Biomedical engineering / Medical engineering Books

Book SynopsisDrawn from the renowned reference Clark's Positioning in Radiography, this bestselling pocket handbook provides clear and practical advice to help radiographers in their day-to-day work. Designed and structured for rapid reference, it covers how to position the patient and image receptor as well as the direction and location of the beam, describes the essential image characteristics, and illustrates each radiographic projection with a positioning photograph and corresponding radiographic image.This third edition has been updated to include new positioning photographs reflecting the dominance of direct digital radiography detectors (DDRs), helpful information on the importance of optimisation, exposure factors and geometry in image production, evaluating exposure in digital imaging and aspects of bariatric imaging.

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Book SynopsisThis book is one of the first to give an overview of biomechatronic exoskeletons including their applications and implications. A collective reference specifically on biomechatronic exoskeletons, an area that is relevant to mechanical and biomedical engineers as well as those working in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and defense.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii List of Contributors xix 1 Introduction to wearable robotics 1J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 1.1 Wearable robots and exoskeletons 1 1.1.1 Dual human–robot interaction in wearable robotics 3 1.1.2 A historical note 4 1.1.3 Exoskeletons: an instance of wearable robots 5 1.2 The role of bioinspiration and biomechatronics in wearable robots 6 1.2.1 Bioinspiration in the design of biomechatronic wearable robots 8 1.2.2 Biomechatronic systems in close interaction with biological systems 9 1.2.3 Biologically inspired design and optimization procedures 9 1.3 Technologies involved in robotic exoskeletons 9 1.4 A classification of wearable exoskeletons: application domains 10 1.5 Scope of the book 12 References 15 2 Basis for bioinspiration and biomimetism in wearable robots 17A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons and M. Wisse 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 General principles in biological design 18 2.2.1 Optimization of objective functions: energy consumption 19 2.2.2 Multifunctionality and adaptability 21 2.2.3 Evolution 22 2.3 Development of biologically inspired designs 23 2.3.1 Biological models 24 2.3.2 Neuromotor control structures and mechanisms as models 24 2.3.3 Muscular physiology as a model 27 2.3.4 Sensorimotor mechanisms as a model 29 2.3.5 Biomechanics of human limbs as a model 31 2.3.6 Recursive interaction: engineering models explain biological systems 31 2.4 Levels of biological inspiration in engineering design 31 2.4.1 Biomimetism: replication of observable behaviour and structures 32 2.4.2 Bioimitation: replication of dynamics and control structures 32 2.5 Case Study: limit-cycle biped walking robots to imitate human gait and to inspire the design of wearable exoskeletons 33M. Wisse 2.5.1 Introduction 33 2.5.2 Why is human walking efficient and stable? 33 2.5.3 Robot solutions for efficiency and stability 34 2.5.4 Conclusion 36 Acknowledgements 36 2.6 Case Study: MANUS-HAND, mimicking neuromotor control of grasping 36J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 2.6.1 Introduction 37 2.6.2 Design of the prosthesis 37 2.6.3 MANUS-HAND control architecture 39 2.7 Case Study: internal models, CPGs and reflexes to control bipedal walking robots and exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 40A. Forner-Cordero 2.7.1 Introduction 40 2.7.2 Motivation for the design of LC bipeds and current limitations 41 2.7.3 Biomimetic control for an LC biped walking robot 41 2.7.4 Conclusions and future developments 43 References 43 3 Kinematics and dynamics of wearable robots 47A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons, E. A. Turowska and A. Schiele 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Robot mechanics: motion equations 48 3.2.1 Kinematic analysis 48 3.2.2 Dynamic analysis 53 3.3 Human biomechanics 57 3.3.1 Medical description of human movements 57 3.3.2 Arm kinematics 59 3.3.3 Leg kinematics 61 3.3.4 Kinematic models of the limbs 64 3.3.5 Dynamic modelling of the human limbs 68 3.4 Kinematic redundancy in exoskeleton systems 70 3.4.1 Introduction to kinematic redundancies 70 3.4.2 Redundancies in human–exoskeleton systems 71 3.5 Case Study: a biomimetic, kinematically compliant knee joint modelled by a four-bar linkage 74J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, D. Garrido