 Aufgabe 3.7: Einen Gasbehälter auf Dichtheit prüfen 82 Aufgabe 3.8: Ein Kilogramm Gas im Normzustand einschließen 82 Aufgabe 3.9: Ein dreistufiger Verdichtungsprozess 83 Aufgabe 3.10: Eine luftgefüllte Stahlflasche kühlt sich ab 83 Aufgabe 3.11: Sauerstoff in Flaschen umfüllen 83 Aufgabe 3.12: Dauerbelastung eines pneumatischen Stoßdämpfers 83 Aufgabe 3.13: Masse und Stoffmenge 84 Aufgabe 3.14: Norm- und Standardzustand 84 Aufgabe 3.15: Außergewöhnlicher Verdichtungsprozess 84 Aufgabe 3.16: Masse und Dichte einer Stoffmenge 85 Aufgabe 3.17: Zum 1. Gesetz von Gay-Lussac (Gesetz von Charles) 85 Aufgabe 3.18: Relative Zustandsgrößen berechnen 86 TEIL II FLUIDE, DIE IN BEWEGUNG SIND 87 Kapitel 4 Mischungen idealer Gase 89 Die Konzentration einer Substanz in einer Mischung 89 Massenkonzentration 90 Stoffkonzentration 90 Volumenkonzentration 92 Zusammenhang zwischen Massen- und Stoffkonzentration 92 Gesetz von Dalton 93 Spezielle Gaskonstante einer Mischung 94 Die Dichte einer Gasmischung 95 Spezifische Wärmekapazitäten einer Mischung 95 Intensive und extensive Zustandsgrößen 96 Innere Energie einer Mischung aus idealen Gasen 97 Enthalpie einer Mischung aus idealen Gasen 98 Mischungstemperatur 100 Entropieänderung einer Mischung aus idealen Gasen 101 Übungsaufgaben 101 Aufgabe 4.1: Partialdrücke und Temperatur einer Gasmischung 101 Aufgabe 4.2: Eine Massenkonzentration in Volumenanteile umrechnen 102 Aufgabe 4.3: Die Dichte einer O2-N2-Gasmischung berechnen 102 Aufgabe 4.4: Gaslieferung an ein Zementwerk 102 Aufgabe 4.5: Partialdrücke und Mischtemperatur 103 Aufgabe 4.6: Brennwert einer Gasmischung 103 Aufgabe 4.7: Mischung aus gegebenen Volumenkonzentrationen 103 Aufgabe 4.8: Mittlere Molmasse einer Gasmischung 103 Aufgabe 4.9: Eine Gasmischung für Schutzgasschweißungen 104 Aufgabe 4.10: Kaltes und heißes Wasser mischen 104 Aufgabe 4.11: Mittlere Molmasse einer Mischung 104 Aufgabe 4.12: Dichte und Gesamtmasse einer Mischung 104 Aufgabe 4.13: Die Wärmekapazität in einem Experiment bestimmen 105 Kapitel 5 Kompressibilität der Fluide 107 Das Hooke’sche Gesetz der Festkörper 107 Das Hooke’sche Gesetz der Flüssigkeiten und Gase 108 Übungsaufgaben 116 Aufgabe 5.1: Kompressionsmodul und örtlicher Gasdruck 116 Aufgabe 5.2: Dichteänderung der Luft in einer isothermen Atmosphäre 116 Aufgabe 5.3: Kompressionsmodul einer Ölmenge bestimmen 117 Aufgabe 5.4: Dichteänderung versus Kompressionsmodul 117 Kapitel 6 Aerostatik und Auftrieb 119 Die Standardatmosphäre 120 Isotherme Atmosphäre (barometrische Höhenformel) 125 Auftriebskräfte in Fluiden 127 Auftrieb in Flüssigkeiten 127 Schwimmen, Schweben, Sinken und Aufsteigen 128 Thermischer Auftrieb in Fluiden 130 Übungsaufgaben 130 Aufgabe 6.1: Wie hoch steigt ein Ballon? 130 Aufgabe 6.2: Luftdruck am Berggipfel 131 Aufgabe 6.3: Auftrieb in der Atmosphäre 131 Aufgabe 6.4: Luftdruck am Boden eines Erdschachts 131 Aufgabe 6.5: Auftriebsfehler bei präzisen Wägungen in der Luft 132 Aufgabe 6.6: Zeppeline können auch Lasten tragen 132 Aufgabe 6.7: Wie tief taucht ein Körper in eine Flüssigkeit beim Schwimmen ein? 132 Aufgabe 6.8: Der Auftriebszug im Schornstein 133 Aufgabe 6.9: Archimedes und Gold 133 Aufgabe 6.10: Öchslegrad 133 Kapitel 7 Erhaltung der Masse 135 Eindimensionale Kontinuitätsgleichung für Flüssigkeiten 135 Eindimensionale Kontinuitätsgleichung für Gase 137 Kontinuitätsgleichung in 3-D-Strömungsfeldern 137 Was ist ein Vektorfeld? 137 Die allgemeine Kontinuitätsgleichung für Gase als Feldgleichung 139 Kontinuitätsgleichung für flüssige 3-D-Strömungsfelder 142 Übungsaufgaben 144 Aufgabe 7.1: Divergenz eines zweidimensionalen Vektorfelds 144 Aufgabe 7.2: Ein allgemeines Vektorfeld eines Gases 144 Aufgabe 7.3: Eindimensionale Kontinuitätsgleichung 144 Aufgabe 7.4: Ein rechteckiger Luftkanal 144 Aufgabe 7.5: Ist das Feld einer Grenzschichtströmung inkompressibel? 144 Aufgabe 7.6: Zwei Gasströme werden gemischt 145 Aufgabe 7.7: Ein Geschwindigkeitsfeld auf Inkompressibilität prüfen 145 Aufgabe 7.8: Wie schnell steigt der Wasserspiegel in einem Gefäß? 145 Aufgabe 7.9: Strömungsverzweigung in einer Arterie 145 Aufgabe 7.10: Wasserstandsänderung in einem Tank 146 Aufgabe 7.11: Beschleunigte Hochdruckströmung eines heißen Gases 147 Aufgabe 7.12: Volumenstrom eines Gases aus einer Erdgasquelle 147 Aufgabe 7.13: Wie schnell lässt sich ein Schwimmbecken füllen? 148 Aufgabe 7.14: In welcher Zeit wird ein Trichter mit Wasser gefüllt? 148 TEIL III ENERGIEBILANZEN MIT REALEN UND IDEALEN GASEN 149 Kapitel 8 Reale Gase 151 Eigenschaften realer Gase 151 Van-der-Waals-Gase und ihre Zustandsgleichungen 152 Beschreibung realer Gase mit der Realgasgleichung 162 Übungsaufgaben 166 Aufgabe 8.1: Vergleichsrechnung zwischen realem und idealem Gas 166 Aufgabe 8.2: Den Druck in einem Behälter bestimmen 166 Aufgabe 8.3: Den Stoffstrom durch eine Gasleitung berechnen 167 Aufgabe 8.4: Wirkliche Dichteänderung eines strömenden Gases 167 Kapitel 9 Einstieg in die höhere Thermodynamik 169 Totale Differenziale. 169 Das Differenzial einer Funktion 169 Funktionenmit mehreren Veränderlichen 171 Implizite Funktionen und ihre Ableitungen 176 Implizite Funktionen ableiten177 Allgemeine Eigenschaften impliziter Zustandsgleichungen 179 Übungsaufgaben 185 Aufgabe 9.1: Druckänderung eines idealen Gases infolge einer Temperaturund Volumenänderung 185 Aufgabe 9.2: Volumenänderung eines Van-der-Waals-Gases infolge einer Temperaturänderung 185 Aufgabe 9.3: Messfehler mit totalen Differenzialen abschätzen 185 Aufgabe 9.4: Die Änderung der inneren Energie eines Van-der-Waals-Gases infolge einer Verdichtung des Gases 185 Aufgabe 9.5: Die spezifische innere Energieänderung eines idealen Gases bestimmen 186 Kapitel 10 Erster Hauptsatz für offene Systeme 187 Thermodynamische Systeme 187 Die Systemgrenze umgibt das System 188 Allgemeine Erklärung der reversiblen Prozesse 188 Innere Energie 189 Mikroskopische Beschreibung der inneren Energie eines idealen Gases 189 Makroskopische Beschreibung der inneren Energie eines realen Gases 190 Der erste Hauptsatz für offene Systeme 191 Spezifische Energien formulieren 194 Mathematische Formulierung der Energiebilanz 195 Die integrale Form des ersten Hauptsatzes für offene Systeme 197 Spezifische Enthalpie eines idealen Gases 198 Technische Arbeit. 199 Der erste Hauptsatz für offene Systeme als Leistungsbilanz 201 Übungsaufgaben 205 Aufgabe 10.1: Industrieller Lufterhitzer 205 Aufgabe 10.2: Wasserturbine 206 Aufgabe 10.3: Die Reibungsarbeit in einer Strömung ermitteln 206 Aufgabe 10.4: Die Leistung einer Wasserpumpe berechnen 207 Kapitel 11 Erster Hauptsatz für geschlossene Systeme 209 Die Energiebilanz für geschlossene Systeme 209 Integrale Form des ersten Hauptsatzes 211 Leistungsbilanz im geschlossenen System 212 Thermodynamische Arbeit 213 Reversible Wärme 215 Reversible adiabate Prozesse idealer Gase 216 Die Arbeit eines adiabatischen Prozesses 218 Übungsaufgaben 223 Aufgabe 11.1: Isobare Expansion eines idealen Gases 223 Aufgabe 11.2: Mischungstemperatur und Gleichgewichtsdruck einer Gasmischung 223 Aufgabe 11.3: Nutzungsgrad eines Prozesses 224 Aufgabe 11.4: Kaltes und heißes Wasser mischen 224 Aufgabe 11.5: Adiabate Expansion eines idealen Gases 224 Kapitel 12 Entropie und der zweite Hauptsatz 225 Molekularstatistische Interpretation der Entropie 225 Entropie und thermodynamische Wahrscheinlichkeit 226 Stirlings Näherungsformel 229 Gleichgewichtszustand und Maximum der Entropie 229 Die Entropie als Zustandsfunktion. 234 Die Entropie eines idealen Gases 235 Entropieänderung reiner Stoffe infolge von Zustandsänderungen 238 Entropieänderungen bei irreversiblen Vorgängen 239 Die Gesamtentropie eines Gesamtsystems (Universums) 240 Temperaturausgleich zwischen zwei Teilsystemen 242 Übungsaufgaben 250 Aufgabe 12.1: Entropieproduktion eines expandierenden idealen Gases. 250 Aufgabe 12.2: Ist die reversible Wärme 𝛿qrev(T, v) eine Zustandsgröße? 250 Aufgabe 12.3: Ist die Entropie ds eine Zustandsfunktion? 251 Aufgabe 12.4: Ist der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik verletzt? 251 Aufgabe 12.5: Den zweiten Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik anwenden 252 Aufgabe 12.6: Wärmeleitung durch eine Wand 253 Aufgabe 12.7: Entropieproduktion beim Wärmedurchgang durch eine Wand 253 Aufgabe 12.8: Erfüllt der Betrieb eines Axialkompressors den zweiten Hauptsatz? 254 Aufgabe 12.9: Die Entropieänderung bestimmt die Strömungsrichtung 254 Aufgabe 12.10: Eine Flüssigkeit mit einem Quirl erwärmen 255 TEIL IV ZUSTANDSÄNDERUNGEN DER STOFFE 257 Kapitel 13 Der Joule-Thomson-Effekt 259 Das Experiment 259 Der Joule-Thomson-Koeffizient 265 Übungsaufgaben 272 Aufgabe 13.1: Aus einer Druckflasche entweicht Sauerstoff 272 Aufgabe 13.2: Isenthalpe Expansion eines Gases bei hohem Druck 272 Kapitel 14 Zustandsänderungen idealer Gase 275 Wichtige thermodynamische Prozesse idealer Gase 275 Isotherme Zustandsänderung dT = 0 276 Isobare Zustandsänderung dp = 0 279 Isochore Zustandsänderung dv = 0 281 Isentrope Zustandsänderung ds = 0 283 Polytrope Zustandsänderung287 Übungsaufgaben 292 Aufgabe 14.1: Entropieänderung einer polytropen Zustandsänderung 292 Aufgabe 14.2: Übertragung der Prozessfunktionen ds = 0 und dv = 0 aus dem p-v-Diagramm in das T-s-Diagramm 292 Aufgabe 14.3: Sind Änderungen der inneren Energie wegunabhängig? 293 TEIL V KREISPROZESSE MIT GASEN UND WASSERDAMPF 295 Kapitel 15 Thermodynamische Kreisprozesse 297 Wie werden Kreisprozesse thermodynamisch beschrieben? 297 Ein rechtsläufiger Kreisprozess 298 Ein linksläufiger Kreisprozess 299 Der erste Hauptsatz für reversible Kreisprozesse 300 Berechnungsansätze für Kreisprozesse 301 Rechtsläufige Kreisprozesse 303 Der Carnot-Kreisprozess 310 Linksläufige Kreisprozesse 320 Übungsaufgaben 325 Aufgabe 15.1: Ein rechtsläufiger Carnot-Kreisprozess 325 Aufgabe 15.2: Maximale reversible Arbeit zwischen zwei Temperaturen 325 Aufgabe 15.3: Wahr oder falsch: Zum Betrieb einer Wärmekraftmaschine. 325 Aufgabe 15.4: Ein theoretischer Kreisprozess zum Üben 325 Kapitel 16 Wasser und Wasserdampf 327 Grundbegriffe der Kraftwerkstechnik 327 3-D-Zustandsdiagramm für Wasser und Wasserdampf 332 Zweidimensionale Phasendiagramme 335 Das p-v-Diagramm des reinen Wassers 335 Das p-𝜗-Diagramm 336 Das 𝜗-s-Diagramm für H2O. 337 Das h-s-Diagramm für H2O. 338 Die Wasserdampftafeln 340 Die Temperaturtafel (Tafel I) 340 Die Drucktafel (Tafel II) 340 Wasser und überhitzter Dampf (Tafel III) 340 Übungsaufgaben 356 Aufgabe 16.1: Zum Betrieb eines Überhitzers und einer Dampfturbine 356 Aufgabe 16.2: Wirkungsgrad eines Erwärmungsvorgangs 357 Aufgabe 16.3: Wasser isobar erhitzen 357 Aufgabe 16.4: Wie funktioniert ein Geysir? 357 Kapitel 17 Fundamentalgleichungen und die Maxwell-Beziehungen 359 Herleitung der Fundamentalgleichung 359 Maxwell-Beziehungen 361 Übungsaufgaben 371 Aufgabe 17.1: Isobarer Ausdehnungskoeffizient eines Van-der-Waals-Gases 371 Aufgabe 17.2: Zahlenbeispiel zum Ausdehnungskoeffizienten der Luft 371 TEIL VI TOP-TEN-TEIL 373 Kapitel 18 Zehn 3-D-Darstellungen von Kreisprozessen 375 Mit fünf Prozessfunktionen lassen sich die wichtigsten Kreisprozesse beschreiben 375 Der Otto-Kreisprozess in 3-D-Darstellung 377 Diesel-Kreisprozess. 378 Seilinger-Kreisprozess 379 Der Carnot-Kreisprozess im p-v-T-Diagramm 381 Der Carnot-Kreisprozess im T-s-p-Diagramm 382 Der Joule-Kreisprozess (offener Gasturbinenprozess) 383 Ericson-Kreisprozess (geschlossener Gasturbinenprozess) 384 Der Stirling-Kreisprozess 385 Der Clausius-Rankine-Kreisprozess386 Anhang Lösungen und Lösungswege 389 Stichwortverzeichnis 437

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Book SynopsisKristallgitter, Zustandsdiagramme, Wärmebehandlung, Stähle, Nichteisenmetalle, Kunststoffe und Hochleistungskeramiken. Die Werkstoffkunde und die Werkstoffprüfung sind vielseitig und anspruchsvoll. Passgenau auf den Bestseller "Werkstoffkunde und Werkstoffprüfung für Dummies" abgestimmt, üben Sie die wichtigen und schwierigen Themen. In bewährter Weise führt Sie Rainer Schwab durch ein intensives Training. Mit einfachen Aufwärmübungen legen Sie los und steigern sich dann Schritt für Schritt zu immer anspruchsvolleren Aufgaben. Mit fast 400 konkreten Fragestellungen samt ausführlichen Lösungen festigen Sie Ihr Wissen, viele Abbildungen sowie über 500 Ankreuzaufgaben helfen Ihnen dabei. Sie gewinnen Sicherheit in den wichtigen Grundlagen und legen damit die Basis für eine erfolgreiche Prüfung.Table of ContentsÜber den Autor 11 Danksagung 11 Einleitung 21 Über dieses Buch 21 Konventionen in diesem Buch 22 Törichte Annahmen über den Leser 22 Wie dieses Buch aufgebaut ist 23 Teil I: Ausgewählte Grundlagen für ein solides Fundament 23 Teil II: Die wichtigsten Methoden der Werkstoffprüfung 23 Teil III: Und ewig lockt das Eisen 24 Teil IV: Jenseits von Eisen 24 Teil V: Der Top-Ten-Teil 24 Symbole, die in diesem Buch verwendet werden 24 Filme, die es zu diesem Buch gibt 25 Los geht’s 25 Teil I: Ausgewählte Grundlagen für ein solides Fundament 27 Kapitel 1 Aufgaben rund um Atome, Bindungen und Kristalle 29 Von Atomen, ihren Bindungen und ihrer Anordnung 29 Die Kristalle, ihre Baufehler, und was diese in der Praxis so anrichten 30 Richtig oder nicht richtig 36 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 37 Kapitel 2 Rechnen Sie mit den Eigenschaften der Werkstoffe 49 Die Werkstoffe dehnen sich mit der Temperatur aus 49 Die Werkstoffe leiten den Strom und die Wärme 51 Die Werkstoffe verformen sich elastisch und plastisch 54 Richtig oder nicht richtig 56 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 57 Kapitel 3 Üben Sie die thermisch aktivierten Vorgänge 69 Ein paar Aufwärmübungen vorneweg 69 Lassen Sie die Atome wandern und den Werkstoff rekristallisieren 70 Mit Kriechen und Spannungsrelaxation rechnen 72 Richtig oder nicht richtig 74 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 75 Kapitel 4 Legierungsbildung und Zustandsdiagramme, berühmt, berüchtigt, gefürchtet 85 Ein paar Lockerungsübungen zum Auftakt 85 Und hier geht’s zur Sache 87 Richtig oder nicht richtig 99 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 100 Kapitel 5 Das berühmte Legierungssystem Eisen-Kohlenstoff 117 Rund um Eisen und Kohlenstoff 117 Jetzt geht es auch hier zur Sache 118 Richtig oder nicht richtig 128 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 129 Teil II: Die wichtigsten Methoden der Werkstoffprüfung 141 Kapitel 6 Nehmen Sie den Zugversuch nicht auf die leichte Schulter 143 Richtig vorbereitet ist halb geprüft 143 Vorgeplänkel, das es in sich hat 144 Werkstoffe mit ausgeprägter Streckgrenze 145 Werkstoffe ohne ausgeprägte Streckgrenze 149 Das Finale 152 Richtig oder nicht richtig 153 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 155 Kapitel 7 Die Härteprüfung meistern 179 Das Wesen der Härte 179 Härteprüfung nach Brinell 180 Härteprüfung nach Vickers 181 Härteprüfung nach Rockwell 183 Kreuz und quer über alle Härteprüfverfahren 183 Richtig oder nicht richtig 185 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 186 Kapitel 8 Brutal, brutaler, Kerbschlagbiegeprüfung 195 Was man eigentlich prüft 195 Rund um Probe, Versuchseinrichtung und -durchführung 196 Werkstoff, Temperatur und Kerbschlagarbeit 196 Richtig oder nicht richtig 199 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 201 Kapitel 9 Die Schwingfestigkeitsprüfung 207 Das Phänomen und das Problem mit dem Namen 207 Ohne die wichtigsten Grundbegriffe geht es wieder einmal nicht 208 Wöhlerkurve und Dauerfestigkeit 210 Richtig oder nicht richtig 213 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 214 Kapitel 10 Der Zauber der Metallografie 225 Um was es sich bei der Metallografie überhaupt handelt 225 Makroskopische Verfahren und was man damit sieht 226 Die zauberhafte Welt der Mikroskopie 227 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Co 229 Richtig oder nicht richtig 230 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 231 Kapitel 11 Zerstörungsfrei üben 239 Auftaktphilosophie 239 Die Farbeindringprüfung 240 Die Magnetpulverprüfung 240 Die Wirbelstromprüfung 241 Die Ultraschallprüfung 241 Die Strahlenverfahren 244 Richtig oder nicht richtig 245 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 248 Teil III: Und ewig lockt das Eisen 261 Kapitel 12 Der Weg vom Erz zum Stahl 263 Gleich zur Sache 263 Richtig oder nicht richtig 265 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 265 Kapitel 13 Von Namen und Nummern 269 Zur Systematik der Werkstoffbezeichnungen 269 Namen analysieren 270 Namen synthetisieren 271 Richtig oder nicht richtig 272 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 273 Kapitel 14 Das harte Training der Wärmebehandlung 277 Kurzes Warmlaufen als Auftakt 277 Die berühmten Glühbehandlungen 278 Rund ums Härten 280 Richtig oder nicht richtig 290 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 293 Kapitel 15 Die unendliche Vielfalt der Stahlgruppen 315 Über Gewürze und Zutaten im Stahl 315 Die bodenständigen unlegierten Baustähle 317 Die Raffinesse der Feinkornbaustähle 320 Die leistungsfähigen Vergütungsstähle 321 Die Grundsätze der warmfesten und hitzebeständigen Stähle 321 Der Stahl, der aus der Kälte kam 323 Die nichtrostenden Stähle und warum sie manchmal doch korrodieren 323 Was in den Werkzeugstählen steckt 326 Richtig oder nicht richtig 327 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 329 Kapitel 16 Auch die Eisengusswerkstoffe haben es in sich 347 Der Überblick 347 Mit Stahlguss geht es los 348 Das Gusseisen mit seinen Varianten 348 Richtig oder nicht richtig 351 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 352 Teil IV: Jenseits von Eisen 359 Kapitel 17 Die Nichteisenmetalle 361 Auch die Nichteisenmetalle bezeichnet man sinnvoll 361 Rund ums Aluminium 362 Das bunte Kupfer 366 Richtig oder nicht richtig 367 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 368 Kapitel 18 Anorganische nichtmetallische Werkstoffe 379 Bei den Gläsern durchblicken 379 Von der antiken Vase bis zum Hochleistungswerkstoff: die Keramiken 380 Richtig oder nicht richtig 382 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 383 Kapitel 19 Die Kunststoffe 391 Rund um Definition und Herstellung 391 Übungen zu Aufbau, Eigenschaften und Verarbeitung 392 Richtig oder nicht richtig 394 Antworten zu den Aufgaben in diesem Kapitel 395 Teil V: Der Top-Ten-Teil 403 Kapitel 20 Zehn Tipps zum Lösen von Aufgaben 405 Rechtzeitig anfangen 405 Wie Sie mit dem Spicken umgehen 406 Legen Sie beim Rechnen richtig los 406 Vom passenden Umgang mit Gleichungen 407 Die Sache mit den Einheiten 407 Wer misst, misst Mist 407 Zur (ungeschlechtlichen) Fortpflanzung der Fehler 408 Das Endergebnis ist nicht ganz harmlos 409 Ein Bild sagt mehr als tausend Worte 410 Richtig dargestellt ist halb gewonnen 410 Stichwortverzeichnis 413

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Book SynopsisDrum prüfe, wer den Werkstoff findet Werkstoffkunde und Werkstoffprüfung sind für viele Studierende eher Pflicht als Leidenschaft. Rainer Schwab zeigt Ihnen, dass es auch anders geht: Mit Humor und Präzision, mit einfachen Erklärungen und passenden Beispielen erklärt er Ihnen in dieser aktualisierten Auflage die Werkstoffkunde und Werkstoffprüfung so spannend es nur geht. Von den Grundlagen zieht sich der Bogen über die Prüfmethoden hin zu den wichtigen konkreten Werkstoffen und Wärmebehandlungen. So ist dieses Buch das Rundumwohlfühlpaket für jeden, der sich mit dem Thema beschäftigt. Sie erfahren Was die wichtigen Eigenschaften der Werkstoffe sindWie Sie Härteprüfungen, Zugversuche und Co. richtig durchführenWarum Eisen und Stahl so vielfältig sindWelche wichtigen Werkstoffe es gibt, die nicht aus Eisen sind

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Book SynopsisSIMATIC ist das weltweit etablierte Automatisierungssystem für die Realisierung von Industriesteuerungen für Maschinen, fertigungstechnische Anlagen und verfahrenstechnische Prozesse. Erforderliche Steuerungs- und Regelungsaufgaben werden mit der Engineeringsoftware STEP 7 in verschiedenen Programmiersprachen formuliert. Kontaktplan (KOP) und Funktionsplan (FUP) verwenden für die Darstellung der Steuerungsfunktionen grafische Symbole - ähnlich wie in einem Stromlaufplan oder bei elektronischen Schaltkreissystemen. In der sechsten Auflage beschreibt das Buch diese grafikorientierten Programmiersprachen in Verbindung mit der Engineeringsoftware STEP 7 V5.5 für die Automatisierungssysteme SIMATIC S7-300 und S7-400. Neue Funktionen dieser STEP 7-Version betreffen besonders den CPU-Webserver und PROFINET IO, wie beispielsweise die Anwendung von I-Devices, Shared Devices und Taktsynchronität. Das Buch bietet Unterstützung für alle Anwender von SIMATIC-S7-Steuerungen. Anfänger führt es in das Gebiet der speicherprogrammierbaren Steuerungen ein, dem Praktiker zeigt es den speziellen Einsatz des Automatisierungssystems SIMATIC S7. Alle Programmierbeispiele des Buches - und noch einige mehr - stehen als Download auf der Internetseite des Verlags unter www.publicis-books.de/ bereit.Table of ContentsSystemübersicht: SIMATIC S7 und STEP 7 Programmiersprachen KOP und FUP Datentypen Binäre und digitale Funktionen Programmflusssteuerung Programmbearbeitung Kommunikation

