Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisTake the confusion out of chemistry with hundreds of practice problems Chemistry Workbook For Dummies is your ultimate companion for introductory chemistry at the high school or college level. Packed with hundreds of practice problems, this workbook gives you the practice you need to internalize the essential concepts that form the foundations of chemistry. From matter and molecules to moles and measurements, these problems cover the full spectrum of topics you''ll see in classand each section includes key concept review and full explanations for every problem to quickly get you on the right track. This new third edition includes access to an online test bank, where you''ll find bonus chapter quizzes to help you test your understanding and pinpoint areas in need of review. Whether you''re preparing for an exam or seeking a start-to-finish study aid, this workbook is your ticket to acing basic chemistry. Chemistry problems can look intimidating; it''s a whole new lanTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 2 Beyond the Book 3 Where to Go from Here 3 Part 1: Getting Cozy With Numbers, Atoms, and Elements 5 Chapter 1: Noting Numbers Scientifically 7 Using Exponential and Scientific Notation to Report Measurements 7 Multiplying and Dividing in Scientific Notation 9 Using Exponential Notation to Add and Subtract 10 Distinguishing between Accuracy and Precision 12 Expressing Precision with Significant Figures 13 Doing Arithmetic with Significant Figures 15 Answers to Questions on Noting Numbers Scientifically 17 Chapter 2: Using and Converting Units 21 Familiarizing Yourself with Base Units and Metric System Prefixes 22 Building Derived Units from Base Units 23 Converting between Units: The Conversion Factor 25 Letting the Units Guide You 28 Answers to Questions on Using and Converting Units 31 Chapter 3: Breaking Down Atoms 33 The Atom: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons 33 Deciphering Chemical Symbols: Atomic and Mass Numbers 35 Accounting for Isotopes Using Atomic Masses 38 Answers to Questions on Atoms 40 Chapter 4: Surveying the Periodic Table of the Elements 43 Organizing the Periodic Table into Periods and Groups 43 Predicting Properties from Periodic and Group Trends 46 Seeking Stability with Valence Electrons by Forming Ions 48 Putting Electrons in Their Places: Electron Configurations 50 Measuring the Amount of Energy (or Light) an Excited Electron Emits 53 Answers to Questions on the Periodic Table 55 Part 2: Making and Remaking Compounds 57 Chapter 5: Building Bonds 59 Pairing Charges with Ionic Bonds 60 Sharing Electrons with Covalent Bonds 63 Occupying and Overlapping Molecular Orbitals 67 Polarity: Sharing Electrons Unevenly 70 Shaping Molecules: VSEPR Theory and Hybridization 73 Answers to Questions on Bonds 78 Chapter 6: Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas 81 Labeling Ionic Compounds and Writing Their Formulas 81 Getting a Grip on Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions 85 Naming Molecular (Covalent) Compounds and Writing Their Formulas 87 Addressing Acids 89 Mixing the Rules for Naming and Formula Writing 91 Beyond the Basics: Naming Organic Carbon Chains 93 Answers to Questions on Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas 96 Chapter 7: Understanding the Many Uses of the Mole 101 The Mole Conversion Factor: Avogadro’s Number 102 Doing Mass and Volume Mole Conversions 103 Determining Percent Composition 106 Calculating Empirical Formulas 107 Using Empirical Formulas to Find Molecular Formulas 109 Answers to Questions on Moles 111 Chapter 8: Getting a Grip on Chemical Equations 115 Translating Chemistry into Equations and Symbols 116 Balancing Chemical Equations 118 Recognizing Reactions and Predicting Products 120 Combination (synthesis) 120 Decomposition 120 Single replacement (single displacement) 121 Double replacement (double displacement) 121 Combustion 123 Canceling Spectator Ions: Net Ionic Equations 125 Answers to Questions on Chemical Equations 127 Chapter 9: Putting Stoichiometry to Work 129 Using Mole-Mole Conversions from Balanced Equations 130 Putting Moles at the Center: Conversions Involving Particles, Volumes, and Masses 132 Limiting Your Reagents 135 Counting Your Chickens after They’ve Hatched: Percent Yield Calculations 138 Answers to Questions on Stoichiometry 140 Part 3: Examining Changes In Terms of Energy 147 Chapter 10: Understanding States in Terms of Energy 149 Describing States of Matter with the Kinetic Molecular Theory 149 Make a Move: Figuring Out Phase Transitions and Diagrams 151 Answers to Questions on Changes of State 154 Chapter 11: Obeying Gas Laws 155 Boyle’s Law: Playing with Pressure and Volume 156 Charles’s Law and Absolute Zero: Looking at Volume and Temperature 157 The Combined and Ideal Gas Laws: Working with Pressure, Volume, and Temperature 159 Mixing It Up with Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 162 Diffusing and Effusing with Graham’s Law 163 Answers to Questions on Gas Laws 165 Chapter 12: Dissolving into Solutions 169 Seeing Different Forces at Work in Solubility 169 Concentrating on Molarity and Percent Solutions 172 Changing Concentrations by Making Dilutions 174 Altering Solubility with Temperature 175 Answers to Questions on Solutions 178 Chapter 13: Playing Hot and Cold: Colligative Properties 183 Portioning Particles: Molality and Mole Fractions 183 Too Hot to Handle: Elevating and Calculating Boiling Points 186 How Low Can You Go? Depressing and Calculating Freezing Points 188 Determining Molecular Masses with Boiling and Freezing Points 189 Answers to Questions on Colligative Properties 191 Chapter 14: Exploring Rates and Equilibrium 195 Measuring Rates 195 Focusing on Factors That Affect Rates 199 Measuring Equilibrium 201 The equilibrium constant 202 Free energy 203 Answers to Questions on Rates and Equilibrium 206 Chapter 15: Warming Up to Thermochemistry 209 Understanding the Basics of Thermodynamics 209 Working with Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry 212 Absorbing and Releasing Heat: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions 214 Summing Heats with Hess’s Law 216 Answers to Questions on Thermochemistry 218 Part 4: Swapping Charges 221 Chapter 16: Working with Acids and Bases 223 Surveying Three Complementary Methods for Defining Acids and Bases 224 Method 1: Arrhenius sticks to the basics 224 Method 2: Brønsted-Lowry tackles bases without a hydroxide ion 225 Method 3: Lewis relies on electron pairs 226 Measuring Acidity and Basicity: pH, pOH, and KW 228 Ka and Kb: Finding Strength through Dissociation 230 Answers to Questions on Acids and Bases 233 Chapter 17: Achieving Neutrality with Titrations and Buffers 237 Concentrating on Titration to Figure Out Molarity 238 Maintaining Your pH with Buffers 241 Measuring Salt Solubility with Ksp 244 Answers to Questions on Titrations and Buffers 245 Chapter 18: Accounting for Electrons in Redox 247 Oxidation Numbers: Keeping Tabs on Electrons 247 Balancing Redox Reactions under Acidic Conditions 250 Balancing Redox Reactions under Basic Conditions 252 Answers to Questions on Electrons in Redox 255 Chapter 19: Galvanizing Yourself to Do Electrochemistry 259 Identifying Anodes and Cathodes 259 Calculating Electromotive Force and Standard Reduction Potentials 263 Coupling Current to Chemistry: Electrolytic Cells 266 Answers to Questions on Electrochemistry 269 Chapter 20: Doing Chemistry with Atomic Nuclei 273 Decaying Nuclei in Different Ways 273 Alpha decay 274 Beta decay 274 Gamma decay 275 Measuring Rates of Decay: Half-Lives 276 Making and Breaking Nuclei: Fusion and Fission 277 Answers to Questions on Nuclear Chemistry 279 Part 5: The Part of Tens 281 Chapter 21: Ten Chemistry Formulas to Tattoo on Your Brain 283 Chapter 22: Ten Annoying Exceptions to Chemistry Rules 289 Index 295

