Biophysics Books

Book SynopsisG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest single class of receptors in biology, often playing key roles in a remarkably large number of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. GPCRs or GPCR-dependent signalling pathways are the targets of a very large number of therapeutically useful drugs. Detailed knowledge about the molecular structure of GPCRs should therefore pave the way for the design of novel drugs with increased efficacy and specificity. This volume provides a concise, up-to-date presentation of methods (including molecular genetic, biochemical, and biophysical) which have been used successfully in studying the structure and function of GPCRs. With contributions from international leaders in the field, the editor provides overviews of various techniques, followed by in-depth descriptions of basic procedures and discussions of critical experimental parameters. Divided into specific, accessible sections, Structure-Function Analysis of G ProteTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: Overview of Mutagenesis Techniques (T. Fong). The Substituted-Cysteine Accessibility Method (J. Javitch). Metal-Ions as Atomic Scale Probes of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Structure (J. Schetz & D. Sibley). Genetic Approaches for Studying the Structure and Function of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Yeast (C. Sommers & M. Dumont). Electron-Crystallographic Analysis of Two-Dimensional Rhodopsin Crystals (G. Schertler). Site-Directed Spin-Labeling (SDSL) Studies of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Rhodopsin (D. Farrens). Lead Discovery and Development for G Protein-Coupled Receptors (D. Underwood & M. Cascieri). Index.

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Book SynopsisAddressing general readers and biologists, this title shows how the physics of fluids (in this case, air and water) influences the often fantastic ways in which life forms adapt themselves to their terrestrial or aquatic 'media'.Trade ReviewWinner of the 1993 Award for Best New Book, Professional and Scholarly Division of the American Association of Univeristy Publishers "Seldom does one come across a science book that weighs 1.5 kg, is packed with information, and yet makes fascinating reading from cover to cover... [Denny] relates the ability of living organisms to exist, move, and function to the bulk physical properties of the two substrates peculiar to Earth: air and water... The biological examples are beautifully chosen and the author displays a fine sense of humor."--Felix Franks, Nature "This is an interesting and fascinating book for the biologist and environmental scientist, who are often faced with the problem of resolving the interactions between organisms and their environment but rarely have an adequate or sufficiently detailed knowledge of the underlying physical principles to achieve a satisfactory resolution. In considering the interdependence between the physics of air and water, and the functional biology of the organisms which have evolved and adapted to terrestrial or aquatic environments, Denny has focused our attention on how the differences in many attributes of life, such as size and shape, can be explained by the physics of fluids."--Dennis A. Baker, The Times Higher Education Supplement

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Book SynopsisMany remarkable medical technologies, diagnostic tools, and treatment methods have emerged as a result of modern physics discoveries in the last century--including X-rays, radiation treatment, laser surgery, high-resolution ultrasound scans, computerized tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging. This undergraduate-level textbook descriTrade Review"Applications of Modern Physics in Medicine fills an important need: it explains the physics principals behind commonly used medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to scientists, engineers, and technicians working in the field. The necessary basic physics is discussed clearly and simply in early chapters and then used effectively and convincingly in later chapters covering medical applications. This lovely book should lead to the creation of new physics courses all over the world."—Gerald Miller, University of Washington"With a refreshing and accessible style, this textbook grounds medical physics in familiar physical principles, making it useful for undergraduate physics teaching. This book will have a place in a wide range of biomedical science courses and medical physics undergraduate modules, and as supplementary reading for medical doctors, radiographers, and other health professionals." —Mike Partridge, Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford"Bridging the gap between the fundamental concepts of modern physics and medical technology in modern medicine, this book encompasses large numbers of topics from X-rays and gamma rays to lasers, MRI, ultrasound, and therapeutic applications of modern physics technologies. It will serve as a good introductory text to students in biomedical engineering, medical physics, health physics, and biophysics."—Terry T. Yoshizumi, Duke University School of MedicineTable of ContentsPreface and Guide to Using This Book xi Technical Abbreviations xv Timeline of Seminal Discoveries in Modern Physics xvii Timeline of Discoveries and Inventions in Modern Medical Physics xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 The Meaning of the Term Modern Physics 5 1.3 Mortality 6 1.4 How to Use This Book 7 Exercises 8 Chapter 2 When You Visit Your Doctor: The Physics of the "Vital Signs" 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Stethoscope 11 2.3 Sphygmomanometer and Blood Pressure 12 2.4 Electrocardiogram 15 2.5 Physics and Physiology of Diet, Exercise, and Weight 17 Exercises 21 Chapter 3 Particles, Waves, and the Laws that Govern Them 3.1 What Is Modern Physics? 22 3.2 Light: Particle or Wave? 25 3.3 Atoms 30 3.4 Lasers 41 3.5 Relativity 45 3.6 Nuclei 53 3.7 X-Rays and Radioactivity 63 Exercises 80 Chapter 4 Photon and Charged-Particle Interactions with a Medium 4.1 Overview 84 4.2 Mean Free Path and Cross Sections 85 4.3 Photon Interactions 87 4.4 Electron and Positron Interactions 98 Exercises 104 Chapter 5 Interactions of Radiation with Living Tissue 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Cell Death Due to DNA Radiation Damage 108 5.3 Dependence of Cell Survival on the Dose 112 5.4 Low Doses of Radiation 116 5.5 Radiation Dose versus Altitude 119 Exercises 121 Chapter 6 Diagnostic Applications I: Photons and Radionuclides 6.1 Overview 122 6.2 Photons 122 6.3 X-Rays and Gamma Rays 133 6.4 Radionuclides 156 6.5 Novel Ideas for Nuclear Imaging 166 Exercises 168 Chapter 7 Diagnostic Applications II: MRI and Ultrasound 7.1 Overview 171 7.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 172 7.3 Ultrasound 199 7.4 Multimodal Imaging 220 Exercises 224 Chapter 8 Applications in Treatment 8.1 Overview 226 8.2 Treatment with Radiation 226 8.3 Treatment with Particles 233 8.4 Treatment with Ultrasound 239 8.5 Treatment with Microwaves 244 8.6 Treatment with Lasers 244 Exercises 246 Appendix A Constants, Powers of 10, and Conversions Mentioned in the Text Fundamental Constants 247 Powers of 10 and Their Prefixes 247 Conversion Factors and Equations 248 Appendix B Mortality Modeling 251 Appendix C Evaluation of the Sound Field from One Transducer Far-field (Fraunhofer) Region 255 Near-field (Fresnel) Region 257 Notes 261 Index 267

