Biophysics Books

Book SynopsisAre we missing a vital ingredient in its creation? Like Richard Dawkins' The Selfish Gene, which provided a new perspective on evolution, Life on the Edge alters our understanding of life's dynamics as Jim Al-Khalili and Johnjoe Macfadden reveal the hitherto missing ingredient to be quantum mechanics.Trade ReviewHugely ambitious ... the skill of the writing provides the uplift to keep us aloft as we fly through the strange and spectacular terra incognita of genuinely new science. -- Tom Whipple * The Times *Physicist Jim Al-Khalili and molecular biologist Johnjoe McFadden explore this extraordinary realm with cogency and wit. * Nature Magazine *A really original science book about a new field of research ... Groundbreaking. -- Clive Cookson * Financial Times *This thrilling book is an overview of a field that barely exists ... Al-Khalili has a genius for illustrating complex ideas via imaginative sidetracks. * The Sunday Telegraph *'Life on the Edge’ gives the clearest account I’ve ever read of the possible ways in which the very small events of the quantum world can affect the world of middle-sized living creatures like us. With great vividness and clarity it shows how our world is tinged, even saturated, with the weirdness of the quantum. * Philip Pullman *

Read more less

Book SynopsisA balanced presentation of the concepts of physical chemistry, and their applications to biology and biochemistry. Written to straddle the worlds of physical chemistry and the life sciences, it shows how the tools of physical chemistry can elucidate biological questions.Table of ContentsFocus 1: Biochemical Thermodynamics: The First Law Focus 2: Biochemical Thermodynamics: The Second Law Focus 3: Water and Aqueous solutions Focus 4: Chemical equilibrium Focus 5: Ion and Electron Transport Focus 6: The Rates of Reactions Focus 7: Biochemical kinetics Focus 8: Atoms Focus 9: Molecules Focus 10: Macromolecules and self-assembly Focus 11: Biochemical spectroscopy Focus 12: Scattering techniques Focus 13: Gravimetric methods

Read more less

Book SynopsisA thorough explanation of the tenets of biomechanics At once a basic and applied science, biomechanics focuses on the mechanical cause-effect relationships that determine the motions of living organisms. Biomechanics for Dummies examines the relationship between biological and mechanical worlds.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 3 Beyond the Book 3 Where to Go from Here 4 Part I: Getting Started with Biomechanics 5 Chapter 1: Jumping Into Biomechanics 7 Analyzing Movement with Biomechanics 7 Mechanics 8 Bio 9 Expanding on Mechanics 10 Describing motion with kinematics 11 Causing motion with kinetics 13 Putting Biomechanics to Work 14 Chapter 2: Reviewing the Math You Need for Biomechanics 15 Getting Orientated 16 Brushing Up on Algebra 17 Following the order of operations 17 Defining some math operations 19 Isolating a variable 20 Interpreting proportionality 22 Looking for the Hypotenuse 23 Using the Pythagorean theorem 24 De-tricking trigonometric functions: SOH CAH TOA 26 Unvexing Vector Quantities 31 Resolving a vector into components 33 Composing a vector from components 35 Chapter 3: Speaking the Language of Biomechanics 37 Measuring Scalars and Vectors 38 Standardizing a Reference Frame 39 Directing your attention to locations of the body 40 Referencing planes and axes 40 Describing Movement: Kinematics 42 Typecasting motion: Linear, angular, and general 42 Describing how far: Distance and displacement 43 Describing how fast: Speed and velocity 44 Changing velocity: Acceleration 45 Pushing and Pulling into Kinetics 45 Forcing yourself to understand Newton’s laws of motion 47 Using the impulse–momentum relationship 49 Working with Energy and Power 49 Mechanical work 49 Mechanical energy 50 Mechanical power 51 Turning Force into Torque 51 Dealing with Measurement Units 51 Using the Neuromusculoskeletal System to Move 52 The skeletal system 53 The muscular system 53 The nervous system 55 Part II: Looking At Linear Mechanics 57 Chapter 4: Making Motion Change: Force 59 Pushing and Pulling: What Is Force? 59 Working with Force Vectors 65 Using the force components to find the resultant 66 Resolving a force into components 68 Classifying Forces 69 Contact and noncontact forces 69 Internal and external forces 70 Feeling the Pull of Gravity 74 Slipping, Sliding, and Staying Put: Friction Is FμN 76 Materials do matter: The coefficient of friction ( μ ) 80 Squeezing to stick: Normal reaction force (N) 81 Chapter 5: Describing Linear Motion: Linear Kinematics 83 Identifying Position 84 Describing How Far a Body Travels 85 Distance.85 Displacement 86 Describing How Fast a Body Travels 88 Speed 89 Velocity 90 Momentum 92 Speeding Up or Slowing Down: Acceleration 92 Constant acceleration 95 Projectile motion 95 Chapter 6: Causing Linear Motion: Linear Kinetics 103 Clarifying Net Force and Unbalanced Force 103 Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia 106 Newton’s Third Law: The Law of Equal and Opposite Action–Reaction 107 Newton’s Second Law: The Law of Acceleration 109 Deriving the impulse–momentum relationship from the law of acceleration 112 Applying the impulse–momentum relationship for movement analysis 114 Chapter 7: Looking At Force and Motion Another Way: Work, Energy, and Power 119 Working with Force 120 Energizing Movement 122 Kinetic energy 123 Potential energy 124 Conserving Mechanical Energy 128 Powering Better Performance 130 The Work–Energy Relationship 131 Part III: Investigating Angular Mechanics 137 Chapter 8: Twisting and Turning: Torques and Moments of Force 139 Defining Torque 140 Lining up for rotation: The moment arm of a force 141 Calculating the turning effect of a force 142 Measuring Torque 144 Muscling into torque: How muscles serve as torque generators 145 Resisting torque: External torques on the body 148 Expanding on Equilibrium: Balanced Forces and Torques 149 Locating the Center of Gravity of a Body 152 Chapter 9: Angling into Rotation: Angular Kinematics 157 Measuring Angular Position 157 Describing How Far a Body Rotates 160 Angular distance 161 Angular displacement 162 Describing How Fast a Body Rotates 163 Angular speed.163 Angular velocity 164 Speeding Up or Slowing Down: Angular Acceleration 165 Relating Angular Motion to Linear Motion 167 Angular displacement and linear displacement 168 Angular velocity and linear velocity 169 Angular acceleration and linear acceleration 171 Chapter 10: Causing Angular Motion: Angular Kinetics 173 Resisting Angular Motion: The Moment of Inertia 174 The moment of inertia of a segment174 The moment of inertia of the whole body 178 Considering Angular Momentum 180 Angular momentum of a rigid body 180 Angular momentum of the human body when individual segments rotate 181 A New Angle on Newton: Angular Versions of Newton’s Laws 181 Maintaining angular momentum: Newton’s first law.182 Changing angular momentum: Newton’s second law 186 Equal but opposite: Newton’s third law189 Changing Angular Momentum with Angular Impulse 191 Chapter 11: Fluid Mechanics 193 Buoyancy: Floating Along 193 Considering Force Due to Motion in Fluid 197 Causing drag in a fluid 198 Causing lift in a fluid 201 Part IV: Analyzing the “Bio” of Biomechanics 205 Chapter 12: Stressing and Straining: The Mechanics of Materials 207 Visualizing Internal Loading of a Body 208 Applying Internal Force: Stress 210 Normal stress 212 Shear stress 217 Responding to Internal Force: Strain 219 Determining tensile strain 221 Determining compressive strain 221 Determining shear strain 222 Straining from Stress: The Stress–Strain Relationship 223 Give and go: Behaving elastically 224 Give and stay: Behaving plastically 224 Chapter 13: Boning Up on Skeletal Biomechanics 227 What the Skeletal System Does 228 How Bones Are Classified 228 The Materials and Structure of Bones 230 Materials: What bones are made of 231 Structure: How bones are organized 232 Connecting Bones: Joints 234 Immovable joints 234 Slightly movable joints 234 Freely movable joints 235 Growing and Changing Bone 237 Changing bone dimensions 238 Stressing bone: The effects of physical activity and inactivity 239 Chapter 14: Touching a Nerve: Neural Considerations in Biomechanics 247 Monitoring and Controlling the Body: The Roles of the Nervous System 248 Outlining the Nervous System 248 The central nervous system 250 The peripheral nervous system 250 Zeroing In on Neurons 251 Parts of neurons 251 Types of neurons 251 Controlling Motor Units 259 Motor unit recruitment 261 Rate coding 261 Chapter 15: Muscling Segments Around: Muscle Biomechanics 263 Characterizing Muscle 263 Seeing How Skeletal Muscles Are Structured 265 The macrostructure of muscles 266 The microstructure of muscle fibers.268 Comparing Types of Muscle Activity 270 Isometric activity 271 Concentric activity 272 Eccentric activity 272 Producing Muscle Force 274 Relating muscle length and tension 274 Relating muscle velocity and tension277 Stretching before Shortening: The Key to Optimal Muscle Force 279 Part V: Applying Biomechanics 283 Chapter 16: Eyeballing Performance: Qualitative Analysis 285 Serving as a Movement Analyst 286 Evaluating the Performance 287 Identifying the goal of the movement 287 Specifying the mechanical objective 289 Determining whether the goal has been reached 290 Troubleshooting the Performance 293 Constraints on performance 293 Technique errors 294 Pitching by the phases 298 Intervening to Improve the Performance 302 Adapting the constraints on throwing performance 302 Refining technique 303 Chapter 17: Putting a Number on Performance: Quantitative Analysis 305 Converting Continuous Data to Numbers 305 Measuring Kinematics: Motion-Capture Systems 306 Collecting kinematic data 307 Processing kinematic data 308 Measuring Kinetics: Force Platform Systems 310 Collecting kinetic data 310 Processing kinetic data 312 Recording Muscle Activity: Electromyography 313 Collecting the electromyogram 314 Processing the electromyogram 315 Chapter 18: Furthering Biomechanics: Research Applications 319 Exercising in Space 319 Repairing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament 320 Running Like Our Ancestors 322 Protecting Our Beans: Helmet Design 324 Balancing on Two Legs: Harder Than You Think 326 Chapter 19: Investigating Forensic Biomechanics: How Did It Happen? 329 Collecting Information for a Forensic Biomechanics Analysis 330 Witness accounts 330 Police incident investigation reports 331 Medical records 331 Determining the Mechanism of Injury 332 Evaluating Different Scenarios 335 Ending up on the far side of the road 335 Landing in water with a broken jaw 336 Part VI: The Parts of Tens 339 Chapter 20: Ten Online Resources for Biomechanics 341 The Exploratorium 341 The Physics Classroom 341 Coaches Info 342 Textbook-Related Websites 343 Topend Sports 343 Dr. Mike Marshall’s Pitching Coach Services 343 Waterloo’s Dr. Spine, Stuart McGill 344 Skeletal Bio Lab 345 Biomch-L 345 American Society of Biomechanics 346 Chapter 21: Ten Things You May Not Know about Biomechanics 347 Looking at How Biomechanics Got Its Start 347 Adding Realism to Entertainment 348 Developing Safer Motor Vehicles 348 Improving the On-Shelf Quality of Fruits and Vegetables 349 Fitting Footwear to the Activity 350 Banning Biomechanically Improved Sport Techniques 351 Re-Creating Dinosaurs 352 Designing Universally and Ergonomically 352 Giving a Hand to Prosthetics Design 353 Losing Weight to Help Your Joints 354 Chapter 22: Ten Ways to Succeed in Your Biomechanics Course 355 Go to Class and Ask Questions 355 Read the Textbook 356 Do the Problems and Review Questions at the End of the Chapter 357 Create Flashcards 357 Go to Office Hours 358 Form a Study Group with Classmates 358 Accept and Apply Newton as the Foundation of Movement Analysis 359 Talk Fluent Biomechanics with Your Classmates 359 Volunteer for Research Projects 360 Attend a Biomechanics Conference 361 Index 363