and F. Moll 3.5.1 Introduction 74 3.5.2 Kinematics of the knee 75 3.5.3 Kinematic analysis of a four-bar linkage mechanism 75 3.5.4 Genetic algorithm methodology 77 3.5.5 Final design 77 3.5.6 Mobility analysis of the optimal crossed four-bar linkage 78 3.6 Case Study: design of a forearm pronation–supination joint in an upper limb exoskeleton 79J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda, R. Barberà and J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu 3.6.1 The mechanics of pronation–supination control 79 3.7 Case Study: study of tremor characteristics based on a biomechanical model of the upper limb 80E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 3.7.1 Biomechanical model of the upper arm 81 3.7.2 Results 83 References 83 4 Human–robot cognitive interaction 87L. Bueno, F. Brunetti, A. Frizera and J. L. Pons 4.1 Introduction to human–robot interaction 87 4.2 cHRI using bioelectrical monitoring of brain activity 89 4.2.1 Physiology of brain activity 90 4.2.2 Electroencephalography (EEG) models and parameters 92 4.2.3 Brain-controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 93 4.3 cHRI through bioelectrical monitoring of muscle activity (EMG) 96 4.3.1 Physiology of muscle activity 97 4.3.2 Electromyography models and parameters 98 4.3.3 Surface EMG signal feature extraction 99 4.3.4 Classification of EMG activity 102 4.3.5 Force and torque estimation 104 4.4 cHRI through biomechanical monitoring 104 4.4.1 Biomechanical models and parameters 105 4.4.2 Biomechanically controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 108 4.5 Case Study: lower limb exoskeleton control based on learned gait patterns 109J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 4.5.1 Gait patterns with knee joint impedance modulation 109 4.5.2 Architecture 109 4.5.3 Fuzzy inference system 110 4.5.4 Simulation 110 4.6 Case Study: identification and tracking of involuntary human motion based on biomechanical data 111E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 4.7 Case Study: cortical control of neuroprosthetic devices 115J. M. Carmena 4.8 Case Study: gesture and posture recognition using WSNs 118E. Farella and L. Benini 4.8.1 Platform description 119 4.8.2 Implementation of concepts and algorithm 119 4.8.3 Posture detection results 121 4.8.4 Challenges: wireless sensor networks for motion tracking 121 4.8.5 Summary and outlook 122 References 122 5 Human–robot physical interaction 127E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz, R. Raya, A. Schiele and J. L. Pons 5.1 Introduction 127 5.1.1 Physiological factors 128 5.1.2 Aspects of wearable robot design 129 5.2 Kinematic compatibility between human limbs and wearable robots 130 5.2.1 Causes of kinematic incompatibility and their negative effects 130 5.2.2 Overcoming kinematic incompatibility 133 5.3 Application of load to humans 134 5.3.1 Human tolerance of pressure 134 5.3.2 Transmission of forces through soft tissues 135 5.3.3 Support design 138 5.4 Control of human–robot interaction 138 5.4.1 Human–robot interaction: human behaviour 139 5.4.2 Human–robot interaction: robot behaviour 140 5.4.3 Human–robot closed loop 143 5.4.4 Physically triggered cognitive interactions 146 5.4.5 Stability 147 5.5 Case Study: quantification of constraint displacements and interaction forces in nonergonomic pHR interfaces 149A. Schiele 5.5.1 Theoretical analysis of constraint displacements, d 150 5.5.2 Experimental quantification of interaction force, Fd 151 5.6 Case Study: analysis of pressure distribution and tolerance areas for wearable robots 154J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda and M. J. Vivas 5.6.1 Measurement of pressure tolerance 155 5.7 Case Study: upper limb tremor suppression through impedance control 156E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 5.8 Case Study: stance stabilization during gait through impedance control 158J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 5.8.1 Knee–ankle–foot orthosis (exoskeleton) 159 5.8.2 Lower leg–exoskeleton system 159 5.8.3 Stance phase stabilization: patient test 160 References 161 6 Wearable robot technologies 165J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.1 Introduction to wearable robot technologies 165 6.2 Sensor technologies 166 6.2.1 Position and motion sensing: HR limb kinematic information 166 6.2.2 Bioelectrical activity sensors 171 6.2.3 HR interface force and pressure: human comfort and limb kinetic information 175 6.2.4 Microclimate sensing 179 6.3 Actuator technologies 181 6.3.1 State of the art 181 6.3.2 Control requirements for actuator technologies 183 6.3.3 Emerging actuator technologies 185 6.4 Portable energy storage technologies 189 6.4.1 