Chemistry Books
Oxford University Press Curious Tales from Chemistry
Book SynopsisThis is a book about discovery and disaster, exploitation and invention, warfare and science - and the relationship between human beings and the chemical elements that make up our planet. Lars Ohrstrom introduces us to a variety of elements from S to Pb through tales of ordinary and extraordinary people from around the globe. We meet African dictators controlling vital supplies of uranium; eighteenth-century explorers searching out sources of precious metals; industrial spies stealing the secrets of steel-making. We find out why the Hindenburg airship was tragically filled with hydrogen, not helium; why nail-varnish remover played a key part in World War I; and the real story behind the legend of tin buttons and the downfall of Napoleon. In each chapter, we find out about the distinctive properties of each element and the concepts and principles that have enabled scientists to put it to practical use. These are the fascinating (and sometimes terrifying) stories of chemistry in action.Table of ContentsPREAMBLE: THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE DA VINCI CODE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; BIBLIOGRAPHY; NOTES
£12.59
Oxford University Press Chemistry for the Biosciences
Book SynopsisChemistry enables our eyes to detect the world around us; it determines whether something tastes sweet or sour; it helps genetic information pass accurately from one generation to the next. Ultimately, chemistry powers life itself. We don''t need to dig very deep to answer the question: why do biologists need chemistry? Building on the success of the first three editions, Chemistry for the Biosciences introduces students to all the chemistry they need to understand the biological world. Renowned for its clear and straightforward explanations, the book uses everyday examples and analogies throughout to help students get to grips with chemical concepts, and presents them in context of biological systems wherever possible so they can see how chemistry relates to their wider studies. With topics drawn from organic, physical, and inorganic chemistry, students will encounter a broad range of essential concepts. Chemistry for the Biosciences includes many learning features - both in print andTable of Contents1: Introduction: why biologists need chemistry 2: Atoms: the foundations of life 3: Compounds and chemical bonding: bringing atoms together 4: Molecular interactions: holding it all together 5: Moles, concentrations, and dilutions: making sense of chemical numbers 6: Hydrocarbons: the framework of life 7: Functional groups: adding function to the framework of life 8: Molecular shape and structure: life in three dimensions 9: Isomerism: generating chemical variety 10: Biological macromolecules: the infrastructure of life 11: Metals in biology: life beyond carbon 12: Chemical reactions, oxidation, and reduction: bringing molecules to life 13: Reaction mechanisms: the chemical changes that drive the chemistry of life 14: Energy: what makes reactions go? 15: Equilibria: how far do reactions go? 16: Kinetics: what affects the speed of a reaction? 17: Acids, bases, and buffer solutions: life in an aqueous environment 18: Chemical analysis: characterizing chemical compounds
£48.99
Oxford University Press Periodicity and the s and p block elements Oxford
Book SynopsisThe renowned Oxford Chemistry Primers series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today''s students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers. The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research. Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance of the chemistry being described to current research and industry.The learning features provided, including end-of-chapter questions and online multiple-choice questions, encourage active learning and promote understanding. Furthermore, frequent diagrams, margin notes, further reading, and glossary definitions all help to enhance a student''s understanding of these essential areas of chemistry.This new and updated edition of Periodicity and the s- and p-Block Elements provides a compelling and accesTrade ReviewThis book has considerable potential to become the first port of call for any student wanting an introduction to the periodic table and its myriad trends. * Professor Richard Layfield, University of Sussex *Table of Contents1: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 2: Periodicity in the Atomic Properties of the Elements 3: Periodicity in the Properties of the Elements 4: General Features of p-Block Element Compounds 5: Compounds of the p-Block Elements 6: Acids and Bases 7: Structure 8: Theories and Models: Scope and Limitations
£31.99
National Academies Press Mesoscale Chemistry A Workshop Summary
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£31.45
Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc Reactions An Illustrated Exploration of Elements
Book SynopsisThe long-awaited third installment in Theodore Gray's iconic "Elements" trilogy. The first two...
£22.50
Pearson Education (US) Student Solutions Manual for General Chemistry
Book SynopsisEducated at Harvard and Columbia,John McMurry has taught approximately 17,000 students in general and organic chemistry over a 30-year period. A Professor of Chemistry at Cornell University since 1980, Dr. McMurry previously spent 13 years on the faculty at the University of California at Santa Cruz. He has received numerous awards, including the Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (196971), the National Institute of Health Career Development Award (197580), the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award (198687), and the Max Planck Research Award (1991). Professor of Chemistry Robert C. Fay has been teaching general and inorganic chemistry at Cornell University since 1962. Known for his clear, well-organized lectures, Dr. Fay was the 1980 recipient of the Clark Distinguished Teaching Award. He has also taught as a visiting professor at Harvard University and the University of Bologna, Italy. He has been an NSF Science Faculty Fellow at the UniversTable of ContentsBrief Contents Chapter 0 – Chemical Tools: Experimentation and Measurement Chapter 1 – The Structure and Stability of Atoms Chapter 2 – Periodicity and the Electronic Structure Atomic Structure Chapter 3 – Atoms and Ionic Bonds Chapter 4 – Atoms and Covalent Bonds Chapter 5 – Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure Chapter 6 – Chemical Arithmetic: Stoichiometry Chapter 7 – Reactions in Aqueous Solution Chapter 8 – Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy Chapter 9 – Gases: Their Properties and Behavior Chapter 10 – Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes Chapter 11 – Solutions and Their Properties Chapter 12 – The Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions Chapter 13 – Chemical Equilibrium,: The Extent of Chemical Reactions Chapter 14 – Aqueous Equilibria: Acids and Bases Chapter 15 – Applications of Aqueous Equilibria Chapter 16 – Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Chapter 17 – Electrochemistry Chapter 18 – Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water Chapter 19 – The Main-Group Elements Chapter 20 – Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry Chapter 21 – Metals and Solid-State Materials Chapter 22 – Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 23 – Organic and Biological Chemistry
£89.12
Cengage Learning, Inc Chemistry Chemical Reactivity
Book SynopsisSucceed in chemistry with the clear explanations, problem-solving strategies and dynamic study tools of CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL REACTIVITY, Eleventh Edition. Engaging chapter content helps you develop a deeper understanding of fundamental chemistry concepts, while vibrant illustrations emphasize the visual nature of chemistry and the close interrelationship of its macroscopic, symbolic and particulate levels. In addition, the text showcases the practical applications of chemistry and presents recent advances to make content both interesting and relevant. Finally, online study aids in OWLv2, such as Interactive Examples and Adaptive Learning Activities, can help you master even challenging concepts more readily, preparing you for success in the classroom and beyond.Table of ContentsPart I: THE BASIC TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY. 1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry. 1R. Let's Review: The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry. 2. Atoms, Molecules and Ions. 3. Chemical Reactions. 4. Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions. 5. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions. Part II: ATOMS AND MOLECULES. 6. The Structure of Atoms. 7. The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends. 8. Bonding and Molecular Structure. 9. Bonding and Molecular Structure ��� Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals. Part III: STATES OF MATTER 10. Gases and Their Properties. 11. Intermolecular Forces and Liquids. 12. The Solid State. 13. Solutions and Their Behavior. Part IV: THE CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS. 14. Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical Reactions. 15. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria. 16. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases. 17. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria. 18. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy and Free Energy. 19. Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions. Part V: THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS. 20. Nuclear Chemistry 21. The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements. 22. The Chemistry of the Transition Elements. 23. Carbon: Not Just Another Element. 24. Biochemistry. 25. Environmental Chemistry: Earth's Environment, Energy and Sustainability. APPENDICES Appendix A: Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic Equations. Appendix B: Some Important Physical Concepts. Appendix C: Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors. Appendix D: Physical Constants. Appendix E: A Brief Guide to Naming Organic Compounds. Appendix F: Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements. Appendix G: Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures. Appendix H: Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids at 25��C. Appendix I: Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases at 25��C. Appendix J: Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25��C. Appendix K: Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in Aqueous Solution at 25��C. Appendix L: Selected Thermodynamic Values. Appendix M: Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25��C. Appendix N: Answers to Check Your Understanding Questions, Applying Chemical Principles Questions and Selected Study Questions.
£77.99
Taylor & Francis Nuclear Forensic Analysis
Book SynopsisNow in its second edition, Nuclear Forensic Analysis provides a multidisciplinary reference for forensic scientists, analytical and nuclear chemists, and nuclear physicists in one convenient source. The authors focus particularly on the chemical, physical, and nuclear aspects associated with the production or interrogation of a radioactive sample. They consolidate fundamental principles of nuclear forensic analysis, all pertinent protocols and procedures, computer modeling development, interpretational insights, and attribution considerations. The principles and techniques detailed are then demonstrated and discussed in their applications to real-world investigations and casework conducted over the past several years. Highlights of the Second Edition include: A new section on sample analysis considerations and interpretation following a post-detonation nuclear forensic collection New case stTrade ReviewPraise for the First Edition "This book by three of the leading authorities in the field outlines a critically important area of forensic science in the modern world. … should be in the library of every forensic laboratory."—Chemistry Professor W.F. Kinard, College of Charleston, in The Journal of Forensic Sciences Table of ContentsIntroduction. Physical Basis of Nuclear Forensic Science. Engineering Issues. Chemistry and Nuclear Forensic Science. Principles of Nuclear Explosive Devices and Debris Analysis. Chronometry. Techniques for Small Signatures. Collateral Forensic Indicators. Sample Matrices and Collection. Radiochemical Procedures. Inorganic/Isotopic Sample Preparation. Organic Sample Preparation. Extraordinary Sample Issues. Field Collection Kits. NDA Field Radioactivity Detection. Laboratory Analyses. Inferred Production Estimates. Materials Profiling. Source and Route Attribution. Forensic Investigation of a Highly Enriched Uranium Sample Interdicted in Bulgaria. Counterforensic Investigation of US Enrichment Plants. Nuclear Smuggling Hoax: D- Counterweight. Nuclear Smuggling Hoax: Sc Metal. Fatal "Cold Fusion" Explosion. Questioned Sample from the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Radioactive Pillow Shipment. Afghanistan Scam Specimens. Index.
£80.74
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Initiating Events and Independent
Book SynopsisThe publication provides process automation engineers, process engineers, facility operators, and safety professionals with the appropriate treatment and requirements applicable to equipment design, administrative procedures, or other credits that are treated as an independent protection layer from a Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) perspective.Table of ContentsList of Data Tables xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Glossary xix Acknowledgments xxv Preface xxix Introduction 1 1.1 Audience 2 1.2 Scope 3 1.3 Key Changes Since the Initial LOPA Concept Book 4 1.4 Recap of LOPA 6 1.5 Disclaimer 10 1.6 Linkage to Other CCPS Publications 11 1.7 Annotated Description of Chapters 13 Overview: Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers 16 2.1 LOPA Elements: An Overview 16 2.2 Management Systems to Support LOPA 16 2.3 Scenario Selection 18 2.4 Overview of Scenario Frequency 20 2.5 Overview of Consequences 28 2.6 Risk Considerations 29 2.7 Conclusions 31 Core Attributes 34 3.1 Introduction to Core Attributes 34 3.2 Independence 35 3.3 Functionality 40 3.4 Integrity 47 3.5 Reliability 49 3.6 Auditability 52 3.7 Access Security 53 3.8 Management of Change 54 3.9 Use of Data Tables 55 Example Initiating Events and IE Frequencies 58 4.1 Overview of Initiating Events 58 4.2 Inherently Safer Design and Initiating Event Frequency 59 4.3 Specific Initiating Events for Use in LOPA 60 4.4 External Events 113 4.5 What if Your Candidate Initiating Event is Not Shown in a Data Table? 113 Example IPLs and PFD Values 116 5.1 Overview of Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) 116 5.2 Specific Independent Protection Layers for Use in LOPA 118 5.3 What if Your Candidate IPL is Not Shown in a Data Table? 263 Advanced LOPA Topics 268 6.1 Purpose 268 6.2 Use of QRA Methods Relative to LOPA 269 6.3 Evaluation of Complex Mitigative IPLs 275 6.4 Conclusions 277 Appendices 280 Appendix A: Human Factors Considerations 282 Appendix B: Site-Specific Human Performance Data Collection and Validation 300 Appendix C: Site-Specific Equipment Data Collection and Validation 310 Appendix D: Example Reliability Data Conversion for Check Valves 324 Appendix E: Considerations for Overpressure of Pressure Vessels and Piping 328 REFERENCES 334 INDEX 342
£87.26
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Forensic Approaches to Buried Remains
Book SynopsisThe field of forensic archaeology has developed over recent years from being a branch of conventional archaeology into a well-established discipline in its own right.Table of ContentsList of figures vii Series foreword xi Preface and acknowledgements xiii The authors xv About the companion website xvii 1 An introduction to buried remains 1 1.1 Questions of time 1 1.2 Questions of interpretation 2 1.3 Forensic archaeology 5 1.4 Legal issues and procedures 8 1.5 Decay dynamic 10 1.6 Search methods and adaptations 12 1.7 Recovery methods and adaptation 14 1.8 Mass graves 19 2 Search theory and the landscape 23 2.1 The theory 23 2.2 Landscape mapping 30 2.3 Remote sensing 37 3 Search application 49 3.1 Geophysical survey 49 3.2 Cadaver dogs 60 3.3 Mechanical excavation 68 3.4 Bodies in aqueous environments 73 4 Search design 77 4.1 Search design 77 4.1.1 Definition of search boundaries 77 4.1.2 Recording and archiving 78 4.1.3 Thoroughness 79 4.2 Interrogating landscapes 79 4.3 Balancing probabilities 93 5 Longer-term ‘no body’ cases 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 History of cold case investigation 102 5.3 Cultural changes to rural landscapes 104 5.4 Natural changes to rural landscapes 108 5.5 Planning controls and building controls 116 5.6 Current planning arrangements 118 5.7 Planning records 120 5.8 Building records 121 5.9 Special circumstances 124 5.9.1 Archaeological investigation 124 5.9.2 Listed buildings 124 5.9.3 Ecclesiastical buildings 125 5.9.4 Burial grounds 126 5.10 Landfill sites and waste disposal 131 6 Recovery, stratigraphy and destruction 137 6.1 Stratigraphy 138 6.1.1 Layers and contamination 138 6.1.2 Fire scenes 153 6.1.3 Formal exhumations 158 6.2 The destructive process 160 6.2.1 Documentation 160 6.2.2 Planning and photography 169 Appendix: The forensic archaeologist’s report (taken from Section 7 of the Standards and Guidance for Forensic Archaeologists) 178 7 Recovery, sampling and dating 181 7.1 Sieving 181 7.2 Sampling and forensic ecology 186 7.2.1 Entomology 187 7.2.2 Palynology 190 7.3 Essential taphonomics 193 7.3.1 Natural modifications 194 7.3.2 Anthropogenic modification 196 7.4 Physical anthropology, recovery and surface scatters 199 7.5 Dating 204 7.5.1 Relative dating 206 7.5.2 Absolute dating 208 8 The investigation of multiple burials 213 8.1 Diversity and challenges 213 8.2 Developments 218 8.3 Interrogating the evidence 221 8.4 The aftermath of conflict 225 8.5 Politics and Religion 227 8.6 Archives for history 228 Bibliography 233 Index 251
