Biomedical engineering / Medical engineering Books

Book SynopsisEmerging imaging techniques have opened new fronts to investigate tissues, cells, and proteins. Transformative technologies such as microCT scans, super-resolution microscopy, fluorescence-based tools, and other methods now allow us to study the mechanics of cancer, dissect the origins of cellular force regulation, and examine biological specimens at the nanoscale.The Handbook of Imaging in Biological Mechanics presents the spectrum of imaging techniques used for noninvasive visualization of the morphology and mechanics of the large and smallfrom organs to individual macromolecules. The handbook presents optimal imaging technologies to study deformation, stress, and constitutive behavior of tissues, cells, and proteins. It also describes a suite of technologies available for probing the mechanics of surfaces, membranes, and single molecules. With chapters authored by highly recognized experts in their area, the handbook covers the entire spectrum of biomechanicaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Tissue and Organ Imaging Methods: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods. Tissue and Organ Imaging Methods: Ultrasound. Tissue and Organ Imaging Methods: Radiography and Computed Tomography. Tissue and Organ Imaging Methods: High Throughput and Image Quantification. Tissue and Organ Imaging Methods: Multiscale Imaging and Modeling. Cellular and Molecular Imaging Methods: Microenvironments: Native ECM. Cellular and Molecular Imaging Methods: Microenvironments: In Vitro Culture Systems. Cellular and Molecular Imaging Methods: Cellular and Subcellular Biophysics. Cellular and Molecular Imaging Methods: Nuclear Biophysics. Cellular and Molecular Imaging Methods: Channels. Cellular and Molecular Imaging Methods: Surfaces and Single Molecule Measurements.

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Book SynopsisMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used in biomedical imaging and radiology to visualize internal structures of the body. Because MRI provides excellent contrast between different soft tissues, the technique is especially useful for diagnostic imaging of the brain, muscles, and heart.In the past 20 years, MRI technology has improved significantly with the introduction of systems up to 7 Tesla (7 T) and with the development of numerous post-processing algorithms such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), and spectroscopic imaging. From these developments, the diagnostic potentialities of MRI have improved impressively with an exceptional spatial resolution and the possibility of analyzing the morphology and function of several kinds of pathology.Given these exciting developments, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Handbook: Image Principles, Neck, and the Brain is a timely addition to the growing body of literature in the fiTable of ContentsHistory and Physical Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Introduction to the Basics of MRI to Introduce the Macroscopic M. Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Diffusion Imaging: Basic Principles. Arterial Spin-Labeled Perfusion Imaging. Kinetic Modeling for T1-Weighted Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. BOLD Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic Resonance Enterography and Colonography: Technical Considerations. Artifacts in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Risk of Magnetic Resonance: The Safety-Biological Effects. 7 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications. Pathology of the Paranasal Sinuses (Congenital–Infective–Neoplastic). Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ear. Differential Diagnosis in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ear. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Salivary Gland. Infective Pathology of the Neck. Neoplastic Pathology of the Neck. Lymph Nodes of the Neck. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Eye and Orbit. Brain Aging and Degenerative Diseases of the Brain. Congenital Brain Malformations. Infective Diseases the Brain. Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Vascular Pathologies of the Brain (Vasculitis–Arteriovenous Malformation/Arteriovenous Fistula–Aneurysm). Neoplasms of the Brain and Pituitary Gland. Demyelinating and Metabolic Diseases of the Brain. Traumatic Disease of the Brain and Skull.

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Book SynopsisMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used in biomedical imaging and radiology to visualize internal structures of the body. Because MRI provides excellent contrast between different soft tissues, the technique is especially useful for diagnostic imaging of the brain, muscles, and heart.In the past 20 years, MRI technology has improved significantly with the introduction of systems up to 7 Tesla (7 T) and with the development of numerous post-processing algorithms such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), and spectroscopic imaging. From these developments, the diagnostic potentialities of MRI have improved impressively with an exceptional spatial resolution and the possibility of analyzing the morphology and function of several kinds of pathology.Given these exciting developments, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Handbook: Imaging of the Pelvis, Musculoskeletal System, and Special Applications to CAD is a timely addiTable of ContentsMagnetic Resonance Imaging of Kidneys and Ureters. Carcinoma of the Bladder and Urethra. Male Pelvis (Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, and Testes). Uterus and Vagina. Benign and Malignant Conditions of the Ovaries and Peritoneum. MRI of the Placenta and the Pregnant Patient. MRI of Pelvic Floor Disorders. Degenerative Disease of the Spine and Other Spondyloarthropathies. Spine Infections. Traumatic Disease of the Spine. Neoplastic Disease of the Spine. MR Pathology of Sacrum and Ilium. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Soft Tissues. Temporomandibular Joints. MR-Guided Interventional Radiology of the Musculoskeletal System. MR of the Lymphatics. Pediatric Applications. Fetal MRI. Postmortem and Forensic Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound. PET/MRI: Concepts and Clinical Applications. Computer-Aided Diagnosis with MR Images of the Brain.

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Book SynopsisDespite the often difficult and time-consuming effort of performing experiments with fast (14 MeV) neutrons, these neutrons can offer special insight into nucleus and other materials because of the absence of charge. 14 MeV Neutrons: Physics and Applications explores fast neutrons in basic science and applications to problems in medicine, the environment, and security.Drawing on his more than 50 years of experience working with 14 MeV neutrons, the author focuses on: Sources of 14 MeV neutrons, including laboratory size accelerators, small and sealed tube generators, well logging sealed tube accelerators, neutron generators with detection of associated alpha particles, plasma devices, high flux sources, and laser-generated neutron sources Nuclear reactions with 14 MeV neutrons, including measurements of energy spectra, angular distributions, and deductions of reaction mechanism Nuclear reactions with three particles inTable of ContentsIntroduction. Nuclear Reaction d+t→α+n. Sources of 14 MeV Neutrons. Detectors. Nuclear Reactions Induced by 14 MeV Neutrons. Fast Neutron Activation Analysis: An Analytical Method. Applications of Tagged Neutron Beams. Nuclear Reactions Logging. Medical Applications of 14 MeV Neutrons.

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Book SynopsisAs one of the most important tasks in biomedical imaging, image segmentation provides the foundation for quantitative reasoning and diagnostic techniques. A large variety of different imaging techniques, each with its own physical principle and characteristics (e.g., noise modeling), often requires modality-specific algorithmic treatment. In recent years, substantial progress has been made to biomedical image segmentation. Biomedical image segmentation is characterized by several specific factors. This book presents an overview of the advanced segmentation algorithms and their applications.Trade Review"The book provides a current and thorough overview of some commonly used image segmentation algorithms for medical imaging. The overview of a wide selection of methods is helpful, and I also found it very convenient to see implementation details collected in one single volume. This makes the book a good reference book for both researchers in the field, and could also be helpful for software engineers in the medical industry implementing methods for medical practitioners."— Kristian Sandberg, Computational Solutions, Inc., Colorado, USATable of ContentsBrief Surveys of Segmentation Algorithm Classes. Level Set Segmentation: A Survey. Dynamic Programming Based Medical Image Segmentation. Optimal Graph-Based Surface Segmentation and Applications. Medical Image Segmentation Incorporating Physical Noise Models. Atlas-Based Medical Image Segmentation. Applications. Retinal Image Segmentation. Spine Segmentation. Arterial Wall Segmentation. Segmentation of the Left Ventricle. Multi-Atlas-Based Simultaneous Labeling of Longitudinal Dynamic Cortical Surfaces in Infants. Rotational Slice-Based Prostate Segmentation. Automated Nucleus and Cytoplasm Segmentation of Overlapping Cervical Cells. Deformable Atlas for Multi-Structure Segmentation. A Variational Framework for Joint Detection and Segmentation of Ovarian Cancer Metastases. Incorporating Shape Variability in Image Segmentation via Implicit Template Deformation. Cell Orientation Entrophy (COrE): Predicting Biochemical Recurrence from Prostate Cancer Tissue Microarrays. Left Ventricle Segmentation from Cardiac MRI Combining Level Set Methods with Deep Belief Networks. Infrared Target Tracking, Recognition, an Segmentation Using Shape-Award Level Set.

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Book SynopsisMRI techniques have been recently introduced for non-invasive qualification of regional myocardial mechanics, which is not achievable with other imaging modalities. Covering more than twenty-three years of developments in MRI techniques for accessing heart mechanics, this book provides a plethora of techniques and concepts that assist readers choose the best technique for their purpose. It reviews research studies and clinical trials that implemented MRI techniques for studying heart mechanics.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction to Heart Mechanics with Magnetic Resonance Imaging.................................................................... 1El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhDChapter 2 Heart Morphology, Function, and Diseases........................................................................................................... 49Brian P. Shapiro, MD and El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhDChapter 3 MRI Basics............................................................................................................................................................. 81El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhD and Refaat E. Gabr, PhDChapter 4 Introduction to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging............................................................................ 121Elizabeth R. Jenista, PhD; David C. Wendell, PhD; Igor Klem, MD; El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhD;and Wolfgang G. Rehwald, PhDChapter 5 Noninvasive Characterization of Myocardial Fiber Structure Using MRI.......................................................... 179Christopher L. Welsh, PhD; El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhD; Frank B. Sachse, PhD; and Edward W. Hsu, PhDChapter 6 Continuum Mechanics and Mechanical Cardiac Models.................................................................................... 247El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhD and Ahmed S. Fahmy, PhDChapter 7 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Cine Image Analysis............................................................................................ 285El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhDChapter 8 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking....................................................................................... 343El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhD and Rolf Baumann, MScChapter 9 Heart Mechanics: From Implanted Markers to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tagging..................................... 389El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhD, Andreas Sigfridsson, PhD; and John-Peder E. Kvitting, MD, PhDChapter 10 SPAMM and DANTE Tagging............................................................................................................................ 421El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhDChapter 11 Complementary Spatial Modulation of Magnetization (CSPAMM) Tagging..................................................... 453El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhD; Andrew J. Coristine, PhD; Hélène Feliciano, PhD; Davide Piccini, PhD;and Matthias Stuber, PhDChapter 12 Special Myocardial Tagging Patterns.................................................................................................................. 497Abbas Nasiraei-Moghaddam, PhD; Daniel B. Ennis, PhD; and El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhDChapter 13 Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Measuring Heart Mechanics..................................... 555El-Sayed H. Ibrahim, PhDIndex.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 589

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Book SynopsisBased on research and clinical trials, this book details the latest research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tagging technology related to heart mechanics. It covers clinical applications and examines future trends, providing a guide for future uses of MRI technology for studying heart mechanics.Table of ContentsHeart Mechanics

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the latest research and advancements related to articular cartilage in biology, development, pathology, clinical applications and tissue engineering. The authors take an interdisciplinary approach that encompasses the breadth and depth of basic science, bioengineering, translational science and detailed methological approaches. It is designed to be an all encompassing encyclopedia of articular cartilage. Written at a level that allows wide accessibility, the book's comprehensive focus on multiple aspects of articular cartilage sets it apart from other books.Table of ContentsStructure and Function of Cartilage. Articular Cartilage Development. Articular Cartilage Pathology and Therapies. Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage. Methods for Evaluating Articular Cartilage Quality. Perspectives on the Translational Aspects of Articular Cartilage Biology. Experimental Protocols.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers state-of-the-art medical image analysis approaches currently pursued in autism research. Chapters cover recent advances in diagnosis using structural neuroimaging. All aspects of imaging are included, such as electrophysiology (EEG, ERP, QEEG, and MEG), postmortem techniques, and advantages and difficulties of depositing/acquiring images in larger databases. The book incorporates 2D, 3D, and 4D imaging and advances scientific research within the broad field of autism imaging.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Neuropathology. The Neuropathology of Autism. QEEG—Guided Neurofeedback for Autism: Clinical Observations and Outcomes. Event-Related Potential Studies of Cognitive Processing Abnormalities in Autism. Evoked and Induced Gamma-Frequency Oscillations in Autism. Neurofeedback for Autistic Disorders: Emerging Empirical Evidence. Structural Imaging in Autism. Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Autism. Spectroscopic Brain Imaging in Autism. Functional MRI in Autism. Functional PET/CT in Autism. Functional ERPs in Autism. EEG Analysis in the Assessment of Autistic Disorders. Image Reconstruction in Autism. Machine Learning Applications to 2D, 3D, and 4D Analysis. Behavior Imaging Assessment Technology: A Mobile Infrastructure to Transform Autism Diagnosis and Treatment.