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch richtet sich sowohl an Einsteiger, als auch an diejenigen, die bereits Erfahrung mit anderen Systemen haben. Es stellt die aktuellen Hardware-Komponenten des Automatisierungssystems vor und beschreibt deren Konfiguration und Parametrierung sowie die Kommunikation über PROFINET, PROFIBUS, AS-Interface und PtP-Verbindungen. Eine fundierte Einführung in STEP 7 Basic V14 (TIA Portal) veranschaulicht die Grundlagen der Programmierung und Fehlersuche.Table of Contents1 Einführung, Übersichten 21 1.1 Übersicht Automatisierungssystem S7-1200 21 1.2 Übersicht STEP 7 24 1.3 Datenhaltung im SIMATIC-Automatisierungssystem 27 1.4 Übersicht Adressierung 31 1.5 Übersicht Datentypen 32 1.6 Bearbeitung des Anwenderprogramms 35 1.7 Bedienen und Beobachten mit Prozessbildern 38 2 Einführung in STEP 7 40 2.1 STEP 7 installieren und starten 40 2.2 Die Benutzeroberfläche von STEP 7 41 2.3 Ein SIMATIC-Projekt bearbeiten 47 3 Automatisierungssystem SIMATIC S7-1200 62 3.1 Komponenten einer S7-1200-Station 62 3.2 CPU-Baugruppen S7-1200 63 3.3 Signalbaugruppen 69 3.4 Technologiebaugruppen 72 3.5 Kommunikationsbaugruppen 73 3.6 Weitere Baugruppen 77 3.7 SIPLUS S7-1200 79 4 Gerätekonfiguration 80 4.1 Einführung 80 4.2 Eine Station konfigurieren 82 4.3 Baugruppen parametrieren 84 4.4 Hardware-Objekte adressieren 92 4.5 Konfigurationssteuerung projektieren 94 4.6 Eine Vernetzung projektieren 96 5 Anwenderprogramm bearbeiten 109 5.1 Betriebszustände 109 5.2 Anwenderprogramm erstellen 114 5.3 Anlaufprogramm 136 5.4 Hauptprogramm 141 5.5 Alarmbearbeitung 154 5.6 Fehlerbehandlung, Diagnose 176 6 Programmeditor 198 6.1 Einführung 198 6.2 Globale Operanden, Konstanten und Adressierung 199 6.3 Datentypen 207 6.4 PLC-Variablentabelle 219 6.5 PLC-Datentypen 224 6.6 Einen Codebaustein programmieren 228 6.7 Einen Datenbaustein programmieren 248 6.8 Bausteine übersetzen 255 6.9 Programminformationen 258 7 Kontaktplan KOP 266 7.1 Einführung 266 7.2 Binäre Verknüpfungen mit KOP programmieren 272 7.3 Speicherfunktionen mit KOP programmieren 282 7.4 Q-Boxen mit KOP programmieren 287 7.5 EN/ENO-Boxen mit KOP programmieren 293 7.6 Programmsteuerung mit KOP 302 8 Funktionsplan FUP 308 8.1 Einführung 308 8.2 Binäre Verknüpfungen mit FUP programmieren 314 8.3 Standard-Boxen mit FUP programmieren 324 8.4 Q-Boxen mit FUP programmieren 329 8.5 EN/ENO-Boxen mit FUP programmieren 334 8.6 Programmsteuerung mit FUP 344 9 Structured Control Language SCL 350 9.1 Einführung 350 9.2 Übertragungsfunktionen 359 9.3 Logische Ausdrücke und Logikfunktionen 366 9.4 Arithmetische Ausdrücke 371 9.5 Vergleichsausdrücke 373 9.6 Weitere Funktionen für SCL 375 9.7 Programmsteuerung mit SCL 378 9.8 Arbeiten mit Quelldateien 392 10 Basisfunktionen 396 10.1 Binäre Verknüpfungen 396 10.2 Speicherfunktionen 403 10.3 Flankenauswertungen 407 10.4 Zeitfunktionen 413 10.5 Zählfunktionen 420 11 Digitalfunktionen 426 11.1 Übertragungsfunktionen 426 11.2 Vergleichsfunktionen 442 11.3 Arithmetische Funktionen für Zahlenwerte 451 11.4 Arithmetische Funktionen für Zeitwerte 454 11.5 Mathematische Funktionen 456 11.6 Konvertierungsfunktionen (Datentypwandlung) 461 11.7 Schiebefunktionen 480 11.8 Logikfunktionen 483 11.9 Zeichenketten bearbeiten 490 11.10 Rechnen mit der CALCULATE-Box (KOP, FUP) 496 11.11 Symbolnamen lesen 498 12 Programmsteuerung 503 12.1 Sprungfunktionen 503 12.2 Bausteinende-Funktion 508 12.3 Aufruf von Codebausteinen 509 12.4 Arbeiten mit Bausteinen 515 12.5 Datenbausteinfunktionen 528 13 Online-Betrieb, Diagnose und Test 542 13.1 Programmiergerät an die PLC-Station anschließen 543 13.2 Projektdaten übertragen 545 13.3 Mit Bausteinen im Online-Betrieb arbeiten 557 13.4 Hardware-Diagnose 568 13.5 Anwenderprogramm testen 574 13.6 Messwertaufzeichnung mit der Trace-Funktion 591 14 Dezentrale Peripherie 596 14.1 Einführung, Übersicht 596 14.2 PROFINET IO 597 14.3 PROFIBUS DP 607 14.4 Systembausteine für PROFINET IO und PROFIBUS DP 615 14.5 DPV1-Alarme 622 14.6 Aktor/Sensor-Interface 624 15 Kommunikation 628 15.1 Übersicht 628 15.2 Open User Communication 631 15.3 S7-Kommunikation 639 15.4 Punkt-zu-Punkt-Kommunikation 643 15.5 Weitere Kommunikationsfunktionen 649 16 Visualisierung 656 16.1 Einführung in die Visualisierung 656 16.2 HMI-Variablen und Bereichszeiger anlegen 663 16.3 Prozessbilder projektieren 667 16.4 Bedien- und Beobachtungsfunktionen 675 16.5 HMI-Projektierung fertig stellen 697 17 Anhang 704 17.1 Integrierte und technologische Funktionen 704 17.2 Fernverbindung mit TeleService 722 17.3 TeleControl mit CP 1242-7 724 17.4 Webserver 726 17.5 Daten protokollieren und mit Rezepturen arbeiten 729 17.6 Simulation mit S7-PLCSIM 735 Stichwortverzeichnis 746

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Book SynopsisThe Digital Factory reveals the hidden human labor that supports today's digital capitalism. The workers of today's digital factory include those in Amazon warehouses, delivery drivers, Chinese gaming workers, Filipino content moderators, and rural American search engine optimizers. Repetitive yet stressful, boring yet often emotionally demanding, these jobs require little formal qualification, but can demand a large degree of skills and knowledge. This work is often hidden behind the supposed magic of algorithms and thought to be automated, but it is in fact highly dependent on human labor. The workers of today's digital factory are not as far removed from a typical auto assembly line as we might think. Moritz Altenried takes us inside today's digital factories, showing that they take very different forms, including gig economy platforms, video games, and Amazon warehouses. As Altenried shows, these digital factories often share surprising similarities with factories from the industrial age. As globalized capitalism and digital technology continue to transform labor around the world, Altenried offers a timely and poignant exploration of how these changes are restructuring the social division of labor and its geographies as well as the stratifications and lines of struggle.Trade Review"The Digital Factory is an important contribution to the discussion of digital labor. But it also makes clear that researchers must now address the next task at hand: how to turn these bad jobs into good jobs." * Science *"Altenried's insights into the rapidly changing relationship between technological change, digitization and global work are breathtaking. The Digital Factory develops a deeper knowledge of the terrain, both social and physical, on which present and future labor disputes willy-nilly have to be fought. Continuing, expanding and diversifying this endeavor is and will remain an enormous undertaking. Books of similar intellectual thoroughness and comparable political depth are badly needed." * Kritisch-Lesen *"In this extensively researched volume, Altenreid uses interviews with workers in this complex digital economy to deftly link the hidden human labor behind automation and algorithms to the Taylorist factories of the Industrial Age. Covering everything from the complex interactions between humans and automation at Amazon’s distribution centers to World of Warcraft gold farmers in China and the unseen human labor behind Facebook and Google algorithms, The Digital Factory gives readers who may not be as familiar with Taylorism and its relationship to the complex landscape of the digital factory age a solid foundation on the topic." * Choice *"Altenried takes readers on an amazing tour into the contemporary mutations of what Marx famously called 'the hidden abode of production.' What looms behind the magic of algorithms, artificial intelligence, and automation is a world of heterogeneous labor regimes, exploitation, and struggles. The Digital Factory is a landmark contribution to the study of contemporary capitalism, a must-read for scholars and activists." -- Sandro Mezzadra, University of Bologna"From the warehouse to the multiplayer game, content moderation to people-as-a-service, Altenried unearths the shifting stakes, geographies, and experiences of digital labor. The Digital Factory offers no solace to purveyors of data and automation fantasies. By exposing how the power of machines entangles living knowledge, intelligence and subjectivity, this remarkable book offers resources for changing the worlds of work and technology alike." -- Brett Neilson, Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sidney University"In this ground-breaking book, Altenried shows us that, far from marking the end of the factory era the digital age is spreading the factory model of centralized control of vulnerable labor beyond its walls, extending into every corner of the global economy. Drawing on vivid first-hand observations, he spotlights the experiences of workers carrying out the hidden tasks that keep the information economy going, from the hidden housework of the Internet to the delivery of parcels under the panoptic surveillance of the algorithm." -- Ursula Huws, University of HertfordshireTable of ContentsOne Workers Leaving the Factory: Introduction Two The Global Factory: Logistics Three The Factory of Play: Gaming Four The Distributed Factory: Crowdwork Five The Hidden Factory: Social Media Six The Platform as Factory: Conclusion Seven The Contagious Factory: Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisA leading environmental thinker takes a hard look at the obstacles and possibilities on the long road to sustainability This gripping, deeply thoughtful book considers future of civilization in the light of what we know about climate change and related threats. David Orr, an award-winning, internationally recognized leader in the field of sustainability and environmental education, pulls no punches: even with the Paris Agreement of 2015, Earth systems will not reach a new equilibrium for centuries. Earth is becoming a different planetmore threadbare and less biologically diverse, with more acidic oceans and a hotter, more capricious climate. Furthermore, technology will not solve complex problems of sustainability. Yet we are not fated to destroy the Earth, Orr insists. He imagines sustainability as a quest and a transition built upon robust and durable democratic and economic institutions, as well as changes in heart and mindset. The transition, he writes, is beginning from the bTrade Review". . . sets out a way to reform society from bottom up by radically changing our economics, our education system—even our evolutionary traits."—Louise Gray, BBC Wildlife"The seminal work on the threats of climate change to the planet and society. . . . Orr’s book is full of philosophical wisdom, founded on environmental evidence, which will help us to generate a more sustainable planet."—Jim Lynch, BiologistWinner of the Green Prize, given to authors, illustrators, and publishers who produce quality books for adults and young people that make significant contributions to, support the ideas of, and broaden public awareness of sustainability.“A valuable addition to environmental and philosophical wisdom.”—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"No one knows more about the hole we're in, and no one has worked any harder to get us out of it—David Orr is a necessary guide to the great climate crisis we find ourselves in, and this is a vital book."—Bill McKibben, author Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet"David Orr has written a perfectly marvelous book, a deep and wide-ranging reflection on the human condition. It's a winner, and a rare one at that."—James Gustave Speth, author of Red Sky at Morning, The Bridge at the End of the World, and America the Possible"David Orr has for many years provided a broad view of our ecological challenges. Now he provides a long view, sounding the alarm about the future we are heedlessly creating today. Like the Sorcerer’s Apprentice, we have put in motion a process of fossil-fueled growth that has gone out of control. In the absence of a wizard to right the situation magically, Orr calls for human intervention before it is too late—not just in our power plants and motor vehicles, but in the way we live our lives and organize society. To do so, he once wrote, 'hope is an imperative.'"—Timothy E. Wirth, former U.S. Senator (Colorado) and President Emeritus, The United Nations Foundation"An extremely valuable look at humanity's horizon, the challenging millennium ahead and how we might—indeed must—transition to sustainability. The distillation of a lifetime of constructive consideration of the environmental challenges we have brought upon ourselves, Dangerous Years will help us chart the way through the inchoate wilderness of our own making. Destined to become one of the great environmental classics."—Thomas E. Lovejoy, George Washington University

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Book SynopsisThe topic of thin films is an area of increasing importance in materials science, electrical engineering and applied solid state physics; with both research and industrial applications in microelectronics, computer manufacturing, and physical devices.Trade Review"The book is well organized and has excellent technical depth with recent state-of-the-art information. Researchers, graduate students, and those in industry working on finding new materials and processes for thin-film dielectric materials would find this book to be a valuable resource." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2009)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. (Mikhail Baklanov, Martin Green and Karen Maex). 1. Low and Ultralow Dielectric Constant Films Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. (A. Grill). 2. Spin-On Dielectric Materials. (Geraud Dubois, Willi Volksen and Robert D. Miller). 3.Porosity of Low Dielectric Constant Materials. 3.1 Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy. (David W. Gidley, Hua-Gen Peng, and Richard Vallery). 3.2Structure Characterization of Nanoporous Interlevel Dielectric Thin Films with X-ray and Neutron Radiation. (Christopher L. Soles, Hae-Jeong Lee, Bryan D. Vogt, Eric K. Lin, Wen-li Wu). 3.3 Ellipsometric Porosimetry. (M. R. Baklanov). 4.Mechanical and Transport Properties of Low-k Dielectrics. (J.L. Plawsky, R. Achanta, W. Cho, O. Rodriguez, R. Saxena, and W.N. Gill). 5. Integration of low-k dielectric films in damascene processes. (R.J.O.M. Hoofman, V.H. Nguyen,V. Arnal, M. Broekaart, L.G. Gosset,W.F.A. Besling, M. Fayolle and F. Iacopi). 6. ONO structures and oxynitrides in modern microelectronics. Material science, characterization and application. (Yakov Roizin and Vladimir Gritsenko). High Dielectric constant Materials. 7. Material Engineering of High-k Gate Dielectrics. (Akira Toriumi and Koji Kita). 8. Physical Characterisation of ultra-thin high-k dielectric. (T. Conard, H. Bender and W. Vandervorst). 9. Electrical Characterization of Advanced Gate Dielectrics. (Robin Degraeve, Jurriaan Schmitz, Luigi Pantisano, Eddy Simoen, Michel Houssa, Ben Kaezer, and Guido Groeseneken). Medium dielectric constant materials. 10. Integration Issues of High-k Gate Dielectrics. (Yasuo Nara). Dielectric films for interconnects (packaging). 11. Anisotropic Conductive Film (ACF) for Advanced Microelectronic Interconnects. (Yi Li, C. P. Wong). Index.

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Book SynopsisCasting is one of the most important processes in materials technology. In this unique book, each step in the casting and solidification process is described and models are set up, which in many cases can be approximated by simplified analytical expressions.Trade Review"…an excellent text for a metallurgy or materials engineering program…scientists and engineers working in this field would benefit by having access to this book." (Journal of Metals Online, September 27, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Component Casting. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Casting of Components. Chapter 2: Cast House Processes. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Ingot Casting. 2.3 Continuous Casting. 2.4 From Ladle to Chill-mould in Continuous Casting of Steel. 2.5 Near Net Shape Casting. 2.6 The ESR Process. Chapter 3 Casting Hydrodynamics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Basic Hydrodynamics. 3.3 Gating Systems in Component Casting. 3.4 Gating System in Ingot Casting. 3.5 Gating System in Continuous Casting. 3.6 Inclusion Control in Gating Systems – Ceramic Filters. 3.7 Maximum Fluidity Length. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 4: Heat Transport during Component Casting. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic Concepts and Laws of Heat Transport. 4.3 Theory of Heat Transport in Casting of Metals and Alloys. 4.4 Heat Transport in Component Casting. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 5: Heat Transport in Cast House Processes. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Natural Convection in Metal Melts. 5.3 Heat Transport in Ingot Casting. 5.4 Water Cooling. 5.5 Heat Transport during Continuous Casting of Steel. 5.6 Heat Transport in the ESR Process. 5.7 Heat Transport in Near Net Shape Casting. 5.8 Heat Transport in Spray Casting. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 6: Structure and Structure Formation in Cast Materials. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Structure Formation in Cast Materials. 6.3 Dendrite Structure and Dendrite Growth. 6.4 Eutectic Structure and Eutectic Growth. 6.5 Cooling Curves and Structure. 6.6 Unidirectional Solidification. 6.7 Macrostructures in Cast Materials. 6.8 Macrostructures in Ingot Cast Materials. 6.9 Macrostructures in Continuously Cast Materials. 6.10 Macrostructures in Near Net Shape Cast Materials. 6.11 Amorphous Metals. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 7: Microsegregation in Alloys – Peritectic Reactions and Transformations. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Cooling Curves, Dendritic Growth, and Microsegregation. 7.3 Scheil’s Segregation Equation – a Model of Microsegregation. 7.4 Solidification Processes in Alloys. 7.5 Influence of Back Diffusion in the Solid Phase on Microsegregation of Alloys. 7.6 Solidification Processes and Microsegregation in Iron-base Alloys. 7.7 Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Binary Iron-base Alloys. 7.8 Microsegregation in Multicomponent Alloys. 7.9 Microsegregation and Peritectic Reactions and Transformations in Multicomponent Iron-base Alloys. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 8: Heat Treatment and Plastic Forming. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Homogenization. 8.3 Dissolution of Secondary Phases. 8.4 Change of Casting Structure During Cooling and Plastic Deformation. 8.5 Cooling Shrinkage and Stress Relief Heat Treatment. 8.6 Hot Isostatic Pressing. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 9: Precipitation of Pores and Slag Inclusions during Casting Processes. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Units and Laws. 9.3 Precipitation of Gases in Metal Melts. 9.4 Precipitation of Inclusions in Metal Melts. 9.5 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys. 9.6 Copper and Copper Alloys. 9.7 Steel and Iron Alloys. 9.8 Cast Iron. 9.9 Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 10: Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage of Metals and Alloys. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage. 10.3 Concepts and Laws. Methods of Measurement. 10.4 Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage during Casting. 10.5 Solidification Shrinkage during Ingot Casting. 10.6 Solidification and Cooling Shrinkage during Continuous Casting. 10.7 Thermal Stress and Crack Formation during Solidification and Cooling Processes. Summary. Exercises. Chapter 11: Macrosegregation in Alloys. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Macrosegregation due to Solidification Shrinkage. 11.3 Macrosegregation during Unidirectional Solidification. 11.4 Inverse Macrosegregation. 11.5 Macrosegregation during Continuous Casting. 11.6 Centre Segregation during Continuous Casting. 11.7 Freckles. 11.8 Macrosegregation during Horizontal Solidification. 11.9 Macrosegregations in Steel Ingots. Summary. Exercises. Answers to Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis excellent publication is the culmination of an idea spawned from a special issue on Wear in the Journal of Engineering Tribology that was guest edited by the author.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Series Editors’ Foreword xvii Preface xix 1 The Challenge of Wear 1I.M. Hutchings Abstract 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions and Development of Wear Studies 1 1.3 Scope and Challenges 2 1.4 Conclusions 6 References 6 2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms/Models 9K. Kato Abstract 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms and Wear Modes 10 2.2.1 Mechanical, Chemical and Thermal Wear 10 2.2.2 Wear Modes: Abrasive, Adhesive, Flow and Fatigue Wear 11 2.2.3 Corrosive Wear 14 2.2.4 Melt and Diffusive Wear 15 2.3 General Discussion of Wear Mechanisms and Their Models 15 2.3.1 Material Dependence 15 2.3.2 Wear Maps 16 2.3.3 Wear Mode Transition 17 2.3.4 Erosion 17 2.4 Conclusion 18 Acknowledgements 18 References 18 3 Wear of Metals: A Material Approach 21S.K. Biswas Abstract 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Mild Wear and Transition to Severe Wear 223.2.1 Mild Wear 22 3.2.2 Transition to Severe Wear 23 3.3 Strain Rate Estimates and Bulk Surface Temperature 27 3.3.1 Strain Rate Response Maps 28 3.3.2 Bulk Surface Temperature 30 3.3.3 The Phenomenological Argument 30 3.3.4 Micrographic Observations 31 3.4 Summary 34 3.4.1 Homogeneous Deformation – Severe Wear 34 3.4.2 Homogeneous Deformation – Mild Wear 35 3.4.3 Inhomogeneous Deformation – Severe Wear 35 Acknowledgements 35 References 35 4 Boundary Lubricated Wear 37S.M. Hsu, R.G. Munro, M.C. Shen, and R.S. Gates Abstract 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Lubricated Wear Classification 38 4.3 Lubricated Wear Versus “Dry” Wear 38 4.4 Wear Measurement in Well-Lubricated Systems 42 4.5 Measurement Procedures 44 4.5.1 Run-In Process 46 4.5.2 General Performance Wear Test (GPT) 49 4.5.3 Enhanced Oxidation Wear Test (EOT) 52 4.5.4 Boundary Film Persistence Test (BFPT) 53 4.5.5 Case Study with GPT and BFPT 55 4.5.6 Boundary Film Failure Test (BFFT) 57 4.6 Wear Mechanisms Under Lubricated Conditions 61 4.7 Modeling of Lubricated Wear 65 4.7.1 Wear 65 4.7.2 Contact Area 65 4.7.3 Rheology 66 4.7.4 Film Thickness 67 4.7.5 Contact Stress 67 4.7.6 Flash Temperatures 67 4.8 Summary 68 Acknowledgments 69 References 69 5 Wear and Chemistry of Lubricants 71A. Neville and A. Morina 5.1 Encountering Wear in Tribological Contacts 71 5.2 Lubricant Formulations – Drivers for Change 73 5.3 Tribochemistry and Wear 76 5.4 Antiwear Additive Technologies 77 5.4.1 Antiwear Technologies 77 5.4.2 ZDDP – Antiwear Mechanism 78 5.4.3 Interaction of ZDDP with Other Additives 83 5.4.4 New Antiwear Additive Technologies 87 5.5 Extreme Pressure Additives 88 5.6 Lubricating Non-Fe Materials 89 References 90 6 Surface Chemistry in Tribology 95A.J. Gellman and N.D. Spencer Abstract 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Boundary Lubrication and Oiliness Additives 95 6.2.1 Introduction 95 6.2.2 Monolayers, Multilayers and Soaps 96 6.2.3 Viscous Near-Surface Layers 102 6.2.4 Boundary Lubrication in Natural Joints 102 6.2.5 Summary 103 6.3 Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate 103 6.3.1 Background 103 6.3.2 Analytical Approaches 104 6.3.3 Summary of Film-Formation Mechanism 104 6.3.4 Studies of Film Structure, Composition, and Thickness 105 6.4 Hard Disk Lubrication 109 6.5 Vapor-Phase Lubrication 112 6.6 Tribology of Quasicrystals 115 6.7 Conclusions 118 Acknowledgments 118 References 118 7 Tribology of Engineered Surfaces 123K. Holmberg and A. Matthews Abstract 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Definition of an Engineered Surface 125 7.3 Tribomechanisms of Coated Surfaces 125 7.3.1 Scales of Tribology 125 7.3.2 Macromechanical Friction and Wear 126 7.3.3 Micromechanical Mechanisms 131 7.3.4 Modelling Stresses and Strains in a Coated Microcontact 132 7.3.5 Tribochemical Mechanisms 133 7.3.6 Nanoscale Mechanisms 135 7.3.7 Debris Generation and Transfer Layers 136 7.4 Contact Types 139 7.4.1 Sliding 139 7.4.2 Abrasion 141 7.4.3 Impact 141 7.4.4 Surface Fatigue 141 7.4.5 Fretting 142 7.4.6 Chemical Dissolution 143 7.4.7 Lubricated 143 7.5 Advanced Coating Types 144 7.5.1 Hard Binary Compound Coatings 145 7.5.2 Multilayer Coatings 146 7.5.3 Nanocomposite Coatings 149 7.5.4 Hybrid and Duplex Coatings 151 7.6 Applications 152 7.7 Conclusions 154 References 155 8 Wear of Ceramics: Wear Transitions and Tribochemical Reactions 167S. Jahanmir Abstract 167 8.1 Introduction 168 8.2 Structure and Properties of Ceramics 168 8.2.1 Alumina Ceramics 168 8.2.2 Silicon Nitride Ceramics 169 8.2.3 Silicon Carbide Ceramics 170 8.3 Wear Transitions 170 8.3.1 Alumina 171 8.3.2 Silicon Nitride 174 8.3.3 Silicon Carbide 175 8.4 Damage Formation in Hertzian Contacts 177 8.4.1 Brittle Behavior 177 8.4.2 Quasi-Plastic Behavior 177 8.4.3 Brittleness Index 180 8.5 Transition Loads in Sliding Contacts 181 8.5.1 Quasi-Plastic Behavior 181 8.5.2 Brittle Behavior 183 8.5.3 Transition from Brittle Fracture to Quasi-Plasticity 184 8.6 Ceramics in Tribological Applications 185 Acknowledgments 187 References 187 9 Tribology of Diamond and Diamond-Like Carbon Films: An Overview 191A. Erdemir and Ch. Donnet Abstract 191 9.1 General Overview 192 9.2 Diamond Films 194 9.2.1 Deposition and Film Microstructure 194 9.2.2 Tribology of Diamond Films 195 9.2.3 Practical Applications 204 9.3 Diamond-like Carbon Films 207 9.3.1 Structure and Composition 207 9.3.2 Tribology of DLC Films 209 9.3.3 Synthesis of Carbon Films with Superlow-Friction and -Wear Properties 215 9.3.4 Practical Applications 217 9.4 Summary and Future Direction 219 Acknowledgments 219 References 220 10 Tribology of Polymeric Solids and Their Composites 223B.J. Briscoe and S.K. Sinha Abstract 223 10.1 Introduction 224 10.2 The Mechanisms of Polymer Friction 225 10.2.1 The Ploughing Term – Brief Summary 225 10.2.2 The Adhesion Term – Brief Summary 227 10.3 Wear 228 10.3.1 Semantics and Rationalizations 228 10.3.2 Wear Classification Based on Generic Scaling Responses 230 10.3.3 Phenomenological Classification of Wear Damages 232 10.3.4 Wear Classification Based on Polymeric Responses 240 10.4 Tribology of Polymer Composites 249 10.4.1 ‘Soft and Lubricating’ Phases in a Harder Matrix 249 10.4.2 ‘Hard and Strong’ Phases in a ‘Soft’ Matrix 250 10.4.3 Hybrid Polymer Composites 253 10.5 Environmental and Lubrication Effects 254 10.6 A Case Study: Polymers in Hip and Knee Prosthetic Applications – Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Poly(ethylene) (UHMWPE) 256 10.7 Concluding Remarks 260 Acknowledgements 261 References 261 11 Wear of Polymer Composites 269K. Friedrich, Z. Zhang and P. Klein Abstract 269 11.1 Introduction 269 11.2 Sliding Wear of Filler Reinforced Polymer Composites 270 11.2.1 Short Fibres and Internal Lubricants 270 11.2.2 PTFE Matrix Composites 272 11.2.3 Micro- and Nanoparticle Reinforcements 275 11.2.4 Integration of Traditional Fillers with Inorganic Nanoparticles 277 11.2.5 Functionally Graded Tribo-Materials 279 11.3 Artificial Neural Networks Approach for Wear Prediction 280 11.4 Fibre Orientation, Wear Mechanisms and Stress Conditions in Continuous Fibre Reinforced Composites 282 11.5 Conclusions 286 Acknowledgements 286 References 287 12 Third-Body Reality – Consequences and Use of the Third-Body Concept to Solve Friction and Wear Problems 291Y. Berthier Abstract 291 12.1 Introduction 292 12.2 Relationship Between the Third Body and Friction 292 12.2.1 Boundary Conditions 292 12.2.2 Friction Analysis 292 12.3 Relationship Between the Third Body and Wear 293 12.3.1 Wear Laws 293 12.3.2 Material Hardness and Wear 294 12.4 What Methods Exist for Studying Friction and Wear? 294 12.4.1 The Scientific Context Surrounding Tribology 294 12.4.2 Physical Difficulties Related to Studying Contacts 295 12.4.3 So Where to from Here? 297 12.5 The Third-Body Concept 298 12.5.1 Artificial and Natural Third Bodies 298 12.5.2 Contact Without the Third Body 299 12.5.3 Types of “Solid” Third Body from the Mechanical Viewpoint 299 12.5.4 “Action Heights” of Third Bodies 300 12.6 Functions and Behaviour of the Third Body 300 12.6.1 Functions of the Third Body 300 12.6.2 Operation of Solid Third Bodies 301 12.6.3 Tribological Circuit of Third-Body Flows 302 12.6.4 Rheology of the Third Body 303 12.6.5 Scientific and Technological Consequences of the Tribological Circuit 303 12.7 Roles of the Materials in a Tribological Contact 304 12.7.1 Indirect Role of the Materials – Scale of the Actual Mechanism or Mechanical Device 304 12.7.2 Direct Role of the Materials – Scale of First Bodies 304 12.7.3 Optimal Direct Response of Material to the Tribological Contact 305 12.7.4 Consequences on the Approach Used for Solving Technological Problems 306 12.8 Taking into Account the Effects of the Mechanism 306 12.8.1 Choosing the Conditions to be Modelled 306 12.8.2 Technological Consequences of the Effects of the Mechanism 307 12.9 Taking into Account the Effect of the First Bodies 307 12.9.1 Local Contact Dynamics 307 12.9.2 Technological Consequences of the Effects of the First Bodies 307 12.10 “Solid” Natural Third-Body Modelling 308 12.10.1 Reconstruction of the Tribological Circuit 308 12.10.2 Technological Consequences of the Third Body 309 12.11 Correspondence of the Strategy Proposed to Reality 310 12.12 Control of Input Conditions 310 12.12.1 Objectives 310 12.12.2 Procedure 311 12.12.3 Precautions 311 12.13 Performing Experiments 312 12.13.1 Initial Conditions 312 12.13.2 Exterior of the Contact 313 12.13.3 Interior of the Contact 313 12.14 Conclusions 314 Acknowledgements 314 References 315 13 Basic Principles of Fretting 317P. Kapsa, S. Fouvry and L. Vincent Abstract 317 13.1 Introduction 317 13.2 Wear 319 13.3 Industrial Needs 320 13.4 Fretting in Assemblies 321 13.5 Fretting Processes 322 13.6 Fretting Parameters 330 13.6.1 Nature of Loading 330 13.6.2 Nature of the First Bodies 331 13.6.3 Coatings 332 13.6.4 Environment 334 13.6.5 Frequency 335 13.6.6 Temperature 335 13.7 Conclusions 336 References 337 14 Characterization and Classification of Abrasive Particles and Surfaces 339G.W. Stachowiak, G.B. Stachowiak, D. De Pellegrin and P. Podsiadlo Abstract 339 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 General Descriptors of Particle Shape 340 14.3 Particle Angularity Parameters 341 14.3.1 Angularity Parameters SP and SPQ and Their Relation to Abrasive and Erosive Wear 342 14.3.2 Cone-Fit Analysis (CFA) 344 14.3.3 Sharpness Analysis 349 14.4 Particle Size Effect in Abrasive Wear 353 14.5 Sharpness of Surfaces 356 14.5.1 Characterization of Surface Sharpness by the Modified SPQ Method 356 14.5.2 Characterization of Surface Sharpness by SA 358 14.6 Classification of Abrasive Surfaces 359 14.7 Summary 364 Acknowledgements 365 References 365 15 Wear Mapping of Materials 369S.M. Hsu and M.C. Shen 15.1 Introduction 369 15.1.1 Wear – A System Perspective 370 15.1.2 Historical Material Selection Guide 370 15.2 Basic Definition of Wear 372 15.2.1 Nature of Wear 372 15.2.2 Wear Characterization 372 15.3 Wear as a System Function 375 15.4 Wear Maps as a Classification Tool to Define the System 376 15.5 Wear as an “Intrinsic” Material Property as Defined by Wear Maps 377 15.6 Different Kinds of Wear Maps 378 15.7 Application of Wear Maps 380 15.7.1 Material Comparison Based on Wear Maps 381 15.7.2 Wear Transition Diagrams 385 15.7.3 Material Selection Guided by Wear Maps 389 15.7.4 Wear Mechanism Identification 391 15.7.5 Wear Modeling Guide Based on Wear Maps 396 15.7.6 Wear Prediction Based on Wear Maps 405 15.8 Construction Techniques of Wear Maps 411 15.8.1 Conducting Wear Experiments 411 15.8.2 Wear Data 412 15.8.3 Data Trend Analysis 413 15.8.4 Wear Mapping 414 15.8.5 Selection of Parameters for Mapping 416 15.8.6 Assumptions in the Step-Loading Test Procedure 418 15.9 Application Map Concept and Examples 420 15.10 Future Wear Map Research 421 References 422 16 Machine Failure and Its Avoidance – Tribology’s Contribution to Effective Maintenance of Critical Machinery 425B.J. Roylance Abstract 425 16.1 Introduction 425 16.2 Maintenance Practice and Tribological Principles 426 16.2.1 Maintenance Practice – A Brief Historical Overview 426 16.2.2 Tribological Principles 427 16.2.3 Tribology and Maintenance 431 16.3 Failure Diagnoses 432 16.3.1 Failure Morphology and Analysis 432 16.3.2 Dealing with Failure – Two Short Case Studies 434 16.3.3 Comment 436 16.4 Condition-Based Maintenance 436 16.5 Wear and Wear Debris Analysis 440 16.5.1 Wear Modes and Associated Debris Characteristics – Some Experimental Results and Their Application to RAF Early Failure Detection Centres 443 16.5.2 Summary of Laboratory Test Results 445 16.5.3 Wear Particle Classification and Application 446 16.6 Predicting the Remaining Useful Life and Evaluating the Cost Benefits 448 16.6.1 Remaining Useful Life Predictions 448 16.6.2 Evaluating the Cost Benefits 449 16.7 Closure 450 Acknowledgements 450 References 451 Index 453