Future trends 189 6.5 Case Study: inertial sensor fusion for limb orientation 190J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.6 Case Study: microclimate sensing in wearable devices 192J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, J. M. Belda-Lois, J. M. Prat and R. Barberà 6.6.1 Introduction 192 6.6.2 Thermal balance of humans 192 6.6.3 Climate conditions in clothing and wearable devices 193 6.6.4 Measurement of thermal comfort 194 6.7 Case Study: biomimetic design of a controllable knee actuator 194J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.7.1 Quadriceps weakness 195 6.7.2 Functional analysis of gait as inspiration 195 6.7.3 Actuator prototype 197 References 198 7 Communication networks for wearable robots 201F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Wearable robotic networks, from wired to wireless 203 7.2.1 Requirements 203 7.2.2 Network components: configuration of a wearable robotic network 205 7.2.3 Topology 206 7.2.4 Wearable robatic network goals and profiles 208 7.3 Wired wearable robotic networks 209 7.3.1 Enabling technologies 209 7.3.2 Network establishment, maintenance, QoS and robustness 213 7.4 Wireless wearable robotic networks 214 7.4.1 Enabling technologies 214 7.4.2 Wireless sensor network platforms 216 7.5 Case Study: smart textiles to measure comfort and performance 218J. Vanhala 7.5.1 Introduction 218 7.5.2 Application description 220 7.5.3 Platform description 221 7.5.4 Implementation of concepts 222 7.5.5 Results 222 7.5.6 Discussion 223 7.6 Case Study: ExoNET 224F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.6.1 Application description 224 7.6.2 Network structure 224 7.6.3 Network components 224 7.6.4 Network protocol 225 7.7 Case Study: NeuroLab, a multimodal networked exoskeleton for neuromotor and biomechanical research 226A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 7.7.1 Application description 226 7.7.2 Platform description 227 7.7.3 Implementation of concepts and algorithms 227 7.8 Case Study: communication technologies for the integration of robotic systems and sensor networks at home: helping elderly people 229J. V. Martí, R. Marín, J. Fernández, M. Nuñez, O. Rajadell, L. Nomdedeu, J. Sales, P. Agustí, A. Fabregat and A. P. del Pobil 7.8.1 Introduction 230 7.8.2 Communication systems 230 7.8.3 IP-based protocols 232 Acknowledgements 233 References 233 8 Wearable upper limb robots 235E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 8.1 Case Study: the wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 8.1.1 Introduction 236 8.1.2 Wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236 8.1.3 Experimental protocol 239 8.1.4 Results 240 8.1.5 Discussion and conclusions 241 8.2 Case Study: the CyberHand 242L. Beccai, S. Micera, C. Cipriani, J. Carpaneto and M. C. Carrozza 8.2.1 Introduction 242 8.2.2 The multi-DoF bioinspired hand prosthesis 242 8.2.3 The neural interface 245 8.2.4 Conclusions 247 8.3 Case Study: the ergonomic EXARM exoskeleton 248A. Schiele 8.3.1 Introduction 248 8.3.2 Ergonomic exoskeleton: challenges and innovation 250 8.3.3 The EXARM implementation 251 8.3.4 Summary and conclusion 254 8.4 Case Study: the NEUROBOTICS exoskeleton (NEUROExos) 255S. Roccella, E. Cattin, N. Vitiello, F. Vecchi and M. C. Carrozza 8.4.1 Exoskeleton control approach 257 8.4.2 Application domains for the NEUROExos exoskeleton 258 8.5 Case Study: an upper limb powered exoskeleton 259J. C. Perry and J. Rosen 8.5.1 Exoskeleton design 259 8.5.2 Conclusions and discussion 268 8.6 Case Study: soft exoskeleton for use in physiotherapy and training 269N. G. Tsagarakis, D. G. Caldwell and S. Kousidou 8.6.1 Soft arm–exoskeleton design 270 8.6.2 System control 272 8.6.3 Experimental results 275 8.6.4 Conclusions 277 References 278 9 Wearable lower limb and full-body robots 283J. Moreno, E. Turowska and J. L. Pons 9.1 Case Study: GAIT–ESBiRRo: lower limb exoskeletons for functional compensation of pathological gait 283J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 9.1.1 Introduction 283 9.1.2 Pathological gait and biomechanical aspects 284 9.1.3 The GAIT concept 285 9.1.4 Actuation 286 9.1.5 Sensor system 286 9.1.6 Control system 286 9.1.7 Evaluation 287 9.1.8 Next generation of lower limb exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 289 9.2 Case Study: an ankle–foot orthosis powered by artificial pneumatic muscles 289D. P. Ferris 9.2.1 Introduction 289 9.2.2 Orthosis construction 290 9.2.3 Artificial pneumatic muscles 291 9.2.4 Muscle mounting 291 9.2.5 Orthosis mass 292 9.2.6 Orthosis control 292 9.2.7 Performance data 292 9.2.8 Major conclusions 295 9.3 Case Study: intelligent and powered leg prosthesis 295K. De Roy 9.3.1 