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Book SynopsisThis immensely valuable book provides a comprehensive, easy-to-understand, and up-to-date glossary of technical and scientific terms used in the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology, including terms used in agricultural sciences. The volume also includes terms for plants, animals, and humans, making it a unique, complete, and easily accessible reference. Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering opens with an introduction to bioengineering and biotechnology and presents an informative timeline covering the important developments and events in the fields, dating from 7000 AD to the present, and it even makes predictions for developments up the year 2050. From ab initio gene prediction to zymogen and from agrobacterium to zoonosis, this volume provides concise definitions for over 5400 specialized terms peculiar to the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology, including agricultural sciences.The use of consistent terminology is critical in presenting clear and meaningful information, and this helpful reference manual will be essential for graduate and undergraduate students of biomedical engineering, biotechnology, nanotechnology, nursing, and medicine and health sciences as well as for professionals who work with medicine and health sciences. Trade Review“This book fills the urgent need of a concise but comprehensive source for critically important terminology in the field of biomedical engineering. I expect it to become an indispensable table reference for all biotechnology and bioengineering researchers, educators, and students.”—Anthony J McGoron, PhD, Professor at Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida“This reference book is a ‘must have’ for all users in bioengineering and biotechnology. Simple to complex definitions and meanings are included in this book. The definitions of the terms are clear, concise, and understandable. Sometimes I felt I knew the definition of a certain word, but reading the term gave a clearer and more definite understanding to me. The author, Dr. Goyal, has done a phenomenal job making the definitions understandable.”—Professor Raj Bansal, Piscataway School, New Jersey; Private Consultant in English Language“This reference book is definitely appealing to the health sciences and engineering communities. It alleviates the drudgery to know the meaning of technical terms in bioengineering and biotechnology. I recommend it for every library and for educational institutes and government/private agencies who work in this area.”—Jesus M Roman-Velez, MD, Practicing Physician, Specialist in Internal Medicine and Pulmonary Mechanics, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico“The authors have diligently described the technical terms in bioengineering and biotechnology and have included a chapter on the timeline for these focus areas. They have also included selected illustrations to describe specific terms. The authors have done an extraordinary job of compiling the technical terms.”—Taranjit Singh, MD, DHMS., Private Practicing Family Physician, Near Telephone ExchangeDhuri, Punjab, India“Informative, user-friendly, and easy to read. The book introduces technical terms in bioengineering and biotechnology in nontechnical language.”—Miguel A Muñoz, PhD, Ex-President of University of Puerto Rico, USATable of ContentsForeword by Jesús Manuel Román Vélez, MD. Foreword by Taranjit Singh, MD, DHMS. Bioengineering and Biotechnology: An Overview. Timelines of Important Discoveries and Developments in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Glossary of Technical Terms: Bioengineering and Biotechnology

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses emerging issues in usability, interface design, human–computer interaction, user experience and assistive technology. It highlights research aimed at understanding human interactions with products, services and systems and focuses on finding effective approaches for improving the user experience. It also discusses key issues in designing and providing assistive devices and services for individuals with disabilities or impairment, offering them support with mobility, communication, positioning, environmental control and daily living. The book covers modeling as well as innovative design concepts, with a special emphasis on user-centered design, and design for specific populations, particularly the elderly. Further topics include virtual reality, digital environments, gaming, heuristic evaluation and forms of device interface feedback (e.g. visual and haptic). Based on the AHFE 2021 Conferences on Usability and User Experience, Human Factors and Wearable Technologies, Human Factors in Virtual Environments and Game Design, and Human Factors and Assistive Technology, held virtually on 25–29 July, 2021, from USA, this book provides academics and professionals with an extensive source of information and a timely guide to tools, applications and future challenges in these fields.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch befasst sich mit den Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten von Open-Source- und kollaborativen Designansätzen und -strategien im biomedizinischen Bereich. Es bietet eine umfassende Reihe von bewährten Verfahren und Methoden, damit diese sicheren, innovativen und zertifizierbaren biomedizinischen Geräte die Patienten erreichen und erfolgreiche Lösungen für Probleme im Gesundheitswesen bieten. Die Kapitel sind so gegliedert, dass sie den gesamten Lebenszyklus von Open-Source-Medizintechnologien verfolgen. Die bereitgestellten Informationen sind äußerst praxisorientiert, da sie sich auf reale Studienfälle stützen, bei denen sich die Zusammenarbeit zwischen medizinischen Fachkräften, Ingenieuren und Technikern, Patienten und Patientenverbänden, politischen Entscheidungsträgern, Regulierungsbehörden und Bürgern als vorteilhaft erwiesen hat. Das Buch wird auch durch eine Online-Infrastruktur, UBORA, unterstützt, über die Open-Source-Medizinprodukte gemeinsam entwickelt und geteilt werden können, um die Medizintechnik zu demokratisieren und eine zugängliche biomedizintechnische Ausbildung zu fördern. Table of ContentsVorwort: Das UBORA-Projekt I. GRUNDLAGEN 1. Die medizinische Industrie: Gegenwärtige Situation, globale Gesundheitsprobleme und Ausblick 2. Allgemeine Überlegungen zur Entwicklung von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten 3. Systematische Bewertung des Bedarfs und Tragfähigkeitsanalysen II. ENTWURFSMETHODEN FÜR OPEN-SOURCE-MEDIZINPRODUKTE 4. Kreativitätsförderung: Kollaborative Designumgebungen und offene Innovation 5. Sicherheitsgerichtete Entwurfsmethoden für Open-Source-Medizinprodukte 6. Entwurf und Simulation von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten III. HERSTELLUNGSMETHODEN FÜR OPEN-SOURCE-MEDIZINPRODUKTE 7. Prototyping von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten 8. Herstellung von personalisierten Open-Source-Medizinprodukten 9. Massenproduktion von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten IV. MIT OPEN-SOURCE-MEDIZINPRODUKTEN WIRKLICH ETWAS BEWIRKEN 10. Open-Source-Zulassung und -Zertifizierung von Medizinprodukten 11. Vermarktung von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten: Management von Qualität und Lieferkette 12. Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der langfristigen Nachhaltigkeit von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten REFERENZEN ANHÄNGE

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Book SynopsisElectrochemical Analysis of Proteins and Cells presents the remarkable progress made over the years in the electrochemical analysis of proteins and cells, due to the rapid development of protein electrochemistry together with related technologies such as surface modification, molecular recognition, molecular assembly, and nanotechnology. As an interdisciplinary field combining electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine and material science, the electrochemical analysis of proteins and cells has attracted broad and extensive research interest. The main emphasis of this book is on the principles of electrochemical strategies and the practical utility of related detection systems, which is of great importance in all biological sciences, such as cell biology and molecular biology, as well as in biomedical fields like cancer research. This brief offers an up-to-date, easy-to-follow presentation of recent advances on the subject and can serve as a supplement for graduate-level courses in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, biotechnology, biomedical engineering, etc. It may also help young scientists get an overview of this topic.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Theoretical Background of Electrochemical Analysis.- Electrochemical Analysis of Proteins.- Electrochemical Analysis of Cells

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Book SynopsisThere is a tremendous interest among researchers for the development of virtual, augmented reality and games technologies due to their widespread applications in medicine and healthcare. To date the major applications of these technologies include medical simulation, telemedicine, medical and healthcare training, pain control, visualisation aid for surgery, rehabilitation in cases such as stroke, phobia and trauma therapies. Many recent studies have identified the benefits of using Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality or serious games in a variety of medical applications.This research volume on Virtual, Augmented Reality and Serious Games for Healthcare 1 offers an insightful introduction to the theories, development and applications of virtual, augmented reality and digital games technologies in medical and clinical settings and healthcare in general. It is divided into six sections: section one presents a selection of applications in medical education and healthcare management; Section two relates to the nursing training, health literacy and healthy behaviour; Section three presents the applications of Virtual Reality in neuropsychology; Section four includes a number of applications in motor rehabilitation; Section five aimed at therapeutic games for various diseases; and the final section presents the applications of Virtual Reality in healing and restoration.This book is directed to the healthcare professionals, scientists, researchers, professors and the students who wish to explore the applications of virtual, augmented reality and serious games in healthcare further.Table of ContentsApplications in Healthcare Education.- Nursing Training, Health Literacy, and Healthy Behaviour.- Applications in Neuropsychology.- Applications in Motor Rehabilitation.- Therapeutic Games aimed at Various Diseases.- Virtual Healing and Restoration.

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Book SynopsisTo correctly diagnose a human organism with the help of acoustic waves is impossible without knowledge of the physics of acoustic waves interaction with the issues of the organism. This book is dedicated to the given problem. It consists of four sections, the first of which deals with physical models of the biological issues used in ultrasonic diagnostics. In the other sections the basic stages of ultrasonic diagnostics (sound radiation, sound scattering, depictions visualization) are studied. It is shown how different bodies and issues of a human organism scatter acoustic waves and how, using the scattered wave, one learns about what happens with some body or issue.Trade ReviewVery didactically organized, with ample attention for mathematical detail, which nowhere becomes so complicated that it obscures the physics behind it [...] The first three chapter give a thorough but accessible description of the physics of ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging, while the fourth discusses the possible methods to apply these data for 2D, 3D or time-dependent imagery [...] This book is a useful addition to the ultrasonic imaging literature, stepping into the - rather large - gap between more engineering-oriented texts and theoretical works. G. van Soest, PhD; Biomedical Engineering, Thorax center, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the NetherlandsTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION Chapter 1. MODEL 1.1. Biological Tissue as a Homogeneous Continuum 1.2. Types of Biological Continua 1.3. Organism as a Heterogeneous Continuum 1.4. Equations of Motion of Biological Continua 1.5. Physical Nature of Ultrasonic Diagnostics Chapter 2. EMISSION 2.1. Unbounded Plane Emitter 2.2. Point Emitter (Monopole) 2.3. Bounded Plane Emitter 2.4. Point Emitter (Dipole) 2.5. Generation of Acoustic Oscillations Chapter 3. SCATTERING 3.1. Nature of a Scattered Wave 3.2. Immobile Large-Scale Inhomogeneities 3.3. Immobile Large-Scale Inhomogeneities with Boundary Layer 3.4. Immobile Small-Scale Inhomogeneities 3.5. Immobile Mesoscale Inhomogeneities 3.6. Mobile Inhomogeneities 3.7. Systems of Scatterers Chapter 4. VISUALIZATION 4.1. What Is Visualization? 4.2. Modes of Visualization 4.3. Defects of Acoustic Images AFTERWORD

