Condensed matter physics Books
Springer Green Materials for Active Food Packaging
Book SynopsisIntroduction: Green Materials and Sustainability in Active Food Packaging.- Biopolymers in Active Food Packaging: Current Landscape and Future Directions.- Biodegradable polymers for the preparation of active food packaging.- Antimicrobial Biopolymers for Food Preservation: Recent Developments and Applications based on Essential oils and Nanomaterials.- Designing Smart and Sustainable Edible Packaging Materials from Biopolymers, Proteins, and Polysaccharides.- Replacement of conventional packaging materials with green polymers.- Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites for Active Food Packing.- Sustainable Coatings and Films for Active Food Packaging.- Advances in Bio-based Barrier Materials for Active Food Packaging.- Bioactive Compounds in Active Food Packaging (ACP): Health and Safety Considerations.- Smart Sensors for Quality Monitoring in Green Packaging Solutions.- Edible Packaging: Novel Approaches for Food Protection and Sustainability.- Eco-friendly active packaging for fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables.- Active Packaging for Convenience Foods: Enhancing Quality and Sustainability.- Natural Dyes for the coloration of food packaging.
£107.99
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Transmission Electron Microscopy
Book SynopsisThe new edition also includes an extensive collection of questions for the student, providing approximately 800 self-assessment questions and over 400 questions suitable for homework assignment.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition:“This book is intended to be used as a textbook for material science students studying the theory, operation, and application of the TEM. It is truly a book so thoughtfully written that … it will provide a solid foundation for those studying material science. It is richly illustrated with full-color figures and illustrations throughout the text. … There are an abundant number of references at the end of each chapter for further study … . This is an outstanding book … .” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 26 (4), July/August, 2010)“D.B. Williams and C.B. Carter have now prepared a new edition, splendidly produced by Springer with colour throughout. … This textbook is magnificent, written in a very readable style, immensely knowledgeable, drawing attention to difficulties and occasionally to unsolved problems. Any microscopist who has mastered … the book relevant to his projects will be well armed for battle. … Buy this book!” (P. W. Hawkes, Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 110, 2010)Table of ContentsBasics.- The Transmission Electron Microscope.- Scattering and Diffraction.- Elastic Scattering.- Inelastic Scattering and Beam Damage.- Electron Sources.- Lenses, Apertures, and Resolution.- How to ‘See’ Electrons.- Pumps and Holders.- The Instrument.- Specimen Preparation.- Diffraction.- Diffraction in TEM.- Thinking in Reciprocal Space.- Diffracted Beams.- Bloch Waves.- Dispersion Surfaces.- Diffraction from Crystals.- Diffraction from Small Volumes.- Obtaining and Indexing Parallel-Beam Diffraction Patterns.- Kikuchi Diffraction.- Obtaining CBED Patterns.- Using Convergent-Beam Techniques.- Imaging.- Amplitude Contrast.- Phase-Contrast Images.- Thickness and Bending Effects.- Planar Defects.- Imaging Strain Fields.- Weak-Beam Dark-Field Microscopy.- High-Resolution TEM.- Other Imaging Techniques.- Image Simulation.- Processing and Quantifying Images.- Spectrometry.- X-ray Spectrometry.- X-ray Spectra and Images.- Qualitative X-ray Analysis and Imaging.- Quantitative X-ray Analysis.- Spatial Resolution and Minimum Detection.- Electron Energy-Loss Spectrometers and Filters.- Low-Loss and No-Loss Spectra and Images.- High Energy-Loss Spectra and Images.- Fine Structure and Finer Details.
£98.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Liquid Interfaces in Chemistry and Biology
Book SynopsisThe physics and chemistry underlying what happens at the surface of two liquid substances has applications in purification of nuclear waste, emulsion technology, textile processing, cosmetics, paper production, and mineral extraction processes.Table of ContentsTHERMODYNAMICS OF INTERFACES. Introduction to Classical Thermodynamics. Measurement of Interfacial Tension. Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces. ELECTRIFIED INTERFACES. Interfacial Potentials. Electrocapillarity. Energetics of Extraction. STRUCTURE OF INTERFACES. Interfacial Structures and Electrical Double Layers. CHEMISTRY AT LIQUID INTERFACES. Interfacial Catalysis. Light Energy Conversion at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces: Artificial Photosynthetic Systems. MEMBRANES. Membrane Thermodynamics and Electrostatics. Mechanics of Interfaces. Bibliography. Appendix. Index.
£199.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Modern Semiconductor Device Physics
Book SynopsisAn in-depth, up-to-date presentation of the physics and operational principles of all modern semiconductor devices The companion volume to Dr. Sze's classic Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Modern Semiconductor Device Physics covers all the significant advances in the field over the past decade.Table of ContentsBipolar Transistors (P. Asbeck). Compound-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (M. Shur & T. Fjeldly). MOSFETs and Related Devices (S. Hillenius). Power Devices (B. Baliga). Quantum-Effect and Hot-Electron Devices (S. Luryi & A. Zaslavsky). Active Microwave Diodes (H. Eisele & G. Haddad). High-Speed Photonic Devices (T. Lee & S. Chandrasekhar). Solar Cells (M. Green). Appendices. Index.
£153.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Device Modeling and Circuit
Book SynopsisAn introduction to SPICE-oriented semiconductor device modeling. The SPICE program allows engineers to simulate both individual devices and electronic circuits, performing a large number of different analyses needed for tasks such as verification of circuit designs and prediction of circuit performance.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Spice. Charge Transport in Semiconductors. Two-Terminal Devices. Bipolar Junction Transistors. Field Effect Transistors. Advanced FET Modeling. Appendices. Index.
£140.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Superconductor Technology
Book SynopsisComprehensive coverage of theory and applications alike Superconductor Technology integrates research efforts from aroundthe world and provides the most comprehensive presentation ofsuperconducting technology available. It covers high- andlow-temperature superconductors (HTSC and LTSC) and, while thediscussion centers on the more practical HTSC applications (thosein the range of 77K), the advantages of LTSC technology in certaincircumstances are also explored. Author A. R. Jha examines the implementation of superconductingtechnology in every conceivable system or device, identifyingapplications and potential applications in diverse fields,including radio astronomical systems, laser radar, microwave andmillimeter-wave missile receivers, satellite communication systems,high-resolution medical equipment, and many more. Complete withnumerous illustrations and photographs and fully referenced,Superconductor Technology: * Covers theory and practice across a wide range oTable of ContentsPhenomenology and Theory of Superconductivity. Superconductor Forms and Their Critical Microwave Properties. Superconducting Substrate Materials. Application of Superconducting Technology to PassiveComponents. Applications of Superconducting Thin Films to Active Rf Componentsand Circuits. Performance Improvement of Solid-State Devices at CryogenicTemperatures. Application of Superconductor Technology to Components Used inRadar, Communication, Space, and Electronic Warfare. Applications of Superconducting Technology to ElectroopticalComponents and Systems. Applications of LTSC and HTSC Technology to Medical DiagnosticEquipment. Application of Superconducting Technology to Generators, Motors,and Transmission Lines. Cryogenic Refrigerator Systems. Index.
£154.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Properties of Advanced Semiconductor Materials
Book SynopsisContaining the most reliable parameter values for each of these semiconductor materials, along with applicable references, these data are organized in a structured, logical way for each semiconductor material. * Reviews traditional semiconductor materials as well as new, advanced semiconductors. * Essential authoritative handbook on the properties of semiconductor materials.Trade Review"Six contributed chapters describe the key properties of emerging semiconductor materials systems with exciting potential..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001) "Anyone working with these materials will find the up-to-date information summarized in this handbook extremely useful and handy...this handbook has the potential to become on of the most cited reference books in upcoming years." (MRS Bulletin, September 2001)Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Gallium Nitride (GaN) (V. Bougrov, et al.). Aluminum Nitride (AIN) (Y. Goldberg). Indium Nitride (InN) (A. Zubrilov). Boron Nitride (BN) (S. Rumyantsev, et al.). Silicon Carbide (SiC) (Y. Goldberg, et al.). Silicon-Germanium (Si_1-xGe_x) (F. Schäffler). Appendix 1: Basic Physical Constants. Appendix 2: Periodic Table of the Elements. Appendix 3: Rectangular Coordinates for Hexagonal Crystal. Appendix 4: The First Brillouin Zone for Wurtzite Crystal. Appendix 5: Zinc Blende Structure. Appendix 6: The First Brillouin Zone for Zinc Blende Crystal. Additional References.
£125.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor Physics and
Book SynopsisThis reference explores MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductors) which are the ceramic semiconductors that are responsible for today's electronic revolution. These materials' ability to hold an electric charge allowed the transistor to replace the vacuum tube and paved the way for the miniaturization of electronic goods.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Field Effect. Metal Oxide Silicon Capacitor at Low Frequencies. Metal Oxide Silicon Capacitor at Intermediate and High Frequencies. Extraction of Interface Trap Properties from the Conductance. Interfacial Nonuniformities. Experimental Evidence for Interface Trap Properties. Extraction of Interface Trap Properties from the Capacitance. Measurement of Silicon Properties. Charges, Barrier Heights, and Flatband Voltage. Charge Trapping in the Oxide. Instrumentation for Measuring Capacitor Characteristics. Oxidation of Silicon--Oxidation Kinetics. Oxidation of Silicon--Technology. Control of Oxide Charges. Models of the Interface. Appendices. Subject Index. Symbol Index.
£143.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Semiconductor Sensors
Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary work offering an introduction to the basic principles and operational characteristics of semiconductor sensors. Describes sensor technology, stressing bulk and surface micromachining. Considers a sensor group related to a special physical, chemical or biological input signal. The final chapter deals with integrated sensors.Table of ContentsClassification and Terminology of Sensors (S. Sze). Semiconductor Sensor Technologies (C. Mastrangelo & W. Tang). Acoustic Sensors (M. Motamedi & R. White). Mechanical Sensors (B. Kloeck & N. de Rooij). Magnetic Sensors (H. Baltes & R. Castagnetti). Radiation Sensors (S. Audet & J. Steigerwald). Thermal Sensors (S. Van Herwaarden & G. Meijer). Chemical Sensors (S. Morrison). Biosensors (A. Dewa & W. Ko). Integrated Sensors (K. Najafi, et al.). Appendices. Index.
£170.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Physics Chemistry and Technology of Solid State
Book SynopsisFocuses on the principles of solid-state sensor operations, demonstrating the interdisciplinary science that governs modern sensing devices. The text covers fabrication technology, device performance, areas of application and integration/multiplexing trends in sensor development.Table of ContentsInteractions of Gases with Surfaces: The H2 Case. Gas-Sensitive Solid State Semiconductor Sensors. Photonic and Photoacoustic Gas Sensors. Fiber-Optic Sensors. Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors. Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors. Pyroelectric and Thermal Sensors. Future Trends. Appendix. Index.
£175.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Surface Phases on Silicon
Book SynopsisDivided into two parts, this work begins with preliminary comments regarding the definition of "surface phases" and briefly describes the basics of two-dimensional crystallography, including background information about the formation and characterization of surface phases on silicon.Table of ContentsPRELIMINARY COMMENTS. Preliminary Comments. REVIEW OF SURFACE PHASES ON SILICON. Atomically-Clean Silicon Surfaces. Adsorbates on Silicon Surfaces. Supplements. Index.
£325.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Failure Mechanisms in Semiconductor Devices
Book SynopsisFailure Mechanisms in Semiconductor Devices Second Edition E. Ajith Amerasekera Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, USA Farid N. Najm University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Since the successful first edition of Failure Mechanisms in Semiconductor Devices, semiconductor technology has become increasingly important. The high complexity of today''s integrated circuits has engendered a demand for greater component reliability. Reflecting the need for guaranteed performance in consumer applications, this thoroughly updated edition includes more detailed material on reliability modelling and prediction. The book analyses the main failure mechanisms in terms of cause, effects and prevention and explains the mathematics behind reliability analysis. The authors detail methodologies for the identification of failures and describe the approaches for building reliability into semiconductor devices. Their thorough yet accessible text covers the physics of failure mechanisms from the semiconducTable of ContentsReliability Mathematics. Principal Failure Mechanisms. Failure Mechanisms in Technologies and Circuits. Reliability Testing. Reliability Prediction. Screening. Failure Analysis. Quality Assurance. Appendix. Indexes.
£176.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Essentials of Semiconductor Physics
Book SynopsisOffers a concise, modern introduction to semiconductor physics, presenting all the basic information necessary to understand semiconductors, along with some of the latest theories and developments.Trade Review"With semiconductor device shrinks approaching the atomic level it is important to start considering the basic physics of semiconductors. For those with a working knowledge of quantum mechanics, "Essentials of Semiconductor Physics" by Tom Wenckebach is a good place to start." (European Design and Semiconductor Production, November 1999)Table of ContentsElectrons, Nuclei and Hamiltonians. Band Structure. The K ? p-Approximation. Effective Mass Theory. The Crystal Lattice. Electron-Phonon Coupling. Charge Transport. Optical Transitions. Appendices. Exercises. Bibliography. Index.
