Biomedical engineering / Medical engineering Books

Book SynopsisHuman pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which cover both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), show promise for drug discovery and regenerative medicine applications. These stem cells cannot be cultured on conventional tissue culture dishes but on biomaterials that have specific interactions with the hPSCs. Differentiation is regulated by the biological and physical cues conferred by the biomaterial. This book provides a systematic treatment of these topics bridging the gap between fundamental biomaterials research of stem cells and their use in clinical trials. The author looks at hPSC culture on a range of biomaterial substrates. Differentiation and control of hESCs and iPSCs into cardiomyocytes, osteoblasts, neural lineages and hepatocytes are covered. The author then considers their translation into stem cell therapies and looks at clinical trials across spinal cord injury, macular degeneration, bone disease and myocardial infarction. Finally, a chapter on future directions closes the book. By using this book, the reader will gain a robust overview of current research and a clearer understanding of the status of clinical trials for stem cell therapies.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Adult Stem Cell Culture on Extracellular Matrices and Natural Biopolymers; Feeder-free and Xeno-free Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells on Biomaterials; Differentiation Fates of Human ES and iPS Cells Guided by Physical Cues of Biomaterials; Biomaterial Control of Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Clinical Trials of Stem Cell Therapies Using Biomaterials; Conclusions and Future Perspective on Biomaterial Control of Therapeutic Stem Cells

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains14 contributed papers from the following 2012 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T'12) symposia: Next Generation Biomaterials Surface Properties of Biomaterials Table of ContentsPreface vii Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Reinforced Ti-6AI-4V Composites for Load-Bearing Implants 1Jeffrey Wu, Stan Dittrick, Pavlo Rudenko, Susmita Bose, and Amit Bandyopadhyay Characterization of Next-Generation Nickel-Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instruments 11William A. Brantley, Jie Liu, Scott R. Schricker, Fengyuan Zheng, John M. Nusstein, Masahiro lijima, William A.T. Clark, and Satish B. Alapati Effect of Cold Work and Aging on a Cobalt-Nickel Based Alloy 19S. Cai, A. T. W. Barrow, R. Yang, and L. E. Kay Surface Coating of Poly-D-L-Lactide/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds for Dexamethasone-Releasing Function and Wettability Enhancement 29Ling Chen, Chak Yin Tang, Harry Siu-lung Ku, Da Zhu Chen, and Chi Pong Tsui Mechanical Behavior in Compression and Flexure of Bioactive Glass (13-93) Scaffolds Prepared by Robotic Deposition 37Xin Liu, Mohamed N. Rahaman, and Greg E. Hilmas Phase Stability and Young's Modulus of Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr Alloys 47Yonosuke Murayama, Hiromasa Sakashita, Daichi Abe, Hisamichi Kimura, and Akihiko Chiba Sol-Gel Preparation of Silica-Based Nano-Fibers for Biomedical Applications 55Song Chen, Hiroki Yoshihara, Nobutaka Hanagata, Yuki Shirosaki, Mark Blevins, Yuri Nakamura, Satoshi Hayakawa, Artemis Stamboulis, and Akiyoshi Osaka Bioactive Rosette Nanotube Composites for Cartilage Applications 63Linlin Sun, Usha D. Hemraz, Hicham Fenniri, and Thomas J. Webster Optical Properties of Dental Bioceramics Evaluated by Kubelka-Munk Model 71Humberto Naoyuki Yoshimura, Marcelo Mendes Pinto, Erick de Lima, and Paulo Francisco Cesar Frequency Effect on Electrochemical Characteristics of MAO Coated Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid 81Jing Zhang, Jiayang Liu, Yi Zhang, Weijie Zhang, Zaixin Feng, and Chengyun Ning Influence of Tantalum and Tungsten Doping on Polarizability and Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics 93Jharana Dhal, Susmita Bose, and Amit Bandyopadhyay Quantitative Evaluation of the Hydrophilic Properties of Polarized Hydroxyapatite 103Akiko Nagai, Naohiro Horiuchi, Kosuke Nozaki, Miho Nakamura, and Kimihiro Yamashita Mechanisms of Platelet Activation by Biomaterials and Fluid Shear Flow 113Sri R. Madabhushi and Sriram Neelamegham Processing and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium 125A. Thirugnanam, T. S. Sampath Kumar, and Uday Chakkingal Controlling Biological Functionaiization of Surfaces by Engineered Peptides 137Marketa Hnilova, Deniz Tanil Yucesoy, Mehmet Sarikaya, and Candan Tamerler Author Index 151