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv About the companion website xvii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Beginnings 1 1.3 Geochemistry in the twenty-first century 3 1.4 The philosophy of science 4 1.4.1 Building scientific understanding 4 1.4.2 The scientist as skeptic 5 1.5 Elements, atoms, crystals, and chemical bonds: some chemical fundamentals 6 1.5.1 The periodic table 6 1.5.2 Electrons and orbits 7 1.5.3 Some chemical properties of the elements 9 1.5.4 Chemical bonding 12 1.5.5 Molecules, crystals, and minerals 14 1.6 A brief look at the Earth 19 1.6.1 Structure of the Earth 19 1.6.2 Plate tectonics and the hydrologic cycle 20 1.7 A look ahead 22 References and suggestions for further reading 30 Chapter 2: Energy, entropy, and fundamental thermodynamic concepts 31 2.1 The thermodynamic perspective 31 2.2 Thermodynamic systems and equilibrium 32 2.2.1 Fundamental thermodynamic variables 34 2.2.2 Properties of state 34 2.3 Equations of state 35 2.3.1 Ideal gas law 35 2.3.2 Equations of state for real gases 36 2.3.3 Equation of state for other substances 37 2.4 Temperature, absolute zero, and the zeroth law of thermodynamics 37 2.5 Energy and the first law of thermodynamics 38 2.5.1 Energy 38 2.5.2 Work 39 2.5.3 Path independence, exact differentials, state functions, and the first law 40 2.6 The second law and entropy 41 2.6.1 Statement 41 2.6.2 Statistical mechanics: a microscopic perspective of entropy 42 2.6.3 Integrating factors and exact differentials 48 2.7 Enthalpy 50 2.8 Heat capacity 51 2.8.1 Constant volume heat capacity 52 2.8.2 Constant pressure heat capacity 52 2.8.3 Energy associated with volume and the relationship between Cv and Cp 52 2.8.4 Heat capacity of solids: a problem in quantum physics 53 2.8.5 Relationship of entropy to other state variables 58 2.8.6 Additive nature of silicate heat capacities 58 2.9 The third law and absolute entropy 59 2.9.1 Statement of the third law 59 2.9.2 Absolute entropy 59 2.10 Calculating enthalpy and entropy changes 60 2.10.1 Enthalpy changes due to changes in temperature and pressure 60 2.10.2 Changes in enthalpy due to reactions and change of state 61 2.10.3 Entropies of reaction 62 2.11 Free energy 65 2.11.1 Helmholtz free energy 65 2.11.2 Gibbs free energy 65 2.11.3 Criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity 65 2.11.4 Temperature and pressure dependence of the Gibbs free energy 66 2.12 The Maxwell relations 69 2.13 Summary 70 References and suggestions for further reading 71 Problems 71 Chapter 3: Solutions and thermodynamics of multicomponent systems 74 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Phase equilibria 75 3.2.1 Some definitions 75 3.2.2 The Gibbs phase rule 77 3.2.3 The Clapeyron equation 78 3.3 Solutions 80 3.3.1 Raoult’s law 80 3.3.2 Henry’s law 81 3.4 Chemical potential 81 3.4.1 Partial molar quantities 81 3.4.2 Definition of chemical potential and relationship to Gibbs free energy 82 3.4.3 Properties of the chemical potential 82 3.4.4 The Gibbs-Duhem relation 83 3.4.5 Derivation of the phase rule 84 3.5 Ideal solutions 84 3.5.1 Chemical potential in ideal solutions 84 3.5.2 Volume, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy changes in ideal solutions 84 3.6 Real solutions 86 3.6.1 Chemical potential in real solutions 86 3.6.2 Fugacities 87 3.6.3 Activities and activity coefficients 88 3.6.4 Excess functions 90 3.7 Electrolyte solutions 93 3.7.1 The nature of water and water–electrolyte interaction 93 3.7.2 Some definitions and conventions 94 3.7.3 Activities in electrolytes 96 3.8 Ideal solutions in crystalline solids and their activities 101 3.8.1 Mixing-on-site model 101 3.8.2 Local charge balance model 103 3.9 Equilibrium constants 104 3.9.1 Derivation and definition 104 3.9.2 Law of mass action 105 3.9.3 KD values, apparent equilibrium constants, and the solubility product 107 3.9.4 Henry’s law and gas solubilities 108 3.9.5 Temperature dependence of equilibrium constant 108 3.9.6 Pressure dependence of equilibrium constant 109 3.10 Practical approach to electrolyte equilibrium 110 3.10.1 Choosing components and species 110 3.10.2 Mass balance 110 3.10.3 Electrical neutrality 111 3.10.4 Equilibrium constant expressions 112 3.11 Oxidation and reduction 113 3.11.1 Redox in aqueous solutions 114 3.11.2 Redox in magmatic systems 122 3.12 Summary 123 References and suggestions for further reading 124 Problems 125 Chapter 4: Applications of thermodynamics to the Earth 130 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 Activities in nonideal solid solutions 130 4.2.1 Mathematical models of real solutions: Margules equations 130 4.3 Exsolution phenomena 135 4.4 Thermodynamics and phase diagrams 137 4.4.1 The thermodynamics of melting 138 4.4.2 Thermodynamics of phase diagrams for binary systems 140 4.4.3 Phase diagrams for multicomponent systems 143 4.5 Geothermometry and geobarometry 145 4.5.1 Theoretical considerations 145 4.5.2 Practical thermobarometers 146 4.6 Thermodynamic models of magmas 156 4.6.1 Structure of silicate melts 157 4.6.2 Magma solution models 158 4.7 Reprise: thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions 162 4.7.1 Equation of state for water 163 4.7.2 Activities and mean ionic and single ion quantities 163 4.7.3 Activities in high ionic strength solutions 168 4.7.4 Electrolyte solutions at elevated temperature and pressure 176 4.8 Summary 180 References and suggestions for further reading 181 Problems 184 Chapter 5: Kinetics: the pace of things 188 5.1 Introduction 188 5.2 Reaction kinetics 189 5.2.1 Elementary and overall reactions 189 5.2.2 Reaction mechanisms 189 5.2.3 Reaction rates 190 5.2.4 Rates of complex reactions 196 5.2.5 Steady state and equilibrium 199 5.3 Relationships between kinetics and thermodynamics 201 5.3.1 Principle of detailed balancing 201 5.3.2 Enthalpy and activation energy 201 5.3.3 Aspects of transition state theory 202 5.4 Diffusion 208 5.4.1 Diffusion flux and Fick’s laws 208 5.4.2 Diffusion in multicomponent systems 212 5.4.3 Driving force and mechanism of diffusion 218 5.4.4 Diffusion in solids and the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient 219 5.4.5 Diffusion in liquids 221 5.4.6 Diffusion in porous media 223 5.5 Surfaces, interfaces, and interface processes 223 5.5.1 The surface free energy 225 5.5.2 The Kelvin effect 225 5.5.3 Nucleation and crystal growth 226 5.5.4 Adsorption 233 5.5.5 Catalysis 234 5.6 Kinetics of dissolution 237 5.6.1 Simple oxides 238 5.6.2 Silicates 240 5.6.3 Nonsilicates 244 5.7 Diagenesis 244 5.7.1 Compositional gradients in accumulating sediment 245 5.7.2 Reduction of sulfate in accumulating sediment 247 5.8 Summary 248 References and suggestions for further reading 250 Problems 252 Chapter 6: Aquatic chemistry 256 6.1 Introduction 256 6.2 Acid–base reactions 256 6.2.1 Proton accounting, charge balance, and conservation equations 257 6.2.2 The carbonate system 260 6.2.3 Conservative and nonconservative ions 264 6.2.4 Total alkalinity and carbonate alkalinity 264 6.2.5 Buffer intensity 268 6.3 Complexation 269 6.3.1 Stability constants 270 6.3.2 Water-related complexes 271 6.3.3 Other complexes 274 6.3.4 Complexation in fresh waters 275 6.4 Dissolution and precipitation reactions 278 6.4.1 Calcium carbonate in groundwaters and surface waters 278 6.4.2 Solubility of Mg 279 6.4.3 Solubility of SiO2 284 6.4.4 Solubility of Al(OH)3 and other hydroxides 285 6.4.5 Dissolution of silicates and related minerals 286 6.5 Clays and their properties 288 6.5.1 Clay mineralogy 289 6.5.2 Ion-exchange properties of clays 291 6.6 Mineral surfaces and their interaction with solutions 292 6.6.1 Adsorption 293 6.6.2 Development of surface charge and the electric double layer 297 6.7 Summary 305 References and suggestions for further reading 306 Problems 306 Chapter 7: Trace elements in igneous processes 309 7.1 Introduction 309 7.1.1 Why care about trace elements? 309 7.1.2 What is a trace element? 310 7.2 Behavior of the elements 311 7.2.1 Goldschmidt’s classification 311 7.2.2 The geochemical periodic table 313 7.3 Distribution of trace elements between coexisting phases 324 7.3.1 The partition coefficient 324 7.3.2 Thermodynamic basis 324 7.4 Factors governing the value of partition coefficients 325 7.4.1 Temperature and pressure dependence of the partition coefficient 325 7.4.2 Ionic size and charge 325 7.4.3 Compositional dependency 331 7.4.4 Mineral–liquid partition coefficients for mafic and ultramafic systems 335 7.5 Crystal-field effects 338 7.5.1 Crystal-field theory 338 7.5.2 Crystal-field influences on transition metal partitioning 342 7.6 Trace element distribution during partial melting 343 7.6.1 Equilibrium or batch melting 343 7.6.2 Fractional melting 344 7.6.3 Zone refining 344 7.6.4 Multiphase solids 344 7.6.5 Continuous melting 345 7.6.6 Constraints on melting models 349 7.7 Trace element distribution during crystallization 356 7.7.1 Equilibrium crystallization 356 7.7.2 Fractional crystallization 356 7.7.3 In situ crystallization 357 7.7.4 Crystallization in open system magma chambers 358 7.7.5 Comparing partial melting and crystallization 360 7.8 Summary of trace element variations during melting and crystallization 361 References and suggestions for further reading 362 Problems 364 Chapter 8: Radiogenic isotope geochemistry 367 8.1 Introduction 367 8.2 Physics of the nucleus and the structure of nuclei 369 8.2.1 Nuclear structure and energetics 369 8.2.2 The decay of excited and unstable nuclei 373 8.3 Basics of radiogenic isotope geochemistry and geochronology 378 8.4 Decay systems and their applications 383 8.4.1 Rb-Sr 383 8.4.2 Sm-Nd 384 8.4.3 Lu-Hf 388 8.4.4 Re-Os 391 8.4.5 La-Ce 396 8.4.6 U-Th-Pb 397 8.4.7 U and Th decay series isotopes 403 8.4.8 Isotopes of He and other rare gases 410 8.5 “Extinct” and cosmogenic nuclides 417 8.5.1 “Extinct” radionuclides and their daughters 417 8.5.2 Cosmogenic nuclides 420 8.5.3 Cosmic-ray exposure ages of meteorites 424 8.6 Summary 424 References and suggestions for further reading 425 Problems 429 Chapter 9: Stable isotope geochemistry 432 9.1 Introduction 432 9.1.1 Scope of stable isotope geochemistry 433 9.1.2 Some definitions 434 9.2 Theoretical considerations 435 9.2.1 Equilibrium isotope fractionations 435 9.2.2 Kinetic isotope fractionations 443 9.2.3 Mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionations 445 9.2.4 Isotopic clumping 447 9.3 Isotope geothermometry 449 9.4 Isotopic fractionation in the hydrologic system 453 9.5 Isotopic fractionation in biological systems 455 9.5.1 Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis 455 9.5.2 Nitrogen isotope fractionation in biological processes 458 9.5.3 Oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation by plants 459 9.5.4 Biological fractionation of sulfur isotopes 459 9.5.5 Isotopes and diet: you are what you eat 460 9.5.6 Isotopic “fossils” and the earliest life 463 9.6 Paleoclimatology 464 9.6.1 The marine Quaternary 𝛿18O record and Milankovitch cycles 465 9.6.2 The record in glacial ice 468 9.6.3 Soils and paleosols 469 9.7 Hydrothermal systems and ore deposits 471 9.7.1 Water in hydrothermal systems 471 9.7.2 Water–rock ratios 472 9.7.3 Sulfur isotopes and ore deposits 473 9.8 Mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation and the rise of atmospheric oxygen 476 9.9 Stable isotopes in the mantle and magmatic systems 478 9.9.1 Stable isotopic composition of the mantle 478 9.9.2 Stable isotopes in crystallizing magmas 484 9.9.3 Combined fractional crystallization and assimilation 485 9.10 Non-traditional stable isotopes 486 9.10.1 Boron isotopes 486 9.10.2 Li isotopes 490 9.10.3 Calcium isotopes 492 9.10.4 Silicon isotopes 494 9.10.5 Iron isotopes 498 9.10.6 Mercury isotopes 501 9.11 Summary 503 References and suggestions for further reading 504 Problems 510 Chapter 10: The big picture: cosmochemistry 512 10.1 Introduction 512 10.2 In the beginning . . . nucleosynthesis 513 10.2.1 Astronomical background 513 10.2.2 The polygenetic hypothesis of Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle 514 10.2.3 Cosmological nucleosynthesis 516 10.2.4 Nucleosynthesis in stellar interiors 517 10.2.5 Explosive nucleosynthesis 520 10.2.6 Nucleosynthesis in interstellar space 524 10.2.7 Summary 525 10.3 Meteorites: essential clues to the beginning 526 10.3.1 Chondrites: the most primitive objects 526 10.3.2 Differentiated meteorites 536 10.4 Time and the isotopic composition of the solar system 539 10.4.1 Meteorite ages 539 10.4.2 Cosmic ray exposure ages and meteorite parent-bodies 545 10.4.3 Asteroids as meteorite parent-bodies 546 10.4.4 Isotopic anomalies in meteorites 550 10.5 Astronomical and theoretical constraints on solar system formation 556 10.5.1 Evolution of young stellar objects 557 10.5.2 The condensation sequence 560 10.5.3 The solar system 565 10.5.4 Other solar systems 569 10.6 Building a habitable solar system 569 10.6.1 Summary of observations 569 10.6.2 Formation of the planets 570 10.6.3 Chemistry and history of the moon 574 10.6.4 The giant impact hypothesis and formation of the earth and the moon 577 10.6.5 Tungsten isotopes and the age of the Earth 577 10.7 Summary 579 References and suggestions for further reading 580 Problems 584 Chapter 11: Geochemistry of the solid Earth 586 11.1 Introduction 586 11.2 The Earth’s mantle 586 11.2.1 Structure of the mantle and geophysical constraints on mantle composition 588 11.2.2 Cosmochemical constraints on mantle composition 589 11.2.3 Observational constraints on mantle composition 590 11.2.4 Mantle mineralogy and phase transitions 591 11.3 Estimating mantle and bulk Earth composition 596 11.3.1 Major element composition 596 11.3.2 Trace element composition 597 11.3.3 Composition of the bulk silicate earth 600 11.4 The Earth’s core and its composition 602 11.4.1 Geophysical constraints 602 11.4.2 Cosmochemical constraints 603 11.4.3 Experimental constraints 605 11.5 Mantle geochemical reservoirs 608 11.5.1 Evidence from oceanic basalts 609 11.5.2 Evolution of the depleted MORB mantle 612 11.5.3 Evolution of mantle plume reservoirs 616 11.5.4 The subcontinental lithospheric mantle 623 11.6 The crust 626 11.6.1 The oceanic crust 626 11.6.2 The continental crust 631 11.6.3 Growth of the continental crust 641 11.6.4 Refining the continental crust 647 11.7 Subduction zone processes 648 11.7.1 Major element composition 648 11.7.2 Trace element composition 649 11.7.3 Isotopic composition and sediment subduction 650 11.7.4 Magma genesis in subduction zones 652 11.8 Summary 655 References and suggestions for further reading 656 Problems 662 Chapter 12: Organic geochemistry, the carbon cycle, and climate 664 12.1 Introduction 664 12.2 A brief biological background 665 12.3 Organic compounds and their nomenclature 666 12.3.1 Hydrocarbons 666 12.3.2 Functional groups 668 12.3.3 Short-hand notations of organic molecules 671 12.3.4 Biologically important organic compounds 671 12.4 The chemistry of life: important biochemical processes 678 12.4.1 Photosynthesis 678 12.4.2 Respiration 680 12.4.3 The stoichiometry of life 682 12.5 Organic matter in natural waters and soils 682 12.5.1 Organic matter in soils 682 12.5.2 Dissolved organic matter in aquatic and marine environments 684 12.5.3 Hydrocarbons in natural waters 690 12.6 Chemical properties of organic molecules 691 12.6.1 Acid–base properties 691 12.6.2 Complexation 691 12.6.3 Adsorption phenomena 697 12.7 Sedimentary organic matter 701 12.7.1 Preservation of organic matter 701 12.7.2 Diagenesis of marine sediments 704 12.7.3 Diagenesis of aquatic sediments 706 12.7.4 Summary of diagenetic changes 707 12.7.5 Biomarkers 707 12.7.6 Kerogen and bitumen 712 12.7.7 Isotope composition of sedimentary organic matter 715 12.8 Petroleum and coal formation 718 12.8.1 Petroleum 718 12.8.2 Compositional evolution of coal 722 12.9 The carbon cycle and climate 724 12.9.1 Greenhouse energy balance 724 12.9.2 The exogenous carbon cycle 725 12.9.3 The deep carbon cycle 728 12.9.4 Evolutionary changes affecting the carbon cycle 730 12.9.5 The carbon cycle and climate through time 731 12.9.6 Fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change 734 12.10 Summary 737 References and suggestions for further reading 738 Problems 742 Chapter 13: The land surface: weathering, soils, and streams 745 13.1 Introduction 745 13.2 Redox in natural waters 746 13.2.1 Biogeochemical redox reactions 747 13.2.2 Eutrophication 748 13.2.3 Redox buffers and transition metal chemistry 749 13.3 Weathering, soils, and biogeochemical cycling 754 13.3.1 Soil profiles 755 13.3.2 Chemical cycling in soils 757 13.3.3 Biogeochemical cycling 758 13.4 Weathering rates 761 13.4.1 The in situ approach 762 13.4.2 The watershed approach 767 13.4.3 Factors controlling weathering rates 773 13.5 The composition of rivers 777 13.6 Continental saline waters 780 13.7 Summary 783 References and suggestions for further reading 784 Problems 785 Chapter 14: The ocean as a chemical system 788 14.1 Introduction 788 14.2 Some background oceanographic concepts 788 14.2.1 Salinity, chlorinity, temperature, and density 789 14.2.2 Circulation of the ocean and the structure of ocean water 789 14.3 Composition of seawater 794 14.3.1 Speciation in seawater 797 14.3.2 Conservative elements 798 14.3.3 Dissolved gases 798 14.3.4 Seawater pH and alkalinity 802 14.3.5 Carbonate dissolution and precipitation 803 14.3.6 Nutrient elements 807 14.3.7 Particle-reactive elements 811 14.3.8 One-dimensional advection–diffusion model 812 14.4 Sources and sinks of dissolved matter in seawater 816 14.4.1 Residence time 817 14.4.2 River and groundwater flux to the oceans 818 14.4.3 The hydrothermal flux 823 14.4.4 The atmospheric source 831 14.4.5 Sedimentary sinks and sources 834 14.5 Summary 842 References 843 Problems 846 Chapter 15: Applied geochemistry 849 15.1 Introduction 849 15.2 Mineral resources 849 15.2.1 Ore deposits: definitions and classification 850 15.2.2 Orthomagmatic ore deposits 851 15.2.3 Hydromagmatic ore deposits 854 15.2.4 Hydrothermal ore deposits 864 15.2.5 Sedimentary ore deposits 870 15.2.6 Weathering-related ore deposits 876 15.2.7 Rare earth ore deposits 878 15.2.8 Geochemical exploration: finding future resources 882 15.3 Environmental geochemistry 886 15.3.1 Eutrophication redux 887 15.3.2 Toxic metals in the environment 889 15.3.3 Acid deposition 899 15.4 Summary 904 References 905 Problems 910 Appendix: constants, units and conversions 912 Index 915

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Book SynopsisTeaches and enables students to build confidence in drawing and manipulating curly arrows, a fundamental skill for all organic chemists This book is an interactive approach to learning about chemistry of the carbonyl groupinviting students to work through its pages with pencil and paper in hand. It educates with the belief that the most effective way to learn is by practice and interaction. With this in mind, the reader is asked to predict what would happen under a specific set of reaction conditions. The book is divided into frames: each frame poses a question and invites the reader to predict what will happen. Subsequent frames give the solution but then pose more questions to develop a theme further. Chemistry of the Carbonyl Group: A Programmed Approach to Organic Reaction Mechanisms, Revised Edition provides a solid grounding in the fundamental reactions of carbonyls. Presented in full colour to enhance the understanding of mechanisms within cTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii Some Help That You May Need xv What Do You Need to Know Before You Start? xvii Introduction xix 1 Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group 1 Nucleophilic addition: what it is and how it happens 3 Alcohols as nucleophiles: acetal formation 6 Some carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions with carbon nucleophiles: cyanide ion, acetylide ion and Grignard reagents 10 Hydride ion and its derivatives LiAlH4 and NaBH4 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones 17 Meerwein–Ponndorf reduction and Oppenauer oxidation, with a branch program on how to draw transition states 19 Two general revision problems 25 2 Nucleophilic Substitution 29 Substitution: how it happens 31 LiAlH4 reduction of esters 33 Reaction of Grignard reagents with esters 34 Alkaline hydrolysis of esters 38 Acid hydrolysis of amides 39 Summary of acid and base catalysis 41 Reaction between carboxylic acids and thionyl chloride 41 Synthesis of esters and anhydrides from carboxylic acids 43 Review questions 45 3 Nucleophilic Subsitution at the Carbonyl Group with Complete Removal of Carbonyl Oxygen 49 Imine formation from aldehydes and ketones 51 Oxime formation and the structure of oximes 53 Hydrazone and semicarbazone formation 54 Reduction of C=O to CH2 56 Conversion of C=O to CCl2 60 DDT synthesis 64 Chloromethylation of aromatic compounds 65 Review questions 66 4 Carbanions and Enolisation 69 Carbanions 71 Tautomerism 72 Equilibration and racemisation of ketones by enolisation 73 Halogenation of ketones 78 Formation of bromo-acid derivatives 83 Organo-zinc derivatives and their use in synthesis 85 Review questions 87 5 Building Organic Molecules from Carbonyl Compounds 89 Using enols as nucleophiles to attack other carbonyl groups 92 The aldol reaction 92 The Claisen ester condensation 93 Acid catalysed condensation of acetone 94 Self-condensation reactions 96 Elaboration of a skeleton in synthesis 97 Cross-condensations with molecules which cannot enolise 98 Mannich reaction 103 Perkin reaction 105 Stable enols from β-dicarbonyl compounds 108 Knoevenagel reaction 110 Alkylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds 113 Michael reaction 116 Decarboxylation 125 Base cleavage of β-dicarbonyl compounds 131 Cyclisation reactions: the Dieckmann condensation 134 Cyclisation of diketones 136 The dimedone synthesis 137 Ring opening by base cleavage of β-dicarbonyl compounds 141 Revision questions 142 Examples of syntheses: two steroid syntheses 145 Stork’s cedrene synthesis 150 Index 155

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Book SynopsisAN AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE THAT EXPLAINS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BOW TIE ANALYSIS, A QUALITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND BARRIER MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY From a collaborative effort of the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) and the Energy Institute (EI) comes an invaluable book that puts the focus on a specific qualitative risk management methodology bow tie barrier analysis. The book contains practical advice for conducting an effective bow tie analysis and offers guidance for creating bow tie diagrams for process safety and risk management. Bow Ties in Risk Management clearly shows how bow tie analysis and diagrams fit into an overall process safety and risk management framework. Implementing the methods outlined in this book will improve the quality of bow tie analysis and bow tie diagrams across an organization and the industry. This important guide: Explains the proven concept of bow tie barrier analysis for the preventing and mitTable of ContentsList of Tables ix List of Figures xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Glossary xv Acknowledgments xxiii Online Materials Accompanying this Book xxvii Preface xxix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Scope and Intended Audience 1 1.3 Organization of this Concept Book 2 1.4 Introduction to the Bow Tie Concept 4 1.5 Conclusions 12 2 THE BOW TIE MODEL 15 2.1 Bow Tie Model Elements 15 2.2 Hazard 17 2.3 Top Event 20 2.4 Consequences 24 2.5 Threats 27 2.6 Barriers 32 2.7 Degradation actors and Degradation Controls 45 2.8 Conclusions 51 3 BOW TIE DEVELOPMENT 53 3.1 Rationale for Bow Tie Development 53 3.2 Bow Tie workshop 53 3.3 Postow Tie Workshop Activities and Quality Checks 64 Conclusions 51 4 ADDRESSING HUMAN FACTORS IN BOW TIE ANALYSIS 69 4.1 Human and Organiational Factors Fundamentals 69 4.2 Standard and MultiLevel Bow Tie Approaches 74 4.3 Human and Organiational Factors as a Barrier or Degradation Control 80 4.4 Validating Human Performance in Barriers and Degradation Controls 84 4.5 Quantifying Human Reliability in Bow Ties 86 4.6 Conclusions 86 5 PRIMARY USES OF BOW TIES 89 5.1 Primary Use Examples 89 5.2 Linking Bow Ties to the Risk Management System 89 5.3 Communication of Major Accident Scenarios and Degradation Controls 94 5.4 Use of Bow Ties in Design and Operations 101 5.5 Identification of Safety Critical Information 107 5.6 Conclusions 113 6 BARRIER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 115 6.1 Barrier Management Strategy 115 6.2 Barrier and Degradation Control Management Program 118 6.3 Organizational Learning 127 6.4 Conclusions 128 7 ADDITIONAL USES OF BOW TIES 131 7.1 Additional Use Examples 131 7.2 Linking Bow Ties to HAZOP, LOPA and SIL 131 7.3 Integrating Bow Ties into ALARP Demonstrations 134 7.4 Operationalizing Bow Ties (MOPO / SOOB) 135 7.5 Incident Investigation using Bow Ties 139 7.6 Real-time Dashboards using Bow Ties 142 7.7 Barrier and Degradation Control Verification 143 7.8 Bow Tie Chaining 144 7.9 Enterprise-wide Analysis and Window on Systemic Risks 146 7.10 Conclusions 147 APPENDIX A – SOFTWARE TOOLS 149 Software used for Bow Tie Diagrams 149 APPENDIX B – CASE STUDY 153 Introduction 153 Volatile Hydrocarbons under Pressure in a Pipeline 153 APPENDIX C – MULTI-LEVEL BOW TIES 161 Multilevel Bow Tie for Tank Overfill 161 References 171 Index 177