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Book SynopsisOffers a look into how the characteristics of the physical world drive the designs of animals and plants. This title contains information related to functional biology. Drawing examples from creatures of land, air, and water, it demonstrates the many uses of biological diversity and how physical forces impact biological organisms.Trade Review"If what you desire in a readable science book is food for thought, Glimpses of Creatures in their Physical Worlds provides a feast. Biologists, engineers, and physicists--indeed, anyone with curiosity about the natural world--will revel in this smorgasbord of biomechanical ideas."--Mark Denny, American Scientist "Such a book could be written only by someone with a rich knowledge of biomechanics, and Vogel, an emeritus professor of biology at Duke University, fits the bill. Considered one of the founders of the biomechanics community in the US, his distinguished research career has focused on organism-fluid interactions and such diverse topics as the behavior of leaves in the wind, passive ventilation of prairie-dog burrows, and airflow through the branching antennae of some moths. His breadth of knowledge is clearly reflected in the examples presented and the creative thought embodied in Glimpses of Creatures in Their Physical Worlds. Vogel uses the same approachable, entertaining writing style... [T]his book is sure to serve as an inspiring entry into the field of biomechanics."--Stacey Combes, Physics Today "It is a fine book and emphasizes important relationships too often neglected."--Choice "As ever, Vogel is inspiring and his insights are remarkable."--Henry Bennet-Clark, BioScienceTable of ContentsPreface vii Chapter One: Two Ways to Move Material 1 Chapter Two: The Bioballistics of Small Projectiles 18 Chapter Three: Getting Up to Speed 39 Chapter Four: Moving Heat Around 58 Chapter Five: Maintaining Temperature 80 Chapter Six: Gravity and Life in the Air 95 Chapter Seven: Gravity and Life on the Ground 116 Chapter Eight: Gravity and Life in Water 141 Chapter Nine: Making and Maintaining Liquid Water 164 Chapter Ten: Pumping Fluids through Conduits 184 Chapter Eleven: To Twist or Bend When Stressed 209 Chapter Twelve: Keeping Up Upward and Down Downward 232 List of Symbols 259 References and Index of Citations 263 Index 289