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Book SynopsisAn important guide that reviews the basics of magnetic biosensor modeling and simulation Magnetic Sensors for Biomedical Applicationsoffers a comprehensive review of magnetic biosensor modelling and simulation. The authorsnoted experts on the topicexplore the model's strengths and weaknesses and discuss the competencies of different modelling software, including homemade and commercial (for example Multi-physics modelling software). The section on sensor materials examines promising materials whose properties have been used for sensing action and predicts future smart-materials that have the potential for sensing application. Next, the authors present classifications of sensors that are divided into different sub-types. They describe their working and highlight important applications that reveal the benefits and drawbacks of relevant designs. The book also contains information on the most recent developments in the field of each sensor type. This important book: Provides an even treTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 History of Magnetism Studies and of Its Use in Magnetic Sensors 2 1.3 Natural and Technical Magnetic Fields and Their Order of Magnitude 3 1.3.1 Natural Magnetic Fields 3 1.3.1.1 The Earth’s Magnetic Field 3 1.3.1.2 Magnetic Fields in Outer Space 3 1.3.1.3 Biomagnetic Fields 3 1.3.2 Technical Magnetic Fields 5 1.3.2.1 Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of Transformers and Electric Motors 5 1.3.2.2 Fields of Permanent Magnets 5 1.4 Magnetic Terms and Units 6 1.5 Magnetic (Micro) Sensors 7 1.5.1 Definition of Magnetic Sensors 7 1.5.2 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials for Sensors 8 1.5.2.1 Shape of the Hysteresis Loop 8 1.5.2.2 Saturation Polarization Js and Coercivity Hc 10 1.5.2.3 Initial Permeability μi 10 1.5.2.4 Specific Electrical Resistivity ρ 11 1.5.3 Mechanical Properties of Magnetic Materials 12 1.5.4 Relations Between Sensing Techniques and Sensor Applications 12 1.5.5 Classification of Magnetic Sensors 14 1.6 Characteristics of Magnetic Sensors 15 1.6.1 Characteristics Related to OUT(B)C 15 1.6.1.1 Magnetosensitivity 15 1.6.1.2 Nonlinearity 16 1.6.1.3 Calibration 17 1.6.1.4 Sensor Excitation 17 1.6.1.5 Frequency Response 17 1.6.1.6 Resolution 17 1.6.1.7 Error 17 1.6.1.8 Accuracy 18 1.6.1.9 Hysteresis 18 1.6.1.10 Repeatability 18 1.6.2 Characteristics Related to OUT(C)B 18 1.6.2.1 Noise 18 1.6.2.2 Offset 18 1.6.2.3 Cross-Sensitivity and Temperature Error 19 1.6.2.4 Drift and Creep 19 1.6.2.5 Response Time 19 1.6.3 Characteristics Related to the System Description 19 1.6.3.1 Electrical Excitation 19 1.6.3.2 Input and Output Impedance 20 1.6.3.3 Environmental Conditions 20 1.7 Magnetic Noise 20 1.7.1 Noise Formalism 20 1.7.1.1 Fluctuations, Average and Distribution 20 1.7.1.2 Correlations 22 1.7.1.3 Frequency Space and Spectral Density 22 1.7.2 Sensitivity, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Detectivity 24 1.7.3 Different Sources of Noise 25 1.7.3.1 Separation of Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Noise 25 1.7.3.2 Frequency-Independent Noise (Thermal or Johnson–Nyquist Noise), Shot Noise 25 1.7.4 Low Frequency Noise 26 1.7.4.1 1/f Noise 26 1.7.4.2 Random Telegraph Noise 28 1.7.5 High Frequency Noise and Ferromagnetic Resonance 28 1.7.6 External Noise 29 1.7.7 Electronics and Noise Measurements 29 1.7.7.1 Electronics Design 29 1.7.7.2 Connections Noise 30 1.7.7.3 Correlation for Preamplification Noise Suppression 30 References 30 2 Magnetic Sensors Based on Hall Effect 33 2.1 Overview 33 2.2 Devices Based on Hall Effect 34 2.2.1 Geometry 34 2.2.2 Material 35 2.3 Horizontal Versus Vertical CMOS Hall Devices 36 2.4 Current-Mode Versus Voltage-Mode Technique 37 2.5 Magnetic Sensor Characteristics 39 2.5.1 Sensitivity 39 2.5.2 Offset 43 2.5.2.1 Current Spinning Technique 44 2.5.3 Noise 46 2.5.4 Nonlinearity 46 2.6 State-of-the-art in CMOS Hall Magnetic Sensors 47 2.6.1 Sensitivity Improvement 47 2.6.2 Offset Reduction 48 2.7 Applications of Hall Magnetic Sensors 49 2.7.1 Biosensors 49 2.7.2 Contactless Current Sensors 50 2.7.3 Contactless Angular, Linear, and Joystick Position Sensors 50 2.7.4 Electronic Compass 51 2.7.5 Speed and Timing Sensors 52 2.7.6 Specific Sensors 52 References 53 3 Magnetoresistive Sensors 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Materials and Principles of AMR, GMR, and TMR 58 3.2.1 Anisotropic Magnetoresistance 58 3.2.1.1 Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Effect and Principles 58 3.2.1.2 AMR Device Material 61 3.2.2 Giant Magnetoresistance 62 3.2.2.1 Giant Magnetoresistance Effect and Principles 62 3.2.2.2 Mechanism of GMR Effect 64 3.2.2.3 GMR Effect in Multilayers 66 3.2.3 Magnetic Tunnel Junctions 67 3.2.3.1 TMR Structures 69 3.3 Classes of Magnetoresistive Sensors 71 3.3.1 General Purpose Magnetometers 71 3.3.2 MR Sensors in Harsh Environments 73 3.3.3 Electrical Current Sensing 74 3.3.3.1 