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Book SynopsisIan Moir and Allan Seabridge Military avionics is a complex and technically challenging field which requires a high level of competence from all those involved in the aircraft design and maintenance.Trade Review"…an extremely comprehensive book which, successfully, covers this complex subject in great depth." (RAes- Aerospace International, October 2006)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Authors. Introduction. 1 Military roles. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Air superiority. 1.3 Ground attack. 1.4 Strategic bomber. 1.5 Maritime patrol. 1.6 Battlefield surveillance. 1.7 Airborne early warning. 1.8 Electronic warfare. 1.9 Photographic reconnaissance. 1.10 Air-to-air refuelling. 1.11 Troop/materiel transport. 1.12 Unmanned air vehicles. 1.13 Training. 1.14 Special roles. 1.15 Summary. Further Reading. 2 Technology and architectures. 2.1 Evolution of avionics architectures. 2.2 Aerospace-specific data buses. 2.3 JIAWG architecture. 2.4 COTS data buses. 2.5 Real-time operating systems. 2.6 RF integration. 2.7 Pave Pace/F-35 shared aperture architecture. References. 3 Basic radar systems. 3.1 Basic principles of radar. 3.2 Radar antenna characteristics. 3.3 Major radar modes. 3.4 Antenna directional properties. 3.5 Pulsed radar architecture. 3.6 Doppler radar. 3.7 Other uses of radar. 3.8 Target tracking. References. 4 Advanced radar systems. 4.1 Pulse compression. 4.2 Pulsed Doppler operation. 4.3 Pulsed Doppler radar implementation. 4.4 Advanced antennas. 4.5 Synthetic aperture radar. 4.6 Low observability. References. 5 Electrooptics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Television. 5.3 Night-vision goggles. 5.4 IR imaging. 5.5 IR tracking. 5.6 Lasers. 5.7 Integrated systems. References. 6 Electronic warfare. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Signals intelligence (SIGINT). 6.3 Electronic support measures. 6.4 Electronic countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. 6.5 Defensive aids. References. 7 Communications and identification. 7.1 Definition of CNI. 7.2 RF propagation. 7.3 Transponders. 7.4 Data links. 7.5 Network-centric operations. References. 8 Navigation. 8.1 Navigation principles. 8.2 Radio navigation. 8.3 Inertial navigation fundamentals. 8.4 Satellite navigation. 8.5 Integrated navigation. 8.6 Flight management system. 8.7 Navigation aids. 8.8 Inertial navigation. 8.9 Global navigation satellite systems. 8.10 Global air transport management (GATM). References. 9 Weapons carriage and guidance. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 F-16 Fighting Falcon. 9.3 AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache. 9.4 Eurofighter Typhoon. 9.5 F/A-22 Raptor. 9.6 Nimrod MRA4. 9.7 F-35 joint strike fighter. 9.8 MIL-STD-1760 standard stores interface. 9.9 Air-to-air missiles. 9.10 Air-to-ground ordnance. Resources. References. 10 Vehicle Management Systems. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Historical development of control of utility systems. 10.3 Summary of utility systems. 10.4 Control of utility systems. 10.5 Subsystem descriptions. 10.6 Design considerations. References. Further reading. 11 Displays. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Crew station. 11.3 Head-up display. 11.4 Helmet-mounted displays. 11.5 Head-down displays. 11.6 Emerging display technologies. 11.7 Visibility requirements. References. Bibliography. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis completely updated and revised second edition of Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques, deals with the characterisation and understanding of the outer layers of substrates, how they react, look and function which are all of interest to surface scientists.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1John C. Vickerman 1.1 How do we Define the Surface? 1 1.2 How Many Atoms in a Surface? 2 1.3 Information Required 3 1.4 Surface Sensitivity 5 1.5 Radiation Effects – Surface Damage 7 1.6 Complexity of the Data 8 2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 9Hans Jörg Mathieu 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Principle of the Auger Process 10 2.2.1 Kinetic Energies of Auger Peaks 11 2.2.2 Ionization Cross-Section 15 2.2.3 Comparison of Auger and Photon Emission 16 2.2.4 Electron Backscattering 17 2.2.5 Escape Depth 18 2.2.6 Chemical Shifts 19 2.3 Instrumentation 21 2.3.1 Electron Sources 22 2.3.2 Spectrometers 24 2.3.3 Modes of Acquisition 24 2.3.4 Detection Limits 29 2.3.5 Instrument Calibration 30 2.4 Quantitative Analysis 31 2.5 Depth Profile Analysis 33 2.5.1 Thin Film Calibration Standard 34 2.5.2 Depth Resolution 36 2.5.3 Sputter Rates 37 2.5.4 Preferential Sputtering 40 2.5.5 λ-Correction 41 2.5.6 Chemical Shifts in AES Profiles 42 2.6 Summary 43 References 44 Problems 45 3 Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis 47Buddy D. Ratner and David G. Castner 3.1 Overview 47 3.1.1 The Basic ESCA Experiment 48 3.1.2 A History of the Photoelectric Effect and ESCA 48 3.1.3 Information Provided by ESCA 49 3.2 X-ray Interaction withMatter, the Photoelectron Effect and Photoemission from Solids 50 3.3 Binding Energy and the Chemical Shift 52 3.3.1 Koopmans’ Theorem 53 3.3.2 Initial State Effects 53 3.3.3 Final State Effects 57 3.3.4 Binding Energy Referencing 58 3.3.5 Charge Compensation in Insulators 60 3.3.6 Peak Widths 61 3.3.7 Peak Fitting 62 3.4 Inelastic Mean Free Path and Sampling Depth 63 3.5 Quantification 67 3.5.1 Quantification Methods 68 3.5.2 Quantification Standards 70 3.5.3 Quantification Example 71 3.6 Spectral Features 73 3.7 Instrumentation 80 3.7.1 Vacuum Systems for ESCA Experiments 80 3.7.2 X-ray Sources 82 3.7.3 Analyzers 84 3.7.4 Data Systems 86 3.7.5 Accessories 88 3.8 Spectral Quality 88 3.9 Depth Profiling 89 3.10 X–Y Mapping and Imaging 94 3.11 Chemical Derivatization 96 3.12 Valence Band 96 3.13 Perspectives 99 3.14 Conclusions 100 Acknowledgements 101 References 101 Problems 109 4 Molecular Surface Mass Spectrometry by SIMS 113John C. Vickerman 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Basic Concepts 116 4.2.1 The Basic Equation 116 4.2.2 Sputtering 116 4.2.3 Ionization 121 4.2.4 The Static Limit and Depth Profiling 123 4.2.5 Surface Charging 124 4.3 Experimental Requirements 125 4.3.1 Primary Beam 125 4.3.2 Mass Analysers 131 4.4 Secondary Ion Formation 140 4.4.1 Introduction 140 4.4.2 Models of Sputtering 143 4.4.3 Ionization 149 4.4.4 Influence of the Matrix Effect in Organic Materials Analysis 151 4.5 Modes of Analysis 155 4.5.1 Spectral Analysis 155 4.5.2 SIMS Imaging or Scanning SIMS 166 4.5.3 Depth Profiling and 3D Imaging 173 4.6 Ionization of the Sputtered Neutrals 183 4.6.1 Photon Induced Post-Ionization 184 4.6.2 Photon Post-Ionization and SIMS 190 4.7 Ambient Methods of Desorption Mass Spectrometry 194 References 199 Problems 203 5 Dynamic SIMS 207David McPhail and Mark Dowsett 5.1 Fundamentals and Attributes 207 5.1.1 Introduction 207 5.1.2 Variations on a Theme 211 5.1.3 The Interaction of the Primary Beam with the Sample 214 5.1.4 Depth Profiling 217 5.1.5 Complimentary Techniques and Data Comparison 224 5.2 Areas and Methods of Application 226 5.2.1 Dopant and Impurity Profiling 226 5.2.2 Profiling High Concentration Species 227 5.2.3 Use of SIMS in Near Surface Regions 230 5.2.4 Applications of SIMS Depth Profiling in Materials Science 233 5.3 Quantification of Data 233 5.3.1 Quantification of Depth Profiles 233 5.3.2 Fabrication of Standards 239 5.3.3 Depth Measurement and Calibration of the Depth Scale 241 5.3.4 Sources of Error in Depth Profiles 242 5.4 Novel Approaches 246 5.4.1 Bevelling and Imaging or Line Scanning 246 5.4.2 Reverse-Side Depth Profiling 250 5.4.3 Two-Dimensional Analysis 251 5.5 Instrumentation 252 5.5.1 Overview 252 5.5.2 Secondary Ion Optics 253 5.5.3 Dual Beam Methods and ToF 254 5.5.4 Gating 254 5.6 Conclusions 256 References 257 Problems 267 6 Low-Energy Ion Scattering and Rutherford Backscattering 269Edmund Taglauer 6.1 Introduction 269 6.2 Physical Basis 271 6.2.1 The Scattering Process 271 6.2.2 Collision Kinematics 272 6.2.3 Interaction Potentials and Cross-sections 275 6.2.4 Shadow Cone 278 6.2.5 Computer Simulation 281 6.3 Rutherford Backscattering 284 6.3.1 Energy Loss 284 6.3.2 Apparatus 287 6.3.3 Beam Effects 289 6.3.4 Quantitative Layer Analysis 290 6.3.5 Structure Analysis 293 6.3.6 Medium-Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) 297 6.3.7 The Value of RBS and Comparison to Related Techniques 298 6.4 Low-Energy Ion Scattering 300 6.4.1 Neutralization 300 6.4.2 Apparatus 303 6.4.3 Surface Composition Analysis 307 6.4.4 Structure Analysis 316 6.4.5 Conclusions 323 Acknowledgement 324 References 324 Problems 330 Key Facts 330 7 Vibrational Spectroscopy from Surfaces 333Martyn E. Pemble and Peter Gardner 7.1 Introduction 333 7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy from Surfaces 334 7.2.1 Transmission IR Spectroscopy 335 7.2.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 340 7.2.3 Reflectance Methods 342 7.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 361 7.3.1 Inelastic or ‘Impact’ Scattering 362 7.3.2 Elastic or ‘Dipole’ Scattering 365 7.3.3 The EELS (HREELS) Experiment 367 7.4 The Group Theory of Surface Vibrations 368 7.4.1 General Approach 368 7.4.2 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a Flat, Featureless Surface 369 7.4.3 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a (100) Surface of an FCC Metal 373 7.4.4 The Expected Form of the RAIRS and Dipolar EELS (HREELS) Spectra 374 7.5 Laser Raman Spectroscopy from Surfaces 375 7.5.1 Theory of Raman Scattering 376 7.5.2 The Study of Collective Surface Vibrations (Phonons) using Raman Spectroscopy 377 7.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy from Metal Surfaces 379 7.5.4 Spatial Resolution in Surface Raman Spectroscopy 380 7.5.5 Fourier Transform Surface Raman Techniques 380 7.6 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) 381 7.6.1 Introduction to INS 381 7.6.2 The INS Spectrum 382 7.6.3 INS Spectra ofHydrodesesulfurization Catalysts 382 7.7 Sum-Frequency Generation Methods 383 References 386 Problems 389 8 Surface Structure Determination by Interference Techniques 391Christopher A. Lucas 8.1 Introduction 391 8.1.1 Basic Theory of Diffraction – Three Dimensions 392 8.1.2 Extension to Surfaces – Two Dimensions 398 8.2 Electron Diffraction Techniques 402 8.2.1 General Introduction 402 8.2.2 Low Energy Electron Diffraction 403 8.2.3 Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) 418 8.3 X-ray Techniques 424 8.3.1 General Introduction 424 8.3.2 X-ray Adsorption Spectroscopy 427 8.3.3 Surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) 447 8.3.4 X-ray Standing Waves (XSWs) 456 8.4 Photoelectron Diffraction 464 8.4.1 Introduction 464 8.4.2 Theoretical Considerations 465 8.4.3 Experimental Details 469 8.4.4 Applications of XPD and PhD 470 References 474 9 Scanning Probe Microscopy 479Graham J. Leggett 9.1 Introduction 479 9.2 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy 480 9.2.1 Basic Principles of the STM 481 9.2.2 Instrumentation and Basic Operation Parameters 487 9.2.3 Atomic Resolution and Spectroscopy: Surface Crystal and Electronic Structure 489 9.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 511 9.3.1 Basic Principles of the AFM 511 9.3.2 Chemical Force Microscopy 524 9.3.3 Friction Force Microscopy 526 9.3.4 Biological Applications of the AFM 532 9.4 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy 537 9.4.1 Optical Fibre Near-Field Microscopy 537 9.4.2 Apertureless SNOM 541 9.5 Other Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques 542 9.6 Lithography Using Probe Microscopy Methods 544 9.6.1 STM Lithography 544 9.6.2 AFM Lithography 545 9.6.3 Near-Field Photolithography 549 9.6.4 The ‘Millipede’ 550 9.7 Conclusions 551 References 552 Problems 559 10 The Application of Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques in Surface Analysis 563Joanna L.S. Lee and Ian S. Gilmore 10.1 Introduction 563 10.2 Basic Concepts 565 10.2.1 Matrix and Vector Representation of Data 565 10.2.2 Dimensionality and Rank 567 10.2.3 Relation to Multivariate Analysis 568 10.2.4 Choosing the Appropriate Multivariate Method 568 10.3 Factor Analysis for Identification 569 10.3.1 Terminology 570 10.3.2 Mathematical Background 570 10.3.3 Principal Component Analysis 571 10.3.4 Multivariate Curve Resolution 579 10.3.5 Analysis of Multivariate Images 582 10.4 Regression Methods for Quantification 591 10.4.1 Terminology 591 10.4.2 Mathematical Background 592 10.4.3 Principal Component Regression 594 10.4.4 Partial Least Squares Regression 595 10.4.5 Calibration, Validation and Prediction 596 10.4.6 Example – Correlating ToF–SIMS Spectra with PolymerWettability Using PLS 598 10.5 Methods for Classification 600 10.5.1 Discriminant Function Analysis 601 10.5.2 Hierarchal Cluster Analysis 602 10.5.3 Artificial Neural Networks 603 10.6 Summary and Conclusion 606 Acknowledgements 608 References 608 Problems 611 Appendix 1 Vacuum Technology for Applied Surface Science 613Rod Wilson A1.1 Introduction: Gases and Vapours 613 A1.2 The Pressure Regions of Vacuum Technology and their Characteristics 619 A1.3 Production of a Vacuum 622 A1.3.1 Types of Pump 622 A1.3.2 Evacuation of a Chamber 634 A1.3.3 Choice of Pumping System 635 A1.3.4 Determination of the Size of Backing Pumps 636 A1.3.5 Flanges and their Seals 636 A1.4 Measurement of Low Pressures 637 A1.4.1 Gauges for Direct Pressure Measurement 638 A1.4.2 Gauges Using Indirect Means of Pressure Measurement 640 A1.4.3 Partial Pressure Measuring Instruments 644 Acknowledgement 647 References 647 Appendix 2 Units, Fundamental Physical Constants and Conversions 649 A2.1 Base Units of the SI 649 A2.2 Fundamental Physical Constants 650 A2.3 Other Units and Conversions to SI 651 References 652 Index 653

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Book SynopsisThis completely updated and revised second edition of Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques, deals with the characterisation and understanding of the outer layers of substrates, how they react, look and function which are all of interest to surface scientists. Within this comprehensive text, experts in each analysis area introduce the theory and practice of the principal techniques that have shown themselves to be effective in both basic research and in applied surface analysis. Examples of analysis are provided to facilitate the understanding of this topic and to show readers how they can overcome problems within this area of study.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1John C. Vickerman 1.1 How do we Define the Surface? 1 1.2 How Many Atoms in a Surface? 2 1.3 Information Required 3 1.4 Surface Sensitivity 5 1.5 Radiation Effects – Surface Damage 7 1.6 Complexity of the Data 8 2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 9Hans Jörg Mathieu 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Principle of the Auger Process 10 2.2.1 Kinetic Energies of Auger Peaks 11 2.2.2 Ionization Cross-Section 15 2.2.3 Comparison of Auger and Photon Emission 16 2.2.4 Electron Backscattering 17 2.2.5 Escape Depth 18 2.2.6 Chemical Shifts 19 2.3 Instrumentation 21 2.3.1 Electron Sources 22 2.3.2 Spectrometers 24 2.3.3 Modes of Acquisition 24 2.3.4 Detection Limits 29 2.3.5 Instrument Calibration 30 2.4 Quantitative Analysis 31 2.5 Depth Profile Analysis 33 2.5.1 Thin Film Calibration Standard 34 2.5.2 Depth Resolution 36 2.5.3 Sputter Rates 37 2.5.4 Preferential Sputtering 40 2.5.5 λ-Correction 41 2.5.6 Chemical Shifts in AES Profiles 42 2.6 Summary 43 References 44 Problems 45 3 Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis 47Buddy D. Ratner and David G. Castner 3.1 Overview 47 3.1.1 The Basic ESCA Experiment 48 3.1.2 A History of the Photoelectric Effect and ESCA 48 3.1.3 Information Provided by ESCA 49 3.2 X-ray Interaction withMatter, the Photoelectron Effect and Photoemission from Solids 50 3.3 Binding Energy and the Chemical Shift 52 3.3.1 Koopmans’ Theorem 53 3.3.2 Initial State Effects 53 3.3.3 Final State Effects 57 3.3.4 Binding Energy Referencing 58 3.3.5 Charge Compensation in Insulators 60 3.3.6 Peak Widths 61 3.3.7 Peak Fitting 62 3.4 Inelastic Mean Free Path and Sampling Depth 63 3.5 Quantification 67 3.5.1 Quantification Methods 68 3.5.2 Quantification Standards 70 3.5.3 Quantification Example 71 3.6 Spectral Features 73 3.7 Instrumentation 80 3.7.1 Vacuum Systems for ESCA Experiments 80 3.7.2 X-ray Sources 82 3.7.3 Analyzers 84 3.7.4 Data Systems 86 3.7.5 Accessories 88 3.8 Spectral Quality 88 3.9 Depth Profiling 89 3.10 X–Y Mapping and Imaging 94 3.11 Chemical Derivatization 96 3.12 Valence Band 96 3.13 Perspectives 99 3.14 Conclusions 100 Acknowledgements 101 References 101 Problems 109 4 Molecular Surface Mass Spectrometry by SIMS 113John C. Vickerman 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Basic Concepts 116 4.2.1 The Basic Equation 116 4.2.2 Sputtering 116 4.2.3 Ionization 121 4.2.4 The Static Limit and Depth Profiling 123 4.2.5 Surface Charging 124 4.3 Experimental Requirements 125 4.3.1 Primary Beam 125 4.3.2 Mass Analysers 131 4.4 Secondary Ion Formation 140 4.4.1 Introduction 140 4.4.2 Models of Sputtering 143 4.4.3 Ionization 149 4.4.4 Influence of the Matrix Effect in Organic Materials Analysis 151 4.5 Modes of Analysis 155 4.5.1 Spectral Analysis 155 4.5.2 SIMS Imaging or Scanning SIMS 166 4.5.3 Depth Profiling and 3D Imaging 173 4.6 Ionization of the Sputtered Neutrals 183 4.6.1 Photon Induced Post-Ionization 184 4.6.2 Photon Post-Ionization and SIMS 190 4.7 Ambient Methods of Desorption Mass Spectrometry 194 References 199 Problems 203 5 Dynamic SIMS 207David McPhail and Mark Dowsett 5.1 Fundamentals and Attributes 207 5.1.1 Introduction 207 5.1.2 Variations on a Theme 211 5.1.3 The Interaction of the Primary Beam with the Sample 214 5.1.4 Depth Profiling 217 5.1.5 Complimentary Techniques and Data Comparison 224 5.2 Areas and Methods of Application 226 5.2.1 Dopant and Impurity Profiling 226 5.2.2 Profiling High Concentration Species 227 5.2.3 Use of SIMS in Near Surface Regions 230 5.2.4 Applications of SIMS Depth Profiling in Materials Science 233 5.3 Quantification of Data 233 5.3.1 Quantification of Depth Profiles 233 5.3.2 Fabrication of Standards 239 5.3.3 Depth Measurement and Calibration of the Depth Scale 241 5.3.4 Sources of Error in Depth Profiles 242 5.4 Novel Approaches 246 5.4.1 Bevelling and Imaging or Line Scanning 246 5.4.2 Reverse-Side Depth Profiling 250 5.4.3 Two-Dimensional Analysis 251 5.5 Instrumentation 252 5.5.1 Overview 252 5.5.2 Secondary Ion Optics 253 5.5.3 Dual Beam Methods and ToF 254 5.5.4 Gating 254 5.6 Conclusions 256 References 257 Problems 267 6 Low-Energy Ion Scattering and Rutherford Backscattering 269Edmund Taglauer 6.1 Introduction 269 6.2 Physical Basis 271 6.2.1 The Scattering Process 271 6.2.2 Collision Kinematics 272 6.2.3 Interaction Potentials and Cross-sections 275 6.2.4 Shadow Cone 278 6.2.5 Computer Simulation 281 6.3 Rutherford Backscattering 284 6.3.1 Energy Loss 284 6.3.2 Apparatus 287 6.3.3 Beam Effects 289 6.3.4 Quantitative Layer Analysis 290 6.3.5 Structure Analysis 293 6.3.6 Medium-Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) 297 6.3.7 The Value of RBS and Comparison to Related Techniques 298 6.4 Low-Energy Ion Scattering 300 6.4.1 Neutralization 300 6.4.2 Apparatus 303 6.4.3 Surface Composition Analysis 307 6.4.4 Structure Analysis 316 6.4.5 Conclusions 323 Acknowledgement 324 References 324 Problems 330 Key Facts 330 7 Vibrational Spectroscopy from Surfaces 333Martyn E. Pemble and Peter Gardner 7.1 Introduction 333 7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy from Surfaces 334 7.2.1 Transmission IR Spectroscopy 335 7.2.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 340 7.2.3 Reflectance Methods 342 7.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 361 7.3.1 Inelastic or ‘Impact’ Scattering 362 7.3.2 Elastic or ‘Dipole’ Scattering 365 7.3.3 The EELS (HREELS) Experiment 367 7.4 The Group Theory of Surface Vibrations 368 7.4.1 General Approach 368 7.4.2 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a Flat, Featureless Surface 369 7.4.3 Group Theory Analysis of Ethyne Adsorbed at a (100) Surface of an FCC Metal 373 7.4.4 The Expected Form of the RAIRS and Dipolar EELS (HREELS) Spectra 374 7.5 Laser Raman Spectroscopy from Surfaces 375 7.5.1 Theory of Raman Scattering 376 7.5.2 The Study of Collective Surface Vibrations (Phonons) using Raman Spectroscopy 377 7.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy from Metal Surfaces 379 7.5.4 Spatial Resolution in Surface Raman Spectroscopy 380 7.5.5 Fourier Transform Surface Raman Techniques 380 7.6 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) 381 7.6.1 Introduction to INS 381 7.6.2 The INS Spectrum 382 7.6.3 INS Spectra ofHydrodesesulfurization Catalysts 382 7.7 Sum-Frequency Generation Methods 383 References 386 Problems 389 8 Surface Structure Determination by Interference Techniques 391Christopher A. Lucas 8.1 Introduction 391 8.1.1 Basic Theory of Diffraction – Three Dimensions 392 8.1.2 Extension to Surfaces – Two Dimensions 398 8.2 Electron Diffraction Techniques 402 8.2.1 General Introduction 402 8.2.2 Low Energy Electron Diffraction 403 8.2.3 Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) 418 8.3 X-ray Techniques 424 8.3.1 General Introduction 424 8.3.2 X-ray Adsorption Spectroscopy 427 8.3.3 Surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) 447 8.3.4 X-ray Standing Waves (XSWs) 456 8.4 Photoelectron Diffraction 464 8.4.1 Introduction 464 8.4.2 Theoretical Considerations 465 8.4.3 Experimental Details 469 8.4.4 Applications of XPD and PhD 470 References 474 9 Scanning Probe Microscopy 479Graham J. Leggett 9.1 Introduction 479 9.2 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy 480 9.2.1 Basic Principles of the STM 481 9.2.2 Instrumentation and Basic Operation Parameters 487 9.2.3 Atomic Resolution and Spectroscopy: Surface Crystal and Electronic Structure 489 9.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 511 9.3.1 Basic Principles of the AFM 511 9.3.2 Chemical Force Microscopy 524 9.3.3 Friction Force Microscopy 526 9.3.4 Biological Applications of the AFM 532 9.4 Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy 537 9.4.1 Optical Fibre Near-Field Microscopy 537 9.4.2 Apertureless SNOM 541 9.5 Other Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques 542 9.6 Lithography Using Probe Microscopy Methods 544 9.6.1 STM Lithography 544 9.6.2 AFM Lithography 545 9.6.3 Near-Field Photolithography 549 9.6.4 The ‘Millipede’ 550 9.7 Conclusions 551 References 552 Problems 559 10 The Application of Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques in Surface Analysis 563Joanna L.S. Lee and Ian S. Gilmore 10.1 Introduction 563 10.2 Basic Concepts 565 10.2.1 Matrix and Vector Representation of Data 565 10.2.2 Dimensionality and Rank 567 10.2.3 Relation to Multivariate Analysis 568 10.2.4 Choosing the Appropriate Multivariate Method 568 10.3 Factor Analysis for Identification 569 10.3.1 Terminology 570 10.3.2 Mathematical Background 570 10.3.3 Principal Component Analysis 571 10.3.4 Multivariate Curve Resolution 579 10.3.5 Analysis of Multivariate Images 582 10.4 Regression Methods for Quantification 591 10.4.1 Terminology 591 10.4.2 Mathematical Background 592 10.4.3 Principal Component Regression 594 10.4.4 Partial Least Squares Regression 595 10.4.5 Calibration, Validation and Prediction 596 10.4.6 Example – Correlating ToF–SIMS Spectra with PolymerWettability Using PLS 598 10.5 Methods for Classification 600 10.5.1 Discriminant Function Analysis 601 10.5.2 Hierarchal Cluster Analysis 602 10.5.3 Artificial Neural Networks 603 10.6 Summary and Conclusion 606 Acknowledgements 608 References 608 Problems 611 Appendix 1 Vacuum Technology for Applied Surface Science 613Rod Wilson A1.1 Introduction: Gases and Vapours 613 A1.2 The Pressure Regions of Vacuum Technology and their Characteristics 619 A1.3 Production of a Vacuum 622 A1.3.1 Types of Pump 622 A1.3.2 Evacuation of a Chamber 634 A1.3.3 Choice of Pumping System 635 A1.3.4 Determination of the Size of Backing Pumps 636 A1.3.5 Flanges and their Seals 636 A1.4 Measurement of Low Pressures 637 A1.4.1 Gauges for Direct Pressure Measurement 638 A1.4.2 Gauges Using Indirect Means of Pressure Measurement 640 A1.4.3 Partial Pressure Measuring Instruments 644 Acknowledgement 647 References 647 Appendix 2 Units, Fundamental Physical Constants and Conversions 649 A2.1 Base Units of the SI 649 A2.2 Fundamental Physical Constants 650 A2.3 Other Units and Conversions to SI 651 References 652 Index 653