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Book SynopsisAEROSOL TECHNOLOGY An in-depth and accessible treatment of aerosol theory and its applications The Third Edition of Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles delivers a thorough and authoritative exploration of modern aerosol theory and its applications. The book offers readers a working knowledge of the topic that reflects the numerous advances that have been made across a broad spectrum of aerosol-related application areas. New updates to the popular text include treatments of nanoparticles, the health effects of atmospheric aerosols, remote sensing, bioaerosols, and low-cost sensors. Additionally, readers will benefit from insightful new discussions of modern instruments. The authors maintain a strong focus on the fundamentals of the discipline, while providing a robust overview of real-world applications of aerosol theory. New exercise problems and examples populate the book, which also includes:Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv List of Principal Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 2 1.2 Particle Size, Shape, and Density 5 1.3 Aerosol Concentration 8 Problems 11 References 12 2 Properties of Gases 15 2.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases 15 2.2 Molecular Velocity 18 2.3 Mean Free Path 20 2.4 Other Properties 21 2.5 Reynolds Number 24 2.6 Measurement of Velocity, Flow Rate, and Pressure 27 Problems 35 References 36 3 Uniform Particle Motion 37 3.1 Newton’s Resistance Law 37 3.2 Stokes’s Law 39 3.3 Settling Velocity and Mechanical Mobility 40 3.4 Slip Correction Factor 42 3.5 Nonspherical Particles 44 3.6 Aerodynamic Diameter 46 3.7 Settling at High Reynolds Numbers 47 3.8 Stirred Settling 54 3.9 Instruments that Rely on Settling Velocity 56 3.10 Appendix: Derivation of Stokes’s Law 58 Problems 60 References 63 4 Particle Size Statistics 65 4.1 Properties of Size Distributions 65 4.2 Moment Averages 71 4.3 Moment Distributions 72 4.4 The Lognormal Distribution 77 4.5 Log-Probability Graphs 80 4.6 The Hatch-Choate Conversion Equations 84 4.7 Statistical Accuracy 88 4.8 Appendix 1: Distributions Applied to Particle Size 89 4.9 Appendix 2: Theoretical Basis for Aerosol Particle Size Distributions 90 4.10 Appendix 3: Derivation of the Hatch-Choate Equations 90 Problems 92 References 94 5 Straight-Line Acceleration and Curvilinear Particle Motion 97 5.1 Relaxation Time 97 5.2 Straight-Line Particle Acceleration 98 5.3 Stopping Distance 101 5.4 Curvilinear Motion and Stokes Number 104 5.5 Inertial Impaction 105 5.6 Cascade Impactors 110 5.7 Virtual Impactors 115 5.8 Time-of-Flight Instruments 117 Problems 119 References 120 6 Adhesion of Particles 121 6.1 Adhesive Forces 121 6.2 Detachment of Particles 123 6.3 Resuspension 124 6.4 Particle Bounce 126 Problems 127 References 127 7 Brownian Motion and Diffusion 129 7.1 Diffusion Coefficient 129 7.2 Particle Mean Free Path 132 7.3 Brownian Displacement 134 7.4 Deposition by Diffusion 137 7.5 Diffusion Batteries 141 Problems 144 References 145 8 Thermal and Radiometric Forces 147 8.1 Thermophoresis 147 8.2 Thermal Precipitators 151 8.3 Radiometric and Concentration Gradient Forces 153 Problems 155 References 155 9 Filtration 157 9.1 Macroscopic Properties of Filters 157 9.2 Single-Fiber Efficiency 163 9.3 Deposition Mechanisms 165 9.4 Filter Efficiency 169 9.5 Pressure Drop 174 9.6 Membrane Filters 174 Problems 176 References 176 10 Sampling and Measurement of Concentration 179 10.1 Isokinetic Sampling 179 10.2 Sampling from Still Air 185 10.3 Transport Losses 188 10.4 Measurement of Mass Concentration 189 10.5 Direct-Reading Instruments 192 10.6 Measurement of Number Concentration 195 10.7 Sampling Pumps 197 Problems 199 References 200 11 Respiratory Deposition 203 11.1 The Respiratory System 203 11.2 Deposition 206 11.3 Deposition Models 210 11.4 Inhalability of Particles 213 11.5 Respirable and Other Size-Selective Sampling 215 Problems 223 References 224 12 Coagulation 227 12.1 Simple Monodisperse Coagulation 227 12.2 Polydisperse Coagulation 233 12.3 Kinematic Coagulation 238 Problems 240 References 241 13 Condensation and Evaporation 243 13.1 Definitions 243 13.2 Kelvin Effect 246 13.3 Homogeneous Nucleation 247 13.4 Growth by Condensation 248 13.5 Nucleated Condensation 251 13.6 Condensation Particle Counters 255 13.7 Evaporation 257 Problems 261 References 263 14 Atmospheric Aerosols 265 14.1 Natural Background Aerosol 265 14.2 Urban Aerosol 269 14.3 Global Effects 274 Problems 275 References 275 15 Electrical Properties 277 15.1 Units 277 15.2 Electric Fields 278 15.3 Electrical Mobility 280 15.4 Charging Mechanisms 283 15.5 Corona Discharge 289 15.6 Charge Limits 291 15.7 Equilibrium Charge Distribution 292 15.8 Electrostatic Precipitators 294 15.9 Electrical Measurement of Aerosols 297 Problems 301 References 302 16 Optical Properties 305 16.1 Definitions 306 16.2 Extinction 307 16.3 Scattering 313 16.4 Visibility 317 16.5 Optical Measurement of Aerosols 322 Problems 329 References 330 17 Bulk Motion of Aerosols 333 Problems 338 References 338 18 Dust Explosions 339 Problems 344 References 344 19 Bioaerosols 345 19.1 Characteristics 345 19.2 Sampling 347 Problems 350 References 351 20 Microscopic Measurement of Particle Size 353 20.1 Equivalent Sizes of Irregular Particles 353 20.2 Fractal Dimension of Particles 358 20.3 Optical Microscopy 362 20.4 Electron Microscopy 365 20.5 Asbestos Counting 369 20.6 Automatic Sizing Methods 371 Problems 371 References 372 21 Production of Test Aerosols 375 21.1 Atomization of Liquids 375 21.2 Atomization of Monodisperse Particles in Liquid Suspensions 380 21.3 Dispersion of Powders 382 21.4 Condensation Methods 387 Problems 388 References 389 Appendices 391 Appendix A1. Useful Constants and Conversion Factors 391 Appendix A2. Some Basic Physical Laws 393 Appendix A3. Relative Density of Common Aerosol Materials (Multiply Values by 1000 for Density in kg/m 3 and by 1.0 for Density in g/cm 3) 394 Appendix A4. Standard Sieve Sizes 394 Appendix A5. Properties of Gases and Vapors at 293 K [20 ∘ C] and 101 kPa [1 atm] 395 Appendix A6. Viscosity and Density of Air versus Temperature 395 Appendix A7. Pressure (a), Temperature (b), Density (c), and Mean Free Path (d) of air versus altitude 396 Appendix A8. Properties of Water Vapor 397 Appendix A9. Properties of Water 398 Appendix A10. Particle Size Range of Aerosol Properties and Measurement Instruments: (a) Application Range for Aerosol Size Measuring Instruments and (b) Size Range of Aerosol Properties (See Also Fig. 1.6) 398 Appendix A11. (a) Properties of Airborne Particles at Standard Conditions (SI Units) 400 Appendix A12. Slip Correction Factor for Standard and Nonstandard Conditions: (a) Slip Correction Factor Minus One versus Particle Diameter and Standard Conditions; (b) Slip Correction Factor versus Particle Diameter Times Pressure (per atm) for Temperatures from 233 to 893K [–40 to 600 ∘ C] 402 Appendix A13. Properties of Selected Low-Vapor-Pressure Liquids 403 Appendix A14. Reference Values for Atmospheric Properties at Sea Level and 293.15 Ki20 ∘ C] 404 Appendix A15. Greek Symbols Used in This Book 405 Appendix A16. SI Prefixes 405 References 405 Index 407

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Book SynopsisProvides an easy-to-read introduction to the area of polymer flooding to improve oil production The production and utilization of oil has transformed our world. However, dwindling reserves are forcing industry to manage resources more efficiently, while searching for alternative fuel sources that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery technique that improves sweep, reduces water production, and improves recovery in geological reservoirs. This book summarizes the key factors associated with polymers and polymer floodingfrom the selection of the type of polymer through characterization techniques, to field design and implementationand discusses the main issues to consider when deploying this technology to improve oil recovery from mature reservoirs. Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique introduces the area of polymer flooding at a basic level for those new to petroleum production. It describes how polymers are used to improve effiTable of ContentsPreface xv Abbreviations xix About the Author xxiii Introduction xxv 1. Why Enhanced Oil Recovery? 3 1.1. What Is a Reservoir? 4 1.2. Hydrocarbon Recovery Mechanisms 4 1.2.1. Anecdote 7 1.3. Definitions of IOR and EOR 8 1.4. What Controls Oil Recovery? 8 1.5. Classification and Description of EOR Processes 11 1.5.1. Thermal Processes 11 1.5.2. Chemical Processes 15 1.5.3. Miscible Processes 15 1.6. Why EOR? Cost, Reserve Replacement, and Recovery Factors 17 References 20 2. Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods 23 2.1. Introduction 24 2.2. Chemical EOR Methods 26 2.2.1. Polymer Flooding 27 2.2.2. High‐Viscosity Polymer Slugs 32 2.2.3. Surfactant‐Polymer (SP) 33 2.2.3.1. Surfactants 33 2.2.3.2. Field Cases 37 2.2.4. Alkali‐Surfactant‐Polymer Flooding (ASP) 38 2.2.4.1. Theory 38 2.2.4.2. Laboratory Studies 40 2.2.4.3. Economics 44 2.2.4.4. Field Cases 45 2.2.5. Other Chemical Methods 49 2.2.5.1. Gels vs. Polymer Injection 49 2.2.5.2. Colloidal Dispersion Gels 50 2.2.5.3. Microgels and Nanogels 53 2.2.5.4. Relative Permeability Modifiers (RPM) 54 References 56 3. Polymer Flooding 65 3.1. Introduction 66 3.2. Concept 67 3.2.1. Fractional Flow 67 3.2.2. Polymer Flooding Applicability 70 3.2.3. Timing 71 3.3. Envelope of Application 73 3.3.1. History 73 3.3.2. Reservoir Prescreening 77 3.3.2.1. Lithology 78 3.3.2.2. Wettability 78 3.3.2.3. Current Oil Saturation 80 3.3.2.4. Porosity Type 80 3.3.2.5. Gas Cap 80 3.3.2.6. Aquifer 81 3.3.2.7. Salinity/Hardness 81 3.3.2.8. Dykstra‐Parsons 82 3.3.2.9. Clays 83 3.3.2.10. Water-cut 84 3.3.2.11. Flooding Pattern and Spacing 85 3.4. Conclusions 85 References 87 4. Polymers 91 4.1. Introduction 92 4.2. Polyacrylamide – Generalities 93 4.2.1. Introduction 93 4.2.2. Monomers 93 4.2.2.1. Acrylamide 93 4.2.2.2. Acrylic Acid 95 4.2.2.3. ATBS 95 4.2.2.4. N‐Vinylpyrrolidone 96 4.2.3. Polymerization Processes 96 4.2.3.1. Gel Polymerization Process 97 4.2.3.2. Inverse Emulsion Polymerization Process 98 4.3. Polymer Selection Guidelines 99 4.3.1. Generalities 99 4.3.1.1. Polymer Form 100 4.3.1.2. Polymer Chemistry 101 4.3.1.3. Polymer Molecular Weight 101 4.3.2. Polymer Selection 102 4.3.2.1. Molecular Weight 103 4.3.3. Other Polymer Families 103 4.3.3.1. Associative Polymers 103 4.3.3.2. Thermoresponsive Polymers 105 4.4. Polymer Characteristics and Rheology 105 4.4.1. Viscosity 106 4.4.1.1. Generalities 106 4.4.2. Rheology 109 4.4.3. Solubility 110 4.5. Polymer Stability 110 4.5.1. Chemical Degradation 110 4.5.1.1. Oxygen 111 4.5.1.2. Iron 112 4.5.1.3. Protection from Chemical Degradation 112 4.5.2. Mechanical Degradation 114 4.5.3. Thermal Degradation 115 4.5.4. Improving Polymer Stability 117 4.6. Laboratory Evaluations 118 4.6.1. Solubility and Filterability 119 4.6.1.1. Solubility 119 4.6.1.2. Filterability 119 4.6.2. Viscosity 121 4.6.3. Shear Resistance 124 4.6.4. Screen Factor 125 4.6.5. Long‐Term Stability 126 4.6.6. Compatibility Tests 127 4.6.7. Core Flooding 128 4.6.7.1. Generalities 129 4.6.7.2. Equipment and Tips for Injection 140 4.6.8. Quality Control 141 4.6.9. Heath, Safety, and Environment 142 4.6.9.1. Product Handling 142 4.6.9.2. Anionic Polyacrylamide in the Marine Environment 143 4.6.9.3. Biodegradability 144 4.6.9.4. Polyacrylamides as a Nitrogen Source 145 4.6.9.5. Polyacrylamides as a Carbon Source 145 4.6.9.6. About Acrylamide Reformation and Toxicity 147 References 149 5. Polymer Flooding – Pilot Design 159 5.1. Reservoir Screening – Reminder 160 5.2. Pilot Design 161 5.2.1. Pattern Selection 162 5.2.2. How Much Polymer? 165 5.2.3. Injection Protocol 168 5.2.3.1. Start‐Up of Polymer Injection 168 5.2.3.2. Ending Polymer Injection 168 5.2.3.3. Voidage Replacement Ratio (VRR) 169 5.3. Injectivity 171 5.3.1. Discussion on Injectivity 174 5.4. Monitoring 180 5.5. Modeling 181 5.6. Quality Control 182 5.7. Specific Considerations for Offshore Implementation 183 References 186 6. Engineering 189 6.1. Preliminary Requirements 190 6.1.1. Water Quality 190 6.1.2. Oxygen Removal 191 6.1.3. Requirements for Design 192 6.1.4. Powder vs. Emulsion 194 6.2. Injection Equipment for Emulsions 195 6.3. Injection Equipment for Powders 195 6.3.1. Dispersion and Dissolution 195 6.3.2. Maturation 198 6.4. Field Development Approaches Onshore 198 6.4.1. Existing Waterflooding in the Field 200 6.4.1.1. One Pump per Well – Injecting Mother Solution 201 6.4.1.2. One Pump for Several Wells – Injecting Mother Solution 201 6.4.2. No Existing Waterflooding in the Field 201 6.4.2.1. One Pump per Well – Injecting Diluted Solution 02 6.4.2.2. One Pump for Several Wells – Injecting Diluted Solution 202 6.4.3. Logistics for Onshore Projects 202 6.5. Key Considerations for Offshore Implementation 205 6.6. ASP Process 209 6.6.1. ASP Reminder 209 6.6.2. Water Softening 209 6.6.3. Chemicals 211 6.6.3.1. Alkali 211 6.6.3.2. Surfactant 212 6.6.4. Mixing of All Products 213 6.7. From the Dissolution Point to the Wellhead 214 6.7.1. Viscosity Monitoring 214 6.7.2. Non‐shearing Chokes 216 References 218 7. Produced Water Treatment 221 7.1. Introduction 222 7.2. Generalities 224 7.2.1. Produced Water Characteristics 224 7.2.2. Oil and Gas Processing 226 7.3. Oil and Gas Separation 226 7.3.1. Separators 226 7.3.2. Heater Treaters 228 7.4. Water Treatment 229 7.4.1. Introduction and Generalities 229 7.4.2. Gravity Separation 229 7.4.2.1. Deoilers 231 7.4.3. Gas Flotation 232 7.4.4. Cyclonic Separation 234 7.4.5. Centrifuges 234 7.4.6. Filtration 235 7.4.6.1. Media Filters 235 7.4.6.2. Membranes 237 7.5. Polymer Degradation 239 7.5.1. Polymer Removal 240 7.5.2. Chemical Oxidation 241 7.5.3. Electro‐Oxidation 241 7.5.4. Mechanical Degradation 242 7.5.5. Ultrasonic Degradation 242 7.5.6. Thermal Degradation 243 7.5.7. UV – Advanced Oxidation Processes 243 7.6. Conclusions and Discussion 244 References 248 8. Economics 251 8.1. Introduction 252 8.2. Cost Overview 252 8.2.1. Water Handling and Injection 253 8.2.2. Cost of EOR Chemicals 255 8.2.3. Additional Costs for ASP Flooding 256 8.3. Example – Polymer Flooding 257 8.4. Examples – SP and ASP 260 8.4.1. SP 260 8.4.2. ASP 262 8.4.3. Comparison P – SP – ASP 264 8.5. Conclusions 265 References 268 9. Field Cases 271 9.1. Introduction 272 9.2. Envelope of Application 275 9.3. Other Interesting Field Cases 281 9.3.1. Economic Benefits of Polymer Injection 281 9.3.2. Injection Under Fracturing Conditions 281 9.3.3. High‐Temperature Reservoirs 281 9.4. Conclusions 283 References 285 Index 289