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Book SynopsisThis encyclopedia uniquely concentrates on biocolloids and biointerfaces rather than the broader field of colloid and interface science.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xxi Preface xxvii 1 Studies On Biocompatible Surface-Active Silica Aerogel and Polyurethane−Siloxane Cross-Linked Structures for Various Surfaces 1K. Seeni Meera, R. Murali Sankar, S. N. Jaisankar, and Asit Baran Mandal 2 Interaction of Anesthetics with Globular Proteins 17Makoto Nishimoto, Michio Yamanaka, and Hitoshi Matsuki 3 Lipid Monolayer and Interaction with Anesthetics 36Yasushi Yamamoto and Keijiro Taga 4 Atomic Force Microscopy for Measuring Interaction Forces in Biological Materials and Cells 59Naoyuki Ishida, Yasuyuki Kusaka, Tomonori Fukasawa, and Hiroyuki Shinto 5 Bacterial Interactions 68Masanori Toyofuku, Yosuke Tashiro, Tomohiro Inaba, and Nobuhiko Nomura 6 2D and 3D Biocompatible Polymers for Biomedical Devices 82Masaru Tanaka 7 Biofilm 94Hisao Morisaki 8 Use of Microorganisms for Complex ORE Beneficiation: Bioflotation as an Example 108Akira Otsuki 9 Biofouling 118Kazuho Nakamura 10 Bioinspired Microemulsions and Their Strategic Pharmacological Perspectives 122Soumik Bardhan, Kaushik Kundu, Gulmi Chakraborty, Bidyut K. Paul, Satya P. Moulik, and Swapan K. Saha 11 Development of Nonfouling Biomaterials 145Ruey-Yug Tsay and Toyoko Imae 12 Surface Characterization of Silver and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Incorporated into Collagen-based Scaffolds as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives 161Abhishek Mandal, N. Chandrasekaran, Amitava Mukherjee, and Thothapalli P. Sastry 13 Biomimetic Polymer Aggregates: Self-Assembly Induced by Chemical Reactions 181Eri Yoshida 14 Molecular Interaction in Biomimetics and Biosystems: Chirality and Confinement at Nanodimension 195Nilashis Nandi and Saheb Dutta 15 Softinterface on Biosensing 211Yukichi Horiguchi and Yukio Nagasaki 16 Bioseparation Using Thermoresponsive Polymers 220Kenichi Nagase and Teruo Okano 17 Biosurfactants 231Etsuo Kokufuta 18 Structure and Regulation of the Blood–Brain Barrier 244Yung-Chih Kuo, Chin-Lung Lee, and Jyh-Ping Hsu 19 Boron Tracedrugs as Theranostic Agents for Neutron Dynamic Therapy 255Hitoshi Hori and Hiroshi Terada 20 Carbohydrates as Biocolloids in Nanoscience 260Zaheer Khan, Shokit Hussain, Ommer Bashir, and Shaeel Ahmed Al-Thabaiti 21 High-Strength Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogels for Artificial Cartilage 269Atsushi Suzuki and Teruo Murakami 22 Superior Tribological Behaviors of Articular Cartilage and Artificial Hydrogel Cartilage 278Teruo Murakami and Atsushi Suzuki 23 Self-Assembled Cell-Mimicking Vesicles Composed of Amphiphilic Molecules: Structure and Applications 292Swati De and Ranju Prasad Mandal 24 Integrin-Dependent Cell Regulation and its Clinical Application 313Takuya Iyoda, Takuya Matsunaga, and Fumio Fukai 25 Depth Profile of Kr+-Irradiated Chitosan 325Kazunaka Endo 26 Electronic Structure of Chitosan 331Kazunaka Endo 27 Aligned Fibrillar Collagen Matrices 340Ralf Zimmermann, Jens Friedrichs, Babette Lanfer, Uwe Freudenberg, and Carsten Werner 28 Colloidal Crystallization 355Tsuneo Okubo 29 Dielectric Properties of Biological Macromolecules and Biomolecule–Water Interfaces 380Brandon Campbell, Lin Li, and Emil Alexov 30 NMR of Drug Delivery Coupled with Lipid Membrane Dynamics 391Emiko Okamura 31 Stimulus-Responsive Intelligent Drug Delivery System Based on Hydroxyapatite-Related Materials 403Makoto Otsuka 32 Drying Structure 412Tsuneo Okubo 33 Electrophoretic Mobility of Colloidal Particles 430Hiroyuki Ohshima 34 Electrostatic Interaction Between Colloidal Particles 439Hiroyuki Ohshima 35 Physicochemical Properties and Clinical Applications Of Surfactant-Free Emulsions Prepared with Electrolytic Reduction IonWater (ERI) 451Ken-ichi Shimokawa and Fumiyoshi Ishii 36 Steady-State Coupling in Enzyme Membrane 459Kazuo Nomura 37 Evaluation of Zeta-Potential of Individual Exosomes Secreted from Biological Cells Using a Microcapillary Electrophoresis Chip 469Takanori Akagi and Takanori Ichiki 38 Flocculation Dynamics on the Basis of Collision-Limited Analysis 474Yasuhisa Adachi 39 Anisotropic Gel Formation Induced by Dialysis 487Toshiaki Dobashi and Takao Yamamoto 40 Gels 498Etsuo Kokufuta 41 Gel Crystals 514Tsuneo Okubo 42 Oleic Acid-Based Surfactants as Cost-Effective Gemini Surfactants 529Kenichi Sakai and Masahiko Abe 43 Synthesis and Properties of Heterocyclic Cationic Gemini Surfactants 539Avinash Bhadani, Sukhprit Singh, Hideki Sakai, and Masahiko Abe 44 Functional Hydrogel Microspheres 554Daisuke Suzuki, Takuma Kureha, and Koji Horigome 45 Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB): Classical Indexation and Novel Indexation of Surfactant 570Yuji Yamashita and