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Feedback Control provides an easy to read and to understand monograph that describes control theory using minimal mathematics and focusing on simple rules, tools and methods for the analysis and testing of feedback control systems using real systems engineering design and development examples.Trade Review"Armed with the details in this book a new practitioner could enter any control laboratory and be effective." (The Aeronautical Journal, March 2008)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. 1. Developing the Foundation. 1.1 Engineering Units. 1.2 Block Diagrams. 1.3 Differential Equations. 1.4 Spring–Mass System Example. 1.5 Primer on Complex Numbers. 1.6 Chapter Summary. 2. Closing the Loop. 2.1 The Generic Closed Loop System. 2.2 The Concept of Stability. 2.3 Response Testing of Control Systems. 2.4 The Integration Process. 2.5 Hydraulic Servo-actuator Example. 2.6 Calculating Frequency Response. 2.7 Aircraft Flight Control System Example. 2.8 Alternative Graphical Methods for Response Analysis. 2.9 Chapter Summary. 3. Control System Compensation Techniques. 3.1 Control System Requirements. 3.2 Compensation Methods. 3.3 Applications of Control Compensation. 3.4 Chapter Summary. 4. Introduction to Laplace Transforms. 4.1 An Overview of the Application of Laplace Transforms. 4.2 The Evolution of the Laplace Transform. 4.2.1 Proof of the General Case. 4.3 Applying Laplace Transforms to Linear Systems Analysis. 4.4 Laplace Transforms – Summary of Key Points. 4.5 Root Locus. 4.6 Root Locus Example. 4.7 Chapter Summary. 5. Dealing with Nonlinearities. 5.1 Definition of Nonlinearity Types. 5.2 Continuous Nonlinearities. 5.3 Discontinuous Nonlinearities. 5.4 The Transport Delay. 5.5 Simulation. 5.6 Chapter Summary. 6. Electronic Controls. 6.1 Analog Electronic Controls. 6.2 The Digital Computer as a Dynamic Control Element. 6.3 The Stability Impact of Digital Controls. 6.4 Digital Control Design Example. 6.5 Creating Digital Control Algorithms. 6.6 Chapter Summary. 7. Concluding Commentary. 7.1 An Overview of the Material. 7.2 Graphical Tools. 7.3 Compensation Techniques. 7.4 Laplace Transforms and Root Locus Techniques. 7.5 Nonlinearities. 7.6 Digital Electronic Control. 7.7 The Way Forward. Index.

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Book SynopsisContinuing the success of the last International Conference on Compressors and their Systems this essential volume presents a selection of informative papers authored by representatives from 18 countries. This group of worldwide contributors came from a collection of equipment manufacturers, suppliers, users, research organisations and academia.Table of ContentsSCREW COMPRESSORS. Incorrect contact of screw machine rotors J. Svigler, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic. Improving screw compressor performance N. Stosic, I.K. Smith, A. Kovacevic, City University, London, UK; J. Kim, J. Park, Aiplus Co. Ltd, Korea. Claculation of bearing forces and drive torque of rotary displacement machines K. Kauder, J. Temming, University of Dortmund, Germany. Indentification of constraints in the optimal generation of screw compressor rotors by the pressure angle method N. Stosic, City University, London, UK. The development of a hybrid 2 stage micro-turbo/water flooded screw compressor A. Alford, G. Cromm, Corac Group Plc, Uk. Development of micro-screw compressor K. Venu Modhav, ELGI Equipments, India. LINEAR/NOVEL COMPRESSORS. Problems and possibilities of the springless oscillating motor-compressor S. Kudarauskas, R. Didziokas, L. Simanyniene, A. Senulis, Klaipeda University, Lithuania. Heat and fluid flow in a free piston stirling refrigerator J.W.F. Heidrich, A.T. Prata, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; D.E.B. Lilie, Empresa Brazileira de Compressores S.A. - EMBRACO, Brazil. Modeling and simulation of a Pneumatic piston for reciprocating hermetic compressors P.R.C. Couto, A.T. Prata, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; D.E.B. Lilie, Empresa Brazileira de compressores S.A. - EMBRACO, Brazil. Development of acoustic compressor using large amplitude waveform obtained in closed tube M.A. Hossain, T. Fujioka, Anest Iwata Corporation, Japan; M. Kawahashi, Saitama University, Japan. Experimental evaluation of a innovative rotary compressor with variable speed displacers H.J. Kopelowicz, C.E.R. Siqueira, F.L.C. Moutella, H.T. Areas, J.A.R. Parise, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Development of small air compressor for mobile fuel cells K. Sawai, A. Sakuda, T. Nakamoto, N. Iida, T. Tsujimoto, H. Fukuhara, H. Murakami, T. Nagata, Matsushita Electric Industry Co. Ltd., Japan; N. Ishii, Osaka Electro - Communication University, Japan. Design of large scroll compressors C. Ancel, P. Ginies, D. Gross, Danfoss comercial compressors, France. NOVEL DUTIES. Heated scroll expander and its application for distributed power source Y.M. Kim, D.K. Shin, J.H. Lee, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Korea. Operating performance of scroll expander working with water mixed air T. Yanagisawa, M. Fukuta, Y. Ogi, E. Yamada, Shizuoka University, Japan. The effects of liquid infection on performance of a rotary compressor K.T. Ooi, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS. Performance evaluation of reciprocating compressor using an engineering tool box P. Grolier, Tecumseh Europe, France. Oil and inertia A.W. Paczuski, Consulting Engineer, USA; L. Audouy, L'Unite' Hermetique, Unemarque de Tecumseh Europe, France. A hybrid simulation methodology for reciprocating comprsessors J.B.Rovaris, C.J. Deschamps, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; F.F.S. Matos, F.C, Possamai, EMBRACO S.A., Brazil. ROTARY VANE COMPRESSORS. A comprehensive model of a sliding vane rotary compressor system R. Cipollone, A. Sciarretta, University of L'Aquila, Italy; G. Contaldi, R. Tufano, Ing. Enea Mattei S.P.A., Italy. Concept of oscillating-roller rotary compressor N. Dreiman, R. Bunch, Tecumseh Products Company, USA. Research on tip profile of vane for rotary vane compressor C. Hong, L. Liansheng, G. Bei, S. Pengcheng, Xi'an Jiaotong University, P.R. China. TURBO COMPRESSORS. Low specific speed turbo compressors A.J. Vine, W.E. Thornton, K.R. Pullen, M.R, Etemad, Imperial College London, UK. Early detection of a compressor impeller crack E. Van Deursen, Hoek Loos Linde, Netherlands; G. Hoefakker, Bruel & Kjoer Vibro, Netherlands; P. Surland, M. Hastings, Bruel & Kjoer Vibro, Denmark. Gas dynamic design of pwerful pipline compressors not based on model tests Y.B. Galerkin, K.A. Danilov, Technical University, Saint Petersberg, Russia. Increasing in reliability of compressor machines by surface modification of highly-loaded parts E.I. Tesker, S.E. Tesker, V.A. Guriev, Volgograd State Technical University, Russia. Applying modern design/manufactoring conmcepts in the deveopment of centrifugal air compressors for the global market B. Kolodziej, S. Tackett, Cooper Compression, USA. REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS. Lubrication quality assessment and viscosity measurements in AC/refrigeration compressors A.T. Herfat, Emerson-Copeland Corporation, USA. Implementation for invW.-R. Chang, D.-Y. Lui, J.-Y. Lin, Y.-C. Chang, Industrial Technology and Research Institute (ITRI), P.R. China. Thermal and fluid dynamic behavour of a trans-critical carbon dioxide small cooling system: Experimental investigation G. Raush, J. Rigola, C.D. Perez-Segarra, G. Raush, A. Oliva, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain. REFRIGERATION. Perspectives on the performance of carbon dioxiide compressor in a light commercial refrigeration appliance R.A. Maciel, R. Maykot, G.C. Weber, EMBRACO S/A - Empresa Brasileira de Compressores, Brazil. Compression effieciency in transcritical CO2 applications J. Suss, Danfoss A/S, Denmark. Compressors for carbon-dioxide refrigeration systems A.B. Pearson, Star Refrigeration Ltd, UK. An economizer cycle for A/C applications M.F. Taras, Carrier Parkway, USA. Determination of the thermodynamic feedback of the shell of a small hermetic piston compressor R.A. Almbauer, Z. Abiden, A. Burstaller, Graz University of Technology, Austria. FEA aided discharge tube design for hermetic reciprocating AC/R compressors part 1: Determination of discharge tube FEA boundary conditions J. Chen, Emerson Climate Technologies, USA. FEA aided discharge tube design for hermetic reciprocating AC/R compressors part 2: Design and evaluation of discharge tueb based on FEA J. Chen Emerson Climate Technologies, USA. SCROLL COMPRESSORS. Novel vapor injection method for scroll compressors A. LIfson, Carrier Corp, USA. A systemn for the documentation of feature variation and its effect on scroll compressor design J. Sauls, Trane, USA. Gas leakage in CO2 and R22 scroll compressors and its use in simulations of optimal performance T. Oku, K. Yasuda, N. Ishii, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan; K. Anami, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Japan; C.W. Knisely, Bucknell University, USA; K. Sawai, K. Sano, T. Morimoto, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd, Japan. Development of R-410A scroll compressor used with brushless DC motor control Y.-C. Chang, A. Huang, K.-Y. Liang, ITRI, Taiwan; C.-H. Tseng, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan. Comparative study of the impact of the dummy port in a scroll cpmressor M.M. Cui, TRANE Air Cinditioning, USA. SCREW MACHINES. Clearance management in multifunctional screw machines A. Kovacevic, N. Stosic, I.K. Smith, E. Mujic, City University, London, UK. Noise prediction in screw compressors E. Mjic, A. Kovacevic, N. Stosic, I.K. Smith, City University, London, UK. Charge changing in screw-type Vacuum pumps - experimental inverstigation and simulation K. Kauder, D. Stratmann, Universitat Dortmund, Germany. Three-dimentional curvature analysis on screw rotor and its applications H. Kameya, Hitchi Limited, Japan; M. Aoki, Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co. Ltd, Japan; S. Nozawa, Hitachi Air Conditioning Systems Co. Ltd, Japan. TURBO MACHINES. About transient torque inpacts on turbo-compressor shafting driven by induction motors on synchronous motors U. Kern, M. Gamm, Atlas Copco Energas GmbH, Germany. Numerical simulations of flow and particle dynamics within a centrifugal turbomachine A. Ghenaiet, Polytechnic School, Algiers. The effect of stagger variablility in gas turbine fan assemblies M.J. Wilson, M. Imregun, A.I. Sayma, Imperial College London, UK. Time transient simulation model and full scale experimental verification for high speed rotor delevitation events with a 1.5 ton supercritical rotor supported by dry lubricated bushing type auxiliary bearings R.R. Shultz, Waukesha Magnetic Bearings, Inc., USA; E. Lucchetta, Waukesha Magnetic Bearings, Inc., UK. High-speed direct driven turbo blower S. Henneberger, Atlas Copco Airpower n.v., Belgium. MODELLING. Numerical and experimental analysis of counterflow and vortex tube M. Andrassy, S. Krizmanic, Z. Virag, University of Zagreb, Croatia. The virtual cpmpressor and the concurrent engineering environment F. Fagotti, M.G. Dropa de Bortoli, M. Silveira, R. Bosco Jr., EMBRACO-Empresa Brasileira de Compressores SA, Brazil. Compressor system technology: evolutionary potential and evolutionary limits D. Mann, Systematic Innovation Ltd., UK. AUTHOR INDEX.

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Book SynopsisMicrostructural characterization is usually achieved by allowing some form of probe to interact with a carefully prepared specimen. The most commonly used probes are visible light, X-ray radiation, a high-energy electron beam, or a sharp, flexible needle.Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1. The Concept of Microstructure. 1.1. Microstructural Features. 1.2. Crystallography and Crystal Structure. 2. Diffraction Analysis of Crystal Structure. 2.1. Scattering of Radiation by Crystals. 2.2. Reciprocal Space. 2.3. X-ray Diffraction Methods. 2.4. Diffraction Analysis. 2.5. Electron Diffraction. 3. Optical Microscopy. 3.1. Geometrical Optics. 3.2. Construction of the Microscope. 3.3. Specimen Preparation. 3.4. Image contrast. 3.5. Working with Digital Images. 3.6. Resolution, contrast and Image Interpretation. 4. Transmission Electron Microscopy. 4.1. Basic Principles. 4.2. Specimen Preparation. 4.3. The Origin of Contrast. 4.4. Kinematic Interpretation of Diffraction Contrast. 4.5. Dynamic Diffraction and Absorption effects. 4.6. Lattice Imaging at High Resolution. 4.7. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. 5. Scanning Electron Microscopy. 5.1. Components of The Scanning electron Microscope. 5.2. Electron Beam-Specimen Interactions. 5.3. Electron Excitation of X-Rays. 5.4. Backscattered Electrons. 5.5. Secondary Electron Emission. 5.6. Alternative Imaging Modes. 5.7. Specimen Preparation and Topology. 5.8. Focused Ion Beam Microscopy. 6. Microanalysis in Electron Microscopy. 6.1. X-Ray Microanalysis. 6.2. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. 7. Scanning Probe Microscopy and Related Techniques. 7.1. Surface Forces and Surface Morphology. 7.2. Scanning Probe Microscopes. 7.3. Field-Ion Microscopy and Atom Probe tomography. 8. Chemical Analysis of Surface Composition. 8.1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. 8.2. Auger Electron Spectroscopy. 8.3. Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry. 9. Quantitative and Tomographic Analysis of Microstructure. 9.1. Basic Stereological Concepts. 9.2. Accessible and Inaccessible Parameters. 9.3. Optimizing Accuracy. 9.4. Automated Image Analysis. 9.5. Tomography and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisChange and motion define and constantly reshape the world around us, on scales from the molecular to the global. In particular, the subtle interplay between chemical reactions and molecular transport gives rise to an astounding richness of natural phenomena, and often manifests itself in the emergence of intricate spatial or temporal patterns. The underlying theme of this book is that by setting chemistry in motion in a proper way, it is not only possible to discover a variety of new phenomena, in which chemical reactions are coupled with diffusion, but also to build micro-/nanoarchitectures and systems of practical importance. Although reaction and diffusion (RD) processes are essential for the functioning of biological systems, there have been only a few examples of their application in modern micro- and nanotechnology. Part of the problem has been that RD phenomena are hard to bring under experimental control, especially when the system's dimensions are small. Ultimately this book wTrade Review"In summary, this text can be viewed as a first stepping stone into the reaction-diffusion field. It is a quick, informative survey of what types of syntheses are possible in reaction-diffusion systems; it provides the necessary framework to begin an in-depth project in the field; and most importantly, it is an enjoyable read." (Angewandte Chemie, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. List of Boxed Examples. 1 Panta Rei: Everything Flows. 1.1 Historical Perspective. 1.2 What Lies Ahead? 1.3 How Nature Uses RD. 1.3.1 Animate Systems. 1.3.2 Inanimate Systems. 1.4 RD in Science and Technology. References. 2 Basic Ingredients: Diffusion. 2.1 Diffusion Equation. 2.2 Solving Diffusion Equations. 2.2.1 Separation of Variables. 2.2.2 Laplace Transforms. 2.3 The Use of Symmetry and Superposition. 2.4 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates. 2.5 Advanced Topics. References. 3 Chemical Reactions. 3.1 Reactions and Rates. 3.2 Chemical Equilibrium. 3.3 Ionic Reactions and Solubility Products. 3.4 Autocatalysis, Cooperativity and Feedback. 3.5 Oscillating Reactions. 3.6 Reactions in Gels. References. 4 Putting It All Together: Reaction–Diffusion Equations and the Methods of Solving Them. 4.1 General Form of Reaction–Diffusion Equations. 4.2 RD Equations that can be Solved Analytically. 4.3 Spatial Discretization. 4.3.1 Finite Difference Methods. 4.3.2 Finite Element Methods. 4.4 Temporal Discretization and Integration. 4.4.1 Case 1: τRxn ≥ τDiff. 4.4.1.1 Forward Time Centered Space (FTCS) Differencing. 4.4.1.2 Backward Time Centered Space (BTCS) Differencing. 4.4.1.3 Crank–Nicholson Method. 4.4.1.4 Alternating Direction Implicit Method in Two and Three Dimensions. 4.4.2 Case 2: τRxn < τDiff. 4.4.2.1 Operator Splitting Method. 4.4.2.2 Method of Lines. 4.4.3 Dealing with Precipitation Reactions. 4.5 Heuristic Rules for Selecting a Numerical Method. 4.6 Mesoscopic Models. References. 5 Spatial Control of Reaction–Diffusion at Small Scales: Wet Stamping (WETS). 5.1 Choice of Gels. 5.2 Fabrication. Appendix 5A: Practical Guide to Making Agarose Stamps. 5A.1 PDMS Molding. 5A.2 Agarose Molding. References. 6 Fabrication by Reaction–Diffusion: Curvilinear Microstructures for Optics and Fluidics. 6.1 Microfabrication: The Simple and the Difficult. 6.2 Fabricating Arrays of Microlenses by RD and WETS. 6.3 Intermezzo: Some Thoughts on Rational Design. 6.4 Guiding Microlens Fabrication by Lattice Gas Modeling. 6.5 Disjoint Features and Microfabrication of Multilevel Structures. 6.6 Microfabrication of Microfluidic Devices. 6.7 Short Summary. References. 7 Multitasking: Micro- and Nanofabrication with Periodic Precipitation. 7.1 Periodic Precipitation. 7.2 Phenomenology of Periodic Precipitation. 7.3 Governing Equations. 7.4 Microscopic PP Patterns in Two Dimensions. 7.4.1 Feature Dimensions and Spacing. 7.4.2 Gel Thickness. 7.4.3 Degree of Gel Crosslinking. 7.4.4 Concentration of the Outer and Inner Electrolytes. 7.5 Two-Dimensional Patterns for Diffractive Optics. 7.6 Buckling into the Third Dimension: Periodic ‘Nanowrinkles’. 7.7 Toward the Applications of Buckled Surfaces. 7.8 Parallel Reactions and the Nanoscale. References. 8 Reaction–Diffusion at Interfaces: Structuring Solid Materials. 8.1 Deposition of Metal Foils at Gel Interfaces. 8.1.1 RD in the Plating Solution: Film Topography. 8.1.2 RD in the Gel Substrates: Film Roughness. 8.2 Cutting into Hard Solids with Soft Gels. 8.2.1 Etching Equations. 8.2.1.1 Gold Etching. 8.2.1.2 Glass and Silicon Etching. 8.2.2 Structuring Metal Films. 8.2.3 Microetching Transparent Conductive Oxides, Semiconductors and Crystals. 8.2.4 Imprinting Functional Architectures into Glass. 8.3 The Take-Home Message. References. 9 Micro-chameleons: Reaction–Diffusion for Amplification and Sensing. 9.1 Amplification of Material Properties by RD Micronetworks. 9.2 Amplifying Macromolecular Changes using Low-Symmetry Networks. 9.3 Detecting Molecular Monolayers. 9.4 Sensing Chemical ‘Food'. 9.4.1 Oscillatory Kinetics. 9.4.2 Diffusive Coupling. 9.4.3 Wave Emission and Mode Switching. 9.5 Extensions: New Chemistries, Applications and Measurements. References. 10 Reaction–Diffusion in Three Dimensions and at the Nanoscale. 10.1 Fabrication Inside Porous Particles. 10.1.1 Making Spheres Inside of Cubes. 10.1.2 Modeling of 3D RD. 10.1.3 Fabrication Inside of Complex-Shape Particles. 10.1.4 ‘Remote’ Exchange of the Cores. 10.1.5 Self-Assembly of Open-Lattice Crystals. 10.2 Diffusion in Solids: The Kirkendall Effect and Fabrication of Core–Shell Nanoparticles. 10.3 Galvanic Replacement and De-Alloying Reactions at the Nanoscale: Synthesis of Nanocages. References. 11 Epilogue: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future. References. Appendix A: Nature’s Art. Appendix B: Matlab Code for the Minotaur (Example 4.1). Appendix C: C++ Code for the Zebra (Example 4.3). Index.