£46.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Experiment
Book SynopsisExperiments are the most effective way to learn about the world. By cleverly interfering with something to see how it reacts we are able to find out how it works. In contrast to passive observation, experimenting provides us with data relevant to our research and thus less time and effort is spent separating relevant from irrelevant information. The art of experimentation is often learnt by doing, so an intuitive understanding of the experimental method usually evolves gradually through years of trial and error. This book speeds up the journey for the reader to becoming a proficient experimenter. Organized in two parts, this unique text begins by providing a general introduction to the scientific approach to experimentation. It then describes the processes and tools required, including the relevant statistical and experimental methods. Towards the end of the book a methodology is presented, which leads the reader through the three phases of an experiment: Planning', DaTrade Review"This description of the history of the scientific method and the struggle to establish a stable experimental method and framework firmly sets the foundations for the beginning of the book – Understanding the world – and is so rich in content that it could easily form a great book all by itself." (Chemistry World, 1 June 2013) “Provides an excellent introduction to the methodology and implementation of experimentation in the natural, engineering and medical sciences.” (Chemistry Views, 20 July 2012) “I highly recommend the very practical and research skills focused book Experiment!: Planning, Implementing and Interpreting by Oivind Andersson to students from the undergraduate to the doctoral levels, instructors and educators in sciences, practitioners of science in industry and government, and anyone interested in how science works through the scientific method and experimentation. This book is an indispensable guide to planning, designing, conducting, data collecting, and analyzing and synthesizing the results.” (Blog Business World, 21 October 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xi Part One Understanding the World 1 You, the Discoverer 3 1.1 Venturing into the Unknown 4 1.2 Embarking on a Ph.D 5 1.3 The Art of Discovery 5 1.4 About this Book 7 1.5 How to Use this Book 8 Further Reading 10 References 10 2 What is Science? 11 2.1 Characteristics of the Scientific Approach 11 2.2 The Inductive Method 14 2.3 The Hypothetico-Deductive Method 16 2.4 Consequences of Falsification 19 2.5 The Role of Confirmation 21 2.6 Perception is Personal 23 2.7 The Scientific Community 29 2.8 Summary 30 Further Reading 31 References 31 3 Science’s Childhood 33 3.1 Infancy 33 3.2 Ionian Dawn 34 3.3 Divine Mathematics 38 3.4 Adolescence – Revolution! 41 3.5 The Children of the Revolution 47 3.6 Summary 50 Further Reading 50 References 51 4 Science Inclined to Experiment 53 4.1 Galileo’s Important Experiment 54 4.2 Experiment or Hoax? 56 4.3 Reconstructing the Experiment 58 4.4 Getting the Swing of Things 60 4.5 The Message from the Plane 62 4.6 Summary 63 References 64 5 Scientists, Engineers and Other Poets 65 5.1 Research and Development 65 5.2 Characteristics of Research 68 5.3 Building Theories 70 5.4 The Relationship between Theory and Reality 75 5.5 Creativity 77 5.6 Summary 79 Further Reading 80 References 80 Part Two Interfering with the World 6 Experiment! 83 6.1 What is an Experiment? 83 6.2 Questions, Answers and Experiments 85 6.3 A Gallery of Experiments 88 6.4 Reflections on the Exhibition 108 6.5 Summary 110 Further Reading 110 References 112 7 Basic Statistics 113 7.1 The Role of Statistics in Data Analysis 113 7.2 Populations and Samples 115 7.3 Descriptive Statistics 116 7.4 Probability Distribution 122 7.5 The Central Limit Effect 126 7.6 Normal Probability Plots 129 7.7 Confidence Intervals 132 7.8 The t-Distribution 134 7.9 Summary 136 Further Reading 137 References 138 8 Statistics for Experiments 139 8.1 A Teatime Experiment 139 8.2 The Importance of Randomization 141 8.3 One-Sided and Two-Sided Tests 142 8.4 The t-Test for One Sample 143 8.5 The Power of a Test 148 8.6 Comparing Two Samples 150 8.7 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 155 8.8 A Measurement System Analysis 159 8.9 Other Useful Hypothesis Tests 163 8.10 Interpreting p-Values 164 8.11 Correlation 165 8.12 Regression Modeling 167 8.13 Summary 171 Further Reading 172 References 173 9 Experimental Design 175 9.1 Statistics and the Scientific Method 175 9.2 Designs with One Categorical Factor 176 9.3 Several Categorical Factors: the Full Factorial Design 178 9.4 Are Interactions Important? 186 9.5 Factor Screening: Fractional Factorial Designs 187 9.6 Determining the Confounding Pattern 188 9.7 Design Resolution 190 9.8 Working with Screening Designs 191 9.9 Continuous Factors: Regression and Response Surface Methods 195 9.10 Summary 207 Further Reading 208 References 209 10 Phase I: Planning 211 10.1 The Three Phases of Research 211 10.2 Experiment 1: Visual Orientation in a Beetle 213 10.3 Experiment 2: Lift-Off Length in a Diesel Engine 216 10.4 Finding Out What is Not Known 218 10.5 Determining the Scope 221 10.6 Tools for Generating Hypotheses 222 10.7 Thought Experiments 227 10.8 Planning Checklist 229 10.9 Summary 231 References 233 11 Phase II: Data Collection 235 11.1 Generating Understanding from Data 235 11.2 Measurement Uncertainty 236 11.3 Developing a Measurement System 238 11.4 Measurement System Analysis 244 11.5 The Data Collection Plan 248 11.6 Summary 251 Further Reading 252 References 252 12 Phase III: Analysis and Synthesis 253 12.1 Turning Data into Information 253 12.2 Graphical Analysis 256 12.3 Mathematical Analysis 259 12.4 Writing a Scientific Paper 260 12.5 Writing a Ph.D. Thesis 264 12.6 Farewell 266 12.7 Summary 266 Further Reading 266 References 267 Appendix 269 Standard Normal Probabilities 269 Probability Points for the t-Distribution 270 Index 271
£37.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Molecular Chemistry of SolGel Derived Nanomaterials
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£115.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions
Book SynopsisWinner of the PROSE Award for Chemistry & Physics 2010 Acknowledging the very best in professional and scholarly publishing, the annual PROSE Awards recognise publishers' and authors' commitment to pioneering works of research and for contributing to the conception, production, and design of landmark works in their fields.Trade Review"Fleming uses nonquantitative molecular orbital theory to explain many common phenomena in organic chemistry. As such, this is a very powerful tool for students of advanced organic chemistry. Much of what is taken simply on faith or with some hand waving in sophomore organic chemistry can be readily explained with molecular orbital theory, which is usually considered too advanced for students at that level. Though this book could be used as the primary textbook for a course solely on molecular orbitals in organic chemistry, it will more likely be used as a reference source for an advanced organic chemistry course for upper-level undergraduates or graduate students." (CHOICE, August 2010) "The new 'Fleming' is a must for every lecturer and every student of chemistry—a fantastic book. In this new form the textbook will last for another 30 years and remain as fresh as did its predecessor!" (Angewandte Chemie International Edition March 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Principles. 1.1 The Orbital Model. 1.2 Mathematical Methods. 1.3 Basic Postulates. 1.4 Physical Interpretation of the Basic Principles. 2 Matrices. 2.1 Definitions and Elementary Properties. 2.2 Properties of Determinants. 2.3 Special Matrices. 2.4 The Matrix Eigenvalue Problem. 3 Atomic Orbitals. 3.1 Atomic Orbitals as a Basis for Molecular Calculations. 3.2 Hydrogen-like Atomic Orbitals. 3.3 Slater-type Orbitals. 3.4 Gaussian-type Orbitals. 4 The Variation Method. 4.1 Variational Principles. 4.2 Nonlinear Parameters. 4.3 Linear Parameters and the Ritz Method. 4.4 Applications of the Ritz Method. Appendix: The Integrals J, K, J´ and K´. 5 Spin. 5.1 The Zeeman Effect. 5.2 The Pauli Equations for One-electron Spin. 5.3 The Dirac Formula for N-electron Spin. 6 Antisymmetry of Many-electron Wavefunctions. 6.1 Antisymmetry Requirement and the Pauli Principle. 6.2 Slater Determinants. 6.3 Distribution Functions. 6.4 Average Values of Operators. 7 Self-consistent-field Calculations and Model Hamiltonians. 7.1 Elements of Hartree–Fock Theory for Closed Shells. 7.2 Roothaan Formulation of the LCAO–MO–SCF Equations. 7.3 Molecular Self-consistent-field Calculations. 7.4 H€uckel Theory. 7.5 A Model for the One-dimensional Crystal. 8 Post-Hartree–Fock Methods. 8.1 Configuration Interaction. 8.2 Multiconfiguration Self-consistent-field. 8.3 Møller–Plesset Theory. 8.4 The MP2-R12 Method. 8.5 The CC-R12 Method. 8.6 Density Functional Theory. 9 Valence Bond Theory and the Chemical Bond. 9.1 The Born–Oppenheimer Approximation. 9.2 The Hydrogen Molecule H2. 9.3 The Origin of the Chemical Bond. 9.4 Valence Bond Theory and the Chemical Bond. 9.5 Hybridization and Molecular Structure. 9.6 Pauling’s Formula for Conjugated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 10 Elements of Rayleigh–Schroedinger Perturbation Theory. 10.1 Rayleigh–Schroedinger Perturbation Equations up to Third Order. 10.2 First-order Theory. 10.3 Second-order Theory. 10.4 Approximate E2 Calculations: The Hylleraas Functional. 10.5 Linear Pseudostates and Molecular Properties. 10.6 Quantum Theory of Magnetic Susceptibilities. Appendix: Evaluation of µ and ε. 11 Atomic and Molecular Interactions. 11.1 The H–H Nonexpanded Interactions up to Second Order. 11.2 The H–H Expanded Interactions up to Second Order. 11.3 Molecular Interactions. 11.4 Van der Waals and Hydrogen Bonds. 11.5 The Keesom Interaction. 12 Symmetry. 12.1 Molecular Symmetry. 12.2 Group Theoretical Methods. 12.3 Illustrative Examples. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
£41.75
Wiley Modern Groundwater Exploration
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£116.96
Wiley Carbocation Chemistry
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£140.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Proteins
Book Synopsis* An accessible introduction to the principles of protein structure and function. * Beautifully illustrated throughout in full colour. * Includes end of chapter problems, references to further reading and a full glossary of terms. * Associated website including web-based tutorials, problems and additional content. .Trade Review"…an invaluable resource…students of biochemistry, chemistry, genetics, structural biology, as well as medical and dental students will greatly benefit from reading this text…" (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, December 2005) "…a worthwhile investment for the beginning student or for the advanced scientist seeking a better grasp of protein chemistry…" (Clinical Chemistry, November 2005) "An outstanding resource for introductory protein chemistry courses and a solid reference for those interested in proteins." (CHOICE, November 2005) " … the distillation of years of lecturing and undergraduate feedback." (Journal of Biological Education, Spring 2006: Vol.40; 2)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 An Introduction to protein structure and function 1 A brief and very selective historical perspective 1 The biological diversity of proteins 5 Proteins and the sequencing of the human and other genomes 9 Why study proteins? 9 2 Amino acids: the building blocks of proteins 13 The 20 amino acids found in proteins 13 The acid–base properties of amino acids 14 Stereochemical representations of amino acids 15 Peptide bonds 16 The chemical and physical properties of amino acids 23 Detection, identification and quantification of amino acids and proteins 32 Stereoisomerism 34 Non-standard amino acids 35 Summary 36 Problems 37 3 The three-dimensional structure of proteins 39 Primary structure or sequence 39 Secondary structure 39 Tertiary structure 50 Quaternary structure 62 The globin family and the role of quaternary structure in modulating activity 66 Immunoglobulins 74 Cyclic proteins 81 Summary 81 Problems 83 4 The structure and function of fibrous proteins 85 The amino acid composition and organization of fibrous proteins 85 Keratins 86 Fibroin 92 Collagen 92 Summary 102 Problems 103 5 The structure and function of membrane proteins 105 The molecular organization of membranes 105 Membrane protein topology and function seen through organization of the erythrocyte membrane 110 Bacteriorhodopsin and the discovery of seven transmembrane helices 114 The structure of the bacterial reaction centre 123 Oxygenic photosynthesis 126 Photosystem I 126 Membrane proteins based on transmembrane β barrels 128 Respiratory complexes 132 Complex III, the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase 132 Complex IV or cytochrome oxidase 138 The structure of ATP synthetase 144 ATPase family 152 Summary 156 Problems 159 6 The diversity of proteins 161 Prebiotic synthesis and the origins of proteins 161 Evolutionary divergence of organisms and its relationship to protein structure and function 163 Protein sequence analysis 165 Protein databases 180 Gene fusion and duplication 181 Secondary structure prediction 181 Genomics and proteomics 183 Summary 187 Problems 187 7 Enzyme kinetics, structure, function, and catalysis 189 Enzyme nomenclature 191 Enzyme co-factors 192 Chemical kinetics 192 The transition state and the action of enzymes 195 The kinetics of enzyme action 197 Catalytic mechanisms 202 Enzyme structure 209 Lysozyme 209 The serine proteases 212 Triose phosphate isomerase 215 Tyrosyl tRNA synthetase 218 EcoRI restriction endonuclease 221 Enzyme inhibition and regulation 224 Irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity 227 Allosteric regulation 231 Covalent modification 237 Isoenzymes or isozymes 241 Summary 242 Problems 244 8 Protein synthesis, processing and turnover 247 Cell cycle 247 The structure of Cdk and its role in the cell cycle 250 Cdk–cyclin complex regulation 252 DNA replication 253 Transcription 254 Eukaryotic transcription factors: variation on a ‘basic’ theme 261 The spliceosome and its role in transcription 265 Translation 266 Transfer RNA (tRNA) 267 The composition of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes 269 A structural basis for protein synthesis 272 An outline of protein synthesis 273 Antibiotics provide insight into protein synthesis 278 Affinity labelling and RNA ‘footprinting’ 279 Structural studies of the ribosome 279 Post-translational modification of proteins 287 Protein sorting or targeting 293 The nuclear pore assembly 302 Protein turnover 303 Apoptosis 310 Summary 310 Problems 312 9 Protein expression, purification and characterization 313 The isolation and characterization of proteins 313 Recombinant DNA technology and protein expression 313 Purification of proteins 318 Centrifugation 320 Solubility and ‘salting out’ and ‘salting in’ 323 Chromatography 326 Dialysis and ultrafiltration 333 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 333 Mass spectrometry 340 How to purify a protein? 342 Summary 344 Problems 345 10 Physical methods of determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins 347 Introduction 347 The use of electromagnetic radiation 348 X-ray crystallography 349 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 360 Cryoelectron microscopy 375 Neutron diffraction 379 Optical spectroscopic techniques 379 Vibrational spectroscopy 387 Raman spectroscopy 389 ESR and ENDOR 390 Summary 392 Problems 393 11 Protein folding in vivo and in vitro 395 Introduction 395 Factors determining the protein fold 395 Factors governing protein stability 403 Folding problem and Levinthal’s paradox 403 Models of protein folding 408 Amide exchange and measurement of protein folding 411 Kinetic barriers to refolding 412 In vivo protein folding 415 Membrane protein folding 422 Protein misfolding and the disease state 426 Summary 435 Problems 437 12 Protein structure and a molecular approach to medicine 439 Introduction 439 Sickle cell anaemia 441 Viruses and their impact on health as seen through structure and function 442 HIV and AIDS 443 The influenza virus 457 p53 and its role in cancer 470 Emphysema and α1-antitrypsin 475 Summary 478 Problems 479 Epilogue 481 Glossary 483 Appendices 491 Bibliography 495 References 499 Index 511
£51.25
Dover Publications Inc. Introduction to Crystallography Dover Books on
Book SynopsisClear, concise explanation of logical development of basic crystallographic concepts. Topics include crystals and lattices, symmetry, x-ray diffraction, and more. Problems, with answers. 114 illustrations. 1969 edition.
£17.84
O'Reilly Media Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments
Book SynopsisExplains how to set up and use a home chemistry lab, with step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments in basic chemistry. This book shows how to do real lab work: purify alcohol by distillation; produce hydrogen and oxygen gas by electrolysis; smelt metallic copper from copper ore you make yourself; and much more.