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhy are we alive? Most things in the universe aren't. And if you trace the evolutionary history of plants and animals back far enough, you will find that, at some point, neither were we. Scientists have wrestled with this problem for centuries, and no one has been able to offer a credible theory. But in 2013, at just 30 years old, biophysicist Jeremy England published a paper that has utterly upended the ongoing study of life's origins. In Every Life Is on Fire, he describes, for the first time, his highly publicized theory known as dissipative adaptation. In any disordered system, matter clumps together and breaks apart, mostly randomly, without consequence. But some of the clumps that form are momentarily better at doing one specific job: dissipating energy. These structures are less likely to fall apart. Over time, they become better at both withstanding the disorder surrounding them and creating copies of themselves. From this deep insight, grounded in thermodynamics, England is able to isolate the emergence of the first life-like behaviors. Scientists have always thought that life began as a stroke of spectacular luck. But in fact, life may be inevitable, a product of the iron physical laws of the universe.England is both a world-class physicist and an ordained rabbi, and so his enquiry doesn't end with the physics of life. We ask questions like "How did life begin?" not just for the fun of scientific inquiry, but because we want a deeper understanding of who we are and why we're here. Even if physics can explain how life-like behaviors emerged, England doubts that reducing life down to the energy flows of a bunch of microscopic particles can ever give us a satisfying answer to what it means to be alive?. He believes that life is fundamentally a philosophical distinction, not a natural one. So before we can seriously look for life's physical origins, we must first make basic choices about what we think life means. This is something researchers often fail to recognize, and it is why, throughout In Every Life Is on Fire, England informs the premises of his theory with a careful exploration of what life is for.For anyone who reads this book, no matter their creed, In Every Life Is On Fire offers a rare work of popular science that explores not just what science does, but how it imbues our lives with meaning.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis updated and up-to-date version of the first edition continues with the really interesting stuff to spice up a standard biophysics and biophysical chemistry course. All relevant methods used in current cutting edge research including such recent developments as super-resolution microscopy and next-generation DNA sequencing techniques, as well as industrial applications, are explained. The text has been developed from a graduate course taught by the author for several years, and by presenting a mix of basic theory and real-life examples, he closes the gap between theory and experiment. The first part, on basic biophysical chemistry, surveys fundamental and spectroscopic techniques as well as biomolecular properties that represent the modern standard and are also the basis for the more sophisticated technologies discussed later in the book. The second part covers the latest bioanalytical techniques such as the mentioned super-resolution and next generation sequencing methods, confocal fluorescence microscopy, light sheet microscopy, two-photon microscopy and ultrafast spectroscopy, single molecule optical, electrical and force measurements, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, optical tweezers, quantum dots and DNA origami techniques. Both the text and illustrations have been prepared in a clear and accessible style, with extended and updated exercises (and their solutions) accompanying each chapter. Readers with a basic understanding of biochemistry and/or biophysics will quickly gain an overview of cutting edge technology for the biophysical analysis of proteins, nucleic acids and other biomolecules and their interactions. Equally, any student contemplating a career in the chemical, pharmaceutical or bio-industry will greatly benefit from the technological knowledge presented. Questions of differing complexity testing the reader's understanding can be found at the end of each chapter with clearly described solutions available on the Wiley-VCH textbook homepage under: www.wiley-vch.de/textbooksTable of ContentsIntroduction: What is Biophysical Chemistry? - An Example from Drug Screening PART I: Basic Methods in Biophysical Chemistry BASIC OPTICAL PRINCIPLES Introduction What Does the Electronic Structure of Molecules Look Like? Orbitals, Wave Functions and Bonding Interactions How Does Light Interact with Molecules? Transition Densities and the Transition Dipole Moment Absorption Spectra of Molecules in Liquid Environments. Vibrational Excitation and the Franck-Condon Principle What Happens After Molecules have Absorbed Light? Fluorescence, Nonradiative Transitions and the Triplet State Quantitative Description of all Processes: Quantum Efficiencies, Kinetics of Excited State Populations and the Jablonski Diagram Problems OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOMOLECULES Introduction Experimental Determination of Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra Optical Properties of Proteins and DNA Optical Properties of Important Cofactors BASIC FLUORESCENCE TECHNQUES Introduction Fluorescent Labelling and Linking Techniques Fluorescence Detection Techniques Fluorscence Polarization Anisotropy Forster Resonance Energy Transfer Fluorescence Kinetics Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching Biochemiluminescence CHIROPTICAL AND SCATTERING METHODS Chiroptical Methods Light Scattering Vibrational Spectra of Biomolecules MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Biomolecules Electron Paramagnetic Resonance MASS SPECTROMETRY Introduction MALDI-TOF ESI-MS Structural and Sequence Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry PART II: Advanced Methods in Biophysical Chemistry FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY Introduction Conventional Fluorescence Microscopy Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Light-Sheet Microscopy SUPER-RESOLUTION FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) and Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) 3D Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging of Live Cells Multicolour Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Structured Illumination Microscopy SOFI Final Comparison SINGLE-BIOMOLECULE TECHNIQUES Introduction Optical Single-Molecule Detection Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Optical Tweezers Atomic Force Microscopy of Biomolecules Patch Clamping ULTRAFAST- AND NONLINEAR SPECTROSCOPY Introduction Nonlinear Microscopy and Spectroscopy Ultrafast Spectroscopy DNA SEQUENCING AND NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING METHODS Sanger Method Next-Generation Sequencing Methods SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Introduction Fluorescing Nanoparticles Surface Plasmon Resonance Detection DNA Origami DNA Microarrays Flow Cytometry Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Microspheres and Nanospheres ASSAY DEVELOPMENT, READERS AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING Introduction Assay Development and Assay Quality Microtitre Plates and Fluorescence Readers Application Example: Drug Discovery and High-Throughput Screening Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers important lessons about the opportunities for quantitative, physics-style experiments on diverse biological phenomena. This title emphasizes the unifying power of abstract physical principles to motivate advanced experiments on biological systems. It covers a range of biological phenomena from the physicist's perspective.Trade ReviewWilliam Bialek, Winner of the 2013 Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience "[T]he book goes beyond being a structured material for readers to learn about biophysics; it takes readers on an incredible journey in discovering fascinating ways in which biological phenomena can be viewed and studied. The technical adroitness and more importantly, the unique way of thinking about biological problems, in the reviewer's opinion, makes the book a must-read for any aspiring biophysicists."--Angie Ma, Contemporary Physics "[P]hysicists who are seeking an exciting intellectual path through the complexity of biology will deeply appreciate Bialek's clear vision of the big ideas and his expert guidance through their many applications."--Stephen J. Hagen, Physics Today "The book is well crafted, linking the historic work of the 'giants', e.g. Helmholtz with his seminal view of vision and hearing, with latest and trendy research, exemplified by the use of information theory in biology."--Robert Endres, Biological Physics Group NewsletterTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix PART I EXPLORING THE PHENOMENA 1. Introduction 3 *1.1 About Our Subject 3 *1.2 About This Book 11 2. Photon Counting in Vision 17 *2.1 A First Look 17 *2.2 Dynamics of Single Molecules 51 *2.3 Biochemical Amplification 68 *2.4 The First Synapse and Beyond 97 *2.5 Coda 115 3. Lessons, Problems, Principles 117 PART II CANDIDATE PRINCIPLES 4. Noise Is Not Negligible 127 *4.1 Fluctuations and Chemical Reactions 127 *4.2 Motility and Chemotaxis in Bacteria 149 *4.3 Molecule Counting, More Generally 172 *4.4 More about Noise in Perception 192 *4.5 Proofreading and Active Noise Reduction 218 *4.6 Perspectives 245 5. No Fine Tuning 247 *5.1 Sequence Ensembles 248 *5.2 Ion Channels and Neuronal Dynamics 279 *5.3 The States of Cells 299 *5.4 Long Time Scales in Neural Networks 329 *5.5 Perspectives 349 6. Efficient Representation 353 *6.1 Entropy and Information 354 *6.2 Noise and Information Flow 369 *6.3 Does Biology Care about Bits? 395 *6.4 Optimizing Information Flow 421 *6.5 Gathering Information and Making Models 449 *6.6 Perspectives 467 7. Outlook 469 Appendix Some Further Topics 473 * A.1 Poisson Processes 473 * A.2 Correlations, Power Spectra, and All That 484 * A.3 Diffraction and Biomolecular Structure 495 * A.4 Electronic Transitions in Large Molecules 503 * A.5 The Kramers Problem 512 * A.6 Berg and Purcell, Revisited 521 * A.7 Maximum Entropy 533 * A.8 Measuring Information Transmission 545 Annotated Bibliography 557 Index 625

Read more less

Book Synopsis''What a multi-sensory pleasure in learning! I will be a better teacher and better clinician using what I am learning from this book.'' Carol M Davis DPT, EdD, MS, FAPTAThe emerging science of biotensegrity provides a fresh context for re-thinking our understanding of human movement, but its complexities can be formidable. Bodywork and movement professionals looking for an accessible and relevant guide to the concept and application of biotensegrity need look no further than Everything Moves: How biotensegrity informs human movement.In order to work with our own bodies and the bodies of our students, clients and teams most effectively, we need to understand the nature of our human structure. Everything Moves offers the enquiring bodyworker or movement professional, who wants to take their understanding of how to apply biotensegrity in their work to the next level, a practical and relatable guide to the biotensegral nature of our bodies, in which all of the parts are one, yet all are constantly changing.Throughout Everything Moves, concepts and ideas are presented with activities and exercises to make them tangible, accessible and applicable. The material presented is suitable for coaches and movement teachers new to biotensegrity, as well as those with more advanced levels of understanding.Whether your focus is performance, sports, Alexander Technique, Feldenkrais, yoga, Pilates, martial arts, or dance, any arena in which bodies move can be informed by Everything Moves!