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisHANDBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE The gold standard in forensic medicine references In the Second Edition of Handbook of Forensic Medicine, editor Burkhard Madea brings to the reader, through a global team of expert contributors, a comprehensive and international approach to forensic medicine. In addition to offering new coverage of crime scene investigation, blood stain pattern analysis, terrorist attacks, fire disasters, new psychoactive substances, and molecular pathology, the book provides a thorough review of all aspects of forensic medicine. The chapters represent all aspects of quality control and best practice and include case studies throughout to help illustrate the concepts discussed within and emphasize the links between diverse subdisciplines. Specialists engaged in daily casework will find that aspects of routine analysis are addressed in each chapter. Handbook of Forensic Medicine 2e also covers the latest developments in forensic moleTable of ContentsVolume 1 Contents ix List of Contributors xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxv Preface to the First Edition xxvii Foreword by Denis A. Cusack xxix Foreword by Duarte Nuno Vieira xxxi PART I Duties of Forensic Medicine in Modern Societies 1 PART II Medical Aspects of Death 57 PART III Traumatology and Violent Death 311 PART IV Sudden and Unexpected Death from Natural Causes 801 PART V Clinical Forensic Medicine 917 PART VI Forensic Psychiatry 1055 PART VII Toxicology 1077 PART VIII Traffic Medicine 1313 PART X The Doctor and the Law 1585 PART XI Insurance Medicine 1623 Further References 1637 Index 1641 Volume 2 Contents ix List of Contributors xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxv Preface to the First Edition xxvii Foreword by Denis A. Cusack xxix Foreword by Duarte Nuno Vieira xxxi PART I Duties of Forensic Medicine in Modern Societies 1 PART II Medical Aspects of Death 57 PART III Traumatology and Violent Death 311 PART IV Sudden and Unexpected Death from Natural Causes 801 PART V Clinical Forensic Medicine 917 PART VI Forensic Psychiatry 1055 PART VII Toxicology 1077 PART VIII Traffic Medicine 1313 PART IX Identification 1495 PART X The Doctor and the Law 1585 PART XI Insurance Medicine 1623 Further References 1637 Index 1641 Volume 3 Contents ix List of Contributors xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxv Preface to the First Edition xxvii Foreword by Denis A. Cusack xxix Foreword by Duarte Nuno Vieira xxxi PART I Duties of Forensic Medicine in Modern Societies 1 PART II Medical Aspects of Death 57 PART III Traumatology and Violent Death 311 PART IV Sudden and Unexpected Death from Natural Causes 801 PART V Clinical Forensic Medicine 917 PART VI Forensic Psychiatry 1055 PART VII Toxicology 1077 PART VIII Traffic Medicine 1313 PART IX Identification 1495 PART X The Doctor and the Law 1585 PART XI Insurance Medicine 1623 Further References 1637 Index 1641

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of the bestselling guide to the issues students will encounter in the study of social policy in both the UK and abroad Fully updated and expanded, the sixth edition of The Student's Companion to Social Policy remains the most accessible and comprehensive review of UK and comparative social policy available for undergraduate students. Written and edited by leading experts in the field, this authoritative textbook covers all the perspectives, debates, issues and challenges in both the theory and practice of social policy. The latest edition reflects the most recent developments in the discipline and in social policy-making. New and revised chapters examine critical topics such as the policy agenda of the UK government elected in 2019 and the implications of globalization, climate change, Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. A wealth of new and revised illustrative material, including additional problem-centred review and assignment questions, enhance students' learning and comprehension whilst encouraging them to reflect on and reconsider the issues raised in each social policy discussion. A timely, issue-driven overview for students to draw upon throughout their studies, this acclaimed textbook: Provides the analytical foundation necessary to investigate and evaluate the key concepts and perspectives central to the study of social policyPresents up-to-date coverage of policy formation and outcomes, national and international debates and the challenges and choices facing societiesFeatures new and revised coverage of key issues including international and comparative developments, austerity and post-austerity policies in the UK and devolved administrations, public attitudes to welfare and sustainability challengesOffers a range of pedagogical tools such as boxed 5-point summary overviews, Emerging Issues sections, guides to further resources and chapter review questions The Student's Companion to Social Policy, Sixth Edition is essential reading for all those on Social Policy courses, whether specialising in the subject or studying it as part of another programme across the social sciences at undergraduate or postgraduate level.Table of ContentsNotes on Contributors xi Introduction 1 Part I Concepts and Approaches 3 1 What is Social Policy? 5Pete Alcock 2 Researching Social Policy 11Vikki McCall 3 Social Needs, Social Problems, Social Welfare and Well-being 18Nick Manning 4 Equality, Rights and Social Justice 24Peter Taylor-Gooby 5 Human Rights and Equality 31Deirdre Flanigan and Alison Hosie 6 Efficiency, Equity and Choice 38Carol Propper 7 Citizenship 45Peter Dwyer 8 Changing Behaviour 52Jessica Pykett Part II Key Perspectives 59 9 Neoliberalism 61Nick Ellison 10 The Conservative Tradition 67Hugh Bochel 11 Social Democracy 73Robert M. Page 12 The Socialist Perspective 79Hartley Dean 13 Feminist Perspectives 86Shona Hunter 14 Social Movements 92Louisa Parks 15 Postmodernist Perspectives 98Enrico Reuter Part III Historical Context 105 16 Nineteenth-century Beginnings 107Bernard Harris 17 The Liberal Era and the Growth of State Welfare 113Lee Gregory 18 The Modern Welfare State, 1940–1974 119Robert M. Page 19 Crisis, Retrenchment and the Impact of Neoliberalism, 1976–1997 125Howard Glennerster 20 Modernisation and the Third Way, 1997–2010 131Martin Powell 21 Austerity Politics and Beyond 137Martin Powell Part IV Devolution and Social Policy in the United Kingdom 143 22 Social Policy and Devolution 145Richard Parry 23 Social Policy in Northern Ireland 152Ann Marie Gray and Derek Birrell 24 Social Policy in Scotland 159Lynne Poole 25 Social Policy in Wales 166Paul Chaney Part V Contemporary Context and Challenges 173 26 The Climate Change and Sustainability Challenge 175Adeline Otto 27 The Demographic Challenge 182Jane Falkingham and Athina Vlachantoni 28 The Economic Context 190Kevin Farnsworth and Zoë Irving 29 The Role of Religion 197Rana Jawad 30 Divisions and Difference 203Peter Matthews and Sharon Wright 31 ‘Race’, Minority Ethnic Groups and Social Welfare 209Steve Iafrati 32 Poverty and Social Exclusion 216Simon Pemberton and Gerardo Javier Arriaga-García 33 The Distribution of Welfare 222John Hills Part VI Welfare Production and Provision 229 34 State Welfare 231Catherine Bochel 35 Paying for Welfare 237Howard Glennerster 36 Taxation and Social Policy 244Micheál L. Collins, Sally Ruane and Adrian Sinfield 37 Commercial Welfare 252Chris Holden 38 Occupational Welfare 258Margaret May 39 Civil Society Organisations and Welfare 266Rob Macmillan 40 Informal Welfare 272Stacey Rand 41 Welfare Users and Social Policy 280Catherine Needham Part VII Welfare Governance 287 42 The Policy Process 289Hugh Bochel 43 Managing and Delivering Welfare 295Ian Greener 44 Accountability for Welfare 301Jackie Gulland 45 Local and Regional Governance 308Guy Daly and Howard Davis Part VIII Welfare Domains 315 46 Income Maintenance and Social Security 317Stephen McKay and Karen Rowlingson 47 Employment 324Adam Whitworth and Eleanor Carter 48 Healthcare 331Catherine Marchand 49 Public Health 338Tina Haux 50 Education in Schools 345Elizabeth Cookingham Bailey 51 Lifelong Learning and Training 352Claire Callender 52 Housing 359David Mullins and Halima Sacranie 53 Social Care 366Jon Glasby 54 Criminal Justice 373Tim Newburn Part IX Experiencing Welfare 381 55 Experiences of Working-age Benefits 383Ruth Patrick 56 Family Policy 389Tina Haux 57 Children 395Kitty Stewart 58 Young People 401Aniela Wenham and Bob Coles 59 Older People 408Kate Hamblin 60 Disability 414Mark Priestley 61 Migrants 420Rebecca E. Murray Part X International and Comparative Context 427 62 Comparative and International Analysis 429Margaret May 63 Policy Learning and Transfer 436Laura Bainbridge and John Hudson 64 The European Union and Social Policy 442Linda Hantrais 65 Social Policy in Europe 449Daniel Clegg 66 Social Policy in the United States 455Phillip M. Singer and Scott L. Greer 67 Social Policy in East Asia 462Misa Izuhara and Wenjing Zhang 68 Social Policy in the BRICS countries 469Rebecca Surender and Amrit Virk 69 Social Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) 476Rana Jawad 70 Social Policy in Low-income Countries 485Patricia Kennett and Angelique Retief 71 Globalisation, International Organisations and Social Policy 494Nicola Yeates Appendix: The Social Policy Association (SPA) 501 Index 503

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 The Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry 1 2 Nucleic Acids 27 3 Proteins I: An Introduction to Protein Structure, Function and Purification 69 4 Proteins II: Enzymes, Allosterism and Receptor-Ligand Interactions 133 5 Membranes and an Introduction to Signal Transduction 193 6 Carbohydrates I: Mono- and Disaccharides, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Fates of Pyruvate 217 7 The Common Catabolic Pathway 269 8 Carbohydrates II 315 9 Lipids I: Fatty Acids, Steroids, and Eicosanoids; Beta-Oxidation and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 363 10 Lipids II: Metabolism and Transport of Complex Lipids 415 11 Amino Acid and Amine Metabolism 461 12 Regulation and Integration of Metabolism 505 13 Nucleotide and Deoxynucleotide Metabolism 541 14 DNA Replication, Damage, and Repair 571 15 RNA Synthesis and Processing 611 16 Protein Biosynthesis 643 17 Control and Regulation of Gene Expression 673 18 Determination of Macromolecular Structure 715 19 Protein Production, Folding, and Engineering 745 20 Bioinformatics and Omics 775 21 Signal Transduction 801 22 Protein Trafficking 833 23 Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation 853 TECHNIQUES T-1 SOLUTIONS A-1 GLOSSARY G-1 INDEX I-1

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part 1: The Questions 5 Chapter 1: Units and Unit Conversions 7 Chapter 2: Scientific Notation and Significant Figures 13 Chapter 3: Matter and Energy 19 Chapter 4: The Atom and Nuclear Chemistry 25 Chapter 5: Periodicity and the Periodic Table 33 Chapter 6: Ionic Bonding 39 Chapter 7: Covalent Bonding 47 Chapter 8: Molecular Geometry 53 Chapter 9: Chemical Reactions 61 Chapter 10: Molar Calculations 71 Chapter 11: Thermochemistry 83 Chapter 12: Gases 97 Chapter 13: Solutions (The Chemistry Kind) 107 Chapter 14: Acids and Bases 115 Chapter 15: Graphing Basics 125 Part 2: The Answers 131 Chapter 16: Answers and Explanations 133 Appendix: the Periodic Table of Elements 425 Index 427

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction ix Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xviii Chapter 1 The Leadership Challenge 1 Chapter 2 The Case for Safety 13 Chapter 3 The Practice of Leadership 23 Chapter 4 Moments of High Influence 35 Chapter 5 Managing by Walking Around 43 Chapter 6 Following All the Rules … All the Time 55 Chapter 7 Recognizing Hazards and Managing Risk 67 Chapter 8 Behavior, Consequences—and Attitude! 87 Chapter 9 The Power of Questions 107 Chapter 10 Making Change Happen 117 Chapter 11 Understanding What Went Wrong 127 Chapter 12 Managing Accountability 141 Chapter 13 Managing Safety Suggestions 153 Chapter 14 Safety Meetings Worth Having 161 Chapter 15 Creating the Culture You Want 171 Chapter 16 Investing in Training 187 Chapter 17 Measuring Safety Performance 203 Chapter 18 Managing Safety Dilemmas 227 Chapter 19 Leading From the Middle 247 Chapter 20 Mistakes Managers Make 261 Chapter 21 Driving Execution 275 Chapter 22 Making a Difference 289 References 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part 1: Brushing Up on Important Organic Chemistry I Concepts 5 Chapter 1: Organic Chemistry II: Here We Go Again! 7 Chapter 2: Remembering How We Do It: Mechanisms 15 Chapter 3: Alcohols and Ethers: Not Just for Drinking and Sleeping 29 Chapter 4: Conjugated Unsaturated Systems 49 Chapter 5: “Seeing” Molecules: Spectroscopy Revisited 63 Part 2: Discovering Aromatic (And Not So Aromatic) Compounds 75 Chapter 6: Introducing Aromatics 77 Chapter 7: Aromatic Substitution Part I: Attack of the Electrophiles 89 Chapter 8: Aromatic Substitution Part II: Attack of the Nucleophiles and Other Reactions 107 Part 3: Carbonyls: Good Alcohols Gone Bad 117 Chapter 9: Comprehending Carbonyls 119 Chapter 10: Aldehydes and Ketones 133 Chapter 11: Enols and Enolates 155 Chapter 12: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 179 Part 4: Advanced Topics (Every Student’s Nightmare) 211 Chapter 13: Amines and Friends 213 Chapter 14: Metals Muscling In: Organometallics 239 Chapter 15: More Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds 249 Chapter 16: Living Large: Biomolecules 267 Part 5: Pulling It All Together 293 Chapter 17: Overview of Synthesis Strategies 295 Chapter 18: Roadmaps and Predicting Products 309 Part 6: The Part of Tens 319 Chapter 19: Ten Surefire Ways to Fail Organic Chemistry II 321 Chapter 20: More than Ten Ways to Increase Your Score on an Organic Chemistry Exam 325 Chapter 21: Ten Simple Rules to Remember 331 Part 7: Appendixes 337 Appendix A: Named Reactions 339 Appendix B: A Few Great Online Resources 343 Index 345

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry, 3e, is written for the 1-semester General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry course, for students pursuing careers in nursing, nutrition, environmental science, food science, and a wide variety of other health-related professions. This new edition is available in ALEKS, featuring:  ALEKS Topics to assign as pre-requisite assignments to boost student confidence and help those lacking math skills.  End-of-Chapter Questions aligned to the text for homework, test, and quiz assignments.  Virtual Labs to be used as pre-lab prep assignments, or lab replacement.  Video Assignments that break down key concepts and show step-by-step solutions.  The ALEKS Drawing Tool, an easy-to-learn tool that mirrors the drawing action of pencil & paper and supports Fischer and Haworth Projections. Table of Contents1 Matter and Measurement 2 Atoms and the Periodic Table 3 Ionic and Covalent Compounds4 Energy and Matter 5 Chemical Reactions 6 Gases 7 Solutions 8 Acids and Bases 9 Nuclear Chemistry 10 Introduction to Organic Molecules 11 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 12 Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen, Halogen, or Sulfur 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 14 Carbohydrates 15 Lipids 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 18 Energy and Metabolism

