Life sciences: general issues Books

Book SynopsisFor more than four decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-to-date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. Volume 44 of this authoritative series once again compiles the work of expert contributors in order to present timely and cutting-edge reviews on a variety of related topics.Each author's clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations make the material in Advances in Chromatography: Volume 44 accessible and engaging to biochemists and analytical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill.Table of ContentsSeparations in Multiple-Channel Microchips. Temperature Effects in Liquid Chromatography. Lipophilicity Measurements by Liquid Chromatography. Concepts and Practice of Multidimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Application, Validation, and Regulatory Issues. The Use of Polysaccharide Phases in the Separation of Enantiomers. Chaotropic Effects in RP-HPLC. Chromatography of Difficult and Water-Insoluble Proteins with Organic Solvents.

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Book SynopsisA star curator at the American Museum of Natural History widens the palette and shows how the physical, natural, and cultural context of color are inextricably tied to what we see right before our eyes.Is color a phenomenon of science or a thing of art? Over the years, color has dazzled, enhanced, and clarified the world we see, embraced through the experimental palettes of painting, the advent of the color photograph, Technicolor pictures, color printing, on and on, a vivid and vibrant celebrated continuum. These turns to represent reality in “living color” echo our evolutionary reliance on and indeed privileging of color as a complex and vital form of consumption, classification, and creation. It’s everywhere we look, yet do we really know much of anything about it? Finding color in stars and light, examining the system of classification that determines survival through natural selection, studying the arrival of color in our universe and as a

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Book SynopsisThe perfect remedy for our culture of fake news, bad science, and propaganda. We have more scientific information at our fingertips today than ever before. And more disinformation too. Online, on television, and in print, science is often communicated through shorthand analogies and phrases that obscure or omit important facts. “Superfoods,” “right- and left-brained” people, and “global warming” may be snappy and ear-catching but are they backed by scientific facts? Lifelong educator R. Philip Bouchard is a stickler for this kind of thing, and he is well-prepared to set the record straight. The Stickler’s Guide to Science in the Age of Misinformation unpacks the many misuses of terms we see used every day, revealing how these popular “scientific” concepts fall short of real science. Find out why trees do not “store” carbon dioxide; a day is not actually 24 hours; DNA cannot provide a “blueprint” for a human being; and an absence of gravity is not the reason that astronauts float in space.