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisA thoroughly updated and extended new edition of this well-regarded introduction to the basic concepts of biological physics for students in the health and life sciences. Designed to provide a solid foundation in physics for students following health science courses, the text is divided into six sections: Mechanics, Solids and Fluids, Thermodynamics, Electricity and DC Circuits, Optics, and Radiation and Health. Filled with illustrative examples, Introduction to Biological Physics for the Health and Life Sciences, Second Edition features a wealth of concepts, diagrams, ideas and challenges, carefully selected to reference the biomedical sciences. Resources within the text include interspersed problems, objectives to guide learning, and descriptions of key concepts and equations, as well as further practice problems. NEW CHAPTERS INCLUDE: Optical Instruments Advanced Geometric Optics Thermodynamic Processes HeTable of ContentsI Mechanics 1 Chapter 1 Kinematics 3 Chapter 2 Force and Newton’s Laws of Motion 17 Chapter 3 Motion in a Circle 31 Chapter 4 Statics 37 Chapter 5 Energy 47 Chapter 6 Momentum 61 Chapter 7 Simple Harmonic Motion 69 Chapter 8 Waves 79 Chapter 9 Sound and Hearing 91 II Solids and Fluids 107 Chapter 10 Elasticity: Stress and Strain 109 Chapter 11 Pressure 119 Chapter 12 Buoyancy 133 Chapter 13 Surface Tension and Capillarity 141 Chapter 14 Fluid Dynamics of Non-viscous Fluids 149 Chapter 15 Fluid Dynamics of Viscous Fluids 159 Chapter 16 Molecular Transport Phenomena 165 III Thermodynamics 171 Chapter 17 Temperature and the Zeroth Law 173 Chapter 18 Ideal Gases 185 Chapter 19 Phase and Temperature Change 199 Chapter 20 Water Vapour and the Atmosphere 213 Chapter 21 Heat Transfer 227 Chapter 22 Thermodynamics and the Body 239 Chapter 23 Thermodynamic Processes in Ideal Gases 249 Chapter 24 Heat Engines and Entropy 263 Chapter 25 Energy Availability and Thermodynamic Potentials 279 IV Electricity and DC Circuits 293 Chapter 26 Static Electricity 295 Chapter 27 Electric Force and Electric Field 301 Chapter 28 Electrical Potential and Energy 311 Chapter 29 Capacitance 323 Chapter 30 Direct Currents and DC Circuits 333 Chapter 31 Time Behaviour of RC Circuits 351 V Optics 359 Chapter 32 The Nature of Light 361 Chapter 33 Geometric Optics 375 Chapter 34 The Eye and Vision 393 Chapter 35 Wave Optics 411 Chapter 36 Advanced Geometric Optics 429 Chapter 37 Optical Instruments 449 Chapter 38 Atoms and Atomic Physics 463 Chapter 39 The Nucleus and Nuclear Physics 475 Chapter 40 Production of Ionising Radiation 485 Chapter 41 Interactions of Ionising Radiation 499 Chapter 42 Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation 509 Chapter 43 Medical Imaging 519 Chapter 44 Magnetism and MRI 525 Appendices 550 Appendix A Physical Constants 551 Appendix B Basic Maths and Science Skills 553 Appendix C Answers to Odd Numbered Problems 565 Selected Further Reading 576 Index 579

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe technique of Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) is a powerful experimental tool for extracting temporal and spatial information at the nanoscale from both soft and hard condensed matter systems. However, while seemingly simple, the method is beset with sensitivities that, if ill considered, can hinder data interpretation and possibly publication. By highlighting key theoretical and data evaluation aspects of the technique, this specialised ‘primer style’ training resource encourages research success by guiding new researchers through a typical QENS experiment; from planning and sample preparation considerations to data reduction and subsequent analysis. Research examples are referenced throughout to illustrate the concepts addressed, with the book being written in such a way that it remains accessible to chemists, biologists, physicists, and materials scientists.Table of ContentsIf You Read Nothing Else...; What is QUENS?; Which Spectrometer Should I Choose?; Facility Access; The Measurement; Data Reduction; Elastic and Inelastic Fixed Window Scans; S(Q,ω) and I(Q,t); And Finally

Read more less

Book SynopsisContent-based image retrieval (CBIR) is the process of retrieval of images from a database that are similar to a query image, using measures derived from the images themselves, rather than relying on accompanying text or annotation. To achieve CBIR, the contents of the images need to be characterized by quantitative features; the features of the query image are compared with the features of each image in the database and images having high similarity with respect to the query image are retrieved and displayed. CBIR of medical images is a useful tool and could provide radiologists with assistance in the form of a display of relevant past cases. One of the challenging aspects of CBIR is to extract features from the images to represent their visual, diagnostic, or application-specific information content. In this book, methods are presented for preprocessing, segmentation, landmarking, feature extraction, and indexing of mammograms for CBIR. The preprocessing steps include anisotropic diffusion and the Wiener filter to remove noise and perform image enhancement. Techniques are described for segmentation of the breast and fibroglandular disk, including maximum entropy, a moment-preserving method, and Otsu's method. Image processing techniques are described for automatic detection of the nipple and the edge of the pectoral muscle via analysis in the Radon domain. By using the nipple and the pectoral muscle as landmarks, mammograms are divided into their internal, external, upper, and lower parts for further analysis. Methods are presented for feature extraction using texture analysis, shape analysis, granulometric analysis, moments, and statistical measures. The CBIR system presented provides options for retrieval using the Kohonen self-organizing map and the k-nearest-neighbor method. Methods are described for inclusion of expert knowledge to reduce the semantic gap in CBIR, including the query point movement method for relevance feedback (RFb). Analysis of performance is described in terms of precision, recall, and relevance-weighted precision of retrieval. Results of application to a clinical database of mammograms are presented, including the input of expert radiologists into the CBIR and RFb processes. Models are presented for integration of CBIR and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) with a picture archival and communication system (PACS) for efficient workflow in a hospital. Table of Contents: Introduction to Content-based Image Retrieval / Mammography and CAD of Breast Cancer / Segmentation and Landmarking of Mammograms / Feature Extraction and Indexing of Mammograms / Content-based Retrieval of Mammograms / Integration of CBIR and CAD into Radiological WorkflowTable of ContentsIntroduction to Content-based Image Retrieval.- Mammography and CAD of Breast Cancer.- Segmentation and Landmarking of Mammograms.- Feature Extraction and Indexing of Mammograms.- Content-based Retrieval of Mammograms.- Integration of CBIR and CAD into Radiological Workflow.

Read more less

Book SynopsisCancer deaths per capita have decreased in recent years, but the improvement is attributed to prevention, not treatment. The difficulty in treating cancer may be due to its 'complexity', in the mathematical physics sense of the word. Tumors evolve and spread in response to internal and external factors that involve feedback mechanisms and nonlinear behavior. Investigations of the nonlinear interactions among cells, and between cells and their environment, are crucial for developing a sufficiently detailed understanding of the system's emergent phenomenology to be able to control the behavior. In the case of cancer, controlling the system's behavior will mean the ability to treat and cure the disease. Physicists have been studying various complex, nonlinear systems for many years using a variety of techniques. These investigations have provided insights that allow physicists to make unique contributions towards the treatment of cancer.This interdisciplinary book presents recent advancements in physicists' research on cancer. The work presented in this volume uses a variety of physical, biochemical, mathematical, theoretical, and computational techniques to gain a deeper molecular and cellular understanding of the horrific disease that is cancer.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA revolutionary and hopeful account of Earth not simply as an inanimate planet on which life evolved but as a planet which came to life.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisProviding an in-depth look at the practical use of math modeling, it features exercises throughout that are drawn from a variety of bioscientific disciplines - population biology, developmental biology, physiology, epidemiology, and evolution, among others.Trade ReviewReviews of the original edition: "Murray has produced a magnificent compilation of mathematical models and their applications in biology." Nature "Murray's Mathematical Biology belongs on the shelf of any person with a serious interest in mathematical biology." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology SIAM, 2004: "Murray's Mathematical Biology is a classic that belongs on the shelf of any serious student or researcher in the field. Together the two volumes contain well over 1000 references, a rich source of material, together with an excellent index to help readers quickly find key words. ... I recommend the new and expanded third edition to any serious young student interested in mathematical biology who already has a solid basis in applied mathematics." From the reviews of the third edition: "Mathematical Biology would be eminently suitable as a text for a final year undergraduate or postgraduate course in mathematical biology … . It is also a good source of examples for courses in mathematical methods … . Mathematical Biology provides a good way in to the field and a useful reference for those of us already there. It may attract more mathematicians to work in biology by showing them that there is real work to be done." (Peter Saunders, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 90 (519), 2006)Table of ContentsContinuous Population Models for Single Species * Discrete Population Models for a Single Species * Models for Interacting Populations * Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination (TSD): Crocodilian Survivorship * Modelling the Dynamics of Marital Interaction: Divorce Prediction and Marriage Repair * Reaction Kinetics * Biological Oscillators and Switches * BZ Oscillating Reactions * Perturbed and Coupled Oscillators and Black Holes * Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: Epidemic Models and AIDS * Reaction Diffusion, Chemotaxis, and Non-local Mechanisms * Oscillator Generated Wave Phenomena and Central Pattern Generators * Biological Waves: Single Species Models * Use and Abuse of Fractals