Introduction 296 9.3.2 Functional analysis of the prosthetic leg 297 9.3.3 Conclusions 303 9.4 Case Study: the control method of the HAL (hybrid assistive limb) for a swinging motion 304J. Moreno, E. Turouska and J. L. Pons 9.4.1 System 305 9.4.2 Actuator control 305 9.4.3 Performance 306 9.5 Case Study: Kanagawa Institute of Technology power-assist suit 308K. Yamamoto 9.5.1 The basic design concepts 308 9.5.2 Power-assist suit 308 9.5.3 Controller 310 9.5.4 Physical dynamics model 310 9.5.5 Muscle hardness sensor 310 9.5.6 Direct drive pneumatic actuators 311 9.5.7 Units 311 9.5.8 Operating characteristics of units 312 9.6 Case Study: EEG-based cHRI of a robotic wheelchair 314T. F. Bastos-Filho, M. Sarcinelli-Filho, A. Ferreira, W. C. Celeste, R. L. Silva, V. R. Martins, D. C. Cavalieri, P. N. S. Filgueira and I. B. Arantes 9.6.1 EEG acquisition and processing 315 9.6.2 The PDA-based graphic interface 317 9.6.3 Experiments 317 9.6.4 Results and concluding remarks 318 Acknowledgements 319 References 319 10 Summary, conclusions and outlook 323J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 10.1 Summary 323 10.1.1 Bioinspiration in designing wearable robots 324 10.1.2 Mechanics of wearable robots 326 10.1.3 Cognitive and physical human–robot interaction 327 10.1.4 Technologies for wearable robots 328 10.1.5 Outstanding research projects on wearable robots 329 10.2 Conclusions and outlook 330 References 332 Index 335

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Book SynopsisThis brand new Lecture Notes title provides the core biomedical science study and revision material that medical students need to know. Matching the common systems-based approach taken by the majority of medical schools, it provides concise, student-led content that is rooted in clinical relevance. The book is filled with learning features such as key definitions and key conditions, and is cross-referenced to develop interdisciplinary awareness. Although designed predominantly for medical students, this new Lecture Notes book is also useful for students of dentistry, pharmacology and nursing. Biomedical Science Lecture Notes provides: A brand new title in the award-winning Lecture Notes series A concise, full colour study and revision guide A ''one-stop-shop'' for the biomedical sciences Clinical relevance and cross referencing to develop interdisciplinary skills Learning features such as key definiTrade Review"Each chapter moves concisely through the appropriate science, highlighting its relevance to clinical practice. The information is well presented and easy to navigate." (Oxford Medical School Gazette, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1 Cell biology. 2 Molecular biology and genetics. 3 Biochemistry. 4 Physiology. 5 Pharmacology. 6 Cardiovascular system. 7 Respiratory system. 8 Gastrointestinal system. 9 Urinary system. 10 Endocrinology. 11 Integrative physiology. 12 Reproduction. 13 Embryology. 14 Anatomy/musculoskeletal system. 15 Immunology. 16 Microbiology. 17 Neuroscience. 18 Medical statistics. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive, clinically oriented account of the molecular biology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of human bacterial diseases, as well as their control and prevention.Trade Review"...this book is written well..." (Statistics in Medical Research, Vol.12, No. 2, 2003)Table of ContentsThe Scope of Survival Analysis. Randomized Clinical Trials: General Principles and Some Controversial Issues. Estimation of Survival Probabilities. Non-Parametric Methods for the Comparison of Survival Curves. Distribution Functions for Failure Time T . The Cox Regression Model. Validation of the Proportional Hazards Models. Parametric Regression Models. The Study of Prognostic Factors and the Assessment of Treatment Effect. Competing Risks. Meta-Analysis. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisPraise for the prior editionThe author has done a magnificent job this book is highly recommended for introducing biophysics to the motivated and curious undergraduate student.?Contemporary Physicsa terrific text will enable students to understand the significance of biological parameters through quantitative examples?a modern way of learning biophysics. ?American Journal of PhysicsA superb pedagogical textbook Full-color illustrations aid students in their understanding ?Midwest Book ReviewThis new edition provides a complete update to the most accessible yet thorough introduction to the physical and quantitative aspects of biological systems and processes involving macromolecules, subcellular structures, and whole cells. It includes two brand new chapters covering experimental techniques, especially