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Book SynopsisThis new volume presents leading-edge research in the rapidly changing and evolving field of chemical materials characterization and modification. The topics in the book reflect the diversity of research advances in physical chemistry and electrochemistry, focusing on the preparation, characterization, and applications of polymers and high-density materials. Also covered are various manufacturing techniques. Focusing on the most technologically important materials being utilized and developed by scientists and engineers, the book will help to fill the gap between theory and practice in industry.This comprehensive anthology covers many of the major themes of physical chemistry and electrochemistry, addressing many of the major issues, from concept to technology to implementation. It is an important reference publication that provides new research and updates on a variety of physical chemistry and electrochemistry uses through case studies and supporting technologies, and it also explains the conceptual thinking behind current uses and potential uses not yet implemented. International experts with countless years of experience lend this volume credibility.Table of ContentsPreface. Section 1: Characterization of the Electrolyte Solutions. Isothermal Diffusion Coefficients of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions. Mean Distance of Closest Approach of Ions: From Theory to Experiments. Mean Distance of Closest Approach of Ions: Unpublished Data for Some Acids in Aqueous Solutions. Section 2: Chemical Physics and Techniques. Structure Transformation of 5,7-Di-Tert-Butylspiro(2,5)Octa-4,7-Diene-6-One in a Solid Phase at Ambient Temperature. The Role of Supramolecular Nanostructures Formation in the Mechanisms of Homogenous and Enzymatic Catalysis with Nickel or Iron Complexes. The Active Transport of Ions of Some Rare-Earth Metals with Aminophosphoryl Membrane Carrying Agents. Influence of Polyhydroxybutyrate on Properties of Composition Films on the Basis Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Polymers. Polynuclear Chelates with Tunable Aromaticity of Macrocyclic Equatorial Ligand. Adsorbtion and Absorbtion Effects Influence in the Electrolytes Aqueous Solution. Separation of Micro Particles on Perforated High-Gradient Ferromagnetic Membrane Unit. Liquid Extraction of Metals Ions with Lipophilic Phosphorylated Natural Amino Acids. Propylene/1-Butene and Propylene/1-Pentene Copolymers. Role of Databases in Biological Data Analysis. New Medical Materials for Urology. Hydrosilylation on Hydrophobic Material-Supported Platinum Catalysts. Green Synthesis of Silver Sols Into Polyelectrolyte Matrices Using Ascorbic Acid as Reductant. The Influence of Structure Molecular Level on Properties for Blends Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/Poly(Butylene Terephthalate). The Deformability of Blends Polycarbonate/Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the potential of nanosystems as a multidisciplinary science with the aim of the design and development of smart sensing technologies using micro/nano electrodes and novel nanosensing material. It discusses their integration with MEMS, miniaturized transduction systems, novel sensing strategies, and wearable sensors performing at POC for diagnostics and personalized health care monitoring. It presents basic concepts pertaining to nanobiosensor fabrication, developments in the field of smart nanomaterials, nano-enabling technologies, micro-nano hybrind platforms, and their applications in healthcare. Trade Review"The editors (Ajeet Kaushik and Chandra Dixit) have a made good effort toward the collection of articles on different topics relating to applications of nanotechnology to biosensing . . . . The emphasis is on taking nanobiotechnology from laboratory to field. On the whole the book is a good reading and will inspire those who are currently working on technological applications of nanobiosensors."—Bansi D. Malhotra, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India"This book, edited by Dr. Kaushik and Dr. Dixit, highlights the journey of biosensors from fundamentals to applied research. The advancements in nano-enabled sensing components aiming to integrate miniaturized sensing systems for health purposes are very nicely explained here. Further, in an effort to promote personalized health care, the book looks at the need for developing point-of-care sensing (POC) systems, which is well described. This book would be perfect platform for readers of every level to understand biosensors, to design of future research, and to explore strategies for POC sensing for personalized health monitoring needed for better life styles."—Sunil K Arya, Marie Curie Fellow, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, England"The editors (Ajeet Kaushik and Chandra Dixit) have a made good effort toward the collection of articles on different topics relating to applications of nanotechnology to biosensing . . . . The emphasis is on taking nanobiotechnology from laboratory to field. On the whole the book is a good reading and will inspire those who are currently working on technological applications of nanobiosensors."—Bansi D. Malhotra, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India"This book, edited by Dr. Kaushik and Dr. Dixit, highlights the journey of biosensors from fundamentals to applied research. The advancements in nano-enabled sensing components aiming to integrate miniaturized sensing systems for health purposes are very nicely explained here. Further, in an effort to promote personalized health care, the book looks at the need for developing point-of-care sensing (POC) systems, which is well described. This book would be perfect platform for readers of every level to understand biosensors, to design of future research, and to explore strategies for POC sensing for personalized health monitoring needed for better life styles."—Sunil K Arya, Marie Curie Fellow, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, England"Achieves AN IMPRESSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD of nanotechnology based biosensors. It explores the design and development of various styles of sensors, and their in-vitro and in-vivo appli-cations. This book is suitable for multi-disciplinary researchers and students to get a complete back-ground and broad knowledge of nanotechnology based biosensors. . . . [Provides] a comprehensive and appropriate description of nanobiosensors and their use in developing point-of-care systems, ranging from nanosurface preparation and biofunctionalisation to nanobiosensor fabrication, covering the transition from in-vitro to in-vivo applications. Each chapter is a good combination of theory and application, including typically informative figures and examples to aid understanding."—Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Review by Lingyin Meng, Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SwedenTable of ContentsPreface. Nanobiotechnology: An Abrupt Merger. Nanosurface Preparation and Biofunctionalization: Types and Methods. Antibody Immobilization Chemistries for Nanosurfaces. Advances in Thin Film and 2-D Biosensors. Integrated Electronics, Analytical Transducers and Signal Processing. Nanobiotechnology for Enzymatic Sensors. Nanobiosensors for Genosensing. Nanomaterials-Based Immunosensors for Clinical Diagnostics Applications. Nanotoxicity Assessment. Nanobiosensor Technology for Cardiovascular Diseases. Nano-Biosensing Platforms for In vivo Applications. Wearable Nano-Enabled Biosensors. Challenges and Future Prospects of Nano-enabling Sensing Technology. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating new volume provides a comprehensive yet concise overview of the chemical aspects of some of the major innovations and changes that occurred during the 20th century, relating chemical structures and properties to real-life applications. Developed for a course taught by the author for several years at UVA, the author covers the important and consequential developments in chemistry and explains their everyday, real-life applications. These include such topics as consumer products, fossil fuel use, polymers, agriculture, food production, nutrition, explosives, and drugs. The section Molecular Biology and Its Applications includes examples of the application of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Trade Review"Professor Richard Sundberg, who is well known as an author of both a widely used advanced organic chemistry text and two indole chemistry monographs, has now published The Chemical Century for the educated general public. With minimal chemical jargon and few organic chemical structures, Sundberg has woven a fascinating story of chemistry over the past 150 years. From early chemical dyes and explosives, to the structures of DNA and proteins, and to today’s medicines and pesticides, Sundberg covers an array of ubiquitous chemical topics that are regularly featured in news media and on the Internet. Importantly, his book goes far in dissipating ‘chemophobia’—the irrational fear of chemicals that has plagued the general public for decades.The Chemical Century should be on the reading list of anyone interested in learning about chemicals, both good and evil."—Dr. Gordon W. Gribble, The Dartmouth Professor of Chemistry, Hanover, New Hampshire"Professor Sundberg is well known as an educator and as co-author of the two-volume, multi-edition Advanced Organic Chemistry, a mainstay in chemistry graduate education for 40 years. He now has turned his pedagogical talents to the history of mankind from the 1800s until today through the lens of the contributions of chemistry. Readers need little chemical knowledge in order to inhale a sense of chemical research, product development, and commercialization in the 20thcentury. Sundberg nimbly weaves the themes of power (such as in the form of explosives and fuels), the manufacture of everyday things, food, drug discovery, biotechnology, and molecular biology into a story that we, our parents, and our grandparents have experienced firsthand—mankind’s advances during the past 100 years."—Jeffrey I. Seeman, Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond​"This masterful book relates the impact of chemical discovery and invention on the broad scope of twentieth-century history: upheaval in war, government and society; human and ecological health; industry and commerce; the rise and fall of nations and the quality of everyday human life. Chemical structures and equations provide depth for chemists and serve as illustrations for the more casual reader. The book’s organization and the table of contents make it easy to select particular topics of interest. The Chemical Century is a unique and valuable work: both a clearly written history of the science and a history of the century from a chemical point of view. Derived from classroom lectures at the University of Virginia, this book illustrates Dr. Sundberg’s love of teaching and his never-ending search for causation. Discovery leads to invention. Invention enables discovery as we progressed through the Chemical Century." — Peter Bukowick, Chief Operating Officer (retired), Alliant TechsystemsTable of ContentsPOWER FROM MOLECULES. Explosives and Propellants: Power to Breach Mountains, Wage War, and Visit the Moon. Hydrocarbons as Fuels and Petrochemicals: Shaping the Past; Dominating the Present; Complicating the Future. MAKING THINGS WE USE. The Chemical Industry: An Overview. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: Persistence, Toxicity, and Problems. Polymers: Making New Materials. Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning Up and Looking Good. Silicones: From Contact Lenses to Pavement Sealants. CHEMISTRY AND FOOD. Chemistry and Agriculture: Helping Feed the World. Chemistry, Food and the Modern Diet: What’s in Food Besides Food ?. Vitamins and Nutrition. MOLECULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ILLNESS. Drug Discovery, Development, and Distribution. Antibiotics: The Battle with the Microbes. Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Pyretic, and Anesthetic Drugs: Dealing with Pain, Inflammation, and Fever. Antihypertensive Drugs: Controlling Blood Pressure. Steroids: Arthritis, Fertility, Heart Attacks, and Home Run Records. Diabetes and Anti-Diabetic Therapy: Control of Glucose. Drugs For Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Conditions. Anti-Malarial and Other Anti-Parasitic Drugs. Response to the AIDS Pandemic. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS. DNA Structure, Sequencing, Synthesis, and Modification: Making Biology Molecular. Applications of Biotechnology: Biology Doing Chemistry.