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Book SynopsisBiomateriomics is the holistic study of biological material systems. While such systems are undoubtedly complex, we frequently encounter similar components -- universal building blocks and hierarchical structure motifs -- which result in a diverse set of functionalities. Similar to the way music or language arises from a limited set of music notes and words, we exploit the relationships between form and function in a meaningful way by recognizing the similarities between Beethoven and bone, or Shakespeare and silk. Through the investigation of material properties, examining fundamental links between processes, structures, and properties at multiple scales and their interactions, materiomics explains system functionality from the level of building blocks. Biomateriomics specifically focuses the analysis of the role of materials in the context of biological processes, the transfer of biological material principles towards biomimetic and bioinspired applications, and the study of interfaces between living and non-living systems. The challenges of biological materials are vast, but the convergence of biology, mathematics and engineering as well as computational and experimental techniques have resulted in the toolset necessary to describe complex material systems, from nano to macro. Applying biomateriomics can unlock Nature’s secret to high performance materials such as spider silk, bone, and nacre, and elucidate the progression and diagnosis or the treatment of diseases. Similarly, it contributes to develop a de novo understanding of biological material processes and to the potential of exploiting novel concepts in innovation, material synthesis and design.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This book is a good introduction to biomateriomics and would be valuable to anyone interested in the development of new materials and molecular simulation methods.” (Ben Alcock, iom3.org, April, 2013)Table of ContentsPart I: A Materiomics Perspective.- The Materiome.- Biological Materials: A Biomateriomics Approach.- Music, Linguistics and Hierarchical Materials and Universality-Diversity Paradigm.- Part II: Methods and Tools .- Theory, Computational Approaches and Simulation.- Experimental Approaches.- Example: Mechanical Characterization through Experiment, Theory and Simulation.- Part III: Applied Biomateriomics.- Pathological Materiomics.- Synthesis and Design.- Conclusion, and Future of Biomateriomics.

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Book SynopsisThe field of C-nanoparticles toxicity is, at present, fragmented and contradictory, oscillating between enthusiastic raptures and bitter disappointments. This important book presents an overall, unitary view of the carbon nanoparticle world, in which both the positive and negative aspects of these recently discovered nanomaterials are critically described and elucidated.The book provides an exhaustive account of C-nanotubes toxicity, mechanisms of toxicity and biocompatibility towards human and animal organisms as well as the entire biological environment. The detailed description of the physicochemical properties of these nano-objects will help facilitate discussion on their future applications in the biomedical field.This book is unique in its understanding, interpretation and analysis of the mechanisms related to the physicochemical behavior of C-nanotubes, as its aims is to let readers be in contact with C-nanoparticles in order for them to benefit from the many advantages these nanostructures can offer in the aforesaid field. Contributors include experts in the study of materials biocompatibility and toxicity, mainly because the book concerns carbon-nanoparticles toxicity.Trade Review"This book is a must for every materials scientist and all those who appreciate rational answers to questions they might not dare to ask."—Prof. Marie-Louise Saboungi, Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, France"Carbon Nanotubes: Angels or Demons represents a soft touch of the most updated topics concerning nanotechnology ... Every aspect is presented in an almost holistic and very promising effort."—Prof. Giorgia Pastorin, National University of Singapore, Singapore"Finally, a book that gathered the latest and most contrasted information on toxicity of carbon nanotubes."—Prof. Isabel Obieta, Inasmet-Tecnalia, SpainTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Preface. 1. How the Whole Thing Began or the Logic Path Towards aDiscovery. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Bibliography. 2. In-vitro and in-vivo Biological Behaviour of Micro and Nanoparticles. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Nanoparticles and medical devices. 2.2.1 Dentistry. 2.2.2 Orthopaedics. 2.2.3 Nanostructured surfaces. 2.2.4 Drug delivery. 2.2.5 Nanomedicine. 2.3 The results of the nanopathology project. 2.3.1 In-vivo experiments. 2.4 Bibliography. 3. Clinical Cases: Lung, Blood, Liver, Kidney, Digestive System, Vessels, Sperm. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Lung. 3.3 Blood. 3.4 Liver. 3.5 Kidney and adrenal gland. 3.6 Digestive system. 3.7 Vessels. 3.8 Sperm. 3.9 A few considerations on reproduction. 3.10 Bibliography. 4. Six "Detective Stories". 4.1 The 1st case. 4.2 The 2nd case. 4.3 The 3rd case. 4.4 The 4th case. xiv Nanopathology. 4.5 The 5th case. 4.6 The 6th case. 5. War and Nanoparticles. 5.1 Civilians living around a firing ground. 5.2 A few reflections. 5.3 Bibliography. 6. Nanoparticles in the Environment and Working Places. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Chimneysweeps: a historical case. 6.3 Welding metals. 6.4 Toner. 6.5 The particulate active filter or FAP. 6.6 The environment around a foundry. 6.7 The environment around a power plant. 6.8 The case of a ship. 6.9 Incinerators. 6.10 Tobacco smoke. 6.11 Bibliography. 7. Nanoparticles in Food, Cosmetics and Other Products. 7.1 Bibliography. 8. New York 9/11. 8.1 Bibliography. 9. The Future and Prevention Criteria. 9.1 The state of the art. 9.2 What is next? 9.3 The future. 9.4 A few reflections. 9.5 Bibliography. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a fundamental and comprehensive overview of nanomedicine from a systems engineering perspective, making it the first book in the field of quantitative nanomedicine based on systems theory. The book starts by introducing the concept of nanomedicine and provides basic mathematical modeling techniques that can be used to model nanoscale biomedical and biological systems. It then demonstrates how this idea can be used to model and analyze the central dogma of molecular biology, tumor growth and the immune system. Broad applications of the idea are further illustrated by Bayesian networks, multiscale and multiparadigm modeling and AFM engineering.Trade Review"Taking a unique, systems perspective, this book not only covers fundamental information on nanomedicine, but also provides an account of modeling, simulation, and experimental tools for dealing with challenges at the interface between nanotechnology and medicine. It is an excellent reference for researchers and students in this burgeoning field."—Xiaobo Tan, Michigan State University, USATable of ContentsNanomedicine — Dynamic Integration of Nanotechnology with Biomedical Science. Fundamental Mathematical Modeling Techniques for Nano Biosystem. A Mathematical Formulation of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. Systems Approach to Characterize Living Drosophila Embryos for Biomedical Investigations. Learning Signaling Pathway Structure. Computational Modeling of Tumor Biobarriers: Implications for Delivery of Nano-based Therapeutics. Multiscale-Multiparadigm Modeling and Simulation of Nanometer-Scale Systems and Processes for Nanomedical Applications. Game Theoretical Formulation of the Immune System and Inspiration for Controlled Drug Delivery. Application.

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Book SynopsisThe fast developing field of nanomedicine uses a broad variety of materials to serve as delivery systems for drugs, genes, and diagnostic agents. This book is the first attempt to put under one cover all major available information about these materials, both still on experimental levels and already applied in patients.Trade Review"This handbook of nanomaterials is a comprehensive collection of well-written chapters on nanoparticle technologies used for medical applications of all kinds. All in all, it will be a very valuable reference book for biomaterials scientists and medical researchers involved in the many different facets of therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging for medical applications."—Prof. Allan S. Hoffman, University of Washington, USA"The clear organization into crisp chapters makes the book a rich source of references. The book provides professionals and newcomers entering the nanomedicine world with deep understanding of the current problems and presents fascinating highlights in the context of future applications in practical medicine."—Prof. Julia Y. Ljubimova, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA"This handbook of nanomaterials is a comprehensive collection of well-written chapters on nanoparticle technologies used for medical applications of all kinds. All in all, it will be a very valuable reference book for biomaterials scientists and medical researchers involved in the many different facets of therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging for medical applications."—Prof. Allan S. Hoffman, University of Washington, USA"The clear organization into crisp chapters makes the book a rich source of references. The book provides professionals and newcomers entering the nanomedicine world with deep understanding of the current problems and presents fascinating highlights in the context of future applications in practical medicine."—Prof. Julia Y. Ljubimova, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USATable of ContentsOrganic Nanostructures: Polymeric Nanostructures: Synthetic Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Human Therapy. Dendrimer-Based Nanomaterials. Combinatorial Polymer and Lipidoid Libraries for Nanomedicine. Lipid-Based and Other Organic Structures: Liposomal Nanomedicines. Nanomedicines from Polymeric Amphiphiles. Materials for Nanoemulsions and Their Influence on the Biofate. Inorganic Nanostructures: Metal Structures: Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Silica-Based Gold Nanoshells. Metal Oxide Nanoarchitectures for Biotemplating Application. Miscellaneous Istructures: Fluorescent Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications. Lipid Coated Microbubbles and Nanodroplets as Tools for Biomedical Nanotechnology. Biomimetics: Bio-Inspired Engineering of Human Tissue Scaffolding for Regenerative Medicine.