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Book SynopsisA new app and website make this classic Schaum's bestseller better than everâlike having your own virtual tutor!Rigorous review and practice outside the classroom is essential to excelling in your beginning chemistry classâand on your exams. You'll find the powerful, all-in-one study tool you need in this edition of Schaum's Outline of Beginning Chemistry. Thoroughly updated to meet the emphasis in current courses, it works as a supplement to your textbooks, a go-to chemistry reference, and practice guide to give you the confidence, skills, and knowledge you need to succeed.Trusted by more than 40 million students to help them excel in the classroom and on exams, Schaum's Outlines cover course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format, and provide access to detailed videos featuring course instructors explaining the most commonly tested concepts. Schaum's Outline of Beginning Chemistry, Fifth Edition, includes:Access to a

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Book SynopsisTHEODORE L. BROWN received hisPh.D. from Michigan State University in 1956. Since then, he has been a memberof the faculty of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where he is nowProfessor of Chemistry, Emeritus. He served as Vice Chancellor for Research,and Dean of The Graduate College, from 1980 to 1986, and as Founding Directorof the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technologyfrom 1987 to 1993. Professor Brown has been an Alfred P. Sloan FoundationResearch Fellow and has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1972 he wasawarded the American Chemical Society Award for Research in Inorganic Chemistryand received the American Chemical Society Award for Distinguished Service inthe Advancement of Inorganic Chemistry in 1993. He has been elected a Fellow ofthe American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academyof Arts and Sciences, and the American Chemical Society. H. EUGENE LEMAY, JR., Table of Contents 1. Introduction:Matter, Energy, and Measurement 2. Atoms, Molecules,and Ions 3. Chemical Reactionsand Reaction Stoichiometry 4. Reactions in AqueousSolution 5. Thermochemistry 6. Electronic Structureof Atoms 7. Periodic Propertiesof the Elements 8. Basic Concepts ofChemical Bonding 9. Molecular Geometryand Bonding Theories 10. Gases 11. Liquids and IntermolecularForces 12. Solids and ModernMaterials 13. Properties of Solutions 14. Chemical Kinetics 15. Chemical Equilibrium 16. Acid—Base Equilibria 17. Additional Aspects of AqueousEquilibria 18. Chemistry of theEnvironment 19. Chemical Thermodynamics 20. Electrochemistry 21. Nuclear Chemistry 22. Chemistry of the Nonmetals 23. Transition Metals andCoordination Chemistry 24. TheChemistry of Organic Compounds 25. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds 26. Chemistry of Alkenes and Alkynes 27. Alcohols, Haloalkanes, and Ethers 28. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carbohydrates 29. Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives 30. Benzene and its Derivatives 31. Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds 32. Solving Molecular Structure Appendices Mathematical Operations Properties of Water Thermodynamic Quantities for SelectedSubstances at 298.15 K (25ο C) Aqueous Equilibrium Constants Standard Reduction Potentials at 25ο C Answers to Selected Exercises Answers to Go Figure Answer to Selected Practice Exercises Glossary Photo and Art Credits

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisWith a focus on actual industrial processes, e.g. the production of light alkenes, synthesis gas, fine chemicals, polyethene, it encourages the reader to think out of the box and invent and develop novel unit operations and processes. Reflecting today's emphasis on sustainability, this edition contains new coverage of biomass as an alternative to fossil fuels, and process intensification. The second edition includes: New chapters on Process Intensification and Processes for the Conversion of Biomass Updated and expanded chapters throughout with 35% new material overall Text boxes containing case studies and examples from various different industries, e.g. synthesis loop designs, Sasol I Plant, Kaminsky catalysts, production of Ibuprofen, click chemistry, ammonia synthesis, fluid catalytic cracking Questions throughout to stimulate debate and keep students awake! Richly illustrated chapters with improved figures and flow Trade Review“In conclusion, this excellent textbook is highly recommended to those readers wishing to have up-to-date knowledge of the chemical industry and its processes. Organic chemists, in particular, will learn the chemical engineer’s approach to process design and process development and will appreciate the differences and hopefully understand how the methods used for bulk chemicals can be used for more complex molecules book.” (Organic Process Research & Development, 1 September 2014) “The book could serve as a valuable text for lower-level chemical engineering students, but it could also be useful to professionals in biotechnology and industrial chemistry. Summing Up: Recommended. All academic, two-year technical program, and professional engineering collections.” (Choice, 1 December 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 References 6 General Literature 6 2 The Chemical Industry 7 2.1 A Brief History 7 2.1.1 Inorganic Chemicals 7 2.1.2 Organic Chemicals 10 2.1.3 The Oil Era 11 2.1.4 The Age of Sustainability 12 2.2 Structure of the Chemical Industry 13 2.3 Raw Materials and Energy 16 2.3.1 Fossil Fuel Consumption and Reserves 16 2.3.2 Biomass as an Alternative for Fossil Fuels 19 2.3.3 Energy and the Chemical Industry 21 2.3.4 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Biomass 23 2.4 Base Chemicals 35 2.5 Global Trends in the Chemical Industry 37 References 39 General Literature 40 3 Processes in the Oil Refinery 41 3.1 The Oil Refinery − An Overview 41 3.2 Physical Processes 42 3.2.1 Desalting and Dehydration 42 3.2.2 Crude Distillation 43 3.2.3 Propane Deasphalting 45 3.3 Thermal Processes 46 3.3.1 Visbreaking 46 3.3.2 Delayed Coking 47 3.3.3 Flexicoking 48 3.4 Catalytic Processes 49 3.4.1 Octane and Cetane Numbers 49 3.4.2 Catalytic Cracking 51 3.4.3 Catalytic Reforming 63 3.4.4 Alkylation 69 3.4.5 Hydroprocessing 76 3.5 Current and Future Trends in Oil Refining 91 3.5.1 Stricter Environmental Regulations 92 3.5.2 Refinery Configurations 94 References 96 4 Production of Light Alkenes 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Cracking Reactions 100 4.2.1 Thermodynamics 100 4.2.2 Mechanism 101 4.2.3 Kinetics 102 4.3 The Industrial Process 103 4.3.1 Influence of Feedstock on Steam Cracker Operation and Products 103 4.3.2 Cracking Furnace 106 4.3.3 Heat Exchanger 109 4.3.4 Coke Formation 110 4.4 Product Processing 111 4.5 Novel Developments 113 4.5.1 Selective Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes 114 4.5.2 Metathesis of Alkenes 116 4.5.3 Production of Light Alkenes from Synthesis Gas 118 4.5.4 Dehydration of Bioethanol 121 4.5.5 Direct Conversion of Methane 122 References 123 5 Production of Synthesis Gas 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Synthesis Gas from Natural Gas 129 5.2.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 129 5.2.2 Steam Reforming Process 131 5.2.3 Autothermal Reforming Process 137 5.2.4 Novel Developments 139 5.3 Coal Gasification 142 5.3.1 Gasification Reactions 142 5.3.2 Thermodynamics 143 5.3.3 Gasification Technologies 146 5.3.4 Recent Developments in Gasification Technology 151 5.3.5 Applications of Coal Gasification 154 5.3.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 156 5.3.7 Why Gasify, Not Burn for Electricity Generation? 158 5.3.8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 159 5.4 Cleaning and Conditioning of Synthesis Gas 161 5.4.1 Acid Gas Removal 161 5.4.2 Water–Gas Shift Reaction 163 5.4.3 Methanation 166 References 168 6 Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas 171 6.1 Ammonia 171 6.1.1 Background Information 171 6.1.2 Thermodynamics 173 6.1.3 Commercial Ammonia Synthesis Reactors 175 6.1.4 Ammonia Synthesis Loop 178 6.1.5 Integrated Ammonia Plant 180 6.1.6 Hydrogen Recovery 182 6.1.7 Production of Urea 185 6.2 Methanol 191 6.2.1 Background Information 191 6.2.2 Reactions, Thermodynamics, and Catalysts 192 6.2.3 Synthesis Gas for Methanol Production 195 6.2.4 Methanol Synthesis 196 6.2.5 Production of Formaldehyde 199 6.3 Synthetic Fuels and Fuel Additives 201 6.3.1 Fischer–Tropsch Process 202 6.3.2 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process 212 6.3.3 Recent Developments in the Production of Synthetic Fuels 214 6.3.4 Fuel Additives − Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 215 References 218 7 Processes for the Conversion of Biomass 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Production of Biofuels 223 7.2.1 Bioethanol and Biobutanol 224 7.2.2 Diesel-Type Biofuels 226 7.3 Production of Bio-based Chemicals 231 7.3.1 Ethanol 232 7.3.2 Glycerol 233 7.3.3 Succinic Acid 234 7.3.4 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 236 7.4 The Biorefinery 236 7.4.1 Biorefinery Design Criteria and Products 236 7.4.2 Biorefinery Concepts 238 7.4.3 Core Technologies of a Thermochemical Biorefinery 239 7.4.4 Existing and Projected Biorefineries 243 7.4.5 Possibility of Integrating a Biorefinery with Existing Plants 243 7.4.6 Biorefinery versus Oil Refinery 245 7.5 Conclusions 246 References 246 8 Inorganic Bulk Chemicals 249 8.1 The Inorganic Chemicals Industry 249 8.2 Sulfuric Acid 250 8.2.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 252 8.2.2 SO 2 Conversion Reactor 252 8.2.3 Modern Sulfuric Acid Production Process 254 8.2.4 Catalyst Deactivation 256 8.3 Sulfur Production 256 8.4 Nitric Acid 260 8.4.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 260 8.4.2 Processes 262 8.4.3 No X Abatement 266 8.5 Chlorine 268 8.5.1 Reactions for the Electrolysis of NaCl 269 8.5.2 Technologies for the Electrolysis of NaCl 270 References 274 9 Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis in the Production of Bulk Chemicals 275 9.1 Introduction 275 9.2 Acetic Acid Production 278 9.2.1 Background Information 278 9.2.2 Methanol Carbonylation – Reactions, Thermodynamics, and Catalysis 281 9.2.3 Methanol Carbonylation – Processes 284 9.3 Hydroformylation 286 9.3.1 Background Information 286 9.3.2 Thermodynamics 288 9.3.3 Catalyst Development 289 9.3.4 Processes for the Hydroformylation of Propene 292 9.3.5 Processes for the Hydroformylation of Higher Alkenes 294 9.3.6 Comparison of Hydroformylation Processes 296 9.4 Ethene Oligomerization and More 297 9.4.1 Background Information 297 9.4.2 Reactions of the SHOP Process 298 9.4.3 The SHOP Process 299 9.5 Oxidation of p-Xylene: Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid Production 301 9.5.1 Background Information 301 9.5.2 Conversion of p-Toluic Acid Intermediate 302 9.5.3 Processes 303 9.5.4 Process Comparison 305 9.6 Review of Reactors Used in Homogeneous Catalysis 305 9.6.1 Choice of Reactor 306 9.6.2 Exchanging Heat 308 9.7 Approaches for Catalyst/Product Separation 308 9.7.1 Biphasic Catalyst Systems 309 9.7.2 Immobilized Catalyst Systems 309 References 311 10 Heterogeneous Catalysis – Concepts and Examples 313 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Catalyst Design 314 10.2.1 Catalyst Size and Shape 314 10.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Catalyst Particles 316 10.3 Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 316 10.3.1 Reactor Types 316 10.3.2 Exchanging Heat 319 10.3.3 Role of Catalyst Deactivation 321 10.3.4 Other Issues 322 10.4 Shape Selectivity − Zeolites 323 10.4.1 Production of Isobutene 325 10.4.2 Isomerization of Pentanes and Hexanes 328 10.4.3 Production of Ethylbenzene 330 10.5 Some Challenges and (Unconventional) Solutions 334 10.5.1 Adiabatic Reactor with Periodic Flow Reversal 334 10.5.2 Highly Exothermic Reactions with a Selectivity Challenge − Selective Oxidations 338 10.6 Monolith Reactors − Automotive Emission Control 344 10.6.1 Exhaust Gas Composition 346 10.6.2 Reduction of Exhaust Gas Emissions 347 References 354 General Literature 355 11 Production of Polymers − Polyethene 357 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 Polymerization Reactions 357 11.2.1 Step growth Polymerization 358 11.2.2 Chain growth Polymerization − Radical and Coordination Pathways 360 11.3 Polyethenes – Background Information 363 11.3.1 Catalyst Development 363 11.3.2 Classification and Properties 364 11.3.3 Applications 365 11.4 Processes for the Production of Polyethenes 366 11.4.1 Monomer Production and Purification 366 11.4.2 Polymerization – Exothermicity 367 11.4.3 Production of Polyethenes 367 References 375 12 Production of Fine Chemicals 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Role of Catalysis 380 12.2.1 Atom Economy 380 12.2.2 Alternative Reagents and Catalysts 381 12.2.3 Novel Reaction Routes 384 12.2.4 Selectivity 384 12.2.5 Biocatalysis 392 12.3 Solvents 394 12.3.1 Conventional Solvents 394 12.3.2 Alternative Solvents 395 12.4 Production Plants 398 12.4.1 Multiproduct and Multipurpose Plants (MMPs) 398 12.4.2 Dedicated Continuous Plants 406 12.5 Batch Reactor Selection 407 12.5.1 Reactors for Liquid and Gas–Liquid Systems 408 12.5.2 Reactors for Gas–Liquid–Solid Systems 409 12.6 Batch Reactor Scale-up Effects 411 12.6.1 Temperature Control 411 12.6.2 Heat Transfer 411 12.6.3 Example of the Scale-up of a Batch and Semi-Batch Reactor 412 12.6.4 Summary of the Scale-up of Batch Reactors 416 12.7 Safety Aspects of Fine Chemicals 416 12.7.1 Thermal Risks 416 12.7.2 Safety and Process Development 417 References 419 13 Biotechnology 423 13.1 Introduction 423 13.2 Principles of Fermentation Technology 424 13.2.1 Mode of Operation 425 13.2.2 Reactor Types 426 13.2.3 Sterilization 432 13.3 Cell Biomass − Bakers’ Yeast Production 433 13.3.1 Process Layout 433 13.3.2 Cultivation Equipment 434 13.3.3 Downstream Processing 434 13.4 Metabolic Products − Biomass as Source of Renewable Energy 435 13.4.1 Bioethanol and Biobutanol 435 13.4.2 Biogas 438 13.5 Environmental Application – Wastewater Treatment 438 13.5.1 Introduction 438 13.5.2 Process Layout 438 13.5.3 Aerobic Treatment Processes 440 13.5.4 Anaerobic Treatment Processes 443 13.6 Enzyme Technology – Biocatalysts for Transformations 445 13.6.1 General Aspects 445 13.6.2 Immobilization of Enzymes 446 13.6.3 Production of L-Amino Acids 447 13.6.4 Production of Artificial Sweeteners 448 References 452 General Literature 453 14 Process Intensification 455 14.1 Introduction 455 14.1.1 What is Process Intensification 455 14.1.2 How to Intensify Processes 457 14.2 Structured Catalytic Reactors 459 14.2.1 Types of Structured Catalysts and Reactors 460 14.2.2 Monoliths 462 14.2.3 Microreactors 468 14.3 Multifunctional Reactors/Reactive Separation 472 14.3.1 Reactive Distillation 473 14.3.2 Coupling Reaction and Membrane Separation 477 14.3.3 Coupling Reaction and Adsorption 481 References 482 15 Process Development 485 15.1 Dependence of Strategy on Product Type and Raw Materials 485 15.2 The Course of Process Development 487 15.3 Development of Individual Steps 489 15.3.1 Exploratory Phase 489 15.3.2 From Process Concept to Preliminary Flow Sheet 489 15.3.3 Pilot Plants/Miniplants 494 15.4 Scale-up 499 15.4.1 Reactors with a Single Fluid Phase 499 15.4.2 Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors with One or More Fluid Phases 501 15.5 Safety and Loss Prevention 505 15.5.1 Safety Issues 505 15.5.2 Reactivity Hazards 511 15.5.3 Design Approaches to Safety 513 15.6 Process Evaluation 514 15.6.1 Capital Cost Estimation 515 15.6.2 Operating Costs and Earnings 523 15.6.3 Profitability Measures 524 15.7 Current and Future Trends 526 References 528 General Literature 529 Magazines 529 Appendix A Chemical Industry − Figures 531 Appendix B Main Symbols Used in Flow Schemes 535 Index 539

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Book SynopsisExam Board: AQALevel: AS/A-levelSubject: ChemistryFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2016AQA ApprovedHelp students to apply and develop their knowledge, progressing from basic concepts to more complicated Chemistry, with worked examples, practical activities and mathematical support throughout- Provides support for all 12 required practicals with activities that introduce practical work and other experimental investigations in Chemistry- Offers detailed examples to help students get to grips with difficult concepts such as Physical Chemistry calculations- Mathematical skills are integrated throughout the book and all summarised in one chapter for easy reference- Allows you to easily measure progression with Differentiated End of Topic questions and Test Yourself Questions-Develops understanding with free online access to ''Test yourself'' answers and an extended glossary.Trade ReviewFully explained activities with clear practical instructions, a logical progression of analytical questions and the integration of how science works concepts make for a comprehensive appreciation and understanding of the whole task. Teachers no longer have to devise such activities from scratch. -- A. Popperwell, Science Teacher * Abigail Lambert *A well designed book, easy to read but comprehensive enough for the students. The best aspect is the quantity of worked examples with appropriate commentaries, and the clarity of explanations. The descriptions of the practical aspects to the course are also well covered and clearly illustrated. The points for development would be the need for specific definitions of key concepts, maybe as a glossary or in boxes in the appropriate chapters, and some more challenging questions at the end of each chapter. At the moment it is good but needs supplementing with other resources for questioning the more able. Linking practical questions to the chapters at the end would be desirable too. -- Dr Esther Garcia-Rodriguez * Abigail Lambert *