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Book SynopsisA definitive guide for accurate state-of-the-art modelling of free surface flows Understanding the dynamics of free surface flows is the starting point of many environmental studies, impact studies, and waterworks design.Trade Review?The book gains an insight into the mathematical fundament of free surface flows and into the implementation of these models in the programme system Telemac. It is useful for students and researchers of this field and of computational fluid dynamics.? (ZAMM, October 2009) "This would provide a useful guide from fundamental theory to more advanced topics that deal with the applications of the finite element method and the Telemac system." (Zentralblatt Math 1131, June 2008)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. List of Plates. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Acknowledgements. Chapter 2. Equations of free surface hydrodynamics. Chapter 3. Principles of the finite element method. Chapter 4. Resolution of the Saint-Venant equations. Chapter 5. Resolution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Chapter 6. Solving transport equations. Chapter 7. Modern techniques in finite elements. Chapter 8. Parallelism. Chapter 9. Parameter estimation. Chapter 10. Applications. Appendix A. Tide-generating force. Appendix B. Diffusion matrix with tetrahedra. Appendix C. Notations. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisStraightforward methods to design and operate aircraft to meet performance specifications Aircraft Performance sets forth a group of tested and proven methods needed to determine the performance of an aircraft.Table of Contents1 The General Performance Problem 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Performance Characteristics 2 1.2.1 Absolute Performance Characteristics 3 1.2.2 Functional Performance Characteristics 4 1.3 The Approach 5 2 Equations of Motion 7 2.1 General Information 7 2.2 The Energy Approach 11 3 The Basics 16 3.1 Fundamental Performance Equation 16 3.2 Stalling Speed 19 3.3 Maximum Velocity and Ceiling 25 3.3.1 General Considerations 25 3.3.2 Drag and Drag Polar 28 3.3.3 Flight Envelope: Vmax, Vmin 34 3.3.4 Power Required and Power Available 47 3.3.5 Turboprop Engines 52 3.4 Gliding Flight 53 3.4.1 Glide Angle and Sinking Speed 53 3.4.2 Glide Range and Endurance 59 4 Climbing Flight 70 4.1 General 70 4.2 Rate of Climb, Climb Angle 71 4.3 Time to Climb 74 4.4 Other Methods 81 4.4.1 Shallow Flight Paths 81 4.4.2 Load Factor n ≠ 1* 88 4.4.3 Partial Power and Excess Power Considerations 94 5 Range and Endurance 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Approximate, But Most Used, Methods 103 5.2.1 Reciprocating Engine 105 5.2.2 Jet Aircraft 111 5.3 Range Integration Method 117 5.3.1 Basic Methodology 118 5.3.2 An Operational Approach 123 5.4 Other Considerations 126 5.4.1 Flight Speeds 126 5.4.2 Effect of Energy Change on Range 128 5.5 Endurance 129 5.5.1 Reciprocating Engines 130 5.5.2 Turbojets 132 5.5.3 Endurance Integration Method* 133 5.6 Additional Range and Endurance Topics 134 5.6.1 The Effect of Wind 135 5.6.2 Some Range and Endurance Comparisons 142 6 Nonsteady Flight in the Vertical Plane 150 6.1 Take-off and Landing 150 6.2 Take-off Analysis 151 6.2.1 Ground Run 153 6.2.2 Rotation Distance 160 6.2.3 Transition Distance* 162 6.2.4 Take-off Time* 166 6.2.5 Factors Influencing the Take-off 166 6.3 Landing 172 6.3.1 Landing Phases 172 6.3.2 Landing Run 173 6.3.3 The Approach Distance* 175 6.3.4 The Flare Distance* 176 6.4 Accelerating Flight* 178 7 Maneuvering Flight 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Turns in Vertical Plane: Pull-Ups or Push-Overs 190 7.3 V–n Diagram 192 7.4 Turning Flight in Horizontal Plane 199 7.5 Maximum Sustained Turning Performance 208 7.5.1 Maximum Load Factor 209 7.5.2 Minimum Turn Radius 210 7.5.3 Maximum Turning Rate 213 7.6 The Maneuvering Diagram 220 7.7 Spiral Flight* 224 8 Additional Topics 234 8.1 Constraint Plot 234 8.1.1 Take-off and Landing 236 8.1.2 Constraints Tied to Performance Equation 238 8.2 Energy Methods 245 A Properties of Standard Atmosphere 258 B On the Drag Coefficient 260 C Selected Aircraft Data 265 D Thrust Data for Performance Calculations 267 E Some Useful Conversion Factors 277 Index 280

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Book SynopsisProviding an eclectic snapshot of the current state of the art and future implications of the field, Nanomaterials, Polymers, and Devices: Materials Functionalization and Device Fabrication presents topics grouped into three categorical focuses: The synthesis, mechanism and functionalization of nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, and quantum dots Various functional devices which properties and structures are tailored with emphasis on nanofabrication. Among discussed are light emitting diodes, nanophotonic, nano-optical, and photovoltaic devices Nanoelectronic devices, which include semiconductor, nanotube and nanowire-based electronics, single-walled carbon-nanotube based nanoelectronics, as well as thin-film transistors Table of ContentsCONTENTS Contributors vii Foreword xi 1 The Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Nano-Onions 1Karthikeyan Gopalsamy, Zhen Xu, Chao Gao, and Eric S.-W. Kong 2 The Functionalization of Graphene and its Assembled Macrostructures 19Haiyan Sun, Zhen Xu, and Chao Gao 3 Devices Based on Graphene and Graphane 45Xiao-Dong Wen, Tao Yang, and Eric S.-W. Kong 4 Large-Area Graphene and Carbon Nanosheets for Organic Electronics: Synthesis and Growth Mechanism 81Han-Ik Joh, Sukang Bae, Sungho Lee, and Eric S.-W. Kong 5 Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles for Corrosion Prevention of Underlying Metal 121Dylan J. Boday, Jason T. Wertz, and Joseph P. Kuczynski 6 New Nanoscale Material: Graphene Quantum Dots 141Dong-Ick Son and Won-Kook Choi 7 Recent Progress of Iridium(III) Red Phosphors for Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 195Cheuk-Lam Ho and Wai-Yeung Wong 8 Four-Wave Mixing and Carrier Nonlinearities in Graphene–Silicon Photonic Crystal Cavities 215Tingyi Gu and Chee W. Wong 9 Polymer Photonic Devices 233Ziyang Zhang and Norbert Keil 10 Low Dielectric Contrast Photonic Crystals 273Jan H. Wülbern and Manfred Eich 11 Microring Resonator Arrays for Sensing Applications 291Daniel Pergande, Vanessa Zamora, Peter Lützow, and Helmut Heidrich 12 Polymers, Nanomaterials, and Organic Photovoltaic Devices 319Thomas Tromholt and Frederik C. Krebs 13 Next-Generation GaAs Photovoltaics 341Giacomo Mariani and Diana L. Huffaker 14 Nanocrystals, Layer-by-Layer Assembly, and Photovoltaic Devices 357Jacek J. Jasieniak, Brandon I. MacDonald, and Paul Mulvaney 15 Nanostructured Conductors for Flexible Electronics 395Jonghwa Park, Sehee Ahn, and Hyunhyub Ko 16 Graphene, Nanotube, and NW-Based Electronics 413Xi Liu, Xiaoling Shi, Lei Liao, Zhiyong Fan, and Johnny C. Ho 17 Nanoelectronics Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 501Qing Cao and Shu-jen Han 18 Monolithic Graphene–Graphite Integrated Electronics 523Michael C. Wang, Jonghyun Choi, Jaehoon Bang, SungGyu Chun, Brandon Smith, and SungWoo Nam 19 Thin-Film Transistors Based on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 539Woong Choi and Sunkook Kim Index 563

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Book SynopsisOn October 28-29, 2003, the 64th Conference on Glass Problems took place on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This conference encompassed four topic sessions: Refractories chaired by Daryl E. Clendenen and Thomas Dankert; Energy and Combustion, chaired by Marilyn DeLong and Philip Ross; Process Control, chaired by Ruud Berkens and Robert Lowhorn; and Emerging Areas, chaired by Larry McCloskey and Robert Thomas. The papers presented at the conference were reviewed by the respective session chairs, and underwent minor editing by the conference director, before further editing and production by The American Ceramic Society.Table of ContentsPreface. CERAMICS AND COMPONENTS IN ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS. Ceramic Components in Gas Turbine Engines: Why Has It Taken So Long? (D. W. Richerson). Development of the 8000 KW Class Hybrid Gas Turbine (T. Sugimoto, Y. Ichikawa, H. Nagata, K. Igashira, S. Tsuruzono and T. Fukudome). Development and Evaluation of CMC Cane for NGSST Engine (A. Kajiwara, T. Nakamura, T. Araki and H. Murata). Ceramic Combustor Design for ST5+ Microturbine Engine (J. Shi, V. Vedula, E. Sun, D. Bombara, J. Holowczak, W. Tredway, A. Chen and C. Fotache). CMC Combustor Linear Design for a Model RAM Jet Engine (T. Morimoto, S. Ogihara, H. Taguchi, T. Kojima, K. Shimodaira, K. Okai and H. Futamur). Burner Rig Test of Silicon Nitride Gas Turbine Nozzle (M. Ishizaki, T. Suetsuna, M. Asayama, M. Ando, N. Kondo and T. Ohji). Materials for Advanced Battery and Energy Storage Systems (Batteries, Capacitors, Fuel Cells) (A. J. Salkind). Effect of Ni-Al Precursor Type on Fabrication and Properties of TiC-Ni3Al Composites (T. N. Tiegs, F. C. Montgomery and P. A. Menchhofer). MMCs by Activated Melt Infiltration High Melting Alloys and Oxide Ceramics (J. Kuebler, K. Lemster, Ph. Gasser, U. E. Klotz and T. Graule). Multifunctional Metal-Ceramic Composites by Solid Free Forming (SFF) (R. janssen, M. Leverkoehne and J. J. Coronel). Solid Freeform Fabrication of a Piezoelectric Ceramic Torsional Actuator Motor (B. A. Bender, C. Kim and C. Cm. Wu). Centrifungal Sintering (Y. Kinemuchi, K. Watari and S. Uchimura). Alumina-Based Functionally Gradient Materials by Centrifugal Modeling Technology (C. –H. Chen, T. Nishikawa, S. Honda and H. Awaji). Investigation of a Novel Air Brazing Composition for High Temperature, Oxidation-Resistant Ceramic Joining (K. S. Weil, J. S. hardy and J. Darsell). Joining of Advanced Structural Materials by Plastic Deformation (D. Singh, F. Guiterrez-Mora, N. Chen, K. C. Goretta and J. L. Routbort). Physical Characterization of Transparent PLZT Ceramics Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition (T. Nicolay and E. Bartscherer). Fabrication of Microstructured Ceramics by Electrophoretic Deposition of Optimized Suspensions (H. von Both, M. Dauscher and J. Haußelt). Low Cost Process for Mullite Utilizing Industrial Wastes as Starting Raw Material (K. Saiintawong, S. Wada, and A. Jaroenworaluck). Low-Cost Processing of Fine Grained Transparent Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (H. Lee, T.-I. Mah and T. A. Parthasarathy). Gas-Pressure Sintering of Silicon Nitride with Lutetia Additive (N. Kondo, M. Ishizaki and T. Ohji). Use of Combustion Synthesis in Preparing Ceramic Matrix and Metal-Matrix Composite Powders (K. S. Weil and J. S. Hardy). Mechanical Reliability of Si3N4 (K. Sharma, P. S. Shankar, J. P. Singh and M. K. Ferber). Correlation of Finite Element with Experimental Results of the Small-Scale Vibration Response of a Damaged Ceramic Beam (S. R. Short and S. Huo). Macro-Micro Stress Analysis of Porous Ceramics by Homogenization Method (Y. Ikeda, Y. Nagano, H. Kawamoto and N. Takano). X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Studies on a Functionally-Graded Ti3SiC2-TiC System (I. M. Low and Z. Oo). Modeling of Transient Thermal Damage in Ceramics for Cannon Bore Applications ( J. H. Underwood, M. E. Todaro and G. N. Vigilante). Strengthening of Ceramics by Shot Peening (W. Pfeiffer and T. Frey). SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS. DOE FE Distributed Generation Program (M. C. Williams). Lanthanum Gallate Electrolyte for Intermediate Temperature (S. Elangovan, B. Heck, S. Balagopal, D. Larsen, M. Timper and J. Hartvigsen). Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development at Forschungszentrum Juelich (L. Blum, H.-P. Buchkremer, L. G. J. de Haart, H. Nabielek, J. W. Quadakkers, U. Reisgen, R. Steinberger-Wilckens, R. W. Steinbrecht, F. Tietz, I Vinke). Development of MOLB Type SOFC (H. Miyamoto, K. Mori, T. Mizoguchi, S. Kanehira, K. Takenobu, M. Nishiura, A. Nakanishi, M. Hattori and Y. Sakaki). Development of Advanced Co-Fired Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with High Strength (Z. Liu, G. Roman, J. Kidwell, T. Cable, R. Goettler, D. Larsen, J. Pike and S. Elangovan). Electrophoresis: An Appropriate Manufacturing Technique for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (S. Kuehn and R. Clasen). Microstructure-Performance Relationships in LSM-YSZ Cathodes (J. A. Ruud, T. Striker, V. Midha, B. N. Ramamurthi, A. L. Linsebigler and D. J. Fogelman). Role of Cathode in Single Chamber SOFC (T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski. F. Dogan and H. U. Anderson). Morphology Control of SOFC Electrodes by Mechano-Chemical Bonding Technique (T. Fukui, K. Murata, C. C. Huang. M. Naito, H. Abe and K. Nogi). Improved SOFC Cathodes and Cathode Contact Layers (F. Tietz, H. –P. Buchkremer, V. A. C. Haanappel, A. Mai, N. H. Menzler, J. Mertens, W. J. Quadakkers, D. Rutenbeck, S. Ulhenbruck, M. Zahid and D. Stöver). Characterization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Layers by Computed X-Ray Microtomography and Small-Angle Scattering (A. J. Allen, T. A. Dobbins, J. Ilavsky, F. Zhao, A. Virkar, J. Almer and F. DeCarlo). Kinetics of Hydrogen Reduction of NiO/YSZ and Associated Microstructural Changes (M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, B. Armstrong, L. Walker, P. Tortorelli and C. Walls). Elastic Properties, Equibiaxial Strength and Fracture Toughness of 8mol%YSZ Electrolyte Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) (M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, R. Trejo, B. Armstrong and C. Walls). Sintering of BaCe0-85Y0.15O3-d With/Without SrTiO3 Dopant (F. Dynys, A. Sayir and P. J. Heimann). High Temperature Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) (R. N. Singh). Evaluation of Sodium Aluminosilicate Glass Composite Seal with Magnesia Filler (K. A. Nielsen, M. Solvang, F. W. Poulsen and P. H. Larsen). Durable Seal Materials for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (C. A. Lewinsohn, S. Elangovan and S. M. Quist). Development of a Compliant Seal for Use in Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (K. S. Weil and J. S. Hardy). A Comparison of the Electrical Properties of YSZ Processed Using Traditional, Fast-Fire, and Microwave Sintering Techniques (M. Ugorek, D. Edwards and H. Shulman). Enhancement of YSZ Electrolyte Thin Film Growth Rate for Fuel Cell Applications (Z. Xu and J. Sankar). Synthesis of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Thin Films by Electrolytic Deposition (Z. Xu, S. Tameru and J. Sankar). Sintering and Stability of the BaCe0.9-xZrxY0.1O3-d System (Z. Zhong, A. Sayir and F. Dynys). Microstructure and Ordering Mode of a Protonic Conducting Complex Sr3(Cal+xNB2-x)O9-d Perovskite (M.-H. Berger and A. Sayir). Nuclear Microprobe Using Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) for Hydrogen Profiling in High Temperature Protonic Conductors (P. Berger, A. Sayir and M.-H. Berger). Ionic Conductivity in the Bi2O3- Al2O3 -MxOy (M=Ca, Y) System (Y.-T. Liu and T.-S. Sheu). A Performance Based Multi-Process Cost Model for SOFCs (M. Koslowske, H. Benson, I. Bar-On and R. Kirchain). Development of a Tri-Layer Electrochemical Model for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (B. Ramamurthi, V. Midha, J. Rudd and M. Thompson). Reduction and Re-oxidation of Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) (J. Malzbender, E. Wessel, R. W. Steinbrech and L. Singheiser). Numerical Characterization of the Fracture Behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials by Means of Modified Boundary Layer Modeling (B. N. Nguyen, B. J. Koeppel, P. Singh, M. A. Khaleel and S. Ahzi). Chromium Poisoning of Cathodes by Ferritic Stainless Steel (T. D. Kaun, T. A. Cruse and M. Krumpelt). Effect of Impurities on Anode Performance (C. A.-H. Chung, K. V. Hansen and M. Mogensen). CERAMICS IN ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS. Comparison of Corrosion Resistance of Cordierite and Silicon Carbide Diesel Particulate Filters to Combustion Products of Diesel Fuel Containing Fe and Ce Additives (D. O'Sullivan, S. Hampshire, M. J. Pomeroy and M. J. Murtagh). Overview of Ceramic Materials for Diesel Particulate Filter Applications (W. A. Cutler). Soot Mass Limit Analysis of SiC DPF (H. Sato, K. Ogyu, K. Yamayose, A. Kudo and K. Ohno). A Mechanistic Model for Particle Deposition in Diesel Particulate Filters Using the Lattice Boltzmann Technique (M. Stewart, D. Rector, G. Muntean and G. Maupin). Development of Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter for the Control of Diesel Engine Emissions (Y. Huang, Z. Dang and A. Bar-llan). The Use of Transparent PLZT Ceramics in a Biochemical Thin Film Interferometric Sensor (T. Nicolay). Low Cost Synthesis of Alumina Reinforced Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys (T. Selchert, R. Janssen and N. Claussen). High Temperature Behavior of Ceramic Foams from Si/SiC-Filled Preceramic Polymers (J. Zeschky, T. Hoefner, H. Dannheim, M. Scheffler, P. Greil, D. Loidl, S. Puchegger and H. Peterlik). Stabilization of Counter Electrode for NASICON Based Potentiometric CO2 Sensor (Y. Miyachi, G. Sakai, K. Shimanoe and N. Yamazoe). Microstructural Control of SnO2 Thin Films by Using Polyethylene Glycol-Mixed Sols (G. Sakai, C. Sato, K. Shimanoe and N. Yamazoe). Mixed-Potential Type Ceramic Sensors for Nox Monitoring (B. G. Nair, J. Nachlas, M. Middlemas, C. A. Lewinsohn and S. Bhavaraju). Electrode Materials for Mixed Potential Nox Sensors (D. L. West, F. C. Montgomery and T. R. Armstrong). Study of High Surface Area Alumina and Ga-Alumina Materials for Denox Catalyst Applications (S. M. Zemskova, J. M. Faas, C. L. Boyer, P. W. Park, J. Wen and I. Petrov). Development of Strong Photocatalytic Fiber and Environmental Purification (H. Yamaoka, Y. Harada, T. Fujii, S. Otani and T. Ishikawa). Processing of Biomorphous SiC Ceramics from Paper Preforms by Chemical Vapor Infiltration and Reaction (CVI-R) Technique (D. A. Streitwieser, N. Popovska, H. Gerhard and G. Emig). Formation of Porous Structures by Directional Solidification of the Eutectic (F. W. Dynys and A. Sayir). High Surface Area Carbon Substrates for Environmental Applications (K. P. Gadkaree, T. Tao and W. A. Cutler). Development of High Surface Area Monoliths for Sulfur Removal (L. He, L. K. Owens, W. A. Cutler and C. M. Sorenson). Processing of Porous Biomorphous TiC Ceramics by Chemical Vapor Infiltration and Reaction (CVI-R) Technique (N. Popovska, D. A. Streitwieser, C. Xu and H. Gerhard). Charge transport Model in Gas-Solid Interface for Gas Sensors (S.P. Lee and Y.-K. Yoon). Corrosion Resistant Refractory Ceramics for Slagging Gasifier Environment (E. Medvedovski and R. E. Chinn). Influence of the Dopants and the Metal Electrodes on the Electrical Response of Hematite Based Humidity Sensors (J.-M. Tulliani, P. Palmero and P. Bonville). Light Weight Ceramic Sandwich Structure from Preceramic Polymers (T. Hoefner, J. Zeschky, M. Scheffler and P. Greil). Selective Catalytic Reduction and Nox Storage in Vehicle Emission Control (E. N. Cokers, S. Hammache, D. A. Peña and J. E. Miller). CERAMIC ARMOR. Ballistic Impact of Silicon Carbide with Tungsten Carbide Spheres (M. J. Normandia and B. Leavy). Toughness and Hardness of LPS-SiC and LPS-Sic Based Composites (K. A. Schwetz, T. Kempf, D. Saldsieder and R. Telle). Indentation Testing of Armor Ceramics (E. Medvedovski and P. Sakar). Metallic Bonding of Ceramic Armor Using Reactive Multilayer Foils (A. Duckham, M. Brown, E. Besnoin, D. vanHeerden, O. M. Knio and T. P. Weihs). Strain Rate Effects on Fragment Size of Brittle Materials (F. Zhou, J.-F. Molinari and K. T. Ramesh).

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Book SynopsisA collection of Papers Presented at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society and the Whitewares and Materials Division Fall Meeting, held in conjunction with ACerS Canton--Alliance Section and the Ceramic Manufacturera s Association.Table of ContentsPreface. Observations of Matte Formation Independent of Firing Cycle (M. E. katz, B. Quinnlan, W.M. Carty, and T. Gebhart). Effect of Zinc Oxide Addition on Crystallization Behavior and Mechanical Properties of a Porcelain Body (S.K. Kim, S.M. Lee, E.S. Choi, and H. T. Kim). Benbow Analysis of Extruded Alumina Pastes (C.R. August and R.A. Haber). Microscopy Methods for Creamic Applications (C. Collins and E. Westbrook). Pyroplastic Deformation Revisited (Aubree M. Buchtel, William M. Carty, and Mark D. Noirot). Novel casting Techniques for Whitewares (Philip R. Jackson). Effects of Borax Solid Wastes Fritted and Added into Wall Title Opaque Glazes on the Final Microstructure (G. Kaya). Quartz Dissolution into Porcelain Glasses (Caspar J. McConville, Amit Shah, and William M. Carty). Role of Polymeric Additive Compatibility in Ceramic Processing Systems (U.Kim and W.M. Carty). Effect of Die on Compaction of Granular Bodies (Brett M. Schulz, William M. Carty, and Nikalos J. Ninos). Metal Marking of Dinnerware Glaze: Correlation with Friction and Surface Roughness (Hyojin Lee, William M. Carty, and Robert J. Castilone). Development of Crystal Glazes (Jim Archer and Dave Schneider). Hotel China Glaze Reclamation (Michael Tkach).

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Book SynopsisA collection of Papers Presented at the 28th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites held in conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on Ceramics in Energy Storage and Power Conversion Systems.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is part of the Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceeding (CESP) series. This series contains a collection of papers dealing with issues in both traditional ceramics (i.e., glass, whitewares, refractories, and porcelain enamel) and advanced ceramics. Topics covered in the area of advanced ceramic include bioceramics, nanomaterials, composites, solid oxide fuel cells, mechanical properties and structural design, advanced ceramic coatings, ceramic armor, porous ceramics, and more.Table of ContentsStatement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation vii Foreword ix Basic Steelmaking (A.I. Andrews Memorial Lecture) I Nancy Keller and Matt Greenwood Lean Manufacturing Principles 13 Sean S. Reagan IS0900 I :2000 Process Mapping 19 Kara Joyce Kopplin Temperature Profiling: Problem Prevention, Not Just Problem Solving 31 Steve Sweeney Quality Systems for Cast Iron Enameling 41 Robert Hayes Effects of Spray Patterns on Powder-Coating Thickness 41 Ralph Gwaltney Cost Comparison of Porcelain Enamel Powder versus Organic Powder Paint 51 Jeffrey Sellins and Mike Horton Reducing Fishscale in Hot-Water-Tank Enamels 57 Mike Wilczynski and Roger Wallace Steel Qualification Process for Water Heater Tank Fabrication 63 Steve Sloan Quantifying Bubble Structure in Water Heater Enamels 69 Len Meusel and Phillip Stevens BoilerNater Heater Inside Coating with Wet Enamel 79 Hans-Jürgen Thiele RealEase™ Nonstick Porcelain Enamel 93 Charles Baldwin, Alain Aronica, Brad Devine, and Graham Rose Aluminum Stove Crates-An Innovation in Cooking 101 Dave Thomas Porcelain Enameling of Cast Iron via Electrophoresis I03 Julie Rutkowski Cast Iron Quality for Good Porcelain Enameled Parts 109 Liam O'Byrne Robotics in the Job Shop 113 Randy Smitley and Jeremy Foster Waste Minimization in Cleaning and Pretreating Operations 119 Chartes G. Galeas Jr Preparation of Cast Iron for Porcelain Enameling 137 Mike Sexton and Ouie Storie Frit-Making Metal Oxides and Regulatory Compliance 141 Jack Waggener Porcelain Enamel Institute Update from Washington on EPA Regulations 149 Jack Waggener The Hairline Defect: A Review of the Literature 155 Robert L. Hyde The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Porcelain Enamels 161 William D. Faust The Effect of Refractory Mill Additions on the Thermal Expansion of Enamel 171 Boris Yuriditsky Changing the Rules - The Survival of American Manufacturing Depends on Everyone 179 Cullen L. Hackler

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Book SynopsisAll aspects of fuel products and systems including fuel handling, quantity gauging and management functions for both commercial (civil) and military applications. The fuel systems on board modern aircraft are multi-functional, fully integrated complex networks.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xiii List of Acronyms xv Series Preface xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Review of Fuel Systems Issues 2 1.2 The Fuel System Design and Development Process 11 1.3 Fuel System Examples and Future Technologies 15 1.4 Terminology 15 2 Fuel System Design Drivers 19 2.1 Design Drivers 21 2.2 Identification and Mitigation of Safety Risks 27 3 Fuel Storage 31 3.1 Tank Geometry and Location Issues for Commercial Aircraft 32 3.2 Operational Considerations 36 3.3 Fuel Tank Venting 41 3.4 Military Aircraft Fuel Storage Issues 45 3.5 Maintenance Considerations 49 4 Fuel System Functions of Commercial Aircraft 53 4.1 Refueling and Defueling 54 4.2 Engine and APU Feed 59 4.3 Fuel Transfer 70 4.4 Fuel Jettison 73 4.5 Fuel Quantity Gauging 76 4.6 Fuel Management and Control 84 4.7 Ancillary Systems 93 5 Fuel System Functions of Military Aircraft and Helicopters 97 5.1 Refueling and Defueling 98 5.2 Engine and APU Feed 103 5.3 Fuel Transfer 104 5.4 Aerial Refueling 106 5.5 Fuel Measurement and Management Systems in Military Applications 112 5.6 Helicopter Fuel Systems 116 6 Fluid Mechanical Equipment 119 6.1 Ground Refueling and Defueling Equipment 120 6.2 Fuel Tank Venting and Pressurization Equipment 133 6.3 Aerial Refueling Equipment 137 6.4 Equipment Sizing 142 6.5 Fuel Pumps 143 7 Fuel Measurement and Management Equipment 157 7.1 Fuel Gauging Sensor Technology 158 7.2 Harnesses 195 7.3 Avionics Equipment 197 8 Fuel Properties 203 8.1 The Refinement Process 203 8.2 Fuel Specification Properties of Interest 205 8.3 Operational Considerations 209 9 Intrinsic Safety, Electro Magnetics and Electrostatics 215 9.1 Intrinsic Safety 216 9.2 Lightning 217 9.3 EMI/HIRF 221 10 Fuel Tank Inerting 225 10.1 Early Military Inerting Systems 225 10.2 Current Technology Inerting Systems 229 10.3 Design Considerations for Open Vent Systems 235 10.4 Operational Issues with Permeable Membrane Inerting Systems 236 11 Design Development and Certification 239 11.1 Evolution of the Design and Development Process 239 11.2 System Design and Development – a Disciplined Methodology 243 11.3 Program Management 248 11.4 Maturity Management 254 11.5 Installation Considerations 256 11.6 Modeling and Simulation 259 11.7 Certification 263 11.8 Fuel System Icing Tests 268 12 Fuel System Design Examples 271 12.1 The Bombardier Global Express 272 12.2 Embraer 170/190 Regional Jet 280 12.3 The Boeing 777Wide-Bodied Airliner 288 12.4 The Airbus A380Wide-Bodied Airliner 301 12.5 The Anglo-French Concorde 315 13 New and Future Technologies 327 13.1 Fuel Measurement and Management 327 13.2 Fluid Mechanical Equipment Technology 331 13.3 Aerial Refueling Operations 338 References 339 Index 341