£20.39
Harvard University Press Taxi from Another Planet
Book Synopsis
£16.10
Gill The Great Irish Science Book
Book SynopsisJoin Trinity's Professor Luke O'Neill on the greatest journey of them all. From the very big to the very small vast galaxies to microscopic atoms - travel through the wonders of the universe, the mysteries of the human body, and the tiny world of molecules. Discover the Irish scientists that have helped to shape our world and find out how to become one yourself.How do we measure the universe? Why do we need plants? How do our bodies repair themselves when we are ill? What species will exist on earth in a million years' time? Discover the answers to these questions and a lot more in this thrilling and engrossing book packed with fascinating phenomena, vibrant illustrations, experiments you can do yourself, and heaps of fun facts.
£22.09
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Poverty
Book SynopsisTrade Review“Since 2004, Ruth Lister’s book has been the definitive text on poverty. This new edition is destined to replace the first as a must-have volume for anyone interested in social policy, and to become the go-to source whenever poverty is discussed.”Robert Walker, Beijing Normal University and University of Oxford “Ruth Lister offers a rare combination of great professional expertise and moral authority and an abiding commitment to ways of tackling poverty effectively. The result is a highly readable and unusually insightful book about shaping a decent and compassionate society.”Philip Alston, former UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights“For anyone who has an interest in understanding and tackling poverty be they a community worker, social worker, youth worker, think tank policy wonk, academics, local councillor or MP, this is an essential, comprehensive and rewarding read. I highly recommend that, along with putting regular shifts in at your local food bank, you find the time to purchase a copy and read it.”vulnerability360.org.uk“This book shows that even while political, media and popular discourses and attitudes can be deeply dehumanising, they can also heal and empower.”ATD Fourth World UK“Lister's book offers vital insight into how poverty is actually experienced. [… She] discusses redistribution of resources to address the material aspects of poverty, and recognition and respect to address the non‐material aspects of poverty so powerfully described in this important book.”Child Poverty Action Group“The first edition of Poverty has been a, if not the, key text on poverty since 2004; this new edition is likely to replace the first on the bookshelves of scholars, policy makers and practitioners concerned about poverty.”Sociology“There can be no doubting Lister’s expertise in or commitment to her area of study. … for anyone seeking a comprehensive overview of the state of poverty studies at the start of the 2020s it is both an essential and engaging read. It will undoubtedly be lifted off the shelf as a first point of reference on many future occasions.”Journal of Social Security LawTable of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1. Defining Poverty Chapter 2. Measuring poverty Chapter 3. Inequality, social divisions and the differential experience of poverty Chapter 4. Discourses of poverty: from Othering to respect Chapter 5. Poverty and agency: from getting by to getting organized Chapter 6: Poverty, human rights and citizenship Conclusion: From concept to politics
£17.09
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Understanding the Life Course Sociological and
Book SynopsisUnderstanding the Life Course provides a uniquely comprehensive guide to the entire life course from an interdisciplinary perspective. Combining important insights from sociology and psychology, the book presents the concept's theoretical underpinnings in an accessible style, supported by real-life examples.Trade Review"It is excellent to have this second edition of Understanding the Life Course. It is thoroughly updated and Lorraine Green has continued to provide us with a text which is both ambitious and very readable. It will be invaluable to a range of students on both academic and professional courses who require an insightful and integrated sociological and psychological analysis of the life course." Nigel Parton, University of Huddersfield "A thorough understanding of the life course requires a strong grasp of both macro- and micro-social influences on our lives, ranging from major historical events to our most intimate family relationships. This excellent book is the only one I know of to put its interdisciplinary approach front and centre, underscoring the ways that psychological theories of identity and development, and sociological research on inequalities, shape the diversity of human experiences in childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. An original, engaging and informative book that will be well received across a range of social science disciplines." Deborah Carr, Professor of Sociology, Rutgers University "Lorraine Green has produced an outstanding second version of this successful and wide-ranging book. Retaining the sophistication and accessibility of the first edition, she has carefully updated material, including new nuanced analyses of the concept of resilience and neuro-developmental understandings." Sue White, Professor of Social Work, University of Birmingham
£28.49
Royal Society of Chemistry Practical Statistics for the Analytical Scientist
Book SynopsisAnalytical chemists must use a range of statistical tools in their treatment of experimental data to obtain reliable results. Practical Statistics for the Analytical Scientist is a manual designed to help them negotiate the daunting specialist terminology and symbols. Prepared in conjunction with the Department of Trade and Industry''s Valid Analytical Measurement (VAM) programme, this volume covers the basic statistics needed in the laboratory. It describes the statistical procedures that are most likely to be required including summary and descriptive statistics, calibration, outlier testing, analysis of variance and basic quality control procedures. To improve understanding, many examples provide the user with material for consolidation and practice. The fully worked answers are given both to check the correct application of the procedures and to provide a template for future problems. Practical Statistics for the Analytical Scientist will be welcomed by practising analytical chemisTable of ContentsIntroduction: Choosing the Correct Statistics; Descriptive Statistics; Distribution Descriptives; Probability Distributions; Confidence Limits; Accuracy and Precision; Significance Testing; Outlier Tests; The ANalysis Of VAriance; Linear Regression; Polynomial Regression; Repeatability Standard Deviation; Reproducibility Standard Deviation; Analytical Quality Control; Statistical Sampling; Appendices; Subject Index
£28.45
Royal Society of Chemistry Ribozymes and RNA Catalysis
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£126.34
Royal Society of Chemistry Kitchen Chemistry
Book SynopsisThe chemistry of food and cooking is just one example of the many roles chemistry plays in our everyday lives. This topic provides an exciting context for some familiar chemistry and a way to engage students with the subject. Kitchen Chemistry contains a wide variety of activities, from class practicals and demonstrations to reading comprehension and paper-based exercises. Each activity deals with an aspect of the chemistry of food and/or cooking. The material is suitable for a wide range of ages, from primary to post-16, and helps reinforce the idea that everything is made of chemicals and that there is no difference between ''man-made'' and ''natural'' chemicals.Trade ReviewSynopsis: The chemistry of food and cooking is just one example of the many roles chemistry plays in our everyday lives. This topic provides an exciting context for some familiar chemistry and a way to engage students with the subject. Kitchen Chemistry contains a wide variety of activities, from class practicals and demonstrations to reading comprehension and paper-based exercises. Each activity deals with an aspect of the chemistry of food and/or cooking. The material is suitable for a wide range of ages, from primary to post-16, and helps reinforce the idea that everything is made of chemicals and that there is no difference between 'man-made' and 'natural' chemicals. * Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, 06 November 2007 (Dana L Roth) *"Useful resource for school teachers, undergraduate chemistry lecturers and food enthusiasts." * International Food Information Service, 2007-01-Ac0263 *Table of ContentsIntroduction by Heston Blumenthal; How to use this material; The use of salt in cooking; The use of salt in cooking 2; By how much does salt increase the boiling point of water?; Is all salt the same?; "Low sodium" salt substitutes; What affects the colour and texture of cooked vegetables; Should beans be cooked with the lid on or off?; The chemistry of baking powder; The structure of ice and water; Why do pans stick?; Enzymes and jellies; The chemistry of flavour; Chemical changes during cooking; The science of ice cream; 'Asparagus pee'; How hot are chilli peppers?
£999.99
Royal Society of Chemistry Atlas of High Resolution Spectra of Rare Earth
Book SynopsisInductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) has been widely adopted as a routine analytical technique for elemental analysis in both industry and academia. However, spectral interference can be a major problem, particularly with such line-rich elements as the rare earth elements. An Atlas of High Resolution Spectra of Rare Earth Elements, which comes complete with a CD of spectra in full colour, is a reference source suitable for all analytical spectroscopists. Using some previously unpublished high resolution spectra, this atlas enables users of ICP-AES to select the best lines of any single rare earth element matrix. Clear instructions for the use of the accompanying CD are provided, which allows all adjacent interferent spectral profiles to be displayed and superimposed. Up-to-date and informative, this unique book will be welcomed as a practical and indispensable reference guide by all those who use ICP-AES for the analysis of rare earth elements.Trade Review"... a valuable reference guide ..." * Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol 122, No 18, p 4534 *"... a very useful book to have in the laboratory ..." * Talanta, 52, 2000, 955 *"... a helpful aid to any user of ICP with a special interest in the rare earth elements ..." * Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2000, 15 *"... a welcome addition to the current literature ... should occupy a space in any reference library." * Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol 20, No 1, 2001 *"... valuable and indispensable ..." * Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 3/2000, M97-M98 *"... I ... recommend in terms of its coverage, and clarity of presentation. The inclusion of the coincidence profiles on compact disk is an additional and useful bonus." * www.rsc.org/anlreview/2000 *Table of ContentsI Introduction: Overview; Interpretation; Apparatus and Procedures; II Reference; III Coincidence Tables: Selected prominent lines of REEs and their detection limits and BECs; Tables of interfering lines; Tables of coincidence parameters; Tables of recommended analysis lines with matrices of REEs; IV Spectral Coincidence Profiles; Appendix.
£95.00
Royal Society of Chemistry Elegant Solutions
Book SynopsisDevising and performing a scientific experiment is an art, and it is common to hear scientists talk about the ''beauty'' of an experiment. What does this mean in chemistry, the experimental science par excellence? And what are the most beautiful chemical experiments of all time? This book offers ten suggestions for where beauty might reside in experimental chemistry. In some cases the beauty lies in the clarity of conception; sometimes it is a feature of the instrumental design. But for chemistry, there can also be a unique beauty in the way atoms are put together to make new molecules, substances not known in nature. The ten experiments described here offer a window into the way that chemists think and work, and how what they do affects the rest of science and the wider world. This book aims to stimulate the reader to think anew about some of the relationships and differences between science and art, and to challenge some of the common notions about particular ''famous experiments''. Elegant Solutions: Ten Beautiful Experiments in Chemistry is accessible to all readers, including those without a scientific background and can provide an unusual point of entry into some of the basic concepts of chemistry. Phillip Ball is a renowned, prolific, award winning science writer.Trade Review"...wonderful, compelling read...""...will be of interest to chemistrs and historians alike. This is a timely and very welcome achievement." * Ambix, Vol 54, No 1 March 2007, Pedro Cintas *This is a delightful (beautiful?) book that deserves a wide audience......The book contains ten chapters that do more than describe individual experiments; they put it in the context of contemporary thought and attitudes and the characters of the chemists themselves.It should be read by A-level students to put their learning in context and by undergraduates to examine the experimental process....an excellent addition to Phillip Ball's growing list of popular science titles. * Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, Volume 8, Issue 2, October 2007 (Roy Lowry) *This book is particularly strong in that it is readily accessible by a general readership. It provokes you to think about how aesthetic values are related to experimental virtues. * Joachim Schummer, *I highly recommend Ball's book, which makes much of chemistry. Accessible to the nonchemist. * Bulletin for the History of Chemistry, Vol 31, Number 1 (2006) (Leo B Slater) *One of Ball's objectives is to encourage us to think about what an experiment is and what role experiments play in the evolution of science.The whole book is full of vivid characters, pointed anecdote and insightful comment, and is a delight to read. It is accessible to any reasonably well-motivated non-chemist, and would make a fine present for such a person. * Chemistry & Industry, 15th May 2006 (Martyn Berry) *It is rare for a book on chemistry to involve such feelings of awe as this one does. Elegant Solutions is an absolute delight, completely fulfilling Armstrong's words about the chemist being full of feeling. Wherever you work in chemistry, this book will have something to help you, to set you thinking, and to make you proud of your professional calling. Make sure you get a copy. * Education in Chemistry, March 2006 (John Nicholson) *Table of ContentsIntroduction: What is an Experiment? What is Beauty?; Section 1: Asking Questions of Nature; Chapter 1: How Does Your Garden Grow?; Chapter 2: An Element Compounded; Chapter 3: New Light; Chapter 4: The Marvellous Glass Balloon; Chapter 5: The Elements Came in One By One; Divertissement 1: Chemistry as Theatre; Section 2: Posing New Questions; Chapter 6: Molecules Take Shape; Divertissement 2: Myths and Romances; Chapter 7: Life and How to Make It; Chapter 8: Not So Noble; Section 3: The Art of Making Things; Chapter 9: Nature Rebuilt; Chapter 10: Plato's Molecules; Divertissement 3: Chemical Aesthetics
£18.95
Royal Society of Chemistry Magnetic Resonance in Food Science
Book SynopsisMagnetic resonance has long demonstrated its tremendous versatility in many areas of science. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in food science, where problems encountered in a variety of situations can be resolved using one of the many techniques available to the magnetic resonance practitioner. From structural studies and investigations of molecules in frozen sugar solutions, to identifying the origins of salmon and detecting free radicals in irradiated food, magnetic resonance techniques can provide useful information. Divided into four sections entitled A View Towards the Next Century; Food Safety and Health; Structure and Dynamics; and Analysis, Monitoring and Authentication, the book consists of top quality contributions from renowned international scientists, and looks at what magnetic resonance techniques can offer both now and in the future. Offering state-of-the-art material, Magnetic Resonance in Food Science: A View to the Future is essential reading for both academiTrade Review"... a valuable addition to the literature. It should be of great use in research, tertiary education and industrial situations and is highly recommended." * Food Australia, 55, (1, 2) January/February 2003, p 53 *Table of ContentsA View Towards The Next Century; Food Safety and Health; Structure and Dynamics; Analysis, Monitoring and Authentication; Subject Index.
£75.95
Royal Society of Chemistry Microtas 2004
Book SynopsisThe Eighth International Conference on Miniaturized Systems in Chemistry and Life Science - MicroTas 2004 - is an annual meeting focusing on the research, development and application of miniaturized technologies and methodologies in chemistry and life science. The conference is celebrating its tenth anniversary after the first workshop at the University of Twente, The Netherlands in 1994. This research field is rapidly developing and changing towards a domain where core competence areas such as microfluidics, micro- and nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, biology, and medicine are melting together to a truly interdisciplinary meeting place. This volume is the second in a two volume set, a valuable reference collection to all working in this field.Table of ContentsParticle Sorting; Motormolecules; Cell Positioning; MEMS; Applications I; Microfluidics I; Nanotechnology; Others; Fluid Pumping; Proteomics; Cell Culture I; Nanochannels; Particles; Optical Detection; Applications II; Microfluidics II; Author Index; Key Word Index.
£94.95
CRC Press Project Management for Drug Developers
Book SynopsisProject managers in drug development are the driving force behind the coordination of efforts. This book provides a practical reference for project managers in the pharmaceutical and biotech drug development industry, with the goal of assisting in creating an efficient and effective team structure and environment. The text details the role of project managers at each stage of drug development, the key interfaces that the PM will need to work closely with, and essential tools of the trade including frequently used techniques and methodologies. This book is useful for both entry-level and advanced-level PMs, as well as non-project managers from other functions.Features Includes authors' recent experience with improved tactics and technologies/software at various stages of drug development. Provides the most up-to-date and best practices, techniques, and methodologies in project management. Details the role of the
£30.39
CRC Press Biogeochemistry of Wetlands
Book Synopsis
£44.64
CRC Press LabAtHome Experiments in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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£32.29
Taylor & Francis Colour Colour Measurement and Colour Change
Book SynopsisColour, Colour Measurement and Colour Change, the first new book in the expanded Science for Conservators series, explains the science of colour, colour measurement and colour change for conservators in a clear and comprehensible way, elucidating the topic for those with no scientific background.The book explains how and why we see colours and how colour and colour change can be measured, as well as clarifying why these would be done in a conservation context. It then examines the ways in which colour can change â such as darkening, yellowing, fading, blanching and patination â illustrating these in different types of cultural heritage materials, including metals, varnishes, plastics, textiles and paints. The final chapter explores how colour change can be reduced in different types of storage and display settings, and, in particular, what can be done to protect against damage by light, damp and pollutants.This book is an invaluable introduction to all as
£31.34
CRC Press Traditional and Herbal Medicines for COVID19
Book SynopsisTraditional and Herbal Medicines for COVID-19 explores promising ways to manage COVID-19, post-COVID, and long-COVID conditions. The management plans are based on anti-virus activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and diverse health benefits of traditional and herbal medicines through a comprehensive summarization of scientific literature by experts in the field. It presents views of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants and pathogenesis, and it proposes renewed strategies of diagnostics, vaccines, and therapies.Features Provides an in-depth analysis to illustrate the impact of traditional and herbal medicines on crucial protein targets responsible for the progress of SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms. Presents knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and variants. Explores strategies to manage COVID-19, post-COVID, and long-COVID by applying traditional herbal medicines. Illustrates molecular aspects of anti-coro
£65.54
CRC Press Chemistry the Central Science A Cultural Perspective
Book SynopsisThere are many books on the chemistry shelves of libraries which focus on topics such as the Periodic Table or topics related to school courses. However, there is a lack of material available for senior students to showcase how chemistry underpins material often associated with other subjects and in a manner which combines theory, applications and experiments. From the exploitation of minerals and rocks to the design of drug molecules and how chemical compounds bring colour and communication to our lives, this book targets a gap in the market. It will also interest inquisitive adults who are rekindling an earlier interest in chemistry but who may have followed a different career path.