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis richly illustrated third edition provides a thorough training in practical mathematical biology and shows how exciting mathematical challenges can arise from a genuinely interdisciplinary involvement with the biosciences.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The 2nd volume of the authors elucidating work highlights a surprisingly broad spectrum of applications in the field of mathematical biology. The sense given to the mathematical texture of thoughts broadens the reader’s insight … . The growing number of specialists in sub-disciplines of mathematical biology will be enjoying the truly concise approach … . It can so be said that the foremost results … might be essential for new interpretations of data … . It is a recommended text for mathematicians … ." (Daniel Gertsch, Bioworld, Issue 2, 2004) From the reviews of the third edition: "This is the second volume of the third edition of Murray’s ‘Mathematical Biology’. … covers a wide variety of problems in pattern formation, each discussed in its biological context. … This volume alone is a large book, with more than 800 pages and a similar number of references. … it is a valuable collection of results from different areas of mathematical biology." (Carlo Laing, New Zealand Mathematical Society Newsletter, Issue 90, April, 2004) "This book, a classical text in mathematical biology, cleverly combines mathematical tools with subject area sciences. The multi-layer way of material presentation makes the book useful for different types of reader including graduate-level students, bioscientists … . it is an enjoyable reading and I recommend it to anyone with serious interest in mathematical modelling." (V.V. Fedorov, Short Book Reviews, Vol. 23 (3), 2003) "This second volume of the third edition of Murray’s Mathematical biology focuses on partial differential equations (spatial models) and their application to the biomedical sciences. … Each chapter deals with its particular topic in great detail, usually focusing on one biological example and the associated mathematical model and results. This volume is not an introductory text … making it extremely useful in graduate courses and for reference." (Trachette L. Jackson, Mathematical Reviews, 2004b) "In this second volume … the development towards specific biological configurations and towards a mechanism for understanding morphogenesis represents an important portion of the work. … chapters deal with attractive topics … . There is an extensive index at the end. … very interesting and strongly recommended." (A. Akutowicz, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1006, 2003) "In this volume it becomes clear that compiling the third edition was a ‘labor of love’. The book has a significantly different feel from the original first edition. … my reaction to the third edition was positive. … The historical and biological overviews have much interesting information. … Certainly, the spicy writing will keep students alert … . In summary, I recommend the new and expanded third edition to any serious young student interested in mathematical biology … ." (Leah Edelstein-Keshet, SIAM Review, Vol. 46 (1), 2004) "Mathematical Biology would be eminently suitable as a text for a final year undergraduate or postgraduate course in mathematical biology … . It is also a good source of examples for courses in mathematical methods … . Mathematical Biology provides a good way into the field and a useful reference for those of us already there. It may attract more mathematicians to work in biology by showing them that there is real work to be done." (Peter Saunders, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 90 (518), 2006)Table of ContentsMulti-Species Waves and Practical Applications * Spatial Pattern Formation with Reaction Diffusion Systems * Animal Coat Patterns and Other Practical Applications of Reaction Diffusion Mechanisms * Pattern Formation on Growing Domains: Alligators and Snakes * Bacterial Patterns and Chemotaxis * Mechanical Theory for Generating Pattern and Form in Development * Evolution, Morphogenetic Laws, Developmental Constraints and Teratologies * A Mechanical Theory of Vascular Network Formation * Epidermal Wound Healing * Dermal Wound Healing * Growth and Control of Brain Tumours * Neural Models of Pattern Formation * Geographic Spread and Control of Epidemics * Wolf Territoriality, Wolf-Deer Interaction and Survival

Read more less

Book SynopsisIntroduction to Cell Mechanics and Mechanobiology is designed for a one-semester course in the mechanics of the cell offered to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in biomedical engineering, bioengineering, and mechanical engineering. It teaches a quantitative understanding of the way cells detect, modify, and respond to the physical properties within the cell environment. Coverage includes the mechanics of single molecules, polymers, polymer networks, two-dimensional membranes, whole-cell mechanics, and mechanobiology, as well as primer chapters on solid, fluid, and statistical mechanics, and cell biology.Introduction to Cell Mechanics and Mechanobiology is the first cell mechanics textbook to be geared specifically toward students with diverse backgrounds in engineering and biology.Trade Review"The new text from Jacobs, Huang, and Kwon is fully worthy of the honor of being the first text reviewed in Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering. After reading through the clear, simple, but rigorous text, I can say that their work does far more than just tie together some important notes in a single binding....this text is potentially transformative for the field, much in the way that the famous texts by Beer and Johnston, in the 1960s were transformative for the undergraduate study of mechanics of materials and machines." - Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering "This excellent book by a group of internationally recognized authors meets a real existing need in contemporary bioengineering education, and it does it effectively and successfully....The book was exactly what I wanted; it was entirely devoted to cell-scale problems, with numerous examples, each providing the relevant engineering or mathematical formulation, at a level suitable for good undergrad BME students....All chapters are comprehensible, logically-built and concise, and each is supported by high-quality graphics which add very much to the clarity of the contents...this book is a 'must-have'." - Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering“…[Introduction to Cell Mechanics and Mechanobiology] touches on all the main current techniques used to apply force to cells and to measure the forces exerted by cells….the physics behind them is well explained and derived…The book sets up a good context for why one would want to study mechanobiology and gives some good tips for designing an experiment, taking into account the fundamental differences in biology and engineering practices.”- Yale Journal of Biology and MedicineTable of ContentsPart I. Principles1. Cell Mechanics as a Framework2. Fundamentals of Cell Biology3. Solid Mechanics Primer4. Fluid Mechanics Primer5. Statistical Mechanics PrimerPart II. Practices6. Cell Mechanics in the Laboratory 7. Mechanics of Cellular Polymers8. Polymer Networks and the Cytoskeleton9. Mechanics of the Cell Membrane10. Adhesion, Migration, and Contraction of the Cell11. Mechanotransduction and Intracellular Signaling