Kazutami Sakamoto Index 000 List of Contributors xix Preface xxv 46 Insulin Fibrillation and Role of Peptides and Small Molecules in its Inhibition Process 575Victor Banerjee and K.P. Das 47 Interfacial Water Between Charge-Neutralized Polymer and Liquid Water 592Hiromi Kitano and Makoto Gemmei-Ide 48 Langmuir Monolayer Interaction of Perfluorooctylated Long-Chain Alcohols With Biomembrane Constituents 597Hiromichi Nakahara and Osamu Shibata 49 Affinity Latex 609Haruma Kawaguchi 50 Latex Diagnosis 614Haruma Kawaguchi 51 Light Scattering and Electrophoretic Light Scattering of Biopolymers 619Etsuo Kokufuta 52 Impact of Line Tension on Colloidal Systems 628Hiroki Matsubara, Takanori Takiue, and Makoto Aratono 53 Liquid Structures and Properties of Lipids 642Makio Iwahashi 54 Birefringence in Lipid Bilayer Membranes 661Kiyoshi Mishima 55 Surface States of Lipid Monolayers Containing Gangliosides 674Shoko Yokoyama 56 Liponanocapsule: A Nanocapsule Built From a Liposomal Template 684Yuuka Fukui and Keiji Fujimoto 57 Physical Phenomena of Magnetic Suspensions for Application to Bioengineering 690Akira Satoh 58 Ion-Sensing Membrane Electrodes in Study of Surfactant–Biopolymer Interaction 704Sudeshna M. Chatterjea, Koustubh Panda, and Satya P. Moulik 59 Membrane Potential as a Function of Dielectric Constant 721Akihiko Tanioka and Hidetoshi Matsumoto 60 Biophysical Studies of a Micellar Protein α-Crystallin by Fluorescence Methods 737Aritra Chowdhury, Rajat Banerjee, and K.P. Das 61 Modeling Muscle Contraction Mechanism in Accordance with Sliding-Filament Theory 753Toshio Mitsui and Hiroyuki Ohshima 62 Nanocarriers of Functional Materials From Amino Acid Surfactants 771Geetha Baskar, S. Angayarkanny, and Asit Baran Mandal 63 Syntheses of Metallic Nanocolloids and the Quenching Abilities of Reactive Oxygen Species 784Yukihide Shiraishi and Naoki Toshima 64 Silver and Gold Nanocomposites: Amino Acid Sidechain Effect on Morphology 790Zoya Zaheer and Rafiuddin 65 Nanogel, an Internally Networked Poly(Amino Acid) Nanoparticle for pH-Responsive Delivery 799Jong-Duk Kim and Chan Woo Park 66 Strategies of Metal Nanoparticles for Nanobiology 812Daisuke Matsukuma and Hidenori Otsuka 67 On-Chip Electrophoresis for Evaluating Zeta-Potential of Nanoliposomes 821Takanori Akagi and Takanori Ichiki 68 Phase Separation in Phospholipid Bilayers Induced by Cholesterol 825Nobutake Tamai, Masaki Goto, and Hitoshi Matsuki 69 Phase Separation Phenomena in Drug Systems 841Andleeb Z. Naqvi and Kabir-ud-Din 70 Bilayer Imaging of Phosphatidylcholines by High-Pressure Fluorometry 860Masaki Goto, Nobutake Tamai, and Hitoshi Matsuki 71 Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Mechanisms Involved in Plant Response to Salt Stress 870Xiaoli Tang, Xingmin Mu, Hongbo Shao, Hongyan Wang, and Marian Brestic 72 Interfacial Phenomena of Pulmonary Surfactant Preparations 885Hiromichi Nakahara, Sannamu Lee, and Osamu Shibata 73 Using Thin Liquid Film for Study of Pulmonary Surfactants 905Dotchi Exerowa, Roumen Todorov, and Dimo Platikanov 74 Probing Receptor–Ligand Interactions on a Single Molecule Level Using Optical Tweezers 915Tim Stangner, Carolin Wagner, Christof Gutsche, Konstanze Stangner, David Singer, Stefano Angioletti-Uberti, and Friedrich Kremer 75 AC Electrokinetics of Concentrated Suspensions of Soft and Hairy Nanoparticles: Model and Experiments 933Silvia Ahualli, Angel V. Delgado, Félix Carrique, and María Luisa Jimenez 76 Electrophoretic Behavior of pH-Regulated Soft Biocolloids 946Li-Hsien Yeh and Jyh-Ping Hsu 77 Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles 961Kimiko Makino and Hiroyuki Ohshima 78 Potential Distribution Around a Hard Particle and a Soft Particle 970Hiroyuki Ohshima 79 Soil Interfacial Electrical Phenomena 979Munehide Ishiguro 80 Pharmaceutical Solid–Water Interface Phenomena Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 994Yusuke Hattori and Makoto Otsuka 81 Colloid Stability of Biocolloidal Dispersions 1004Tharwat Tadros 82 Stability Ratio and Early-Stage Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Dispersions 1014Hiroyuki Ohshima 83 Catanionic Surfactants: Novel Surrogates of Phospholipids 1120Kausik Manna and Amiya Kumar Panda 84 Phase Behavior of Natural-Sourced Surfactant Systems 1144Kenji Aramaki 85 Surfactants and Biosurfactants 1151Youichi Takata 86 Effect of Additives on Self-Association and Clouding Phenomena of Various Surface-Active Drugs 1156Md. Sayem Alam and Asit Baran Mandal 87 Thermodynamic Analysis of Partial Molar Volume in Biocolloidal Systems 1171Michio Yamanaka, Hideyuki Maekawa, Tamaki Yasui, and Hitoshi Matsuki 88 Van Der Waals Interaction Between Colloidal Particles 1187Hiroyuki Ohshima 89 Wormlike Micelles with Nonionic Surfactants 1195Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Kenji Aramaki, Hideki Sakai, and Masahiko Abe Index