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Book SynopsisThis new book presents the authors’ biomedical studies of natural degradable biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates [PHAs]) and discusses the demand for medical-grade materials and modern trends, focusing on the present status and future potential of PHAs. The authors present and summarize their most important results and findings obtained during the last few years in experimental studies and clinical trials of PHAs at the Institute of Biophysics Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science. Table of ContentsRequirements for Biomaterials: The Position and Potential of Degradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Creation and Use of Environmentally Friendly Materials as an Important Part of Critical Technologies of the 21st Century. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Natural Degradable Biopolymers. Microcarriers of PHAs for Cell Technology and Drug Delivery. Potentials of Polyhydroxyalkanoates as Materials for Constructing Cell Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering. Degradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates as a Basis for Drug Delivery Systems. Implants and Cell Grafts of PHAs for Tissue Regeneration. Potentials of Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Repair of Skin Defects. Potential of PHAs for Bone Defect Repair. Perspectives for Using PHAs in Abdominal Surgery. A Study of Mesh Implants Coated with a Biocompatible PHA Layer. A Study of PHAs as Materials for Designing Fully Resorbable Biliary Stents.

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Book SynopsisApplied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 4: Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments provides a detailed yet easy-to-follow treatment of various techniques useful for characterizing the structure and properties of engineering materials. This timely volume provides an overview of new methods and presents experimental research in applied chemistry using modern approaches. Each chapter describes the principle of the respective method as well as the detailed procedures of experiments with examples of actual applications and then goes on to demonstrate the advantage and disadvantages of each physical technique. Thus, readers will be able to apply the concepts as described in the book to their own experiments.The book is broken into several subsections: Polymer Chemistry and Technology Computational Approaches Clinical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Special Topics This volume presents research and reviews and information on implementing and sustaining interdisciplinary studies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.Table of ContentsSynthesis of Unsaturated Biodegradable Poly(Ester Amide) S and Study of Their Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Experimental Design and Properties of Foams: Azodicarbon Amide and Zinc Oxide. Thermal and Tribochemical Processes in Polyphenyleneoxide in the Process of Friction. Compatibility and Thermal Properties of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and Natural Rubber-Graft-Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blends. Thermal Properties and Intermolecular Interaction of Binary Polymer Blends of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(N-Butyl Methacrylate). Cross-Linking of Epoxy-Isocyanate Mixtures in the Presence of Hydroxyl-Acrylic Oligomer. The Superposing Significant Interaction Rules (SSIR) Method. The Vision of Application of Multiobjective Optimization and Genetic Algorithm in Modeling and Simulation of the Riser Reactor of a Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Unit: A Critical Review. A Theoretical Study of Bimetallic CuAun (N=1-7) Nanoalloy Clusters Invoking Conceptual DFT-Based Descriptors. Biochemistry Apps as Enabler of Compound and DNA Computasional: Next-Generation Computing Technology. Adsorbents for DNA Separations. Adsorption of DNA on Silica, Alumina and Hydroxylapatite. Thermal Behaviour of Sodium Salt of Calf Thymus DNA. Environmental Engineering, Membrane Technology and Novel Separation Processes: A Broad Scientific Perspective and a Critical Overview. A Comparative Study on Electro-Centrifuge Spinning and Electrospinning Process as Two Different Nanofiber Creation Techniques. Results of Testing of Helio-Drying Apparatus with Polycarbonate Covering. Dependence of Morphology on Optical and Electrical Properties of Metal Oxide Nanostructures. Mechanism of Ni(Fe)ARD Action in Methionine Salvage Pathway, in Biosynthesis of Ethylene, and Role of Tyr-Fragment as Regulatory Factor.