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Book SynopsisUnmanned Aircraft Systems delivers a much needed introduction to UAV System technology, taking an integrated approach that avoids compartmentalising the subject. Arranged in four sections, parts 1-3 examine the way in which various engineering disciplines affect the design, development and deployment of UAS.Trade Review“This book review is part of the Practical Industrial Applications series on Startup Business Book Reviews, providing quality book reviews of the business books that matter.” (Will Roney, 3 September 2012) "Overall, the book is a useful guide to the wide subject of unmanned aircraft and will sit comfortably on the shelves of both interested amateur and experienced professional." (RAeS Aerospace Professional magazine, 1 April 2011) Table of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgements xiv Series Preface xv Preface xvii Units and Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) 1 1.1 Some Applications of UAS 1 1.2 What are UAS? 3 1.3 Why Unmanned Aircraft? 5 1.4 The Systemic Basis of UAS 9 1.5 System Composition 9 References 15 Part 1 THE DESIGN OF UAV SYSTEMS 17 2 Introduction to Design and Selection of the System 19 2.1 Conceptual Phase 19 2.2 Preliminary Design 20 2.3 Detail Design 20 2.4 Selection of the System 20 3 Aerodynamics and Airframe Configurations 25 3.1 Lift-induced Drag 25 3.2 Parasitic Drag 26 3.3 Rotary-wing Aerodynamics 29 3.4 Response to Air Turbulence 32 3.5 Airframe Configurations 34 3.6 Summary 42 References 43 4 Characteristics of Aircraft Types 45 4.1 Long-endurance, Long-range Rˆole Aircraft 45 4.2 Medium-range, Tactical Aircraft 55 4.3 Close-range/Battlefield Aircraft 59 4.4 MUAV Types 66 4.5 MAV and NAV Types 68 4.6 UCAV 70 4.7 Novel Hybrid Aircraft Configurations 71 4.8 Research UAV 74 References 74 5 Design Standards and Regulatory Aspects 75 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 United Kingdom 76 5.3 Europe 88 5.4 United States of America 88 5.5 Conclusion 89 References 89 6 Aspects of Airframe Design 91 6.1 Scale Effects 91 6.2 Packaging Density 93 6.3 Aerodynamics 94 6.4 Structures and Mechanisms 95 6.5 Selection of power-plants 101 6.6 Modular Construction 106 6.7 Ancillary Equipment 112 References 112 7 Design for Stealth 113 7.1 Acoustic Signature 114 7.2 Visual Signature 115 7.3 Thermal Signature 116 7.4 Radio/Radar Signature 117 7.5 Examples in Practice 118 Reference 126 8 Payload Types 127 8.1 Nondispensable Payloads 128 8.2 Dispensable Payloads 141 Reference 141 9 Communications 143 9.1 Communication Media 143 9.2 Radio Communication 144 9.3 Mid-air Collision (MAC) Avoidance 151 9.4 Communications Data Rate and Bandwidth Usage 151 9.5 Antenna Types 152 References 154 10 Control and Stability 155 10.1 HTOL Aircraft 155 10.2 Helicopters 159 10.3 Convertible Rotor Aircraft 163 10.4 Payload Control 165 10.5 Sensors 165 10.6 Autonomy 167 References 167 11 Navigation 169 11.1 NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) 169 11.2 TACAN 170 11.3 LORAN C 170 11.4 Inertial Navigation 171 11.5 Radio Tracking 171 11.6 Way-point Navigation 172 References 172 12 Launch and Recovery 173 12.1 Launch 173 12.2 Recovery 177 12.3 Summary 181 13 Control Stations 183 13.1 Control Station Composition 183 13.2 Open System Architecture 185 13.3 Mini-UAV ‘Laptop’ Ground Control Station 185 13.4 Close-range UAV Systems GCS 186 13.5 Medium- and Long-range UAV System GCS 190 13.6 Sea Control Stations (SCS) 195 13.7 Air Control Stations (ACS) 195 14 Support Equipment 197 14.1 Operating and Maintenance Manuals 197 14.2 Consumables 198 14.3 Replaceable Components 198 14.4 Vulnerable and On-condition Components 198 14.5 Tools 198 14.6 Subsidiary Equipment 199 15 Transportation 201 15.1 Micro-UAV 201 15.2 VTOL Close-range Systems 201 15.3 HTOL Close-range Systems 201 15.4 Medium-range Systems 202 15.5 MALE and HALE Systems 203 16 Design for Reliability 205 16.1 Determination of the Required Level of Reliability 206 16.2 Achieving Reliability 208 16.3 Reliability Data Presentation 210 16.4 Multiplexed Systems 212 16.5 Reliability by Design 213 16.6 Design for Ease of Maintenance 216 17 Design for Manufacture and Development 217 Part 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UAV SYSTEMS 221 18 Introduction to System Development and Certification 223 18.1 System Development 223 18.2 Certification 224 18.3 Establishing Reliability 224 19 System Ground Testing 227 19.1 UAV Component Testing 227 19.2 UAV Sub-assembly and Sub-system Testing 228 19.3 Testing Complete UAV 230 19.4 Control Station Testing 236 19.5 Catapult Launch System Tests 237 19.6 Documentation 237 20 System In-flight Testing 239 20.1 Test Sites 239 20.2 Preparation for In-flight Testing 240 20.3 In-flight Testing 242 20.4 System Certification 243 Part 3 THE DEPLOYMENT OF UAV SYSTEMS 245 21 Operational Trials and Full Certification 247 21.1 Company Trials 247 21.2 Customer Trials and Sales Demonstrations 248 22 UAV System Deployment 249 22.1 Introduction 249 22.2 Network-centric Operations (NCO) 251 22.3 Teaming with Manned and Other Unmanned Systems 252 23 Naval Roles 253 23.1 Fleet Detection and Shadowing 254 23.2 Radar Confusion 254 23.3 Missile Decoy 255 23.4 Anti-submarine Warfare 255 23.5 Radio Relay 256 23.6 Port Protection 256 23.7 Over-beach Reconnaissance 257 23.8 Fisheries Protection 257 23.9 Detection of Illegal Imports 257 23.10 Electronic Intelligence 257 23.11 Maritime Surveillance 258 23.12 Summary 258 24 Army Roles 259 24.1 Covert Reconnaissance and Surveillance 259 24.2 Fall-of-shot Plotting 261 24.3 Target Designation by Laser 261 24.4 NBC Contamination Monitoring 263 24.5 IED and Landmine Detection and Destruction 266 24.6 Electronic Intelligence 266 24.7 Teaming of Manned and Unmanned Systems 266 24.8 System Mobility 266 24.9 Persistent Urban Surveillance 267 25 Air Force Roles 269 25.1 Long-range Reconnaissance and Strike 269 25.2 Airborne Early Warning 269 25.3 Electronic Intelligence 269 25.4 Pre-strike Radar and Anti-aircraft Systems Counter 270 25.5 Interception 270 25.6 Airfield Security 270 26 Civilian, Paramilitary and Commercial Roles 273 26.1 Aerial Photography* 273 26.2 Agriculture 273 26.3 Coastguard and Lifeboat Institutions 274 26.4 Customs and Excise 275 26.5 Conservation 275 26.6 Electricity Companies 275 26.7 Fire Services 276 26.8 Fisheries 276 26.9 Gas and Oil Supply Companies 277 26.10 Information Services 277 26.11 Local Civic Authorities 277 26.12 Meteorological Services* 277 26.13 Traffic Agencies 277 26.14 Ordnance Survey 278 26.15 Police Authorities* 278 26.16 Rivers Authorities and Water Boards 278 26.17 Survey Organisations 278 26.18 Communications Relay 278 26.19 Landmine Detection and Destruction 279 26.20 Other Applications 279 References 279 Part 4 UAS FUTURE 281 27 Future Prospects and Challenges 283 27.1 Introduction 283 27.2 Operation in Civilian Airspace 284 27.3 Power-plant Development 288 27.4 Developments in Airframe Configurations 292 27.5 Autonomy and Artificial Intelligence 299 27.6 Improvement in Communication Systems 301 References 301 28 UAV Systems Continuing Evolution 303 28.1 Introduction 303 28.2 Cruise Missiles 304 28.3 World War II Systems 305 28.4 The 1950s 306 28.5 The 1960s 306 28.6 The 1970s 308 28.7 The 1980s 309 28.8 The 1990s 311 28.9 The 2000s 312 28.10 The 2010s 315 28.11 Into the Future 316 Appendix A: UAS Organisations 319 A.1 Conferences 319 A.2 Industry Associations 319 A.3 Press Organisations 320 A.4 Useful Websites 320 A.5 Test Site Facilities 320 A.6 Regulators 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comparison of solar cell materials, including both new materials based on organics, nanostructures and novel inorganics and developments in more traditional photovoltaic materials. It surveys the materials and materials trends in the field including third generation solar cells (multiple energy level cells, thermal approaches and the modification of the solar spectrum) with an eye firmly on low costs, energy efficiency and the use of abundant non-toxic materials.Trade Review“All in all it is a magnificent book that I take pride in having on my bookshelf.” (Energy Technology, 13 October 2014)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii List of Contributors xv 1 Introduction 1Gavin Conibeer and Arthur Willoughby 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Sun 1 1.3 Book Outline 3 References 4 2 Fundamental Physical Limits to Photovoltaic Conversion 5J.F. Guillemoles 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Thermodynamic Limits 8 2.2.1 The Sun is the Limit 9 2.2.2 Classical Thermodynamics Analysis of Solar Energy Conversion 10 2.3 Limitations of Classical Devices 12 2.3.1 Detailed Balance and Main Assumptions 13 2.3.2 p-n Junction 14 2.3.3 The Two-Level System Model 17 2.3.4 Multijunctions 19 2.4 Fundamental Limits of Some High-Efficiency Concepts 22 2.4.1 Beyond Unity Quantum Efficiency 23 2.4.2 Beyond Isothermal Conversion: Hot-Carrier Solar Cells (HCSC) 29 2.4.3 Beyond the Single Process/ Photon: Photon Conversion 32 2.5 Conclusion 33 Note 33 References 33 3 Physical Characterisation of Photovoltaic Materials 35Daniel Bellet and Edith Bellet-Amalric 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Correspondence between Photovoltaic Materials Characterisation Needs and Physical Techniques 35 3.3 X-Ray Techniques 36 3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 37 3.3.2 Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) 40 3.3.3 X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) 42 3.3.4 Other X-Ray Techniques 44 3.4 Electron Microscopy Methods 45 3.4.1 Electron–Specimen Interactions and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 48 3.4.2 Electron Backscattering Diffraction (EBSD) 49 3.4.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 51 3.4.4 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 52 3.5 Spectroscopy Methods 53 3.5.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 53 3.5.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 55 3.5.3 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) 56 3.5.4 Raman Spectroscopy 56 3.5.5 UV-VIS-NIR Spectroscopy 58 3.6 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 59 Acknowledgements 60 References 60 4 Developments in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 65Martin A. Green 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Present Market Overview 66 4.3 Silicon Wafers 67 4.3.1 Standard Process 67 4.3.2 Multicrystalline Silicon Ingots 70 4.3.3 Ribbon Silicon 71 4.4 Cell Processing 73 4.4.1 Screen-Printed Cells 73 4.4.2 Buried-Contact and Laser Doped, Selective-Emitter Solar Cells 76 4.4.3 HIT Cell 77 4.4.4 Rear-Contact Cell 78 4.4.5 PERL Solar Cell 79 4.5 Conclusion 82 Acknowledgements 82 References 82 5 Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 85R.E.I. Schropp 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Deposition Methods 87 5.2.1 Modifications of Direct PECVD Techniques 88 5.2.2 Remote PECVD Techniques 89 5.2.3 Inline HWCVD Deposition 91 5.3 Material Properties 91 5.3.1 Protocrystalline Silicon 92 5.3.2 Microcrystalline or Nanocrystalline Silicon 93 5.4 Single-Junction Cell 96 5.4.1 Amorphous (Protocrystalline) Silicon Cells 98 5.4.2 Microcrystalline (μc-Si:H) Silicon Cells 99 5.4.3 Higher Deposition Rate 101 5.5 Multijunction Cells 102 5.6 Modules and Production 103 Acknowledgments 106 References 106 6 III-V Solar Cells 113N.J. Ekins-Daukes 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Homo- and Heterojunction III-V Solar Cells 115 6.2.1 GaAs Solar Cells 117 6.2.2 InP Solar Cells 120 6.2.3 InGaAsP 121 6.2.4 GaN 121 6.3 Multijunction Solar Cells 122 6.3.1 Monolithic Multijunction Solar Cells 123 6.3.2 Mechanically Stacked Multijunction Solar Cells 129 6.4 Applications 131 6.4.1 III-V Space Photovoltaic Systems 131 6.4.2 III-V Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems 132 6.5 Conclusion 134 References 134 7 Chalcogenide Thin-Film Solar Cells 145M. Paire, S. Delbos, J. Vidal, N. Naghavi and J.F. Guillemoles 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 CIGS 148 7.2.1 Device Fabrication 148 7.2.2 Material Properties 162 7.2.3 Device Properties 171 7.2.4 Outlook 181 7.3 Kesterites 185 7.3.1 Advantages of CZTS 185 7.3.2 Crystallographic and Optoelectronic Properties 187 7.3.3 Synthesis Strategies 190 Acknowledgements 196 References 196 8 Printed Organic Solar Cells 217Claudia Hoth, Andrea Seemann, Roland Steim, Tayebeh Ameri, Hamed Azimi and Christoph J. Brabec 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Materials and Morphology 218 8.2.1 Organic Semiconductors 219 8.2.2 Control of Morphology in oBHJ Solar Cells 224 8.2.3 Monitoring Morphology 233 8.2.4 Numerical Simulations of Morphology 235 8.2.5 Alternative Approaches to Control the Morphology 235 8.3 Interfaces in Organic Photovoltaics 237 8.3.1 Origin of Voc 237 8.3.2 Determination of Polarity-Inverted and Noninverted Structure 238 8.3.3 Optical Spacer 239 8.3.4 Protection Layer between the Electrode and the Polymer 240 8.3.5 Selective Contact 240 8.3.6 Interface Material Review for OPV Cells 240 8.4 Tandem Technology 243 8.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 243 8.4.2 Review of Experimental Results 248 8.4.3 Design Rules for Donors in Bulk-Heterojunction Tandem Solar Cells 255 8.5 Electrode Requirements for Organic Solar Cells 257 8.5.1 Materials for Transparent Electrodes 258 8.5.2 Materials for Nontransparent Electrodes 263 8.6 Production of Organic Solar Cells 265 8.7 Summary and Outlook 273 References 273 9 Third-Generation Solar Cells 283Gavin Conibeer 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Multiple-Energy-Level Approaches 285 9.2.1 Tandem Cells 285 9.2.2 Multiple-Exciton Generation (MEG) 291 9.2.3 Intermediate-Band Solar Cells (IBSC) 293 9.3 Modification of the Solar Spectrum 294 9.3.1 Downconversion, QE > 1 294 9.3.2 Upconversion of Below-Bandgap Photons 297 9.4 Thermal Approaches 302 9.4.1 Thermophotovoltaics (TPV) 303 9.4.2 Thermophotonics 303 9.4.3 Hot-Carrier Cells 303 9.5 Other Approaches 308 9.5.1 Nonreciprocal Devices 308 9.5.2 Quantum Antennae – Light as a Wave 308 9.6 Conclusions 309 Acknowledgements 309 References 310 Concluding Remarks 315Gavin Conibeer and Arthur Willoughby Index 319

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Book SynopsisMajor changes in gas turbine design, especially in the design and complexity of engine control systems, have led to the need for an up to date, systems-oriented treatment of gas turbine propulsion.Trade Review“Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 March 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors x Preface xii Series Preface xiv Acknowledgements xvi List of Acronyms xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Gas Turbine Concepts 1 1.2 Gas Turbine Systems Overview 6 References 9 2 Basic Gas Turbine Operation 11 2.1 Turbojet Engine Performance 11 2.1.1 Engine Performance Characteristics 18 2.1.2 Compressor Surge Control 22 2.1.3 Variable Nozzles 28 2.2 Concluding Commentary 35 References 35 3 Gas Generator Fuel Control Systems 37 3.1 Basic Concepts of the Gas Generator Fuel Control System 37 3.2 Gas Generator Control Modes 40 3.2.1 Fuel Schedule Definition 42 3.2.2 Overall Gas Generator Control Logic 45 3.2.3 Speed Governing with Acceleration and Deceleration Limiting 46 3.2.4 Compressor Geometry Control 62 3.2.5 Turbine Gas Temperature Limiting 63 3.2.6 Overspeed Limiting 65 3.3 Fuel System Design and Implementation 65 3.3.1 A Historical Review of Fuel Control Technologies 67 3.3.2 Fuel Pumping and Metering Systems 72 3.4 The Concept of Error Budgets in Control Design 77 3.4.1 Measurement Uncertainty 79 3.4.2 Sources of Error 80 3.5 Installation, Qualification, and Certification Considerations 84 3.5.1 Fuel Handling Equipment 84 3.5.2 Full-authority Digital Engine Controls (FADEC) 86 3.6 Concluding Commentary 88 References 88 4 Thrust Engine Control and Augmentation Systems 89 4.1 Thrust Engine Concepts 89 4.2 Thrust Management and Control 92 4.3 Thrust Augmentation 95 4.3.1 Water Injection 96 4.3.2 Afterburning 97 Reference 103 5 Shaft Power Propulsion Control Systems 105 5.1 Turboprop Applications 110 5.1.1 The Single-shaft Engine 110 5.1.2 The Free Turbine Turboprop 112 5.2 Turboshaft Engine Applications 119 Reference 130 6 Engine Inlet, Exhaust, and Nacelle Systems 131 6.1 Subsonic Engine Air Inlets 131 6.1.1 Basic Principles 132 6.1.2 Turboprop Inlet Configurations 133 6.1.3 Inlet Filtration Systems 135 6.2 Supersonic Engine Air Inlets 136 6.2.1 Oblique Shockwaves 137 6.2.2 Combined Oblique/Normal Shock Pressure Recovery Systems 139 6.2.3 Supersonic Inlet Control 141 6.2.4 Overall System Development and Operation 143 6.2.5 Concorde Air Inlet Control System (AICS) Example 144 6.3 Inlet Anti-icing 150 6.3.1 Bleed-air Anti-icing Systems 151 6.3.2 Electrical Anti-icing Systems 151 6.4 Exhaust Systems 151 6.4.1 Thrust Reversing Systems 152 6.4.2 Thrust Vectoring Concepts 155 References 160 7 Lubrication Systems 161 7.1 Basic Principles 161 7.2 Lubrication System Operation 169 7.2.1 System Design Concept 170 7.2.2 System Design Considerations 174 7.2.3 System Monitoring 174 7.2.4 Ceramic Bearings 179 References 179 8 Power Extraction and Starting Systems 181 8.1 Mechanical Power Extraction 181 8.1.1 Fuel Control Systems Equipment 181 8.1.2 Hydraulic Power Extraction 183 8.1.3 Lubrication and Scavenge Pumps 184 8.1.4 Electrical Power Generation 184 8.2 Engine Starting 187 8.3 Bleed-air-powered Systems and Equipment 189 8.3.1 Bleed-air-driven Pumps 191 8.3.2 Bleed Air for Environmental Control, Pressurization and Anti-icing Systems 192 8.3.3 Fuel Tank Inerting 193 References 194 9 Marine Propulsion Systems 195 9.1 Propulsion System Designation 197 9.2 The Aero-derivative Gas Turbine Engine 198 9.3 The Marine Environment 199 9.3.1 Marine Propulsion Inlets 200 9.3.2 Marine Exhaust Systems 203 9.3.3 Marine Propellers 204 9.4 The Engine Enclosure 206 9.4.1 The Engine Support System 207 9.4.2 Enclosure Air Handling 208 9.4.3 Enclosure Protection 208 9.5 Engine Ancillary Equipment 209 9.5.1 Engine Starting System 209 9.5.2 Engine Lubrication System 211 9.5.3 Fuel Supply System 212 9.6 Marine Propulsion Control 214 9.6.1 Ship Operations 214 9.6.2 Overall Propulsion Control 217 9.6.3 Propulsion System Monitoring 219 9.6.4 Propulsion System Controller 222 9.6.5 Propulsion System Sequencer 224 9.7 Concluding Commentary 224 References 225 10 Prognostics and Health Monitoring Systems 227 10.1 Basic Concepts in Engine Operational Support Systems 229 10.1.1 Material Life Limits 229 10.1.2 Performance-related Issues 232 10.1.3 Unscheduled Events 234 10.2 The Role of Design in Engine Maintenance 234 10.2.1 Reliability 235 10.2.2 Maintainability 237 10.2.3 Availability 239 10.2.4 Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 241 10.3 Prognostics and Health Monitoring (PHM) 243 10.3.1 The Concept of a Diagnostic Algorithm 244 10.3.2 Qualification of a Fault Indicator 245 10.3.3 The Element of Time in Diagnostics 250 10.3.4 Data Management Issues 251 References 255 11 New and Future Gas Turbine Propulsion System Technologies 257 11.1 Thermal Efficiency 257 11.2 Improvements in Propulsive Efficiency 260 11.2.1 The Pratt & Whitney PW1000G Geared Turbofan Engine 261 11.2.2 The CFM International Leap Engine 264 11.2.3 The Propfan Concept 265 11.3 Other Engine Technology Initiatives 268 11.3.1 The Boeing 787 Bleedless Engine Concept 268 11.3.2 New Engine Systems Technologies 271 11.3.3 Emergency Power Generation 276 11.3.4 On-board Diagnostics 277 References 277 Appendix A Compressor Stage Performance 279 A.1 The Origin of Compressor Stage Characteristics 279 A.2 Energy Transfer from Rotor to Air 281 References 284 Appendix B Estimation of Compressor Maps 285 B.1 Design Point Analysis 288 B.2 Stage Stacking Analysis 291 References 293 Appendix C Thermodynamic Modeling of Gas Turbines 295 C.1 Linear Small-perturbation Modeling 295 C.1.1 Rotor Dynamics 296 C.1.2 Rotor Dynamics with Pressure Term 297 C.1.3 Pressure Dynamics 298 C.2 Full-range Model: Extended Linear Approach 298 C.3 Component-based Thermodynamic Models 299 C.3.1 Inlet 301 C.3.2 Compressor 302 C.3.3 Combustor 302 C.3.4 Turbine 304 C.3.5 Jet Pipe 305 C.3.6 Nozzle 306 C.3.7 Rotor 306 References 306 Appendix D Introduction to Classical Feedback Control 307 D.1 Closing the Loop 307 D.2 Block Diagrams and Transfer Functions 308 D.3 The Concept of Stability 310 D.3.1 The Rule for Stability 310 D.4 Frequency Response 311 D.4.1 Calculating Frequency Response 311 D.5 Laplace Transforms 315 D.5.1 Root Locus 317 D.5.2 Root Locus Construction Rules 318 Reference 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisProvides an introductory survey of nanotechnology. Based on the highly acclaimed 2003 Wiley title Introduction to Nanotechnology , This new textbook includes problem sets for each chapter, updated material from the earlier book, and rewritten sections to be more pedagogical in nature. .Trade Review"This book would be an excellent choice for a one- or two-semester course in a materials science, chemistry, or physics course. It would also be of interest to any of our readers interested in learning about nanotechnology. It is written to provide the reader with a sound foundation for understanding the key fundamentals of nanotechnology. This book will be popular." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Physics of Bulk Solids 1 1.1 Structure 1 1.1.1 Size Dependence of Properties 1 1.1.2 Crystal Structures 2 1.1.3 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 7 1.1.4 Large Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 9 1.1.5 Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures 10 1.1.6 Lattice Vibrations 14 1.2 Surfaces of Crystals 16 1.2.1 Surface Characteristics 16 1.2.2 Surface Energy 17 1.2.3 Face-Centered Cubic Surface Layers 18 1.2.4 Surfaces of Zinc Blende and Diamond Structures 21 1.2.5 Adsorption of Gases 23 1.2.6 Electronic Structure of a Surface 25 1.2.7 Surface Quantum Well 26 1.3 Energy Bands 26 1.3.1 Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 26 1.3.2 Reciprocal Space 27 1.3.3 Energy Bands and Gaps of Semiconductors 28 1.3.4 Effective Mass 34 1.3.5 Fermi Surfaces 35 1.4 Localized Particles 36 1.4.1 Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps 36 1.4.2 Mobility 37 1.4.3 Excitons 38 Problems 40 References 41 2. Methods of Measuring Properties of Nanostructures 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Structure 44 2.2.1 Atomic Structures 44 2.2.2 Crystallography 45 2.2.3 Particle Size Determination 50 2.2.4 Surface Structure 54 2.3 Microscopy 54 2.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 54 2.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 59 2.3.3 Scanning Microscopy 59 2.4 Spectroscopy 66 2.4.1 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 66 2.4.2 Photoemission, X-Ray, and Auger Spectroscopy 72 2.4.3 Magnetic Resonance 78 2.5 Various Bulk Properties 81 2.5.1 Mechanical Properties 81 2.5.2 Electrical Properties 81 2.5.3 Magnetic Properties 82 2.5.4 Other Properties 82 Problems 82 References 83 3. Properties of Individual Nanoparticles 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Metal Nanoclusters 86 3.2.1 Magic Numbers 86 3.2.2 Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 88 3.2.3 Geometric Structure 91 3.2.4 Electronic Structure 94 3.2.5 Reactivity 97 3.2.6 Fluctuations 100 3.2.7 Magnetic Clusters 100 3.2.8 Bulk-to-Nano Transition 103 3.3 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 104 3.3.1 Optical Properties 104 3.3.2 Photofragmentation 106 3.3.3 Coulomb Explosion 107 3.4 Rare-Gas and Molecular Clusters 107 3.4.1 Inert-Gas Clusters 107 3.4.2 Superfluid Clusters 108 3.4.3 Molecular Clusters 109 3.4.4 Nanosized Organic Crystals 111 3.5 Methods of Synthesis 111 3.5.1 RF Plasma 111 3.5.2 Chemical Methods 111 3.5.3 Thermolysis 112 3.5.4 Pulsed-Laser Methods 114 3.5.5 Synthesis of Nanosized Organic Crystals 114 3.6 Summary 118 Problems 118 4. The Chemistry of Nanostructures 121 4.1 Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 121 4.1.1 Solution Synthesis 121 4.1.2 Capped Nanoclusters 122 4.1.3 Solgel Processing 124 4.1.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 125 4.2 Reactivity of Nanostructures 125 4.3 Catalysis 127 4.3.1 Nature of Catalysis 127 4.3.2 Surface Area of Nanoparticles 127 4.3.3 Porous Materials 131 4.4 Self-Assembly 135 4.4.1 The Self-Assembly Process 135 4.4.2 Semiconductor Islands 136 4.4.3 Monolayers 139 Problems 141 5. Polymer and Biological Nanostructures 143 5.1 Polymers 143 5.1.1 Polymer Structure 143 5.1.2 Sizes of Polymers 146 5.1.3 Nanocrystals of Polymers 148 5.1.4 Conductive Polymers 151 5.1.5 Block Copolymers 152 5.2 Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.1 Sizes of Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.2 Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticles 160 5.2.3 Nucleic Acids 162 5.2.3.1 DNA Double Nanowire 162 5.2.3.2 Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 166 5.2.3.3 Proteins 167 5.2.3.4 Micelles and Vesicles 169 5.2.3.5 Multilayer Films 172 Problems 174 References 174 6. Cohesive Energy 177 6.1 Ionic Solids 177 6.2 Defects in Ionic Solids 183 6.3 Covalently Bonded Solids 185 6.4 Organic Crystals 186 6.5 Inert-Gas Solids 190 6.6 Metals 191 6.7 Conclusion 193 Problems 193 7. Vibrational Properties 195 7.1 The Finite One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice 195 7.2 Ionic Solids 197 7.3 Experimental Observations 199 7.3.1 Optical and Acoustical Modes 199 7.3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Surface Layers of Nanoparticles 201 7.3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.3.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.4 Phonon Confinement 207 7.5 Effect of Dimension on Lattice Vibrations 209 7.6 Effect of Dimension on Vibrational Density of States 211 7.7 Effect of Size on Debye Frequency 215 7.8 Melting Temperature 216 7.9 Specific Heat 218 7.10 Plasmons 220 7.11 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 222 7.12 Phase Transitions 223 Problems 226 References 227 8. Electronic Properties 229 8.1 Ionic Solids 229 8.2 Covalently Bonded Solids 232 8.3 Metals 234 8.3.1 Effect of Lattice Parameter on Electronic Structure 235 8.3.2 Free-Electron Model 235 8.3.3 The Tight-Binding Model 239 8.4 Measurements of Electronic Structure of Nanoparticles 242 8.4.1 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 242 8.4.2 Organic Solids 248 8.4.3 Metals 250 Problems 251 9. Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Fabricating Quantum Nanostructures 253 9.2.1 Solution Fabrication 254 9.2.2 Lithography 257 9.3 Size and Dimensionality Effects 261 9.3.1 Size Effects 261 9.3.2 Size Effects on Conduction Electrons 263 9.3.3 Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality 264 9.3.4 Fermi Gas and Density of States 265 9.3.5 Potential Wells 268 9.3.6 Partial Confinement 272 9.3.7 Properties Dependent on Density of States 273 9.4 Excitons 275 9.5 Single-Electron Tunneling 276 9.6 Applications 280 9.6.1 Infrared Detectors 280 9.6.2 Quantum Dot Lasers 280 Problems 285 References 285 10. Carbon Nanostructures 287 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Carbon Molecules 287 10.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 287 10.2.2 New Carbon Structures 289 10.3 Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.2 Buckyball 292 10.3.3 The Structure of Molecular C60 293 10.3.4 Crystalline C60 296 10.3.5 Larger and Smaller Buckyballs 300 10.3.6 Buckyballs of Other Atoms 300 10.4 Carbon Nanotubes 301 10.4.1 Fabrication 301 10.4.2 Structure 304 10.4.3 Electronic Properties 306 10.4.4 Vibrational Properties 312 10.4.5 Functionalization 314 10.4.6 Doped Carbon Nanotubes 322 10.4.7 Mechanical Properties 325 10.5 Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.1 Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.2 Metal–Carbon Nanotube Composites 329 10.6 Graphene Nanostructures 330 Problems 335 11. Bulk Nanostructured Materials 337 11.1 Solid Methods for Preparation of Disordered Nanostructures 337 11.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 337 11.1.2 Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 340 11.1.3 Porous Silicon 343 11.2 Nanocomposites 347 11.2.1 Layered Nanocomposites 347 11.2.2 Nanowire Composites 349 11.2.3 Composites of Nanoparticles 350 11.3 Nanostructured Crystals 351 11.3.1 Natural Nanocrystals 351 11.3.2 Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 352 11.3.3 Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 355 11.3.4 Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions 357 11.3.5 Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 358 11.4 Electrical Conduction in Bulk Nanostructured Materials 359 11.4.1 Bulk Materials Consisting of Nanosized Grains 359 11.4.2 Nanometer-Thick Amorphous Films 364 11.5 Other Properties 364 Problems 365 12. Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials 367 12.1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials 367 12.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 370 12.3 Mechanical Properties of Consolidated Nano-Grained Materials 371 12.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 374 12.5 Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Nanosized Devices 376 12.5.1 General Considerations 376 12.5.2 Nanopendulum 378 12.5.3 Vibrations of a Nanometer String 380 12.5.4 The Nanospring 381 12.5.5 The Clamped Beam 382 12.5.6 The Challenges and Possibilities of Nanomechanical Sensors 385 12.5.7 Methods of Fabrication of Nanosized Devices 387 Problems 390 13. Magnetism in Nanostructures 393 13.1 Basics of Ferromagnetism 393 13.2 Behavior of Powders of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles 398 13.2.1 Properties of a Single Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle 398 13.2.2 Dynamics of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles 400 13.2.3 Measurements of Superparamagnetism and the Blocking Temperature 402 13.2.4 Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles 405 13.3 Ferrofluids 406 13.4 Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 413 13.4.1 Effect of Nanosized Grain Structure on Magnetic Properties 413 13.4.2 Magnetoresistive Materials 416 13.4.3 Carbon Nanostructured Ferromagnets 424 13.5 Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles 429 Problems 430 14. Nanoelectronics, Spintronics, Molecular Electronics, and Photonics 433 14.1 Nanoelectronics 433 14.1.1 N and P Doping and PN Junctions 433 14.1.2 MOSFET 435 14.1.3 Scaling of MOSFETs 436 14.2 Spintronics 440 14.2.1 Definition and Examples of Spintronic Devices 440 14.2.2 Magnetic Storage and Spin Valves 440 14.2.3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 445 14.3 Molecular Switches and Electronics 449 14.3.1 Molecular Switches 449 14.3.2 Molecular Electronics 453 14.3.3 Mechanism of Conduction through a Molecule 458 14.4 Photonic Crystals 459 Problems 465 Reference 466 15. Superconductivity in Nanomaterials 467 15.1 Introduction 467 15.2 Zero Resistance 467 15.2.1 The Superconducting Gap 469 15.2.2 Cooper Pairs 470 15.3 The Meissner Effect 472 15.3.1 Magnetic Field Exclusion 472 15.3.2 Type I and Type II Superconductors 474 15.4 Properties of Flux 478 15.4.1 Quantization of Flux 478 15.4.2 Vortex Configurations 479 15.4.3 Flux Creep and Flux Flow 480 15.4.4 Vortex Pinning 484 15.5 Dependence of Superconducting Properties on Size Effects 484 15.6 Resistivity and Sheet Resistance 484 15.7 Proximity Effect 488 15.8 Superconductors as Nanomaterials 490 15.9 Tunneling and Josephson Junctions 491 15.9.1 Tunneling 491 15.9.2 Weak Links 491 15.9.3 Josephson Effect 493 15.9.4 Josephson Junctions 494 15.9.5 Ultrasmall Josephson Junctions 494 15.10 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (Squid) 495 15.11 Buckministerfullerenes 496 15.11.1 The Structure of C60 and Its Crystal 496 15.11.2 Alkali-Doped C60 496 15.11.3 Superconductivity in C60 497 Problems 498 References 499 Appendix A Formulas for Dimensionality 501 A.1 Introduction 501 A.2 Delocalization 501 A.3 Square and Parabolic Wells 502 A.4 Partial Confinement 503 Appendix B Tabulations of Semiconducting Material Properties 507 Appendix C Face-Centered Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 515 C.1 Introduction 515 C.2 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 515 C.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 519 Index 521