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Book SynopsisThis volume introduces in a coherent and comprehensive fashion the Pan Stanford Series on Nanobiobiotechnology by defining and reviewing the major sectors of Nanobiotechnology and Nanobiosciences with respect to the most recent developments. Nanobiotechnology indeed appears capable of yielding a scientific and industrial revolution along the routes correctly foreseen by the numerous programs on Nanotechnology launched over the last decade by numerous Councils and Governments worldwide, beginning in the late 1995 by the Science and Technology Council in Italy and by the President Clinton in USA and ending this year with President Putin in Russian Federation.Trade Review"Functional Proteomics and Nanotechnology provides valuable insight into a new dimension of concepts and approaches that will enhance capabilities to establish signatures of gene expression for biological control and pathologies."—Prof. Gary Stein, University of Massachussetts, USATable of Contents1. NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEIC ACID PROGRAMMABLE PROTEIN ARRAYS. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Materials and Methods. 1.2.1 The FLEXGene repository. 1.2.2 Nucleic Acid-Programmable Protein Array (NAPPA). 1.2.3 Protein–protein interactions. 1.3 Results. 1.3.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM). 1.3.2 Nanogravimetry. 1.3.3 Mass spectrometry (MS). 1.3.4 Anodic porous alumina (APA). 1.3.5 Fluorescence via DNASER and bioinformatics. 1.3.6 Transcription translation kit. 1.4 Discussion. 1.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 2. BIOINFORMATICS AND FLUORESCENCE DNASER FOR NAPPA STUDIES ON CELL TRANSFORMATION AND CELL CYCLE. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Materials and Methods. 2.2.1 The experimental layout. 2.2.2 Procedure of NAPPA expression and DNASER analysis. 2.3 Results. xvi Functional Proteomics and Nanotechnology-based Microarrays. 2.3.1 NAPPA DNASER imaging. 2.3.2 NAPPA-targeted prediction of gene interactions relevant to progressing between phases of cell cycle of human T lymphocytes. 2.3.3 NAPPA-targeted prediction of protein interactions relevant to differences between lymphoma and normal T cells. 2.3.4 Planned experimentation. 2.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 3. LABEL FREE DETECTION OF NAPPA VIA MASS SPECTROMETRY. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Materials and Methods. 3.2.1 The experimental layout. 3.2.2 Fabrication of NAPPA. 3.2.3 NAPPA expression. 3.2.4 Autoflex analysis. 3.3 Results. 3.3.1 Human kinase NAPPA. 3.3.2 NAPPA for MS. 3.3.2.1 Matching algorithm. 3.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 4. LABEL FREE NAPPA VIA NANOGRAVIMETRY. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Materials and Methods. 4.2.1 QCM-frequency technique. 4.2.2 QCM-D dissipation (quality) factor technique. 4.3 Results. 4.4 Conclusions and Suggestions. Acknowledgments. References. 5. LABEL-FREE NAPPA: ANODIC POROUS ALUMINA. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Materials and Methods. 5.2.1 Experimental details. 5.2.2 Mechanical tests for anodic porous alumina. 5.2.2.1 Grip test. 5.2.2.2 Ball-crush test. 5.2.2.3 APA over glass slides and reversibility test. 5.3 Results. 5.3.1 Electric impedance spectroscopy set up for NAPPA analysis. 5.3.2 Sponge effect and application to existing spotting systems. 5.3.3 AFM analysis of APA samples. 5.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 6. LABEL FREE DETECTION OF NAPPA VIA ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Materials and Methods. 6.2.1 Technical details for NAPPA imaging by AFM. 6.3 Results. 6.3.1 NAPPA investigations with the functionalization of cantilever and the measurement of interaction forces. 6.4 Conclusions and Advancements. Acknowledgments. References. 7. CELL FREE EXPRESSION AND APA FOR NAPPA AND PROTEIN NANOCRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 APA and NAPPA Microarray. 7.3 Background of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. 7.4 APA-Cell Free and Protein Nanocrystallography. 7.5 Materials and Methods. 7.5.1 The PURExpress system and its advantages. 7.5.2 APA template preparation. 7.5.2.1 APA process. 7.5.2.2 APA process. 7.5.3 In vitro applications of the PURExpress system. 7.5.3.1 High throughput functional genomics and Proteomics. 7.5.3.2 Protein engineering. 7.5.3.3 Study of protein expression, translation and folding. 7.5.3.4 Incorporation of unnatural amino acids. 7.5.4 Crystal growth on APA template and in nanovolume. 7.5.4.1 APA protein crystals X-ray diffraction. 7.5.4.2 Nanovolume protein crystals X-ray diffraction. 7.5.4.3 Data processing and reduction. 7.5.4.4 Nanovolume-grown protein crystal structure: LB versus classical. 7.6 Conclusions and Future Prospectives. Acknowledgments. References. 8. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES ON THE HELICOBACTER PYLORI PROTEOME: THE STATE OF THE ART. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The cag Pathogenicity Islands. 8.3 Enzymes. 8.3.1 Enzymes involved in fatty acids metabolism. 8.3.2 Enzymes of the shikimate pathway. 8.3.3 Enzymes with antioxidant properties. 8.3.4 Enzymes involved in sugar metabolism. 8.3.5 Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. 8.3.6 Vitamins precursors. 8.3.7 Enzymes involved in NAD biosynthesis. 8.3.8 Enzymes involved in peptides biosynthesis or degradation. 8.3.9 Urea metabolism. 8.3.10 Miscellanea. 8.4 Proteins Interacting with DNA and Regulators of Gene Expression. 8.5 Toxins and Other Proteins Directly Involved in Pathogenicity. 8.6 Unknown Function Proteins. 8.7 Conclusions. References. 9. OVERALL PROTEOME ALTERATIONS DURING REVERSE TRANSFORMATION OF GROWING CHO-K1 CELLS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 General Effects of cAMP on CHO-K1 Cells. 9.2.1 Involvement of vimentin. 9.2.2 cAMP-induced gene expression. 9.2.3 Puck model. 9.3 Overall CHO Proteome Investigation. 9.3.1 LC-ESI MS analysis of nucleus fraction. 9.3.2 HPLC analysis. 9.3.3 Gel electrophoresis. 9.3.4 MALDI-TOF MS. 9.4 Conclusions. References. 10. ORGAN TRANSPLANTS AND GENE MICROARRAYS. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 A Glass of Genes? 10.2.1 Microarray principle. 10.2.2 Sample source. 10.2.3 Overview of microarray analysis in organ transplantation. 10.3 Organ Transplantation Under Gene Magnifying Glass. 10.3.1 Pre- or peri-transplantation related factors. 10.3.2 Microarray analysis in acute allograft rejection. 10.3.3 Microarray analysis in chronic allograft rejection. 10.3.4 Immunosuppressive drugs in transplantation. 10.4 Conclusion. References. Abbreviations. 11. SIGNALING NETWORKS. SIMULATIONS OF BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS. APPLICATIONS TO MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Molecular Interaction Maps (MIMs). 11.3 Implementation of a Dynamic Modeling of Cell Signaling Pathways and Networks: What It Is About? What Do We Expect From Dynamic Modeling? 11.3.1 Model construction is error prone. 11.3.2 Stochastic simulation approach. 11.3.3 Sufficient/adequate MIM size. 11.3.4 Forward and backward kinetics. 11.3.5 Problem of validation of a given dynamic simulation. 11.3.6 Multidimensional sensitivity analysis. 11.4 Conclusions. References. 12. LABEL-FREE DETECTION OF NAPPA: SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE. 12.1 Nucleic Acids Programmable Protein Arrays. 12.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance. 12.2.1 What is a Surface Plasmon and what is Surface Plasmon resonance? 12.2.2 The principle of measurement-towards a sensorgram. 12.3 Materials and Methods. 12.3.1 NAPPA array production. 12.3.2 NAPPA expression. 12.3.3 Detection of in situ expressed protein by SPR. 12.4 Results. 12.4.1 Detection of GST purified protein by SPR. 12.4.2 Detection of in situ expressed protein by SPR. 12.5 Conclusions and Future Directions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a concise state of the art of the synthesis and properties of nanocomposite particles with interest for diverse bio-applications. Contributions are mainly related to the chemical design of nanocomposite particles, their properties as well as their constituent materials, and the tailoring of bio-interfaces that may be relevant to the fields of clinical diagnosis and drug delivery procedures, among other bio-applications.Trade Review"The book provides an excellent and timely overview on the chemistry and biological applications of various types of nanoparticles and their composites. Starting from the fundamental science of preparation and surface functionalization, the book, following a clear and didactic approach, covers the most important topics which are related to applications of nanoparticles in the biological and medical field. The chapters provide basic principles, detailed insights, and possible applications of the discussed systems and refer the more interested reader to the most important literature. This makes the book a comprehensive reference for graduate students and senior scientists who want to enter this fascinating scientific field at the crossroads of various disciplines."—Prof. Guido Kickelbick, Saarland University, Germany"The book provides an excellent and timely overview on the chemistry and biological applications of various types of nanoparticles and their composites. Starting from the fundamental science of preparation and surface functionalization, the book, following a clear and didactic approach, covers the most important topics which are related to applications of nanoparticles in the biological and medical field. The chapters provide basic principles, detailed insights, and possible applications of the discussed systems and refer the more interested reader to the most important literature. This makes the book a comprehensive reference for graduate students and senior scientists who want to enter this fascinating scientific field at the crossroads of various disciplines."—Prof. Guido Kickelbick, Saarland University, GermanyTable of ContentsFrom Nanoparticles to Nanocomposites: An Overview. Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Chemical Modification and Biofunctionalization. Nanocapsules as Carriers for the Transport and Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Molecules. Inorganic Nanoparticles Biofunctionalization. Silica-Based Materials: Bioprocesses and Nanocomposites. Synthetic Strategies for Polymer Based Nanocomposite Particles. Synthesis of Nanocomposite Particles Using Supercritical Fluids: A Bridge with Bio-Applications. Biocomposites Containing Magnetic Nanoparticles. Multifunctional Nanocomposite Particles for Biomedical Applications. Bio-Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposites. Anti-Microbial Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites. Microcatheters: A Bio-Application of Carbon Nanotube Filled Composites. Biosensing Applications Using Nanoparticles.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces readers to the structure and characteristics of nanomaterials and their applications in dentistry. With currently available implant materials, the clinical failure rate varies from a few percent to over 10 percent and new materials are clearly needed. Nanomaterials offer the promise of higher strength, better bonding, less toxicity, and enhanced cytocompatibility, leading to increased tissue regeneration. Mieczyslaw Jurczyk, director of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering at the Poznan University of Technology in Poland, has drawn from work in his laboratory and elsewhere in Poland to show that nanomaterials have important biological applications including in the stomatognathic system consisting of mouth, jaws, and associated structures. The book is written from a materials science and medical point of view and has 13 chapters and about 400 pages. The book can be divided approximately into three sections: the first five chapters introduce nanobiomaterials, the next five chapters describe their dental applications, and the last chapters describe their biocompatibility. Chapter 3 is a compendium on metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, cobalt alloys, and titanium alloys; bioactive, bioresorbable polymers; and composites and ceramic biomaterials. The "top-down" approach to producing nanomaterials such as high-energy ballmilling and severe plastic deformation, as well as Feynman’s "bottom-up technique" of building atom by atom, are discussed in the next chapter. Subsequent chapters discuss each material in depth and point out how new architectures and properties emerge at the nanoscale.Chapter 8 is devoted to shape-memory materials, which now include not only NiTi but also polymers and magnetic materials. In order to improve bonding, nanomaterials can be used to synthesize implants with surface roughness similar to that of natural tissues. Chapter 9 is devoted to different surface treatments for Ti-based nanomaterials, such as anodic oxidation to improve the bioactivity of titanium and improve the corrosion resistance of porous titanium and its alloys. The use of carbon in various forms—nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, and thin films—is discussed next with emphasis on the microstructure and properties of these materials, their implant applications, and their interaction with subcutaneous tissues. Nanomaterials can be used in preventive dentistry and therefore can reduce the amount of dental treatment that is necessary to maintain a healthy mouth as argued in chapter 11. In a subsequent chapter, the author explains osseointegration (direct bone-to-metal interface) from a biological point of view and early tissue response. The mechanism of the interaction between the implanted materials with the cellular protein in the tissues is described. The last chapter discusses the application of new nanostructured materials in permanent and bioresorbable implants, nanosurface dental implants, and nanostructured dental composite restorative materials. This book not only focuses on nanomaterials but also on nanoengineering to achieve the best results in dentistry. It is recommended to anyone interested in nanomaterials and their applications in dental science. People with a background in materials, chemistry, physics, and biology will benefit from it.Trade Review"This book is the latest achievement by the school created by Prof. Mieczyslaw Jurczyk in the fields of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. It is a compendium of the existing knowledge of bionanomaterials and bionanotechnology used for dental applications. An excellent reference for university teachers and students of dentistry and materials science and engineering, it represents a novel approach to materials used in dentistry and, thus, their future."—Dr Michal Kulka - Poznan University of Technology, Poland"This book is a unique source of information on nanomaterials and nanotechnology, with a particular focus on bionanomaterials in dentistry. It is written by recognized scientists in the fields of both engineering and medical sciences. A substantial number of recent references make it valuable and inspiring for students and scientists in the field."—Prof. Marcin Leonowicz - Warsaw University of Technology, Poland"This book introduces readers to the structure and characteristics of nanomaterials and their applications in dentistry. Mieczyslaw Jurczyk, director of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering at the Poznan University of Technology, Poland, has drawn from work in his laboratory and elsewhere in Poland to show that nanomaterials have important biological applications including in the stomatognathic system consisting of mouth, jaws, and associated structures. The book is written from a materials science and medical point of view. It focuses not only on nanomaterials but also on nanoengineering to achieve the best results in dentistry. It is recommended to anyone interested in nanomaterials and their applications in dental science. People with a background in materials, chemistry, physics, and biology will benefit from it."—MRS Bulletin"This book is the latest achievement by the school created by Prof. Mieczyslaw Jurczyk in the fields of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. It is a compendium of the existing knowledge of bionanomaterials and bionanotechnology used for dental applications. An excellent reference for university teachers and students of dentistry and materials science and engineering, it represents a novel approach to materials used in dentistry and, thus, their future."—Dr Michal Kulka - Poznan University of Technology, Poland"This book is a unique source of information on nanomaterials and nanotechnology, with a particular focus on bionanomaterials in dentistry. It is written by recognized scientists in the fields of both engineering and medical sciences. A substantial number of recent references make it valuable and inspiring for students and scientists in the field."—Prof. Marcin Leonowicz - Warsaw University of Technology, Poland"This book introduces readers to the structure and characteristics of nanomaterials and their applications in dentistry. Mieczyslaw Jurczyk, director of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering at the Poznan University of Technology, Poland, has drawn from work in his laboratory and elsewhere in Poland to show that nanomaterials have important biological applications including in the stomatognathic system consisting of mouth, jaws, and associated structures. The book is written from a materials science and medical point of view. It focuses not only on nanomaterials but also on nanoengineering to achieve the best results in dentistry. It is recommended to anyone interested in nanomaterials and their applications in dental science. People with a background in materials, chemistry, physics, and biology will benefit from it." —MRS BulletinTable of ContentsStomatognathic System. Biomaterials. Nanotechnology. Corrosion of Metallic Biomaterials and Implants. Nanostructured Stainless Steels. Ti-Based Ceramic Nanocomposities. Shape Memory TiNi Materials. Surface Treatment of Ti-Based Nanomaterials. Carbon Materials. Nanomaterials in Preventive Dentistry. Osteoblast Behavior on Nanostructured Implant Materials. Application of Bulk Nanostructured Materials in Dentistry.