Read more less

Book SynopsisFluid dynamics plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including the locomotion of cells such as bacteria and spermatozoa. These organisms possess flagella, slender organelles whose time periodic motion in a fluid environment gives rise to motility. Sitting at the intersection of applied mathematics, physics and biology, the fluid dynamics of cell motility is one of the most successful applications of mathematical tools to the understanding of the biological world. Based on courses taught over several years, it details the mathematical modelling necessary to understand cell motility in fluids, covering phenomena ranging from single-cell motion to instabilities in cell populations. Each chapter introduces mathematical models to rationalise experiments, uses physical intuition to interpret mathematical results, highlights the history of the field and discusses notable current research questions. All mathematical derivations are included for students new to the field, and end-of-Table of ContentsPart I. Fundamentals: 1. Biological background; 2. The fluid dynamics of microscopic locomotion; 3. The waving sheet model; 4. The squirmer model; Part II. Cellular locomotion: 5. Flagella and the physics of viscous propulsion; 6. Hydrodynamics of slender filaments; 7. Waving of eukaryotic flagella; 8. Rotation of bacterial flagellar filaments; 9. Flows and stresses induced by cells; Part III. Interactions: 10. Swimming cells in flows; 11. Self-propulsion and surfaces; 12. Hydrodynamic synchronisation; 13. Diffusion and noisy swimming; 14. Hydrodynamics of collective locomotion; 15. Locomotion and transport in complex fluids; References; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe new and updated edition of this accessible text provides a comprehensive overview of the comparative physiology of animals within an environmental context. Includes two brand new chapters on Nerves and Muscles and the Endocrine System. Discusses both comparative systems physiology and environmental physiology. Analyses and integrates problems and adaptations for each kind of environment: marine, seashore and estuary, freshwater, terrestrial and parasitic. Examines mechanisms and responses beyond physiology. Applies an evolutionary perspective to the analysis of environmental adaptation. Provides modern molecular biology insights into the mechanistic basis of adaptation, and takes the level of analysis beyond the cell to the membrane, enzyme and gene. Incorporates more varied material from a wide range of animal types, with less of a focus purely on terrestrial reptiles, birds and mammals and rather more about thTrade Review"...this second edition confirms its status as the first place I would go for guidance in unfamiliar physiological territory. Its level is perfect for undergraduates...this is a terrific text, and one that I recommend unreservedly." Andrew Clarke, British Antarctic Survey, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, August 2004 Table of ContentsPreface To Second Edition. Preface To First Edition. Acknowledgments. Abbreviations. Part I: Basic Principles:. 1. The Nature And Levels Of Adaptation:. Introduction: Comparative, Environmental, And Evolutionary Physiology. The Meaning Of ‘Environment'. The Meaning Of ‘Adaptation’. Comparative Methods To Detect Adaptation. Physiological Response On Different Scales. Conclusions. Further Reading. 2. Fundamental Mechanisms Of Adaptation:. Introduction: Adaptation At The Molecular And Genome Level. Controlling Protein Action. Control Of Protein Synthesis And Degradation. Protein Evolution. Physiological Regulation Of Gene Expression. Conclusions. Further Reading. 3. The Problems Of Size And Scale:. Introduction. Principle Of Similarity: Isometric Scaling. Allometric Scaling. The Scaling Of Metabolic Rate. Scaling Of Locomotion. Conclusions: Is There A Right Size To Be?. Further Reading. Part II: Central Issues In Comparative Physiology:. 4. Water, Ions, And Osmotic Physiology:. Introduction. Aqueous Solutions. Passive Movements Of Water And Solutes. Nonpassive Solute Movements. Concentrations Of Cell Contents. Overall Regulation Of Cell Contents. Conclusions. Further Reading. 5. Animal Water Balance, Osmoregulation, And Excretion:. Introduction. Exchanges Occurring At The Outer Body Surface. Osmoregulation At External Surfaces. Osmoregulatory Organs And Their Excretory Products. Water Regulation Via The Gut. Regulation Of Respiratory Water Exchanges. Water Loss In Reproductive Systems. Water Gain. The Costs And Energetics Of Regulating Water And Ion Balance. Roles Of Nervous Systems And Hormones. Conclusions. Further Reading. 6. Metabolism And Energy Supply:. Introduction. Metabolic Intermediaries. Anaerobic Metabolism. Aerobic Metabolism. Metabolic Rates. Energy Budgets. Further Reading. 7. Respiration And Circulation:. Introduction. Uptake And Loss Of Gases Across Respiratory Surfaces. Ventilation Systems To Improve Exchange Rates. Circulatory Systems. Delivering And Transferring Gases To The Tissues. Coping With Hypoxia And Anoxia. Control Of Respiration. Further Reading. 8. Temperature And Its Effects:. Introduction. Biochemical Effects Of Temperature. Physiological Effects Of Temperature. Terminology And Strategies In Thermal Biology. Thermal Environments And Thermal Exchanges. Avoidance, Tolerance, And Acclimation In Thermal Biology. Regulating Heat Gain And Keeping Warm. Regulating Heat Loss And Keeping Cool. Opting Out: Evasion Systems In Space Or Time. Regulating Thermal Biology: Nerves And Hormones. Evolution And Advantages Of Varying Thermal Strategies. Further Reading. 9. Excitable Tissues Nervous Systems And Muscles:. Introduction. Section 1: Nerves. Neural Functioning. Synaptic Transmission. Nervous Systems. Neural Integration And Higher Neural Processes. Neuronal Development. Sensory Systems – Mechanisms And Principles. Specific Senses And Sense Organs. Section 2: Muscles. Muscles And Movement: Introduction. Muscle Structure. Muscle Contraction. Muscle Mechanics. Muscle Types And Diversity. Section 3: Nerves And Muscles Working Together. Motor Activity Patterns. Locomotion Using Muscles. Conclusions. Further Reading. 10. Hormones And Chemical Control Systems:. Introduction. Endocrine Systems. Control Of Water And Osmotic Balance. Control Of Ion Balance And pH. Control Of Development And Growth. Control Of Metabolism, Temperature, And Color. Control Of Sex And Reproduction. Hormones And Other Behaviors; Aggression, Territoriality, And Migration. Pheromones And The Control Of Behavior. Conclusions. Further Reading. Part III: Coping With The Environment:. Introduction. 11. Marine Life:. Introduction: Marine Habitats And Biota. Ionic And Osmotic Adaptation. Thermal Adaptation. Respiratory Adaptation. Reproductive And Life-Cycle Adaptation. Depth Problems, Buoyancy, And Locomotion. Sensory Issues: Marine Signaling. Feeding And Being Fed On. Anthropogenic Problems. Secondary Invasion Of The Seas: Marine Vertebrates. Conclusions. Further Reading. 12. Shorelines And Estuaries:. Introduction: Brackish Habitats And Biota. Ionic And Osmotic Adaptation And Water Balance. Thermal Adaptation. Respiratory Adaptation. Reproductive And Life-Cycle Adaptation. Mechanical, Locomotory, And Sensory Systems. Feeding And Being Fed On. Anthropogenic Problems. Conclusions. Further Reading. 13. Fresh Water:. Introduction: Freshwater Habitats And Biota. Osmotic And Ionic Adaptation And Water Balance. Thermal Adaptation. Respiratory Adaptation. Reproductive And Life-Cycle Adaptation. Mechanical, Locomotory, And Sensory Adaptations. Feeding And Being Fed On. Anthropogenic Problems. Conclusions. Further Reading. 14. Special Aquatic Habitats:. Introduction. Transient Water Bodies. Osmotically Peculiar Habitats. Thermally Extreme Waters. Further Reading. 15. Terrestrial Life:. Introduction. Ionic And Osmotic Adaptation And Water Balance. Thermal Adaptation. Respiratory Adaptation. Reproductive And Life-Cycle Adaptation. Locomotion And Mechanical Adaptations. Sensory Adaptations. Feeding And Being Fed On. Anthropogenic Problems. Conclusions. Further Reading. 16. Extreme Terrestrial Habitats:. Introduction. Hot And Dry Habitats: Deserts. Very Cold Habitats. High-Altitude Habitats. Aerial Habitats. Conclusions. Further Reading. 17. Parasitic Habitats:. Introduction. Parasite Environments. Basic Parasite Physiology. Reproduction And Transmission. Parasite Sensory Abilities. Parasite Regulation Of Host Physiology. Biotic Interactions: Host–Parasite Conflicts. Conclusions. Further Reading. References. Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisBlending up-to-date biomechanical knowledge with professional application knowledge, this second edition presents a clear, conceptual approach to understanding biomechanics within the context of the qualitative analysis of human movement. It develops nine principles of biomechanics, which provide an applied structure for biomechanical concepts, and the application of each principle is fully explored in several chapters. The book also offers real-world examples of the application of biomechanics, which emphasize how biomechanics is integrated with the other subdisciplines of kinesiology to contribute to qualitative analysis of human movement.Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction1. Introduction to Biomechanics of Human Movement2. Fundamentals of Biomechanics and Qualitative AnalysisPart II: Biological/Structural Bases3. Anatomical Description and Its Limitations4. Mechanics of the Musculoskeletal SystemPart III: Mechanical Bases5. Linear and Angular Kinematics6. Linear Kinetics7. Angular Kinetics8. Fluid MechanicsPart IV: Applications of Biomechanics in Qualitative Analysis9. Applying Biomechanics in Physical Education10. Applying Biomechanics in Coaching11. Applying Biomechanics in Strength and Conditioning12. Applying Biomechanics in Sports Medicine and RehabilitationAppendicesIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisPreface.- 1 Prelude The Return of AX658.- 2 True Navigation.- 3 Unconventional Signs.- 4 The Flight of the Dove.- 5 Avian Magnetoreception.- 6 Migration.- 7 Life on the Wing.- 8 The Geography of the Species.- 9 Epilogue.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe 8th International Congress of Biorheology was held at the Pacifico Yokohama, Japan, a brand new, versatile convention center for international meetings, from August 3 through 8, 1992. There were many plenary lectures and symposia, one of which was entitled "Mechanics of the Venous System." It was at this symposium that we, the editors of this monograph, each presented papers. We then moved to Gifu, Japan, for the Gifu Workshop on Veins and Vascular Capacitance. This was held on August 9, 1992, with the Second Department of Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, serving as the host. Nine papers were presented in the oral sessions and there were five poster presentations. This monograph, which is intended to provide a bird's­ eye view of recent trends in studies of the venous system, is an outgrowth of the Gifu Workshop. While it is not exactly the Proceedings ofthat workshop, materials in the monograph were developed from ideas presented there.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPresents a detailed account of the principles of classical physics, evolutionary theory, and plant biology in order to explain the complex interrelationships among plant form, function, environment, and evolutionary history.Trade Review"Brilliant.... This is truly a lovely book." (Plant Science Bulletin) "There is no better way to learn about plants than studying physics and to learn physics than studying plants. This book does just so. In a comprehensive but not overwhelming manner, the authors provide an overview of carefully selected topics that beautifully link descriptions of plant physiological and cellular activity with explanations of the physical forces that shape plant structure and function.... A valuable addition to the book-shelves in all plant biology or physics graduate rooms and for all plant biology or physics teachers." (Quarterly Review of Biology)"