Industrial Electronics Applications (Large to Medium Currents) 75 3.3.3.2 Differential Currents 76 3.3.3.3 Switching Regulators 76 3.3.3.4 Wattmeter 77 3.3.3.5 IC Current Monitoring 78 3.3.4 Automotive Applications 78 3.3.4.1 BLDC Rotor Position Measurement 78 3.3.4.2 Steering Angle Application 79 3.3.4.3 Crankshaft Speed and Position Measurement 79 3.3.4.4 Wheel Speed Measurement for ABS and ESC Systems 80 3.3.5 Magnetoresistive Elements in Data Storage Applications 80 3.3.6 Space 81 3.4 Modeling and Simulations 81 3.4.1 Finite Element Modeling and Methodology 81 3.4.2 Finite Element Method 82 3.4.3 Finite Difference Method 82 3.4.4 The Boundary Element Method 82 3.4.5 MR Sensors Simulation and Modeling 83 3.5 Design and Fabrication Technologies 87 3.5.1 GMR Devices 87 3.5.1.1 Deposition Techniques 87 3.5.1.2 Patterning 90 3.6 Biomedical Magnetoresistive Sensing Applications 94 3.6.1 Detection of Bioanalytes 95 3.6.2 Monitoring of Magnetic Fluids 95 3.6.3 Biomolecular Recognition Experiments 95 3.6.4 Ultrasensitive Magnetic Array for Recording of Neuronal Activity (UMANA) 98 References 100 4 Resonance Magnetometers 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 115 4.2.1 Classical Model 116 4.2.1.1 Rotating Frame of Reference 117 4.2.1.2 Strength of RF Pulses 117 4.2.2 Basic Design of a NMR Spectrometer 118 4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Molecular and Atomic Beams 120 4.2.4 The Sources of Magnetic Fields 123 4.2.5 NMR Spins Used in Life Science 124 4.2.6 NMR Relaxation 125 4.2.6.1 Relaxation Rates 125 4.2.6.2 Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Relaxation 126 4.2.7 NMR and Biological Structures 127 4.2.8 Difficulties in Studying Biological System by NMR 128 4.2.8.1 Sensitivity 128 4.2.8.2 Resolution 129 4.2.8.3 Water Signal 129 4.2.8.4 Line Widths 130 4.2.8.5 Quantification 130 4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 130 4.3.1 Introduction 130 4.3.2 The Obtaining of Spin Images from NMR Induction Signals in Inhomogeneous Field 131 4.3.3 MRI Instrumentation 132 4.3.3.1 Magnets and Designs 135 4.3.3.2 Resistive Electromagnets 135 4.3.3.3 Permanent Magnets 136 4.3.3.4 Superconducting 136 4.3.3.5 Stability, Homogeneity, and Fringe Field 137 4.3.3.6 Gradient Coils 137 4.3.3.7 RF Coils 138 4.3.3.8 RF Decoupling 138 4.3.4 MRI of Flow 139 4.3.4.1 Time-of-Flight Techniques 139 4.4 Electron Spin Resonance 143 4.4.1 The ESR Experiment 145 4.4.1.1 Sensitivity 146 4.4.1.2 Saturation 147 4.4.2 Operation of an ESR Spectrometer 147 4.4.3 Optimization of Operating Parameters 150 4.4.3.1 Microwave Frequency 150 4.4.3.2 Center Field, Sweep Width, and Field Offset 151 4.4.3.3 Sweep Time 151 4.4.3.4 Modulation Frequency 151 4.4.3.5 Second Harmonic Detection 151 4.4.3.6 Modulation Amplitude 152 4.4.3.7 Modulation Phase 152 4.4.3.8 Signal Gain 152 4.4.4 Biological Application of the ESR 152 4.4.4.1 ESR Oximetry 153 4.4.4.2 Direct Detection of Paramagnetic Species 154 4.4.4.3 EPR Revealed the Nitrite Reductase Activity of Myoglobin 155 4.4.4.4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Severe Sepsis 155 4.4.4.5 Spin Trapping ESR 155 References 157 5 SQUID Sensors 163 5.1 Introduction 163 5.1.1 History 163 5.2 SQUID Fundamentals 164 5.2.1 Josephson Junctions 164 5.2.2 DC SQUIDs 166 5.2.2.1 Practical Devices 171 5.2.3 rf SQUID 174 5.2.4 Cryogenics and Systems 177 5.2.5 SQUID Electronics 178 5.2.5.1 Flux Locked Loop 178 5.3 SQUID Fabrication 180 5.4 Lithography and Thin-Film Techniques 180 5.4.1 Junction Fabrication 182 5.5 SQUID Applications in Biomagnetism 183 5.5.1 Biomagnetism 183 5.5.2 History of SQUID Applications in Biomagnetism 184 5.5.3 Biomagnetic Fields 185 5.5.3.1 Gradiometers 186 5.5.4 Magnetoencephalography 188 5.5.4.1 MEG Signals 189 5.5.4.2 Sensor Types for MEG 191 5.5.5 Magnetocardiography 195 5.5.5.1 Cardiomagnetic Instrumentation 196 5.5.6 Magnetoneurography 197 5.5.6.1 History of Measuring Signal Propagation in Nerves 197 5.5.6.2 Measurement Technique and Signal Processing 199 5.5.6.3 Source Modeling for Magnetoneurography 200 5.5.6.4 Clinical Perspective 200 References 201 6 Conclusion 213 6.1 Outlook 213 6.2 A Conclusion on Galvanomagnetic Sensors 214 6.2.1 Hall Elements: Hall Voltage Mode Versus Hall Current Mode and Magnetoresistance Mode of Operation 215 6.2.2 Hall Sensors Versus Ferromagnetic Magnetoresistors 215 6.2.3 Performance of Integrated Hall Magnetic Sensors 216 6.2.4 Performance of Ferromagnetic Magnetoresistors 216 6.2.5 Integrated Hall Sensors Versus AMRs and GMRs 218 6.3 A Conclusion on NMR and ESR Spectroscopy 218 6.3.1 Differences Between NMR and ESR 219 6.3.1.1 Resonant Frequency 219 6.3.1.2 Relaxation Times 219 6.3.1.3 Differences Between ESR and NMR Imaging 220 6.3.1.4 ESR Applications 220 6.4 Superconductive Quantum Interference Devices 221 6.4.1 SQUID Fabrication Trend 221 6.4.2 Trends in SQUID Electronics 222 6.4.3 Trends in SQUIDs for Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials 222 References 223 Index 225