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Book SynopsisThe authors of this book address all individuals approaching the study of nanomedicine for the first time ever, as well as those already profitably working in the field either as scientists, doctors, lawyers, or entrepreneurs. Teeming with accurate, up-to-date, and enjoyable content, the book describes some enlightening facts and figures pertaining to the growing field of nanomedicine. Open problems and potentialities are identified and discussed, offering a series of forecasts regarding its global impact on healthcare systems in the coming two decades. This introduction is followed by three different sections: (a) one purely scientific, which delves deep into areas as diverse as proteomics or delivery systems for nanodrugs, demonstrating how nanotechnology is reshaping the way diagnosis and treatment of diseases are made; (b) one focused on the ethical challenges that governments and companies are facing or will have to face in order to protect patients’ rights; and (c) one entirely dedicated to the legal and entrepreneurial issues that are driving this entire medical revolution. In the pages of this lucidly written book, scientists and managers will certainly find the need-to-have tool on their desk to thrive and succeed in the commercialization of nanomedicine.Table of ContentsSection I Nanomedicine. Section II Nanoethics. Section III IP and Commercialization.

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Book SynopsisSuccessful biofunctional surface engineering will determine the future of medical devices such as orthopedic implants, stents, catheters, vaccine scaffolds, wound dressings, and extracorporeal circulation devices. Moreover, the biosensor and diagnostic chip technology will evolve rapidly due to the growing medical need for personalized medicine. A major drawback in these technologies is the need for terminally sterilized products. However, novel and safe technologies, including coupling, stabilization, and protection of effector molecules, enable terminal sterilization without functional loss. This book provides a comprehensive overview on the state of the art and the future of biofunctional surface engineering and is of major interest for those working in the fields of medicine and medical devices.Trade Review"This book fills a gap in the literature by educating researchers in the field of surface engineering as well as medical device and biotech professionals in industry and academic institutions about the broad applications of biofunctional surfaces and the profound medical needs they serve. It represents a bridge between the fields of devices, biotech, and pharma where communication often times suffers from a lack of cross-border expertise and—like all profound innovation—meets initial resistance. In this context, the translation of biofunctional surfaces also suffers from a lack of beaten paths on the regulatory approval side. Biofunctional Surface Engineering is to be commended for bringing together profound surface engineering expertise with very practical advice on regulatory issues, i.e. on the translation of these novel technologies into marketed products and therapies. This is a very substantial book, for both young and senior scientists and industry professionals seeking inspiration and motivation from groundbreaking translational research that brings together biotech, drugs, and devices, a very fundamental trend in today’s life sciences."Dr. Georg MatheisNovalung GmbH, GermanyTable of ContentsRegulatory Issues. Sterilization of Combination Devices. Polyelectrolyte Monolayers (I). Polyelectrolyte Monolayers (II). Surface Modifications. Three Dimensional Characterization of Immobilized Biomolecules. Aptamers for Biofunctionalization of Stents. Coating of Implants with Antibiotics. Microneedles and Nanopatches for Vaccination. Microchips for Antibody Binding Analyses. Biofunctionalized Wound Dressings. Extracorporeal Device for Trapping Circulating Tumor Cells. Outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive understanding of the discovery of a new cellular structure the "porosome," which is the universal secretory machinery in cells; the protein assembly, biomineralization, and biomolecular interactions; the molecular evolution of protein structure; the use of magnetic nanoparticles for transformative application in medicine and therapy, and the new and novel imaging approach of electrical impedance spectroscopy in biology. It be used for college courses in nanomedicine, nano cell biology, advanced nanotechnology, and biotechnology at the undergraduate and graduate level.Trade Review"NanoCellBiology: Multimodal Imaging in Biology and Medicine, edited by Bhanu P. Jena and Douglas J. Taatjes, is a collection of chapters that describe examples of the use of AFM, electron microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, fluorescence/CD spectroscopy, and other imaging approaches for revealing important structures and their function in cells. A wonderful example is the subject of the first several chapters, which describe the discovery of the porosome. Discovered in the 1990s, first in pancreatic acinar cells, the porosome is now considered a universal secretory portal in cells. The remaining chapters add to this excellent collection of studies employing high-resolution imaging to examine, for example, amylin aggregation, mRNA nanomachines, DNA delivery nanosystems, and other interesting applications of nanocellbiology."Prof. James A. Spudich, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA"Bhanu P. Jena is a pioneer nanocell biologist, whose seminal discovery of a new cell structure called the ‘porosome,’ has provided a molecular understanding of the fractional release of intravesicular contents from cells during secretion. In this book, co-edited by Jena and Douglas J. Taatjes, experts in the field present examples of powerful imaging modalities that have been extremely valuable in elucidating a wide range of normal cellular events, as well as in studying disease progression, detection, and treatment. Chapters in the book provide a lucid explanation of the subject matter, with ample illustrations presented for clarity. This is a timely book, filled with useful resources—a must-read for both researchers and students in cell biology, physiology, biophysics, nanobiology, and nanomedicine."Prof. Walter F. Boron, Case Western Reserve University, USA"NanoCellBiology: Multimodal Imaging in Biology and Medicine is a delightful book co-edited by a pioneer in the subject, Bhanu P. Jena, whose discovery of a new cellular structure, the porosome, in 1996 resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of cell secretion and revolutionized our understanding of the unit of life—the cell. This book, edited by Bhanu P. Jena and Douglas J. Taatjes, introduces to the reader a number of exciting subjects within the field of nanoscience and nanomedicine, and the various tools and approaches to solve them for the benefit of science and humanity. I thoroughly enjoyed reading the book and highly recommend to both students in the pure sciences and medicine."Prof. Lloyd L. Anderson, Iowa State University, USATable of ContentsPorosomes -The Universal Secretory Portals In Cells: A Brief Essay. The Hair Cell Porosome: Molecular and Synaptic Implications. The Neuronal Porosome Complex in Mammalian Brain: A Study Using Electron Microscopy. Granule Size Distribution Suggests Mechanism: The Case for Granule Growth and Elimination as a Fusion Nano-Machine. Probing Protein Assembly, Biomineralization, and Biomolecular Interactions by Atomic Force Microscopy. High-Resolution Imaging of Amylin Aggregation and Internalization in Pancreatic Cells: Implications in Health and Diseaser. Repair of Nanodefects in a 2-Dimensional Crystal Anticoagulant Shield in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Novel Molecular Strategies Assessed by Atomic Force Microscopy. A novel approach to study molecular evolution: Detection of ancestral conformation hidden in present-day proteins using antibody as nanostructure probes. mRNA Nanomachines and Stress Reprogramming Following Brain Ischemia. Physical Properties and Biomedical Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of DNA Delivery Nano-systems. Impedance Spectroscopy for Characterization of Biological Functions. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of the major publications of the authors in the emerging area of chemotherapeutic engineering. It describes and demonstrates the concept, feasibility, safety and prospect of chemotherapeutic engineering through a full spectrum of proof-of-concept experiments from design, characterization, in vitro cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, to in vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and xenograft tumor model of the various nanocarriers, such as prodrugs, micelles, liposomes, and nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Concepts. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Feasibility. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Further Proof-of Concept Experimental Results. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Drug Targeting. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Multifunctional Nanoparticles. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Prodrugs. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Oral Chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Multimodal Imaging. Molecular biomaterials for Nanomedicine.

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Book SynopsisA peek into the literature on the environmental health implications of the rapidly developing nanotechnology industry shows that the potential problem of exposure to airborne nanoparticles has not been adequately addressed. The health and safety of nanotechnology workers are of concern because these groups run the greatest risk of exposure to elevated concentrations of nanomaterials. However, a gap exists between the currently available particle measurement methods and those appropriate for the assessment of nanoaerosol exposure.This book presents new ideas and methods to measure the surface area and local deposition of nanoparticles in the lungs and the true value of respirators. It proposes a nanoparticle dosimetric road map that can be used as a general strategy for the assessment of the dose, which is the most important physical cause of adverse effects on health in the case of nanoparticle exposure. The book suggests the use of 1 nm radioactive particles, called unattached activity of radon progeny, as a safe experimental tool for nanoparticle studies, including human studies. It discusses the problems related to the general strategy of risk assessment in nanoparticle exposure and concrete parameters related to dosage. The ideas presented in this book help close the gaps in our knowledge of aerosols in the nanometer range and improve our understanding of nanoparticle behavior in the air and in the human body.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Radon and Health. Radon progeny; Spectrometry, Theory, Measurement, Emanating Samples of Short-Lived Nuclei with Constant Activity. Unattached Activity of Radon Progeny. Measurement of the Activity in the Lung of Miners. Assessment of Nanoparticle Surface Area by Measuring Unattached Fraction of Radon Progeny. Unattached Radon Progeny as an Experimental Tool. Exposure and Dose: Health Effect Studies. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisBioadhesion is often defined as the state in which two materials, at least one of which is biological in nature, are held together for extended periods of time by interfacial forces. It is an area of active multidisciplinary research, where engineers, scientists—including chemists, physicists, biologists, and medical experts—materials’ producers, and manufacturers combine their knowledge. From the practical point of view, bioadhesive systems have been used for several years for medical applications such as dentistry and orthopedics and are now entering new fields, for example, tissue sealing and directed drug delivery systems. Understanding bioadhesion mechanisms is of prime importance while exploring desired adhesion for bioadhesion applications such as sealants as well as successful prevention of undesired adhesion of biomolecules, cells, or organisms. Controlling the occurrence of bioadhesion events is also an important problem in the design and use of medical devices, biosensors, membranes, ships, and oil rigs. This book provides a comprehensive view of bioadhesion and highlights different aspects of this phenomenon. The first section of the book presents fundamentals aspects of bioadhesion. It also summarizes various direct and indirect methods used to investigate and characterize bioadhesion. The second section describes studies of natural adhesives. These include "wet" adhesives that are produced and secreted by sessile marine organisms such as mussels and sand tubes and "dry" adhesives such as the one characterizing the gecko foot. The third section focuses on biomimetic adhesives. These man-made materials are fabricated on the basis of the lessons learned from nature emphasizing the correlation between nature understanding and biomimetics. Finally, the last section reviews medical applications of adhesive materials, which include surgical sealants, mucoadhesive drug delivery vehicles, and prevention of adhesion on medical devices.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Principles of Bioadhesion. Characterization of Bioadhesion. Natural Adhesives. Mussel adhesives. Gecko adhesion. From Sand Tube to Test-Tube: The Adhesive Secretion from Sabellariid TubeWorms. Biomimetic Adhesives. Adhesives and Coatings Inspired by Mussel Adhesive Proteins. Algae mimetics. Bio-inspired surfaces with directional adhesion. Medical Applications. Surgical sealants. Bioadhesive systems for drug delivery. Preventing adhesion on medical devices.