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Book SynopsisAn evolving, living organic/inorganic covering, soil is in dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere above, the biosphere within, and the geology below. It acts as an anchor for roots, a purveyor of water and nutrients, a residence for a vast community of microorganisms and animals, a sanitizer of the environment, and a source of raw materials for construction and manufacturing. To develop lasting solutions to the challenges of balanced use and stewardship of the Earth, we require a fundamental understanding of soilfrom its elastic, porous three-phase system to its components, processes, and reactions.Handbook of Soil Sciences: Properties and Processes, Second Edition is the first of two volumes that form a comprehensive reference on the discipline of soil science. Completely revised and updated to reflect the current state of knowledge, this volume covers the traditional areas of soil science: soil physics, soil chemistry, soil mineralogy, soil biology and bioTable of ContentsSoil Physics. Soil Chemistry. Soil Mineralogy. Soil Biology and Biochemistry: Soil Biology in Its Second Golden Age. Pedology. Index.

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Book SynopsisPreface; Ozonation of Hydrocarbons; Synthesis & Investigation Properties of Epoxy Containing Compounds & Composite Materials on their Basis; Biodegradable Binary & Ternary Blends of Cellulose & Ethyl Cellulose with Synthetic & Natural Polymers; Hydrosilylation Reactions of Polymethylhydrosiloxane with Acrylates & Methacrylates & Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes on their Basis; Biodetoxication of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Media; Modern Immunochemical & Biosensor Technologies for Analysis of Environmental Ecotoxicants; Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) with Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer Blends: Structure & Calorimetry Properties; Adaptogens Decrease the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Mitochondria; Quantum-Chemical Calculation of Some Molecules Aromatic Olefines by the Method MNDO; Formation of Ozonides & their Stability in the Process of Unsaturated Polymers In Latex; Structures (Monomer & Dimer) of Sodium & Potassium 2-(N-Methylamide)-2-(3'',5''-Di-Tert.Butyl-4-Hydroxybenzyl)-Malonates & Biological Properties; Reaction of Ozone with Some Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds; Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Binary Mixture (BM) Reaction Products as an Alternative to Increasing Reservoir Water Content; Assessment of the Potential of Enhanced Oil Recovery from Reservoirs with High Water Content Using the Heat of Nitrate Oxidation Reactions & In Situ Hydrocarbon Oxidation; Blends of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) with an Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer; Kinetics of Photoinitiated Copolymerization of Bifunctional (Meth)Acrylates till High Conversion: Numerical Verification of Kinetic Model of the Process; Degradation of Films Based on Mixtures of Vinyl Alcohol with Vinyl Acetate Copolymers & Polyhydroxybutyrate under UV-Radiation; Nanofibrous Polyhydroxybutyrate-Based Biomaterials; Influence of Aminoalkoxy- & Glycidoxyalkoxysilanes on Adhesion Characteristics of Ethylene Copolymers; The Study of Influence of Dihydroquercetin & Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex with the New Dihydroquercetin Derivative on Ozone Oxidation of Fibrinogen; Challenges & Development Perspectives on Nanopatterned Implants Loaded with Drugs; The Structural Analysis of Nanocomposites Polymer/Organoclay Flame-Resistance; The Regularity of Cracks Formation on Vulcanized Elastomers under Ozone Action: Polyisoprene; The Evaluation of Efficiency of Deposition of Dispersed Particles in Inertial Dust Separator; Comparative Evaluation of Viability of Cells of Probiotic Strains by Luminescence Microscopy & Flow Cytometry; The Interrelation Structure & Thermodynamic Properties in the Five-Membered O- & N-Heterocyclic Compounds; Thermodynamic Properties & Structure of Heteroatom Derivatives of Indene; Development of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Isotactic Polypropylene & Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Elastomer; Conclusion; Index.

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Book SynopsisElectric-field-mediated chemistry is an emerging topic that is rapidly growing and fanning out in many directions. It involves theoretical and experimental aspects, as well as intense interplay between them, including breakthrough achievements such as the proof-of-principle that a Diels–Alder reaction, which involves two simultaneous C–C bond making events, can be catalysed or inhibited simply by changing the direction of an oriented external-electric field (OEEF). This productive interplay between the theoretical and experimental branches of chemistry is continuing, and gradually defining a new sub-field wherein various sources of electric fields, whether external or built-in and designed, or even surface induced fields (plasmons), are brought to bear on chemical reactions, molecular structures, and nano-systems, leading to control of reactivity, selectivity, chirality, molecular orientations, changes in structure, and in dynamics. Written by leaders in the field, Effects of Electric Fields on Structure and Reactivity is the first book on this exciting topic. Starting with an overview of the theory behind – and demonstrations of the effect of – electric fields on structure and reactivity, this accessible reference work aims to encourage those new to the field to consider harnessing these effects in their own work. Covering applications and recent theoretical developments, it is a useful resource for theoretical chemists and experimentalists alike.Table of ContentsIntroduction; The Impact of Electric Fields on Chemical Structure and Reactivity; Experimentally Harnessing Electric Fields in Chemical Transformations; Recent Advances in Designed Local Electric Fields; Principles of Molecular Devices Operated by Electric Fields; Computational Generation and Quantification of Electric Fields and Electrostatics-mediated Catalyst Optimization; Electrostatic Fields in Biophysical Chemistry; Molecular Dynamics in the Presence of External Electric Fields; Manipulation of Molecules by Combined Permanent and Induced Dipole Forces; Cavity-modified Chemistry: Towards Vacuum-field Catalysis; An Introduction to Laser-fields Effects on Chemical Reactivity

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Book SynopsisThe binding of small ligands to biological molecules is central to most aspects of biological function. The past twenty years has seen the development of an increasing armoury of biophysical methods that not only detect such binding, but also provide varying degrees of information about the kinetics, thermodynamics and structural aspects of the process. These methods have received increasing attention with the growth in more rational approaches to drug discovery and design. This book reviews the latest advances in the application of biophysics to the study of ligand binding. It provides a complete overview of current techniques to identify ligands, characterise their binding sites and understand their binding mechanisms. Particular emphasis is given to the combined use of different techniques and their relative strengths and weaknesses. Consistency in the way each technique is described makes it easy for readers to select the most suitable protocol for their research. The introduction explains why some techniques are more suitable than others and emphasizes the possible synergies between them. The following chapters, all written by a specialist in the particular technique, focus on each method individually. The book finishes by describing how several complimentary techniques can be used together for maximum effectiveness. This book is suitable for biomolecular scientists at graduate or post-doctoral level in academia and industry. Biologists and chemists will also find it a useful introduction to the techniques available.Table of ContentsIntroduction: The who, where, why questions; NMT; X-ray; Surface plasmon resonance Flourescence; Electropspray ionization mass spectrometry; Synchrotron circular dicroism; Thermal denaturation in presence of a fluorescent dye; Calorimetry; Molecular modelling Examples of the simultaneous use of several techniques to determine ligand binding