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Book SynopsisArgues that developments in biomedicine in China should be at the center of our understanding of biomedicine, not at the periphery Today China is a major player in advancing the frontiers of biomedicine, yet previous accounts have examined only whether medical ideas and institutions created in the West were successfully transferred to China. This is the firstbook to demonstrate the role China played in creating a globalized biomedicine between 1850 and 1950. This was China's "Century of Humiliation" when imperialist powers dominated China's foreign policy and economy, forcing it to join global trends that included limited public health measures in the nineteenth century and government-sponsored healthcare in the twentieth. These external pressures, combined with a vast population immiserated by imperialism and the decline of the Chinese traditional economy, created extraordinary problems for biomedicine that were both unique to China and potentially applicable to other developing nations. In this book, scholars based in China, the United States, and the United Kingdom make the case that developments in biomedicine in China such as the discovery of new diseases, the opening of the medical profession to women, the mass production of vaccines, and the delivery ofhealthcare to poor rural areas should be at the center of our understanding of biomedicine, not at the periphery. CONTRIBUTORS: Daniel Asen, Nicole Barnes, Mary Augusta Brazelton, Gao Xi , He Xiaolian, Li Shenglan, David Luesink, William H. Schneider, Shi Yan, Yu Xinzhong, DAVID LUESINK is Assistant Professor of History at Sacred Heart University. WILLIAM H. SCHNEIDER is Professor Emeritus of History and Medical Humanities at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. ZHANG DAQING is Professor and Director, Institute of Medical Humanities at Peking University in Beijing.Trade ReviewIn summary, this volume provides a fascinating illustration of the diversified biomedical field in modern China, solidly anchored in both global and Chinese contexts. It also engages with serious historiographical endeavours to decentralize the West and to grapple with the tension between global modernity and local practice, which will benefit readers from a broad humanities and social sciences. -- H-Net ReviewsTable of ContentsIntroduction: China and the Globalization of Biomedicine - David Luesink PART 1. HYGIENE AND DISEASE CONSTRUCTION IN LATE QING CHINA Reflections on the Modernity of Sanitation Construction in the Late Qing Dynasty - Yu Xinzhong Discovering Diseases: Research on the Globalization of Medical Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century China - Gao Xi PART 2. THE INDIGENIZATION OF BIOMEDICINE IN REPUBLICAN CHINA Globalizing Biomedicine through Sino-Japanese Networks: The Case of National Medical College, Beijing, 1912-1937 - Daniel Asen Globalizing Biomedicine through Sino-Japanese Networks: The Case of National Medical College, Beijing, 1912-1937 - David Luesink An Abortive Amalgamation: Multiple Western-Style Doctors in Republican China, 1927-1937 - Shi Yan Shanghai's Female Doctors: A Discussion of the Gendered Politics of Modern Medical Professionalization - He Xiaolian PART 3. THE SPREAD OF BIOMEDICINE TO SOUTHWEST CHINA, 1937-1945 A Social History of Wartime Nursing Training in Hunan, 1937-1945 - Li Shenglan Frontiers of Immunology: Medical Migrations to Yunnan, Vaccine Research and Public Health During the War with Japan, 1937-1945 - Mary Augusta Brazelton Serving the People: Chen Zhiqian and the Sichuan Provincial Health Administration, 1939-1949 - Nicole Barnes Afterword: Western Medicine and Global Health - William H. Schneider List of Chinese and Japanese Names and Terms Notes on Contributors

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Book SynopsisBecause of developments in powerful computer technology, computational techniques, advances in a wide spectrum of diverse technologies, and other advances coupled with cross disciplinary pursuits between technology and its greatly significant applied implications in human body processes, the field of biomechanics is evolving as a broadly significant area. This Third Volume presents the advances in widely diverse areas with significant implications for human betterment that occur continuously at a high rate. These include dynamics of musculo-skeletal systems; mechanics of hard and soft tissues; mechanics of muscle; mechanics of bone remodeling; mechanics of implant-tissue interfaces; cardiovascular and respiratory biomechanics; mechanics of blood flow, air flow, flow-prosthesis interfaces; mechanics of impact; dynamics of man machine interaction; and numerous other areas. The great breadth and depth of the field of biomechanics on the international scene requires at least four volumTable of ContentsThree-Dimensional Dynamic Anatomical Modeling of the Human Knee Joint. Adaptive Bone Remodeling Concepts. Dynamic Modeling of Human Joints with a Special Application to the Human Knee. Scanning Acoustic Microscopy in Bone Remodeling Studies. Strain Measurements of Skeletal Muscle. Quantifying Muscle-Tendon Structure and Function. Measurement of Tension in Small Ligaments