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Book SynopsisIn the area of controlled release of active substances, such as drugs, a strong interest in nanoparticles as carriers of active ingredients has arisen. Some of the active components are extremely hydrophobic, without cellular permeability and susceptible to metabolic degradation. Owing to this, their use is limited. This kind of agent can be transported without any problem through physiological media by using nanoparticles. The size of particles is an important parameter because it governs the efficiency of the delivery system. For this type of application, particles that have a diameter smaller than 1 μm are especially useful. Polymeric nanoparticles that have diameters in the colloidal range are produced by means of polymerization processes in dispersed media. Drugs are taken up into the nanoparticles by adsorption, absorption, or “entrapment," or covalent bonding and they are delivered (release) by desorption, diffusion, polymer degradation, or a combination of these mechanisms. Nanoparticles (including nanogels) that release their contents by external triggering open up new possibilities for therapeutic strategies. External triggering by light, heat, change in pH, or application of ultrasound opens up the possibility to release the material on demand. If only a part of the wall of the nanoparticle (nanocapsule) is responsive, we are dealing with the so-called nanobottles, a nanocontainer with the active substance and a lid on the container that can be "opened" and "closed" by external triggering. This book focuses on responsive nanoparticles and brings together two interesting areas: nanoparticles and responsive polymers. The concept of the book is that of a systematic approach from nanoparticles synthesis via responsive polymers to nanobottles. The second part of the book presents contributions from experts in the field and provides a state-of-the-art overview of the field.Table of ContentsResponsive Polymer Nanoparticles. General Introduction and Definitions. Responsive Polymers: Types and Properties. Types of Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles and Comparison with Responsive Macroscopic Materials. Synthetic Strategies to Produce Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles. Approaches to Targeting of Nanoparticles towards Tissues/Organs. Characterization of Responsiveness. Selection of Nanoparticles for Treatment of Certain Diseases. State of the Art on Synthesis and Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles. Nanogels. Magnetic Latex. Nanocapsules, Liposomes, Bubble Liposomes, Layer-by-Layer Approach, Micelles. Inorganic Nanoparticles/Capsules. Carbon Nanotubes. Dendrimers. Cancer. Neurodegenerative Diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson). Nanocardiology. Immunotherapy and Vaccines.

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Book SynopsisThe phenomenal success of nanostructures in various applications has led to the exploration of a plethora of novel nanomaterials. Nanoboron is no exception. Boron as material has the ability to form covalently bonded stable networks and finds use in a large variety of applications. This book provides a complete overview of the latest developments in the field of boron nanostructures. It starts with an introductory chapter on the fundamentals of boron chemistry, followed by chapters by experts devoted to discussions on boron nanoclusters, nanosheets, nanotubes, and nanowires, respectively. Applications of boron in nanomedicine are also discussed in wide detail.Very few titles covering Boron have surfaced to date; however, most of them are introductory text on boron chemistry and its properties along with couple of others covering specialized topics such as uses of boron in steel making, etc. This text provides state-of-the-art knowledge along with recent developments in boron nanostructures through succulent discussions.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Boron Nanosructures. Boron Nanoclusters. Two-Dimensional Boron Nanosheets. Ab initio Studies of Single-Wall Boron Nanotubes. Boron Nanowires: Synthesis and Properties. Applications of Boron Nanostructures in Medicine.

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Book SynopsisNanobiophysics is a new branch of science that operates at the interface of physics, biology, chemistry, material science, nanotechnology, and medicine. This book is the first one devoted to nanobiophysics and introduces this field with a focus on some selected topics related to the physics of biomolecular nanosystems, including nucleosomal DNA and model lipid membranes, nanobiohybrids involving DNA/RNA and single-walled carbon nanotubes, biomolecules deposited on nanoparticles, and nanostructured surfaces. It describes unique experimental physical methods that are used to study nanosized biostructures. It outlines the applied aspects of nanobiophysics, considering the state of art in the fabrication of two types of sensors: gas sensors, with a focus on breath gas detection, and nanophotonic sensors, with a focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon detection in water samples. It also covers the development of nanoscale scaffolds for delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to cells, which is an important example of the possible application of nanobiophysics researches in nanomedicine.Trade Review"Nanoscale materials, their physical and chemical properties, and even their biological effects have emerged as a new major branch of science. Interdisciplinary fields are always intriguing and exciting but also difficult to master. This book is an important contribution by an excellent group of scientists who came together to discuss the most relevant aspects of nanoscale materials from the standpoint of biophysics. It summarizes the new findings and developments in the field. The book is a valuable read for newcomers in the field, specialists in other aspects of nanomaterials, and scientists already working in nanobiophysics."— Prof. Károly Vékey, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HungaryTable of ContentsQuantum-Mechanical Investigations of Non-Covalent Interactions of Carbon Materials. Hybrids of siRNA with Carbon Nanotubes as RNA Interference Instruments. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Interfaced with DNA/RNA. Nucleosome as an Example of a Nanosystem Formation: Structural Dynamics of Nucleosomal DNA. Structure Diagnostics of Biorelevant Associates and Complexes in Liquid Nanosystems by Small-Angle Scattering. Liquid Crystal Ordering and Nanostructuring in Model Lipid Membranes. Interactions of Biologically Active Redox-Sensitive Dyes with Nanomaterials: Mass Spectrometric Diagnostics. Nanosized Complexes of Bioorganic Molecules in Low-Temperature Matrices. Kinetics Framework for the Nanoscale Description of Environment-Induced Transition Processes in Biomolecular Structures. Polymer-Mediated Interactions between Nanocolloids and Their Effect on the Coagulation-Fragmentation of Colloid. Point-Contact Sensors and Their Medical Applications for Breath Analysis: A Review. Nanophotonic Sensor for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Detection.

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Book SynopsisBiomaterials research requires the union of materials scientists, engineers, biologists, biomedical doctors, and surgeons. Societal implications have invoked tremendous interest in this area of research in recent years. What started as a search for strong and durable implant materials has now led to path-breaking developments in tissue engineering, targeted drug delivery, and tissue scaffolds. Viable applications of mesoporous structures, polymer biocomposites, and fibers (synthetic and natural) in the areas of clinical orthopedics, controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, orthodontics, etc., have emerged as relatively recent concepts. This book presents recent results related to both materials aspects and implant issues. The focus is on structural, magnetic, antibacterial, bioactivity/compatibility, mechanical, and other related properties and the implication of these results on biomedical applications. The book discusses technical problems faced by the surgeon during implant fixation in total hip replacement and the selection of materials based on the patient’s requirement. It also addresses recent advances in implant materials, including the reinforcement and biocompatibility issues.Trade Review"This book gathers an outstanding collection of scientific, technological and practical aspects of biomaterials. It will be useful for researchers and surgeons as well as PhD students, who would need to get an overview of the concepts and the most recent achievements in this field. Written and coordinated by international scientists, Trends in Biomaterials will undoubtedly stand as a reference book for the coming years."—Prof. Lionel Montagne, University of Lille, France"The mostly updated studies collected in the book Trends in Biomaterials prepared by the worldwide experts G. P. Kothiyal and A. Srinivasan are addressed to a broad readership ranging from master’s students to experienced researchers from different branches of science: physics, chemistry, biotechnology and medicine. The topics covered in the book are related (but not limited) to bioactive glasses as well as polymer materials for various biomedical applications. The book is thoughtfully composed and well written and gives a good overview of the current state of the art in this field." —Prof. Michal Piasecki, Jan Dlugosz, University, PolandTable of ContentsBioactive glass and glass-ceramics containing iron oxide: preparation and properties. Self-assembly approach for biomaterials development. New trends in bioactive glasses: the importance of mesostructure. Natural and synthetic polymer fiber based biomaterials. Biomaterials in total hip joint replacements: the evolution of basic concepts, trends and current limitations—a review.

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Book SynopsisNanoparticles may be used in industrial processes, incorporated into consumer products, or applied as biomedical agents. Isotopic (radio)labeling is one of the most powerful methods for nanoparticle tracing in experimental studies. This book presents an introduction to some commonly used nanomaterials, describes various methods with which they may be radiolabeled, and provides illustrative examples of applications of the labeled particles. Finally, it discusses the use of nanomaterials in radiotherapy, the stable isotope labeling technique, and operational health and safety aspects related to the manipulation of nanoparticles in controlled areas. The book will appeal to anyone involved in nanotechnology, molecular imaging, radiochemistry, and nanomedicine. Trade Review"This book is very comprehensive and timely, particularly because nanomaterials are being more widely used in numerous applications across society. It endeavors to be a comprehensive resource for scientists at all levels in the fields of nanomaterials and radiochemistry—and those who wish to learn about them. It is artfully constructed and leads us through available labeling strategies and the associated complexities of the multiple methods available for the preparation of radiolabeled nanomaterials. I fully recommend this book."—Dr. Jason S. Lewis, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA"This book is an excellent companion for everybody who works with radioisotopes and nanomaterials, or who wants to start in this emerging field. The book gives a comprehensive overview from the basics of nanomaterial preparation, over radiolabeling procedures, to biomedical applications and imaging. Each reader, from senior researcher to graduate students, will enjoy this book as reference work or as study book, respectively."—Prof. Dr. Tobias L. Ross, Hannover Medical School, GermanyTable of ContentsIntroduction. Inorganic Nanoparticles. Oxide and Bioceramic Nanoparticles. Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and BCN Nanostructures. Polymeric Nanoparticles: Description, Synthesis, and Applications. A Brief Overview of Radioactivity. In vivo Evaluation of Nanoparticle Pharmacokinetics by Molecular Imaging: Technical Aspects. Radiolabelling of NPs Using Radiometals: 99mTc, 68Ga, 67Ga, 89Zr, and 64Cu. Radiolabelling of Nanoparticles Using Radiohalogens, 13N, and 11C. Radiolabelling of liposomes. Direct Ion-Beam Activation of Nanoparticles. Neutron Activation of Nanoparticles. 7-Beryllium-Recoil Labelling of Nanoparticles. Calculation Tools for Isotope Production by Beam Activation. Synthesis and Applications of Alpha/Beta Emitter-Labelled Nanoparticles. Radiochemical Stability Studies of Radiolabelled Nanoparticles. Labelling Nanoparticles with Non-radioactive Isotopes. Health and Safety Considerations for Radiolabelled Nanoparticles.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook (55 chapters) provides a comprehensive roadmap of basic research in nanomedicine as well as clinical applications. However, unlike other texts in nanomedicine, it not only highlights current advances in diagnostics and therapeutics but also explores related issues like nomenclature, historical developments, regulatory aspects, nanosimilars and 3D nanofabrication. While bridging the gap between basic biomedical research, engineering, medicine and law, the handbook provides a thorough understanding of nano’s potential to address (i) medical problems from both the patient and health provider's perspective, and (ii) current applications and their potential in a healthcare setting.Trade Review"Dr. Bawa and his team have meticulously gathered the distilled experience of world-class researchers, clinicians and business leaders addressing the most salient issues confronted in product concept development and translation. Knowledge is power, particularly in nanomedicine translation, and this handbook is an essential guide that illustrates and clarifies our way to commercial success."—Gregory Lanza, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine and Oliver M. Langenberg Distinguished Professor, Washington University Medical School, USA"This is an outstanding, comprehensive volume that crosscuts disciplines and topics fitting individuals from a variety of fields looking to become knowledgeable in medical nanotech research and its translation from the bench to the bedside." —Shaker A. Mousa, PhD, MBA, Vice Provost and Professor of Pharmacology, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA"Masterful! This handbook will have a welcome place in the hands of students, educators, clinicians and experienced scientists alike. In a rapidly evolving arena, the authors have harnessed the field and its future by highlighting both current and future needs in diagnosis and therapies. Bravo!" —Howard E. Gendelman, MD, Margaret R. Larson Professor and Chair, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA"It is refreshing to see a handbook that does not merely focus on preclinical aspects or exaggerated projections of nanomedicine. Unlike other books, this handbook not only highlights current advances in diagnostics and therapies but also addresses critical issues like terminology, regulatory aspects and personalized medicine." —Gert Storm, PhD, Professor of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, The NetherlandsTable of ContentsSection I – Introduction and Beginnings. Section II – Nanoparticles, Nanodevices and Imaging. Section III – Clinical Applications of Nanotherapeutics.