£225.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quantum Dot Heterostructures
Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent advances in the field, including the way such structures are grown, how experiments on the structures have clarified long-standing theoretical predictions, how the structures are characterized, and the performance of devices developed from the structures.Trade Review"It covers the way structures are grown, how they are characterized..." (La Doc Sti, Vol. 369, January 1999)Table of ContentsFabrication Techniques for Quantum Dots. Self-Organization Concepts on Crystal Surfaces. Growth and Structural Characterization of Self-Organized Quantum Dots. Modeling of Ideal and Real Quantum Dots. Electronic and Optical Properties. Electrical Properties. Photonic Devices. References. Index.
£331.16
Wiley Methods of ElectronicStructure Calculations
Book SynopsisThe electronic-structural calculations of the properties of specific materials have become increasingly important since the 1970s. This book focuses equally on the different computational methods in relation to traditional quantum chemistry and solid-state physics.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Operators; Eigenvalues and eigen funtions; Factorization, time- and spin-dependence; Variational principle, Lagrange multipliers; Perturbation theory; Symmetry and group theory; The Schrödinger equation and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation; The Hartree, Hartree-Fock and Hartree-Fock-Roothaan methods; Basis Sets; Semiempirical methods; Creation and annihilation operators; Correlation effects; Where are the electrons and atoms?; Density functional theory; Some simplifications and technical details; Green's Function; Acidity and basicity, hardness and softness; Periodicity and band structures; Structure and forces; Vibrations; Electronic excitations; Relativistic Effects; Molecules and solids in electromagnetic fields; Impurities; Surface and interfaces; Non-periodic, extended systems; Phase diagrams; Clusters; Macromolecules; Interactions; Solvation; Relativistic effects;
£288.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Methods of ElectronicStructure From Molecules to
Book SynopsisThe electronic-structural calculations of the properties of specific materials have become increasingly important since the 1970s. This book focuses equally on the different computational methods in relation to traditional quantum chemistry and solid-state physics.Trade Review"..an admirable attempt to cover the whole of modern electronic-structure calculations and is a must-have for anyone studying or actively researching in this field." (Contemporary Physics, Vol.43, No.3, 2002)Table of ContentsPRELIMINARIES. Operators. Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions. Factorization; Time and Spin Dependence. Variational Principle; Lagrange Multipliers. Perturbation Theory. Symmetry and Group Theory. BASIC METHODS. The Schrödinger Equation and the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation. The Hartree, Hartree-Fock, and Hartree-Fock-Roothaan Methods. Basis Sets. Semiempirical Methods. Creation and Annihilation Operators. Correlation Effects. Where are the Electrons and Atoms? Density Functional Theory. Some Simplifications and Technical Details. Green's Function. SPECIAL PROPERTIES. Acidity and Basicity; Hardness and Softness. Periodicity and Band Structures. Structure and Forces. Vibrations. Electronic Excitations. Relativistic Effects. Molecules and Solids in Electromagnetic Fields. SPECIAL SYSTEMS. Impurities. Surfaces and Interfaces. Non-Periodic, Extended Systems. Phase Diagrams. Clusters. Macromolecules. Interactions. Solvation. References. Index.
£117.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Physics and Chemistry of Solids
Book SynopsisTaking an original, imaginative approach to the subject, Stephen Elliott's book is one of the first to bridge the gap between solid state physics and chemistry.Trade Review"it [the book] would be a useful reference source for solid state chemists." (Angenanote Chemie, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1999)Table of ContentsSynthesis and Preparation of Materials. Atomic Structure and Bonding. Defects. Atomic Dynamics. Electrons in Solids. Electron Dynamics. Dielectric and Magnetic Properties. Reduced Dimensionality. Indexes.
£69.30
Wiley Kinetic Peculiarities of Solid Phase Reactions
Book SynopsisMuch data has been collected from experiments on the kinetics of radical reactions in different solids. This text explores the kinetics of solids. It discusses low-molecular matrices, polymers, and examines hydrogen atom transfer, triple carbene reactions and radical pair transformations.Table of ContentsFormally Kinetic Description of Reactions with Dispersion in Reactivity. Influence of Space-Orientation Factors on Reactivity in Solids. Connection of Solid Phase Kinetics with Molecular Dynamics. The Effect of the Structural-Physical Modification on the Kinetics of Radical Reactions. Tunnelling in Solid Phase Reactions. The Kinetic Isotope Effect in Solid Phase Reactions. Kinetics of Photoinitiated Reactions in Solids. Index.
£288.86
Wiley Laser Applications in Surface Science and
Book SynopsisThis volume aims to provide an overview of the different techniques, discusses the principles behind them, and gives a concise description of laser-induced and laser-detected processes on surfaces. Recent developments in the field, such as nonlinear surface spectroscopies, are introduced.Table of ContentsLight and Matter. Adsorption, Desorption and Diffusion. Spectroscopy. Dynamics and Ultrafast Studies. Fundamental Laser Surface Treatment. Advanced Treatment. Laser Medicine.
£147.56
Princeton University Press Quantum Mechanics in a Nutshell
Book SynopsisEmphasizing the use of quantum mechanics to describe actual quantum systems such as atoms and solids, and rich with interesting applications, this book proceeds from solving for the properties of a single particle in potential; to solving for two particles (the helium atom); to addressing many-particle systems.Trade Review"Praises in no way can do full justice to the strength and detail of Mahan's well crafted and superb nutshell book. I found the book fascinating, stimulating and convincing and one can easily observe that the book is bursting with intellectual energy and ambition. I am not a rated scientist but as a student and follower of science and scientific projects since the beginning of my academic career, I have come across several books of topical interest but this time I enjoyed Quantum Mechanics in A Nutshell as a whole for its intelligence and manner of treatment of topics. All said and done, it is a book that can be enjoyed by any science student interested in quantum mechanics."--Uwe C. Tauber, Current Engineering Practice "[A] comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of quantum mechanics."--Nature Physics "This book, in spite of 11 chapters densely written, consists of a quick and very readable presentation of basic principles and an impressive number of applications of quantum mechanics. It can be profitably used in courses for beginning, intermediate and, in some cases, advanced students of physics."--Valter Moretti, Zentralblatt MATHTable of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Schrodinger's Equation 2 1.3 Eigenfunctions 4 1.4 Measurement 8 1.5 Representations 8 1.5.1 Schrodinger Representation 9 1.5.2 Heisenberg Representation 10 1.6 Noncommuting Operators 11 Chapter 2: One Dimension 14 2.1 Square Well 14 2.2 Linear Potentials 26 2.3 Harmonic Oscillator 29 2.4 Raising and Lowering Operators 34 2.5 Exponential Potential 39 2.5.1 Bound State 40 2.5.2 Continuum State 42 2.6 Delta-Function Potential 45 2.7 Number of Solutions 48 2.8 Normalization 49 2.8.1 Bound States 49 2.8.2 Box Normalization 50 2.8.3 Delta-Function Normalization 51 2.8.4 The Limit of Infinite Volume 54 2.9 Wave Packets 56 Chapter 3: Approximate Methods 62 3.1 WKBJ 62 3.2 Bound States by WKBJ 68 3.2.1 Harmonic Oscillator 71 3.2.2 Morse Potential 71 3.2.3 Symmetric Ramp 73 3.2.4 Discontinuous Potentials 74 3.3 Electron Tunneling 76 3.4 Variational Theory 77 3.4.1 Half-Space Potential 80 3.4.2 Harmonic Oscillator in One Dimension 82 Chapter 4: Spin and Angular Momentum 87 4.1 Operators, Eigenvalues, and Eigenfunctions 87 4.1.1 Commutation Relations 88 4.1.2 Raising and Lowering Operators 89 4.1.3 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues 90 4.2 Representations 95 4.3 Rigid Rotations 100 4.4 The Addition of Angular Momentum 102 Chapter 5: Two and Three Dimensions 108 5.1 Plane Waves in Three Dimensions 108 5.2 Plane Waves in Two Dimensions 112 5.3 Central Potentials 114 5.3.1 Central Potentials in 3D 114 5.3.2 Central Potential in 2D 118 5.4 Coulomb Potentials 119 5.4.1 Bound States 119 5.4.2 Confluent Hypergeometric Functions 121 5.4.3 Hydrogen Eigenfunctions 121 5.4.4 Continuum States 125 5.5 WKBJ 126 5.5.1 Three Dimensions 126 5.5.2 3D Hydrogen Atom 127 5.5.3 Two Dimensions 128 5.6 Hydrogen-like Atoms 130 5.6.1 Quantum Defect 131 5.6.2 WKBJ Derivation 132 5.6.3 Expectation Values 134 5.7 Variational Theory 134 5.7.1 Hydrogen Atom: n 1 135 5.7.2 Hydrogen Atom: l 1 136 5.7.3 Helium Atom 137 5.8 Free Particles in a Magnetic Field 143 5.8.1 Gauges 143 5.8.2 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues 144 5.8.3 Density of States 146 5.8.4 Quantum Hall Effect 147 5.8.5 Flux Quantization 150 Chapter 6: Matrix Methods and Perturbation Theory 157 6.1 H and H0 157 6.2 Matrix Methods 158 6.2.1 2 x 2 160 6.2.2 Coupled Spins 160 6.2.3 Tight-Binding Model 163 6.3 The Stark Effect 166 6.4 Perturbation Theory 170 6.4.1 General Formulas 170 6.4.2 Harmonic Oscillator in Electric Field 174 6.4.3 Continuum States 176 6.4.4 Green's Function 180 6.5 The Polarizability 181 6.5.1 Quantum Definition 182 6.5.2 Polarizability of Hydrogen 183 6.6 Van der Waals Potential 188 6.7 Spin-Orbit Interaction 194 6.7.1 Spin-Orbit in Atoms 195 6.7.2 Alkali Valence Electron in Electric Field 199 6.8 Bound Particles in Magnetic Fields 202 6.8.1 Magnetic Susceptibility 204 6.8.2 Alkali Atom in Magnetic Field 205 6.8.3 Zeeman Effect 207 6.8.4 Paschen-Back Effect 209 Chapter 7: Time-Dependent Perturbations 213 7.1 Time-Dependent Hamiltonians 213 7.2 Sudden Approximation 215 7.2.1 Shake-up and Shake-off 216 7.2.2 Spin Precession 218 7.3 Adiabatic Approximation 220 7.4 Transition Rates: The Golden Rule 222 7.5 Atomic Excitation by a Charged Particle 226 7.6 Born Approximation to Scattering 231 7.6.1 Cross Section 232 7.6.2 Rutherford Scattering 235 7.6.3 Electron Scattering from Hydrogen 236 7.7 Particle Decay 237 Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Radiation 244 8.1 Quantization of the Field 245 8.1.1 Gauges 246 8.1.2 Lagrangian 250 8.1.3 Hamiltonian 253 8.1.4 Casimir Force 256 8.2 Optical Absorption by a Gas 258 8.2.1 Entangled Photons 268 8.3 Oscillator Strength 269 8.4 Polarizability 273 8.5 Rayleigh and Raman Scattering 278 8.6 Compton Scattering 283 Chapter 9: Many-Particle Systems 288 9.1 Introduction 288 9.2 Fermions and Bosons 289 9.2.1 Two Identical Particles 290 9.3 Exchange Energy 291 9.3.1 Two-Electron Systems 291 9.3.2 Parahelium and Orthohelium 293 9.3.3 Hund's Rules 293 9.4 Many-Electron Systems 295 9.4.1 Evaluating Determinants 295 9.4.2 Ground-State Energy 297 9.4.3 Hartree-Fock Equations 299 9.4.4 Free Electrons 301 9.4.5 Pair Distribution Function 303 9.4.6 Correlation Energy 304 9.4.7 Thomas-Fermi Theory 304 9.4.8 Density Functional Theory 307 9.5 Second Quantization 309 9.5.1 Bosons 309 9.5.2 Fermions 312 9.6 Bose-Einstein Condensation 313 9.6.1 Noninteracting Particles 313 9.6.2 Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order 314 Chapter 10: Scattering Theory 320 10.1 Elastic Scattering 320 10.1.1 Partial Wave Analysis 323 10.1.2 Scattering in Two Dimensions 326 10.1.3 Hard-Sphere Scattering 328 10.1.4 Ramsauer-Townsend Effect 330 10.1.5 Born Approximation 332 10.2 Scattering of Identical Particles 333 10.2.1 Two Free Particles 333 10.2.2 Electron Scattering from Hydrogen 335 10.3 T-Matrices 337 10.4 Distorted Wave Scattering 340 10.5 Scattering from Many Particles 343 10.5.1 Bragg Scattering 343 10.5.2 Scattering by Fluids 344 10.5.3 Strong Scattering 346 10.6 Wave Packets 347 10.6.1 Three Dimensions 347 10.6.2 Scattering by Wave Packets 348 Chapter 11: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 352 11.1 Four-Vectors 352 11.2 Klein-Gordon Equation 354 11.2.1 Derivation 354 11.2.2 Free Particle 354 11.2.3 Currents and Densities 355 11.2.4 Step Potential 356 11.2.5 Nonrelativistic Limit 356 11.2.6 -Mesonic Atoms 357 11.3 Dirac Equation 360 11.3.1 Derivation 361 11.3.2 Current and Charge Density 364 11.3.3 Gamma-Matrices 364 11.3.4 Free-Particle Solutions 366 11.3.5 Spin-Projection Operators 369 11.3.6 Scattering of Dirac Particles 371 11.4 Antiparticles and Negative Energy States 374 11.5 Spin Averages 377 11.6 Nonrelativistic Limit 379 11.6.1 First Approximation 379 11.6.2 Second Approximation 380 11.6.3 Relativistic Corrections for Hydrogenic States 382 11.7 Relativistic Interactions 384 11.7.1 Photon Green's Function 384 11.7.2 Electron Green's Function 387 11.7.3 Boson Exchange 387 11.8 Scattering of Electron and Muon 388 Index 397