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Book SynopsisProvides an organized and carefully selected collection of current research papers from two recent symposia, including The Characterization and Processing of Nanosize Powders and Particles and Nanoscale and Multifunctional Materials symposia both held at the 6th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology in Fall 2005. The topics covered include techniques to characterize nanosize powders and nanoparticle dispersions, green processing of nanopowders, and the sintering and microstructure of nanoparticle assemblies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Synthesis Synthesis of High Purity ß-SiAION Nanopowder From a Zeolite by Gas-Reduction-Nitridation 3 Tomohiro Yamakawa, Tom Wakihara, Junichi Tatami, Katsutoshi Komeya, and Takeshi Meguro Electrospinning of Ceramic Nanofibers and Nanofiber Composites 9 Junhan Yuh, Hyun Park, and Wolfgang M. Sigmund Melt Synthesis and Characterization of (A1-xA'x)(B1-yB'y)03 Complexed Oxide Perovskites 21 Tadashi Ishigaki, Kazumasa Seki, Shunji Araki, Naonori Sakamoto, Tomoaki Watanabe, and Masahiro Yoshimura Carbon Derived Si3N4+SiC Micro/Nano Composite 29 Jan Dusza, Monika Kasiarova, Alexandra Vysocka, Jana Spakova, Miroslav Hnatko, and Pavol Sajgalik Dispersion Modification of Nanosize Silica Particle Surfaces to Improve Dispersion in a Polymer Matrix 39 Chika Takai, Masayoshi Fuji, and Minoru Takahashi Possibility of Comb-Graft Copolymers as Dispersants for SiC Suspensions in Ethanol 47 Toshio Kakui, Mitsuru Ishii, and Hidehiro Kamiya Dispersion Control and Microstructure Design of Nanoparticles by Using Microbial Derived Surfacant 61 Hidehiro Kamiya, Yuichi tida, Kenjiro Gomi, Yuichi Yonemochi, Shigekazu Kobiyama, Motoyuki lijima, and Mayumi Tsukada Forming Analysis of Consolidation Behavior of 68 nm-Yttha-Stabilized Zirconia Particles During Pressure Filtration 73 Yoshihiro Hirata and Yosuke Tanaka Colloidal Processing and Sintering of Nano-Zr02 Powders Using Polyethylenimine (PEI) 85 Yuji Hotta, Cihangir Duran, Kimiyasu Sato, and Koji Watari Importance of Primary Powder Selection in Aerosol Deposition of Aluminum Nitride 95 Atsushi Iwata and Jun Akedo Preparation of 3D Colloidal Sphere Arrays Using Barium Titanate Fine Particles and Their Dielectric Properties 105 Satoshi Wada, Hiroaki Yasuno, Aki Yazawa, Takuya Hoshina, Hirofumi Kakemoto, and Takaaki Tsurumi Sintering and Properties Sintering and Mechanical Properties of SiC Using Nanometer-Size Powder 117 Nobuhiro Hidaka and Yoshihiro Hirata Mechanical Properties of Ce-Doped Zirconia Ceramics Sintered at Low Temperature 129 Michihito Muroi and Geoff Trotter Using Master Curve Model on the Sintering of Nanocrystalline Titania 141 Mao-Hua Teng and Mong-Hsia Chen Mechanical Properties and Hardness of Advanced Superhard Nanocrystalline Films and Nanomaterials 151 Murli H. Manghnani, Pavel V. Zinin, Sergey N. Tkachev, Pavla Karvankova, and Stan Veprek Nanocomposites and Nanostructures Initial Investigation of Nano-TiC/Ni and TiC/NigAI Cermets for SOFC Interconnect Applications 163 Hua Xie and Rasit Koc Intra-Type Nanocomposites for Strengthened and Toughened Ceramic Materials 173 Seong-min Choi, Sawao Honda, Shinobu Hashimoto, and Hideo Awaji Periodic Nanovoid Structure in Glass Via Femtosecond Laser Irradiation 181 Shingo Kanehira, Koji Fujita, Kazuyuki Hirao, Jinhai Si, and Jianrong Qiu Materials Properties of Nano-Sized FeAIN Particles in Thin Films 191 Yuandan Liu, R.E. Miller, Dingqiang Li, Qiquan Feng, W. Votava, Tao Zhang, L.N. Dunkleberger, X.W. Wang, R. Gray, T. Bibens, J. Heifer, K. Mooney, R. Nowak, and P. Lubitz Preparation and Properties of Mullite-Based Iron Multi-Functional Nanocomposites 203 Hao Wang, Weimin Wang, Zhengyi Fu, Tohru Sekino, and Koichi Niihara Design of Nanohybrid Materials With Dual Functions 213 Jin-Ho Choy Single-Crystal SiC Nanotubes: Molecular-Dynamic Modeling of Structure and Thermal Behavior 227 V.L. Bekenev, V.V. Kartuzov, and Y. Gogotsi Vibrational Spectrum of a Diamond-Like Film on SiC Substrate 233 V. Shevchenko, Y. Gogotsi, and E. Kartuzov Author Index 237

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Book SynopsisAdvances in nanotechnology offer great new promise in new multifunctional systems that experts predict to be a major economic force within the next decade. Ceramic materials enable new developments in such areas as electronics and displays, portable power systems and personnel protection.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Nanoparticle Colloidal Suspension Optimization and Freeze-Cast Forming (Kathy Lu and Chris S. Kessler). Synthesis, Characterization and Measurements of Electrical Properties of Alumina-Titania Nano-Composites (Vikas Somani and Samar J. Kalita). Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Barium Strontium Titanate Ceramics (Vikas Somani and Samar J. Kalita). Nanoparticle Hydroxyapatite Crystallization Control by using Polyelectrolytes (Mualla dner and dzlem Dogan). Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Carbide Nanofibers as Composite Reinforcing Materials (Hao Li, Abhishek Kothari, and Brian W. Sheldon). 3-D Microparticles of BaTiO, and Zn,SiO, via the Chemical (Sol-Gel, Acetate, or Hydrothermal) Conversion of Biological (Diatom) Templates (Ye Cai, Michael R. Weatherspoon, Eric Ernst, Michael S. Haluska, Robert L. Snyder, and Kenneth H. Sandhage) Polymer Fiber Assisted Processing of Ceramic Oxide Nano and Submicron Fibers (Satyajit Shukla, Erik Brinley, Hyoung J. Cho, and Sudipta Seal). Phase Development in the Catalytic System V205/Ti02 under Oxidizing Conditions (D. Habel, E. Feike, C. Schroder, H. Schubert, A. Hosch, J.,Stelzer, J. Caro, C. Hess, and A. Knop-Gericke). Synthesis and Characterization of Cubic Silicon Carbide (O-Sic) and Trigonal Silicon Nitride (a-Si,N,) Nanowires (K. Saulig-Wenger, M. Bechelany, D. Cornu, S. Bernard, F. Chassagneux, P. Miele, and T. Epicier). High Energy Milling Behavior of Alpha Silicon Carbide (M. Aparecida Pinheiro dos Santos and C. Albano da.Costa Neto). Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes for Engineering Applications (J. Hurst, D. Hull, and D. Gorican). Comparison of Electromagnetic Shielding in GFR-Nano Composites (W.-K. Jung, S.-H. Ahn, and M.-S. Won). Densification Behavior of Zirconia Ceramics Sintered Using High-Frequency Microwaves (M. Wolff, G. Falk, R. Clasen, G. Link, S. Takayama, and M. Thumm). Manufacturing of Doped Glasses Using Reactive Electrophoretic Deposition (REPD) (D. Jung, J. Tabellion, and R. Clasen). Shaping of Bulk Glasses and Ceramics with Nanosized Particles (J. Tabellion and R. Clasen). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of the proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 22-27, 2006, Cocoa Beach, Florida. Organized and sponsored by The American Ceramic Society and The American Ceramic Society's Engineering Ceramics Division in conjunction with the Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Advanced Thermal Barrier Coating Development and Testing. Relation of Thermal Conductivity with Process Induced Anisotropic Void Systems in EB-PVD PYSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (A. Flores Renteria, B. Saruhan, and J. llavsky). Segmentation Cracks in Plasma Sprayed Thin Thermal Barrier Coatings (Hongbo Guo, Hideyuki Murakami, and Seiji Kuroda). Design of Alternative Multilayer Thick Thermal Barrier Coatings (H. Samadi and T. W. Coyle). Creep Behaviour of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (Reza Soltani, Thomas W. Coyle, and Javad Mostaghimi). Corrosion Rig Testing of Thermal Barrier Coating Systems (Robert VaOen, Doris Sebold, Gerhard Pracht, and Detlev Stover). Thermal Properties of Nanoporous YSZ Coatings Fabricated by EB-PVD (Byung-Koog Jang, Norio Yamaguchi, and Hideaki Matsubara). Oxidation Behavior and Main Causes for Accelerated Oxidation in Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (Hideyuki Arikawa, Yoshitaka Kojima, Mitsutoshi Okada, Takayuki Yoshioka, and Tohru Hisamatsu). Crack Growth and Delamination of Air Plasma-Sprayed Y203-ZrO, 8 1 TBC After Formation of TGO Layer (Makoto Hasegawa, Yu-Fu Liu, and Yutaka Kagawa). Lanthanum-Lithium Hexaaluminate-A New Material for Thermal Barrier Coatings in Magnetoplumbite Structure-Material and Process Development (Gerhard Pracht, Robert VaOen and Detlev Stover). Modeling and Life Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coatings. Simulation of Stress Development and Crack Formation in APS-TBCS For Cyclic Oxidation Loading and Comparison with Experimental Observations (R. Herzog, P. Bednarz, E. Trunova, V. Shernet, R. W. Steinbrech, F. Schubert, and L. Singheiser). Numerical Simulation of Crack Growth Mechanisms Occurring Near the Bondcoat Surface in Air Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (A. Casu, J.-L. Marques, R. VaOen, and D. Stover). Comparison of the Radiative Two-Flux and Diffusion Approximations (Charles M. Spuckler). Damage Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coating (Y. Ohtake). Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics. The Water-Vapour Hot Gas Corrosion Behavior of AI,03-Y,03 Materials, Y,SiO, and Y3Al,0,,-Coated Alumina in a Combustion Environment (Marco Fritsch and Hagen Klernm). Evaluation of Environmental Barrier Coatings for SiC/SiC Composites (H. Nakayama, K. Morishita, S. Ochiai, T. Sekigawa, K. Aoyarna, and A. lkawa). Life Limiting Properties of Uncoated and Environmental-Barrier Coated Silicon Nitride at Higher Temperature (Sung R. Choi, Dongrning Zhu, and Rarnakrishna T. Bhatt). Multilayer EBC for Silicon Nitride (C. A. Lewinsohn, Q. Zhao, and B. Nair). Non-Destructive Evaluation of Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coatings. Characterization of Cracks in Thermal Barrier Coatings Using Impedance Spectroscopy (Lifen Deng, Xiaofeng Zhao, and Ping Xiao). Nondestructive Evaluation Methods for High Temperature Ceramic Coatings (William A. Ellingson, Rachel Lipanovich, Stacie Hopson, and Robert Visher). Nondestructive Evaluation of Environmental Barrier Coatings in CFCC Combustor Liners (J. G. Sun, J. Benz, W. A. Ellingson, J. G. Kimmel, and J. R. Price). Ceramic Coatings for Spacecraft Applications. Charging of Ceramic Materials Due to Space-Based Radiation Environment (Jennifer L. Sample, Ashish Nedungadi, Jordan Wilkerson, Don King, David Drewry, Ken Potocki, and Doug Eng). Spacecraft Thermal Management via Control of Optical Properties in the Near Solar Environment (David Drewry, Don King, Jennifer Sample, Dale Clemons, Keith Caruso, Ken Potocki, Doug Eng, Doug Mehoke, Michael Mattix, Michael Thomas, and Denis Nagle). Multifunctional Coatings and Interfaces. Preparation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Silicon Oxycarbide Composite by Polyphenylsilsesquioxane Impregnation and Their Fracture Behavior (Manabu Fukushima, Satoshi Kobayashi, and Hideki Kita). Interfacial Processing Via CVD For Nicalon Based Ceramic Matrix Composites (Christopher L. Hill, Justin W. Reutenauer, Kevin A. Arpin, Steven L. Suib, and Michael A. Kmetz). Coatings of Fe/FeAIN Thin Films (Yuandan Liu, R. E. Miller, Tao Zhang, Qiquan Feng, W. Votava, Dingqiang Li, L. N. Dunkleberger, X. W. Wang, R. Gray, T. Bibens, J. Helfer, K. Mooney, R. Nowak, P. Lubitz, and Yanwen Zhang). Polymeric and Ceramic-Like Coatings on the Basis of SiN(C) Precursors for Protection of Metals Against Corrosion and Oxidation (M. Gunthner, Y. Albrecht, and G. Motz). Effect of Temperature and Spin-Coating Cycles on Microstructure Evolution for Tb-Substituted SrCeO, Thin Membrane Films (Satyajit Shukla, Mohamed M. Elbaccouch, Sudipta Seal, and Ali T-Raissi). Development of Boridized Passivation Layer for Use in PEM Fuel Cells Bipolar Plates (K. Scott Weil, Jin Yong Kim, Gordon Xia, Jim Coleman, and Z. Gary Yang). Functionally Graded Materials. Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Low Thermal Expansion Ceramic Matrix Composites (C. M. Chan and A. J. Ruys). Development of the Impeller-Dry-Blending Process for the Fabrication of Metal-Ceramic Functionally Graded Materials (D. T. Chavara and A. J. Ruys). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisDue to its many potential benefits, including high electrical efficiency and low environmental emissions, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is the subject of extensive research and development efforts by national laboratories, universities, and private industries.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Overview and Current Status Development of Two Types of Tubular SOFCs at TOT0 3Akira Kawakami, Satoshi Matsuoka, Naoki Watanabe, Takeshi Saito, Akira Ueno, Tatsumi Ishihara, Natsuko Sakai, and Harumi Yokokawa Cell and Stack Development Development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Using Lanthanum Gallate-Based Oxide as an Electrolyte 17T. Yamada, N. Chitose, H. Etou, M. Yamada, K. Hosoi, N. Komada, T. Inagaki, F. Nishiwaki, K. Hashino, H. Yoshida, M. Kawano, S. Yamasaki, and T. lshihara Anode Supported LSCM-LSGM-LSM Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 27Alidad Mohammadi, Nigel M. Sammes, Jakub Pusz, and Alevtina L. Smirnova Characterization/Testing Influence of Anode Thickness on the Electrochemical Performance of Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 37B. E. Buergler, Y. Santschi, M. Felberbaum, and L. J. Gauckler Investigation of Performance Degradation of SOFC Using Chromium-Containing Alloy Interconnects 47D. R. Beeaff, A. Dinesen, and P. V. Hendriksen Degradation Mechanism of Metal Supported Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 55D. Hathiramani, R. VaOen, J. Mertens, D. Sebold, V. A. C. Haanappel, and D. Stover Effect of Transition Metal Ions on the Conductivity and Stability of Stabilized Zirconia 67D. Lybye and M. Mogensen Thermophysical Properties of YSZ and Ni-YSZ as a Function of Temperature and Porosity 79M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, R. M. Trejo, H. Wang, and W. D. Porter Physical Properties in the Bi2O3-Fe2O3S ystem Containing Y2O3 and CaO Dopants 87Hsin-Chai Huang, Yu-Chen Chang, and Tzer-Shin Sheu Electrical Properties of Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 Ceramics Prepared by an Aqueous Process 95Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Yasufumi Suzuki, Wataru Sakamoto, and Shin-ichi Hirano Structural Study and Conductivity of BaZr0.90Ga0.10O2.95 105lstaq Ahmed, Elisabet Ahlberg, Sten Eriksson, Christoper Knee, Maths Karlsson, Aleksandar Matic, and Lars Borjesson Hydrogen Flux in Terbium Doped Strontium Cerate Membrane 119Mohamed M. Elbaccouch and Ali T-Raissi A Mechanical-Electrochemical Theory of Defects in Ionic Solids 125Narasimhan Swaminathan and Jianmin Qu Electrodes Nanostructured Ceramic Suspensions for Electrodes and the Brazilian SOFC Network "Rede PaCOS" 139R. C. Cordeiro, G. S. Trindade, R. N. S. H. MagalhSies, G. C. Silva, P. R. Villalobos, M. C. R. S. Varela, and P. E. V. de Miranda Modeling of MlEC Cathodes: The Effect of Sheet Resistance 153David S. Mebane, Erik Koep, and Meilin Liu Cathode Thermal Delamination Study for a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Functional Graded Properties: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Results 161Gang Ju, Kenneth Reifsnider, and Jeong-Ho Kim Electrochemical Characteristics of Ni/Gd-Doped Ceria and Ni/Sm-Doped Ceria Anodes for SOFC Using Dry Methane Fuel 175Caroline Levy, Shinichi Hasegawa, Shiko Nakamura, Manabu Ihara, and Keiji Yamahara Control of Microstructure of NiO-SDC Composite Particles for Development of High Performance SOFC Anodes 183Koichi Kawahara, Seiichi Suda, Seiji Takahashi, Mitsunobu Kawano, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Toru lnagaki Electrochemical Characterization and Identification of Reaction Sites in Oxide Anodes 193T. Nakamura, K. Yashiro, A. Kairnai, T. Otake, K. Sato, G.J . Park, T. Kawada, and J. Mizusaki Interconnects and Protective Coatings Corrosion Performance of Ferritic Steel for SOFC Interconnect Applications 201M. Ziomek-Moroz, G. R. Holcomb, B. S. Covino, Jr., S. J. Bullard, P. D. Jablonski, and D. E. Alrnan High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of Oxidation Resistant Alloys Under SOFC Interconnect Dual Exposures 211Zhenguo Yang, Greg W. Coffey, Joseph P. Rice, Prabhakar Singh, Jeffry W. Stevenson, and Guan-Guang Xia Electro-Deposited Protective Coatings for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects 223Christopher Johnson, Chad Schaeffer, Heidi Barron, and Randall Gemmen Properties of (Mn,Co)3O4 Spinel Protection Layers for SOFC Interconnects 231Zhenguo Yang, Xiao-Hong Li, Gary D. Maupin, Prabhakar Singh, Steve P. Sirnner, Jeffry W. Stevenson, Guan-Guang Xia, and Xiaodong Zhou Fuel Cell Interconnecting Coatings Produced by Different Thermal Spray Techniques 241E. Garcia and T. W. Coyle Surface Modification of Alloys for Improved Oxidation Resistance in SOFC Applications 253David E. Alman, Paul D. Jablonski, and Steven C. Kung Seals Composite Seal Development and Evaluation 265Matthew M. Seabaugh, Kathy Sabolsky, Gene B. Arkenberg, and Jerry L. Jayjohn Investigation of SOFC-Gaskets Containing Compressive Mica Layers Under Dual Atmosphere Conditions 273F. Wiener, M. Brarn, H.-P. Buchkrerner, and D. Sebold Performance of Self-Healing Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 287Raj N. Singh and Shailendra S. Parihar Properties of Glass-Ceramic for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 297S. T. Reis, R. K. Brow, T. Zhang, and P. Jasinski Mechanical Behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Seal Glass-Boron Nitride Nanotubes Composite 305Sung R. Choi, Narottam P. Bansal, Janet B. Hurst, and Anita Garg Mechanical Behaviour of Glassy Composite Seals for IT-SOFC Application 315K. A. Nielsen, M. Solvang, S. B. L. Nielsen, and D. Beeaff Mechanical Property Characterizations and Performance Modeling of SOFC Seals 325Brian J. Koeppel, John S. Vetrano, Ba Nghiep Nguyen, Xin Sun, and Moe A. Khaleel Mechanical Properties Fracture Test of Thin Sheet Electrolytes 339Jurgen Malzbender, Rolf W. Steinbrech, and Lorenz Singheiser Failure Modes of Thin Supported Membranes 347P. V. Hendriksen, J. R. Hprgsberg, A. M. Kjeldsen, B. F. Sorensena, and H. G. Pedersen Comparison of Mechanical Properties of NiO/YSZ by Different Methods 361Dustin R. Beeaff, S. Ramousse, and Peter V. Hendriksen Fracture Toughness and Slow Crack Growth Behavior of Ni-YSZ and YSZ as a Function of Porosity and Temperature 373M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, and G. Nelson Effect of Thermal Cycling and Thermal Aging on the Mechanical Properties of, and Residual Stresses in, Ni-YSZ/YSZ Bi-Layers 383E. Lara-Curzio, M. Radovic, R. M. Trejo, C. Cofer, T. R. Watkins, and K. L. More Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation Tools for Fracture Analysis in Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 393Janine Johnson and Jianmin Qu Modeling Electrochemistry and On-Cell Reformation Modeling for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks 409K. P. Recknagle, D. T. Jarboe, K. I. Johnson, V. Korolev, M. A. Khaleel, and P. Singh Modeling of HeaVMass Transport and Electrochemistry of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 419Yan Ji, J. N. Chung, and Kun Yuan Author Index 435