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary view of the research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications. This book summarizes the state of knowledge in the field of advanced materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials, and up-and-coming bioengineering devices.Trade Review“Although they claim in the Preface that this book is written for university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds, I believe having read the majority of the scientific aspects of the work it really expects the reader to have a very thorough knowledge of polymer chemistry at the nanometer level of particle or pore size and suggest this book is aimed at the researchers in the pharmaceutical industry or academics in pharmaceutical chemistry research rather than researchers into biomaterials.” (Scope, 1 February 2014) Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 1 Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar 1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 2 1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 3 1.3 Delivery Systems 4 1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 11 1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 15 1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 16 1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 20 1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle 22 1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 24 1.10 Drug Loading 25 1.11 Drug Release 26 1.12 Conclusion 27 References 27 2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We Are and Where We Have to Go! 35 Rajiv Lochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava 2.1 Cancer Pathology 36 2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 37 2.3 Treatment 41 Conclusion 42 References 42 3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery 47 Salam J.J. Titinchi, Mayank P. Singh, Hanna S. Abbo and Ivan R. Green 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems 48 3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 52 3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications 64 3.5 Conclusions 75 References 75 4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 85 S.G. Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras, and K. Papadia 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Nanoparticles 86 4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD 96 4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies 110 4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 136 4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD 146 4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 5 Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro-and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor 179 Chong Sun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 181 5.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 183 5.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood 188 5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 194 References 195 6 The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care 199 Teles, F.R.R. and Fonseca, L.P. 6.1 Introduction 200 6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays 202 6.3 Biosensors 205 6.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications 217 6.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies 223 6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 227 Acknowledgment 227 References 228 7 Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization 233 TanSui and Alexander M. Korsunsky 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Experimental Techniques 236 7.3 Model Formulation 238 7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation 245 7.5 Discussion 251 7.6 Conclusions 255 Acknowledgments 256 Appendix 256 References 260 8 Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels 263 Martin Pradny, Miroslav Vetrik, Martin Hruby and Jiri Michalek 8.1 Introduction 263 8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels 265 8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers 271 8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain 276 8.5 Conclusions 281 Acknowledgments 281 References 283 9 Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care 289 Mohammad