atomic force microscopy, complementing the updated coverage of mathematical and compTable of ContentsI. Introduction, Approach, and Tools 1 Introduction to a New World 2 How (Most) Physicists Approach Biophysics 3 Math Tools: First Pass II. Structure and Function 4 Water 5 Structures: From 0.1 to 10 nm and Larger 6 First Pass at Supramolecular Structures: Assemblies of Biomolecules 7 Putting a Cell Together: Physical Sketch III. Biological Activity: Quantum Microworld 8 Quantum Primer 9 Light, Life and Measurement 10 Photosynthesis 11 Direct Ultraviolet Effects on Biological Systems IV. Biological Activity: (Classical) Microworld 12 Classical Biodynamics and Biomechanics 13 Random Walks, Diffusion, and Polymer Conformation 14 Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics Primer 15 Reactions: Physical View 16 Molecular Machines: Introduction 17 Assembly 18 Preparation for Experimental Biophysics 19 Atomic Force Microscopy

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Book SynopsisConnecting theory with real-life applications, this is the first ever textbook to equip students with a comprehensive knowledge of all the key concepts in bionanotechnology. By bridging the interdisciplinary gap from which bionanotechnology emerged, it provides a systematic introduction to the subject, accessible to students from a wide variety of backgrounds. Topics range from nanomaterial preparation, properties and biofunctionalisation, and analytical methods used in bionanotechnology, to bioinspired and DNA nanotechnology, and applications in biosensing, medicine and tissue engineering. Throughout the book, features such as ''Back to basics'' and ''Research report'' boxes enable students to build a strong theoretical knowledge and to link this to practical applications and up-to-date research. With over 200 detailed, full-colour illustrations and more than 100 end-of-chapter problems, this is an essential guide to bionanotechnology for any student studying this exciting, fast-develTrade Review'An excellent textbook for the interdisciplinary field of bionanotechnology. It is comprehensive and accessible to students from a wide variety of scientific backgrounds. The 'Back to Basics' boxes build a common knowledge base, while the 'Research Reports' boxes connect the fundamentals to current research.' Professor George Malliaras, University of Cambridge'Fruk and Krebs provide a well-written and readily accessible text on the emerging topic of Bionanotechnology, elegantly show-casing its trans-disciplinary nature and application impacts. The book's vibrant composition integrating worked examples and solutions fused with highlight applications in the form of research reports, makes it equally attractive for experienced researchers as well as newcomers to the field, including undergraduate students. The key concept sections only increase the well-rounded nature of the book, which is perhaps the most current up-date summary on the market. Mandatory reading - highly recommended.' Professor Christopher Barner-Kowollik, Queensland University of Technology'A really innovative feature of this textbook for advanced undergraduates or graduate students is the inclusion of numerous 'Research Reports' - synopses of recent research publications that quickly introduce both the potential of and the chemical underpinnings enabling the bionanotechnologies surveyed. The breadth of topics and principles covered, including the many 'Back to Basics' mini-introductions will make this a popular textbook for classes covering bionanotechnology in different departments, from chemistry and chemical engineering to materials science, physics, bioengineering and biomedical engineering.' Dr Aaron Lau, University of Strathclyde'When any new discipline surfaces, a new textbook is sure to appear, and this work addresses just such a void … This work, which brings several disciplines together, has much to offer as a teaching tool, and the effort is to be applauded. Though far from recreational reading, the volume offers an overview of the present state and future directions in applied nanobiology that is sure to be useful in the curriculum. A secondary use is as a reference work, and this is indeed a good one … Highly recommended.' F. W. Yow, Choice ConnectTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction to bionanotechnology; 2. Nanomaterials: principles and properties; 3. Nanomaterials: classes and preparation strategies; 4. Biomolecules and scales of biological systems; 5. (Bio)functionalisation of nanomaterials; 6. Analytical methods in bionanotechnology; 7. DNA nanotechnology; 8. Bioinspired nanotechnology; 9. Nanomedicine: biotechnology in medicine; Index.

