Description
Book SynopsisThe publication provides process automation engineers, process engineers, facility operators, and safety professionals with the appropriate treatment and requirements applicable to equipment design, administrative procedures, or other credits that are treated as an independent protection layer from a Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) perspective.
Table of ContentsList of Data Tables xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
Glossary xix
Acknowledgments xxv
Preface xxix
Introduction 1
1.1 Audience 2
1.2 Scope 3
1.3 Key Changes Since the Initial LOPA Concept Book 4
1.4 Recap of LOPA 6
1.5 Disclaimer 10
1.6 Linkage to Other CCPS Publications 11
1.7 Annotated Description of Chapters 13
Overview: Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers 16
2.1 LOPA Elements: An Overview 16
2.2 Management Systems to Support LOPA 16
2.3 Scenario Selection 18
2.4 Overview of Scenario Frequency 20
2.5 Overview of Consequences 28
2.6 Risk Considerations 29
2.7 Conclusions 31
Core Attributes 34
3.1 Introduction to Core Attributes 34
3.2 Independence 35
3.3 Functionality 40
3.4 Integrity 47
3.5 Reliability 49
3.6 Auditability 52
3.7 Access Security 53
3.8 Management of Change 54
3.9 Use of Data Tables 55
Example Initiating Events and IE Frequencies 58
4.1 Overview of Initiating Events 58
4.2 Inherently Safer Design and Initiating Event Frequency 59
4.3 Specific Initiating Events for Use in LOPA 60
4.4 External Events 113
4.5 What if Your Candidate Initiating Event is Not Shown in a Data Table? 113
Example IPLs and PFD Values 116
5.1 Overview of Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) 116
5.2 Specific Independent Protection Layers for Use in LOPA 118
5.3 What if Your Candidate IPL is Not Shown in a Data Table? 263
Advanced LOPA Topics 268
6.1 Purpose 268
6.2 Use of QRA Methods Relative to LOPA 269
6.3 Evaluation of Complex Mitigative IPLs 275
6.4 Conclusions 277
Appendices 280
Appendix A: Human Factors Considerations 282
Appendix B: Site-Specific Human Performance Data Collection and Validation 300
Appendix C: Site-Specific Equipment Data Collection and Validation 310
Appendix D: Example Reliability Data Conversion for Check Valves 324
Appendix E: Considerations for Overpressure of Pressure Vessels and Piping 328
REFERENCES 334
INDEX 342