£73.60
Princeton University Press Principles of Laser Spectroscopy and Quantum
Book SynopsisSuitable for graduate students studying the interaction of optical fields with atoms, this book provides an introduction to the prototypical problems of radiation fields interacting with two- and three- level atomic systems.Trade Review"Berman and Malinovsky's book can be recommended to graduate students and workers transferring from other areas."--D.G.C. Jones, Contemporary Physics "This high-quality, well-written book is a fine addition to the literature of modern optics... The general style is lucid and entirely fitting for a textbook... In all, this is a splendid book and I am confident that it will be widely received with considerable enthusiasm."--David L. Andrews, Optics & Photonics NewsTable of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1: Preliminaries 1 Chapter 2: Two-Level Quantum Systems 17 Chapter 3: Density Matrix for a Single Atom 56 Chapter 4: Applications of the Density Matrix Formalism 83 Chapter 5: Density Matrix Equations: Atomic Center-of-Mass Motion, Elementary Atom Optics, and Laser Cooling 99 Chapter 6: Maxwell-Bloch Equations 120 Chapter 7: Two-Level Atoms in Two or More Fields: Introduction to Saturation Spectroscopy 136 Chapter 8: Three-Level Atoms: Applications to Nonlinear Spectroscopy-Open Quantum Systems 159 Chapter 9: Three-Level Atoms: Dark States, Adiabatic Following, and Slow Light 184 Chapter 10: Coherent Transients 206 Chapter 11: Atom Optics and Atom Interferometry 242 Chapter 12: The Quantized, Free Radiation Field 280 Chapter 13: Coherence Properties of the Electric Field 312 Chapter 14: Photon Counting and Interferometry 339 Chapter 15: Atom-Quantized Field Interactions 358 Chapter 17: Optical Pumping and Optical Lattices 402 Chapter 18: Sub-Doppler Laser Cooling 422 Chapter 19: Operator Approach to Atom-Field Interactions: Source-Field Equation 453 Chapter 20: Light Scattering 474 Chapter 21: Entanglement and Spin Squeezing 492 References 506 Bibliography 507 Index 509
£87.20
Princeton University Press What Is Dark Matter
Book Synopsis
£27.00
Princeton University Press Quantum Field Theory
Book Synopsis
£74.80
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quantum Wells Wires and Dots
Book SynopsisQuantum Wells, Wires and Dotsprovides all the essential information, both theoretical and computational, to develop an understanding of the electronic, optical and transport properties of these semiconductor nanostructures. The book will lead the reader through comprehensive explanations and mathematical derivations to the point where they can design semiconductor nanostructures with the required electronic and optical properties for exploitation in these technologies. This fully revised and updated 4thedition features new sections that incorporate modern techniques and extensive new material including: Properties of non-parabolic energy bands Matrix solutions of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations Critical thickness of strained materials Carrier scattering by interface roughness, alloy disorder and impurities Density matrix transport modelling Thermal modelling Written by well-known authors in tTable of ContentsDedication iii List of Contributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Introduction xxiii References xxiv 1 Semiconductors and heterostructures 1 1.1 The mechanics of waves 1 1.2 Crystal structure 3 1.3 The effective mass approximation 5 1.4 Band theory 5 1.5 Heterojunctions 7 1.6 Heterostructures 7 1.7 The envelope function approximation 10 1.8 Band non-parabolicity 11 1.9 The reciprocal lattice 13 Exercises 16 References 17 2 Solutions to Schrödinger’s equation 19 2.1 The infinite well 19 2.2 In-plane dispersion 22 2.3 Extension to include band non-parabolicity 24 2.4 Density of states 26 2.4.1 Density-of-states effective mass 28 2.4.2 Two-dimensional systems 29 2.5 Subband populations 31 2.5.1 Populations in non-parabolic subbands 33 2.5.2 Calculation of quasi-Fermi energy 35 2.6 Thermalised distributions 36 2.7 Finite well with constant mass 37 2.7.1 Unbound states 43 2.7.2 Effective mass mismatch at heterojunctions 45 2.7.3 The infinite barrier height and mass limits 49 2.8 Extension to multiple-well systems 50 2.9 The asymmetric single quantum well 53 2.10 Addition of an electric field 54 2.11 The infinite superlattice 57 2.12 The single barrier 63 2.13 The double barrier 65 2.14 Extension to include electric field 71 2.15 Magnetic fields and Landau quantisation 72 2.16 In summary 74 Exercises 74 References 76 3 Numerical solutions 79 3.1 Bisection root-finding 79 3.2 Newton–Raphson root finding 81 3.3 Numerical differentiation 83 3.4 Discretised Schrödinger equation 84 3.5 Shooting method 84 3.6 Generalized initial conditions 86 3.7 Practical implementation of the shooting method 88 3.8 Heterojunction boundary conditions 90 3.9 Matrix solutions of the discretised Schrödinger equation 91 3.10 The parabolic potential well 94 3.11 The Pöschl–Teller potential hole 98 3.12 Convergence tests 98 3.13 Extension to variable effective mass 99 3.14 The double quantum well 103 3.15 Multiple quantum wells and finite superlattices 104 3.16 Addition of electric field 106 3.17 Extension to include variable permittivity 106 3.18 Quantum confined Stark effect 108 3.19 Field–induced anti-crossings 108 3.20 Symmetry and selection rules 110 3.21 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 110 3.22 Extension to include band non-parabolicity 113 3.23 Poisson’s equation 114 3.24 Matrix solution of Poisson’s equation 118 3.25 Self-consistent Schrödinger–Poisson solution 119 3.26 Modulation doping 121 3.27 The high-electron-mobility transistor 122 3.28 Band filling 123 Exercises 124 References 125 4 Diffusion 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Theory 129 4.3 Boundary conditions 130 4.4 Convergence tests 131 4.5 Numerical stability 133 4.6 Constant diffusion coefficients 133 4.7 Concentration dependent diffusion coefficient 135 4.8 Depth dependent diffusion coefficient 136 4.9 Time dependent diffusion coefficient 138 4.10 δ-doped quantum wells 138 4.11 Extension to higher dimensions 141 Exercises 142 References 142 5 Impurities 145 5.1 Donors and acceptors in bulk material 145 5.2 Binding energy in a heterostructure 147 5.3 Two-dimensional trial wave function 152 5.4 Three-dimensional trial wave function 158 5.5 Variable-symmetry trial wave function 164 5.6 Inclusion of a central cell correction 170 5.7 Special considerations for acceptors 171 5.8 Effective mass and dielectric mismatch 172 5.9 Band non-parabolicity 173 5.10 Excited states 173 5.11 Application to spin-flip Raman spectroscopy 174 5.11.1 Diluted magnetic semiconductors 174 5.11.2 Spin-flip Raman spectroscopy 176 5.12 Alternative approach to excited impurity states 178 5.13 The ground state 180 5.14 Position dependence 181 5.15 Excited states 181 5.16 Impurity occupancy statistics 184 Exercises 188 References 189 6 Excitons 191 6.1 Excitons in bulk 191 6.2 Excitons in heterostructures 193 6.3 Exciton binding energies 193 6.4 1s exciton 198 6.5 The two-dimensional and three-dimensional limits 202 6.6 Excitons in single quantum wells 206 6.7 Excitons in multiple quantum wells 208 6.8 Stark ladders 210 6.9 Self-consistent effects 211 6.10 2s exciton 212 Exercises 214 References 215 7 Strained quantum wells 217 7.1 Stress and strain in bulk crystals 217 7.2 Strain in quantum wells 221 7.3 Critical thickness of layers 224 7.4 Strain balancing 226 7.5 Effect on the band profile of quantum wells 228 7.6 The piezoelectric effect 231 7.7 Induced piezoelectric fields in quantum wells 234 7.8 Effect of piezoelectric fields on quantum wells 236 Exercises 239 References 240 8 Simple models of quantum wires and dots 241 8.1 Further confinement 241 8.2 Schrödinger’s equation in quantum wires 243 8.3 Infinitely deep rectangular wires 245 8.4 Simple approximation to a finite rectangular wire 247 8.5 Circular cross-section wire 251 8.6 Quantum boxes 255 8.7 Spherical quantum dots 256 8.8 Non-zero angular momentum states 259 8.9 Approaches to pyramidal dots 262 8.10 Matrix approaches 263 8.11 Finite difference expansions 263 8.12 Density of states 265 Exercises 267 References 268 9 Quantum dots 269 9.1 0-dimensional systems and their experimental realization 269 9.2 Cuboidal dots 271 9.3 Dots of arbitrary shape 272 9.3.1 Convergence tests 277 9.3.2 Efficiency 279 9.3.3 Optimization 281 9.4 Application to real problems 282 9.4.1 InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots 282 9.4.2 Working assumptions 282 9.4.3 Results 283 9.4.4 Concluding remarks 286 9.5 A more complex model is not always a better model 288 Exercises 289 References 290 10 Carrier scattering 293 10.1 Introduction 293 10.2 Fermi’s Golden Rule 294 10.3 Extension to sinusoidal perturbations 296 10.4 Averaging over two-dimensional carrier distributions 296 10.5 Phonons 298 10.6 Longitudinal optic phonon scattering of two-dimensional carriers 301 10.7 Application to conduction subbands 313 10.8 Mean intersubband LO phonon scattering rate 315 10.9 Ratio of emission to absorption 316 10.10 Screening of the LO phonon interaction 318 10.11 Acoustic deformation potential scattering 319 10.12 Application to conduction subbands 324 10.13 Optical deformation potential scattering 326 10.14 Confined and interface phonon modes 328 10.15 Carrier–carrier scattering 328 10.16 Addition of screening 336 10.17 Mean intersubband carrier–carrier scattering rate 337 10.18 Computational implementation 339 10.19 Intrasubband versus intersubband 340 10.20 Thermalized distributions 341 10.21 Auger-type intersubband processes 342 10.22 Asymmetric intrasubband processes 343 10.23 Empirical relationships 344 10.24 A generalised expression for scattering of two-dimensional carriers 345 10.25 Impurity scattering 346 10.26 Alloy disorder scattering 351 10.27 Alloy disorder scattering in quantum wells 354 10.28 Interface roughness scattering 355 10.29 Interface roughness scattering in quantum wells 359 10.30 Carrier scattering in quantum wires and dots 362 Exercises 362 References 364 11 Optical properties of quantum wells 367 11.1 Carrier–photon scattering 367 11.2 Spontaneous emission lifetime 372 11.3 Intersubband absorption in quantum wells 374 11.4 Bound–bound transitions 376 11.5 Bound–free transitions 377 11.6 Rectangular quantum well 379 11.7 Intersubband optical non-linearities 382 11.8 Electric polarization 383 11.9 Intersubband second harmonic generation 384 11.10 Maximization of resonant susceptibility 387 Exercises 390 References 391 12 Carrier transport 393 12.1 Introduction 393 12.2 Quantum cascade lasers 393 12.3 Realistic quantum cascade laser 398 12.4 Rate equations 400 12.5 Self-consistent solution of the rate equations 402 12.6 Calculation of the current density 404 12.7 Phonon and carrier–carrier scattering transport 404 12.8 Electron temperature 405 12.9 Calculation of the gain 408 12.10 QCLs, QWIPs, QDIPs and other methods 411 12.11 Density matrix approaches 412 12.11.1 Time evolution of the density matrix 415 12.11.2 Density matrix modelling of terahertz QCLs 416 Exercises 418 References 420 13 Optical waveguides 423 13.1 Introduction to optical waveguides 423 13.2 Optical waveguide analysis 425 13.2.1 The wave equation 425 13.2.2 The transfer matrix method 428 13.2.3 Guided modes