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on recent developments and advances of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites for use in fission and fusion reactors, nuclear fuels and alternative energy applications. With the continued increasing demands for energy, nuclear energy has experienced a renewed interest. Recent developments associated with advanced fuel cycles have resulted in new research efforts on nuclear fuel materials. The effects of radiation on the properties of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites are also addressed.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Irradiation Effects in Ceramics. (GenlV) Next Generation Nuclear Power and Requirements for Standards, Codes and Data Bases for Ceramic Matrix Composites (Michael G. Jenkins, Edgar Lara-Curzio, and William E. Windes). Determination of Promising Inert Matrix Fuel Compounds (C. R. Stanek, J. A. Valdez, K. E. Sickafus, K. J. McClellan, and R. W. Grimes). Densification Mechanism and Microstructural Evolution of Sic Matrix in NlTE Process (Kazuya Shimoda, Joon-Soon Park, Tatsuya Hinoki, and Akira Kohyama). Optimization of Sintering Parameters for Nitride Transmutation Fuels (John T. Dunwoody, Christopher R. Stanek, Kenneth J. McClellan, Stewart L. Voit, Thomas Hartmann, Kirk Wheeler, Manuel Parra, and Pedro D. Peralta). Ceramics in Non-Thermal Plasma Discharges for Hydrogen Generation (R. Vintila, G. Mendoza-Suarez, J. A. Kozinski, and R. A. L. Drew). Piezoelectric Ceramic Fiber Composites for Energy Harvesting to Power Electronic Components (Richard Cass, Farhad Mohammadi, and Stephen Leschin). Design Factor Using a SiC/SiC Composites for Core Component of Gas Cooled Fast Reactor. I: Hoop Stress (Jae-Kwang Lee and Masayuki Naganuma). Characterizations of Ti,SiC, as Candidate for the Structural Materials of High Temperature Reactors (Fabienne Audubert, Guillaume Abrivard, and Christophe Tallaron). Influence of Specimen Type and Loading Configuration on the Fracture Strength of Sic Layer in Coated Particle Fuel (T. S. Byun, S. G. Hong, L. L. Snead, and Y. Katoh). Investigation of Aluminides as Potential Matrix Materials for Inert Matrix Nuclear Fuels (Darrin D. Byler, Kenneth J. McClellan, James A. Valdez, Pedro D. Peralta, and Kirk Wheeler). Fluidised Bed Chemical Vapour Deposition of Pyrolytic Carbon (E. Lopez Honorato, P. Xiao, G. Marsh, and T. Abram). Ceramics for Advanced Nuclear and Alternative Energy Applications. Strength Testing of Monolithic and Duplex Silicon Carbide Cylinders in Support of Use as Nuclear Fuel Cladding (Denwood F. Ross, Jr. and William R. Hendrich). Subcritical Crack Growth in Hi-Nicalon Type-S Fiber CVI-SiC/SiC Composites (Charles H. Henager, Jr.). Electrical Conductivity of Proton Conductive Ceramics Under Reactor Irradiation (Tatsuo Shikama, Bun Tsuchiya, Shinji Nagata, and Kentaro Toh). The Effects of Irradiation-Induced Swelling of Constituents on Mechanical Properties of Advanced SiCISiC Composites (Kazumi Ozawa, Takashi Nozawa, and Tatsuya Hinoki, and Akira Kohyama). Behaviors of Radioluminescence of Optical Ceramics for Nuclear Applications (T. Shikama, S. Nagata, K. Toh, 6. Tsuchiya, and A. lnouye). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThe use of ceramics in biological environments and biomedical applications is of increasing importance, as is the understanding of how biology works with minerals to develop strong materials.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. In Vitro Evaluation. Initial In Vitro Interaction of Human Osteoblasts with Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite (NHA) (Xingyuan Guo, Julie Gough, Ping Xiao, Jing Liu, and Zhijian Shen). Osteoblast Response to Zinc-Doped Sintered p-Tricalcium Phosphate (Sahil Jalota, Sarit 8. Bhaduri, and A. Cuneyt Tas). Determination of the Spatial Resolution of Micro-Focus X-Ray CT System with a Standard Specimen (Mineo Mizuno, Yasutoshi Mizuta, Takeharu). Kato, and Yasushi lkeda Processing of Biomaterials. Hydroxyapatite Hybridized with Metal Oxides for Biomedical Applications (Akiyoshi Osaka, Eiji Fujii, Koji Kawabata, Hideyuki Yoshirnatsu, Satoshi Hayakawa, Kanji Tsuru, Christian Bonhornrne, and Florence Babonneau). Preparation of Self-setting Cement-Based Micro- and Macroporous Granules of Carbonated Apatitic Calcium Phosphate (A. Cuneyt Tas). A Self-setting, Monetite (CaHPO,) Cement for Skeletal Repair (Tarang R. Desai, Sarit B. Bhaduri, and A. Cuneyt Tas). Chemically Bonded Ceramics Based on Ca-Aluminates as Biomaterials (L. Herrnansson and H. Engqvist). A Theoretical and Mathematical Basis Towards Dispersing Nanoparticles and Biological Agents in a Non Polar Solvent for Fabricating Porous Materials (Navin J. Manjooran and Gary R. Pickrell). Preparation of Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Phosphate Bioceramic Materials from the Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature (Jia-Hui Liao, Yu-Chen Chang, and Tzer-Shin Sheu). Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Plasma Spraying of Organic Based Solution Precursor (E. Garcia, Z. B. Zhang, T. W. Coyle, L. Gan, and R. Pilliar). Visible-Light Photocatalytic Fibers for Inactivation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (P. G. Wu, R. C. Xie, J. Irnlay, and J. K. Shang). Precipitation Mechanisms of Hydroxyapatite Powder in the Different Aqueous Solutions (Yu-Chen Chang and Tzer-Shin Sheu). Conversion of Bioactive Silicate (45S5), Borate, and Borosilicate Glasses to Hydroxyapatite in Dilute Phosphate Solution (Wenhai Huang, Moharned N. Raharnan, and Delbert E. Day). Dental Ceramics. Variable Frequency Microwave (VFM) Processing: A New Tool to Crystallize Lithium Disilicate Glass (Morsi Mahmoud, Diane Folz, Carlos Suchicital, David Clark, and Zak Fathi). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a state-of-the-art collection of papers presented at the 6th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology presented in Maui, Hawaii in September of 2005. .

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Book SynopsisTechnology/Engineering/Mechanical Provides all the tools needed to begin solving optimization problems using MATLAB The Second Edition of Applied Optimization with MATLAB Programming enables readers to harness all the features of MATLAB to solve optimization problems using a variety of linear and nonlinear design optimization techniques. By breaking down complex mathematical concepts into simple ideas and offering plenty of easy-to-follow examples, this text is an ideal introduction to the field. Examples come from all engineering disciplines as well as science, economics, operations research, and mathematics, helping readers understand how to apply optimization techniques to solve actual problems. This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised, incorporating current optimization techniques as well as the improved MATLAB tools. Two important new features of the text are: Introduction to the scan and zoom method, providing a simple, effective teTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Optimization Fundamentals. 1.2 Introduction to MATLAB. Problems. Chapter 2: Graphical Optimization. 2.1 Problem Definition. 2.2 Graphical Solution. 2.3 Additional Examples. 2.4 Additional MATLAB Graphics. References. Problems. Chapter 3: Linear Programming. 3.1 Problem Definition. 3.2 Graphical Solution. 3.3 Numerical Solution - The Simplex Method. 3.4 Additional Examples. 3.5.Additional Topics in Linear Programming. References. Problems. Chapter 4: Nonlinear Programming. 4.1 Problem Definition. 4.2 Mathematical Concepts. 4.3 Analytical Conditions. 4.4 Examples. 4.5 Additional Topics. References. Problems. Chapter 5: Numerical Techniques - The One Dimensional Problem. 5.1 Problem Definition. 5.2 Numerical Techniques. 5.3 Importance of the One Dimensional Problem. 5.4 Additional Examples. References. Problems. Chapter 6: Numerical Techniques for Unconstrained Optimization. 6.1 Problem Definition. 6.2 Numerical Techniques: Non Gradient Methods. 6.3 Numerical Technique: Gradient Based Methods. 6.4 Numerical Technique: Second Order. 6.5 Additional Examples. 6.6 Summary. References. Problems. Chapter 7: Numerical Techniques for Constrained Optimization. 7.1 Problem Definition. 7.2 Indirect Methods for Constrained Optimization. 7.3 Direct Methods for Constrained Optimization. 7.4 Additional Examples. References. Problems. Chapter 8: Discrete Optimization. 8.1 Concepts in Discrete Programming. 8.2 Discrete Optimization Techniques. 8.3 Additional Examples. References. Problems. Chapter 9: Global Optimization. 9.1 Problem Definition. 9.2 Numerical Techniques and Additional Examples. References. Problems. Chapter 10: Optimization Toolbox from MATLAB. 10.1 The Optimization Toolbox. 10.2 Examples. References. Chapter 11: Hybrid Mathematics: An Application of. 11.1 Central Idea. 11.2 Data Handling Examples. 11.3. Solutions to Differential Systems. 11.4 Summary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis CD-ROM is a compilation of eight CESP volumes in 2006 consisting of 211 papers presented at the 6th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology. Leading scientists and industrial technologists presented advancements in traditional and advanced ceramics and glass research, manufacturing, and processing.

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Book SynopsisActuators are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical work, traditionally used in electrical, pneumatic and hydraulic systems. As the demand for actuator technologies grows in biomedical, prosthetic and orthotic applications, there is an increasing need for complex and sophisticated products that perform efficiently also when scaled to micro and nano domains. Providing a comprehensive overview of actuators for novel applications, this excellent book: * Presents a mechatronic approach to the design, control and integration of a range of technologies covering piezoelectric actuators, shape memory actuators, electro-active polymers, magnetostrictive actuators and electro- and magnetorheological actuators. * Examines the characteristics and performance of emerging actuators upon scaling to micro and nano domains. * Assesses the relative merits of each actuator technology and outlines prospective application fields. Offering a detaiTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. List of Figures. List of Tables. 1 Actuators in motion control systems: mechatronics. 1.1 What is an actuator? 1.2 Transducing materials as a basis for actuator design. 1.3 The role of the actuator in a control system: sensing, processing and acting. 1.4 What is mechatronics? Principles and biomimesis. 1.5 Concomitant actuation and sensing: smart structures. 1.6 Figures of merit of actuator technologies. 1.7 A classification of actuator technologies. 1.8 Emerging versus traditional actuator technologies. 1.9 Scope of the book: emerging actuators. 1.10 Other actuator technologies. 2 Piezoelectric actuators. 2.1 Piezoelectricity and piezoelectric materials. 2.2 Constitutive equations of piezoelectric materials. 2.3 Resonant piezoelectric actuators. 2.4 Nonresonant piezoelectric actuators.7 2.5 Control aspects of piezoelectric motors. 2.6 Figures of merit of piezoelectric actuators. 2.7 Applications. 3 Shape Memory Actuators (SMAs). 3.1 Shape memory alloys. 3.2 Design of shape memory actuators. 3.3 Control of SMAs. 3.4 Figures of merit of shape memory actuators. 3.5 Applications. 4 Electroactive polymer actuators (EAPs). 4.1 Principles. 4.2 Design issues. 4.3 Control of EAPs. 4.4 Figures of merit of EAPs. 4.5 Applications. 5 Magnetostrictive actuators (MSs). 5.1 Principles of magnetostriction. 5.2 Magnetostrictive materials: giant magnetostriction. 5.3 Design of magnetostrictive actuators. 5.4 Control of magnetostrictive actuators: vibration absorption. 5.5 Figures of merit of MS actuators. 5.6 Applications. 6 Electro- and magnetorheological actuators (ERFs, MRFs). 6.1 Active rheology: transducing materials. 6.2 Mechatronic design concepts. 6.3 Control of ERF and MRF. 6.4 Figures of merit of ER and MR devices. 6.5 Applications. 7 Summary, conclusions and outlook. 7.1 Brief summary. 7.2 Comparative position of emerging actuators. 7.3 Research trends and application trends. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe field of charge conduction in disordered materials is a rapidly evolving area owing to current and potential applications of these materials in various electronic devices.Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1. “Charge Transport via Delocalized States in Disordered Materials” (Igor P. Zvyagin). 2. “Description of Charge Transport in Amorphous Semiconductors” (S. D. Baranovskii and O. Rubel). 3. “Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon – Material Properties and Device Applications” (W. Fuhs). 4. “Applications of Disordered Semiconductors in Modern Electronics: Selected Examples” (Safa Kasap, J.A. Rowlands, Kenkichi Tanioka, Arokia Nathan). 5. “The investigation of charge carrier recombination and hopping transport with pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance techniques” (Ch. Böhme and K. Lips). 6. “Description of Charge Transport in Disordered Organic Materials” (S. D. Baranovskii and O. Rubel). 7. “Device applications of organic materials” (Elizabeth von Hauff, Carsten Deibel and Vladimir Dyakonov). 8. “Generation, Recombination and Transport of Non-Equilibrium Carriers in Polymer-Semiconductor Nanocomposites” (H. E. Ruda and A. Shik). 9. “AC Hopping Transport in Disordered Materials” (Igor P. Zvyagin). 10. “Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Amorphous and Nanostructured Materials” (Bernhard Roling). 11. “Applications of Ion Transport in Disordered Solids. Electrochemical Micro-ionics” (Philippe Vinatier and Yohann Hamon). 12. "DNA Conduction: the Issue of Static Disorder, Dynamic Fluctuations and Environmental Effects" (Rafael Gutierrez, Danny Porath, Gianaurelio Cuniberti).

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPatterning or lithography is at the core of modern science and technology and cuts across all disciplines. With the emergence of nanotechnology, conventional methods based on electron beam lithography and extreme ultraviolet photolithography have become prohibitively expensive.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv I NANOPATTERNING TECHNIQUES 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 MATERIALS 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Mold Materials and Mold Preparation 8 2.2.1 Soft Molds 8 2.2.2 Hard Molds 19 2.2.3 Rigiflex Molds 19 2.3 Surface Treatment and Modification 21 References 23 3 PATTERNING BASED ON NATURAL FORCE 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Capillary Force 28 3.2.1 Open-Ended Capillary 29 3.2.2 Closed Permeable Capillary 31 3.2.3 Completely Closed Capillary 40 3.2.4 Fast Patterning 43 3.2.5 Capillary Kinetics 45 3.3 London Force and Liquid Filament Stability 48 3.3.1 Patterning by Selective Dewetting 49 3.3.2 Liquid Filament Stability: Filling and Patterning 51 3.4 Mechanical Stress: Patterning of A Metal Surface 56 References 63 4 PATTERNING BASED ON WORK OF ADHESION 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Work of Adhesion 68 4.3 Kinetic Effects 71 4.4 Transfer Patterning 74 4.5 Subtractive Transfer Patterning 79 4.6 Transfer Printing 82 References 91 5 PATTERNING BASED ON LIGHT: OPTICAL SOFT LITHOGRAPHY 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 System Elements 96 5.2.1 Overview 96 5.2.2 Elastomeric Photomasks 96 5.2.3 Photosensitive Materials 99 5.3 Two-Dimensional Optical Soft Lithography (OSL) 100 5.3.1 Two-Dimensional OSL with Phase Masks 100 5.3.2 Two-Dimensional OSL with Embossed Masks 104 5.3.3 Two-Dimensional OSL with Amplitude Masks 105 5.3.4 Two-Dimensional OSL with AmplitudePhase Masks 109 5.4 Three-Dimensional Optical Soft Lithography 110 5.4.1 Optics 111 5.4.2 Patterning Results 112 5.5 Applications 117 5.5.1 Low-Voltage Organic Electronics 117 5.5.2 Filters and Mixers for Microfluidics 118 5.5.3 High Energy Fusion Targets and Media for Chemical Release 118 5.5.4 Photonic Bandgap Materials 120 References 122 6 PATTERNING BASED ON EXTERNAL FORCE: NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRAPHY 129L. Jay Guo 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 NIL MOLD 133 6.2.1 Mold Fabrication 133 6.2.2 Mold Surface Preparation 137 6.2.3 Flexible Fluoropolymer Mold 137 6.3 NIL Resist 138 6.3.1 Thermoplastic Resist 139 6.3.2 Copolymer Thermoplastic Resists 141 6.3.3 Thermal-Curable Resists 142 6.3.4 UV-Curable Resist 146 6.3.5 Other Imprintable Materials 148 6.4 The Nanoimprint Process 149 6.4.1 Cavity Fill Process 149 6.5 Variations of NIL Processes 152 6.5.1 Reverse Nanoimprint 152 6.5.2 Combined Nanoimprint and Photolithography 155 6.5.3 Roll-to-Roll Nanoimprint Lithography (R2RNIL) 156 6.6 Conclusion 159 References 160 7 PATTERNING BASED ON EDGE EFFECTS: EDGE LITHOGRAPHY 167Matthias Geissler, Joseph M. McLellan, Eric P. Lee and Younan Xia 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Topography-Directed Pattern Transfer 169 7.2.1 Photolithography with Phase-Shifting Masks 170 7.2.2 Use of Edge-Defined Defects in SAMs 172 7.2.3 Controlled Undercutting 175 7.2.4 Edge-Spreading Lithography 176 7.2.5 Edge Transfer Lithography 178 7.2.6 Step-Edge Decoration 180 7.3 Exposure of Nanoscale Edges 181 7.3.1 Fracturing of Thin Films 182 7.3.2 Sectioning of Encapsulated Thin Films 182 7.3.3 Thin Metallic Films along Sidewalls of Patterned Stamps 184 7.3.4 Topographic Reorientation 186 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 187 References 188 8 PATTERNING WITH ELECTROLYTE: SOLID-STATE SUPERIONIC STAMPING 195Keng H. Hsu, Peter L. Schultz, Nicholas X. Fang, and Placid M. Ferreira 8.1 Introduction 195 8.2 Solid-State Superionic Stamping 197 8.3 Process Technology 199 8.4 Process Capabilities 203 8.5 Examples of Electrochemically Imprinted Nanostructures Using the S4 Process 208 Acknowledgments 211 References 211 9 PATTERNING WITH GELS: LATTICE-GAS MODELS 215Paul J. Wesson and Bartosz A. Grzybowski 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 The RDF Method 218 9.3 Microlenses: Fabrication 218 9.4 Microlenses: Modeling Aspects 220 9.4.1 Modeling Using PDEs 220 9.4.2 Modeling Using Lattice-Gas Method 221 9.5 RDF at the Nanoscale 222 9.5.1 Nanoscopic Features from Counter-Propagating RD Fronts 222 9.5.2 Failure of Continuum Description 225 9.5.3 Lattice-Gas Models at the Nanoscale 227 9.6 Summary and Outlook 229 References 230 10 PATTERNING WITH BLOCK COPOLYMERS 233Jia-Yu Wang, Wei Chen, and Thomas P. Russell 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Orientation 235 10.2.1 Self-Assembling 235 10.2.2 Self-Directing 247 10.3 Long-Range 254 10.3.1 Solvent Annealing 254 10.3.2 Graphoepitaxy 256 10.3.3 Sequential, Orthogonal Fields 260 10.4 Nanoporous BCP Films 262 10.4.1 Ozonolysis 264 10.4.2 Thermal Degradation 264 10.4.3 UV Degradation 267 10.4.4 Selective Extraction 271 10.4.5 “Soft” Chemical Etch 272 10.4.6 Cleavable Junction 272 10.4.7 Solvent-Induced Film Reconstruction 274 References 276 11 PERSPECTIVE ON APPLICATIONS 291 II APPLICATIONS 293 12 SOFT LITHOGRAPHY FOR MICROFLUIDIC MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS)AND OPTICAL DEVICES 295Svetlana M. Mitrovski, Shraddha Avasthy, Evan M. Erickson, Matthew E. Stewart, John A. Rogers, and Ralph G. Nuzzo 12.1 Introduction 295 12.2 Microfluidic Devices for Concentration Gradients 297 12.3 Electrochemistry and Microfluidics 300 12.4 PDMS and Electrochemistry 302 12.5 Optics and Microfluidics 306 12.6 Unconventional Soft Lithographic Fabrication of Optical Sensors 314 Acknowledgments 317 References 318 13 UNCONVENTIONAL PATTERNING METHODS FOR BIONEMS 325Pilnam Kim, Yanan Du, Ali Khademhosseini, Robert Langer, and Kahp Y. Suh 13.1 Introduction 325 13.2 Fabrication of Nanofluidic System for Biological Applications 326 13.2.1 Unconventional Methods for Fabrication of Nanochannel 326 13.2.2 Application of Nanofluidic System 332 13.3 Fabrication of Biomolecular Nanoarrays for Biological Applications 338 13.3.1 DNA Nanoarray 338 13.3.2 Protein Arrays 340 13.3.3 Lipid Array 345 13.4 Fabrication of Nanoscale Topographies for Tissue Engineering Applications 347 13.4.1 Nanotopography-Induced Changes in Cell Adhesion 347 13.4.2 Nanotopography-Induced Changes in Cell Morphology 348 References 349 14 MICRO TOTAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM 359Yuki Tanaka and Takehiko Kitamori 14.1 Introduction 359 14.1.1 Historical Backgrounds 359 14.2 Fundamentals on Microchip Chemistry 361 14.2.1 Characteristics of Liquid Microspace 361 14.2.2 Liquid Handling 362 14.2.3 Concepts of Micro Unit Operation and Continuous-Flow Chemical Processing 362 14.3 Key Technologies 365 14.3.1 Fabrication of Microchips 365 14.3.2 Patterning for Fluid Control 366 14.3.3 Detection 366 14.4 Applications 368 14.4.1 Synthesis 368 14.4.2 Cell Adhesion Control 369 14.4.3 Liquid Handling: Valve Using Wettability 370 References 372 15 COMBINATIONS OF TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO CREATE FUNCTIONAL DEVICES 379Pascale Maury, David N. Reinhoudt, and Jurriaan Huskens 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Techniques 380 15.2.1 Top-Down Techniques 380 15.2.2 Bottom-Up Techniques 383 15.2.3 Mixed Techniques 384 15.3 Combining Top-Down and Bottom-Up Techniques for High Resolution Patterning 385 15.3.1 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Polymerization 386 15.3.2 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Micelles 387 15.3.3 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Block Copolymer Assembly 387 15.3.4 Top-Down Nanofabrication and NP Assembly 389 15.3.5 Top-Down Nanofabrication and Layer-by-Layer Assembly 392 15.4 Applicaion of Combined Top-Down and Bottom-Up Nanofabrication for Creating Functional Devices 397 15.4.1 Photonic Crystal Devices 397 15.4.2 Protein Assays 400 References 406 16 ORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES 419 16.1 Introduction 419 16.2 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 420 16.3 Organic Thin Film Transistors 429 References 439 17 INORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES 445 17.1 Introduction 445 17.2 Inorganic Semiconductor Materials for Flexible Electronics 446 17.2.1 “Bottom-Up” Approaches 447 17.2.2 “Top-Down” Approaches 449 17.3 Soft Lithography Techniques for Generating Inorganic Electronic Systems 452 17.3.1 Micromolding in Capillaries 453 17.3.2 Imprint Lithography 454 17.3.3 Dry Transfer Printing 454 17.4 Fabrication of Electronic Devices 459 17.4.1 Transistors on Rigid Substrates via MIMIC Processing 459 17.4.2 Flexible Inorganic Transistors 459 17.4.3 Flexible Integrated Circuits 463 17.4.4 Heterogeneous Electronics 466 17.4.5 Stretchable Electronics 469 References 475 18 MECHANICS OF STRETCHABLE SILICON FILMS ON ELASTOMERIC SUBSTRATES 483Hanqing Jiang, Jizhou Song, Yonggang Huang, and John A. Rogers 18.1 Introduction 483 18.2 Buckling Analysis of Stiff Thin Ribbons on Compliant Substrates 484 18.3 Finite-Deformation Buckling Analysis of Stiff Thin Ribbons on Compliant Substrates 488 18.4 Edge Effects 495 18.5 Effect of Ribbon Width and Spacing 498 18.6 Buckling Analysis of Stiff Thin Membranes on Compliant Substrates 502 18.6.1 One-Dimensional Buckling Mode 504 18.6.2 Checkerboard Buckling Mode 506 18.6.3 Herrington Buckling Mode 506 18.7 Precisely Controlled Buckling of Stiff Thin Ribbons on Compliant Substrates 507 18.8 Concluding Remarks 512 Acknowledgments 512 References 512 19 MULTISCALE FABRICATION OF PLASMONIC STRUCTURES 515Joel Henzie, Min H. Lee, and Teri W. Odom 19.1 Introduction 515 19.1.1 Brief Primer on Surface Plasmons 517 19.1.2 Conventional Methods to Plasmonic Structures 518 19.2 Soft Lithography and Metal Nanostructures 518 19.3 A Platform for Multiscale Patterning 520 19.3.1 Soft Interference Lithography: Patterns on a Nanoscale Pitch 520 19.3.2 Phase-Shifting Photolithography: Patterns on a Microscale Pitch 520 19.3.3 PEEL: Transferring Photoresist Patterns to Plasmonic Materials 521 19.4 Subwavelength Arrays of Nanoholes: Plasmonic Materials 522 19.4.1 Infinite Arrays of Nanoholes 523 19.4.2 Finite Arrays (Patches) of Nanoholes 525 19.5 Microscale Arrays of Nanoscale Holes 526 19.6 Plasmonic Particle Arrays 528 19.6.1 Metal and Dielectric Nanoparticles 528 19.6.2 Anisotropic Nanoparticles 531 19.6.3 Pyramidal Nanostructures 531 Acknowledgments 533 References 533 20 A RIGIFLEX MOLD AND ITS APPLICATIONS 539Se-Jin Choi, Tae-Wan Kim, and Seung-Jun Baek 20.1 Introduction 539 20.2 Modulus-Tunable Rigiflex Mold 540 20.3 Applications of Rigiflex Mold 544 20.3.1 From Nanoimprint to Microcontact Printing 544 20.3.2 Rapid Flash Patterning for Residue-Free Patterning 547 20.3.3 Continuous Rigiflex Imprinting 549 20.3.4 Soft Molding Application 553 20.3.5 Capillary Force Lithography Applications 556 20.3.6 Transfer Fabrication Technique 558 References 561 21 NANOIMPRINT TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 565Jong M. Kim, Hwan Y. Choi, Moon-G. Lee, Seungho Nam, Jin H. Kim, Seongmo Whang, Soo M. Lee, Byoung H. Cheong, Hyuk Kim, Ji M. Lee, and In T. Han 21.1 Introduction 565 21.2 Holographic LGP 569 21.2.1 Design and Properties of Holographic LGP 570 21.2.2 NI Technology for the Holographic LGP 572 21.3 Polarized LGP 573 21.3.1 Design and Properties of Polarized LGP 574 21.3.2 Fabrication of the Polarized LGP 575 21.3.3 Optical Performance of the Polarized LGP 576 21.4 Reflective Polarizer: Wire Grid Polarizer 579 21.4.1 Design and Properies of WGP 580 21.4.2 Fabrication and Applications 581 21.5 Transflective Display 585 21.5.1 Design and Optical Properties of Reflecting Pattern 587 21.5.2 Fabrication of the Reflecting Pattern 588 References 592 INDEX 595

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Book SynopsisThe foundations of ceramic processing science are found in Chemistry, Physics, and Chemical Engineering. Mathematics has taken on a more important role as a result of the quest to compute and model the responses of colloidal systems, forming processes, sintering, and microstructure evolution.

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