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Book SynopsisThis volume, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 5: Research Methodologies in Modern Chemistry and Applied Science, is designed to fulfill the requirements of scientists and engineers who wish to be able to carry out experimental research in chemistry and applied science using modern methods. Each chapter describes the principle of the respective method, as well as the detailed procedures of experiments with examples of actual applications. Thus, readers will be able to apply the concepts as described in the book to their own experiments. This book traces the progress made in this field and its sub-fields and also highlight some of the key theories and their applications and will be a valuable resource for chemical engineers in Materials Science and others.Table of ContentsAdsorption of Malachite Green to Silica Hydrogel. Fullerenes in the Air Oxidation Environment. Water Vapor Adsorption by Zeolites. Degradation and Stabilization Issues of Polyethylene in Open Air Applications. Theoretical Calculations on Aza-Scorpiand Systems. Global Water Crisis, Groundwater Remediation and Futuristic Vision of Environmental Engineering Techniques: A Far-Reaching Review. Whey Protein Based Edible Films: Progress and Prospects. Guar Gum as a Promising Hydrocolloid: Properties and Industry Overview. Bio-Functional Peptides: Biologically Activities, Production, and Applications. Bioproducts Obtained from the Bioprocessing of the Banana Peel Waste: An Overview. Current Trends in the Biotechnological Production Fructooligosaccharides. The RSM-CI Emerging Technology for Enabling Biochemical Process: Ethanol Production from Palm Plantation Biomass Waste in Indonesia. Assessment of Quercetin Isolated from Enicostemma littorale Against Few Cancer Targets: An in silico Approach.

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Book SynopsisThis volume brings together innovative research, new concepts, and novel developments in the application of new tools for chemical and materials engineers. It contains significant research, reporting new methodologies and important applications in the fields of chemical engineering as well as the latest coverage of chemical databases and the development of new methods and efficient approaches for chemists. This authoritative reference source provides the latest scholarly research on the use of applied concepts to enhance the current trends and productivity in chemical engineering. Highlighting theoretical foundations, real-world cases, and future directions, this book is ideally designed for researchers, practitioners, professionals, and students of materials chemistry and chemical engineering. The volume explains and discusses new theories and presents case studies concerning material and chemical engineering.The book is divided into several sections, covering: Advanced Materials Chemoinformatics, Computational Chemistry, and Smart Technologies Analytical and Experimental Techniques Table of ContentsOptical Thin Film Filters: Design, Fabrication and Characterization. Fabrication of Exceptional Ambient Stable Organic Field-Effect Transistors by Exploiting the Polarization of Polar Dielectric Layer. Nonlinear Thermal Instability in a Fluid Layer under Thermal Modulation. Application of Random Sequential Algorithm for the Modelling of Macromolecular Chains Cross-Linking Evolution during a Polymer Surface Modification. Polyaniline-Coated Inorganic Oxide Composites for Broadband Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. A Comprehensive Review of Membrane Science and Technology and Recent Trends in Research: A Broad Environmental Perspective. Application of Statistical Approaches to Optimize the Productivity of Biodiesel and Investigate the Physicochemical Properties of the Bio/Petro-Diesel Blends. Smart Mobile Devices Emerging Technology: An Enabler to Health Monitoring System. Principal Component, Cluster and Meta Analyses of Soya Bean, Spanish Legumes and Commercial Soya Bean. Electrokinetic Soil Remediation: An Efficiency Study in Cadmium Removal. Nano-Sized Nickel Borate Preparation and Characterization. The New Equipment for Clearing of Technological Gases. Operational and Engineering Aspects of Packed Bed Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation. Effects of Glutathione, Phosphonate or Sulfonated Chitosans and Their Combination on Scavenging Free Radicals.

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Book SynopsisTemperature adaptation is a much neglected field in the minds of climate change researchers and policy makers. However, increasing fluctuations in temperature mean that the risk of cold and heat stress will pose an increasing threat to both wild and cultivated plants and animals, with frost injury expected to cause devastating damage to crops on an increasingly large scale. Thus, improving shared knowledge of the biological mechanisms of temperature adaptation in plants and animals will help prevent major losses of crops and genetic resources in the future.Table of Contents1: Introduction: Nature at Risk 2: Temperature Perception and Signal Transduction - Mechanisms across Multiple Organisms 3: Microorganisms and Plants: a Photosynthetic Perspective 4: Insects 5: Temperature Adaptation in Changing Climate: Marine Fish and Invertebrates 6: Fish: Fresh Water Ecosystems 7: Strategies of Molecular Adaptation to Climate Change: the Challenges for Amphibians and Reptiles 8: The Relationship between Climate Warming and Hibernation in Mammals 9: On Thin Ice: Marine Mammals and Climate Change 10: Climate Change and Plant Diseases 11: Trees and Boreal Forests 12: The Paradoxical Increase in Freezing Injury in a Warming Climate: Frost as a Driver of Change in Cold Climate Vegetation 13: Annual Field Crops 14: Perennial Field Crops 15: The Potential Impact of Climate Change on Temperate Zone Woody Perennial Crops 16: Temperature Adaptation Across Organisms