£47.49
Cambridge University Press Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry
Book SynopsisA revision guide tailored to the AS and A Level Chemistry syllabus (9701) for first examination in 2016.Table of ContentsTitle page; Imprint page; Table of contents; How to use this book; 1. Moles and equations; 2. Atomic structure; 3. Electrons in atoms; 4. Chemical bonding; 5. States of matter; 6. Enthalpy changes; 7. Redox reactions; 8. Redox reactions; 9. Rates of reaction; 10. Periodicity; 11. Group 2; 12. Group 17; 13. Nitrogen and sulfur; 14. Introduction to organic chemistry; 15. Hydrocarbons; 16. Halogenoalkanes; 17. Alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids; 18. Carbonyl compounds; 19. Lattice energy; 20. Electrochemistry; 21. Further aspects of equilibria; 22. Reaction kinetics; 23. Entropy and Gibbs free energy; 24. Transition elements; 25. Benzene and its compounds; 26. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives; 27. Organic nitrogen compounds; 28. Polymerisation; 29. Analytical chemistry; 30. Organic synthesis; PS. Practical skills; Answers to Progress Check questions; Answers to Exam-style questions; Glossary; Index;
£24.75
Wiley Insitu Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts
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£125.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc EnzymeBased Organic Synthesis
Book SynopsisEnzyme-Based Organic Synthesis An insightful exploration of an increasingly popular technique in organic chemistry In Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis, expert chemist Dr. Cheanyeh Cheng delivers a comprehensive discussion of the principles, methods, and applications of enzymatic and microbial processes for organic synthesis. The book thoroughly explores this growing area of green synthetic organic chemistry, both in the context of academic research and industrial practice. The distinguished author provides a single point of access for enzymatic methods applicable to organic synthesis and focuses on enzyme catalyzed organic synthesis with six different classes of enzyme. This book serves as a link between enzymology and biocatalysis and serves as an invaluable reference for the growing number of organic chemists using biocatalysis. Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis provides readers with multiple examples of practical applications of the main enzyme Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Discovery and Nature of Enzyme 1 1.2 Enzyme Structure and Catalytic Function 2 1.2.1 Enzyme Structure 2 1.2.2 Catalytic Function 3 1.3 Cofactors and Coenzymes 5 1.4 Molecular Recognition and Enzyme Specificity 6 1.4.1 Substrate Specificity 7 1.4.2 Regiospecificity 9 1.4.3 Stereospecificity 10 1.5 Enzyme Classes and Nomenclature 13 1.6 Enzyme and Green Chemistry 15 1.7 The Winner of Year 2010: Greener Manufacturing of Sitagliptin Enabled by an Evolved Transaminase 17 1.8 The Winner of Year 2009: A Solvent-Free Biocatalytic Process for Cosmetic and Personal Care Ingredients 17 References 18 2 Organic Synthesis with Oxidoreductases 21 2.1 Oxidation Reactions 21 2.1.1 Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes 21 2.1.2 Hydroxylation of Alkanes 26 2.1.3 Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds 29 2.1.4 Dihydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds 31 2.1.5 Epoxidation 35 2.1.6 Sulfoxidation Reactions 38 2.1.7 Baeyer–Villiger Reactions 39 2.1.8 Peroxidation Reactions 41 2.2 Reduction Reactions 44 2.2.1 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 44 2.2.2 Reduction of C═C Bonds 50 References 55 3 Organic Synthesis with Transferases 63 3.1 Transamination with Aminotransferases 63 3.2 Glycosyl-transfer with glycosyltransferase 68 3.3 Phosphorylation with Kinases 73 3.4 Acetyl Group Transfer with Acetyltransferase 75 References 78 4 Organic Synthesis with Hydrolases 83 4.1 Hydrolysis of Ester Bond 83 4.1.1 Ester Hydrolysis with Esterases 83 4.1.2 Ester Hydrolysis with Lipases 89 4.1.3 Ester Hydrolysis with Proteases 94 4.2 Hydrolysis of Amide Bond 97 4.3 Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters 103 4.4 Hydrolysis of Epoxides 105 4.5 Hydrolysis of Hydantoins 111 4.6 Hydrolysis of Glycosidic Bonds and Natural Polysaccharide 118 4.6.1 Hydrolysis of Starch and Applications 119 4.6.2 Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Applications 121 4.6.3 Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose and Applications 127 References 129 5 Organic Synthesis with Lyases 139 5.1 Lyases with Carbon–Carbon Bonds 139 5.1.1 Aldolases in Organic Syntheses 139 5.1.2 Enzymatic Acyloin Condensation 145 5.1.2.1 Acyloin Condensation Catalyzed by Pyruvate Decarboxylase 146 5.1.2.2 Acyloin Condensation Catalyzed by Benzoylformate Decarboxylase 147 5.1.2.3 Acyloin Condensation Catalyzed by Benzaldehyde Lyase 148 5.1.2.4 Acyloin Condensation Catalyzed by Phenylpyruvate Decarboxylase 151 5.1.3 Cyanohydrin Formation with Hydroxynitrile Lyases 152 5.2 Lyases with Carbon–Oxygen Bonds 158 5.2.1 Enzyme-Catalyzed Water Addition to Electron-Rich C=C Bonds 159 5.2.1.1 Oleate Hydratase 159 5.2.1.2 Linalool Dehydratase-Isomerase 162 5.2.1.3 Limonene Hydratase 163 5.2.2 Enzyme-Catalyzed Water Addition to Electron-Deficient C=C Bonds 164 5.2.2.1 Fumarase 164 5.2.2.2 Malease 166 5.2.2.3 Enoyl-CoA Hydratase 167 5.3 Lyases with Carbon–Nitrogen Bonds 169 5.3.1 Aspartate Ammonia Lyase 170 5.3.2 Methylaspartate Ammonia Lyase 173 5.3.3 Aromatic Amino Acid Ammonia Lyases 175 5.3.3.1 l-Arylalanines Synthesis 176 5.3.3.2 d-Arylalanines Synthesis 180 5.3.3.3 β-Arylalanines Synthesis 182 5.3.3.4 Applications for Arylalanines Synthesis 184 5.4 Lyases with Carbon–Sulfur Bonds 188 5.5 Lyases with Carbon–Halide Bonds 193 5.5.1 Synthesis of Chiral Epoxides 194 5.5.2 Synthesis of Enantiopure β-Substituted Alcohols 196 5.5.3 Application of Cascade Reactions 202 References 205 6 Organic Synthesis with Isomerases 221 6.1 Racemases and Epimerases 221 6.1.1 Amino Acid Racemases and Epimerases 221 6.1.1.1 d-Amino Acid Synthesis with PLP-Dependent Amino Acid Racemases 223 6.1.1.2 d-Amino Acid Synthesis with PLP-Independent Amino Acid Racemases 224 6.1.1.3 Amino Acid Racemases with Broad Substrate Specificity 226 6.1.1.4 Applications of Amino Acid Racemases and Epimerases 228 6.1.2 Hydroxy Acid Racemases and Epimerases 229 6.1.2.1 Lactate Racemase 229 6.1.2.2 Mandelate Racemase 230 6.1.3 N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine 2- epimerase 235 6.1.4 Hydantoin Racemase 238 6.2 Cis-Trans Isomerase 242 6.2.1 Maleate Cis-Trans Isomerase 242 6.2.2 Linoleate Isomerase 244 6.3 Intramolecular Oxidoreductases 247 6.3.1 Aldose-Ketose isomerases 247 6.3.1.1 Xylose (Glucose) Isomerase 247 6.3.1.2 l-Rhamnose Isomerase 256 6.3.1.3 l-Fucose Isomerase 261 6.4 Intramolecular Transferases 265 6.4.1 Phosphopentomutase 265 6.4.2 Lysine 2,3-Aminomutase 270 6.4.3 Lysine 5,6-Aminomutase 274 6.4.4 Tyrosine 2,3-Aminomutase 275 6.4.5 Phenylalanine Aminomutase 278 6.4.5.1 l-β-Phenylalanine Forming 278 6.4.5.2 d-β-Phenylalanine Forming 282 6.5 Intramolecular Lyases 287 6.5.1 ent-Copalyl Diphosphate Synthase 287 6.5.2 Lycopene β-Cyclase 294 References 304 7 Organic Synthesis with Ligases 321 7.1 Ligases for Carbon–Oxygen Bonds Formation 321 7.1.1 Olefin β-Lactone Synthetase 321 7.2 Ligases for Carbon–Sulfur Bonds Formation 323 7.2.1 Acetate-CoA Ligase (AMP-forming) 323 7.2.2 Medium-chain Acyl-CoA Ligase 331 7.2.3 Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA Ligase 340 7.3 Ligases for Carbon–Nitrogen Bonds Formation 347 7.3.1 Glutamine Synthetase 347 7.3.2 l-Alanine-l-anticapsin Ligase 355 7.3.3 Carbapenam-3-carboxylate Synthase 359 7.4 Ligases for Carbon–Carbon Bonds Formation 363 7.4.1 Pyruvate Carboxylase 363 7.4.2 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 383 References 414 8 Future Perspectives 431 8.1 Combinatorial Enzymatic Organic Synthesis 431 8.1.1 Combinatorial Chemistry 431 8.1.2 Principle of Combinatorial Chemistry 432 8.1.3 Combinatorial Chemistry with Enzymes 433 8.1.3.1 Enzymes as a Tool in Combinatorial Synthesis 434 8.1.3.2 Combinatorial Biocatalysis 437 8.1.3.3 Combinatorial Biosynthesis 445 8.2 Artificial Intelligence Assisted Enzymatic Organic Synthesis 452 8.2.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 452 8.2.2 Categorization of Artificial Intelligence 453 8.2.3 Machine Learning 454 8.2.4 Artificial Intelligence with Enzymatic Organic Synthesis 455 References 460 Index 465
£130.36
Wiley Pharmaceutical Excipients
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£136.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Inorganic Chemistry For Dummies
Book SynopsisA guide to inorganic chemistry that explains the principles of inorganic chemistry and includes worked-out problems to enhance your understanding of the key theories and concepts of the field.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: Reviewing Some General Chemistry 7 Chapter 1: Introducing Inorganic Chemistry 9 Chapter 2: Following the Leader: Atomic Structure and Periodic Trends 21 Chapter 3: The United States of Oxidation 39 Chapter 4: Gone Fission: Nuclear Chemistry 53 Chapter 5: The ABCs: Acid-Base Chemistry 69 Part II: Rules of Attraction: Chemical Bonding 81 Chapter 6: No Mr. Bond, I Expect You to π: Covalent Bonding 83 Chapter 7: Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory 101 Chapter 8: Ionic and Metallic Bonding 121 Chapter 9: Clinging to Complex Ions: Coordination Complexes 143 Part III: It’s Elemental: Dining at the Periodic Table 159 Chapter 10: What the H? Hydrogen! 161 Chapter 11: Earning Your Salt: The Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals 171 Chapter 12: The Main Groups 183 Chapter 13: Bridging Two Sides of the Periodic Table: The Transition Metals 207 Chapter 14: Finding What Lies Beneath: The Lanthanides and Actinides 221 Part IV: Special Topics 233 Chapter 15: Not Quite Organic, Not Quite Inorganic: Organometallics 235 Chapter 16: Accelerating Change: Catalysts 253 Chapter 17: Bioinorganic Chemistry: Finding Metals in Living Systems 267 Chapter 18: Living in a Materials World: Solid-State Chemistry 287 Chapter 19: Nanotechnology 305 Part V: The Part of Tens 313 Chapter 20: Ten Nobels 315 Chapter 21: Tools of the Trade: Ten Instrumental Techniques 319 Chapter 22: Ten Experiments 323 Chapter 23: Ten Inorganic Household Products 329 Glossary 335 Index 343
£17.09
John Wiley & Sons Inc NMR Data Interpretation Explained
Book SynopsisThrough numerous examples, the principles of the relationship between chemical structure and the NMR spectrum are developed in a logical, step-by-step fashion Includes examples and exercises based on real NMR data including full 600 MHz one- and two-dimensional datasets of sugars, peptides, steroids and natural products Includes detailed solutions and explanations in the text for the numerous examples and problems and also provides large, very detailed and annotated sets of NMR data for use in understanding the material Describes both simple aspects of solution-state NMR of small molecules as well as more complex topics not usually covered in NMR books such ascomplex splitting patterns, weak long-range couplings, spreadsheet analysis of strong coupling patterns and resonance structure analysis for prediction of chemical shifts Advanced topics include all of the common two-dimensional experiments (COSY, ROESY, NOESY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC) covered Table of ContentsExamples xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Companion Website xvii Chapter 1 Spectroscopy and the Proton NMR Experiment 1 1 What is the Structure of a Molecule? 1 2 Mass Spectrometry 3 2.1 Ionization Methods and Molecular Ions 4 2.1.1 Electron Impact (EI) 4 2.1.2 Soft Ionization 5 2.2 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Exact Mass 5 2.3 Isotope Patterns and the Halogens Br and Cl 7 3 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 9 4 Ultraviolet (UV) and Visible Spectroscopy 10 5 A Highly Simplified View of the NMR Experiment 13 Chapter 2 Chemical Shifts and Splitting Patterns 17 1 Chemical Shifts in the Proton Spectrum 17 2 Splitting: The Effect of One Neighbor: A Doublet 21 3 Splitting: The Effect of Two Neighbors: A Triplet 23 4 Splitting: The Effect of Three Neighbors: A Quartet 25 5 Splitting: The Effect of “n” Neighbors: A Multiplet 30 6 Using Splitting Patterns to Choose from a Group of Isomers 34 7 Peak Intensities (Peak Areas) and the Number of Protons in a Peak 37 8 Publication Format for Proton NMR Data 39 9 Recognizing Common Structure Fragments 41 10 Overlap in Proton NMR Spectra. Example: 1-Methoxyhexane 45 11 Protons Bound to Oxygen: OH Groups. Example: 2-Ethyl-1-Butanol 48 12 Summary of Chemical Shifts and Splitting Patterns 50 Chapter 3 Proton ( 1H) NMR of Aromatic Compounds 51 1 Benzene: The Aromatic Ring Current and the Shielding Cone 51 2 Monsubstituted Benzene: X-C6H5 52 2.1 Toluene 52 2.2 Aromatic Chemical Shifts: Resonance Structures 54 2.3 Nitrobenzene 55 2.4 Anisole 56 2.5 Substituent Effects on Aromatic Chemical Shifts 58 2.6 Long-Range J Couplings in Aromatic Rings: Protons 4 Bonds Apart 59 3 Disubstituted Benzene: X-C6H4-Y 62 3.1 Symmetrical Disubstituted Benzene: X-C6H4-X 62 3.2 Unsymmetrical Disubstituted Benzene, X-C6H4-Y 72 3.2.1 para (1,4) Disubstituted Benzene: p-X-C6H4-Y 73 3.2.2 meta (1,3) Disubstituted Benzene: m-X-C6H4-Y 78 3.2.3 ortho (1,2) Disubstituted Benzene: o-X-C6H4-Y 87 4 Coupling Between Aromatic Ring Protons and Substitutent Protons; Homonuclear Decoupling 100 4.1 The Methyl Group (CH3) 100 4.2 The Methoxy Substituent (OCH3) 102 4.3 The Formyl (H-C=O) Substituent 103 5 Trisubstituted Aromatic Rings: The AB2 System 106 6 Other Aromatic Ring Systems: Heteroaromatics, Five-Membered Rings and Fused Rings 110 6.1 Pyridine (C5H5N) 111 6.2 Pyrrole (C4H5N) 112 6.3 Furan (C4H4O) 113 6.4 Naphthalene (C10H8) 115 6.5 Indole (C8H7N) 117 6.6 Quinoline and Isoquinoline (C9H7N) 118 7 Summary of New Concepts: Proton NMR of Aromatic Compounds 120 Chapter 4 Carbon-13 (13C) NMR 125 1 Natural Abundance and Sensitivity of 13C 125 2 Proton Decoupling—Removing the Splitting Effect of Nearby Protons 126 3 Intensity of 13C Peaks—Symmetry and Relaxation 