Sirousazar, Mehrdad Forough, Khalil Farhadi, Yasaman Shaabani and Rahim Molaei 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 Types of Hydrogels 290 9.3 Properties of Hydrogels 295 9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 299 9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 305 9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 308 9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management 319 9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels 337 9.9 Conclusions 340 References 341 10 Modified Natural Zeolites—Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application 353 Jela Miliæ, Aleksandra Dakoviæ, Danina Krajišnik and George E. Rottinghaus 10.1 Introduction 354 10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs) 359 10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients 366 10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application 372 10.5 Conclusions 389 Acknowledgement 390 References 390 11 Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications 397 JinHuang, Jing Hao, Debbie P. Anderson and Peter R. Chang 11.1 Introduction 398 11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 400 11.3 Stimulus-Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels 409 11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels 413 11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 420 11.6 Conclusions and Prospects 425 References 425 12 Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applicationsin Biomedical Engineering 431 Chenghao Zhu and Qizhi Chen 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Synthesis of PHAs 433 12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs 435 12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films 436 12.5 PHA-Based Polymer Blends 439 12.6 Summary 451 References 451 13 Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care 457 Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Farnoush Faridbod and Parviz Norouzi 13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 458 13.2 Synthesis of MIPs 458 13.3 Application of MIPs 463 13.4 Biomimetic Molecules 464 13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio-Molecular Recognition 465 13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors 466 13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems 467 13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science 475 13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies 480 13.10 Conclusion 480 References 480 14 The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening 485 Niina J. Ronkainen and Stanley L. Okon 14.1 Introduction 486 14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens 489 14.3 Immunoassays 491 14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays 504 14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results 507 14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments 510 Conclusion 513 References

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Book SynopsisMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are an important functional material because of their potential implications in diverse research fields. The materials have been developed for a range of uses including separation, environmental, biomedical and sensor applications.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1 Strategies of Affinity Materials 1 Recent Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Methods for Sample Preparation 3 Antonio Martín-Esteban 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Molecularly Imprinted Solid-phase Extraction 6 1.3 Molecularly Imprinted Solid-phase Microextraction 14 1.4 Molecularly Imprinted Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction 17 1.5 Other Formats 18 1.6 Conclusions 20 References 21 2 A Genuine Combination of Solvent-free Sample Preparation Technique and Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterials 29 Santanu Patra, Ekta Roy, Rashmi Madhuri and Prashant K. Sharma 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Modified Fiber for Solid-phase Microextraction 40 2.3 In-tube Solid-phase Microextraction Technique 55 2.4 Monolithic Fiber 58 2.5 Micro-solid-phase Extraction 70 2.6 Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction 73 2.7 Conclusion and Future Scope 76 Acknowledgments 76 Abbreviations 77 References 78 3 Fluorescent Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 89 Kornelia Gawlitza, Wei Wan, Sabine Wagner and Knut Rurack 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Classes of Emitters to Endow MIPs with Fluorescence 91 3.3 Fluorescent Molecularly Imprinted Silica 108 3.4 Post-imprinting of MIPs 111 3.5 fMIPs as Labels 113 3.6 Formats for fMIPs 115 3.7 Conclusion 119 References 120 4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Micro- and Nanotraps for Solid-phase Extraction 129 