Read more less

Book SynopsisSINGLE SOURCE GUIDE TO PEROXIDASES AND CATALASES Reflecting the important historical discoveries and exciting research in the field in recent years, Peroxidases and Catalases: Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology and Physiology provides a much-needed systematic, up-to-date treatment of peroxidases and catalases. From the structure and properties of the various superfamilies to current applications of peroxidases, the book consolidates vast amounts of information previously scattered in the professional literature, covering all aspects of these ubiquitous enzymes that act on a variety of substances and processes in living systemstheir properties, reactions, crystal structures, cloning, and more. Considering the subject from both theoretical and applied perspectives, Peroxidases and Catalases offers a critical review of the literature and detailed discussions of the most current research. Chapters cover: The background and histTable of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xv 1 Historical: Pioneering Work on Horseradish and Yeast Cytochrome c Peroxidases 1 Introduction 1 Techniques and Instrumentation 2 Summary and Conclusions 5 References 6 2 Heme Peroxidase and Catalase Families 9 Plant, Fungal, and Bacterial Peroxidases 9 Mammalian Peroxidases 11 Catalases 12 References 12 3 Horseradish Peroxidase. I. The Native Enzyme, Compounds I and II, Their Structures, and Their Cycle 13 Introduction 13 The Classic Peroxidase Cycle 13 Structure and Properties of Native Horseradish Peroxidase C 18 Horseradish Peroxidase Compound I (HRP-I) 23 Horseradish Peroxidase Compound II (HRP-II) 26 Some Diverse Approaches to an Understanding of Horseradish Peroxidase 27 References 30 4 Horseradish Peroxidase. II. Two-Electron Reactions, Ferrous Peroxidase, Compound III, The Five Oxidation States, Oxygen Evolution, and Inactivation 41 Introduction 41 Two-Electron Oxidations By Compound I 41 Oxygen Transfer By One-Electron Mechanisms 44 Ferrous Horseradish Peroxidase and Compound III 45 The Five Oxidation States of Horseradish Peroxidase 48 The Catalatic Reaction 50 The HRP Clock Reaction 51 Enzyme Inactivation 51 References 52 5 Horseradish Peroxidase. III. Oscillations and Peroxidase-Oxidase Reactions with NADH, Indole-3- Acetic Acid, and Isobutyraldehyde. Light Emission 57 Oscillations and the NADH Peroxidase-Oxidase Reaction 57 Peroxidase Oxidase Reaction with Indole-3-Acetic Acid 63 Reaction of Isobutyraldehyde with Horseradish Peroxidase 68 References 70 6 Yeast Cytochrome c Peroxidase: Reactions with Small Substrates 77 Introduction 77 Properties of Yeast Cytochrome c Peroxidase 77 Crystal Structures of Yeast Cytochrome c Peroxidase, its Compounds and Complexes 78 Mechanism of Compound I Formation 80 The Reaction Cycle for Yeast Cytochrome c Peroxidase 82 Steady-State Kinetics 83 References 91 7 Yeast Cytochrome c Peroxidase: Reaction with Cytochrome c 97 Introduction 97 Experimental Results 97 References 103 8 Spectroscopy. I. Optical, Resonance Raman, and X-Ray Absorption 107 Optical Absorption Spectra 107 Resonance Raman Spectra 111 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 121 References 123 9 Spectroscopy. II. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Electron Spin, and MöSsbauer 129 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 129 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy 139 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 145 References 146 10 Theoretical 153 Peroxidase Kinetics 153 Marcus Theory for Electron Transfer Reactions 156 Electron Tunneling 159 Electron Transfer Reactions in Proteins 160 Electron Density Circuits 161 Diffusion Control 163 Quantum Mechanical Calculations 164 References 171 11 Class I: Ascorbate Peroxidase 179 Introduction 179 Sequencing and Cloning 180 Properties, Reactions, and Intermediate Compounds 181 Crystal Structures 184 References 185 12 Catalase-Peroxidases and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 189 Introduction 189 Structures of Catalase-Peroxidases 190 Isoniazid and Other Reactants of Catalase-Peroxidases 192 The Oxidative Defense Mechanisms of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 196 References 196 13 Class II. Lignin, Manganese, Versatile, and Coprinus Cinereus Peroxidases 203 Lignin Peroxidase 203 Manganese Peroxidase 208 Other Manganese Peroxidases, Versatile Peroxidase 210 Coprinus Cinereus (Arthromyces Ramosus) Peroxidase 210 References 212 14 Other Class III Peroxidases 221 Arabidopsis Thaliana Peroxidase 221 Barley Peroxidase 222 Peanut Peroxidase 223 Soybean Peroxidase 225 Tobacco Peroxidases 225 Turnip Peroxidases 226 References 227 15 Catalases 233Peter Jones Introduction 233 Perspective 234 Progress 235 Catalases in Biology 248 Prospects 250 References 252 16 Myeloperoxidase: Enzymology 257 Introduction 257 Properties of Myeloperoxidase 258 The Compounds of Myeloperoxidase 260 Reactions of Myeloperoxidase 264 Cloning of Myeloperoxidase: Site-Directed Mutagenesis 266 The Crystal Structure and the Prosthetic Group of Myeloperoxidase 266 Eosinophil Peroxidase 268 References 269 17 Biomedical Aspects of Myeloperoxidase: Halogenation Reactions In Cardiovascular Disease, Infection, And Cancer 281 Jeffrey P. Henderson and Jay. W. Heinecke Introduction 281 Oxidants Produced by MPO in Humans 281 MPO and Coronary Artery Disease 286 MPO and Carcinogenesis 288 Prospects 290 References 290 18 Prostaglandin H Synthase 297 Introduction 297 Crystal Structures 299 Prostaglandin H Synthase-2 300 Preliminary Mechanistic Studies 302 Detection of Free Radicals: Role of ESR Spectroscopy 303 The Role of Aspirin and Related Substances: Contributions of Vane and Smith 304 Work of Marnett and Coworkers 305 Work of Kulmacz, Tsai, and Coworkers 305 Manganese Prostaglandin Synthases 306 Mechanistic Details 307 References 314 19 Thyroid Peroxidase 323 Introduction 323 Hormone Discovery and Chemical Synthesis 324 Detection of the Method of Biological Synthesis of Thyroxine 325 Conclusions 329 References 329 20 Lacto- And Salivary Peroxidases 335 Introduction 335 Properties 335 The Compounds of Lactoperoxidase and Their Reactions 336 References 339 21 Chloroperoxidase From C. Fumago 345 Introduction 345 History 345 Optical Spectra 347 ESR, Endor, Mössbauer, Exafs, and Resonance Raman Spectra 348 Investigations of Compounds I and II 348 Structure of Compound I and the Catalatic Reaction 349 Ligand Binding 350 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Chlorination and Oxidation 351 Amino Acid Sequence and Crystal Structure 353 References 353 22 Selenium-Containing Enzymes: Glutathione Peroxidase and Iodothyronine Deiodinase 359 Introduction 359 Glutathione Peroxidase 359 Iodothyronine Deiodinase 361 References 361 23 Structure and Function of Vanadium Haloperoxidases 363 Ron Wever and Rokus Renirie Summary 363 Abbreviations 364 Introduction 364 Occurrence and Biological Function of Vanadium Iodo- and Bromoperoxidases 365 Occurrence and Biological Function of Vanadium Chloroperoxidases 366 Catalytic Properties of Bromoperoxidase 367 Properties of the Prosthetic Group in Bromoperoxidase 370 Kinetic and Optical Properties of Vanadium Chloroperoxidases 371 Sulfoxidation Reactions 373 Stability of Bromo- and Chloroperoxidases 374 X-ray Structures of Vanadium Bromoperoxidases 374 Active Site of Vanadium Bromoperoxidase From A. Nodosum 375 X-ray Structures of the Vanadium Chloroperoxidase and Details of the Active Site 376 X-ray Structure of the Peroxo-Intermediate of Vanadium Chloroperoxidase and Difference in Reactivity Between Chloro- and Bromoperoxidases 378 Nature of the Vanadate Cofactor 380 References 382 24 Other Heme Peroxidases and Enzymes 387 DI-Heme Peroxidases 387 Peroxidases Everywhere You Look 389 Myoglobins 391 Hemoglobin 392 Cytochrome c Oxidase 392 Oxygenases 392 Heme Oxygenase 394 Guanylyl Cyclase 394 References 395 25 Application of Peroxidases 403 Ron Wever Introduction 403 Background Information 403 Peroxidases as Pharmaceutical and/or Antimicrobial Agents 404 Applications in Bleaching and Detergents 411 Biotransformations 412 Polymerization Reactions and Wastewater Purification 414 Depolymerization Reactions 415 Analytical Applications 416 Medical Applications 417 References 417 Author Index 425 Subject Index 451

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the last ten years, advances in laser spectroscopy have enabled researchers to selectively excite and follow a single molecule with ultrafast resolution.Trade Review"When molecules get excited...they excite in turn not only molecules around them, but also scientists watching them...topics were selected as...problems that are being heavily discussed and for which definitive solutions are still in the making." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000)Table of ContentsConformational Changes Accompanying Intramolecular Excited State Electron Transfer (W. Rettig & M. Maus). Conformational Aspects of Intra- and Intermolecular Excited-State Proton Transfer (J. Waluk). The Role of Solute-Solvent Friction in Large-Amplitude Motions (D. Waldeck). Structural Aspects of Exciplex Formation (F. Brouwer). Conformational Aspects of Organic Photochemistry (G. Bartocci, et al.). Calculations of Excited-State Conformational Properties (M. Olivucci, et al.). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis new edition of A.H.W. Nias' successful book provides an updated and revised introduction to quantitative radiobiology, particularly, to those aspects of the subject which have a practical application. Radiation is used to cure cancer but can also cause it. Radiation is also used in medical diagnosis and in nuclear power stations.Table of ContentsHistory and Definitions. Cells and Tissues. Proliferation Kinetics. Ionizing Radiations. Subcellular Radiobiology. Radiation Cell Damage. Reparable Damage. Intrinsic Radiosensitivity. Densely Ionizing Radiation. The Oxygen Effect. Radiosensitizers and Radioprotectors. Normal and Malignant Cells. Radiation Pathology. Whole-Body Radiation. Proliferation Kinetics after Radiation. Fractionated Radiotherapy. Protracted Radiation. Diagnostic Radiology. Environmental Radiation. Radiation Protection. Further Reading. Glossary. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSoils interact with the biological environment in a number of ways. Our understanding of these interactions can often be enhanced by computer modelling. The primary function of this book is to introduce basic modelling skills and to show how even complex problems in the relationship between soil and the biosphere can be solved using modelling packages. The author presents numerous examples using ModelMaker, an easily learnt software package. Only basic mathematical skills are expected of the reader. A demo of ModelMaker is available on CD from Cherwell ScientificTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Nitrogen Transformation in Soil 3: Modelling kinetics 4: Nitrification 5: Denitrification 6: C/N transformations in soil organic matter 7: Soil Temperature 8: Dynamics in space and time 9: Volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity 10: Heat flow models 11: Soil Water 12: Potential concept 13: Hydraulic conductivity 14: Basic water flow model 15: Other boundary conditions 16: Infiltrability 17: Soil Energy Balance 18: Soil temperature-moisture model 19: Radiation balance 20: Water vapour movement 21: Plant Growth 22: Conceptual plant growth model 23: Photosynthesis 24: Plant growth-substrate relationships 25: Environmental factors 26: Leaching 27: Transport processes 28: Leaching models 29: Final Comments