126 4 Chemical Shifts of Carbon-13 (13C) Nuclei 129 4.1 13C Frequency and Chemical Shift Reference 129 4.2 General Regions of the 13C Chemical Shift Scale 130 4.3 Correlations between 1H and 13C Chemical Shift for a C-H Pair 132 4.4 Quantitation of the Steric Effect for 13C Chemical Shifts 135 4.5 Example of Steric Effects on 13C Chemical Shifts: The “Crowded CH” in Steroids 141 4.6 The γ-gauche Effect: Steric Shifts That Give Stereochemical Information 143 4.7 Inductive Effects in 13C Chemical Shifts: Electronegative Atoms 147 4.8 The Effect of Ring Strain on 13C Chemical Shift of sp3-Hybridized Carbons 150 5 Quaternary Carbons: the Carbonyl Group 151 6 Simple Aromatic Compounds: Substituent Effects on 13C Chemical Shifts 156 7 Highly Oxygenated Benzene Rings and Coumarin 161 8 Fused Rings and Heteroaromatic Compounds 165 8.1 Pyridine (C5H5N) 165 8.2 Pyrrole (C4H5N) 167 8.3 Furan (C4H4O) 168 8.4 Naphthalene (C10H8) 168 8.5 Indole (C8H7N) 170 8.6 Quinoline and Isoquinoline (C9H7N) 173 9 Edited 13C Spectra: DEPT 174 9.1 Non-decoupled 13C Spectra 175 9.2 Edited 13C Spectra 176 9.3 Practical Details of the DEPT Experiment 181 9.3.1 Sensitivity 181 9.3.2 Pulse Calibration 181 9.3.3 J Value Setting 182 9.3.4 Phase Correction 185 10 The Effect of Other Magnetic Nuclei on the 13C Spectrum: 31P, 19F, 2H and 14N 185 10.1 Splitting of 13C Peaks by Deuterium (2H) 185 10.2 Splitting of 13C Peaks by Phosphorus (31P) 186 10.3 Splitting of 13C Peaks by Fluorine (19F) 188 10.4 Splitting and Broadening of 13C Peaks by Nitrogen (14N) 189 11 Direct Observation of Nuclei Other Than Proton (1H) and Carbon (13C) 190 11.1 Phosphorus-31 (31P) NMR 192 11.2 Fluorine-19 (19F) NMR 194 Chapter 5 Alkenes (Olefins) 198 1 Proton Chemical Shifts of Simple Olefins 199 2 Short-Range (Two and Three Bond) Coupling Constants ( J Values) in Olefins 202 3 The Allylic Coupling: A Long-Range (Four-Bond) J Coupling 205 4 Long-Range Olefin Couplings in Cholesterol: The bis-Allylic Coupling (5J) 209 5 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts of Hydrocarbon Olefins (Alkenes) 210 6 Resonance Effects on Olefinic 13C Chemical Shifts 214 7 Alkynes 225 Chapter 6 Chirality and Stereochemistry: Natural Products 227 1 The Molecules of Nature 227 2 Chirality, Chiral Centers, Chiral Molecules, and the Chiral Environment 230 3 The AB System 232 4 Detailed Analysis of the AB Spectrum: Calculating the Chemical Shifts 234 5 The ABX System 237 6 Variations on the ABX Theme: ABX3, ABX2 and ABXY 245 7 The Effect of Chirality on 13C Spectra. Diastereotopic Carbons 249 8 A Closer Look at Chemical Shift Equivalence in an Asymmetric Environment 251 8.1 Chemical Shift Equivalence of CH3 Group Protons 251 8.2 Non-Equivalence of CH2 Group Protons 252 8.3 Chemical Shift Equivalence by Symmetry 252 9 J Couplings and Chemical Shifts in the Rigid Cyclohexane Chair System 255 9.1 Cyclohexene and Cyclohexenone 262 10 A Detailed Look at the Dependence of 3jHH on Dihedral Angle: The Karplus Relation 266 11 Magnetic Non-Equivalence. The X-CH2-CH2-Y Spin System: A2B2 and AA’BB’ Patterns 276 12 Bicyclic Compounds and Small Rings (Three- and Four-Membered) 286 12.1 The Bicyclo[2.2.1] Ring System 286 12.2 The Bicyclo[3.1.0] Ring System 291 12.3 The Bicyclo[3.1.1] Ring System 294 Reference 298 Chapter 7 Selective Proton Experiments: Biological Molecules 299 1 Sugars: Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides 299 2 Slowing of OH Exchange in Polar Aprotic Solvents Like DMSO 305 3 Selective TOCSY Applied to the Assignment of the 1H Spectra of Sugars 307 4 The Selective NOE (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) Experiment 319 4.1 Recognizing Artifacts in Selective NOE Spectra 320 4.2 The Relationship Between NOE Intensity and Distance 320 4.3 Magnetization Transfer in the Selective TOCSY and Selective NOE Experiments 321 5 Amino Acids and Peptides 331 6 Nucleic Acids 348 7 Parameter Settings for NMR Experiment Setup and NMR Data Processing 357 Bibliography 358 Chapter 8 Homonuclear Two-Dimensional NMR: Correlation of One Hydrogen (1H) to Another 359 1 Selective TOCSY Experiments Displayed as a Stacked Plot 359 2 The Two-Dimensional COSY Experiment 365 3 Shape and Fine Structure of COSY Crosspeaks; Contour Plots 370 4 2D-COSY Spectra of Sugars 376 5 2D-COSY Spectra of Aromatic Compounds 391 6 Parameter Settings in the 2D COSY Experiment; The DQF-COSY Experiment 397 7 COSY Spectra of Peptides 399 8 COSY Spectra of Natural Products 405 9 Two-Dimensional (2D) TOCSY (Total Correlation Spectroscopy) 412 10 Two-Dimensional (2D) NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) 423 Parameter Settings Used for 2D Spectra in this Chapter 429 Chapter 9 Heteronuclear Two-Dimensional NMR: Correlation of One Hydrogen (1H) to One Carbon (13C) 430 1 3-Heptanone: A Thought Experiment 430 2 Edited HSQC: Making the CH2 Protons Stand Out 436 3 The 2D-HSQC Spectrum of Cholesterol 443 4 A Detailed Look at the HSQC Experiment 455 5 Parameters and Settings for the 2D-HSQC Experiment 458 5.1 Spectral Window 458 5.2 Acquisition Time 458 5.3 One-Bond J Coupling Value 459 5.4 Number of 1D Spectra Acquired: F1 Resolution 460 5.5 Number of Scans: Sensitivity 460 6 Data Processing: Phase Correction in Two Dimensions 460 7 Long-Range Couplings between 1H and 13C 463 8 2D-HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation) 465 8.1 2D-HMBC Spectra of Aromatic Compounds 467 8.2 HMBC Spectra of Natural Products: Using the Methyl Correlations 475 8.3 HMBC Spectra of Sugars 491 9 Parameters and Settings for the 2D-HMBC Experiment 495 9.1 Spectral Window 495 9.2 Acquisition Time 496 9.3 One-Bond and Long-Range JCH Coupling Values 496 9.4 Number of Scans 496 10 Comparison of HSQC and HMBC 496 11 HMBC Variants 497 Parameter Settings Used for 2D Spectra in this Chapter 497 References 498 Chapter 10 Structure Elucidation Using 2D NMR 499 1 Literature Structure Problems 500 2 Sesquiterpenoids 501 3 Steroids 522 4 Oligosaccharides 552 5 Alkaloids 574 6 Triterpenes 597 Reference 615 Index 617
£114.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Modeling Simulation and Optimization of
Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete guide on tools and techniques for modeling of supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction (SSFE) processes and phenomena. It provides details for SSFE from managing the experiments to modeling and optimization. It includes the fundamentals of SSFE as well as the necessary experimental techniques to validate the models. The optimization section includes the use of process simulators, conventional optimization techniques and state-of-the-art genetic algorithm methods. Numerous practical examples and case studies on the application of the modeling and optimization techniques on the SSFE processes are also provided. Detailed thermodynamic modeling with and without co-solvent and non equilibrium system modeling is another feature of the book.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Nomenclature xvii 1 Fundamentals of Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extraction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Supercritical Fluid Properties 2 1.3 Subcritical Condition 3 1.4 Physical Properties of Subcritical Fluid 5 1.5 Principles of Sub- and Supercritical Extraction Process 7 1.5.1 Solid Sample Extraction 8 1.5.2 Liquid Sample Extraction 9 1.6 Applications of SCF Extraction 11 1.6.1 Decaffeination of Coffee and Tea 11 1.6.2 Removal of FFA in Fats and Oils 15 1.6.3 Enrichment of Tocopherols 17 1.6.4 Carotenes from Crude Palm Oil and from Palm Fatty Acid Esters 18 1.7 Solubility of Solutes in SCFs 18 1.8 Solute–Solvent Compatibility 20 1.9 Solubility and Selectivity of Low-Volatility Organic Compounds in SCFs 21 1.10 Method of Solubility Measurement 24 1.10.1 Static Method 24 1.10.2 Dynamic Method 25 1.11 Determination of Solvent 27 1.11.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 30 1.11.2 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) as a Solvent 31 1.12 Important Parameters Affecting Supercritical Extraction Process 36 1.12.1 Pressure and Temperature 36 1.12.2 Solvent Flowrate 38 1.12.3 Cosolvent 39 1.12.4 Moisture Content 40 1.12.5 Raw Material 42 1.13 Profile of Extraction Curves 43 1.14 Design and Scale Up 45 2 Modeling and Optimization Concept 47 2.1 SFE Modeling 47 2.1.1 Importance of Knowing the Solid Matrix and Selecting a Suitable Model 48 2.1.2 Different Modeling Approaches in SFE 48 2.1.2.1 Experimental Models 49 2.1.2.2 Models Which Are Based on Similarity between Heat and Mass Transfer 49 2.1.2.3 Models Based on Conservation Balance Equations 49 2.2 First Principle Modeling 49 2.2.1 The Equation of Continuity 50 2.2.2 The Equation of Motion in Terms of τ 50 2.2.3 The Equation of Energy in Terms of q 52 2.3 Hybrid Modeling or Gray Box 53 2.4 ANN 55 2.4.1 Simple Neural Network Structure 55 2.4.1.1 Transfer Function 57 2.4.1.2 Activation Functions 57 2.4.1.3 Learning Rules 57 2.4.2 Network Architecture 58 2.5 Fuzzy Logic 61 2.5.1 Boolean Logic and Fuzzy Logic 61 2.5.2 Fuzzy Sets 62 2.5.3 Membership Function 63 2.5.3.1 Membership Function Types 63 2.5.4 Fuzzy Rules 64 2.5.4.1 Classical Rules and Fuzzy Rules 65 2.5.5 Fuzzy Expert System and Fuzzy Inference 66 2.5.5.1 Mamdani FIS 66 2.5.5.1.1 Fuzzification 66 2.5.5.1.2 Fuzzy Logical Operation and Rule Evaluation 66 2.5.5.1.3 Implication Method 67 2.5.5.1.4 Aggregation of the Rule Outputs 67 2.5.5.1.5 Defuzzification 67 2.5.5.2 Sugeno Fuzzy Inference 67 2.6 Neuro Fuzzy 68 2.6.1 Structure of a Neuro Fuzzy System 69 2.6.2 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) 69 2.6.2.1 Learning in the ANFIS Model 71 2.7 Optimization 72 2.7.1 Traditional Optimization Methods 73 2.7.2 Evolutionary Algorithm 74 2.7.3 Simulated Annealing Algorithm 74 2.7.4 Genetic Algorithm 75 2.7.4.1 Genetic Algorithm Definitions 75 2.7.4.2 Genetic Algorithms Overview 76 2.7.4.3 Preliminary Considerations 77 2.7.4.4 Overview of Genetic Programming 78 2.7.4.5 Implementation Details 79 2.7.4.5.1 Selection Operator 79 2.7.4.5.2 Crossover Operator 79 2.7.4.5.3 Mutation Operator 79 2.7.4.6 Effects of Genetic Operators 80 2.7.4.7 The Algorithms 80 3 Physical Properties of Palm Oil as Solute 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Palm Oil Fruit 83 3.3 Palm Oil Physical and Chemical Properties 84 3.3.1 Palm Oil Triglycerides 85 3.3.2 Minor Components in Palm Oil 89 3.4 Vegetable Oil Refining 91 3.5 Conventional Palm Oil Refining Process 91 3.5.1 Chemical Refining 93 3.5.2 Physical Refining 97 3.5.3 Effect of Palm Oil Refining 98 3.6 Conclusions 100 4 First Principle Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extraction Modeling 101 Part I: Modeling Methodology 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Phase Equilibrium Modeling 101 4.3 The Redlich–Kwong–Aspen Equation of State 102 4.3.1 Calculations of Pure Component Parameters for the RKA-EOS 102 4.3.2 Binary Mixture Calculations 103 4.4 Palm Oil System Characterization 103 4.4.1 Palm Oil Triglycerides 104 4.4.2 Free Fatty Acids 106 4.4.3 Palm Oil Minor Components 106 4.5 Development of Aspen Plus® Physical Property Database for Palm Oil Components 107 4.5.1 Vapor Pressure Estimation 107 4.5.2 Estimation of Pure Component Critical Properties 108 4.5.2.1 Critical Properties Estimation Using Normal Boiling Point 108 4.5.2.2 Critical Properties Estimation Using One Vapor Pressure Point 110 4.6 Binary Interaction Parameters Calculations 110 4.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Process Development 113 4.7.1 Hydrodynamics of Countercurrent SFE Process 113 4.7.2 Solubility of Palm Oil in Supercritical CO2 115 4.7.3 Process Modeling and Simulation 116 4.7.3.1 Simple Countercurrent Extraction 118 4.7.3.2 Countercurrent Extraction with External Reflux 118 4.7.4 Process Analysis and Optimization 119 Part II: Results and Discussion 120 4.8 Palm Oil Component Physical Properties 120 4.8.1 Vapor Pressure of Palm Oil Components 120 4.8.2 Pure Component Critical Properties 122 4.9 Regression of Interaction Parameters for the Palm Oil Components-Supercritical CO2 Binary System 122 4.9.1 Binary System: Triglyceride – Supercritical CO2 123 4.9.2 Binary System: Oleic Acid – Supercritical CO2 126 4.9.3 Binary System: α-Tocopherol – Supercritical CO2 128 4.9.4 Binary System: β-Carotene – Supercritical CO2 130 4.9.5 Temperature-Dependent Interaction Parameters 131 4.10 Phase Equilibrium Calculation for the Palm Oil–Supercritical CO2 System 132 4.11 Ternary System: CO2 – Triglycerides – Free Fatty Acids 133 4.12 Distribution Coefficients of Palm Oil Components 134 4.13 Separation Factor Between Palm Oil Components 138 4.13.1 Separation Factor Between Fatty Acids and Triglycerides 139 4.13.2 Separation Factor Between Fatty Acids and α-Tocopherols 140 4.14 Base Case Process Simulation 141 4.14.1 Palm Oil Deacidification Process 141 4.14.1.1 Solubility of Palm Oil in Supercritical CO2 141 4.14.1.2 Palm Oil Deacidification Process: Comparison to Pilot Plant Results 142 4.15 Conclusion 145 5 Application of Other Supercritical and Subcritical Modeling Techniques 147 5.1 Mass Transfer, Correlation, ANN, and Neuro Fuzzy Modeling of Sub-and Supercritical Fluid Extraction Processes 147 5.2 Mass Transfer Model 148 5.3 ANN Modeling 153 5.4 Neuro Fuzzy Modeling 153 5.5 ANFIS and Gray-box Modeling of Anise Seeds 154 5.6 White Box SFE Modeling of Anise 155 5.6.1 Gray Box Parameters 156 5.6.2 ANFIS 156 5.6.2.1 Preprocessing 157 5.6.3 Gray Box 158 5.7 Results and Discussion 159 5.7.1 ANFIS 159 5.7.2 Gray Box Modeling Results 159 5.7.2.1 Black Box 159 5.7.3 Comparison of ANFIS and Gray Box Models with ANN and White Box Models 161 5.8 Introduction – Statistical versus ANN Modeling 162 5.9 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Q. infectoria Oil 164 5.9.1 Materials and Methods 165 5.9.2 Experimental Design 165 5.9.3 Artificial Neural Network Modeling 168 5.10 Subcritical Ethanol Extraction of Java Tea Oil 168 5.10.1 Artificial Neural Network Modeling 172 5.11 SFE of Oil from Passion Fruit Seed 173 5.11.1 Experimental Procedures 173 5.11.2 RSM Statistical Modeling 174 5.11.3 ANN Modeling of Passion Fruit Seed Oil Extraction with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 176 6 Experimental Design Concept and Notes on Sample Preparation and SFE Experiments 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Experimental Design 179 6.3 Statistical Optimization 180 6.4 Optimization of Palm Oil Subcritical R134a Extraction 182 6.4.1 Effect of Temperature and Pressure 184 6.4.2 Model Fitting 187 6.4.3 Process Optimization 189 6.5 Comparison of Subcritical R134a and Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Palm Oil 190 6.5.1 Extraction Performance 191 6.5.2 Economic Factor 196 6.6 Sample Pretreatment 197 6.6.1 Moisture Content Reduction 198 6.6.2 Sample Size Reduction 199 6.7 New Trends in Pretreatment 200 6.8 Optimal Pretreatment 203 7 Supercritical and Subcritical Optimization 205 Part I: First Principle Optimization 205 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Evaluation of Separation Performance 205 7.2.1 Effects of Temperature and Pressure 206 7.2.2 Effect of the Number of Stages 207 7.2.3 Effect of Solvent-to-Feed Ratio 208 7.2.4 Effect of Reflux Ratio 209 7.3 Parameter Optimization of Palm Oil Deacidification Process 210 7.3.1 Simple Countercurrent Extraction (Without Reflux) 212 7.3.2 Countercurrent Extraction with Reflux 213 7.4 Proposed Flowsheet for Palm Oil Refining Process 215 7.5 Conclusions 216 Part II: ANN, GA Statistical Optimization 217 7.6 Introduction 217 7.7 Traditional Optimization 217 7.8 Nimbin Extraction Process Optimization 220 7.9 Genetic Algorithm for Mass Transfer Correlation Development 223 7.10 Optimizing Chamomile Extraction 225 7.11 Statistical and ANN Optimization 227 7.12 Conclusion 232 Appendix A Calculation of the Composition for Palm Oil TG (Lim et al. 2003) 233 Appendix B Calculation of Distribution Coefficient and Separation Factor (Lim et al. 2003) 235 Appendix C Calculation of Palm Oil Solubility in Supercritical CO2 (Lim et al. 2003) 237 References 239 Index 265