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Book SynopsisThe chemical and biological sciences face unprecedented opportunities in the 21st century. A confluence of factors from parallel universes - advances in experimental techniques in biomolecular structure determination, progress in theoretical modeling and simulation for large biological systems, and breakthroughs in computer technology - has opened new avenues of opportunity as never before. Now, experimental data can be interpreted and further analysed by modeling, and predictions from any approach can be tested and advanced through companion methodologies and technologies. This two volume set describes innovations in biomolecular modeling and simulation, in both the algorithmic and application fronts. With contributions from experts in the field, the books describe progress and innovation in areas including: simulation algorithms for dynamics and enhanced configurational sampling, force field development, implicit solvation models, coarse-grained models, quantum-mechanical simulations, protein folding, DNA polymerase mechanisms, nucleic acid complexes and simulations, RNA structure analysis and design and other important topics in structural biology modeling. The books are aimed at graduate students and experts in structural biology and chemistry and the emphasis is on reporting innovative new approaches rather than providing comprehensive reviews on each subject.Table of ContentsVolume 1 Beginnings; Personal Perspective; Fashioning NAMD, a History of Risk and Reward: Klaus Schulten Reminisces; Towards Biomolecular Simulations with Explicit Inclusion of Polarizability: Development of a CHARMM Polarizable Force Field based on the Classical Drude Oscillator Model; Integral Equation Theory of Biomolecules and Electrolytes; Molecular Simulation in the Energy Biosciences; Sampling and rates; Dynamics Simulations with Trajectory Fragments; Computing Reaction Rates in Biomolecular Systems using discrete macrostates; Challenges in applying Monte Carlo sampling to biomolecular systems; Coarse graining and multiscale models; Coarse Grained Protein Models; Generalized Multi-Level Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulation and Its Applucation to Myosin-V Movement; Top-down Mesoscale Models and Free Energy Calculations of Multivalent Protein-Protein and Protein-Membrane Interactions in Nanocarrier Adhesion and Receptor Trafficking; Studying Proteins and Peptides at Material Surfaces; Multiscale Design: From Theory to Practice. Volume 2 Atomistic simulations of nucleic acids and nucleic acid complexes; Modeling nucleic acid structure and flexibility: from atomic to mesoscopic scale; Molecular dynamics and force field based methods for studying quadruplex nucleic acids; Opposites attract: Shape and Electrostatic Complementarity in Protein/DNA Complexes; Intrinsic motions of DNA polymerases underlie their remarkable specificity and selectivity and suggest a hybrid substrate binding mechanism; Molecular Dynamics Structure Prediction of a Novel Protein/DNA Complex: Two HU Proteins with a DNA Four-way Junction; Molecular Dynamics Simulations of RNA Molecules; The Structure and Folding of Helical Junctions in RNA; DNA folding, knotting, sliding and hopping; Simulations of DNA Knots and Catenanes; Monte Carlo Simulations of Nucleosome Chains to Idenitfy Factors that control DNA Compaction and Access; Sliding Dynamics Along DNA: a Molecular Perspective; Drug design; Structure-based design technology: CONTOUR and its aplication to drug discovery; Molecular simulation in computer-aided drug design: algorithms and applications; Computer-aided drug discovery: two antiviral drugs for HIV AIDS

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Book SynopsisOne of the key challenges in biophysics and chemical biology is gaining an understanding of the underlying physico-chemical basis of the highly complex structure and properties of biomembranes. It used to be thought that the lipid component played a mainly passive role, simply acting as a self-assembled bilayer matrix within which the active protein components functioned. However, it has now become clear that there is a intimate two-way interplay between the lipid and the protein components in determining membrane structure, organization and dynamics, and that lipids play many active roles in biological function. Concepts such as lateral segregation and domain formation, lateral pressure, curvature and curvature elasticity have attracted enormous interest in recent years, although their validity when applied to real biomembranes remains unclear or even obscure. This Faraday Discussion considered recent developments in the study of biomembrane structure, ordering and dynamics, with particular emphasis on the roles of lipids in these phenomena. As well as discussing new experimental and theoretical findings and novel methodologies, the meeting focused on exploring the relevance of concepts from amphiphile self-assembly and soft matter physics to understanding biomembranes.Table of ContentsPreface;Introductory Lecture: Basic quantities in model biomembranes;PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS; Switchable domain partitioning and diffusion of DNA origami rods on membranes; The effect of cholesterol on the intrinsic rate of lipid flip–flop as measured by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy; Computer simulations of the phase separation in model membranes; STED microscopy detects and quantifies liquid phase separation in lipid membranes using a new far-red emitting fluorescent phosphoglycerolipid analogue; Critical point fluctuations in supported lipid membranes; General discussion; Lipid phase behaviour under steady state conditions; Transient pearling and vesiculation of membrane tubes under osmotic gradients; Mode specific elastic constants for the gel, liquid-ordered, and liquid-disordered phases of DPPC/DOPC/cholesterol model lipid bilayers; Tuning the aggregation behaviour of single-chain bolaphospholipids in aqueous suspension: from nanoparticles to nanofibres to lamellar phases; Polycontinuous geometries for inverse lipid phases with more than two aqueous network domains; Physical properties of mixed bilayers containing lamellar and nonlamellar lipids: insights from coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations; General discussion; Spontaneous tubulation of membranes and vesicles reveals membrane tension generated by spontaneous curvature; Formation and analysis of topographical domains between lipid membranes tethered by DNA hybrids of different lengths; Molecular view on protein sorting into liquid-ordered membrane domains mediated by gangliosides and lipid anchors; Gaussian curvature elasticity determined from global shape transformations and local stress distributions: a comparative study using the MARTINI model; Elastic properties of polyunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines influence rhodopsin function; Anomalous and normal diffusion of proteins and lipids in crowded lipid membranes; General discussion; Interactions of drugs and amphiphiles with membranes: modulation of lipid bilayer elastic properties by changes in acyl chain unsaturation and protonation; Cell cycle dependent changes in membrane stored curvature elastic energy: evidence from lipidomic studies; Impact of oxidized phospholipids on the structural and dynamic organization of phospholipid membranes: a combined DSC and solid state NMR study; Materials characterization of the low temperature sensitive liposome (LTSL): effects of the lipid composition (lysolipid and DSPE–PEG2000) on the thermal transition and release of doxorubicin; Segregated ordered lipid phases and protein-promoted membrane cohesivity are required for pulmonary surfactant films to stabilize and protect the respiratory surface; Gibbs energy determinants of lipoprotein insertion into lipid membranes: the case study of Ras proteins; General discussion; Concluding remarks;