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Book SynopsisCell assays include all methods of measurements on living cells. Confined for a long time to research laboratories, these emerging methods have, in recent years, found industrial applications that are increasingly varied and, from now on, regulatory. Based on the recent explosion of knowledge in cell biology, the measurement of living cells represents a new class of industry-oriented research tests, the applications of which continue to multiply (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, environment, etc.). Cellular tests are now being positioned as new tools at the interface between chemical methods, which are often obsolete and not very informative, and methods using animal models, which are expensive, do not fit with human data and are widely discussed from an ethical perspective. Finally, the development of cell assays is currently being strengthened by their being put into regulatory application, particularly in Europe through the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) and cosmetic directives.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgments xix Abbreviations xxi List of Cell Assays xxiii Introduction xxvii Chapter 1. Principles and Position 1 1.1. Live cell assay principles 1 1.2. Application areas 3 1.3. Positioning 5 1.3.1. Definition and typology of cell tests 6 1.3.2. The regulatory and industrial dimension 8 1.4. Market 9 1.5. Competitive advantages 12 1.5.1. Cells are live information models 12 1.5.2. Development: high throughput 13 1.5.3. Development: multiplex analysis 13 1.5.4. Development: miniaturization 14 1.5.5. Development: molecular engineering 14 1.5.6. Development: standardization 14 1.6. Can measurements of cells in culture be extrapolated to effects in the organism? 15 1.6.1. Toxicokinetics 15 1.6.2. Components of the immune system 16 1.6.3. Biotransformation 16 1.6.4. The macrocellular environment 16 1.7. Limits 17 1.7.1. Importance of cellular microenvironment 17 1.7.2. Other limits 19 Chapter 2. History and State of the Art 21 2.1. Origins of cell culture 21 2.1.1. Pioneering studies 22 2.1.2. Alexis Carrel 23 2.1.3. Were Dr Carrel’s cells immortal? 25 2.2. The HeLa line and the first applications of cell culture 27 2.2.1. A vaccine against poliomyelitis 29 2.2.2. Cells in space 29 2.2.3. Cell cloning 30 2.3. New cell lines 30 2.3.1. The CHO line 30 2.3.2. An increasing number of cell lines 31 2.4. Cross-contamination 32 2.5. Cell lines, an ethical issue 35 2.6. The first generation of cell assays (1969–1983) 37 2.6.1. The karyotype test 38 2.6.2. The MTT assay 39 2.6.3. The NRU test 41 2.7. The first target of regulatory assays: genotoxicity (1983–1986) 42 2.7.1. Ames test (OECD guideline 471) 43 2.7.2. In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (OECD guideline 473) 44 2.7.3. In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test (OECD guideline 476) 45 2.7.4. In vitro sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells (OECD guideline no. 479) 46 2.7.5. DNA damage and repair, unscheduled DNA synthesis in mammalian cells (OECD guideline 482) 47 Chapter 3. Cell Models and Technologies 49 3.1. Fluorescence and bioluminescence 50 3.1.1. Green fluorescent protein 51 3.1.2. BRET 53 3.1.3. FRET 55 3.1.4. Other applications of GFP 57 3.1.5. The reporter gene approach 58 3.2. Impedance variation in cell population 60 3.3. Optical signals modified by state of cells 62 3.4. Cellular autofluorescence 65 3.4.1. The case of chlorophyll 66 3.5. The different cell models and culture modes available 67 3.5.1. Immortalized lines 68 3.5.2. Primary cells 69 3.5.3. Three-dimensional cell culture 69 Chapter 4. Loss of Cell Homeostasis: Applications in Toxicity Measurement 71 4.1. What relevant information to use in the living cell? 71 4.2. Lysosomal activity 73 4.3. Redox balance and oxidative stress 76 4.4. Integrity of the plasma membrane 80 4.5. Cellular efflux 84 4.6. Homeostasis of ion exchanges 89 4.6.1. The calcium ion 89 4.6.2. Maintenance of membrane potential 91 4.7. Metabolism and cell respiratory activity 92 4.8. Genotoxicity 95 4.9. Apoptosis 97 Chapter 5. The Replacement of Animal Testing: A Driving Force in Live Cell Assay Development 103 5.1. On the pertinence of in vitro assays 104 5.2. On the pertinence of animal tests 105 5.3. The problem with extrapolation 106 5.3.1. The interspecies barrier 106 5.3.2. The striking example of TGN1412 107 5.4. Toxicological assessment of substances 109 5.5. Irritation and eye corrosion: the long (ongoing) quest for an alternative to the Draize test 111 5.5.1. The CM test 112 5.5.2. Ex vivo approaches 113 5.5.3. 