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Book SynopsisExam Board: OCRLevel: A-levelSubject: ChemistryFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2017This is an OCR endorsed resource Stretch and challenge your students'' knowledge and understanding of Chemistry, build their mathematical and practical skills, and provide plenty of assessment guidance with this OCR Year 2 Student Book.- Build understanding with a summary of prior knowledge and diagnostic questions at the start of each chapter to help bring students up to speed- Support practical assessment with Practical Skill summaries that help develop your students'' knowledge and skills- Test understanding and provide plenty of practice to assess progression, with Test Yourself Questions and multiple choice questions- Provide mathematical support with examples of method integrated throughout and a dedicated ''Maths in Chemistry'' chapter- Develop understanding with free online access to

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Book SynopsisExam Board: OCR Level: A-Level Subject: Chemistry First Teaching: September 2015 First Exam: Summer 2016Create confident, literate and well-prepared students with skills-focused, topic-specific workbooks.Our Student Workbooks build students'' understanding, developing the confidence and exam skills they need, whilst providing ready prepared lesson solutions.- Supplements key resources such as textbooks to adapt easily to existing schemes of work- Offers time-saving and economical lesson solutions for both specialist and non-specialist teachers- Provides flexible resource material to reinforce and apply topic understanding throughout the course, as classwork or extension tasks, or for revision- Creates opportunities for self-directed learning and assessment with answers to tasks and activities supplied online- Prepares students to meet the demands of the specification by practising exam techniqu

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Book SynopsisExam Board: OCR Level: A-Level Subject: Chemistry First Teaching: September 2015 First Exam: Summer 2016Create confident, literate and well-prepared students with skills-focused, topic-specific workbooks.Our Student Workbooks build students'' understanding, developing the confidence and exam skills they need, whilst providing ready prepared lesson solutions.- Supplements key resources such as textbooks to adapt easily to existing schemes of work- Offers time-saving and economical lesson solutions for both specialist and non-specialist teachers- Provides flexible resource material to reinforce and apply topic understanding throughout the course, as classwork or extension tasks, or for revision- Creates opportunities for self-directed learning and assessment with answers to tasks and activities supplied online- Prepares students to meet the demands of the specification by practising exam techniquTrade ReviewThis workbook is amazing. Really helped me to get to grips with the basic content as well as apply my knowledge to various situations! -- Miss Simra Abid * Miss Simra Abid *

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Book SynopsisExam Board: CCEALevel: A-levelSubject: ChemistryFirst Teaching: September 2016First Exam: June 2018Reinforce students'' understanding throughout their course; clear topic summaries with sample questions and answers will improve exam technique to achieve higher gradesWritten by examiners and teachers, Student Guides: Help students identify what they need to know with a concise summary of the topics examined in the AS and A-level specification Consolidate understanding with exam tips and knowledge check questions Provide opportunities to improve exam technique with sample graded answers to exam-style questions Develop independent learning and research skills Provide the content for generating individual revision notes

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Book SynopsisExam Board: AQALevel: AS/A-levelSubject: ChemistryFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2016Ensure your students get to grips with the core practicals and develop the skills needed to succeed with an in-depth assessment-driven approach that builds and reinforces understanding; clear summaries of practical work with sample questions and answers help to improve exam technique in order to achieve higher grades.Written by experienced author Nora Henry, this Student Guide for practical Chemistry:- Help students easily identify what they need to know with a concise summary of required practical work examined in the A-level specifications.- Consolidate understanding of practical work, methodology, mathematical and other skills out of the laboratory with exam tips and knowledge check questions, with answers in the back of the book.- Provide plenty of opportunities for students to improve exam techniqu

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Book SynopsisExam Board: OCR Level: AS/A-level Subject: Chemistry First Teaching: September 2015 First Exam: Summer 2016Ensure your students get to grips with the core practicals and develop the skills needed to succeed with an in-depth assessment-driven approach that builds and reinforces understanding; clear summaries of practical work with sample questions and answers help to improve exam technique in order to achieve higher grades.Written by experienced teacher Nora Henry, this Student Guide for practical Chemistry:- Help students easily identify what they need to know with a concise summary of required practical work examined in the A-level specifications.- Consolidate understanding of practical work, methodology, mathematical and other skills out of the laboratory with exam tips and knowledge check questions, with answers in the back of the book.- Provide plenty of opportunities for students to improve exam tTrade ReviewIt is a great resource to find all the relavent practical chemistry topics on one book. It consolidates the concepts and it helps in grasping the necessary skills. -- Mr Waleed Al-Rwaishan * Mr Waleed Al-Rwaishan *

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Book SynopsisColonial Trauma is a path-breaking account of the psychosocial effects of colonial domination. Following the work of Frantz Fanon, Lazali draws on historical materials as well as her own clinical experience as a psychoanalyst to shed new light on the ways in which the history of colonization leaves its traces on contemporary postcolonial selves. Lazali found that many of her patients experienced difficulties that can only be explained as the effects of “colonial trauma” dating from the French colonization of Algeria and the postcolonial period. Many French feel weighed down by a colonial history that they are aware of but which they have not experienced directly. Many Algerians are traumatized by the way that the French colonial state imposed new names on people and the land, thereby severing the links with community, history, and genealogy and contributing to feelings of loss, abandonment, and injustice. Only by reconstructing this history and uncovering its consequences can we understand the impact of colonization and give individuals the tools to come to terms with their past. By demonstrating the power of psychoanalysis to illuminate the subjective dimension of colonial domination, this book will be of great interest to anyone concerned with the long-term consequences of colonization and its aftermath.Trade Review"This book adds an important layer to the psychoanalytic understanding of colonial trauma and its afterlife. Beginning with her bilingual clinical practice in France and Algeria, Lazali addresses how patients differ in their response to the technologies of a 'whiting out' of an erased past. She takes up the mantle of Fanon to study intergenerational trauma and how it manifests itself in her patients, in Francophone literary texts, in the bellicose and violent struggles around religion, language, and politics, in concepts of the social, and in the relationship between individuated subjects and the group."—Ranjana Khanna, Professor of Literature at Duke University "With Colonial Trauma, there is no going back to how we thought about colonialism before, just as it is now unclear how we go forward from here—theoretically, clinically, or politically."—European Journal of PsychoanalysisTable of ContentsForeword – Mariana WikinskiIntroduction: The Trouble of Acknowledging Colonial TraumaThe History of French Colonization in Algeria: A Blank Space in Memory and PoliticsA Much-Needed Interdisciplinary Approach1. Psychoanalysis and Algerian ParadoxesDisarray of the Private and Public SpheresGod’s Reinforcement of Failing Institutions The Power of Religion and the Religion of Power The Literary Text and the Invisible Staging of PowerThe Power of the “Language, Religion and Politics”(LRP) Bloc as Revealed by Clinical PsychoanalysisThe Duplicity of Subjects Confronting Censorship from the LRPAbandoned Citizenship and Speech Acts2. Colonial RuptureThe Colony: The Rogue Child of the Enlightenment Colonialism’s Destruction of Social Cohesion A Colonial Republic Divided, or the “Duty to Civilize [the] Barbarians”1945: A Literature of Refusal is BornNedjma: An Esthetic of Colonial Destruction?Disrupting Genealogical Ties: The Effect of “Renaming” Algerians in the 1880sSubjective Catastrophes and the Disappearance of the Father as Symbolic ReferenceWriting against Anonymous FiliationJean El Mouhoub Amrouche: A Broken Voice3. Colonialism Consumed by War1945-1954: The Necessity of WarThe Impossibility of Forgetting and Madness, a “Remedy” for DisappearanceSilencing the Unforgettable Mutilation of Bodies Toulouse, 2012: The Return of MurderConstructing the “Nation”The Writer’s Pressing Need: Transform Disappearance into Absence4. Colonialism’s Devastating Effects on Post-Independence AlgeriaThe Mutilated Body of the Colonized and the Hunger for ReparationColonial Hogra and a Frantic Quest for LegitimacyThe “Orphaning” Effect of Colonialism and its Impact Further Distortion of Patronyms Divested of a Name: A Form of Colonial MurderManufacturing Erasure and Denial under ColonialismFrom Colonial Trauma to Social Trauma5. Fratricide: The Dark Side of the Political OrderThe Emergence of Algerian Nationalist Movements in the 1930sThe War of Liberation and an Impossible FraternityFrom Parricide to FratricideWhen the Murders between Brothers is Dismissed…Calling on the FatherA Gap in Memory Sets Off an Endless Deadly Battle6. The Internal War of the 90sReconsidering the LRP Bloc (language, religion and politics)The Tyranny and Pleasure of PowerThe Shift of 1988 and the Experience of Political PluralityAn Internal War of Unprecedented Violence The Curse of FratricideThe War Comes Home A Strange Reversal in NamingDo Freedom and Terror Go Hand in Hand?7. State of Terror and State TerrorA Clinical Understanding of TerrorThe Terrified Subject’s Self-EliminationPsychological Terror is always Political Reconciliation: State Terror?When the State Tries to Make its Practice of Disappearance Disappear8. Legitimacy, Fratricide and PowerJugurtha: A Fratricidal HeroUnpunished Crimes within the RepublicThe Legitimacy the French Conquest Claimed for ItselfThe Passion-filled Scene of ColonialityThe Specter of Discord: el Fitna9. Getting Out of the Colonial PactAfter Liberation, the Indefatigable Reenactment of Coloniality within Subjectivities and the Political OrderTrauma as Shelter and AlibiThe Brutalization of the Living: the Disappearance of ChildrenThe “Bone Seekers”: from the Child to the FathersConclusion: Ending the Colonial Curse: Lessons from FanonThe “Colonial Pact”: Erasure of Memory, Disappearance of Bodies, Dispossession of ExistenceThe Mystical Quality of the Colonized For a Future LiberationNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisPeople in poverty suffer daily under misconceptions about economic hardship and its causes. Providing the most comprehensive consideration to date of poverty in the United States, Elizabeth Seale tackles how we think about issues of culture, behavior, and poverty, cutting straight to the heart of debates about social class. The book addresses tough questions, including how being poor affects individual behavior, and how we can make sense of that in a larger social and political context. The central premise is that to understand the behavior and lives of people in poverty, one must consider their relational context, especially relations of vulnerability and the human need for dignity. Poverty is a social problem we should address as a society by changing social relations that, as a matter of course, cause unnecessary and immense suffering. To do so, we must directly confront our lack of regard for people in poverty by recognizing that they are in fact worthy of an effort to induce major social change. This critical introduction to poverty will be an important read for undergraduate students and above in sociology wanting to learn more about the growing social problems of poverty, inequality, and stratification.Table of Contents1. On UnderstandingPoverty in the U.S.My Research ExperienceHow We Think and Talk about PovertyA Relational ApproachWhat a Relational Approach ContributesRelations of Vulnerability and the Desire for DignityAims and Overview of the Book2. Who Are the Poor?Defining and Measuring PovertyMobilityDiversitySimilarity to and Difference from the NonpoorConclusion3. Family and ParentingSingle Mother HouseholdsYoung MomsChild MaltreatmentConclusion4. CultureHistorical ContextCulture of Poverty and PolicyProblems with the Culture of Poverty ArgumentsContemporary Research on Culture and PovertyA Culture of Dependency or a Culture of Blame?Conclusion5. Structure and Social RelationsHow Structure Creates PovertySocial Policy: Punishing the PoorThe Limits of StructuralismA Relational Approach6. Opportunity and Personal AutonomyGoing to CollegeFinding (Better) EmploymentGeneral AutonomyConclusion7. Vulnerability and DignityThe Relations of PovertyChanging Our Thinking about PovertyThe Significance of a Relational ApproachConclusion

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Book SynopsisEnsure your students get to grips with the practical skills needed to succeed at AS and A Level Chemistry. With an in-depth assessment-driven approach that builds and reinforces understanding; clear summaries of practical work with sample questions and answers help to improve exam technique in order to achieve higher grades.Written by experienced author Alyn McFarland, this Student Guide for practical Chemistry:- Helps students easily identify what they need to know with a concise summary of practical work examined in the A-level specifications.- Consolidates understanding of practical work, methodology, mathematical and other skills out of the laboratory with exam tips and knowledge check questions, with answers in the back of the book.- Provides plenty of opportunities for students to improve exam technique with sample answers, examiners tips and exam-style questions. - Offers support beyond the Student books with coverage of methodologies and generic practical skills not focused on in the textbooks.

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Book SynopsisThe use of chemistry in archaeology can help archaeologists answer questions about the nature and origin of the many organic and inorganic finds recovered through excavation, providing valuable information about the social history of humankind. This textbook tackles the fundamental issues in chemical studies of archaeological materials. Examining the most widely used analytical techniques in archaeology, the third edition of this comprehensive textbook features a new chapter on proteomics, capturing significant developments in protein recognition for dating and characterisation. The textbook has been updated to encompass the latest developments in the field. The textbook explores several archaeological investigations in which chemistry has been employed in tracing the origins of or in studying artefacts, and includes chapters on obsidian, ceramics, glass, metals and resins. It is an essential companion to students in archaeological science and chemistry, as well as to archaeologists, and those involved in conserving human artefacts.Trade ReviewThis is a book which must be read by all serious students of archaeology and also by those like me who would like to know more about the past. -- Edward R. Adlard * Chromatographia *Table of ContentsThe Development of Archaeological Chemistry; Analytical Techniques Applied to Archaeological; Obsidian Characterization in the Eastern Mediterranean; The Geochemistry of Clays and the Provenance of Ceramics; The Chemistry, Corrosion and Provenance of Archaeological Glass; The Chemical Study of Metals – the Medieval and Later Brass Industry in Europe; The Chemistry and Use of Resinous Substances; Amino Acid Stereochemistry and the First Americans; Lead Isotope Geochemistry and the Trade in Metals; Proteins: Haemoglobin, Immunochemistry, and Proteomics; The Chemistry of Human Bone: Diet, Nutrition, Status and Mobility; The Detection of Small Biomolecules: Dairy Products in the Archaeological Record; Summary – Whiter Archaeological Chemistry?

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Book SynopsisQuantifying Diets of Wildlife and Fish presents different techniques available to study animal diets. Ecologists determine animal diets to build natural history knowledge, test hypotheses in ecological theory and make informed management decisions for important ecosystems. Many researchers use techniques traditionally applied to the animals they study, rather than choose from the techniques with greatest potential for their study. In an effort to encourage researchers to consider new approaches, this book focuses on the techniques, rather than on particular groups of organisms or specific environments. With contributions from leading ecologists, chapters explore experimental design, observational techniques (including new technologies), stomach contents and faecal analysis, eDNA, tracers and stable isotopes. They also cover the latest multivariate methods of analyses suitable for describing animal diets and feeding relationships, as well as testing hypotheses relevant

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Book SynopsisA brand new edition of our popular Advanced Higher Chemistry Study Guide, which is fully up-to-date with the very latest SQA course changes. The main aim of this Chemistry Study Guide is to help you achieve success in the SQA Advanced Higher examination by providing you with concise but comprehensive coverage of the key areas of the course. Helpful hints and advice are provided in the Don’t forget sections. The Things to do and think about sections provide questions to test your knowledge and understanding of the content and to help you extend your development of problem solving skills. In a number of cases, the Things to do and think about section provides additional information to extend your knowledge of the subject and to stimulate interest in the subject. The Study Guide also includes a section offering very useful advice on the production of a Project Report. The Online tests on the free BrightRED Digital Zone consist of multiple-choice questions, are a useful tool to check your progress through the course and provide relevant feedback.Trade ReviewThirty 5* Amazon reviews of BrightRED Study Guide Advanced Higher Chemistry New Edition: "Helpful. It is a good book to have if studying advanced higher chemistry".Table of ContentsIntroduction, Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Researching Chemistry, Answers

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Book SynopsisChemists are now moving away from volatile, environmentally harmful, and biologically incompatible organic solvents. With its low cost, ready availability, and capacity to remove environmentally unfriendly by-products, water is an obvious replacement. Recent advances in free radical chemistry in water have expanded the versatility and flexibility of homolytic carbon-hydrogen, carbon-carbon, carbon-halogen, carbon-nitrogen bond formations in aqueous media. This textbook highlights the substantial progress which has been made in the last decade to "tame" the reactive free radical species in aqueous phase reactions. It describes carbon-hydrogen bond formations in aqueous media via radical reactions with a specific focus on HAT (Hydrogen Atom Transfer). Suitable for students of chemistry, industrial chemists and academic researchers, it combines extensive knowledge of free radical chemistry with the latest innovations and creative applications. Divided into five main areas, it covers the: generation of carbon centred free radicals; radical initiators; solubility of substrate; suitability of free radical hydrogen donors, and HAT reactions in aqueous media. The book describes radical reactions in organic and aqueous media and their applications in total synthesis, DNA structural probing, isotope labelling, living polymerization and various other applications. It shows that, armed with an elementary knowledge of kinetics and some common sense, it is possible to harness radicals into tremendously powerful tools for solving synthetic problems. Written with the needs of students in mind, it offers just the right level of detail for undergraduate study. All the basic principles and facts on each topic area are presented in a concise yet comprehensive style that is appropriate for both core and specialist courses. It provides a step-wise introduction, taking students from the basic principles of radical reactions through to their applications in industry and their role in biological and environmental processes. Case studies are used to illustrate reactions in landmark synthesis and problems, with outlined answers, test the reader's understanding. There are also suggestions for further reading.Table of ContentsContents: Free Radical Chemistry and Green Chemistry: The historical perspective, Basic Radical Chemistry: General aspects of synthesis with radicals, Why Water as a Solvent? Reasons and Advantages, Reducing agents based Group 4 and Aqueous Media, Hypophosporous acid (H3PO2) as a free radical hydrogen donors in aqueous media, Organoboron Compounds as Radical Reducing Agents, : Carbon-Carbon Bond formation and stereoaspects, Redox Processes and Electron Transfer via Free Radicals, Chain vs Non-Chain Free Radical Processes in Aqueous Media, Future Directions and Practical considerations including methods of radical formation.