Read more less

Book SynopsisApplied Biophysics for Drug Discovery is a guide to new techniques and approaches to identifying and characterizing small molecules in early drug discovery.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii 1 Introduction 1Donald Huddler References 3 2 Thermodynamics in Drug Discovery 7Ronan O’Brien, Natalia Markova, and Geoffrey A. Holdgate 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Methods for Measuring Thermodynamics of Biomolecular Interactions 8 2.2.1 Direct Method: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry 8 2.2.2 Indirect Methods: van’t Hoff Analysis 8 2.2.2.1 Enthalpy Measurement Using van’t Hoff Analysis 8 2.3 Thermodynamic‐Driven Lead Optimization 9 2.3.1 The Thermodynamic Rules of Thumb 9 2.3.2 Enthalpy–Entropy Compensation 10 2.3.3 Enthalpy–Entropy Transduction 13 2.3.4 The Role of Water 14 2.4 Enthalpy as a Probe for Binding 15 2.4.1 Thermodynamics in Fragment‐Based Drug Design (FBDD) 15 2.4.2 Experimental Considerations and Limitations When Working with Fragments 16 2.4.3 Enthalpic Screening 17 2.5 Enthalpy as a Tool for Studying Complex Interactions 17 2.5.1 Identifying and Handling Complexity 17 2.6 Current and Future Prospects for Thermodynamics in Decision‐Making Processes 24 References 25 3 Tailoring Hit Identification and Qualification Methods for Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions 29Björn Walse, Andrew P. Turnbull, and Susan M. Boyd 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Structural Characteristics of PPI Interfaces 29 3.3 Screening Library Properties 31 3.3.1 Standard/Targeted Libraries/DOS 31 3.3.2 Fragment Libraries 33 3.3.3 Macrocyclic and Constrained Peptides 33 3.3.4 DNA‐Encoded Libraries 34 3.4 Hit‐Finding Strategies 34 3.4.1 Small‐Molecule Approaches 36 3.4.2 Peptide‐Based Approaches 38 3.4.3 In Silico Approaches 39 3.5 Druggability Assessment 39 3.5.1 Small Molecule: Ligand‐Based Approaches 41 3.5.2 Small Molecule: Protein Structure‐Based Approaches 41 3.6 Allosteric Inhibition of PPIs 42 3.7 Stabilization of PPIs 43 3.8 Case Studies 43 3.8.1 Primary Peptide Epitopes 43 3.8.1.1 Bromodomains 44 3.8.2 Secondary Structure Epitopes 46 3.8.2.1 Bcl‐2 46 3.8.2.2 p53/MDM2 47 3.8.3 Tertiary Structure Epitopes 47 3.8.3.1 CD80–CD28 48 3.8.3.2 IL‐17A 48 3.9 Summary 49 References 50 4 Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry in Drug Discovery - Theory, Practice and Future 61Thorleif Lavold, Roman Zubarev, and Juan Astorga‐Wells 4.1 General Principles 61 4.2 Parameters Affecting Deuterium Incorporation 63 4.2.1 Primary Sequence 63 4.2.2 Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding 63 4.2.3 Solvent Accessibility 63 4.2.4 pH Value 63 4.3 Utilization of HDX MS 64 4.3.1 Binding Site and Structural Changes Characterization upon Ligand Binding 64 4.3.1.1 Protein Stability - Biosimilar Characterization 64 4.4 Practical Aspects of HDX MS 65 4.4.1 Labeling 66 4.4.1.1 Deuterium Oxide and Protein Concentration 66 4.4.1.2 Ligand/Protein Ratio 66 4.4.1.3 Incubation–Labeling Time 66 4.4.1.4 Careful Preparation of the Control Sample 66 4.4.2 Sample Analysis 66 4.4.3 Data Analysis 67 4.5 Advantages of HDX MS 67 4.6 Perspectives and Future Application of HDX MS 68 References 69 5 Microscale Thermophoresis in Drug Discovery 73Tanja Bartoschik, Melanie Maschberger, Alessandra Feoli, Timon André, Philipp Baaske, Stefan Duhr, and Dennis Breitsprecher 5.1 Microscale Thermophoresis 73 5.1.1 Theoretical Background 74 5.1.2 Added Values for Small‐Molecule Interaction Studies 76 5.1.2.1 Size‐Change Independent Binding Signals 76 5.1.2.2 Difficult Targets and Assay Conditions 78 5.1.2.3 Detection of Aggregation and Other Secondary Effects 80 5.1.2.4 Quantification of Thermodynamic Parameters by MST 80 5.2 MST‐Based Lead Discovery 82 5.2.1 Single‐Point Screening 82 5.2.2 Secondary Affinity‐Based Fragment Screening by MST 85 5.2.3 Hit Identification and Affinity Determination of Small‐Molecule Binders to p38 Alpha Kinase 87 References 87 6 SPR Screening: Applying the New Generation of SPR Hardware 93Kartik Narayan and Steven S. Carroll 6.1 Platforms for Screening 93 6.2 SensiQ Pioneer as a “OneStep” Solution for Hit Identification 95 6.3 Deprioritization of False Positives Arising from Compound Aggregation 99 6.4 Concluding Remarks 103 References 104 7 Weak Affinity Chromatography (WAC) 107Sten Ohlson and Minh‐Dao Duong‐Thi 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Theory of WAC 109 7.3 Virtual WAC 110 7.4 Equipment and Procedure 111 7.5 Validation of WAC 113 7.6 Applications 114 7.6.1 Inhibitors for Cholera Toxin 115 7.6.2 Drug/Hormone: Protein Binding 115 7.6.3 Analysis of Stereoisomers 119 7.6.4 Carbohydrate Analysis with Antibodies and Lectins 120 7.6.5 Fragment Screening 121 7.6.6 Membrane Proteins 122 7.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 124 Acknowledgments 125 References 125 8 1D NMR Methods for Hit Identification 131Mary J. Harner, Guille Metzler, Caroline A. Fanslau, Luciano Mueller, and William J. Metzler 8.1 Introduction 131 8.2 NMR Methods for Quality Control 131 8.2.1 Compound DMSO Stock Concentration Determination 132 8.2.2 Compound Solubility Measurements in Aqueous Buffer 134 8.2.3 Compound Structural Integrity 136 8.2.4 Protein Reagent Characterization 136 8.3 NMR Binding Assays 136 8.3.1 Saturation Transfer Difference Assay 138 8.3.2 T2 Relaxation Assay 140 8.3.3 WaterLOGSY Assay 141 8.3.4 19F Displacement Assay 142 8.4 Multiplexing 143 8.5 Specificity 144 8.6 Automation 146 8.7 Practical Considerations for NMR Binding Assays 146 8.7.1 Compound Libraries 146 8.7.2 Tube Selection and Filling 147 8.7.3 Buffers 148 8.7.4 Targets 149 8.7.5 Experiment Selection 150 8.8 Conclusions 151 References 151 9 Protein‐Based NMR Methods Applied to Drug Discovery 153Alessio Bortoluzzi and Alessio Ciulli 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Chemical Shift Perturbation 154 9.2.1 Using Chemical Shift Perturbation to Study a Binding Event Between a Protein and a Ligand 154 9.2.2 Tackling the High Molecular Weight Limit by Reducing Transverse Relaxation and by Selective Labeling Patterns 156 9.2.3 CSP as Tool for Screening Campaigns 157 9.2.4 Structure–Activity Relationship by NMR 160 9.3 Methods for Obtaining Structural Information on Protein–Ligand Complex 160 9.3.1 SOS‐NMR 161 9.3.2 NOE‐Matching 162 9.3.3 Paramagnetic NMR Spectroscopy 162 9.4 Recent and Innovative Examples of Protein‐Observed NMR Techniques Applied Drug Discovery 163 9.4.1 An NMR‐Based Conformational Assay to Aid the Drug Discovery Process 163 9.4.2 In‐Cell NMR Techniques Applied to Drug Discovery 165 9.4.3 Time‐Resolved NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Studying Inhibitors of Posttranslational Modification Enzymes 166 9.4.4 Protein‐Observed 19F NMR Spectroscopy 168 9.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 170 References 170 10 Applications of Ligand and Protein‐Observed NMR in Ligand Discovery 175Isabelle Krimm 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Ligand‐Observed NMR Experiments Based on the Overhauser Effect 176 10.2.1 Transferred NOE, ILOE, and INPHARMA Experiments 176 10.2.1.1 Principle of the Transferred 2D 1H‐1H NOESY Experiment 176 10.2.1.2 Fragment‐Based Screening Using 2D Tr‐NOESY Experiment 178 10.2.1.3 Elucidation of the Active Conformation of the Ligand Using 2D 1H‐1H NOESY Experiment 178 10.2.1.4 Design of Protein Inhibitors Using Interligand NOEs 178 10.2.1.5 Identification of the Ligand Binding Site and Binding Mode Using INPHARMA 178 10.2.1.6 Design of Protein Inhibitors Using INPHARMA with Protein–Peptide Complexes 179 10.2.1.7 Experimental Conditions of the 2D 1H‐1H NOESY Experiment 179 10.2.2 Saturation Transfer Difference Experiment 180 10.2.2.1 Principle of the STD Experiment 180 10.2.2.2 Detection of Interactions and Library Screening by STD 180 10.2.2.3 Epitope Mapping by STD 181 10.2.2.4 Affinity Measurement by STD 181 10.2.2.5 Quantitative STD Using CORCEMA 183 10.2.2.6 Experimental Conditions 183 10.2.3 WaterLOGSY Experiment 184 10.2.3.1 Principle of the WaterLOGSY Experiment 184 10.2.3.2 Screening and Affinity Measurement by WaterLOGSY 184 10.2.3.3 Epitope Mapping and Water Accessibility in Protein–Ligand Complexes by WaterLOGSY 184 10.2.3.4 Experimental Conditions 185 10.3 Protein‐Observed NMR Experiments: Chemical Shift Perturbations 185 10.3.1 Principle 185 10.3.2 Affinity Measurement Using CSPs 186 10.3.3 Localization of Binding Sites Using CSPs 186 10.3.3.1 Chemical Shift Mapping 186 10.3.3.2 J‐Surface Modeling 187 10.3.4 Comparison of CSPs from Analogous Ligands 187 10.3.5 Back‐Calculation of Ligand‐Induced CSPs for Ligand Docking 187 10.3.5.1 CSP‐Based Post‐Docking Filter 189 10.3.5.2 CSP‐Guided Docking 189 10.4 Conclusion 189 Acknowledgments 191 References 191 11 Using Biophysical Methods to Optimize Compound Residence Time 197Geoffrey A. Holdgate, Philip Rawlins, Michal Bista, and Christopher J. Stubbs 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Biophysical Methods for Measuring Ligand Binding Kinetics 197 11.3 Measuring Structure–Kinetic Relationships: Some Example Case Studies 200 11.4 Effects of Conformational Dynamics on Binding Kinetics 201 11.5 Kinetic Selectivity 204 11.6 Mechanism of Binding and Kinetics 207 11.7 Optimizing Residence Time 207 11.8 Role of BK in Improving Efficacy 209 11.9 Effect of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 210 11.10 Summary 212 References 213 12 Applying Biophysical and Biochemical Methods to the Discovery of Allosteric Modulators of the AAA ATPase p97 217Stacie L. Bulfer and Michelle R. Arkin 12.1 p97 and Proteostasis Regulation 217 12.2 Structure and Dynamics of p97 218 12.3 Drug Discovery Efforts against p97 222 12.4 Uncompetitive Inhibitors of p97 Discovered by High‐Throughput Screening 223 12.4.1 Biochemical MOA Studies 223 12.4.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance 225 12.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 226 12.4.4 Cryo‐EM Defines the Binding Site for an Uncompetitive Inhibitor of p97 228 12.4.5 Effect of Inhibitors on p97 PPI and MSP1 Disease Mutations 231 12.5 Fragment‐ Based Ligand Screening 231 12.5.1 Targeting the ND1 Domains 232 12.5.2 Targeting the N‐Domain 233 12.6 Conclusions 234 References 234 13 Driving Drug Discovery with Biophysical Information: Application to Staphylococcus aureus Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) 241Parag Sahasrabudhe, Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram, Mark Flanagan, Kris A. Borzilleri, Holly Heaslet, Anil Rane, Alex McColl, Tim Subashi, George Karam, Ron Sarver, Melissa Harris, Boris A.Chrunyk, Chakrapani Subramanyam, Thomas V. Magee, Kelly Fahnoe, Brian Lacey, Henry Putz, J. Richard Miller, Jaehyun Cho, Arthur Palmer III, and Jane M. Withka 13.1 Introduction 241 13.2 Results and Discussion 245 13.2.1 Protein Dynamics of SA WT and S1 Mutant DHFR in Apo and Bound States 245 13.2.2 Protein Backbone 15N, 13C, and 1H NMR Resonance Assignments 246 13.2.3 Protein Residues Show Severe Line Broadening due to Conformational Exchange 246 13.2.4 R2 Relaxation Dispersion NMR Experiments 248 13.2.5 Kinetic Profiling of DHFR Inhibitors 251 13.2.6 Characterization of SA WT and S1 Mutant DHFR–TMP Interactions in Solution 253 13.2.7 Prospective Biophysics Library Design 254 13.3 Conclusion 258 References 259 14 Assembly of Fragment Screening Libraries: Property and Diversity Analysis 263Bradley C. Doak, Craig J. Morton, Jamie S. Simpson, and Martin J. Scanlon 14.1 Introduction 263 14.2 Physicochemical Properties of Fragments 265 14.3 Molecular Diversity and Its Assessment 268 14.4 Experimental Evaluation of Fragments 274 14.5 Assembling Libraries for Screening 275 14.6 Concluding Remarks 279 References 280 Index 285