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Book SynopsisWhat exactly made the earth round? How do boomerangs turn around mid-air? And why do cats always land on their feet? “A basic scientific concept receives long overdue attention” (Kirkus Reviews) in this “fascinating” (Wall Street Journal) new book from the masterful author of The Age of Wood. From the solar system to spinning tops, hurricanes to hula hoops, power plants to pendulums, one mysterious force shapes almost every aspect of our lives: spin. Despite its ubiquity, rotational force continues to baffle and surprise, and few people realize how it makes our planet habitable or how it has been tamed by engineers to make our lives more comfortable. Charting the development of engineering and technology from the earliest prehistoric drills to the gas turbine, critically acclaimed author and scientist Roland Ennos presents a riveting account of human ingenuity and the seemingly infinite ways spin affects our daily lives. He also shows how this new approach not only helps us better understand the world but also ourselves. After all, even our own bodies are complex systems of rotating joints and levers. Artfully moving between astrophysics and anthropology, The Science of Spin shows how, whether natural or engineered, spin is really what makes the world go round.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: A brief historico-philosophical overview of macromolecular crowding: Making “physiological conditions” more physiological.- Chapter 2: Effects of molecular crowding on the structural, dynamic, and functional properties of biological macromolecules: A general overview.- Chapter 3: (Macro)molecular crowding effects beyond volume exclusion.- Chapter 4: Role of aqueous media in macromolecular crowding.- Chapter 5: Effects of macromolecular crowding on the structure and dynamics of biological membranes.- Chapter 6: Effects of molecular crowding on the structure, folding, and stability of DNA.- Chapter 7: Effects of molecular crowding on the structure, folding, stability, and catalysis of RNA.- Chapter 8: Understanding the effect of macromolecular crowding on protein misfolding and aggregation.- Chapter 9: The role of macromolecular crowding in cytoskeletal organization.- Chapter 10: Macromolecular crowding in cytoplasm and cellular organelles.- Chapter 11: Macromolecular crowding in mitochondria.- Chapter 12: Molecular crowing in nuclear pore.- Chapter 13: Catalytic Droplets: Enzyme Containing Microcompartments.- Chapter 14: Macromolecular crowding in cell stress and death.- Chapter 15: Heterogeneity of molecular crowding and liquid-liquid phase separation.- Chapter 16: Reshuffling overcrowded milieu: Stress-induced reorganization of the eukaryotic membrane-less organelles.- Chapter 17: Crowding in Anhydrobiosis.- Chapter 18: Crowding and in-cell crystallization.- Chapter 19: Macromolecular crowding for reparative medicine and drug discovery applications.- Chapter 20: Simulating crowding in vitro: Not an elusive goal any longer.- Chapter 21: Molecular Crowding by Computational Approaches.- Chapter 22: Modeling Facilitated Diffusion of Proteins in Crowded Environment.- Chapter 23: The Hidden Influences of Macromolecular Crowding: A New Frontier in Cellular Biology and Medicine.

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Book SynopsisScanning and stationary-beam electron microscopes are indispensable tools for both research and routine evaluation in materials science, the semiconductor industry, nanotechnology and the biological, forensic, and medical sciences. This book introduces current theory and practice of electron microscopy, primarily for undergraduates who need to understand how the principles of physics apply in an area of technology that has contributed greatly to our understanding of life processes and "inner space." Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy will appeal to technologists who use electron microscopes and to graduate students, university teachers and researchers who need a concise reference on the basic principles of microscopy.Table of ContentsAn Introduction to Microscopy.- Electron Optics.- The Transmission Electron Microscope.- TEM Specimens and Images.- The Scanning Electron Microscope.- Analytical Electron Microscopy.- Special Topics.- Appendix: Mathematical Derivations.

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Book SynopsisVery well structured, presenting the complex topic on a readily accessible level, this book is the first to explain all the biological properties of nerve cell membranes. Without neglecting the known theories of nerve impulse propagation, the monograph focuses on the less known features of nerve cell membranes, such as their mechanical, caloric and optical properties. Based on these properties, the author then develops an electromechanical theory of pulse propagation, offering the most plausible explanation yet for some unresolved questions regarding the effects observed during general anesthesia. Of prime interest to the biophysical audience working on biomembranes as well for neurobiologists and everyone involved in anesthesia research. Additional features, such as summaries, textboxes and supplementary web material, also make this an excellent companion for teaching.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch setzt Impulse zur systematischen Validierung des Bioprintings und zur Etablierung dieser Technologie auch in nicht-medizinischen Anwendungsgebieten. Das dreidimensionale Drucken mit lebenden Zellen erlaubt die kontrollierte Zellimmobilisierung in 3D-Hydrogelgerüsten. In dieser Arbeit wird das Bioprinting erstmalig mit Zellkulturen höherer Pflanzen gezeigt. Für die Pflanzenzellbiotechnologie eröffnen sich damit Perspektiven beispielsweise hinsichtlich der Erzeugung von Gewebemodellen oder der strukturierten Zellimmobilisierung in industriellen Bioprozessen. Die Strömungsmodellierung im Druckprozess wird auf Basis von ausführlichen rheologischen Messungen der Bioink und der Analyse der Extrusionsgeschwindigkeit gezeigt. Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse im Nomogramm erlaubt eine systematische Optimierung des Druckprozesses.Table of ContentsStand der Forschung.- Material und Methoden.- Simulation und analytische Rechnung.- Ergebnisse und Diskussion.- Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.