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Book SynopsisMedical care is the most critical issue of our time and will be so for the foreseeable future. In this regard, the pace and sophistication of advances in medicine in the past two decades have been truly breathtaking. This has necessitated a growing need for comprehensive reference resources that highlight current issues in specific sectors of medicine. Keeping this in mind, each volume in the Current Issues in Medicine series is a stand‐alone text that provides a broad survey of various important topics in a focused area of medicine—all accomplished in a user-friendly yet interconnected format. This volume addresses advances in medical imaging, detection, and diagnostic technologies. Technological innovations in these sectors of medicine continue to provide for safer, more accurate, and faster diagnosis for patients. This translates into superior prognosis and better patient compliance, while reducing morbidity and mortality. Hence, it is imperative that practitioners stay current with these latest advances to provide the best care for nursing and clinical practices. While recognizing how expansive and multifaceted these areas of medicine are, Advances in Medical Imaging, Detection, and Diagnosis addresses crucial recent progress, integrating the knowledge and experience of experts from academia and the clinic. The multidisciplinary approach reflected makes this volume a valuable reference resource for medical practitioners, medical students, nurses, fellows, residents, undergraduate and graduate students, educators, venture capitalists, policymakers, and biomedical researchers. A wide audience will benefit from having this volume on their bookshelf: health care systems, the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and government.Table of ContentsCurrent Issues in Medicine: Advances in Medical Imaging, Detection, and Diagnosis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I: Cells A. The Animal Cell B. Cell Division Part II: Tissues C. Epithelial Tissues D. Connective Tissues E. Muscle F. Nervous Tissues G. Vascular Tissues Part III: Organs H. The Circulatory System I. Haemopoietic Organs J. Integument K. The Digestive System L. Respiratory Systems M. Excretory Systems N. Endocrine Organs O. Genital Systems P. Sense Organs

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Structure and bonding 3. Metallic biomaterials 4. Bioceramics 5. Polymeric biomaterials 6. Hard tissues and orhopedic soft tissues 7. Composite biomaterials 8. Tissue-biomaterials interactions 9. Orthopedic and dental biomedical devices 10. Soft tissue replacement and repair 11. Materials and devices for sensors and detectors: biocatalysts, bio imaging, and devices with integrated biological functionality 12. Biodegradable materials for medical applications

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I - SIGNALS 1. The Big Picture: Bioengineering Signals and Systems 2. Signal Analysis in the Time Domain 3. Signal Analysis in the Frequency Domain: The Fourier Series and the Fourier Transformation 4. Signal Analysis in the Frequency Domain - Implications and Applications Part II - SYSTEMS 5. Linear Systems Analysis in the Time Domain - Convolution 6. Linear Systems Analysis in the Frequency Domain: The Transfer Function 7. Linear Systems in the Complex Frequency Domain: The Laplace Transform 8. Analysis of Discrete Linear Systems - The z-Transform and Applications to Filters 9. System Simulation and Simulink 10. Stochastic, Nonstationary, and Nonlinear Systems and Signals 11. Two-Dimensional Signals - Basic Image Analysis PART III - CIRCUITS 12. Circuits Elements and Circuit Variables 13. Analysis of Analog Circuits and Models 14. Circuit Reduction - Simplifications 15. Basic Analog Electronics - Operational Amplifiers APPENDICES Appendix A - Derivations; Appendix B - Laplace Transforms and Properties of the Fourier; Appendix C - Trigonometric and Other Formulae; Appendix D - Conversion Factors: Units; Appendix E - Complex Arithmetic; Appendix F - LF356 Specifications; Appendix G - Determinants and Cramer's Rule