£78.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Book SynopsisProvides fundamentals needed to apply impedance spectroscopy to a broad range of applications with emphasis on obtaining physically meaningful insights from measurements.Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix Acknowledgments xxiii The Blind Men and the Elephant xxv A Brief Introduction to Impedance Spectroscopy xxix History of Impedance Spectroscopy xxxvii I Background 1 1 Complex Variables 3 1.1 Why Imaginary Numbers? 3 1.2 Terminology 4 1.3 Operations Involving Complex Variables 5 1.4 Elementary Functions of Complex Variables 16 Problems 22 2 Differential Equations 25 2.1 Linear First-Order Differential Equations 25 2.2 Homogeneous Linear Second-Order Differential Equations 29 2.3 Nonhomogeneous Linear Second-Order Differential Equations 32 2.4 Chain Rule for Coordinate Transformations 36 2.5 Partial Differential Equations by Similarity Transformations 38 2.6 Differential Equations with Complex Variables 42 Problems 43 3 Statistics 45 3.1 Definitions 45 3.2 Error Propagation 53 3.3 Hypothesis Tests 59 Problems 70 4 Electrical Circuits 73 4.1 Passive Electrical Circuits 73 4.2 Fundamental Relationships 79 4.3 Nested Circuits 80 4.4 Mathematical Equivalence of Circuits 82 4.5 Graphical Representation of Circuit Response 82 Problems 85 5 Electrochemistry 87 5.1 Resistors and Electrochemical Cells 87 5.2 Polarization Behavior for Electrochemical Systems 90 5.3 Definitions of Potential 106 5.4 Rate Expressions 107 5.5 Transport Processes 111 5.6 Potential Contributions 117 5.7 Capacitance Contributions 120 5.8 Further Reading 124 Problems 125 6 Electrochemical Instrumentation 127 6.1 The Ideal Operational Amplifier 127 6.2 Elements of Electrochemical Instrumentation 129 6.3 Electrochemical Interface 131 Problems 135 II Experimental Considerations 137 7 Experimental Methods 139 7.1 Steady-State Polarization Curves 139 7.2 Transient Response to a Potential Step 140 7.3 Analysis in Frequency Domain 141 7.4 Comparison of Measurement Techniques 154 7.5 Specialized Techniques 155 Problems 160 8 Experimental Design 163 8.1 Cell Design 163 8.2 Experimental Considerations 168 8.3 Instrumentation Parameters 181 Problems 186 III Process Models 187 9 Equivalent Circuit Analogs 189 9.1 General Approach 189 9.2 Current Addition 190 9.3 Potential Addition 196 Problems 201 10 Kinetic Models 203 10.1 General Mathematical Framework 203 10.2 Electrochemical Reactions 205 10.3 Multiple Independent Electrochemical Reactions 218 10.4 Coupled Electrochemical Reactions 221 10.5 Electrochemical and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions 229 Problems 235 11 Diffusion Impedance 237 11.1 Uniformly Accessible Electrode 238 11.2 Porous Film 239 11.3 Rotating Disk 249 11.4 Submerged Impinging Jet 259 11.5 Rotating Cylinders 262 11.6 Electrode Coated by a Porous Film 264 11.7 Impedance with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 271 11.8 Dynamic Surface Films 280 Problems 290 12 Impedance of Materials 291 12.1 Electrical Properties of Materials 291 12.2 Dielectric Response in Homogeneous Media 292 12.3 Cole-Cole Relaxation 295 12.4 Geometric Capacitance 295 12.5 Dielectric Response of Insulating Non-Homogenous Media 297 12.6 Mott-Schottky Analysis 298 Problems 305 13 Time-Constant Dispersion 307 13.1 Transmission Line Models 307 13.2 Geometry–Induced Current and Potential Distributions 325 13.3 Electrode Surface Property Distributions 337 13.4 Characteristic Dimension for Frequency Dispersion 358 13.5 Convective Diffusion Impedance at Small Electrodes 359 13.6 Coupled Charging and Faradaic Currents 365 13.7 Exponential Resistivity Distributions 378 Problems 381 14 Constant–Phase Elements 383 14.1 Mathematical Formulation for a CPE 383 14.2 When is a Time–Constant Distribution a CPE? 384 14.3 Origin of Distributions Resulting in a CPE 388 14.4 Approaches for Extracting Physical Properties 389 14.5 Limitations to the Use of the CPE 404 Problems 406 15 Generalized Transfer Functions 409 15.1 Multi-Input/Multi-Output Systems 409 15.2 Transfer Functions Involving Exclusively Electrical Quantities 417 15.3 Transfer Functions Involving Nonelectrical Quantities 422 Problems 429 16 Electrohydrodynamic Impedance 431 16.1 Hydrodynamic Transfer Function 433 16.2 Mass-Transport Transfer Function 436 16.3 Kinetic Transfer Function for Simple Electrochemical Reactions 441 16.4 Interface with a 2-D or 3-D Insulating Phase 442 Problems 454 IV Interpretation Strategies 455 17 Methods for Representing Impedance 457 17.1 Impedance Format 459 17.2 Admittance Format 468 17.3 Complex-Capacitance Format 474 17.4 Effective Capacitance 478 Problems 482 18 Graphical Methods 483 18.1 Based on Nyquist Plots 484 18.2 Based on Bode Plots 491 18.3 Based on Imaginary Part of the Impedance 495 18.4 Based on Dimensionless Frequency 496 18.5 System–Specific Applications 502 18.6 Overview 512 Problems 515 19 Complex Nonlinear Regression 517 19.1 Concept 517 19.2 Objective Functions 519 19.3 Formalism of Regression Strategies 521 19.4 Regression Strategies for Nonlinear Problems 524 19.5 Influence of Data Quality on Regression 527 19.6 Initial Estimates for Regression 533 19.7 Regression Statistics 533 Problems 536 20 Assessing Regression Quality 539 20.1 Methods to Assess Regression Quality 539 20.2 Application of Regression Concepts 540 Problems 555 V Statistical Analysis 557 21 Error Structure of Impedance Measurements 559 21.1 Error Contributions 559 21.2 Stochastic Errors in Impedance Measurements 560 21.3 Bias Errors 566 21.4 Incorporation of Error Structure 570 21.5 Measurement Models for Error Identification 572 Problems 583 22 The Kramers-Kronig Relations 585 22.1 Methods for Application 585 22.2 Mathematical Origin 590 22.3 The Kramers-Kronig in an Expectation Sense 601 Problems 605 VI Overview 607 23 An Integrated Approach to Impedance Spectroscopy 609 23.1 Flowcharts for Regression Analysis 609 23.2 Integration of Measurements, Error Analysis, and Model 610 23.3 Application 613 Problems 619 VII Reference Material 621 A Complex Integrals 623 A.1 Definition of Terms 623 A.2 Cauchy-Riemann Conditions 625 A.3 Complex Integration 627 Problems 633 B Tables of Reference Material 635 C List of Examples 637 List of Symbols 643 References 655 Index 684
£100.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Hazard Analysis Techniques for System Safety
Book SynopsisExplains in detail how to perform the most commonly used hazard analysis techniques with numerous examples of practical applications Includes new chapters on Concepts of Hazard Recognition, Environmental Hazard Analysis, Process Hazard Analysis, Test Hazard Analysis, and Job Hazard Analysis Updated text covers introduction, theory, and detailed description of many different hazard analysis techniques and explains in detail how to perform them as well as when and why to use each technique Describes the components of a hazard and how to recognize them during an analysis Contains detailed examples that apply the methodology to everyday problems Table of ContentsPREFACE xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii 1. System Safety and Hazard Analysis 1 2. Systems 10 3. Hazards, Mishap, and Risk 28 4. Hazard Analysis Features 45 5. Hazard Recognition and Management 69 6. Functional Hazard Analysis 93 7. Preliminary Hazard List Analysis 109 8. Preliminary Hazard Analysis 125 9. Subsystem Hazard Analysis 145 10. System Hazard Analysis 164 11. Operating and Support Hazard Analysis 177 12. Health Hazard Analysis 199 13. Requirements Hazard Analysis 212 14. Environmental Hazard Analysis (EHA) 224 15. Fault Tree Analysis 240 16. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 278 17. Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Analysis 300 18. Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 316 19. Cause—Consequence Analysis 327 20. Common Cause Failure Analysis 339 21. Software Hazard Analysis 363 22. Process Hazard Analysis 381 23. Test Hazard Analysis 390 24. Fault Hazard Analysis 406 25. Sneak Circuit Analysis 416 26. Markov Analysis 430 27. Petri Net Analysis 446 28. Barrier Analysis 456 29. Bent Pin Analysis 471 30. Management Oversight Risk Tree Analysis 483 31. Job Hazard Analysis 490 32. Threat Hazard Analysis 506 33. System of Systems Hazard Analysis 520 34. Summary 537 Appendix A List of Acronyms 549 Appendix B Glossary 552 Appendix C Hazard Checklists 567 Appendix D References 609 Index 613
£95.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollut
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xxiii Preface to the Third Edition xxv PART I | The Atmosphere and Its Constituents Chapter 1 | The Atmosphere 3 Chapter 2 | Atmospheric Trace Constituents 18 PART II | Atmospheric Chemistry Chapter 3 | Chemical Kinetics 69 Chapter 4 | Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry 88 Chapter 5 | Chemistry of the Stratosphere 119 Chapter 6 | Chemistry of the Troposphere 175 Chapter 7 | Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase 265 PART III | Aerosols Chapter 8 | Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol 325 Chapter 9 | Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles 362 Chapter 10 | Thermodynamics of Aerosols 396 Chapter 11 | Nucleation 448 Chapter 12 | Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry 493 Chapter 13 | Dynamics of Aerosol Populations 537 Chapter 14 | Atmospheric Organic Aerosols 573 PART IV | Physical and Dynamic Meteorology, Cloud Physics, and Atmospheric Diffusion Chapter 16 | Physical and Dynamic Meteorology 661 Chapter 17 | Cloud Physics 708 Chapter 18 | Atmospheric Diffusion 763 PART V | Dry and Wet Deposition Chapter 19 | Dry Deposition 829 PART VI | The Global Atmosphere, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Climate Chapter 21 | General Circulation of the Atmosphere 891 Chapter 22 | Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon 908 Chapter 23 | Global Climate 931 Chapter 24 | Aerosols and Climate 970 PART VII | Chemical Transport Models and Statistical Models Chapter 25 | Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models 1011 Chapter 26 | Statistical Models 1051
£114.26
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Taphonomy of Human Remains