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Book SynopsisHigh-temperature liquid chromatography has attracted much interest in recent years but has not yet recognized its full potential in the chromatographic community. There is a widespread reluctance in industry to use temperature to speed up the separation process, influence the selectivity of a separation or implement novel detection techniques. However, the technology has now matured and could revolutionize chromatography as we see it today. Better equipment, such as heating systems able to generate faster heating rates, is becoming more readily available. Also, columns based on silica gel, which can withstand higher temperatures for an extended period, are now being introduced. Nevertheless, further technological and methodical efforts are needed to establish the method in a regulated environment like the pharmaceutical industry. This is the only text to cover all the practical aspects, as well as the underlying theoretical principles, of setting up an HPLC system for high temperature operation. It is not intended solely for academics but will also benefit the researcher interested in more practical considerations. The author is a recognized expert and has conducted several studies with partners from industry to validate the method. Many real examples from these studies have been included in the book. The aim is to support practitioners in the creation of their own protocols without the need to rely solely on trial and error. The book starts with a brief definition of high temperature liquid chromatography before going on to cover: system set up; the heating system; mobile phase considerations; suitable stationary phases; method development using temperature programming; analyte stability, and special hyphenation techniques using superheated water as a mobile phase. In each chapter, experimental data is used to illustrate the main statements and the advantages over conventional HPLC are evaluated. The book concludes with a critical outlook on further developments and applications underlining the necessary advances needed to make high temperature HPLC more robust.Trade ReviewHigh-temperature liquid chromatography has attracted much interest in recent years but has not yet recognized its full potential in the chromatographic community. There is a widespread reluctance in industry to use temperature to speed up the separation process, influence the selectivity of a separation or implement novel detection techniques. However, the technology has now matured and could revolutionize chromatography as we see it today. Better equipment, such as heating systems able to generate faster heating rates, is becoming more readily available. Also, columns based on silica gel, which can withstand higher temperatures for an extended period, are now being introduced. Nevertheless, further technological and methodical efforts are needed to establish the method in a regulated environment like the pharmaceutical industry. This is the only text to cover all the practical aspects, as well as the underlying theoretical principles, of setting up an HPLC system for high-temperature operation. It is not intended solely for academics but will also benefit the researcher interested in more practical considerations. The author is a recognized expert and has conducted several studies with partners from industry to validate the method. Many real examples from these studies have been included in the book. The aim is to support practitioners in the creation of their own protocols without the need to rely solely on trial and error. The book starts with a brief definition of high-temperature liquid chromatography before going on to cover: system set up; the heating system; mobile phase considerations; suitable stationary phases; method development using temperature programming; analyte stability, and special hyphenation techniques using superheated water as a mobile phase. In each chapter, experimental data is used to illustrate the main statements and the advantages over conventional HPLC are evaluated. The book concludes with a critical outlook on further developments and applications underlining the necessary advances needed to make high-temperature HPLC more robust.Table of ContentsA brief definition of high-temperature liquid chromatography; System set up for high temperature liquid chromatography; The heating system; Mobile phase considerations; Suitable stationary phases; Method development using temperature programming Analyte stability; Special hyphenation techniques using superheated water as a mobile phase; A critical outlook

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Book SynopsisThe development of renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic biofuels is currently receiving worldwide attention and investment. Despite decades of research, there remain significant challenges to be overcome before these biofuels can be produced in large volumes at competitive prices. One obstacle is the lack of efficient and affordable catalytic systems to dissolve and hydrolyze polysaccharides into sugars. These sugars are then fed to microrganisms and fermented into biofuels. The price of these catalysts, be they biological, thermochemical, or chemical in nature, represent one of the largest costs in the conversion process. There are a number of catalytic schemes, each with their own advantages and disadvantages, available. This book presents a general yet substantial review of the most promising processes and the spectrum of biomass pretreatment, enzymes, chemical catalysts, and hybrid approaches of hydrolyzing biomass into fermentable sugars. It is the only currently available book that compares the biochemical, chemical, and thermochemical conversion processes to biofuel production.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Background; Biomass Pretreatment; Biochemical Catalysis; Chemical Catalysis; Thermochemical Catalysis; Hybrid Technologies; Summary and Future Directions

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Book SynopsisHydrogen is widely billed as the fuel of the future. For this to be a reality there is a pressing need for a safe, economic and reliable way to transport hydrogen, particularly for automotive applications. This has prompted a world-wide effort to develop novel materials that are re-usable and capable of storing and releasing significant (> 6 wt%) quantities of hydrogen. In addition to compressed (either liquid or gaseous) hydrogen, two main themes are being explored: adsorption of hydrogen by materials and "chemical hydrogen" where hydrogen is reacted with a material. The discussion focusses on both themes, from synthesis and characterisation to application of such novel materials. The focusses on the wider issues involved in synthetic routes, characterisation, materials properties, rather than simply on examples. The importance of the interplay of theory and experiment is stressed. Faraday Discussion 151, organised by the Faraday Division, aims to bring together the diverse range of workers in the field of hydrogen storage materials, from those involved in materials discovery and characterisation, to those studying mechanisms or developing applications. The Discussion will both inform people of alternative strategies and encourage new ideas and approaches. The themes cover: application of theory and spectroscopic methods to understand hydrogenation/dehydrogenation mechanisms; novel approaches such as catalysed hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of organic molecules, encapsulation of nanosized materials in carbon or polymers; chemical hydrogen: characterisation and properties of main group and transition metal borohydrides and alanates, ternary and quaternary metal hydrides, reactive hydride composites; adsorbed/physisorbed hydrogen on or in MOFs, promoted carbons and other materials with large internal or external surface area; and applications including uses for automotives and novel battery materials.Table of ContentsPreface; Introductory Lecture; Pore with gate: modulating hydrogen storage in metal-organic framework materials via cation exchange; The effect of host relaxation and dynamics on guest molecule dynamics in H2/tetrahydrofuran-hydrate; The role of Ni in increasing the reversibility of the hydrogen release from nanoconfined LiBH4; Analysis of hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials for low carbon energy applications; Characterisation of porous hydrogen storage materials: carbons, zeolites, MOFs and PIMs; General discussion; Synthesis of small metallic Mg-based nanoparticles confined in porous carbon materials for hydrogen sorption; The effect of complex halides and binary halides on hydrogen release for the 2LiBH4:1MgH2 system; Incorporating magnesium and calcium cations in porous organic frameworks for high-capacity hydrogen storage; Control of hydrogen release and uptake in amine borane molecular complexes: thermodynamics of ammonia borane, ammonium borohydride, and the diammoniate of diborane; Probing the binding and spatial arrangement of molecular hydrogen in porous hosts via neutron Compton scattering; General discussion; Mobility and dynamics in the complex hydrides LiAlH4 and LiBH4; Novel sodium aluminium borohydride containing the complex anion [Al(BH4,Cl)4]-; Theoretical study of the vibrational properties of NaAlH4 with AlH3 vacancies; Synthesis of LiNH2 + LiH by reactive milling of Li3N; In situ powder neutron diffraction study of non-stoichiometric phase formation during the hydrogenation of Li3N; Hydrogen storage and ionic mobility in amide---halide systems; General discussion; Homogenous dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers catalyzed by an iridium PCP complex; YMn2Hx and RMn2FeyH6 (R Y, Er) studied by Raman, infrared and inelastic neutron; scattering spectroscopies; Hydride formation in Mg-based systems processed by reactive milling; Performance of a full-scale hydrogen-storage tank based on complex hydrides; Performance of a metal hydride store on the ae"Ross BarlowAe" hydrogen powered canal boat; A multidisciplinary combinatorial approach for tuning promising hydrogen storage materials; towards automotive applications; General discussion; Effective hydrogen storage: a strategic chemistry challenge; Poster titles; List of participants; Index of contributors

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Book SynopsisThe book describes the new advances in the science and technology of hydrocolloids which are used in food and related systems. The focus is on the technofunctionality and the biofunctionality of hydrocolloids, giving an appropriate emphasis to the manipulative skills of the food scientist and recognising the special part hydrocolloids can play in supporting human health. Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 16 captures the latest research findings of leading scientists which were presented at the Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry Conference. The areas covered are: - New hydrocolloid technologies - Hydrocolloids in focus - New hydrocolloid design - Hydrocolloids for health and wellbeing This book will be a useful information source to researchers and other professionals in industry and academia, particularly those involved with food science.Table of ContentsNature and Function of Hydrocolloids; New Hydrocolloid Design; Hydrocolloids in Focus; Functionality in Relation to Food Texture and Hydrocolloids for Health and Wellbeing; New Hydrocolloid Technologies; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThe two volumes of Maths for Chemists provide an excellent resource for all undergraduate chemistry students but are particularly focussed on the needs of students who may not have studied mathematics beyond GCSE level (or equivalent). The texts are introductory in nature and adopt a sympathetic approach for students who need support and understanding in working with the diverse mathematical tools required in a typical chemistry degree course. The early chapters of Maths for Chemists Volume I: Numbers, Functions and Calculus provide a succinct introduction to the important mathematical skills of algebraic manipulation, trigonometry, numbers, functions, units and the general grammar of maths. Later chapters build on these basic mathematical principles as a foundation for the development of differential and integral calculus. In spite of the introductory nature of this volume, some of the more important mathematical tools required in quantum chemistry are deliberately included, through a gradual introduction to, and development of, the concept of the eigenvalue problem. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.Trade ReviewA useful addition to the resources available for teaching mathematics to chemists."""... Undergraduates in biochemistry and all branches of chemistry, particularly students with a limited background in maths, will find this book essential. """"""... The importance of mathematics in chemistry can not be under estimated; books aiming to show the many applications of the subject are always very welcome. """The mathematical ability of chemistry undergraduates continues to be an issue for many departments, so this new edition is a timely update to the resources available for both staff and students.Table of ContentsNumbers and Algebra; Functions and Equations: Their Form and Use; Limits; Differentiation; Differentials; Integration; Differential Equations; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThis is a detailed resource book for Steiner-Waldorf teachers of chemistry, discussing the fundamentals of chemistry.Topics include:indications for teaching chemistrythe study of phosphorusthe cycle of limestone in watera discussion of sodiumsugar as a balanced substancethe concept of dissociationand much more

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Book SynopsisThis new Revision Workbook provides a comprehensive collection of examination-style questions covering each topic from the WJEC Chemistry for AS Level specification // Ideal for examination preparation, exam question practice and for improving examination technique // Enables students to build on their knowledge of key areas of study and develop their confidence in the subject // Helps students understand what is required in an exam and develop the skills needed to be effective in an exam situation // Includes advice on how students can refine their exam technique and improve their grade potential // The helpful write-in format, together with the answers, enables students to check their progress as they work through the courseTable of ContentsUnit 1: The Language of Chemistry, Structure of Matter and Simple Reactions; 1.1 Formulae and equations; 1.2 Basic ideas about atoms; 1.3 Chemical calculations; 1.4 Bonding; 1.5 Solid structures; 1.6 The periodic table; 1.7 Simple equilibria and acid-base reactions; Answering exam questions; Exam practice questions; Unit 2: Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds; 2.1 Thermochemistry; 2.2 Rates of reaction; 2.3 The wider impact of chemistry; 2.4 Organic compounds; 2.5 Hydrocarbons; 2.6 Halogenoalkanes; 2.7 Alcohols; 2.8 Instrumental analysis; Answering exam questions; Exam practice questions; Answers; Glossary; Periodic Table

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Book SynopsisThis book constructs a history of Newtown Creek’s industrial expansion during the period that began in the 1840s and continued through the early years of the 20th century. In that period, the production of reagent chemicals and refined materials near the center of modern-day New York City grew steadily, as practitioners, alert to European advances in chemical science, developed and applied increasingly sophisticated technologies. Innovations in methods of production, ready access to domestic and international markets, and sustained growth in volumes of production at Newtown Creek in the late 19th century had profound consequences for the practice of industrial chemistry in the United States and for the economic vitality of the City of New York. Industrial practice progressed from the recovery of animal tissues to the refining of crude petroleum and the production of high-purity copper and other metals from mineral ores. With attention to each company’s technical expertise and principal products, this book examines the interdependence of the chemicals- and materials-producing industries that thrived along Newtown Creek’s shores. The author recounts Newtown Creek’s industrial history alongside the stories of well-known New Yorkers – Peter Cooper, Charles Pratt, John D. and William Rockefeller – and other less celebrated or less notorious characters. This book provides a valuable account of New York’s history in the manufacture of reagent chemicals and refined fuels and metals and will appeal to researchers, scholars and historians interested in the early years of industrial chemistry.Table of ContentsNewtown Creek and New York City.- Skin and Bones.- Oil of Vitriol: Martin Kalbfleisch and the Manufacture of Reagent Chemicals at Newtown Creek.- Superphosphate.- Abraham Gesner and the New York Kerosene Oil Company.- Benjamin Silliman, Jr., and the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company.- Charles Pratt, Henry Rogers, and Astral Oil.- Acid and copper: The 50-year Partnership of John Brown Francis Herreshoff and William Nichols.- The Standard Oil Company and New York City.- Industry, Invention, and the Americans; Newtown Creek, then and Now.

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Book SynopsisWhat motivates a scientist? One key factor is the pressure from the competition to be the first to discover something new. The moral consequences of this are the subject of the play "Oxygen", dealing with the discovery of this all-important element. The focus of the play is on chemical and political revolutions, as well as the Nobel Prize, which will be awarded for the 100th time in 2001. The action takes place in 1777 and 2001; and the play is written for 3 actors and 3 actresses who play a total of 11 characters. The world premiere will take place in early 2001 in San Diego, and the German premiere in September. The world-famous authors Carl Djerassi and Roald Hoffmann are a guarantee of excellence and suspense, both in their role as scientists -- Carl Djerassi is known as the "Father of the Pill" while Roald Hoffmann received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1982 - as well as in their role as authors -- Djerassi has written several successful novels, while Hoffmann is renowned for his poetry.Trade ReviewPart of a feature story on Carl Djerassi: "It is 50 years since Carl Djerassi invented the contraceptive pill... and changed human behaviour for good. He has not stood still since... His latest work... a play called... "Oxygen"... examines the nature of achievement and accolades." (The Economist Technology Quarterly, June 23, 2001) Part of the information regarding the ACS meeting on the editor's page: "If you are one of those lucky chemists going to San Diego, be sure to... see on of the performances of the world premiere of "Oxygen"... If you're not coming,... you might want to read the play, which is being published by Wiley-VCH." (Chemical and Engineering News, March 5, 2001) "...the mere existence of the play is to be applauded, and the authors congratulated." (Education in Chemistry, November 2001) "The play works very well." (The Lancet, 17 November 2001) "Oxygen is an important stage in the move towards a more inclusive form of education and plays testimony to the power of theatre to open up the possibility of an interdisciplinary way of viewing the world." (Irish Times, 23 November 2001) As the play's cover notes declare, 'the ethical issues around priority and discovery at the heart of this play are as timely today as they were in 1777'...Harold Varmus, Nobel Prize in Medicine, comments ‘With wit, scholarship, and stage craftsmanship, Oxygen shows us how much scientists have learned about the world and how little they have changed.'" (Advanced Materials & Processes, July 2001) "The book of the play is stylishly produced.... If you have not seen the play, I thoroughly commend the book to you." (Interdisciplinary Science Review, Vol.27, No.1, 2002) "...We give Oxygen, an enjoyable, engrossing, and above all provocative and thought-provoking play and enthusiastic two thumbs up."(The Chemical Educator, Vol.8, No.2, 2003)Table of ContentsBy the same Authors. Foreword. Production History. Cast of Characters. Scene 1. Intermezzo 1. Scene 2. Intermezzo 2. Scene 3. Scene 4. Intermezzo 3. Scene 5. Scene 6. Scene 7. Scene 8. Scene 9. Intermezzo 4. Scene 10. Intermezzo 5. Scene 11. Scene 12. Acknowledgments.