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Structure and Function of Hematopoietic Tissues 2. Principles of Immunophenotyping 3. Principles of Cytogenetics 4. Principles of Molecular Techniques 5. Morphology of Abnormal Bone Marrow 6. Reactive Lymphadenopathies 7. Bone Marrow Aplasia 8. Myelodysplastic Syndromes 9. Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases 10. Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases 11. Acute Myeloid Leukemia 12. The Neoplasms of Precursor Lymphoblasts 13. Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage 14. Lymphoid Malignancies of Non-precursor Cells: General Considerations 15. Mature B-Cell Neoplasms 16. Plasma Cell Myeloma and Related Disorders 17. Mature T-cell and NK-Cell Neoplasms 18. Hodgkin Lymphoma 19. Non-neoplastic and Borderline Lymphocytic Disorders 20. Mastocytosis 21. Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Disorders 22. Granulocytic Disorders 23. Disorder of Red Blood Cells: Anemias 24. Disorders of Megakaryocytes and Platelets

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart 1: Heart Failure and Non-Device Treatment 1. The Descent into Heart and Lung Failure 2. Optimizing the Patient and Timing of the Introduction of Mechanical Circulatory and Extracorporeal Respiratory Support 3. Heart and Lung Transplantation Part 2: Types of Cardiovascular Devices 4. First Generation Ventricular Assist Devices 5. Second Generation Ventricular Assist Devices 6. Third Generation Ventricular Assist Devices 7. Biventricular Assist Devices 8. Total Artificial Hearts 9. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 10. Pediatric devices Part 3: Pump Design 11. Hydraulic Design 12. Motor design 13. Impeller suspension 14. Pulsatile vs Continuous Flow 15. Preclinical Evaluation Part 4: Implantation and Medical Management 16. Surgical Implantation 17. Complications of Mechanical Circulatory and Respiratory Support 18. Medical Management of the Supported Patient Part 5: Physiological Interaction Between Devices and Patient 19. Cannula Design 20. Blood-Device Interaction 21. Physiological Control Part 6: Physical Interface/Interface Between Implantable Device and Clinician/Patient 22. Percutaneous and Transcutaneous Connections 23. Wearable Systems Part 7: Route to Market (and staying there!) 24. Route to Market 25. Cost effectiveness Part 8: Summaries 26. The Past, Present and Future

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Design Teams and Project Management 3. Defining the Medical Problem 4. Defining the Engineering Problem 5. Generating Solution Concepts and Preliminary Designs 6. Selecting a Solution Concept 7. Prototyping 8. Detailed Design 9. Testing for Design Verification and Validation 10. Testing in Living Systems 11. Medical Device Standards and Design Controls 12. Regulatory Requirements 13. Ethics in Medical Device Design 14. Beyond Design: The Engineer's Role in Design Transfer, Commercialization, and Post Market Surveillance 15. Collaborating on Multifunctional Teams to Commercialize Medical Products

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. A deep learning approach for the prediction of heart attacks based on data analysis 2. A comparative study on fully convolutional networks—FCN-8, FCN-16, and FCN-32: A case of brain tumor 3. Deep learning applications for disease diagnosis 4. An artificial intelligent cognitive approach for classification and recognition of white blood cells employing deep learning for medical applications 5. Deep learning on medical image analysis on COVID-19 x-ray dataset using an X-Net architecture 6. Early prediction of heart disease using a deep learning approach 7. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms in disease prediction: Future trends for the healthcare system 8. Automatic detection of white matter hyperintensities via mask region-based convolutional neural networks using magnetic resonance images 9. Diagnosing glaucoma with optic disk segmenting and deep learning from color retinal fundus images 10. An artificial intelligence framework to ensure a trade-off between sanitary and economic perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic 11. Prediction of COVID-19 using machine learning techniques

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Book SynopsisThis text covers not only the theory of operation, fundamentals and history of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) but includes information which allows the reader to choose the equipment configurations which are best suited to their particular operation.Table of ContentsFundamentals and history of ICP-MS; instrumentation; other types of plasma ion sources for mass spectrometry; spray chambers, nebulisers and torches; sample preparation; sample introduction techniques; interferences; trace element analysis (silicates, carbonates, etc); ultra-trace element analysis (REE and PGE); isotope ratio measurements. Appendices: mass tables, ionisation potentials, predicted.