Rıdvan Say, Rüstem Keçili and Arzu Ersöz 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 MIPs as SPE Materials 130 4.3 Conclusions 149 References 153 5 Imprinted Carbonaceous Nanomaterials: A Tiny Looking Big Thing in the Field of Selective and Secific Analysis 165 Ekta Roy, Santanu Patra, Rashmi Madhuri and Prashant K. Sharma 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Graphene-modified Imprinted Polymer 179 5.3 Carbon Nanotubes-modified Imprinted Polymer 190 5.4 Combination of graphene, CNTs, and MIPs 197 5.5 Graphene Quantum Dots and/or Carbon Dots 198 5.6 Fullerene 201 5.7 Activated carbon 202 5.8 Conclusions 203 Acknowledgments 204 List of abbreviations 204 References 205 6 Molecularly Imprinted Materials for Fiber-optic Sensor Platforms 217 Yavuz Orhan Yaman, Necdet Başaran, Kübra Karayagiz, Zafer Vatansever, Cengiz Yegin, Önder Haluk Tekbaş and Müfrettin Murat Sari 6.1 Introduction 218 6.2 Material Aspect: Morphology and Physical Forms of MIPs in FO Sensors 223 6.3 Molecularly Imprinting Technology for Fiber-optic Sensors 231 6.4 State-of-the-art Fiber-optic Sensors Applications Using Molecularly Imprinted Materials 268 6.5 Conclusion 273 References 274 Part 2 Rational Design of MIP for Advanced Applications 7 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications 285 Anca Florea, Oana Hosu, Bianca Ciui and Cecilia Cristea 7.1 Introduction 285 7.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Analytes of Biomedical Interest 296 7.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Analytes of Environmental Interest 306 7.4 Conclusion 314 Acknowledgments 316 References 316 8 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: The Affinity Adsorbents for Environmental Biotechnology 327 Bo Mattiasson and Gizem Ertürk 8.1 Introduction 327 8.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 329 8.3 Monomers 329 8.4 Cross-linking Agents 331 8.5 Mode of Polymerization 332 8.6 Cryogels 334 8.7 Process Technology 336 8.8 Applications 338 References 345 9 Molecular Imprinting Technology for Sensing and Separation in Food Safety 353 Baran Önal Ulusoy, Mehmet Odabaşi and Neşe Hayat Aksoy 9.1 Food Safety 354 9.2 Food Analysis 355 9.3 Current Separation Methods Used for Food Safety Purposes 356 9.4 What Is MIP? 357 9.5 MIP Applications Used for Food Safety Purposes 359 References 377 10 Advanced Imprinted Materials for Virus Monitoring 389 Zeynep Altintas 10.1 Introduction 390 10.2 Virus Imprinting 393 10.3 Artificial MIP Receptors for Viruses 398 10.4 Virus Monitoring and Detection Using Biomimetic Sensors 399 10.5 Virus Imprinting for Separation Technologies 401 10.6 Conclusions 405 References 406 11 Design and Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 413 André Luís Morais Ruela and Gislaine Ribeiro Pereira 11.1 Introduction 414 11.2 Synthesis and Characterization of MIPs Intended for Drug Release Using Non-covalent Approaches 418 11.3 Design and Evaluation of Drug Delivery Systems Based on MIPs 436 11.4 Conclusions 445 References 446 12 Molecularly Imprinted Materials for Controlled Release Systems 455 Yagmur Yegin, Gökhan Yilmaz, Ömer Karakoç, Cengiz Yegin, Servet Çete, Mustafa Akbulut and Müfrettin Murat Sari 12.1 Introduction 456 12.2 Selectivity, Release Mechanism and Functionality of MIPs-based CR Systems 459 12.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Production for Controlled Release 482 12.4 Controlled Release Applications Using Molecularly Imprinted Materials-based Controlled Release 491 12.5 Conclusion 506 References 507 13 Molecular Imprinting: The Creation of Biorecognition Imprints on the Biosensor Surfaces 523 Gizem Ertürk and Bo Mattiasson 13.1 Introduction 523 13.2 Molecular Imprinting 524 13.3 Microcontact Imprinting 525 13.4 Capacitive Biosensors 529 13.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors 541 13.6 Concluding Remarks 549 References 550 14 Molecular Imprinted Polymers for Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Body Odor 561 Sunil Kr. Jha 14.1 Introduction 562 14.2 MIP-QCM Sensor Array Preparation 573 14.3 Chemical Vapor Sensing 576 14.4 Analysis Outcomes 603 14.5 Conclusion 624 Acknowledgments 624 References 624 15 Development of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Microcantilever Sensor System 637 Meltem Okan and Memed Duman 15.1 Introduction to Mass Sensors 637 15.2 Principles of Mass Sensors 640 15.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 655 15.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based QCM Sensors 658 15.6 Ongoing Studies on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-based Microcantilevers 661 Acknowledgments 669 References 669