in multi-layer waveguides 431 13.3 Optical properties of materials 434 13.3.1 Semiconductors 434 13.3.2 Influence of free-carriers 436 13.3.3 Carrier mobility model 438 13.3.4 Influence of doping 439 13.4 Application to waveguides of laser devices 440 13.4.1 Double heterostructure laser waveguide 441 13.4.2 Quantum cascade laser waveguides 443 13.5 Thermal properties of waveguides 447 13.6 The heat equation 449 13.7 Material properties 450 13.7.1 Thermal conductivity 450 13.7.2 Specific heat capacity 451 13.8 Finite difference approximation to the heat equation 453 13.9 Steady-state solution of the heat equation 454 13.10 Time-resolved solution 457 13.11 Simplified RC thermal models 458 Exercises 461 References 462 14 Multiband envelope function (k.p) method 465 14.1 Symmetry, basis states and band structure 465 14.2 Valence band structure and the 6 × 6 Hamiltonian 466 14.3 4 × 4 valence band Hamiltonian 470 14.4 Complex band structure 471 14.5 Block-diagonalization of the Hamiltonian 472 14.6 The valence band in strained cubic semiconductors 474 14.7 Hole subbands in heterostructures 476 14.8 Valence band offset 478 14.9 The layer (transfer matrix) method 479 14.10 Quantum well subbands 483 14.11 The influence of strain 484 14.12 Strained quantum well subbands 484 14.13 Direct numerical methods 485 Exercises 486 References 486 15 Empirical pseudo-potential bandstructure 487 15.1 Principles and approximations 487 15.2 Elemental band structure calculation 488 15.3 Spin–orbit coupling 496 15.4 Compound semiconductors 498 15.5 Charge densities 501 15.6 Calculating the effective mass 504 15.7 Alloys 504 15.8 Atomic form factors 506 15.9 Generalization to a large basis 507 15.10 Spin–orbit coupling within the large basis approach 510 15.11 Computational implementation 511 15.12 Deducing the parameters and application 512 15.13 Isoelectronic impurities in bulk 515 15.14 The electronic structure around point defects 520 Exercises 520 References 521 16 Pseudo-potential calculations of nanostructures 523 16.1 The superlattice unit cell 523 16.2 Application of large basis method to superlattices 526 16.3 Comparison with envelope function approximation 530 16.4 In-plane dispersion 531 16.5 Interface coordination 532 16.6 Strain-layered superlattices 533 16.7 The superlattice as a perturbation 534 16.8 Application to GaAs/AlAs superlattices 539 16.9 Inclusion of remote bands 541 16.10 The valence band 542 16.11 Computational effort 542 16.12 Superlattice dispersion and the interminiband laser 543 16.13 Addition of electric field 545 16.14 Application of the large basis method to quantum wires 549 16.15 Confined states 552 16.16 Application of the large basis method to tiny quantum dots 552 16.17 Pyramidal quantum dots 554 16.18 Transport through dot arrays 555 16.19 Recent progress 556 Exercises 556 References 557 Concluding remarks 559 A Materials parameters 561 B Introduction to the simulation tools 563 B.1 Documentation and support 564 B.2 Installation and dependencies 564 B.3 Simulation programs 565 B.4 Introduction to scripting 566 B.5 Example calculations 567
£53.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Physical Chemistry of Polyelectrolyte Solutions
Book SynopsisThe Advances in Chemical Physics series provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. This volume explores topics from Thermodynamic Properties of Polyelectrolyte Solutions to ion-binding of polyelectrolytes. The book features: The only series of volumes available that presents the cutting edge of research in chemical physics Contributions from experts in this field of research Representative cross-section of research that questions established thinking on chemical solutions An editorial framework that makes the book an excellent supplement to an advanced graduate class in physical chemistry or chemical physics Table of ContentsPreface to the Series vii Preface ix Introductory Remarks 1 Thermodynamic Properties of Polyelectrolyte Solutions 21 Ionization Equilibrium and Potentiometric Titration of Weak Polyelectrolytes 67 Molecular Conformation of Linear Polyelectrolytes 115 Radius of Gyration and Intrinsic Viscosity of Linear Polyelectrolytes 153 Transport Phenomena of Linear Polyelectrolytes 193 Ion-Binding 241 Author Index 277 Subject Index 281
£160.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc SolidState Sensors
Book SynopsisSolid-State Sensors A thorough and up-to-date introduction to solid-state sensors, materials, fabrication processes, and applications Solid-State Sensors provides a comprehensive introduction to the field, covering fundamental principles, underlying theories, sensor materials, fabrication technologies, current and possible future applications, and more. Presented in a clear and accessible format, this reader-friendly textbook describes the fundamentals and classification of all major types of solid-state sensors, including piezoresistive, capacitive, thermometric, optical bio-chemical, magnetic, and acoustic-based sensors. Throughout the text, the authors offer insight into how different solid-state methods complement each other as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages in relation to specific devices and a variety of state-of-the-art applications. Detailed yet concise chapters include numerous visual illustrations and comparative tables oTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.1.1 Growth in Solid-State Sensor Market 2 1.1.2 Solid-State Sensors: A Recipe for Smart Sensing Systems 5 1.2 Evolution of Solid-State Sensors 6 1.2.1 Origin and Early Developments in Detection Devices 6 1.2.2 Solid-State Electronics: Post Transistor Era 9 1.2.3 Emergence of New Technologies 12 1.2.3.1 Thin-Film Technology 14 1.2.3.2 Advancements in Micro- and Nanofabrication 14 1.2.3.3 Emergence of Nanotechnology 16 1.2.3.4 Printed Electronics on Flexible Substrates 17 1.2.3.5 Smart Devices with Artificial Intelligence 20 1.2.3.6 IoT-Enabled Sensors 21 1.2.4 Paradigm Shift in Solid-State Sensor Research 22 1.2.4.1 Organic Devices 23 1.2.4.2 Wearable Devices 24 1.2.4.3 Implantable Sensors 25 1.3 Outline 27 References 28 2 Classification and Terminology 35 2.1 Sensor Components 35 2.2 Classification of Solid-State Sensors 36 2.3 Sensor Terminology 40 2.3.1 Accuracy 40 2.3.2 Precision 41 2.3.3 Calibration Curve 41 2.3.4 Sensitivity 41 2.3.5 Threshold/Minimum Detectable Limit 42 2.3.6 Null Offset 42 2.3.7 Dynamic Range 42 2.3.8 Nonlinearity 42 2.3.9 Hysteresis 43 2.3.10 Selectivity 43 2.3.11 Repeatability 43 2.3.12 Reproducibility 43 2.3.13 Resolution 43 2.3.14 Stability 43 2.3.15 Noise 44 2.3.16 Response and Recovery Time 44 2.3.17 Drift 45 2.4 Conclusion 45 References 45 3 Fabrication Technologies 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Deposition 48 3.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 49 3.2.1.1 Thermal Evaporation 50 3.2.1.2 Sputter Deposition 52 3.2.1.3 Electron-Beam PVD 55 3.2.1.4 Laser Ablation 58 3.2.2 Electroplating 59 3.2.3 Thermal Oxidation 61 3.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 62 3.2.4.1 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition 62 3.2.4.2 Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition 63 3.2.4.3 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition 63 3.3 Exposure-Based Lithography Techniques 64 3.3.1 UV Lithography 65 3.3.1.1 Exposure Tool 65 3.3.1.2 Mask 66 3.3.1.3 Photoresist 67 3.3.2 Electron-Beam Lithography 68 3.3.3 X-Ray Lithography 71 3.3.4 Ion-Beam Lithography 71 3.4 Soft Lithography Techniques 72 3.4.1 Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates 74 3.4.2 Microcontact Printing 75 3.4.3 Microfluidic Patterning 77 3.4.4 Laminar Flow Patterning 79 3.4.5 Step and Flash Imprint Lithography 80 3.4.6 Hydrogel Template 82 3.5 Etching 83 3.5.1 Wet Etching 85 3.5.2 Dry Etching 89 3.6 Doping 90 3.6.1 Diffusion 92 3.6.2 Ion Implantation 94 3.7 Solution Processed Methods 95 3.7.1 Inkjet Printing 95 3.7.2 Drop Dispensing 98 3.7.3 Spray Deposition 100 3.7.4 Screen Printing 101 3.7.5 Tape Casting 103 3.8 Conclusions 105 References 106 4 Piezoelectric Sensors 113 4.1 Overview 113 4.2 Theory of Piezoelectricity 115 4.2.1 Direct Piezoelectric Effect 115 4.2.2 Poling 116 4.2.3 Static Piezoelectricity 118 4.2.4 Anisotropic Crystals 118 4.3 Basic Mathematical Formulation 119 4.3.1 Contribution of Piezoelectric Effect to Elastic constant C 120 4.3.2 Contribution of Piezoelectric Effect to Dielectric Constant ε 121 4.4 Constitutive Equations 122 4.4.1 Piezoelectric 122 4.4.2 Sensor Equations for Electrical Circuits 124 4.4.3 Piezoelectric Constants for a Material 126 4.4.3.1 Piezoelectric Strain Constant d 127 4.4.3.2 Piezoelectric Voltage Coefficient g 127 4.4.3.3 Piezoelectric Coupling Coefficients k 128 4.4.3.4 Mechanical Quality Factor QM 128 4.4.3.5 Acoustic Impedance 129 4.4.3.6 Aging Rate 129 4.4.3.7 Dielectric Constants KTij 129 4.5 Piezoelectric Materials 130 4.5.1 Natural Piezoelectric Materials 131 4.5.1.1 Piezoelectric Single Crystals 131 4.5.1.2 Organic Materials 133 4.5.1.3 Biopiezoelectric Materials 138 4.5.2 Man-made/Synthetic Piezoelectric Material 141 4.5.2.1 Polymers 141 4.5.2.2 Ceramics 143 4.5.2.3 Piezoelectric Composites 146 4.5.2.4 Thin Film 150 4.5.2.5 Choice of Piezoelectric Material for Desired Applications 151 4.6 Uses of Piezoelectric Materials 151 4.6.1 Piezoelectric Transducer 152 4.6.2 Piezoelectric Actuator 153 4.6.3 Piezoelectric Generator 155 4.7 Piezoelectric Transducers as Sensors 157 4.7.1 Pressure Sensor 157 4.7.2 Accelerometer 158 4.7.3 Acoustic Sensor 159 4.8 Design of Piezoelectric Devices 163 4.8.1 Orientation of Piezo Crystals 163 4.8.2 Piezo Stacks 164 4.8.3 Bimorph Architecture 166 4.9 Application of Piezoelectric Sensors 167 4.9.1 Industrial Applications 167 4.9.1.1 Engine Knock Sensors 167 4.9.1.2 Tactile Sensors 168 4.9.1.3 Piezoelectric Motors 169 4.9.1.4 Sonar 171 4.9.2 Consumer Electronics 172 4.9.2.1 Piezoelectric Igniters 172 4.9.2.2 Drop on Demand Piezoelectric Printers 172 4.9.2.3 Speakers 173 4.9.2.4 Other Daily Use Products 173 4.9.3 Medical Applications 174 4.9.3.1 Ultrasound Imaging 174 4.9.3.2 Surgery and Ultrasound Procedures 175 4.9.3.3 Wound and Bone Fracture Healing 175 4.9.4 Defense Applications 176 4.9.4.1 Micro Robotics 176 4.9.4.2 Laser-Guided Bullets and Missiles 178 4.9.5 Musical Applications 179 4.9.5.1 Piezoelectric Pickups for Instruments 179 4.9.5.2 Microphones and Ear Pieces 179 4.9.6 Other Applications 180 4.9.6.1 Energy Harvesters 180 4.9.6.2 Sports-Tennis Racquets 184 4.10 Conclusions 184 References 188 5 Capacitive Sensors 193 5.1 Overview 193 5.1.1 A Capacitor 194 5.1.2 Capacitance of a Capacitor 195 5.2 Sensor Construction 196 5.2.1 Overlapping Electrode Area A 196 5.2.2 Dielectric Thickness d 197 5.2.3 Dielectric Material 199 5.2.4 Parallel Fingers and Fringing Fields 201 5.3 Sensor Architecture 203 5.3.1 Mixed Dielectrics 203 5.3.2 Multielectrode Capacitor 207 5.3.3 Geometry 209 5.4 Classifications of Capacitive Sensors 211 5.4.1 Displacement Capacitive Sensor 211 5.4.2 Overlapping Area Variation Based Capacitive Sensor 213 5.4.3 Effective Dielectric Permittivity Variation Based Capacitive Sensor 214 5.4.4 Fringing Field Capacitive Sensor 218 5.5 Flexible Capacitive Sensors 219 5.6 Applications 221 5.6.1 Motion Detection 221 5.6.1.1 Displacement Motion (z-Direction) 221 5.6.1.2 Shear Motion (x Direction) 221 5.6.1.3 Tilt Sensor 221 5.6.1.4 Rotary Motion Sensor 222 5.6.1.5 Finger Position (2D, x–y Direction) 222 5.6.2 Pressure 222 5.6.3 Liquid Level 223 5.6.4 Spacing 223 5.6.5 Scanned Multiplate Sensor 223 5.6.6 Thickness Measurement 223 5.6.7 Ice Detector 223 5.6.8 Shaft Angle or Linear Position 223 5.6.9 Lamp Dimmer Switch 223 5.6.10 Key Switch 223 5.6.11 Limit Switch 224 5.6.12 Accelerometers 224 5.6.13 Soil Moisture Measurement 224 5.7 Prospects and Limitations 224 5.7.1 Prospects 224 5.7.2 Limitations 224 References 226 6 Chemical Sensors 233 6.1 Introduction 233 6.1.1 Overview 233 6.1.2 Global Limelight 237 6.1.3 Evolution of Chemical Sensors 237 6.1.4 Requirements for Chemical Sensors 240 6.1.4.1 Selectivity 240 6.1.4.2 Stability 240 6.1.4.3 Sensitivity 241 6.1.4.4 Response Time 241 6.1.4.5 Limit of Detection 241 6.2 Materials for Chemical Sensing 241 6.2.1 Metal Oxides 241 6.2.1.1 Types of Metal Oxides 242 6.2.1.2 Chemical Sensing Mechanism 243 6.2.1.