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Book SynopsisThis unique handbook (60 chapters) examines the entire "product life cycle," from the creation of nanomedical products to their final market introduction. While focusing on critical issues relevant to nanoproduct development and translational activities, it tackles topics such as regulatory science, patent law, FDA law, ethics, personalized medicine, risk analysis, toxicology, nano-characterization and commercialization activities. A separate section provides fascinating perspectives and editorials from leading experts in this complex interdisciplinary field.Table of ContentsSection I – Law, Business and Commercialization. Section II – Regulatory Issues and Nanogovernance. Section III – Health, Safety, Risk and Biological Interactions. Section IV – Future Implications, Ethics and Perspectives.

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Book SynopsisTransport of pharmaceutical agents in the body is paramount to therapeutic efficacy. Advances in the past decades have rendered a remarkable improvement of drug delivery strategies, which has helped to increase the bioavailability of therapeutic agents by protecting them from degradation, targeting them to diseased sites, and controlling their circulation time and release rate. Additionally, for most therapeutics, reaching the targets of action require penetration across tissues and/or entry within cells. The design of strategies to control the transport of therapeutic compounds through these physiological barriers has become an imperative and a challenging need in the quest for better therapeutics. This book provides an overview of the current advances in this field, including considerations on the biological regulation and natural mechanisms overcoming these barriers, as well as drug delivery strategies facilitating the transport of drugs and their carriers at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels. Trade Review"This book combines a thorough overview of the barriers encountered and strategies employed to increase the delivery of therapeutics. It also provides a critical assessment of the merits and limitations of delivery approaches. Overall, this is a concentrate of the most recent scientific discoveries written by highly recognized authors in the field. It is an excellent reference for both students and seasoned scientists."—Dr. Mohamed ElSayed, University of Michigan, USA"Drug delivery across physiological barriers is a historic and challenging problem. This compelling book addresses this topic thoroughly, with detailed chapters ranging from descriptions of the composition of physiological barriers, through barrier-penetrating drug delivery strategies to how drugs are trafficked once inside cells. A must-have addition to any pharmaceutical scientist’s technical library." —Dr. John D. Higgins, Merck & Co., USA"Drug Delivery Across Physiological Barriers is a fundamental book in nanomedicine, particularly for those who start in the field of designing therapeutic strategies based on nano-drug delivery systems. It addresses the challenging anatomical and pathological barriers of the epithelia, endothelia, extracellular matrix, and cell endocytic pathways. It shows that a thorough understanding of the stepwise processing to which nanostructures are exposed throughout the body and intracellularly is a critical tool for a wise design of nanomedicines." —Dr. Eder L. Romero, National University of Quilmes, ArgentinaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Physiological Barriers Controlling Penetration and Transport of Substances in the Body. Structure and function of epithelial and endothelial barriers. The plasma membrane as a semipermeable barrier. Biology and regulation of protein sorting and vesicular transport. Pathogens and intracellular transport. Strategies for Drug Penetration across Tissue Compartments. Drug transport across the skin. Mucosal barriers. Transport of therapeutics across the gastrointestinal epithelium. Crossing the endothelial barrier. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to solid tumors. Drug Transport into Cells and Subsequent Intracellular Trafficking. Membrane lipids and drug transport. Drug delivery systems that fuse with the plasmalemma. Endocytosis and the endolysosomal route in drug delivery. Endo-lysosomal escape. Intracellular transport to the mitochondria and other organelles.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first in a series compiling highly cited articles in nanomedicine recently. The series is edited by Lajos P. Balogh, a prominent nanotechnology researcher and journal editor. The first book content is about nanotechnology in cancer research. It also includes a wide variety of must-know topics that will appeal to any researcher involved in nanomedicine, macromolecular science, cancer therapy, and drug delivery research. These 31 articles collected here have already acquired more than 3500 citations (i.e., over a hundred on average), highlighting the importance and recognized professional interest of the scientists working in this field. Table of ContentsNanotechnology Platforms and Physiological Challenges for Cancer Therapeutics. Nanostructure-Mediated Drug Delivery. Nanoparticles: A Boon to Drug Delivery, Therapeutics, Diagnostics and Imaging. Emerging Nanopharmaceuticals. Significance of Synthetic Nanostructures in Dictating Cellular Response. Electrospun Bioscaffolds That Mimic the Topology of Extracellular Matrix. Preparation of Drug-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles. In vivo Tumor Suppression Efficacy of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: Enhanced Efficacy by Folate Modification. Update on Nanoparticle-Mediated Immune Mechanisms for Dendritic Cell-Based Targeted Immunity and Cancer. Curcumin-Loaded γ-Cyclodextrin Liposomal Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for Osteosarcoma. Influence of Purity and Surface Oxidation on Cytotoxicity of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Hollow Chitosan-Alginate Multilayer Microcapsules as Drug Delivery Vehicle: Doxorubicin Loading and in vitro and in vivo Studies. ZnO Nanorod-Induced Apoptosis in Human Alveolar Adenocarcinoma Cells via p53, Survivin and bax/bcl-2 Pathways: Role of Oxidative Stress. Camptothecin in Sterically Stabilized Phospholipid Micelles: A Novel Nanomedicine. Photoablation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with CD133 Antibody. Surface Chemistry Influences Cancer Killing Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles. Endocytosis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Prostate Cancer PC-3M Cells. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Exposure Alters Protein Expression in Human Keratinocytes. Carbon Nanotubes as Functional Excipients for Nanomedicines: I. Drug Delivery and Biocompatibility Issues. Carbon Nanotubes as Functional Excipients for Nanomedicines: II. Pharmaceutical Properties. Fluorescence Intensity and Lifetime Imaging of Free and Micellar-Encapsulated Doxorubicin in Living Cells. Doxorubicin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Therapy. PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles for the Improved Delivery of Doxorubicin. Gold–Doxorubicin Nanoconjugates for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance. In vitro Evaluation of Novel Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery. Targeting of Albumin-Embedded Paclitaxel Nanoparticles to Tumors. Viral Nanoparticles as Platforms for Next-Generation Therapeutics and Imaging Devices. Beta-Casein Nanovehicles for Oral Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Classification of Lung Cancer Histology by Gold Nanoparticle Sensors. Enhancement of Radiation Effects by Gold Nanoparticles for Superficial Radiation Therapy. Radioactive Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Therapeutic Efficacy Studies of GA-198AuNP Nanoconstruct in Prostate Tumor–Bearing Mice. The Present and Future of Nanotechnology in Human Health Care.

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Book SynopsisThe use of light for probing and imaging biomedical media is promising for the development of safe, noninvasive, and inexpensive clinical imaging modalities with diagnostic ability. The advent of ultrafast lasers has enabled applications of nonlinear optical processes, which allow deeper imaging in biological tissues with higher spatial resolution. This book provides an overview of emerging novel optical imaging techniques, Gaussian beam optics, light scattering, nonlinear optics, and nonlinear optical tomography of tissues and cells. It consists of pioneering works that employ different linear and nonlinear optical imaging techniques for deep tissue imaging, including the new applications of single- and multiphoton excitation fluorescence, Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering gain and loss, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and near-infrared and mid-infrared supercontinuum spectroscopy. The book is a comprehensive reference of emerging deep tissue imaging techniques for researchers and students working in various disciplines.Trade Review“This impressive volume represents a landmark publication on the use of optical methods for deepbiomedical imaging—a field that has been transformed by a variety of technical innovations in recentyears. Editors Shi and Alfano have secured contributions from top names in the field, for an extensivecompilation that comprehensively details the new state of the art, including forefront advances anddevelopments. Fully covering applications, methods and theory, this lavishly illustrated book is destinedto become a reference classic.” - Prof. David L. Andrews, University of East Anglia, UK“This very timely book provides a highly comprehensive and very authoritative coverage of novelimaging technologies using multimodal optical spectroscopy and light scattering, aimed towardsnoninvasive deep tissue diagnostic and fundamental understanding of diseases such as cancers andbrain disorders. I highly recommend this book as an introductory guide on optical imaging for students,as well as a valuable reference for scientists, engineers, and biomedical researchers who are seeking abetter understanding of deep optical imaging in biological tissues or biomaterials in life scienceresearch.” - Prof. Paras N. Prasad, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA“This is an excellent and up-to-date account of biomedical imaging research. The subject matterincludes the important topics of the field, including the necessary fundamental background such asnonlinear optical processes and highly scattering optical phenomena. Each of the topics is well writtenby the well-established subject matter experts, and the book is comprehensive and self-contained. Thebackground material is well integrated into the text with the important references included.” - Dr.Daniel A. Nolan, Corning Inc., USA"Drs. Shi and Alfano have expertly put together an extremely strong collection of chapters written by leaders in the field of deep imaging in biomedical materials. The technical material gives a thorough background as well as a broad view of the most state-of-the-art results worldwide. This book is a must-read for both active researchers in this field and students studying the topic."—Prof. Alan E. Willner, University of Southern California, USATable of ContentsOverview of Second- and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Processes for Deep Imaging. Complex Light Beams. Gaussian Beam Optical Parameters in Multi-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging. The Optics of Deep Optical Imaging in Tissues Using Long Wavelengths. Light Propagation and Interaction in Highly Scattering Media for Deep Tissue Imaging. Application of Nonlinear Microscopy in Life Sciences. Smart Biomarker-Coated PbS Quantum Dots for Deeper Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Optical Window. Biomedical Applications in Probing Deep Tissue Using Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Optical Biopsy. Light Propagation in Turbid Tissue-Like Scattering Media. Overview of the Cumulant Solution to Light Propagation Inside a Turbid Medium and Its Applications in Deep Imaging Beyond the Diffusion Approximation. Deep Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using Diffusion Reconstruction of Banana Paths with Near Infrared Prostatoscope Analyzer. Terahertz Propagation in Tissues and Its Thickness Limitation. Detection of Brain Tumors Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Chemical and Molecular Imaging of Deep Tissue through Photoacoustic Detection of Chemical Bond Vibrations. Deep Tissue Imaging: Acoustic and Thermal Wave Propagation and Light Interactions in Tissue. Using the Transmission Matrix to Image Disordered Media.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the conventional and emerging applications of radiations, which include radio waves and ultraviolet and gamma radiations. It discusses new techniques in radiation therapy and the effects of ionizing radiations on biological systems. The applications of radiations in the synthesis and use of nanoparticles along with the effects of hypergravity indicate a new trend. The book offers a concise account of the latest studies carried out so far and shows the new initiatives to be undertaken in the field of medicine and biology. It covers the medical use of radiations, such as ferrous sulfate–benzoic acid–xylenol orange dosimetry, Co-60 tomotherapy, radio-electro-chemotherapy, and fractional radiotherapy, and radiobiological effects, such as the effects of cell phone radiations on human health parameters and the combined effects of radiations and hypergravity on plants.Trade Review"I congratulate all involved in this book for taking a step that has the potential to show direction to young physicists what lies ahead, a vast ocean indeed, when they enter the arena of bio-medical sciences. Happy reading."—Dr. Madan M. Rehani, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA"I am immensely impressed with the wide range of frontline topics covered in this fascinating book devoted to cancer radiotherapy. Needless to say, the rich contents of the book will prove to be a good reference and will help catalyze future advances in the improvement of the radiation therapy of cancer patients."—Dr. K. P. Mishra, Former Senior Scientist and Head, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India"This book provides an updated outlook on the conventional applications of radiation, from radio waves to UV and gamma-ray, in the context of therapy and effects of ionizing radiation to biological systems. As part of this update, the medical use of radiation such as DBX dosimetry, cobalt-60 tomotherapy, RF electrotherapy, fractional radiotherapy, and radiobiological effects are also covered. Two new contributions made by this edited book are the discussions on emerging applications of nanoparticles and hypergravity."−Silvano Donati, University of Pavia, Italy Table of ContentsGeneration of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Different Low- to High-Z Targets for Medical Applications: A Simulation Approach. The Investigation of Cobalt-60 Tomotherapy. Ferrous Sulfate–Benzoic Acid–Xylenol Orange Chemical Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy. Radiobiological Effects in Fractionated Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy of Cancer: New Perspectives for Cancer Treatment. Motivation to Explore New Techniques for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Immense Importance in Biological and Medicinal Applications. Gold Nanoparticle–Assisted Radiation Therapy. The Combined Effect of Hyper-Gravity and Gamma-Irradiation on Physiology of Wheat Seedlings. The Study of the Effect of UV-C Radiation on the Current–Voltage Characteristics of Chitosan Membranes. Investigating Effects of Radiation Due to Cell Phones on Health Parameters of Youngsters during Continuous Conversation.