3D culture models 114 5.5.4. Recent attempts and validations 115 5.6. Measurement alternatives for skin absorption, corrosion and irritation (2004–2010) 116 5.6.1. Skin absorption: in vitro method (OECD guideline no. 428) 117 5.6.2. Reconstituted skin models for corrosion and irritation 117 5.6.3. In vitro skin corrosion: human skin model test (OECD guideline no. 431) 118 5.6.4. In vitro membrane barrier test method for skin corrosion (OECD guideline 435) 121 5.6.5. In vitro skin irritation: reconstructed human epidermis test method (OECD guideline no. 439) 121 5.7. The live cell test for phototoxicity measurement (2004) 122 5.8. Assays for endocrine disruptor tracking (2009–2011) 123 5.8.1. Detection of estrogenic agonist-activity of chemicals (OECD guideline 455) 124 5.8.2. H295R steroidogenesis assay (OECD guideline 456) 124 5.9. The four last live cell assays to be validated (2012–2015) 125 5.9.1. Eye corrosion: fluorescein leakage test method (OECD guideline 460) 125 5.9.2. Mammalian cell micronucleus test (OECD guideline 487) 126 5.9.3. ARE-Nrf2 luciferase test method for in vitro skin sensitization (OECD guideline no 442D) 127 5.9.4. Short-time exposure in vitro test method for identifying (1) chemicals inducing serious eye damage and (2) chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage (OECD guideline 491) 127 Chapter 6. Regulatory Applications and Validation 129 6.1. Brief history of the validation process in Europe 129 6.2. The validation process of a live cell assay 130 6.3. Live cell assays adopted by the OECD 132 6.4. The future of regulatory cell tests: the TOX21 and SEURAT programs 134 6.4.1. TOX21, a new paradigm in the assessment of health and environmental risks 134 6.4.2. The SEURAT-1 program (2011–2016) 138 6.5. The REACH regulatory context 139 6.5.1. Assessment approach by weight of evidence (WoE) 140 6.5.2. Up-date on the use of live cell assays under REACH 140 6.5.3. Acute toxicity 141 6.5.4. Skin corrosion and irritation 142 6.5.5. Eye irritation and severe damage 142 6.5.6. Skin sensitization 142 6.5.7. Repeated doses (long-term effects) 142 6.5.8. Genotoxicity 143 6.5.9. Reproductive toxicity (reprotoxicity) 143 6.5.10. Carcinogenicity 143 6.5.11. Bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish 144 6.5.12. Long-term toxicity and reprotoxicity in birds 144 6.6. Implementation of the 7th amendment to the Cosmetics Directive 144 6.6.1. Acute toxicity 145 6.6.2. Eye corrosion and irritation 145 6.6.3. Skin irritation and corrosion 146 6.6.4. Skin sensitization 146 6.6.5. Genotoxicity 147 6.6.6. Skin absorption 147 6.7. Food safety and biocides directive 147 6.7.1. Food safety 147 6.7.2. The biocides directive 148 Chapter 7. Cell Signaling: At the Heart of Functional Assays for Industrial Purposes 149 7.1. Membrane receptors, the primary target of drugs 149 7.1.1. Development of the therapeutic target/receptor concept 150 7.1.2. Purification, sequencing and heterologous expression 151 7.1.3. The therapeutic importance of seven transmembrane domain receptors 152 7.2. Second messenger, base unit of the functional live cell assay 153 7.2.1. The second messenger concept 153 7.2.2. Adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulate the concentration of cyclic AMP 155 7.3. The concept of cell transduction 156 7.3.1. The protein kinase A, the (near) universal target of cyclic AMP 157 7.3.2. Decrypting the transduction pathways 158 7.3.4. G proteins, the missing link in cell transduction 160 7.3.5. Connection between transduction and genic expression 161 7.4. The transduction pathways used in the context of live cell assays 162 7.4.1. First level of regulation – activation of the transduction pathway 163 7.4.2. Second level of regulation – desensitization and recycling 164 7.4.3. Third level of regulation – allosteric modulation 165 Chapter 8. Applications in New Drug Discovery 167 8.1. High-throughput screening, the leading market sector for cell assays 167 8.1.1. The role of cell assays in screening programs 169 8.1.2. The contribution of functional cell assays 171 8.1.3. Exploitation of transduction pathways 171 8.2. Measurements in the immediate environment of receptors 173 8.2.1. Assays on receptors 173 8.2.2. β-arrestin activity assays 174 8.3. Measuring cyclic AMP 177 8.3.1. Classic cyclic AMP assays on cellular lysates 177 8.3.2. Cyclic AMP assays on live culture cells 180 8.4. Measurement of the PKC pathway and discrimination of the PKA/PKC pathways 183 8.4.1. IP3 measurement tests 183 8.4.2. Assays for the measurement of Ca2+ 183 8.4.3. Discrimination between the cyclic AMP and IP3/Ca2+ pathways by label-free methods 184 8.5. Measurement of distal signals 185 8.6. Cell assays concerning other therapeutic targets 186 8.6.1. Measurement on ion channels 186 8.6.2. Measurements on receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) 188 8.7. Pharmacokinetics (ADME) in vitro 191 8.7.1. M for metabolism 192 8.7.2. A for absorption 193 8.7.3. T for toxicity 195 Chapter 9. Impact on Health and the Environment 197 9.1. Patient diagnosis 197 9.1.1. Cytogenetics 198 9.1.2. Diagnosis of tuberculosis 200 9.1.3. Cell assay for the detection of pyrogenic substances 201 9.1.4. Cell assays for predicting efficacy of chemotherapy 203 9.2. Military programs 204 9.2.1. Detection and screening of botulinum toxin inhibitors 205 9.2.2. Antibody-based toxin neutralization assays (TNA): application on anthrax and ricin 208 9.2.3. Field measurement of water potability 209 9.3. Pollution and quality of environment 211 9.3.1. The MicroTox assay 211 9.3.2. Mobility of the Daphnia test 212 9.3.3. Fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test (OECD guideline no. 236) 213 9.3.4. The DR CALUX assay 214 9.3.5. Biomonitoring and field issues 215 Chapter 10. Outlook 219 10.1. Stem cells, an opportunity for the future of cell assays 219 10.2. Organs-on-a-chip 222 10.2.1. Homo chippiens 224 10.2.2. The contribution of PBPK models 225 10.3. Conclusion 226 Bibliography 229 Index 247