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Book SynopsisThis bestselling standard, now in its fifth, completely revised English edition, is an excellent source of technological and economic information on the most important precursors and intermediates used in the chemical industry. Both a handbook and ready reference, this volume has a uniform structure for ease of use, with a number of fold-out flow charts illustrating complex chemical processes, plus summaries and relevant statistical data in the margins. The text is rounded off by a comprehensive list of references and a detailed subject index. From reviews of previous editions (authored by K. Weissermel/H.-J. Arpe) "This book is an immensely comprehensive and practical work. University chemistry students would benefit from reading this book as it provides a valuable insight into chemical technology, which is often lacking in undergraduate chemistry courses. The university lecturer can obtain examples of applied organic syntheses and keep up to date with the constant changes in chemical manufacturing. It should appeal most to chemists and engineers in the chemical industry, who should benefit from the technological, scientific and economic interrelationships and their potential developments." (Synthesis - Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry) "It would be unkind and misleading to call this book a poor man's Kirk Othmer, but it could almost be described as an encyclopedia... it is easy to read and one has to admire the authors' dedication and endeavor in getting so much into a single volume. They have provided a book that is interesting reading as well as being an excellent reference. It is a highly recommended book, which I hope the authors will find the energy to continue updating on a regular basis." (Chemistry in Britain) "...it should be ready to hand to every chemist or process engineer involved directly or indirectly with industrial organic chemistry. It should be in the hand of every higher-graduate student, especially if chemical technology is not part of the study, like in many college universities..." (Tenside-Surfactants-Detergents) "Whether student or scientist, theorist or practician - everybody interested in industrial organic chemistry will appreciate this work. ..." (farbe + lack)Trade Review"The fourth edition of this established work follows in the excellent tradition of the previous three editions. It retains the concept of the original, providing technological and economic information on the key building blocks of the chemical industry. The book is packed with information, much of which cannot easily be found elsewhere, and certainly not in such a readily digestible form. The companies and innovators responsible for the chemistry described are clearly credited, and indeed this volume provides an excellent history of the worldwide bulk organic chemicals industry. Throughout the book the authors indicate potential future developments in the manufacture of these important precursors and intermediates. The reader friendly format seen in the previous editions is retained, wherein each chapter or subsection is provided with a chemical flow diagram illustrating the interrelationship of the products, these flow diagrams folding out such that they can be constantly referred to whilst reading the text. In addition, the main text is accompanied by a synopsis in the margin, which concisely presents all of the essential points, thus facilitating browsing. The contents are logically and clearly organized, and there are detailed reference lists for each chapter, together with an extensive index. This latest edition also includes updated statistics and adopts the new IUPAC nomenclature guidelines.(...) This book will be a positive addition to the libraries and bookshelves of chemists and chemical engineers working in the organic sector, including those to whom many of the molecules describes are considered to be "commercially available starting materials". Non-scientists (e.g. industrial economists, lawyers) will also gain an appreciation of the complex technological, scientific and economic inter-relationships (and potential developments) which characterize industrial organic chemistry." Organic Process Research & Development, Peter Spargo "This book is an immensely comprehensive and practical work. University chemistry students would benefit from reading this book as it provides a valuable insight into chemical technology, which is often lacking in undergraduate chemistry courses. The university lecturer can obtain examples of applied organic syntheses and keep up to date with the constant changes in chemical manufacturing. It should appeal most to chemists and engineers in the chemical industry, who should benefit from the technological, scientific and economic interrelationships and their potential developments." Synthesis - Journal of Synthetic Organic ChemistryTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix Preface to the Fourth Edition xxi 1 Various Aspects of the Energy and Raw Material Supply 1 1.1 Present and Predictable Energy Requirements 2 1.2 Availability of Individual Sources 3 1.2.1 Oil 3 1.2.2 Natural Gas 4 1.2.3 Coal 5 1.2.4 Nuclear Fuels 5 1.3 Prospects for the Future Energy Supply 7 1.4 Present and Anticipated Raw Material Situation 8 1.4.1 Petrochemical Primary Products 8 1.4.2 Coal Conversion Products 11 2 Basic Products of Industrial Syntheses 15 2.1 Synthesis Gas 15 2.1.1 Generation of Synthesis Gas 15 2.1.1.1 Synthesis Gas via Coal Gasification 16 2.1.1.2 Synthesis Gas from Cracking of Natural Gas and Oil 19 2.1.2 Synthesis Gas Purification and Use 21 2.2 Production of the Pure Synthesis Gas Components 24 2.2.1 Carbon Monoxide 24 2.2.2 Hydrogen 26 2.3 C1 Units 29 2.3.1 Methanol 29 2.3.1.1 Manufacture of Methanol 30 2.3.1.2 Applications and Potential Applications of Methanol 32 2.3.2 Formaldehyde 37 2.3.2.1 Formaldehyde from Methanol 38 2.3.2.2 Uses and Potential Uses of Formaldehyde 40 2.3.3 Formic Acid 42 2.3.4 Hydrocyanic Acid 46 2.3.5 Methylamines 51 2.3.6 Halogen Derivatives of Methane 52 3 Olefins 59 3.1 Historical Development of Olefin Chemistry 59 3.2 Olefins from Cracking of Hydrocarbons 60 3.3 Special Manufacturing Processes for Olefins 63 3.3.1 Ethylene, Propene 63 3.3.2 Butenes 67 3.3.3 Higher Olefins 75 3.3.3.1 Unbranched Higher Olefins 75 3.3.3.2 Branched Higher Olefins 83 3.4 Olefin Metathesis 86 4 Acetylene 91 4.1 Present Significance of Acetylene 91 4.2 Manufacturing Processes for Acetylene 93 4.2.1 Manufacture Based on Calcium Carbide 93 4.2.2 Thermal Processes 94 4.3 Utilization of Acetylene 98 5 1,3-Diolefins 107 5.1 1,3-Butadiene 107 5.1.1 Historical Syntheses of 1,3-Butadiene 108 5.1.2 1,3-Butadiene from C4 Cracking Fractions 109 5.1.3 1,3-Butadiene from C4 Alkanes and Alkenes 111 5.1.4 Utilization of 1,3-Butadiene 114 5.2 Isoprene 117 5.2.1 Isoprene from C5 Cracking Fractions 118 5.2.2 Isoprene from Synthetic Reactions 119 5.3 Chloroprene 122 5.4 Cyclopentadiene 125 6 Syntheses involving Carbon Monoxide 127 6.1 Hydroformylation of Olefins 127 6.1.1 Chemical Basis of Hydroformylation 128 6.1.2 Industrial Operation of Hydroformylation 131 6.1.3 Catalyst Modifications in Hydroformylation 134 6.1.4 Utilization of oxo Products 136 6.1.4.1 Oxo Alcohols 136 6.1.4.2 Oxo Carboxylic Acids 138 6.1.4.3 Aldol and Condensation Products of the Oxo Aldehydes 139 6.2 Carbonylation of Olefins 141 6.3 Koch Carboxylic Acid Synthesis 143 7 Oxidation Products of Ethylene 147 7.1 Ethylene Oxide 147 7.1.1 Ethylene Oxide by the Chlorohydrin Process 148 7.1.2 Ethylene Oxide by Direct Oxidation 149 7.1.2.1 Chemical Principles 149 7.1.2.2 Process Operation 150 7.1.2.3 Potential Developments in Ethylene Oxide Manufacture 152 7.2 Secondary Products of Ethylene Oxide 153 7.2.1 Ethylene Glycol and Higher Ethylene Glycols 154 7.2.1.1 Potential Developments in Ethylene Glycol Manufacture 155 7.2.1.2 Uses of Ethylene Glycol 158 7.2.1.3 Secondary Products: Glyoxal, Dioxolane, 1,4-Dioxane 158 7.2.2 Polyethoxylates 160 7.2.3 Ethanolamines and Secondary Products 161 7.2.4 Ethylene Glycol Ethers 164 7.2.5 Additional Products from Ethylene Oxide 167 7.3 Acetaldehyde 168 7.3.1 Acetaldehyde via Oxidation of Ethylene 169 7.3.1.1 Chemical Basis 169 7.3.1.2 Process Operation 171 7.3.2 Acetaldehyde from Ethanol 172 7.3.3 Acetaldehyde by C3/C4 Alkane Oxidation 173 7.4 Secondary Products of Acetaldehyde 173 7.4.1 Acetic Acid 174 7.4.1.1 Acetic Acid by Oxidation of Acetaldehyde 175 7.4.1.2 Acetic Acid by Oxidation of Alkanes and Alkenes 177 7.4.1.3 Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid 180 7.4.1.4 Potential Developments in Acetic Acid Manufacture 182 7.4.1.5 Use of Acetic Acid 183 7.4.2 Acetic Anhydride and Ketene 185 7.4.3 Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde and Secondary Products 189 7.4.4 Ethyl Acetate 191 7.4.5 Pyridine and Alkyl Pyridines 193 8 Alcohols 197 8.1 Lower Alcohols 197 8.1.1 Ethanol 197 8.1.2 2-Propanol 202 8.1.3 Butanols 205 8.1.4 Amyl Alcohols 209 8.2 Higher Alcohols 209 8.2.1 Oxidation of Paraffins to Alcohols 213 8.2.2 Alfol Synthesis 214 8.3 Polyhydric Alcohols 216 8.3.1 Pentaerythritol 216 8.3.2 Trimethylolpropane 217 8.3.3 Neopentyl Glycol 218 9 Vinyl Halogen and Vinyl Oxygen Compounds 221 9.1 Vinyl Halogen Compounds 221 9.1.1 Vinyl Chloride 221 9.1.1.1 Vinyl Chloride from Acetylene 222 9.1.1.2 Vinyl Chloride from Ethylene 223 9.1.1.3 Potential Developments in Vinyl Chloride Manufacture 226 9.1.1.4 Uses of Vinyl Chloride and 1,2-Dichloroethane 227 9.1.2 Vinylidene Chloride 229 9.1.3 Vinyl Fluoride and Vinylidene Fluoride 229 9.1.4 Trichloro- and Tetrachloroethylene 231 9.1.5 Tetrafluoroethylene 233 9.2 Vinyl Esters and Ethers 234 9.2.1 Vinyl Acetate 234 9.2.1.1 Vinyl Acetate Based on Acetylene or Acetaldehyde 234 9.2.1.2 Vinyl Acetate Based on Ethylene 236 9.2.1.3 Possibilities for Development of Vinyl Acetate Manufacture 238 9.2.2 Vinyl Esters of Higher Carboxylic Acids 240 9.2.3 Vinyl Ethers 241 10 Components for Polyamides 243 10.1 Dicarboxylic Acids 245 10.1.1 Adipic Acid 246 10.1.2 1,12-Dodecanedioic Acid 249 10.2 Diamines and Aminocarboxylic Acids 251 10.2.1 Hexamethylenediamine 251 10.2.1.1 Manufacture of Adiponitrile 251 10.2.1.2 Hydrogenation of Adiponitrile 255 10.2.1.3 Potential Developments in Adiponitrile Manufacture 256 10.2.2 ω-Aminoundecanoic Acid 257 10.3 Lactams 258 10.3.1 Є-Caprolactam 258 10.3.1.1 Є-Caprolactam from the Cyclohexanone Oxime Route 258 10.3.1.2 Alternative Manufacturing Processes for Є-Caprolactam 263 10.3.1.3 Possibilities for Development in Є-Caprolactam Manufacture 265 10.3.1.4 Uses of Є-Caprolactam 266 10.3.2 Laurolactam 268 11 Propene Conversion Products 273 11.1 Oxidation Products of Propene 274 11.1.1 Propylene Oxide 274 11.1.1.1 Propylene Oxide from the Chlorohydrin Process 274 11.1.1.2 Indirect Oxidation Routes to Propylene Oxide 275 11.1.1.3 Possibilities for Development in the Manufacture of Propylene Oxide 279 11.1.2 Secondary Products of Propylene Oxide 283 11.1.3 Acetone 285 11.1.3.1 Direct Oxidation of Propene 286 11.1.3.2 Acetone from 2-Propanol 287 11.1.4 Secondary Products of Acetone 288 11.1.4.1 Acetone Aldolization and Secondary Products 289 11.1.4.2 Methacrylic Acid and Ester 290 11.1.5 Acrolein 295 11.1.6 Secondary Products of Acrolein 296 11.1.7 Acrylic Acid and Esters 299 11.1.7.1 Traditional Acrylic Acid Manufacture 299 11.1.7.2 Acrylic Acid from Propene 301 11.1.7.3 Possibilities for Development in Acrylic Acid Manufacture 303 11.2 Allyl Compounds and Secondary Products 304 11.2.1 Allyl Chloride 304 11.2.2 Allyl Alcohol and Esters 307 11.2.3 Glycerol from Allyl Precursors 309 11.3 Acrylonitrile 312 11.3.1 Traditional Acrylonitrile Manufacture 313 11.3.2 Ammoxidation of Propene 314 11.3.2.1 Sohio Acrylonitrile Process 315 11.3.2.2 Other Propene/Propane Ammoxidation Processes 316 11.3.3 Possibilities for Development of Acrylonitrile Manufacture 317 11.3.4 Uses and Secondary Products of Acrylonitrile 318 12 Aromatics — Production and Conversion 321 12.1 Importance of Aromatics 321 12.2 Sources of Feedstocks for Aromatics 322 12.2.1 Aromatics from Coking of Hard Coal 323 12.2.2 Aromatics from Reformate and Pyrolysis Gasoline 324 12.2.2.1 Isolation of Aromatics 327 12.2.2.2 Special Separation Techniques for Non-Aromatic/Aromatic and Aromatic Mixtures 328 12.2.3 Possibilities for Development of Aromatics Manufacture 333 12.2.4 Condensed Aromatics 334 12.2.4.1 Naphthalene 335 12.2.4.2 Anthracene 336 12.3 Conversion Processes for Aromatics 339 12.3.1 Hydrodealkylation 339 12.3.2 m-Xylene Isomerization 341 12.3.3 Disproportionation, Transalkylation, and Methylation 343 13 Benzene Derivatives 347 13.1 Alkylation and Hydrogenation Products of Benzene 348 13.1.1 Ethylbenzene 348 13.1.2 Styrene 351 13.1.3 Cumene 354 13.1.4 Higher Alkylbenzenes 356 13.1.5 Cyclohexane 357 13.2 Oxidation and Secondary Products of Benzene 359 13.2.1 Phenol 359 13.2.1.1 Manufacturing Processes for Phenol 360 13.2.1.2 Potential Developments in Phenol Manufacture 368 13.2.1.3 Uses and Secondary Products of Phenol 370 13.2.2 Dihydroxybenzenes 374 13.2.3 Maleic Anhydride 378 13.2.3.1 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Benzene 379 13.2.3.2 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Butene 380 13.2.3.3 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Butane 382 13.2.3.4 Uses and Secondary Products of Maleic Anhydride 383 13.3 Other Benzene Derivatives 386 13.3.1 Nitrobenzene 386 13.3.2 Aniline 387 13.3.3 Diisocyanates 390 14 Oxidation Products of Xylene and Naphthalene 397 14.1 Phthalic Anhydride 397 14.1.1 Oxidation of Naphthalene to Phthalic Anhydride 397 14.1.2 Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Anhydride 399 14.1.3 Esters of Phthalic Acid 401 14.2 Terephthalic Acid 404 14.2.1 Manufacture of Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid 405 14.2.2 Fiber Grade Terephthalic Acid 407 14.2.3 Other Manufacturing Routes to Terephthalic Acid and Derivatives 409 14.2.4 Uses of Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate 413 15 Appendix 417 15.1 Process and Product Schemes 417 15.2 Definitions of Terms used in Characterizing Chemical Reactions 459 15.3 Abbreviations for Companies 461 15.4 Sources of Information 462 15.4.1 General Literature 462 15.4.2 More Specific Literature (publications, monographs) 464 Index 487

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