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Films as Sensor Materials 244 6.2.2 Honeycomb Structured Materials 245 6.2.2.1 Graphene 246 6.2.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 248 6.2.2.3 Other 2D Materials 250 6.2.3 Biopolymers 251 6.2.3.1 On the Basis of Type 252 6.2.3.2 On the Basis of Origin 255 6.2.3.3 On the Basis of Monomeric Units 261 6.2.4 Functionalization 265 6.2.4.1 Covalent Functionalization 266 6.2.4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization 268 6.2.5 Biocomposites 270 6.3 Architectures in Chemical Sensors 272 6.3.1 Chemiresistors 272 6.3.2 ChemFET 275 6.4 Applications 277 6.4.1 Gas Sensors 277 6.4.2 Environmental Sensors 278 6.4.2.1 Pollutants/Aerosols Sensors 279 6.4.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring Sensors 281 6.4.2.3 Humidity Detectors 282 6.4.2.4 UV Radiation Exposure Monitoring 283 6.4.3 Biomolecule Sensors 284 6.4.4 Food Quality Monitoring 284 6.4.4.1 Relative Humidity Monitoring 284 6.4.4.2 Gas Monitoring 285 6.4.4.3 Temperature Monitoring 285 6.4.4.4 Presence of Toxic Metals 286 6.4.5 Water Quality Management in Public Pools 286 6.4.6 Health Monitoring 287 6.4.7 Defense and Security 288 6.5 Conclusions 290 References 293 7 Optical Sensors 309 7.1 Introduction 309 7.2 Classifications of Optical Properties 311 7.2.1 Absorbance 311 7.2.2 Reflectance 312 7.2.3 Light Scattering 312 7.2.4 Luminescence 314 7.2.5 Fluorescence 314 7.2.6 Circular Dichroism 315 7.2.7 Z-Scan Technique 317 7.2.8 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer 317 7.3 Materials for Optical Sensing 319 7.3.1 Metal Oxide Materials 319 7.3.2 Polymer Materials 319 7.3.3 Carbon Materials 320 7.4 Optical Techniques for Sensing 320 7.4.1 SPR-Based Detection 321 7.4.2 Nanostructure Aggregation-Mediated Detection 323 7.4.3 Micro/Nanofiber-Based Detection 323 7.4.4 Colorimetric Sensing 324 7.4.5 Spectroscopy Techniques Associated with Sensing 325 7.4.5.1 Raman Spectroscopy 326 7.4.5.2 Luminescence Spectroscopy 326 7.4.5.3 Absorption Spectroscopy 326 7.5 Fabrication Technique of Optical Sensors 327 7.5.1 Solution Process 327 7.5.2 Inkjet Printing 328 7.5.3 Screen Printing 328 7.6 Applications of Optical Sensing 328 7.6.1 Environment Monitoring and Gas Sensing 328 7.6.2 Health Monitoring 332 7.6.3 Fingerprint Detection 332 7.6.4 Defense and Security 333 7.6.5 Motion Detection 334 7.6.6 Water Quality Monitoring 334 7.6.7 e-Waste and Detection of Toxic Materials 335 7.6.8 Detection of Microorganisms 337 7.7 Prospects and Limitations 337 References 339 8 Magnetic Sensors 341 8.1 Introduction 341 8.2 Materials’ Magnetic Properties 342 8.2.1 Diamagnetism 343 8.2.2 Paramagnetism 343 8.2.3 Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism 344 8.3 Nanomagnetism 347 8.3.1 Magnetic Anisotropy 347 8.3.2 Interlayer Exchange Coupling 347 8.3.3 Exchange Bias 347 8.3.4 Spin-Polarized Transport 347 8.4 Magnetic Sensing Techniques 349 8.4.1 Hall Effect Sensors 349 8.4.2 Magnetoresistive Sensors 354 8.4.2.1 Ordinary Magnetoresistance 354 8.4.2.2 Anisotropic Magnetoresistance 356 8.4.2.3 Giant Magnetoresistance 357 8.4.2.4 Tunnel Magnetoresistance 358 8.4.2.5 Colossal Magnetoresistance 360 8.5 Fabrication and Characterization Technologies 360 8.5.1 Conventional Fabrication 361 8.5.2 Solution Process 361 8.5.3 Printing Technologies 361 8.6 Magnetic Sensor Applications 361 8.6.1 Biosensors 361 8.6.2 Magnetic Storage and Read Heads 362 8.6.3 Current Sensing 362 8.6.4 Position and Angle Sensors 364 8.7 Prospects and Limitations 365 References 365 9 Interface Circuits 369 9.1 Introduction 369 9.1.1 Functions of Interface 369 9.1.2 Types of Sensor Interfacing Circuits 370 9.1.3 Battery 372 9.1.4 Battery Characteristics in System Analysis 373 9.1.5 Applications of an I/O Interface Device 376 9.1.6 Importance of Input Impedance 377 9.2 Amplifier Circuits 378 9.2.1 Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) 378 9.2.2 Inverting and Noninverting Op-amps 379 9.2.3 Voltage Follower 380 9.2.4 Instrumentation Amplifier 381 9.2.5 Charge Amplifiers 382 9.2.6 Applications of Amplifiers 382 9.3 Excitation Circuits 383 9.3.1 Current Generators 383 9.3.2 Voltage Reference 383 9.3.3 Oscillators 385 9.3.4 Drivers 386 9.4 Analog-to-Digital Converters 386 9.4.1 Basic Concepts of ADC 386 9.4.2 V/F Converter 387 9.4.3 Dual-Slope Converter 389 9.4.4 Successive Approximation Converter 390 9.4.5 Resolution Extension 391 9.5 Noise in Sensors and Circuits 391 9.5.1 Inherent Noise 392 9.5.2 Electric Shielding 393 9.5.3 Bypass Capacitor 394 9.5.4 Magnetic Shielding 394 9.5.5 Ground Planes 395 9.5.6 Ground Loops and Ground Isolation 396 9.6 Batteries for Low-Power Sensors and Wireless Systems 398 9.6.1 Primary Cells 400 9.6.2 Secondary Cells 401 9.6.3 Energy Harvesting for WSN 401 References 403 Index 409
£91.80
Momentum Press Basics of Polymers, Volume I: Testing and Characterization
Book SynopsisThe Basics of Polymers is written exclusively about chemical methods of polymer testing aimed at producing a high degree of manufacturing and quality control of polymer products. Polymer testing has assumed importance for industries dependent on polymers and additives as key product components. The text is intended to serve as a handbook for students, engineers, and people involved in polymer synthesis and laboratory work. This book provides information on identification and characterization of polymers by chemical methods. Specifically aimed at graduate-level students, its style of presentation is practical, making it easier to grasp. The author hopes this book will encourage and foster continuing method development and application of chemical methods for characterizing polymers. Education and training of people being of paramount importance, it is also valuable to all educators/processors as a tremendous resource that answers commonly asked questions.
£38.66
Momentum Press Basics of Polymers, Volume II: Instrumental Methods of Testing
Book SynopsisBasics of Polymer, Volume II, demonstrates the scope of polymer testing. In addition, it introduces versatile methods of testing equipment effectively and clearly. In recent years, polymer testing has been extensively developed. Its utility has also been explored in detail, and areas of its practical application in the polymer industry have been added. Polymers, with their macromolecules, undergo a wide variety of phase changes during their processing. Due to this, the author discusses these important, useful, and instrumental techniques aimed at improving the quality of products. This book introduces the exceptionally promising instrumental methods that are of interest and relevance to technologists. Students interested in various aspects of instrumental techniques will also find the book useful. The instrumental techniques are discussed along with their possible applications to polymers. Looking to the future, it might be said that instrumental techniques will be, and should be, the methods for further research and study.
£38.66
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems
Book SynopsisThis volume fills the need for a textbook presenting basic governing and constitutive equations, followed by several engineering problems on multiphase flow and transport that are not provided in current advanced texts, monographs, or handbooks. The unique emphasis of this book is on the sound formulation of the basic equations describing multiphase transport and how they can be used to design processes in selected industrially important fields. The clear underlying mathematical and physical bases of the interdisciplinary description of multiphase flow and transport are the main themes, along with advances in the kinetic theory for particle flow systems. The book may be used as an upper-level undergraduate or graduate textbook, as a reference by professionals in the design of processes that deal with a variety of multiphase systems, and by practitioners and experts in multiphase science in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at U.S. national laboratories, international universities, research laboratories and institutions, and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and petroleum industries. Distinct from other books on multiphase flow, this volume shows clearly how the basic multiphase equations can be used in the design and scale-up of multiphase processes. The authors represent a combination of nearly two centuries of experience and innovative application of multiphase transport representing hundreds of publications and several books. This book serves to encapsulate the essence of their wisdom and insight, and:Table of ContentsIntroduction to Multiphase Flow Basic Equations.- Multiphase Flow Constitutive Equations and Boundary Conditions.- Phenomena Associated with Multiphase Flow (Gas-Solids and Gas-Liquid Systems).- CO2 Capture.- Synthetic Gas Conversion to Liquid Fuel Using Slurry Bubble-Column Reactors.- Fluidized-Bed Reactor for Polymerization.- Fluidized-Bed Reactors for Solar-Grade Silicon and Silane Production.- Hemodynamics Simulation (Blood Flow).- Multiphase Flow Modeling of Volcanic Eruptions.- Pharmaceutical Processes.- Multiphase Flow Modeling of Wind Turbines at Rainy Condition.
£85.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and
Book SynopsisComprises a comprehensive reference source that unifies the entire fields of atomic molecular and optical (AMO) physics, assembling the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field. 92 chapters written by about 120 authors present the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field, together with a guide to the primary research literature (carefully edited to ensure a uniform coverage and style, with extensive cross-references). Along with a summary of key ideas, techniques, and results, many chapters offer diagrams of apparatus, graphs, and tables of data. From atomic spectroscopy to applications in comets, one finds contributions from over 100 authors, all leaders in their respective disciplines. Substantially updated and expanded since the original 1996 edition, it now contains several entirely new chapters covering current areas of great research interest that barely existed in 1996, such as Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum information, and cosmological variations of the fundamental constants. A fully-searchable CD- ROM version of the contents accompanies the handbook.Table of Contents
£265.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanoscale
Book SynopsisThis book covers the optical and electrical properties of nanoscale materials with an emphasis on how new and unique material properties result from the special nature of their electronic band structure. Beginning with a review of the optical and solid state physics needed for understanding optical and electrical properties, the book then introduces the electronic band structure of solids and discusses the effect of spin orbit coupling on the valence band, which is critical for understanding the optical properties of most nanoscale materials. Excitonic effects and excitons are also presented along with their effect on optical absorption.2D materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, are host to unique electrical properties resulting from the electronic band structure. This book devotes significant attention to the optical and electrical properties of 2D and topological materials with an emphasis on optical measurements, electrical characterization of carrier transport, and a discussion of the electronic band structures using a tight binding approach. This book succinctly compiles useful fundamental and practical information from one of the fastest growing research topics in materials science and is thus an essential compendium for both students and researchers in this rapidly moving field.Table of ContentsIntroduction – Optical Properties of Solids.- The Dielectric Function at Optical Frequencies– A First Look.- Introduction to the Electronic Band Structure of Solids.- Microscopic Theory of the Dielectric Function.- Excitons and Excitonic Effects in Semiconductors.- Optical Measurements.- Hall Effect Measurements of 2D Electron Gas and 2D Materials.- Optical and Electrical Properties of van der Waals 2D Nanoscale Materials.- The Optical and Electrical Properties of Topological Materials.