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Book SynopsisThe enormous advances in the immunologic aspects of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines in the past two decades has necessitated an authoritative and comprehensive reference source that can be relied upon by immunologists, biomedical researchers, clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, venture capitalists, and policy makers alike. This text provides a thorough understanding of immunology, therapeutic potential, clinical applications, adverse reactions, and approaches to overcoming immunotoxicity of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines. It also tackles critical, yet often overlooked topics such as immune aspects of nano-bio interactions, current FDA regulatory guidances, complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA), advances in nanovaccines, and immunogenicity testing of protein therapeutics. Trade Review"This outstanding volume represents a review of the various effects of biopharmaceuticals and nanomedicines on the immune system: immunotherapy, vaccines, and drug delivery; challenges and overcoming translational barriers stemming from immunotoxicity; strategies to designing more immunologically friendly formulations." —África González-Fernández, PhD, MD, Professor of Immunology and President of the Spanish Society of Immunology, University of Vigo, Spain "For those who are specialists, and for those interested in a broader understanding of biologics and nanomedicines, this is a superb book, with internationally accomplished contributors. It serves both as a reference and as a practical guide to the newest advances in these important fields. Highly recommended!"—Carl R. Alving, MD, Emeritus Senior Scientist, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA "A skillfully produced book that addresses an often-missed topic: immune aspects of biologicals and nanoscale therapeutics, with an emphasis on clinical relevance and applications." —Rajiv R. Mohan, PhD, Professor and Ruth M. Kraeuchi Missouri Endowed Chair Professor, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA"An indispensable masterpiece! It represents a rich source of information on interactions of biologics and nanodrugs with the immune system—all critical for medical applications. Volume 3, once again, achieves the series’ high standards."—László Rosivall, MD, PhD, DSc Med, Med habil., Széchenyi Prize Laureate and Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary "Hats off to Dr. Bawa for producing yet another impressive volume in terms of scope, timeliness, and relevance. With expert contributions from around the globe, this book addresses topics germane to researchers, clinicians, drug and biotherapeutic companies, regulators, policymakers, and patients." —Sara Brenner, MD, MPH, Associate Professor and Assistant Vice President, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York, USA"Marvelous! This timely book shows clearly that while an immune reaction to "nano-exposure" is usually unwanted, the same response also bears an immense potential." —Silke Krol, PhD, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," ItalyThe enormous advances in the immunologic aspects of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines in the past two decades has necessitated an authoritative and comprehensive reference source that can be relied upon by immunologists, biomedical researchers, clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, venture capitalists, and policy makers alike. This text provides a thorough understanding of immunology, therapeutic potential, clinical applications, adverse reactions, and approaches to overcoming immunotoxicity of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines. It also tackles critical, yet often overlooked topics such as immune aspects of nano-bio interactions, current FDA regulatory guidances, complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA), advances in nanovaccines, and immunogenicity testing of protein therapeutics. Table of ContentsList of Corresponding Authors, Foreword, My Life with Biologicals and Nanodrugs: A Twenty-Year Affair, 1. Current Immune Aspects of Biologics and Nanodrugs: An Overview, 2. Immunological Issues with Medicines of Nano Size: The Price of Dimension Paradox, 3. Immunotherapy and Vaccines, 4. Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation for ADC and Beyond, 5. Current Understanding of Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Immune System, 6. Auto-antibodies as Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis, 7. The Acceleated Blood Clearance Phenomenon of PEGylated Nanocarriers, 8. Anti-PEG Immunity Against PEGylated Therapeutics, 9. Complement Activation: Challenges to Nanomedicine Development, 10. Intravenous Immunoglobulin at the Borderline of Nanomedicines and Biologicals: Antithrombogenic Effect via Complement Attenuation, 11. Lessons Learned from the Porcine CARPA Model: Constant and Variable Responses to Different Nanomedicines and Administration Protocols, 12. Blood Cell Changes in Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Intertwining of Cellular and Humoral Interactions, 13. Rodent Models of Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Inducers, Symptoms, Inhibitors and Reaction Mechanisms, 14. Immune Reactions in the Delivery of RNA Interference-Based Therapeutics: Mechanisms and Opportunities, 15. Lipid Nanoparticle Induced Immunomodulatory Effects of siRNA, 16. Nanovaccines against Intracellular Pathogens Using Coxiella burnetii as a Model Organism, 17. Immunogenicity Assessment for Therapeutic Protein Products, 18. Assay Development and Validation for Immunogenicity Testing of Therapeutic Protein Products, 19. The “Sentinel”: A Conceptual Nanomedical Strategy for the Enhancement of the Human Immune System, 20. Immunotherapy for Gliomas and Other Intracranial Malignancies, 21. Engineering Nanoparticles to Overcome Barriers to Immunotherapy, 22. Metal-Based Nanoparticles and theImmune System: Activation, Inflammation, and Potential Applications, 23. Silica Nanoparticles Effects on Hemostasis, 24. Valproate-Induced Rodent Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Immunogenic Effects and Role of Microglia, 25. Accelerated Blood Clearance Phenomenon and Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Two Sides of the Same Coin, 26. Current and Rising Concepts in Immunotherapy: Biopharmaceuticals versus Nanomedicines, 27. Characterization of the Interaction between Nanomedicines and Biological Components: In vitro Evaluation, 28. Unwanted Immunogenicity: From Risk Assessment to Risk Management, 29. Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials, 30. SGT-53: A Novel Nanomedicine Capable of Augmenting Cancer Immunotherapy, Index

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Book SynopsisNanomaterials have the potential to shift the paradigm for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially neoplasms, because of the intriguing behaviors associated with their unique size-/shape-influenced chemical, physical, and physiological features. Currently, there is a huge imbalance between the several nanoplatforms reported in the literature and the few ones approved for clinical applications. This disequilibrium affects, in particular, plasmonic nanomaterials, which present no approved platforms and few candidates in clinical trials. This trend can be reversed by promoting collaborations among scientists from different fields as well as by improving the multidisciplinary background of researchers interested in this area. This book is a collection of must-read peer-reviewed papers focusing on (i) the main behaviors of nanomaterials for nanomedicine, (ii) key features nanomaterials need for successful translation to the clinical setting, and (iii) market analysis of nanomaterials at the bedside or on the way. The main aim of this book is to offer a comprehensive point of view to students and researchers in order to promote the translation of new technologies to patients. It is a unique reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of nanotechnology and researchers in materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in cancer theranostics.Table of ContentsDetecting and Destroying Cancer Cells in More Than One Way with Noble Metals and Different Confinement Properties on the Nanoscale. Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Recent Progress in Cancer Thermal Therapy Using Gold Nanoparticles. Gold Nanomaterials at Work in Biomedicine. The Nanomedicines Alliance: An Industry Perspective on Nanomedicines. Nanomedicine(s) under the Microscope. Imaging Nano–Bio Interactions in the Kidney: Toward a Better Understanding of Nanoparticle Clearance. Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Metabolism of Nanomaterials in vivo: Blood Circulation and Organ Clearance.

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Book SynopsisThe enormous advances in nanomedicine and precision medicine in the past two decades necessitated this comprehensive reference, which can be relied upon by researchers, clinicians, pharmaceutical scientists, regulators, policymakers, and lawyers alike. This standalone, full-color resource broadly surveys innovative technologies and advances pertaining to nanomedicine and precision medicine. In addition, it addresses often-neglected yet crucial areas such as translational medicine, intellectual property law, ethics, policy, FDA regulatory issues, nano-nomenclature, and artificial nano-machinesall accomplished in a user-friendly, broad yet interconnected format. The book is essential reading for the novice and the expert alike in diverse fields such as medicine, law, pharmacy, genomics, biomedical sciences, ethics, and regulatory science. The book's multidisciplinary approach will attract a global audience and serve as a valuable reference resource for industry, academia, and g

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Book SynopsisThis collection of research articles and reviews covers the latest work in the design, delivery, dynamic abilities, and immune stimulation of RNA nanoparticles which have driven the utilization of their immunomodulatory properties. The unknown immune properties of nucleic acid nanoparticles have been a major hurdle in their adaptation until the works herein began assessing their structure-activity relationships. This collection chronologically follows the path of investigating the recognition of design components to implementing them into nucleic acid nanostructures. RNA nanotechnology is an emerging platform for therapeutics with increasing clinical relevance as this approach becomes more widely used and approved for the treatment of various diseases. The latest research aims to take advantage of RNA’s modular nature for the design of nanostructures which can interact with their environments to communicate programmed messages with intracellular pathways. In doing so, nanoparticles can be used to elicit or elude responses by the immune system as desired in conjunction with their therapeutic applications. Table of ContentsTherapeutic RNA Nanotechnology

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