Book SynopsisA truly interdisciplinary approach to this core subject within Forensic Science Combines essential theory with practical crime scene work Includes case studies Applicable to all time periods so has relevance for conventional archaeology, prehistory and anthropology Combines points of view from both established practitioners and young researchers to ensure relevance Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix Notes on Contributors xxvii Foreword xxix Acknowledgements xxxi Introduction 1Eline M.J. Schotsmans, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Shari L. Forbes I.1 Efremov: from Taphonomy to Science Fiction 1 I.2 The Meaning of Taphonomy 2 I.3 The Rationale Behind this Volume 3 I.4 Challenges in Forensic Taphonomy 4 I.5 Organisation of the Volume 6 References 7 Part I General Post-Mortem Processes: Degradation of Soft Tissue, Bone and Associated Materials 9 1 Gross Post-Mortem Changes in the Human Body 11Stuart J. Hamilton and Michael A. Green 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 The Immediate Post-Mortem Period 11 1.3 Subsequent Weeks 16 1.4 Other Post-Mortem Modifications 16 1.5 Skeletonisation 22 1.6 Conclusion and Future Research 22 References 23 Cited court cases 25 2 Microscopic Post-Mortem Changes: the Chemistry of Decomposition 26Shari L. Forbes, Katelynn A. Perrault and Jenna L. Comstock 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Autolysis 27 2.3 Putrefaction 27 2.4 Factors Affecting Autolysis and Putrefaction 31 2.5 Impact of the Decomposition Process on the Surrounding Environment 32 2.6 Conclusion 35 References 35 3 Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition 39Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto, Elien Rosier, Jan Tytgat, Jean-François Focant and Eva Cuypers 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Matrices and Sampling Methods 40 3.3 Results and Discussion 46 3.4 Conclusion and Future Research 49 References 50 4 Blood Degradation and Bloodstain Age Estimation 53Gerda J. Edelman and Maurice C.G. Aalders 4.1 Introduction: Forensic relevance of bloodstains 53 4.2 Blood Degradation 54 4.3 Mechanical and Morphological Changes 55 4.4 Optical Methods 55 4.5 Practical Implementation 59 4.6 Crime Scene Challenges of Bloodstain Age Estimation 60 4.7 Conclusion 62 References 62 5 DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis 65Claudio Ottoni, Bram Bekaert and Ronny Decorte 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Mechanisms of DNA Degradation 65 5.3 Preservation of DNA: Recommendations Concerning Sampling and Storage 68 5.4 Methodologies to Analyse Degraded DNA 70 5.5 Future Prospects 74 5.6 Conclusion 75 References 75 6 Taphonomic Alterations to Hair and Nail 81Andrew S. Wilson 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Structure of Hair and Nail 82 6.3 Changes to Hair and Nail 83 6.4 Processing and Storage of Hair 87 6.5 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 7 Taphonomy of Teeth 92Christopher W. Schmidt, Robin Quataert, Fatma Zalzala and Ruggero D’Anastasio 7.1 Introduction 92 7.2 Mechanical Damage: Forensic Case Study 93 7.3 Effects of Thermal Damage 94 7.4 Thermal Damage: Archaeological Case Study 95 7.5 Caveats 97 7.6 Conclusion 98 References 98 8 The Taphonomy of Natural Mummies 101Dario Piombino-Mascali, Heather Gill-Frerking and Ronald G. Beckett 8.1 Introduction 101 8.2 Post-Mortem Decay 102 8.3 Natural or Spontaneous Mummification 102 8.4 Soft Tissue Changes 103 8.5 Environment, Culture or Both? 104 8.6 Dry Environments 104 8.7 Bog Environments 109 8.8 Cold Environments 110 8.9 Anaerobic Environments 112 8.10 Differential Decomposition 113 8.11 Post-Depositional Factors and Taphonomic Impact 114 8.12 Conclusion 116 References 116 9 Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments 120Barbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland 9.1 Introduction 120 9.2 The Structures and Properties of Clothing Materials 120 9.3 Decomposition Mechanisms of Clothing Materials in Depositional Environments 124 9.4 The Influence of Clothing on the Decomposition Processes 127 9.5 Forensic and Archaeological Studies of Clothing Degradation 128 9.6 Protocols for Forensic and Archaeological Clothing Collection and Analysis 130 9.7 Conclusion and Future Research 131 References 131 10 Post-Mortem Interval Estimation: an Overview of Techniques 134Tal Simmons 10.1 Introduction 134 10.2 Why Estimating the PMI is Important 134 10.3 Scientific Method versus Anecdote in PMI Estimation 135 10.4 Methods for Estimating PMI 137 10.5 Case Example 139 10.6 Conclusion and Future Research 140 References 141 Part II The Depositional Environment 143 11 Relationships between Human Remains, Graves and the Depositional Environment 145Emily N. Junkins and David O. Carter 11.1 Introduction 145 11.2 The Taphonomy of Buried Human Remains 145 11.3 Factors that Influence Decomposition: Environmental and Intrinsic Variables 146 11.4 Decomposition Processes: Autolysis, Putrefaction and Decay 149 11.5 The Forensic Application of Taphonomy 150 11.6 Conclusion 151 References 152 12 Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans 155Franklin E. Damann 12.1 Introduction 155 12.2 Bacterial Growth and Metabolism 156 12.3 Limiting Factors of Bacterial Growth and Function 156 12.4 Bacteria as Symbiotic Organisms 158 12.5 Bacteria as Taphonomic Agents 159 12.6 Putrefaction 159 12.7 Microbiology in Forensic Medicine 161 12.8 Conclusion 163 References 164 13 Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology 167Stefano Vanin and Jean-Bernard Huchet 13.1 Introduction 167 13.2 Insects: Useful Information for Forensic Scientists and Archaeologists 168 13.3 Forensic Entomology and the Application of Insect Knowledge in Forensic Contexts 175 13.4 Insects Recovered from Graves or Associated with Human Remains in Archaeological Contexts 176 13.5 Body Alteration at the Crime Scene as a Result of Insect Activity 179 13.6 Bone Modifications due to Insect Activity 181 13.7 Conclusion 181 Acknowledgements 182 References 182 14 Forensic Botany and Stomach Contents Analysis: Established Practice and Innovation 187Jennifer Miller 14.1 Introduction 187 14.2 Forensic Applications of Botany 187 14.3 Conclusion 197 References 198 15 The Effects of Weathering on Bone Preservation 201Soren Blau 15.1 Introduction 201 15.2 A Brief History of Weathering Studies 201 15.3 Variables that Influence Weathering 202 15.4 The Value of Bone Weathering Analyses in Forensic Investigations 204 15.5 Conclusion 208 Acknowledgements 208 References 208 16 The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body 212Alexandria Young 16.1 Introduction 212 16.2 Terrestrial Mammalian Scavengers 213 16.3 Avian Scavengers 225 16.4 Applications to Crime Scene Investigation 226 16.5 Conclusion and Future Research 227 References 228 17 Decomposition in Aquatic Environments 235Barbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland 17.1 Introduction 235 17.2 Decomposition Processes in Aquatic Environments 236 17.3 Post-Mortem Submersion Interval 239 17.4 Factors Influencing Aquatic Decomposition Processes 240 17.5 Case Reports and Studies 244 17.6 Recovery Protocols 246 17.7 Conclusion and Future Research 247 References 247 18 Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials 251Caroline Barker, Esma Alicehajic and Javier Naranjo Santana 18.1 Introduction 251 18.2 Assessment of Taphonomic Change in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 251 18.3 The Study of Taphonomy in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 253 18.4 Taphonomic Assessment in Mass Burial Deposits 256 18.5 Taphonomic Processes and Differential Preservation in Mass Burials: Current Research and Application 258 18.6 Case Study 1: Differential Preservation of Human Remains and Artefacts in Archaeological Mass Graves of the Same PMI and its Utility to Establish Differences in Burial Environments over Time 262 18.7 Case Study 2: Differential Preservation of Human Remains in Forensic Mass Graves and its Use as an Evidentiary Tool 264 18.8 Conclusion and Future Research 266 Acknowledgements 267 References 267 19 Reconstructing the Original Arrangement, Organisation and Architecture of Burials in Archaeology 277Dominique Castex and Frédérique Blaizot 19.1 Introduction 277 19.2 The Reconstruction of Perishable Funerary Architecture and its Arrangement 278 19.3 Analysis of Several Individuals in the Same Pit 284 19.4 Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 294 References 295 Part III Anti-, Peri- and Post-Mortem Modifications to the Body 297 20 Forensic Toxicology of Decomposed Human Remains 299Richard Lloyd and Julie Evans 20.1 Introduction 299 20.2 Toxicological Matrices 301 20.3 Case Study 307 20.4 Conclusion and Future Research 311 References 311 21 Thermal Alteration to the Body 318Tim J.U. Thompson, David Gonçalves, Kirsty Squires and Priscilla Ulguim 21.1 Introduction 318 21.2 Soft Tissue Changes 318 21.3 Hard Tissue Changes 319 21.4 Conclusion and Future Research 328 References 329 22 Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues 335Eline M. J. Schotsmans and Wim Van de Voorde 22.1 Introduction 335 22.2 Corrosive Substances: Definitions and History 336 22.3 The Effect of Corrosive Substances on Human Tissues: Case Examples 337 22.4 Research on Corrosive Agents and Decomposition 341 22.5 Case Study: The Pandy Case 343 22.6 Conclusion 347 Acknowledgements 347 References 348 23 Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 352Cristina Cattaneo and Annalisa Cappella 23.1 Introduction 352 23.2 Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma 352 23.3 Alternative Solutions for Distinguishing Between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 362 23.4 Conclusion 365 References 365 24 Collection Care and Management of Human Remains 369Rebecca C. Redfern and Jelena J. Bekvalac 24.1 Introduction 369 24.2 Collection Origin and Deposition 369 24.3 Collection Management 371 24.4 Conclusion 378 Acknowledgements 379 References 379 Part IV Case Studies 385 25 The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval 387Arpad A. Vass 25.1 Introduction 387 25.2 Methods and Collection 387 25.3 Conclusion 393 References 393 26 A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials 394Roosje de Leeuwe and W.J. Mike Groen 26.1 Introduction 394 26.2 Background on the Exhumations Carried out by the NFI 394 26.3 Variables 395 26.4 Cemetery versus Clandestine Burials 400 26.5 Conclusion 401 References 401 27 Case Studies on Taphonomic Variation between Cemetery Burials 402Karl Harrison and Emily Cline 27.1 Introduction 402 27.2 Burial Taphonomy: Examples of Cemetery Burials 402 27.3 Conclusion 407 References 408 28 Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico 410Leonardo R. Flores Pérez, Humberto Molina Chávez, Manuel Nava Hernández and Fray M. Pérez Villegas 28.1 Introduction 410 28.2 Case Study from Mexico City 410 28.3 Case Studies from Hidalgo State 414 28.4 Conclusion 417 References 417 29 Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains and Textile Degradation: a Case Study 420Rob C. Janaway and Nicholas Márquez-Grant 29.1 Introduction 420 29.2 Outdoor Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains 420 29.3 Case Study 422 29.4 Conclusion 426 Acknowledgements 428 References 428 30 Saponified Brains of the Spanish Civil War 429Fernando Serrulla, Francisco Etxeberría, Lourdes Herrasti, José Luis Cascallana and Julio Del Olmo 30.1 Introduction: the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 429 30.2 Two Mass Graves 429 30.3 Methods and Materials 431 30.4 Results: Taphonomic Factors and Brain Analysis 431 30.5 Discussion and Conclusion 434 Acknowledgements 436 References 436 31 Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide 438Anne Coulombeix and Yves Schuliar 31.1 Introduction 438 31.2 Background to the Case 438 31.3 Physical Evidence Recovered at the Crime Scene 439 31.4 Additional Experiments 440 31.5 Discussion 442 31.6 Conclusion 443 Acknowledgements 443 References 443 32 A Soldier’s Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury 445Marie Christine Dussault, Martin Brown and Richard Osgood 32.1 Introduction 445 32.2 Background and Case History 445 32.3 Condition of the Remains and Inventory 446 32.4 Analysis Results 448 32.5 Discussion 449 32.6 Conclusion 451 References 451 33 Decomposition in an Unusual Environment: Body Sealed in Concrete 452Maria Cristina de Mendonça 33.1 Introduction 452 33.2 Case Report 452 33.3 Discussion and Conclusion 453 34 A Case Study from Los Angeles: Baby in Concrete 454Chelsea Parham and Elissa Fleak 34.1 Introduction 454 34.2 Background to the Case 454 34.3 External Examination 455 34.4 Internal Examination 457 34.5 Discussion 458 34.6 Conclusion 459 References 459 Part V Past, Present and Future Considerations 461 35 History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee 463Giovanna M. Vidoli, Dawnie W. Steadman, Joanne B. Devlin and Lee Meadows Jantz 35.1 Introduction 463 35.2 History of the ARF 463 35.3 Daily Operations of the FAC 465 35.4 Research at the ARF 468 35.5 Training Opportunities at the ARF 470 35.6 Conclusion 471 References 472 36 Crime Scene Investigation, Archaeology and Taphonomy: Reconstructing Activities at Crime Scenes 476W.J. Mike Groen and Charles E.H. Berger 36.1 Introduction 476 36.2 CSI Fundamentals 478 36.3 The Archaeological Paradigm 480 36.4 Assessing Archaeological Assemblages and Site Formation Processes 483 36.5 The CSI Practice, an Archaeological and Criminalistic Perspective 484 36.6 Conclusion 490 Acknowledgements 491 References 491 Index 495
£89.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Strange Chemistry
Book SynopsisThis book opens the audience's eyes to the extraordinary scientific secrets hiding in everyday objects. Helping readers increase chemistry knowledge in a fun and entertaining way, the book is perfect as a supplementary textbook or gift to curious professionals and novices. Appeals to a modern audience of science lovers by discussing multiple examples of chemistry in everyday life Addresses compounds that affect everyone in one way or another: poisons, pharmaceuticals, foods, and illicit drugs; thereby evoking a powerful emotional response which increases interest in the topic at hand Focuses on edgy types of stories that chemists generally tend to avoid so as not to paint chemistry in a bad light; however, these are the stories that people find interesting Provides detailed and sophisticated stories that increase the reader's fundamental scientific knowledge Discusses complex topics in an engaging and accessible manner, providing the how and why thatTrade Review “Behind every chemist is a teacher who, by their enthusiasm, has made the subject interesting to his or her pupils. Dr. Farmer is such a teacher who has gone to great pains to make his subject relevant to his audience … The author has composed over a hundred articles on various topics across the whole spectrum of chemistry ranging from the initial chapter on the nature of the chemical bond to the composition of road asphalt … [this book] should be possessed by every chemistry teacher and I cannot recommend it too highly.” Chromatographia, December 2017 “A chemistry professor teaches “the stories your chemistry teachers wouldn’t tell you” through short, accessible lessons on drugs, deadly household items, mysteries of ordinary objects, and more … Each lesson is no more than a few pages long and successfully shows how relevant chemistry is in everyday life …The short sections and accessible language will keep readers’ attention, and the frequent addition of molecular structures could be a useful addition to chemistry courses. An engaging chemistry lesson that also serves as an encyclopedia to understanding the world around us.” Kirkus, January 2018"The book is definitely recommended for chemists at all levels and to their students." Dansk Kemi, October 2018Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1 If You Do Not Know Any Chemistry, This Chapter Is For You 1 Representing Atoms and Molecules in Chemistry 1 Neurotransmitters 7 Intermolecular Forces 11 2 The Only True Aphrodisiac and Other Chemical Extremes 15 Death Is ItsWithdrawal Symptom! 15 What Is the Number One Cause of Liver Failure in the United States? 