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Book Synopsis"The butterfly flutters above and over the earth, borne on the air and shimmering with light...We ought really to see them as nothing other than beings of light, joyous in their colours and the play of colours. All the rest is garment and luggage." - Rudolf Steiner Truly poetic and deeply esoteric, these lectures by Rudolf Steiner have been gathered here in a single volume for the first time, with an in-depth introduction that traces and explains the stages of butterfly metamorphosis. The emergence of the butterfly from its pupa is one of the most moving phenomena we can encounter in nature. In this creature's visible transformations, we can experience a revelation of spirit. The butterfly, says Rudolf Steiner, is "...a flower blossom lifted into the air by light and cosmic forces". It is a being that develops from and through light, via a process of incorporation and internalization. By gazing into the world of these special and rarefied creatures, we can intuit that they, "...ray out something even better than sunlight: they shine spirit light out into the cosmos".

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Book SynopsisThis volume, illustrated with many photographs and drawings, commemorates the centenary of the death of Sir Henry Bessemer, one of the outstanding inventors of the 19th century.

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Book SynopsisIn this book two distinguished metallurgists have traced the role of metallurgical technology in the creation of the scientific revolution and the formation of the Royal Society.

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Book SynopsisMaterials Congress ''98- Frontiers in Material Science and Technology, organised by the Institute of Materials was held from the 6 to 8 April 1998 at the Royal Agricultural College, Circencester. This event which was attended by more than 450 delegates from academia and industry consisted of technical sessions dealing with materials issues involving rubbers, polymers, composites ceramics, ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys in applications ranging from medical prosthesis two advanced powerplant engineering. These proceedings contain the 10 most important papers presented in the session of the Congress concerned with materials for high temperature powerplant and process plant applications organised by the institute of Materials High Temperature Materials Performance Committee. The selected papers are largely in the form of critical reviews which not only highlight the development of materials to meet specific applications but also comment on solutions used for both current and future applications. These reviews not only discussed the evolution of advanced materials for high temperature power and process plant applications but also indicate the developments in materials which must take place to achieve the higher efficiency and environmentally acceptable plant for the 21st century and beyond.

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Book SynopsisProceedings of a workshop organised by the European Federation of Corrosion, Frankfurt/Main, 1999, the papers review the current understanding of materials behaviour under cyclic oxidation.

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Book SynopsisThe 50th Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) was held in Pavia, Italy in September 1999 and this volume contains selected papers from the symposium devoted to "Materials Corrosion and Protection". The papers cover the industrial application of the electrochemical approach to corrosion research, prediction, prevention and control as well as fundamental research. The papers. all carefully reviewed, are grouped under the headings of inhibitors, organic coatings, inorganic coatings, passivity and corrosion testing and evaluation in special environments.

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Book SynopsisThis volume, the fruit of a current status seminar, reflects the enormous strides which have been made in the last few years in the study of the expanded austenite phase (also called the S phase) and the development of new surface treatment techniques. The book also contains a selection from related papers and a comprehensive bibliography of the literature on the subject from 1979 to 2000.

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Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters.Advances in biochemistry directly influence medicine and the field of human health. The field of biochemistry is constantly changing with new discoveries being made all the time. This new book covers a range of advances in the field of biochemistry, including new research techniques and methods, a classification system, new research, and more.Table of ContentsBiochemical Characterization of Bovine Plasma Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI). Ion Uptake Determination of Dendrochronologically-Dated Trees Using Neutron Activation Analysis: Progress Reports 1 3. A Novel Method for Screening the Glutathione Transferase Inhibitors. Role of the UPS in Liddle Syndrome. A Novel Mechanism in Regulating the Alpha-Subunit of the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) by the Alternatively Spliced Form ENaC-b. A Novel Human NatA N -Terminal Acetyltransferase Complex: hNaa16p-hNaa10p (hNat2-hArd1). Biochemical Characterization and Cellular Imaging of a Novel, Membrane Permeable Fluorescent Camp Analog. Fast Benchtop Fabrication of Laminar Flow Chambers for Advanced Microscopy Techniques. A New Classification System for Bacterial Rieske Non-Heme Iron Aromatic Ring-Hydroxylating Oxygenases. The Camp-HMGA1-RBP4 System: A Novel Biochemical Pathway for Modulating Glucose Homeostasis. Advances in Parasite Genomics: From Sequences to Regulatory Networks. XML-Based Approaches for the Integration of Heterogeneous Bio-Molecular Data. more.