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Book SynopsisMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used in biomedical imaging and radiology to visualize internal structures of the body. Because MRI provides excellent contrast between different soft tissues, the technique is especially useful for diagnostic imaging of the brain, muscles, and heart.In the past 20 years, MRI technology has improved significantly with the introduction of systems up to 7 Tesla (7 T) and with the development of numerous post-processing algorithms such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), and spectroscopic imaging. From these developments, the diagnostic potentialities of MRI have improved impressively with an exceptional spatial resolution and the possibility of analyzing the morphology and function of several kinds of pathology.Given these exciting developments, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Handbook: Image Principles, Neck, and the Brain is a timely addition to the growing body of literature in the fiTable of ContentsHistory and Physical Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Introduction to the Basics of MRI to Introduce the Macroscopic M. Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Diffusion Imaging: Basic Principles. Arterial Spin-Labeled Perfusion Imaging. Kinetic Modeling for T1-Weighted Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. BOLD Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic Resonance Enterography and Colonography: Technical Considerations. Artifacts in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Risk of Magnetic Resonance: The Safety-Biological Effects. 7 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications. Pathology of the Paranasal Sinuses (Congenital–Infective–Neoplastic). Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ear. Differential Diagnosis in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ear. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Salivary Gland. Infective Pathology of the Neck. Neoplastic Pathology of the Neck. Lymph Nodes of the Neck. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Eye and Orbit. Brain Aging and Degenerative Diseases of the Brain. Congenital Brain Malformations. Infective Diseases the Brain. Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Vascular Pathologies of the Brain (Vasculitis–Arteriovenous Malformation/Arteriovenous Fistula–Aneurysm). Neoplasms of the Brain and Pituitary Gland. Demyelinating and Metabolic Diseases of the Brain. Traumatic Disease of the Brain and Skull.

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Book SynopsisAs one of the most important tasks in biomedical imaging, image segmentation provides the foundation for quantitative reasoning and diagnostic techniques. A large variety of different imaging techniques, each with its own physical principle and characteristics (e.g., noise modeling), often requires modality-specific algorithmic treatment. In recent years, substantial progress has been made to biomedical image segmentation. Biomedical image segmentation is characterized by several specific factors. This book presents an overview of the advanced segmentation algorithms and their applications.Trade Review"The book provides a current and thorough overview of some commonly used image segmentation algorithms for medical imaging. The overview of a wide selection of methods is helpful, and I also found it very convenient to see implementation details collected in one single volume. This makes the book a good reference book for both researchers in the field, and could also be helpful for software engineers in the medical industry implementing methods for medical practitioners."— Kristian Sandberg, Computational Solutions, Inc., Colorado, USATable of ContentsBrief Surveys of Segmentation Algorithm Classes. Level Set Segmentation: A Survey. Dynamic Programming Based Medical Image Segmentation. Optimal Graph-Based Surface Segmentation and Applications. Medical Image Segmentation Incorporating Physical Noise Models. Atlas-Based Medical Image Segmentation. Applications. Retinal Image Segmentation. Spine Segmentation. Arterial Wall Segmentation. Segmentation of the Left Ventricle. Multi-Atlas-Based Simultaneous Labeling of Longitudinal Dynamic Cortical Surfaces in Infants. Rotational Slice-Based Prostate Segmentation. Automated Nucleus and Cytoplasm Segmentation of Overlapping Cervical Cells. Deformable Atlas for Multi-Structure Segmentation. A Variational Framework for Joint Detection and Segmentation of Ovarian Cancer Metastases. Incorporating Shape Variability in Image Segmentation via Implicit Template Deformation. Cell Orientation Entrophy (COrE): Predicting Biochemical Recurrence from Prostate Cancer Tissue Microarrays. Left Ventricle Segmentation from Cardiac MRI Combining Level Set Methods with Deep Belief Networks. Infrared Target Tracking, Recognition, an Segmentation Using Shape-Award Level Set.

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