Read more less

Book SynopsisOptogenetics combines genetic engineering with optics to observe and control the function of cells using light, with clinical implications for restoration of vision and treatment of neurological diseases. As a new discipline much of the basic science and methods are currently under investigation and active development, thus there is a strong need for introductory literature in this field. This graduate level textbook provides an overview of the field of optogenetics in 5 concise chapters: Optogenetic tools, Applications in cellular systems, Mapping neuronal networks, Clinical applications and Restoration of vision and hearing. The concept and content was developed with top international researchers and students at a prestigious Dahlem Conference workshop.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhile structure-function relationships of proteins have been studied for a long time, structural studies of RNA face additional challenges. Nevertheless, with the continuous discovery of novel RNA molecules with key cellular functions and of novel pathways and interaction networks, the need for structural information of RNA is still increasing. This volume provides an introduction into techniques to assess structure and folding of RNA. Each chapter explains the theoretical background of one technique, and illustrates possibilities and limitations in selected application examples.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive description of the basic concepts of soft matter mechanics and of the nano- and microscale biomedical methods that allow characterizing the mechanical properties of cells and tissues.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a detailed analysis of human movement, building from simple physical models to more complex analyses and biomechanical models, including forces internal to the body. The book integrates principles of Physics with the functioning of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems to understand how movement in general, and dance movements specifically, can be executed to enhance performance and reduce injury risk.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the discussion of several biomedical applications of the mechanical phenotyping of cells and tissues to specific disease models. The topical chapters on mechanics in disease are preceded by chapters describing cell and tissue structure and their relationship with the biomechanical properties, as well as by the description of dedicated sample preparation methods for the nano- and microscale mechanical measurements.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents the main principles and methods of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, a topic studied by both chemists and physicists. This book is written for graduate students and scientists who already have knowledge of basic equilibrium statistical mechanics and who are interested in the more complex field of time-dependent nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.Table of Contents1. Brownian Motion and Langevin equations ; 2. Fokker-Planck equations ; 3. Master equations ; 4. Reaction rates ; 5. Kinetic models ; 6. Quantum dynamics ; 7. Linear response theory ; 8. Projection operators ; 9. Nonlinear problems ; 10. The paradoxes of irreversibility ; Appendices

Read more less

Book SynopsisEvolutionary biomechanics is the study of evolution through the analysis of biomechanical systems. Its unique advantage is the precision with which physical constraints and performance can be predicted from first principles. Instead of reviewing the entire breadth of the biomechanical literature, a few key examples are explored in depth as vehicles for discussing fundamental concepts, analytical techniques, and evolutionary theory. Each chapter develops a conceptual theme, developing the underlying theory and techniques required for analyses in evolutionary biomechanics. Examples from terrestrial biomechanics, metabolic scaling, and bird flight are used to analyse how physics constrains the design space that natural selection is free to explore, and how adaptive evolution finds solutions to the trade-offs between multiple complex conflicting performance objectives.Evolutionary Biomechanics is suitable for graduate level students and professional researchers in the fields of biomechanicTrade ReviewThis is a scholarly volume that approaches a challenging subject in a straightforward and rigorous manner, which is illuminating without being overpowering...ideal for students who want both depth and a fascinating context. * Ian Carter, The Biologist *This volume provides for all. ... This is a great volume for undergraduates or postdoctoral researchers. * Christian Laurent, Quarterly Review of Biology *Table of Contents1. Themes ; 2. Selection ; 3. Constraint ; 4. Scaling ; 5. Phylogeny ; 6. Form and function in flight ; 7. Adaptation in avian wing design ; 8. Trade-offs: selection, phylogeny and constraint

Read more less

Book SynopsisScanning electr on microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis can produce magnified images and in situ chemical information from virtually any type of specimen. The two instruments generally operate in a high vacuum and a very dry environment in order to produce the high energy beam of electrons needed for imaging and analysis. With a few notable exceptions, most specimens destined for study in the SEM are poor conductors and composed of beam sensitive light elements containing variable amounts of water. In the SEM, the imaging system depends on the specimen being sufficiently electrically conductive to ensure that the bulk of the incoming electrons go to ground. The formation of the image depends on collecting the different signals that are scattered as a consequence of the high energy beam interacting with the sample. Backscattered electrons and secondary electrons are generated Trade ReviewThis handbook should find its way to the reference bookshelf of all imaging laboratories. It should also become required reading for anyone being trained for SEM work, or anyone who might need to have their samples examined by using such techniques. In that way, it will be less likely that deficient results will be published and that the full potential of the SEM be realized. -- Iolo ap Gwynn, Microscopy and Microanalysis (2010)Table of ContentsSample Collection and Selection.- Sample Preparation Tools.- Sample Support.- Sample Embedding ?and Mounting.- Sample Exposure.- Sample Dehydration.- Sample Stabilization for Imaging in the SEM.- Sample Stabilization to Preserve Chemical Identity.- Sample Cleaning.- Sample Surface Charge Elimination.- Sample Artifacts and Damage.- Additional Sources of Information.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis authoritative volume provides a comprehensive review of the origin and evolution of planetary nebulae. It covers all the stages of their evolution, carefully synthesizes observations from across the spectrum, and clearly explains all the key physical processes at work. Particular emphasis is placed on observations from space, using the Hubble Space Telescope, the Infrared Space Observatory, and the ROSAT satellite. This book presents a thoroughly modern understanding of planetary nebulae, integrating developments in stellar physics with the dynamics of nebular evolution. It also describes exciting possibilities such as the use of planetary nebulae in determining the cosmic distance scale, the distribution of dark matter and the chemical evolution of galaxies. This book provides graduate students with an accessible introduction to planetary nebulae, and researchers with an authoritative reference. It can also be used as an advanced text on the physics of the interstellar medium.Trade Review'… an accessible account of the origin and evolution of these enigmatic shells of gas. the generous, colourful images are the best feature of the book, but the text reveals the speedy evolution of ideas - matching the increase in data - in this complex field, as a microcosm of the way in which modern astronomy is developing.' Astronomy & Geophysics'The book addresses three aspects of planetary nebula (PN) research: radiation mechanisms and PN evolution and the associated spin-offs in laboratory spectroscopy. Kwok's book is now the standard reference.' Irish Astronomical Journal'This book presents a thoroughly modern understanding of planetary nebulae, integrating new developments in stellar physics with the dynamics of nebular evolution.' Europe & Astronomy'… a valuable contribution … It offers the most complete and accessible entry to this subject for the newcomer with a strong general background in physics and astronomy at the advanced undergraduate level or above.' Physics Today'… it was a sheer pleasure to read this new book by Sun Kwok. The book is slim and stylish, characteristic of the Cambridge Astrophysics Series.' Dr X.-W. Lou, Contemporary PhysicsTranslation: 'In sum, The Origin and Evolution of Planetary Nebulae is a technical book undeniably rich demonstrations, quantitative data and mathematical formulas, which is primarily intended for researchers and graduate students in astronomy and astrophysics.' Yves Laberge, Physics in CanadaTable of ContentsPreface; 1. History and overview; 2. Ionization structure of planetary nebulae; 3. Nebular line radiation; 4. Nebular continuum radiation; 5. The neutral gas component; 6. The dust component; 7. Observations of the central star of planetary nebulae; 8. Morphologies of planetary nebulae; 9. Problems and questions; 10. Asymptotic giant branch stars - progenitors of planetary nebulae; 11. Evolution of the central stars; 12. Formation of planetary nebulae; 13. Dynamical evolution of planetary nebulae; 14. Proto-planetary nebulae - the transition objects; 15. Evolution to the white dwarf stage; 16. Distances to planetary nebulae; 17. Comparison between evolutionary models and observations; 18. PN in the galactic context; 19. Chemical abundances; 20. Planetary nebulae in other galaxies; 21. Concluding remarks; References; Appendix: list of symbols and abbreviations; Subject index.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less