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Book SynopsisExamines several key semiconductor deep centers, all carefully chosen to illustrate a variety of essential concepts. A deep center is a lattice defect or impurity that causes very localized bound states and energies deep in the band gap. For each deep center chosen, a scientist instrumental in its development discusses the theoretical and experimental techniques used to understand that center. The second edition contains four new sections treating recent developments, including a chapter on hydrogen in crystalline semiconductors.Table of ContentsPerspectives in the Past Present and Future, Chalcogen Impurities in Silicon, The Lattice Vacancy in Silicon, Oxygen and Oxygen Associates in Gallium, The Two Dominant Recombination Centers, The MidGap Donor Level EL2 in Gallium, DX Centers in IIIV Alloys, Iron Impurity Centers in IIIV Semiconductors, Chromium in Gallium Arsenide, The Optoelectronic Properties of Copper, Hydrogen in Crystalline Semiconductors

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1985. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

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Book SynopsisChemically Modified Surfaces is a monographic series designed to serve as a medium for the publication of new scientific results concerning surface modification by means of chemical reaction. The variety of substrates which may be involved, and an equally extensive variety of modification reactions and methodologies makes this a broad topic crossing many traditional disciplinary lines. This second volume contains the papers presented at the Chemically Modified Surfaces symposium in Colorado where experts from around the world presented papers on such topics as biomaterials, catalysis, surface characterization, and surface modification in electronics.

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Book SynopsisOrganophosphorus Compounds important as natural compounds, as pesticides and as potential chemical weapons. This volume brings together the most significant research papers from a workshop organised by the International Association. of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. The papers discussion toxicological and chemical as well as analytic aspects of relevant scientific problems in areas such as environmental chemistry, ecosystems, detection devices., chromatographical analytic chemistry, genetically determined polymorphism, the biological effects of. Organophosphorus Compounds and the role of stereoisomers. These papers have previously been published in the International Journal of Environmental Analytic Chemistry and the journal Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry.

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Book SynopsisOne of the world's foremost authorities on magnetism, Professor Louis Neel was the recipient of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics. With all but ten of Neel's 150 original papers being written in French, the aim of this English edition is to bring this important work to a wider readership. Table of ContentsPreface to the English Edition, Preface to the French Edition, Louis Néel - Chronology, I General theory of magnetism, II Ferrimagnetism, III Antiferromagnetism, IV Magnetic interactions and their variations, V Approach to saturation in ferromagnets, VI Elementary domains; phases and modes, VII Bloch and Neel walls, VIII Weak fields and anhysteretic magnetization, IX Coercive force; magnets, X Random fields; reptation and tilting, XI Magnetic after-effects, XII Directional order; irradiation, XIII Rocks and baked clays, XIV Surface problems, XV Antiferromagnetic hysteresis, XVI Apparatus and Techniques, XVII Experimental work, Index

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Book SynopsisBased on lectures by the author, this volume is designed as a textbook on general ultrasonics. The text provides coverage of the propagation of ultrasonic waves in media with different elastic properties and under conditions close to those encountered in scientific and practical applications of ultrasound.Table of ContentsForeword to the English Edition, Preface, List of Symbols, I. BASIC EQUATIONS OF THE THEORY OF ELASTICITY, II. PROPAGATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES IN LIQUIDS AND GASES, III. SINUSOIDAL PLANE WAVES WITH INFINITESIMAL AMPLITUDE, IV. FINITE-AMPLITUDE PLANE WAVES, V. STEADY FORCES ARISING IN AN ULTRASONIC FIELD, VI. ULTRASONIC CAVITATION, VII. REFLECTION, REFRACTION AND SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES, VIII. TRANSMISSION OF PLANE WAVES THROUGH LAYERS. ELECTRO ACOUSTICAL ANALOGIES. RADIATION OF PLANE WAVES, IX. SPHERICAL WAVES, X. PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN AN ISOTROPIC SOLID, XI. PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN CRYSTALS, PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS, REFERENCES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, SUBJECT INDEX

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides all the information needed for the design and operation of gas/liquid/solid reactors with gas-induced liquid motion, specially bubble column and air-lift reactors. It is a comprehensive reference, complied by experts in this field. Part I describes the fundamentals of fluid flow and heat and mass transfer. It includes descriptions of the various experimental techniques used to study hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer in three-phase flow. The analysis of a number of commercially important systems is considered Part I. Many of the contributions contain worked examples and particular attention is paid to important and current industrial processes. This book will be a valuable reference to those in industry associated with three-phase reactors and research workers in the industrial and academic fields of chemical and biochemical engineering.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Series, Preface, List of Contributors, Acknowledgements, PART I: FUNDAMENTALS, PART II: ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL SYSTEMS, References, Index

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Book SynopsisDynamical systems provide powerful methods for the study of profound properties of many-dimensional nonlinear systems. In this unique book, the authors offer a consistent geometrical treatment of observational cosmology from the concepts of the theory of dynamical systems. The dynamics of clusters of galaxies differ drastically from stellar dynamics, thus requiring a mathematical approach to large-scale problems. Since mathematical techniques are not a familiar tool in this field, a full summary of the elementary ideas of differential geometry, ergodic theory and catastrophe theory are also considered in this exploratory text. Readership: Mathematicians, astrophysicists, and cosmologists, as well as anyone interested in the many subject disciplines related to geometrical and topological aspects of the large-scale universe.Table of ContentsThe problem of large-scale structure of the universe; geometry, dynamical systems, catastrophes; definition of a galaxy cluster; the bound-tree technique; appearance of matter distribution; statistical methods; filaments and light-travel effects; the cosmic background radiation as a tracer of geometry of the universe.

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