£123.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Introduction to Electronic Materials and Devices
Book SynopsisThis textbook lays out the fundamentals of electronic materials and devices on a level that is accessible to undergraduate engineering students with no prior coursework in electromagnetism and modern physics. The initial chapters present the basic concepts of waves and quantum mechanics, emphasizing the underlying physical concepts behind the properties of materials and the basic principles of device operation. Subsequent chapters focus on the fundamentals of electrons in materials, covering basic physical properties and conduction mechanisms in semiconductors and their use in diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The book also deals with a broader range of modern topics, including magnetic, spintronic, and superconducting materials and devices, optoelectronic and photonic devices, as well as the light emitting diode, solar cells, and various types of lasers. The last chapter presents a variety of materials with specific novel applications, such as dielectric materials used in electronics and photonics, liquid crystals, and organic conductors used in video displays, and superconducting devices for quantum computing.Clearly written with compelling illustrations and chapter-end problems, Rezende’s Introduction to Electronic Materials and Devices is the ideal accompaniment to any undergraduate program in electrical and computer engineering. Adjacent students specializing in physics or materials science will also benefit from the timely and extensive discussion of the advanced devices, materials, and applications that round out this engaging and approachable textbook.Table of ContentsMaterials for Electronics.- Waves and Particles in Matter.- Quantum Mechanics: Electron in the Atom.- Electrons in Crystals.- Semiconductor Materials.- Semiconductor Devices: Diodes.- Transistors and Other Semiconductor Devices .- Optoelectronic Materials and Devices.- Magnetic Materials and Devices.- Other Important Materials for Electronics.
£71.24
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Introduction to Electronic Materials and Devices
Book SynopsisThis textbook lays out the fundamentals of electronic materials and devices on a level that is accessible to undergraduate engineering students with no prior coursework in electromagnetism and modern physics. The initial chapters present the basic concepts of waves and quantum mechanics, emphasizing the underlying physical concepts behind the properties of materials and the basic principles of device operation. Subsequent chapters focus on the fundamentals of electrons in materials, covering basic physical properties and conduction mechanisms in semiconductors and their use in diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The book also deals with a broader range of modern topics, including magnetic, spintronic, and superconducting materials and devices, optoelectronic and photonic devices, as well as the light emitting diode, solar cells, and various types of lasers. The last chapter presents a variety of materials with specific novel applications, such as dielectric materials used in electronics and photonics, liquid crystals, and organic conductors used in video displays, and superconducting devices for quantum computing.Clearly written with compelling illustrations and chapter-end problems, Rezende’s Introduction to Electronic Materials and Devices is the ideal accompaniment to any undergraduate program in electrical and computer engineering. Adjacent students specializing in physics or materials science will also benefit from the timely and extensive discussion of the advanced devices, materials, and applications that round out this engaging and approachable textbook.Table of ContentsMaterials for Electronics.- Waves and Particles in Matter.- Quantum Mechanics: Electron in the Atom.- Electrons in Crystals.- Semiconductor Materials.- Semiconductor Devices: Diodes.- Transistors and Other Semiconductor Devices .- Optoelectronic Materials and Devices.- Magnetic Materials and Devices.- Other Important Materials for Electronics.
£49.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes
Book SynopsisThis Handbook covers the fundamentals of carbon nanotubes (CNT), their composites with different polymeric materials (both natural and synthetic) and their potential advanced applications. Three different parts dedicated to each of these aspects are provided, with chapters written by worldwide experts in the field. It provides in-depth information about this material serving as a reference book for a broad range of scientists, industrial practitioners, graduate and undergraduate students, and other professionals in the fields of polymer science and engineering, materials science, surface science, bioengineering and chemical engineering.Part 1 comprises 22 chapters covering early stages of the development of CNT, synthesis techniques, growth mechanism, the physics and chemistry of CNT, various innovative characterization techniques, the need of functionalization and different types of functionalization methods as well as the different properties of CNT. A full chapter is devoted to theory and simulation aspects. Moreover, it pursues a significant amount of work on life cycle analysis of CNT and toxicity aspects.Part 2 covers CNT-based polymer nanocomposites in approximately 23 chapters. It starts with a short introduction about polymer nanocomposites with special emphasis on CNT-based polymer nanocomposites, different manufacturing techniques as well as critical issues concerning CNT-based polymer nanocomposites. The text deeply reviews various classes of polymers like thermoset, elastomer, latex, amorphous thermoplastic, crystalline thermoplastic and polymer fibers used to prepare CNT based polymer composites. It provides detailed awareness about the characterization of polymer composites. The morphological, rheological, mechanical, viscoelastic, thermal, electrical, electromagnetic shielding properties are discussed in detail. A chapter dedicated to the simulation and multiscale modelling of polymer nanocomposites is an additional attraction of this part of the Handbook.Part 3 covers various potential applications of CNT in approximately 27 chapters. It focuses on individual applications of CNT including mechanical applications, energy conversion and storage applications, fuel cells and water splitting, solar cells and photovoltaics, sensing applications, nanofluidics, nanoelectronics and microelectronic devices, nano-optics, nanophotonics and nano-optoelectronics, non-linear optical applications, piezo electric applications, agriculture applications, biomedical applications, thermal materials, environmental remediation applications, anti-microbial and antibacterial properties and other miscellaneous applications and multi-functional applications of CNT based polymer nanocomposites. One chapter is fully focussed on carbon nanotube research developments: published papers and patents. Risks associated with carbon nanotubes and competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes with other carbon allotropes are also addressed in this Handbook.Table of Contents Part 1: Carbon nanotube- Fundamentals and fascinating attributes 1 History and Development of Carbon Nanotubes2 Synthesis methods for Carbon nanotubes 1. Introduction 2. Arc Discharge Method 3. Laser Ablation Method 4. Chemical Vapour Deposition Method 5. Hydrothermal Synthesis 6. Electrolysis 7. Solar Technique 8. Conclusions 9. References 3 Carbon nanotube Growth mechanisms 1. Vapour phase growth 2. Liquid phase growth. 3. Solid phase growth 4. The crystallization model 5. Catalytically assisted growth mechanism 6. Existing challenges and future directions 4 Chemistry of Carbon nanotube structures 1. Introduction 2. Structure 3. Chemical bonding 4. Bonding models 5. Chemical Reactivity 6. Functionalization Chemistry 7. Doping Chemistry 8. Supramolecular chemistry 9. Catalytic chemistry 10. Photochemistry 11. Purification of cnt 12. Conclusions 13. References 5 Physics of Carbon nanotubes structures 1. Introduction 2. Electronic States 3. Fundamental parameters and relations for carbon nanotubes 4. Symmetry of carbon nanotubes 5. Elastic Continuum Models of Phonons in Carbon Nanotubes 6 Innovative approaches in Characterization of Carbon nanotube 1. Infrared spectroscopy 2. UV–visible spectroscopy 3. Photoluminescence spectroscopy 4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)< 5. X-ray diffraction 6. Raman spectroscopy 7. Neutron diffraction 8. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 9. Transmission electron microscopy 10. Atomic force microscopy 7 Mechanics of Carbon nanotube 1. Basic mechanical properties: stiffness, strength, toughness 2. Elastic properties of CNT 3. Theoretical results on elastic constants of nanotubes 4. Nonlinear elastic behaviour 5. Strength and fracture 8 Optical properties of Carbon nanotube 1. 2. Electronic structure of carbon nanotube 3. Optical absorption 4. Luminescence 5. fluorescence 6. Raman scattering 7. Rayleigh scattering. 9 Thermal properties of Carbon nanotube 1. Introduction 2. Specific Heat 3. Specific Heat of Nanotubes 4. Thermal Stability of Nanotubes 5. Thermal conductivity 6. Thermal Conductivity: Theory 7. Ballistic Conduction 10 Electronic and electronic transport properties of Carbon nanotube 1. Energy dispersion relations 2. Density of states 3. Electronic transport 4. Field emission and total energy distribution 5. Band structures in a magnetic field 6. Curvature effects: Beyond the zone-folding model 7. Nanotube bundle and multiwall system 8. Structural defects in carbon nanotubes 9. Conductance Quantization in One Dimension 10. Metallic Single-Walled Nanotubes 11. Semiconducting Single-Walled Nanotubes 12. Summary of Electronic Transport Properties 11 Electrical properties of Carbon nanotube 1. Conductance of Carbon Nanotube Systems 2. Dynamic Conductance of Carbon Nanotubes 3. Semiconducting CNTs 4. Superconductivity 5. Thermoelectric Properties 6. Photoconductivity and Luminescence 12 Field emission from Carbon nanotube 1. Field Emission Basics 2. Emitter Characteristics 3. Field Emission Mechanism 4. Single nanotube field emitter 5. Nanotube film field emitter 6. Macroscopic CNT structures 7. Field emission induced luminescence 13 Physical Properties of Carbon nanotubes 1. Ability to be manipulated 2. Electronic structure 3. Hardness 4. Impervious to Environmental Factors 5. One Dimensional Transport 6. Strength 7. Toxicity 14 Why functionalization of Carbon nanotube 1. Aggregation and poor solubility of carbon nanotubes 2. To resolve dispersion problems 30 15 Dispersion of Carbon nanotube 1. Current approaches for dispersing carbon nanotubes 2. Characterization of CNT dispersion 3. Water-soluble dispersions of carbon nanotubes 4. Dispersions of carbon nanotubes in organic solvents 5. Stabilization of carbon nanotube dispersions by polymers 6. Carbon Nanotube Dispersion – High Viscosity Material 7. Carbon Nanotube Dispersion – Medium Viscosity Material 8. Carbon Nanotube Dispersion – Low Viscosity Material 16 Covalent functionalization of Carbon nanotube 1. Oxidation 2. Esterification/Amidation 3. Halogenation reactions 4. Cycloaddition 5. Radical addition 6. Nucleophilic addition 7. Electrophilic addition< 17 Non covalent functionalization of Carbon nanotube 1. Polynuclear aromatic compounds 2. Biomolecules 3. π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions 4. Non covalent endohedral functionalization 18 Other functionalization methods 1. Functionalization with Nanoparticles 2. Substitutional Doping 19 Hetro atom Doped CNT and their properties 1. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes 2. Carbon nanotubes doped with heteroatoms other than nitrogen 20 CNT based hybrid materials 1. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and metal oxides 2. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and metals 3. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and other inorganic carbonaceous materials 4. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and other organic materials 21 Theory, calculations, modelling and simulation for Carbon nanotube 1. Introduction 2. models of CNT growth 3. Electronic structure calculations 4. Mechanical models 5. Molecular dynamics simulation 22 The main challenges of Carbon nanotube 1. lack of a detailed understanding of the nanotube growth mechanism 2. lack of control of the synthesis process to produce nanotubes with a desired diameter and chirality. 3. Proper dispersion 4. Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites 23 Life cycle analysis of Carbon nanotube 1. Environmental effects of Carbon nanotube 2. Health impacts Carbon nanotube 3. Life Cycle Assessment 4. Inventory Analysis 5. Emerging technologies in life cycle impacts 6. Life cycle modelling 7. LCA and its social imapacts 8. Strategy to Overcome Existing Gaps 24 The current market for CNT materials and products 1. Carbon nanotubes manufacturers 2. Raw Material suppliers 3. Traders, distributors, and suppliers of carbon nanotubes 4. Regional manufacturers’ associations and general carbon nanotubes associations 5. Government and regional agencies and research organizations 6. Investment research firms 7. Market Outlook 8. Global demand for carbon nanotubes 9. Regulations and standards 10. Competition from other materials 25 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes with other carbon allotropes 1. Comparative properties 2. Cost and production 3. Carbon nanotube hybrids 4. Competitive market analysis of carbon nanotubes and other carbon allotropes Part 2 CNT based Polymer composites- Fabrication and Characterization 1 Structure–property relationships in polymer nanocomposites 1. Introduction 2. structure–property relationships in CNT-polymer nanocomposites 3. structure–property relationships in POSS-polymer nanocomposites 4. structure–property relationships in Clay/graphene/LDH-polymer nanocomposites 5. Effects of nanoparticles on the glass-formation in polymer nanocomposites 6. Effects of nanoparticles on the percolation threshold in polymer nanocomposites 7. Mechanisms for nanoparticle clustering and effects on material properties 8. Nanoparticle self-assembly 2 Manufacturing Techniques for CNT-Polymer composites 1. Solution based 2. In-situ polymerisation 3. Melt mixing 4. Latex stage mixing 5. Interface modification 6. Use of a third component 7. Other methods 3 Carbon Nanotube Composites: Critical Issues 1. Carbon Nanotubes 2. Structure control of CNTs 3. The problem of CNT Bundles 4. Dispersion of CNTs within polymer matrix 5. Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Interfaces 6. Nanocomposite Morphology 7. Contacts between individual CNTs 8. Other problems 4 Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix 1. the principles and techniques for CNT dispersion 2. The effects of CNT dispersion on the properties of CNT/polymer nanocomposites 5 Amorphous thermoplastic/CNT based composites 1. Polyamideimide 2. Polyethersulphone 3. Polyetherimide 4. Polyarylate 5. Polysulphone 6. Polyamide (amorphous) 7. Polymethylmethacrylate 8. Polyvinylchloride 9. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 10. Polystyrene 6 Semi-crystalline thermoplastic/CNT based composites < 1. Polyetheretherketone 2. Polytetrafluoroethylene 3. Polyamide 6,6 4. Polyamide 11 5. Polyphenylene sulphide 6. Polyethylene terephthalate 7. Polypropylene 8. High Density Polyethylene 9. Low Density Polyethylene 7 Thermoset/CNT based composites 1. Polyester 2. Epoxy resin 3. Polyimides 8 CNT-filled Elastomer composites 1. Natural rubber 2. Acrylic Rubber (ACM) 3. Butadiene Rubber (BR) 4. Butyl Rubber (IIR) <5. Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)/ Hypalon 6. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) 7. Fluoroelastomers (FKM)/ Viton 8. Isoprene Rubber (IR) 9. Nitrile Rubber (NBR) 10. Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) 11. Polychloroprene (CR)/ Neoprene 12. Polysulfide Rubber (PSR) 13. Silicone Rubber (SiR) 14. Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 9 Latex based/CNT composites 1. NR Latex/CNT 2. Synthetic rubber latex/CNT 10 nanocomposites based on polymer blends and CNT 1. miscible polymer blend 2. Immiscible polymer blend 3. Interpenetrating polymer network 4. Compatible polymer blend 11 Fibers/CNT 1. Introduction 2. Micro-Structural Development in Polymer/CNT Fibers 3. CNT Structure and Dispersion 4. Orientation and Alignment Effects 5. Prospects and Challenges for Processing Polymer/CNT Composites with Controlled Structural Development 12 Carbon nanotubes embedded in polymer nanofibers by electrospinning 1. Electro spinning of multi walled carbon nanotubes- polymer composites 13 X-ray scattering investigation of CNT-polymer composites 1. Basic principles 2. X-ray scattering methods 3. Wide angle X-ray diffraction 4. Small angle X-ray scattering 5. X-ray scattering methods 6. Morphology of carbon nanotubes 7. Morphology of polymer-CNT nanocomposites 8. crystalline disorder 9. orientation analysis; 10. phase analysis 14 Neutron scattering investigation of CNT-polymer composites 1. Basic principles 2. SANS methods and instrumentation 3. elucidating structural information 4. morphology 5. phase transition 6. Inhomogeneities and deformation mechanisms 15 Structural investigation of CNT-polymer composites by FTIR, UV, NMR and Raman spectroscopy 1. FTIR 2. UV-Visible spectroscopy 3. NMR 4. Raman Spectroscopy 16 Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube–polymer composites 1. Tensile strength 2. Abrasion resistance 3. Hardness 4. Compression strength 5. specific strength 6. toughness 7. Resilence 8. Impact properties 9. Flexural properties 10. Friction and wear properties 11. Thermomechanical analysis 12. Dynamic mechanical analysis 13. Creep, stress relaxation, hysteresis 14. Anisotropic mechanical behaviour 15. Modelling and Simulation< 17 Crystallization behavior of carbon nanotube− polymer nanocomposites 1. Measurements of radial growth rates of spherulites 2. Measurements of isothermal crystallization kinetics of iPP/CNTs by using DSC 3. Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics 18 Self-healing and shape memory effects of CNT based polymer composites 1. Self-healing: concept and materials 2. Self-healing of CNT based polymer nanocomposites: chemistry and applications 3. Theoretical study of self-healing polymer nanocomposites 4. Shape memory effect: definitions and characterization 5. Reinforcement of shape memory polymers 6. Reinforcement of shape memory polymers with CNT 7. Challenges 8. Future outlook 19 Thermal characterizations CNT-Polymer composites 1. Thermal stability 2. Thermal conductivity: definition, mechanisms and parameters 3. Modeling of thermal conductivity in composites 4. Thermal glass transition 5. Flame retardancy 6. Synergism between nanocomposites and flame retardants 7. Heat distortion temperature 20 Morphological characterizations CNT-Polymer composites 1. TEM 2. SEM 3. Scanning probe microscopy 4. AFM 5. Optical microscopy 21 Rheological studies of CNT-Polymer composites 1. theory practice and the new challenges in rheology of polymer nanocomposite 2. Rheological properties of polymer/carbon nanotube composites 3. Off-line” rheometry 4. “In-line” rheometry 5. Dilute regime: below the percolation threshold 6. Semi-dilute regime: dispersion and percolation 7. linear viscoelasticity 8. non- linear viscoelasticity 9. Steady shear viscosity 10. Dynamic shear rheology 22 Dielectric and Electrical conductivity studies of CNT-Polymer composites 1. Electrical percolation 2. Effects of filler attributes 3. Effects of nanocomposite microstructure 4. Effects of polymer matrix properties 5. Dielectric measurements 23 EMI shielding studies of CNT-Polymer composites 1. electromagnetic theory 2. foundations of the strategies to be employed to design efficient EMI shielding materials 3. carbon nanotubes based polymer composites for EMI shielding 4. The importance of the dispersion method into the polymer matrix 5. The combination of CNT with other constituents such as metallic nanoparticles or conductive polymers 6. complex architectures that are currently studied to improve the performances of EMI materials 24 Simulation and Multiscale modeling of polymer nanocomposites 1. Modeling and simulation techniques 2. Molecular scale methods 3. Microscale methods. 4. Mesoscale and macroscale methods 5. Modeling and simulation of CNT-polymer nanocomposites 6. Nanocomposite thermodynamics 7. Nanocomposite kinetics 8. Nanocomposite molecular structure and dynamic properties 9. Nanocomposite morphology 10. Nanocomposite rheological and processing behaviors 11. anocomposite mechanical properties 25 Life cycle analysis of CNT based polymer composites 1. Introduction to life cycle engineering 2. The life cycle of polymer composites 3. Life cycle engineering in product development 4. Recycling and recovery of polymer composites 5. What is Life Cycle Assessment? 6. Goal definition, scope, and functional unit 7. Inventory analysis 8. Impact assessment 9. Improvement analysis 10. Key issues in life cycle as sessment 11. Active and passive applications 12. Life Cycle Assessment of RecyclingPart 3:Recent advances in Carbon nanotube structures for potential applications 1 General Introduction 2 Carbon Nanotubes for mechanical applications 1. CNT nano mechanics2. Electromechanical Probes 3. in MEMS Technologies 4. CNT resonators as mass or force sensors5. Advanced Composites (fillers)6. The Space Elevator7. super-strong fabrics8. Mechanical Stabilizers (additives)9. Miscellaneous Applications10. Challenges and future prospects 3 Carbon Nanotubes for energy conversion and storage 1. The energy problem2. How and why carbon nanotubes can address the issues of energy storage and conversion3. Super capacitors4. Li ion batteries5. Conclusions and future developments 4 Carbon Nanotubes for Fuel Cells and water splitting 1. Carbon as a structural component in fuel cells2. Carbon as a catalyst support3. Carbon as a fuel4. Various Carbon Nanotubes in Portable Fuel Cells5. Doped Carbon Nanotube as electrodes6. Metal supported CNT as electrodes7. Functionalized carbon nanotubes fuel cells electrode 5 Carbon Nanotubes for solar cells and Photovoltaics1. Photovoltaic properties of CNT.2. Silicon-based solar cells. 3. Organic solar cells 4. Dye-sensitized solar cells 5. Polymer solar cells with CNT6. CNT as additives7. CNT as electrode8. CNT as Separate layer 6 Carbon Nanotubes for sensing applications 1. Electrochemical sensors2. Chemical sensors3. Organic Vapor4. Optical sensors5. Gas sensors6. Biosensors7. Strain sensing8. Pressure sensors9. Temperature sensors 7 Nanofluidics in Carbon Nanotube 1. Nanofluidics2. Nanofluidic Transport through Isolated Carbon Nanotube Channels: Advances, Controversies, and Challenges.3. Water transport inside carbon nanotubes4. Gas transport inside carbon nanotubes5. Carbon Nanotube Nanofluidics for Energy Technology and Sustainability 8 Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronics and microelectronic Devices 1. Field Effect Transistors2. Single-Electron Transistors3. Nanotube Heterojunction Devices4. Mechanical Devices5. Nanotube Interconnects6. Modelling and simulation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for nanoelectronics device applications 9 Carbon Nanotubes for Nano-optics, nanophotonics and nano-optoelectronics, non -liner ptical applicationss 1. Optical gain and lasing in carbon nanotubes2. Carbon nanotubes for optical limiting3. Carbon nanotube based fiber lasers4. Carbon-nanotube-based bulk solid-state lasers5. Carbon nanotube-based nonlinear photonic devices,6. Carbon nanotube-based optical platforms for biomolecular detection,7. Single carbon nanotube transistors for digital electronics8. Carbon nanotube thin-film transistors for digital electronics9. Carbon nanotubes for radio frequency analog circuits 10 Carbon nanotubes applications in agriculture 1. Interfacing carbon nanotubes (CNT) with plants2. Carbon Nanotubes Are Super Fertilizer3. Carbon Nanotubes as Plant Growth Regulators4. A general reduction of applied agrochemicals using nano encapsulated plant protection products and slow-release fertilizers5. Nanotechnologies for optimization of agricultural practices by introducing precision farming6. Negative Effects of CNT7. CNT as contaminant carriers and be transported to the edible parts of crops 11 Carbon Nanotubes for piezo electric applications 1. Effective Properties of Carbon Nanotube and Piezoelectric Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Smart Composites2. Flexible Piezoelectric Generators using CNT3. Reinforcement of Piezoelectric Polymers with Carbon Nanotubes 12 Carbon Nanotubes for thermal Materials 1. Spacecraft2. Heat dissipation in integrated circuits (IC) chips3. Carbon nanotubes for thermal interface materials in microelectronic packaging4. Carbon Nanotubes Thermal Radiation Coating Dispersion 13 Carbon Nanotubes for tissue engineering scaffold applications 1. Cell tracking and labeling.2. Sensi ugmenting cellular behavior . 3. Augmenting cellular behaviour4. Matrix enhancement5. Cytotoxicity 14 Carbon Nanotubes for Drug delivery applications 1. Therapeutic-CNT interaction2. Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes3. In vivo studies on drug delivery4. Drug delivery targeted to tumor5. Drug delivery targeted to central nervous system6. The biosafety of SWCNT used as drug carriers7. The future of CNTs used as drug carriers for cancer treatments 15 Carbon Nanotubes for Bio-imaging applications1. SWNT bioconjugates2. NIR Photoluminescence imaging with SWNTs3. Raman imaging 4. Photoacoustic imaging5. Imaging with radio labelled CNTs6. Magnetic resonance imaging with CNTs7. Nuclear imaging8. Prospects and challenges 16 Carbon Nanotubes in Regenerative Medicine 1. Applications of /CNTs in bone regeneration2. Possible mechanisms of increased biocompatibility of CNTs-based scaffolds: the role of adhesive protein adsorption3. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for neural tissue regeneration4. Carbon Nanotubes Directions and Perspectives in Oral Regenerative Medicine5. Regeneration of Other Tissues6. Carbon Nanotube Artificial Muscles 17 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer therapy 1. Carbon nanotubes and their importance in anticancer drug delivery2. Advantages of carbon nanotubes over conventional cancer therapy3. Methods for opening, filling and capping carbon nanotubes 18 Carbon Nanotube as a multifunctional coating material 1. Multifunctional Coatings with Carbon Nanotubes for Electrostatic Charge Mitigation2. Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Coatings Used as Strain Sensors3. Carbon coatings for membrane application and catalysis4. anticorrosion coatings for metals 19 Carbon Nanotube based hydrogel and aerogels 1. Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Hydrogels in Drug Delivery2. For environmental remediation3. CNTs nanocomposite hydrogels preparation4. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Actuators and Sensors5. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Effluents Treatment6. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Biofuel and Solar Cells7. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine8. Conducting CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels9. aerogels for electronic applications10. MWCNT Aerogels for Sensing11. Composites, catalysis, supercapacitors, substrate for biomaterial growth (bones), filtration, membranes, decontamination, 20 Carbon Nanotubes for Environmental remediation applications 1. Nanosensors for environmental monitoring2. Nanosorbents3. Photocatalysis4. Carbon Nanotubes in Biotechnology 5. Carbon Nanotubes Used for Renewable Energy Applications 21 Anti-microbial and antibacterial properties and other miscellaneous applications of CNT1. Anti-microbial applications of CNT2. Antibacterial applications of CNT3. Solid-phase extraction4. Chromatographic applications 22 Multifunctional applications of CNT based polymer composites 1. Development of multifunctional composites for aerospace application2. Lightweight structural composites with electromagnetic applications3. Transparent wear-resistant multifunctional polymeric nanocoatings4. Multifunctional polymer composites for intelligent structures5. Self-sensing carbon nanotube composites6. Recent advances in shape memory epoxy resins and composites7. The application of carbon nanotube-polymer composite as gas sensing materials8. EMI shielding composites, coatings for enclosures, ESD composites, antistatic materials, conductive coatings, electromagnetic absorption materials for low-observable applications, electrode materials for supercapacitor and fuel cell, etc9. Thermal management materials, such as TIMs, temperature sensors, resistance heating and flame-retardance materials, etc.10. CNT/polymer composites in nanoelectronic and biomedical devices and sensoring, etc. 23 Carbon nanotube research developments: published papers and patents, synthesis and production 1. Publication progress of CNT research2. Carbon Nanotube Fabrication: Patent Analysis3. Carbon Nanotubes in Energy Storage4. Carbon nanotube fiber-reinforced composite structures for EM and lightning strike protection5. The carbon nanotube patent landscape in nanomedicine:6. Carbon nanotube structures in sensor apparatuses 24 Assessment of the risks associated with carbon nanotubes 1. Toxicity of carbon nanotubes2. Factors found to affect CNT toxicity3. Toxicity of CNTs on the lungs4. In Vitro Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanotubes5. In Vivo Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanotubes 6. Cytotoxity of functionalized CNTs
£719.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Ion Beam Induced Defects and Their Effects in
Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the applications of ion beam techniques in oxide materials. Oxide materials exhibit defect-induced physical properties relevant to applications in sensing, optoelectronics and spintronics. Defects in these oxide materials also lead to magnetism in non-magnetic materials or to a change of magnetic ordering in magnetic materials. Thus, an understanding of defects is of immense importance. To date, ion beam tools are considered the most effective techniques for producing controlled defects in these oxides. This book will detail the ion beam tools utilized for creating defects in oxides.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Ion Beam Techniques.- Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation.- Low Energy Ion Irradiation.- Consequences of Ion Interaction.- Investigation of Defects in Oxides for Various Applications.- Summary and Future Prospects.