18 The Most Addictive Substance Known 21 40 Million Times DeadlierThan Cyanide 24 The Most Abused Drug in the United States 27 What Is the Only Known Aphrodisiac? 28 The Most Consumed Psychoactive Substance 30 40,000 Tons of Aspirin 33 How Bitter Is the Bitterest? 34 $62.5 Trillion per Gram 36 What Is the Most Abundant Source of Air Pollution? 39 Where DidThat Rash Come From? 41 ItWould Take an Elephant on a Pencil 43 The Largest Industrial Accident inWorld History 46 What Is the Most Important Chemical Reaction? 49 Further Reading 53 3 The Poisons in Everyday Things 63 Why Is Antifreeze Lethal? 63 Aqua Dots:What a Difference a Carbon Makes! 66 How Can Visine Kill You? 68 Death by BENGAY 70 It Is in 93% of People in the United States 72 The Dreaded…Apricot Pits? 75 Honey Intoxication 79 The DMSO Patient 81 Deadly Helium Balloons 82 The 2007 Pet Food Recall 83 Mercury in Vaccines and Eye Drops? 87 TheWorld’s Deadliest Frog 88 Leaded Candy 89 Why not Drink “Real” Root Beer? 90 The Killer Fog 92 Nail Polish or Nail Poison? 93 Game Board Danger 94 What Molecule Killed “Weird Al” Yankovic’s Parents? 96 Deadly Popcorn 98 EvenWater Can Be Poisonous 99 Further Reading 101 4 Why Old Books Smell Good and Other Mysteries of Everyday Objects 113 The Smell of Old Books and the Hidden Vanilla Extract Underworld 113 That Smell Is You! 117 Electric Blue 118 TheWorld’s Most Abundant Organic Compound 120 Chalk Used to Be Alive 122 Decaffeinated? Try Deflavored! 123 Bad Blood 125 The Problem with Dry Cleaning 128 The Smell of Dead Fish 131 How to Make a Spark 133 The “New Car Smell” 133 A Gecko Cannot Stick to It! 135 Why Are Day Glow Colors and Highlighter Pens So Bright? 137 Why Your White Clothes Are not Really White? 139 How Can a Spray-on Sunscreen Be Dangerous? 141 There Is Ink inThat Paper 141 Vomit and Sunless Tanners 143 Formaldehyde: Funerals, Flooring, and Outer Space 144 Further Reading 148 5 Bath Salts and Other Drugs of Abuse 157 What Are the Dangers of Bath Salts? 157 What to Do If YouWant Your Skin to Turn Blue 163 The Flesh-Rotting Street Drug 165 How Does a Breathalyzer Detect a Blood Alcohol Level? 167 How to Become a Brewery 168 HowWas a Painkiller Used to Free Hostages? 171 The Secret Ingredient in Coca-Cola 173 Why Is Crack Cocaine So Addicting? 174 Cocaine Smuggling versus MethamphetamineManufacture 177 What Basic Common Ingredient Is Needed toMake the Drugs Vicodin , Percocet , Oxycontin , and Percodan ? 177 Drug Money Is Right 181 What Percentage of Americans Use Prescription Drugs? 182 Are You Ready for Powdered Alcohol? 183 Ecstasy Is Ruining the Rain Forests 185 How Are Moldy Bread, Migraine Headaches, LSD, and the Salem Witch Trials All Related? 187 Further Reading 193 6 Why Oil Is Such a Big Part of Our Lives 201 What Substance Is Used to Make 80% of All Pharmaceuticals? 201 Why Do ScientistsThink Oil Comes From Fossilized Plants and Animals? 205 How Is Oil Made? 207 Where Is Most of the Carbon in theWorld? 209 The MostWidely Recycled Material in the United States 209 What Material Is Used to Make Asphalt? 210 How Oil Helped to Save theWhales 211 Further Reading 213 7 WhyJuniorMints Are Shiny and Other Weird Facts about Your Food 217 Why Is Gum Chewy? 217 The Problem with Gummi Bears 220 What Is the EasiestWay to Peel a Tomato? 223 AnotherWay to Eat Insect Parts! 224 Why Is High Fructose Corn Syrup More Consumed than Sugar? 226 What Causes Rancid Butter to Stink? 229 Why Does Mint Make Your Mouth Feel “Cold?” 232 It Is Probably Not Really Fresh Squeezed 234 Why Are Viruses Added to Some Sandwich Meat? 236 What Is Margarine Made From? 239 Why Are Junior Mints Shiny? 241 Further Reading 244 8 The Radioactive Banana and Other Examples of Natural Radioactivity 251 Where Does the Helium We Use in Balloons Come From? 253 Who Was the First Person to Win Two Nobel Prizes? 255 Where Is the Radioactive Material in YOUR House? 257 Which Elements Were First Detected in Radioactive Fallout from a Nuclear Bomb? 258 Radioactivity in Wrist watches, Exit Signs, and H-Bombs 260 The Earth Is One Giant Nuclear Reactor 262 Are Nuclear Reactors “Natural”? 263 Are Your Gemstones Radioactive? 265 Radon: The Radioactive Gas in Your Home 267 The Radioactive Banana 269 Further Reading 271 9 Chemistry Is Explosive! 277 How Do BulletsWork? 277 What Is the Most Commonly Used Explosive in North America? 280 What Non-nuclear Substance Is the Most Explosive? 282 What Poison Is Used as an Explosive in Airbags? 283 Explosive Heart Medicine 285 Further Reading 287 10 The Chemistry in Breaking Bad and Other Popular Culture 291 How Does Methamphetamine Act as a Stimulant? 291 What Is “Pseudo,” and How Is It Related toMethamphetamine? 294 What Is Ricin? 297 The Thalidomide Disaster 298 What Is Phosphine Gas, and Why Is It a PotentialMurder Weapon? 300 Acetylcholine, Pesticides, and Nerve Gas 301 Further Reading 310 11 Why You Should Not Use Illegally Made Drugs: The Organic Chemistry Reason 315 Why You Shouldn’t Use Illegally Made Drugs 315 The Tragic Case of the Frozen Addicts 320 Further Reading 326 Index 327
£38.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Applications of Polymer Nanofibers
Book SynopsisAPPLICATIONS OF POLYMER NANOFIBERS Explore a comprehensive review of the practical experimental and technological details of polymer nanofibers with a leading new resource Applications of Polymer Nanofibers delivers a complete introduction to the basic science of polymer nanofibers as well as a review of their diverse applications. The book assesses their potential for commercialization and presents contributions from leading experts emphasizing their practical and technological details. New and up to date research findings are presented throughout the book in areas including filters, fabric, energy, fuel cells, batteries, sensors, biomedicine, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound dressings. The book also presents a fulsome analysis of the technology of electrospinning, the most convenient and scalable technique for nanofiber production. It also provides readers with practical information on relevant surface modification techniques. Applications of Polymer Nanofibers effectiveTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Electrospinning Parameters and Resulting Nanofiber Characteristics: Theoretical to Practical Considerations 1Christina Tang, Shani L. Levit, Kathleen F. Swana, Breland T. Thornton, Jessica L. Barlow, and Arzan C. Dotivala 1.1 Electrospinning Overview 1 1.2 Effect of Process Parameters 2 1.2.1 Theoretical Analysis 2 1.2.2 Experimental Results 5 1.3 Effect of Setup Parameters 6 1.4 Effect of Solution Parameters 11 1.4.1 Polymer Solution Properties (Molecular Weight, Concentration, Viscosity, and Elasticity) 11 1.4.2 Solvent Selection 14 1.4.3 Additivities to Tune Solution Properties 16 1.4.3.1 Surface Tension 16 1.4.3.2 Conductivity 16 1.5 Electrospinnable Systems 17 1.5.1 Nonpolymer Electrospinning 18 1.6 Advanced Fiber Characteristics 20 1.6.1 Ribbons, Wrinkles, Branching, and Netting 20 1.6.2 Porous Fibers 21 1.6.3 Core–Shell Fibers 24 1.6.3.1 Coaxial Electrospinning 24 1.6.3.2 Emulsion Electrospinning 25 1.7 Process Scalability 26 1.7.1 Melt Electrospinning 26 1.7.2 Needleless or “Free-Surface” Electrospinning 29 1.7.3 Alternative Fiber Production Methods 30 References 32 2 Textile Applications of Nanofibers 41Jiadeng Zhu, Yeqian Ge, and Xiangwu Zhang 2.1 Introduction of Nanofibers in Textile Applications 41 2.2 Fabrication of Nanofiber Yarns 42 2.2.1 Electrospinning 42 2.2.2 Bicomponent Spinning 43 2.2.3 Melt Blowing 44 2.2.4 Flash Spinning 44 2.2.5 Centrifugal Spinning 45 2.2.6 Formation of Nanofiber Yarns 45 2.3 Structure and Properties of Nanofiber Yarns 47 2.4 Fabrication of Nanofiber Fabrics 52 2.4.1 Nanofibrous Nonwoven Fabrics 52 2.4.2 Nanofibrous Woven Fabrics 54 2.5 Characteristics and Specialized Applications of Nanofiber Fabrics 57 2.5.1 Protective Clothing 57 2.5.2 Filter Fabrics 58 2.5.3 Wearable Devices 59 2.5.4 Functional Fabrics 60 2.5.5 Biomedical Textiles 61 2.6 Summary and Future Trends 61 References 62 3 Nanofiber Mats as High-Efficiency Filters 68Howard J. Walls and David S. Ensor 3.1 Introduction 68 3.1.1 Background 68 3.1.2 Filtration Overview 69 3.1.3 Available Information 70 3.1.4 Scope of This Chapter 70 3.2 Filters Made with Nanofibers 72 3.2.1 Consequences of Reducing Fiber Size 72 3.2.2 Slip Flow 73 3.2.3 Pressure Drop 74 3.2.4 Particle Collection Mechanisms 76 3.2.5 Evaluation 81 3.2.6 Nanofiber Media Modeling 82 3.3 Filtration Developments 82 3.3.1 Media Scale 83 3.3.1.1 Support Substrates 83 3.3.1.2 Mixed Bead-Fiber Systems 85 3.3.1.3 Unsupported Nanofiber Membranes 85 3.3.1.4 Multilayer Mats 86 3.3.1.5 Intermingled Nanofiber Mats 87 3.3.1.6 Mesh Substrates 87 3.3.1.7 Mat Morphological Modifications 87 3.3.2 Fiber Scale 88 3.3.2.1 Functional Fibers 88 3.3.2.2 Coated Fibers 88 3.3.2.3 Combining Nanofibers and Nanoparticles for Dual Function 89 3.3.2.4 Core Shell Fibers 89 3.3.2.5 Electrostatics 90 3.4 Outlook 90 Acknowledgments 92 References 92 4 Nanofiber-Based Chemical Sensors 100Anthony L. Andrády 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 General Features of Sensors 104 4.3 Nanofibers as a Sensor Material 105 4.3.1 Nanofiber vs. Thin-Film Geometry 106 4.4 Approaches to Nanofiber Sensor Design 109 4.5 Gravimetric Nanofiber Sensors 110 4.5.1 Quartz Crystal Microbalance 110 4.5.2 Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators 112 4.6 Optical Sensors 114 4.6.1 Colorimetric Sensors 114 4.6.2 Fluorescence Sensors 117 4.7 Electrochemical Sensors 120 4.7.1 Metal-Oxide Sensors 124 4.7.2 Graphene-Based Sensors 124 References 126 5 Nanofibers in Energy Applications 137Caitlin Dillard and Vibha Kalra 5.1 Overview 137 5.2 Energy Storage Applications 142 5.2.1 Rechargeable Batteries 143 5.2.1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 145 5.2.1.2 Sodium-Ion 154 5.2.1.3 Beyond Li-Ion 155 5.2.2 Supercapacitors 160 5.2.2.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 161 5.2.2.2 Pseudocapacitors 164 5.2.2.3 Separators 167 5.3 Energy Conversion Applications 167 5.3.1 Fuel Cells 169 5.3.1.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 171 5.3.1.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 175 5.3.1.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 176 5.3.2 Photovoltaics 178 5.3.2.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 181 5.3.2.2 Perovskite Solar Cells 185 5.3.2.3 Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) 186 5.4 Concluding Remarks 190 References 192 6 Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery Applications 204Zeynep Aytac and Tamer Uyar 6.1 Introduction 204 6.2 Methods for Encapsulation of Bioactive Molecules in Electrospun Nanofibers 206 6.2.1 Blend Electrospinning 206 6.2.1.1 Delivery of Drugs 206 6.2.1.2 Delivery of Proteins 213 6.2.1.3 Fast-Dissolving Electrospun Nanofibers 216 6.2.1.4 Stimuli–Responsive Nanofibers 221 6.2.2 Coaxial Electrospinning 226 6.2.2.1 Delivery of Hydrophilic Drugs 227 6.2.2.2 Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs 229 6.2.2.3 Delivery of Proteins, Enzymes, and Growth Factors 230 6.2.2.4 Delivery of Multiple Drugs 233 6.2.2.5 Stimuli–Responsive Nanofibers 235 6.2.3 Emulsion Electrospinning 238 6.2.3.1 Single Electrospinning 239 6.2.3.2 Coaxial Electrospinning 242 6.3 Conclusion 246 References 247 7 Interfacing Electrospun Nanofibers with Microorganisms: Applications from Killing to Repelling to Delivering Living Microbes 257Emily Diep, Jessica D. Schiffman, and Irene S. Kurtz 7.1 Introduction 257 7.2 Brief Background on the Electrospinning Process 258 7.3 Electrospinning Process and Variables 258 7.4 Why It Is Important to Understand the Interactions Between Biomaterials and Microorganisms 260 7.5 Background on Antibacterial Surface Engineering 261 7.6 Background on Antifouling Surface Engineering 262 7.7 Polymer Selection for Nanofibrous Biomaterials 263 7.8 Electrospinning Techniques Tailor the Location of Active Agents 264 7.9 Blend Electrospinning Yields a Dispersed Active Agent 265 7.10 Coaxial and Emulsion Electrospinning Enables the Controlled Delivery of Active Agents 266 7.11 Coating Electrospun Mats Tailors Their Interactions with Cells 267 7.12 Antibacterial Nanofiber Mats 268 7.13 Multifaceted Delivery from Nanofibrous Mats 270 7.14 Antifouling Nanofiber Mats 271 7.15 Nanofibrous Mats Containing Living Cells 273 7.16 Conclusion 275 Acknowledgments 276 References 276 8 Advances in Functionalizing the Interior and Exterior of Polymer Nanofibers 292Richard J. Spontak, Bharadwaja S.T. Peddinti, Kristen E. Roskov and Xiaoyu Sun 8.1 Introduction 292 8.2 Nanofibers with Controlled Nanoparticle Distribution 295 8.2.1 Thermodynamic Considerations of Polymer Blends 295 8.2.2 Hybrid Nanofibers with Polymer Blends 297 8.2.3 Hybrid Nanofibers in Electromagnetic Fields 302 8.2.4 Anisotropic Nanoparticles in Flow Fields 304 8.3 As-spun Nanofibers with Bioresponsive Properties 307 8.3.1 Interior Incorporation of Antimicrobial Additives 307 8.3.2 Exterior Biofunctionalization of Polymer Nanofibers 309 8.4 Polymer Nanofibers with Postfunctionalized Surfaces 316 8.5 Nanofibers Produced by Directed Self-Assembly 321 8.6 Concluding Remarks 325 Acknowledgments 326 References 326 9 Nanofiber Aerogels: Bringing a Third Dimension to Electrospun Nanofibers 347Tahira Pirzada, Vahid Rahmanian, and Saad A. Khan 9.1 Aerogels 347 9.1.1 Processing 348 9.1.2 Properties and Applications 349 9.1.3 Challenges 350 9.2 Nanofiber-Based Aerogels 350 9.2.1 Historical Background 351 9.2.2 Fabrication of Nanofiber-Based Aerogels (NFAs) 352 9.2.2.1 Electrospinning 352 9.2.2.2 Dispersion Preparation 357 9.2.2.3 Solid Templating 359 9.2.3 Applications 361 9.2.3.1 Filtration 361 9.2.3.2 Thermal Insulation 365 9.2.3.3 Building and Lightweight Construction 367 9.3 Future Perspectives 367 References 369 10 Micro and Nanofibers 374Behnam Pourdeyhimi, Nataliya Fedorova, and Benoit Maze 10.1 Electrospinning 376 10.2 The Melt-blowing Process 377 10.2.1 The Reicofil Process 381 10.2.2 The Biax Multirow Process 384 10.2.3 The Hills Process 386 10.3 “Splittable” Bicomponent Fibers 387 10.4 Partially “Soluble” Bicomponent Fibers 393 10.5 Fibrillating Bicomponent Fibers 397 References 398 Index 406
£122.21