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Book SynopsisBiomateriomics is the holistic study of biological material systems. While such systems are undoubtedly complex, we frequently encounter similar components -- universal building blocks and hierarchical structure motifs -- which result in a diverse set of functionalities. Similar to the way music or language arises from a limited set of music notes and words, we exploit the relationships between form and function in a meaningful way by recognizing the similarities between Beethoven and bone, or Shakespeare and silk. Through the investigation of material properties, examining fundamental links between processes, structures, and properties at multiple scales and their interactions, materiomics explains system functionality from the level of building blocks. Biomateriomics specifically focuses the analysis of the role of materials in the context of biological processes, the transfer of biological material principles towards biomimetic and bioinspired applications, and the study of interfaces between living and non-living systems. The challenges of biological materials are vast, but the convergence of biology, mathematics and engineering as well as computational and experimental techniques have resulted in the toolset necessary to describe complex material systems, from nano to macro. Applying biomateriomics can unlock Nature’s secret to high performance materials such as spider silk, bone, and nacre, and elucidate the progression and diagnosis or the treatment of diseases. Similarly, it contributes to develop a de novo understanding of biological material processes and to the potential of exploiting novel concepts in innovation, material synthesis and design.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This book is a good introduction to biomateriomics and would be valuable to anyone interested in the development of new materials and molecular simulation methods.” (Ben Alcock, iom3.org, April, 2013)Table of ContentsPart I: A Materiomics Perspective.- The Materiome.- Biological Materials: A Biomateriomics Approach.- Music, Linguistics and Hierarchical Materials and Universality-Diversity Paradigm.- Part II: Methods and Tools .- Theory, Computational Approaches and Simulation.- Experimental Approaches.- Example: Mechanical Characterization through Experiment, Theory and Simulation.- Part III: Applied Biomateriomics.- Pathological Materiomics.- Synthesis and Design.- Conclusion, and Future of Biomateriomics.

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Book SynopsisThe phenomenon of consciousness has long been one of the great mysteries of life, perhaps because it is inexplicable in terms of the deterministic theories of classical science. Today there is some consensus that the key to the understanding of the workings of the mind should be sought in the area of indeterministic quantum mechanics, but until recently there has been little substantial progress in unravelling the mystery. This book is the culmination of several decades of research by the authors in the physical sciences, neurosciences and computer sciences, with comprehensive summaries and references to related work by many other scientists, and presents important advances toward solving the problem. Written for the most part in plain language but supported by appropriate symbolism, the book is truly interdisciplinary, designed for the needs of a wide variety of students and scholars.

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Book SynopsisThis book basically involves the study of flight parameters, wing beat frequency, moment of inertia, and wing movements for developing various aerodynamic forces which have been calculated. The book is intended for biologists, physicists, nanotechnologists, and aerospace engineers. Resilin, an elastic polymer (4 λ) which is present at the base of insect, plays a major role in Neurogenic and Myogenic insect flyers and influences the physiology of flight muscles. Leading edge vortex (LEV) is a special feature of insect flight. Insect wings have stalling angle above 60 degrees as compared to a man-made aeroplane stalling angle which is 16 degree. Reynolds number, the knowledge of LEV, and detailed study of moment of inertia help in developing flapping flexible wings for micro-aerial-vehicles. This book serves as an interface between biologists and engineers interested to develop biomimicking micro-aerial-vehicles. The contents of this book is useful to researchers and professionals alike.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Insect Flight.- 2. Flight a Retrospect a Brief Review.- 3. Aerodynamic Considerations.- 4. Flight Morphology and Flight Muscles.- 5. Types of Textures in Insect Wings and Classification.- 6. Theories on Hovering Flight of Insects-A Brief Review.- 7. Moment of Inertia and Mutilation Studies of Insect Wing.- 8. Chitinous Membranes and Analogous Materials.- 9. Aeroelasticity.- 10. Insect Migration.- 11. MAV Design Aspects and MEMS. 12. Bio-mimicking MAVs and Insect Flight.- 13. Navigation – A General Overview.- 14. WINGBEAT FREQUENCY THEORIES- A Mathematical Approach.- 15. Comments on Bio-physics of Insect Flight (Present and Future).- Bibliography.- Index

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the basic and sustainable approach of nanofiltration membrane techniques along with their fabrication, characterization, separation mechanisms, and broad applications in the field of wastewater treatment. It provides a wide knowledge of nanofiltration technique to water purification audience concerning the recent development with various illustrations, methods and results for graduate students, scientists, academicians, researchers, and industrialists. Readers from wastewater and water purification will have a quick reference by exploring the research literature on the subject field with commercial value-added research applications of nanofiltration membrane.Table of Contents 1. Introduction and basic principle of Nanofiltration membrane Process.- 2. Synthesis and characterization of nanofiltration membrane.- 3. Pretreatments before the nanofiltration technique.- 4. Graphene oxide based nanofiltration membrane for wastewater treatment.- 5. Nano-filtration application in the textile industry for wastewater treatment.- 6. Dye removal from industrial water using nanofiltration membrane.- 7. Volatile organic compounds removal by nanofiltration from groundwater.- 8. Desalination through nanofiltration technique .- 9. Modified nanofiltration membrane for wastewater treatment.- 10. Performance of Ceramic Nanofiltration Membranes in Water Purification.- 11. Fouling Mechanisms in Nanofiltration Membranes.- 12. Nanofiltration Technology Applied for Peat and Wetland Saline Water.- 13. Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater through Nanofiltration: A review.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the updates that have been made in the field of Plasma Biosciences and Medicine over the past few years. This book provides detailed introduction and includes recent research information on plasma sources and their biological and medical applications. The opening chapters discuss plasmas physics and chemistry and plasma-activated liquids. The later part of the book discusses emerging application in medicine and biology. This book also provides valuable clinical insights into the treatment of ulcerations, wounds, cancer, dentistry, or the use of cold plasma in health and hygiene. Main target audience of this book are researchers, graduate and undergraduate students, government agencies, academicians’, engineers, biologists, medical doctor, biochemists, and industries.Table of Contents

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