£37.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Solid State Physics
Book SynopsisThe book has been designed as a textbook for graduate and postgraduate students of physics, material science, and engineering. This is the third edition of the textbook, that is updated to reflect recent works in the field. In this edition, some new topics have been introduced while some of the existing topics like phonons, Drude –Lorentz model, Fermi levels, electrons, and holes, etc. are modified. Moreover, the book has complete information on semiconductor devices like tunnel diode, Gunn diode, photodiode, photoconductive diode, varactor diode, solar cell, LED, semiconductor lasers, and semiconductor detectors. All the chapters have been supplemented by solved and unsolved examples. Some of the chapters illustrate areas of current interest in solid-state physics to give the student practical working knowledge of the subject text in a simple and lucid manner. There is a fair amount of detail in the examples and derivations given in the text. Each section of the book has exercises to reinforce the concepts, and problems have been added at the end of each chapter. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for students and researchers enrolled in graduate and postgraduate courses of physics, material science, and engineering.Table of ContentsCrystal Structure.- Chemical Bonding in Solids.- Defects in Solids.- Elecments of Quantum Mechanics.- X-Ray Diffraction.- Lattice Vibrations.- Thermal Properties of Solids.- Free Electron Theory of Metals.- Band Theory.- Semiconductors.- Dielectric Properties of Solids.- Magnetic Properties of Matter.- Magnetic Resonance.- Superconductivity.- Nanomaterials.- Optical Properties.- Semiconductor Devices.
£80.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Schrödinger Theory of Electrons: Complementary
Book SynopsisThis book presents a complementary perspective to Schrödinger theory of electrons in an electromagnetic field, one that does not appear in any text on quantum mechanics. The perspective, derived from Schrödinger theory, is that of the individual electron in the sea of electrons via its temporal and stationary-state equations of motion – the ‘Quantal Newtonian’ Second and First Laws. The Laws are in terms of ‘classical’ fields experienced by each electron, the sources of the fields being quantum-mechanical expectation values of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the wave function. Each electron experiences the external field, and internal fields representative of properties of the system, and a field descriptive of its response. The energies are obtained in terms of the fields. The ‘Quantal Newtonian’ Laws lead to physical insights, and new properties of the electronic system are revealed. New mathematical understandings of Schrödinger theory emerge which show the equation to be intrinsically self-consistent. Another complimentary perspective to Schrödinger theory is its manifestation as a local effective potential theory described via Quantal Density Functional theory. This description too is in terms of ‘classical’ fields and quantal sources. The theory provides a rigorous physical explanation of the mapping from the interacting system to the local potential theory equivalent. The complementary perspective to stationary ground state Schrödinger theory founded in the theorems of Hohenberg and Kohn, their extension to the presence of a magnetic field and to the temporal domain – Modern Density Functional Theory -- is also described. The new perspectives are elucidated by application to analytically solvable interacting systems. These solutions and other relevant wave function properties are derived.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Schrödinger Theory of Electrons: A Complementary Perspective.- Generalization of the Schrödinger Theory of Electrons.- Schrödinger-Pauli Theory of Electrons: A Complementary Perspective.
£113.99
Springer International Publishing AG Space Group Representations: Theory, Tables and
Book SynopsisThis book is devoted to the construction of space group representations, their tabulation, and illustration of their use. Representation theory of space groups has a wide range of applications in modern physics and chemistry, including studies of electron and phonon spectra, structural and magnetic phase transitions, spectroscopy, neutron scattering, and superconductivity. The book presents a clear and practical method of deducing the matrices of all irreducible representations, including double-valued, and tabulates the matrices of irreducible projective representations for all 32 crystallographic point groups. One obtains the irreducible representations of all 230 space groups by multiplying the matrices presented in these compact and convenient to use tables by easily computed factors. A number of applications to the electronic band structure calculations are illustrated through real-life examples of different crystal structures. The book's content is accessible to both graduate and advanced undergraduate students with elementary knowledge of group theory and is useful to a wide range of experimentalists and theorists in materials and solid-state physics.Table of ContentsScope and Overview.- Mathematical Preliminaries.- Induced Representations.- Projective Representations.- Representations of the Space Groups.- Tables.- Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics.
£123.49
Springer International Publishing AG Polarized Beam Dynamics and Instrumentation in
Book SynopsisThis Open Access book is drawn from lectures dispensed at the U.S. Particle Accelerator School (USPAS) Summer 2021 Spin Class, by experts in the field. It is an introduction to the dynamics of spin in charged particle accelerators, and to the accelerator components and spin manipulation techniques, including helical snakes and spin rotators, which enable and allow preserving beam polarization. It is aimed at graduate students or upper division undergraduate students with an interest in this multi-disciplinary field, which includes the future electron-ion collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, high energy lepton and proton collider projects, and other electric dipole moment search storage rings. It is also aimed at physicists or engineers working in accelerator-related fields who wish to familiarize themselves with spin dynamics and polarized beam concepts, tools, components, and purposes.This is an open access book.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Past, Present, and Future of Polarized Hadron Beams (Thomas Roser).- Chapter 2. Spin Dynamics (François Méot) .- Chapter 3. Spinor Methods (François Méot) .- Chapter 4. Rotators and Snakes (Vadim Ptitsyn) .- Chapter 5. Polarization Preservation and Spin Manipulation (Haixin Huang) .- Chapter 6. Electron Polarization (Fanglei Lin) .- Chapter 7. Spin Matching (Vadim Ptitsyn) .- Chapter 8. Polarization in a GeV RLA (Yves Roblin) .- Chapter 9. Spin Codes (Vahid Ranjbar) .- Chapter 10. Polarized Ion Sources (Anatoli Zelenski) .- Chapter 11. Polarized Electron Sources (Joe Grames) .- Chapter 12. Ion Polarimetry (William Schmidke) .- Chapter 13. Electron Polarimetry (Dave Gaskell) .- Chapter 14. Spin Dynamics Tutorial: Numerical Simulations (Kiel Hock).
£33.24
Springer International Publishing AG Introduction to Electronic Devices
Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a comprehensive introduction to the basic principles ruling the working mechanism of the most common solid-state electronic devices. It covers the physics of semiconductors and the properties of junctions of semiconductors with semiconductors, metals, and insulators. The exposition makes a minimal use of quantum mechanics concepts and methods. On the other hand, it avoids the pure phenomenological description of the properties of electronic devices. Thus, using a semi-classical approach the book provides a rigorous treatment of the subject. The book is addressed to undergraduate students of scientific and technological faculties as well to professionals who wish to be introduced to the basic principles of electronic devices.Table of ContentsThe Physical Background.- The Metal-Semiconductor junction.- Generation and Recombination processes.- PN Junction.- Negative Differential Resistance Effects.- Bipolar Junction Transistor.- Heterojunctions.- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor junction.- Field Effect Transistors.
£42.74
Springer International Publishing AG Physics and Technology for Engineers
Book SynopsisThis textbook covers the physics of engineering materials and the latest technologies used in modern engineering projects.
£62.99
Springer International Publishing AG Additive Manufacturing Advantage
Book SynopsisThis book provides a concise introduction to additive manufacturing, accessible to anyone with a basic background in engineering and materials science. The author explains additive manufacturing (AM) in terms of advantages and disadvantages and gives a concise list of advantages and disadvantages, enabling readers to understand AM in relation to other techniques. Additionally, this book clarifies various contradictions with the help of numerous examples. This book:Offers readers a unique, accelerated learning tool, revealing the subtleties of Additive ManufacturingDescribes a concept for refabrication in the context of additive manufacturing, providing new insight into repair and refurbishmentDiscusses additive manufacturing not only as a design tool, but also a production tool in the context of mass-production
£47.49
Springer International Publishing AG Electricity: Electromagnetism and Electric
Book SynopsisThis book leads students to learn electromagnetism and then moves to chapters about electric circuits. It aims to give an understanding of electromagnetism which gives a fast way to master the features of circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors, and coils that compose electric circuits. The author provides chapters on electromagnetism and electric circuits separately and gives a chapter explaining the correlation between them in detail.In the chapters for electric circuit, DC electric circuits, transient and steady response of AC electric circuits are treated. AC circuit theory is introduced for describing the phenomena in circuits. Theoretical treatments such as branch current method, closed current method, and node potential method are also introduced to show the validity of solution methods that have been used in the book. The book can serve as a compact textbook for lectures, as an introduction for hardware system and electric control systems, and mechanical systems. Chapters for electromagnetism or ones for electric circuits are suitable for a lecture over a semester.Table of ContentsElectric Phenomena in Vacuum.- Conductors and Dielectric Materials.- Steady Current.- Current and Magnetic Phenomena.- Superconductors and Magnetic Materials.- Time-Dependent Electromagnetic Phenomena.- Direct Current Circuit.- Transient and Steady Responses of Electrical Circuit.- Alternating Current Circuit.- Transformer Circuit.- Theorems for Electric Circuit.
£58.49
Springer International Publishing AG Introduction to Muon Spin Spectroscopy
Book SynopsisThis textbook serves as a comprehensive introduction to muon spin spectroscopy (SR), offering a detailed exploration of how polarized positive muons can be employed as local probes to investigate material properties at the microscopic level.
£999.99
Springer Group Theory in Physics
Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Groups: Definitions and Properties.- Point Groups.- Representations and Characters.- Orthogonality Theorems.- Quantum Mechanics and Group Theory.- Irreducible Representations of the Point Groups in Solids.- Group Theory in Stationary Perturbation Theory Calculations.- Material Tensors and Tensor Operators.- Matrix Elements of Tensor Operators: The Wigner-Eckart Theorem.- Double Groups and their Representations.- Space Groups.- Representations of Space Groups.- Particles in Periodic Potentials.
£999.99
Springer Introduction to Condensed Matter Theory Volume I
Book SynopsisChapter 1: Introduction to macroscopic systems.- Chapter 2: Revision of thermodynamics.- Chapter 3: Microscopic description.- Chapter 4: Classical Statistical Physics.- Chapter 5: Stochastic processes.- Chapter 6: Introduction to transport processes.- Chapter 7: Quantum Statistical Physics.- Chapter 8: Crystalline structures.- Chapter 9: Lattice vibrations: Phonons.- Chapter 10: Electronic energy bands.- Chapter 11: Linear response theory.- Chapter 12: Electromagnetic response.- Chapter 13: Effects of magnetic fields.- Chapter 14: Microscopic description of interactive quantum systems.
£80.99
De Gruyter Modern X-Ray Analysis on Single Crystals: A
Book SynopsisAn excellent book for professional crystallographers! In 2012 the crystallographic community celebrated 100 years of X-ray diffraction in honour of the pioneering experiment in 1912 by Max von Laue, Friedrich and Knipping. Experimental developments e.g. brilliant X-ray sources, area detection, and developments in computer hardware and software have led to increasing applications in X-ray analysis. This completely revised edition is a guide for practical work in X-ray analysis. An introduction to basic crystallography moves quickly to a practical and experimental treatment of structure analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding results and avoiding pitfalls. Essential reading for researchers from the student to the professional level interested in understanding the structure of molecules.
£123.98
De Gruyter 2D Materials: And Their Exotic Properties
Book SynopsisThe book explains, in an easy way, the diffi cult to grasp concepts behind 2D exotic material properties for physicists, materials scientists, and engineers. This is a new class of phenomena highlighted in 2D materials with strong implications on physics. Physics, also for complex phenomena, is explained in easy terms that are ideal for newcomers to the fi eld and advanced students alike. Theory and specifi c examples of materials and their intriguing properties are discussed focusing on the structure property relationships that govern materials science. Applications for each phenomenon are evoked and a roadmapping is performed.
£77.40