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Book SynopsisProgrammable Planet is a grand tour through the world of synthetic biology, telling the stories of the colorful visionaries whose ideas are shaping discoveries. Ted Anton explores the field from its beginning in fighting malaria in Africa to the COVID vaccines and beyond.Trade ReviewProgrammable Planet captures the passion and energy of those at the genesis of the construction of the genetically engineered world. -- Christopher Voigt, Daniel I.C. Wang Professor of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyIf you’ve ever wondered about the promise—and the peril—of synthetic biology and its power to transform life, then Programmable Planet is the book for you. Ted Anton’s exploration of both the history and the future of the ways we engineer life is incisive, engaging, and downright fascinating. -- Deborah Blum, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety in the Early Twentieth CenturyProgrammable Planet is a thoroughly engaging and enjoyable read. Anton is an expert storyteller who blends the human element with cutting-edge science like a synthetic biologist engineering a novel organism. Timely and at times provocative, the book provides a wonderful grounding for those interested in learning more about synthetic biology’s promise and threat. And we should all be interested in learning more. -- Aoife Brennan, president and chief executive officer, SynlogicIn this rollicking compendium, Anton documents a huge number of ways synthetic biology can be used in practice, embedding these examples in the experiences of the people involved. -- Drew Endy, Stanford UniversityTable of ContentsIntroductionPart I. Beginnings1. A Glass of Absinthe: A Malaria Medicine2. A Radical Philosophy3. Pandora’s Box: The Triumph and Temptation of Gene Editing4. The Silk Road: Directing Evolution5. Wild: Remaking LifePart II. Ripples in the Water6. Rush: Biology-Made Medicines7. New Nature: A Do-It-Yourself Environment8. Hearth and Home9. Fantastic Voyages: Mining and the Military10. The Killers: Viruses as HealersPart III. Bioindustrial Revolution11. Race to a Vaccine12. Global Production: Perils and Profits of a New Science13. The Moirai’s Gift14. To the Planets, and Beyond: Synthetic Biology in Space15. FuturamaAcknowledgmentsTimelineGlossaryFurther ReadingNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary exploration of how genetic engineering is transforming our narratives about the core of human personhood, and how those narratives are shaping official policies.Trade Review“Editing the Soul will be appreciated by scholars of literature and science, postsecular theory, and science fiction. It will be particularly useful for teachers and scholars interested in thinking about the classification of genetic fiction as a subgenre of science fiction. Hamner’s study will also prove especially engaging for those looking for in-depth readings of any one of the multiple texts that he covers.”—Melissa M. Littlefield American Literary History“Hamner’s critical modesty gives us a humble account that knows how to stay local, respect differences, and honor the acuity of its subjects of study, be they nucleotides or novelists. . . . [A] book of surpassing subtlety and nuance.”—Rebekah Sheldon Science Fiction Studies“Written with clarity and an appealing balance, Editing the Soul makes an original contribution to an important topic—the way novels, films, and television about genetics are reshaping our understanding of human nature.”—Jay Clayton,author of Charles Dickens in Cyberspace: The Afterlife of the Nineteenth Century in Postmodern Culture“Editing the Soul plumbs contemporary literature, film, and comics dealing with genetic modification. Drawing on postsecularism, Hamner shows how these works enable us to balance the drive for technotranscendence with the continuing demand for deep human meaning. Standout readings of the fiction of Octavia Butler and Margaret Atwood are some of the many pleasures of this important, accessible, and highly timely book.”—Susan Merrill Squier,author of Epigenetic Landscapes: Drawings as Metaphor“What Editing the Soul shows is that, far from offering simplistic depictions of utopia or dystopia, genetic science has become a variable field for the popular cultural imagination.”—Lars Schmeink Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction“Hamner’s careful balance between rigorous pragmatism and creative flexibility is refreshing. And the book’s straightforward prose can be understood not as a rejection of critical theory but rather as praxis in his call for interdisciplinary collaboration.”—Katherine Thorsteinson Modern Fiction Studies“These [Human Programming and Editing the Soul] are both exemplary works of criticism, which should serve as models for what interdisciplinary literary-cultural criticism can do for a twenty-first-century academy that needs smart, careful humanities scholarship on the sciences more than ever.”—Gerry Canavan American LiteratureTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Regenesis1. Genetics as Science, Ideology, and Fiction2. The Evolution of Genetic Fantasy3. The Cultural Determinism of Genetic Realism4. Serpent Women, Prophets, and Satire in Genetic Metafiction5. The Predisposed Agency of Genetics and FictionCoda: ArrivalNotesWorks CitedIndex

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Book SynopsisAn award-winning professor’s introduction to essential concepts of calculus and mathematical modeling for students in the biosciencesTrade Review“The choice of material is interesting and refreshing, and finds concrete applications for mathematical topics that might not be standard fare in the physics or chemistry curricula. The applications of the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem to locating limit cycles are a remarkable highlight.”—Chay Paterson, zbMATH Open"This is a wonderful book, wise and witty. It would have taught me most of the math I needed for my career in research – if I did all the problems."—Stephen Stearns, author of The Evolution of Life Histories and Evolutionary Medicine “This enlightening book covers not only the essential parts of calculus and dynamical system, but also how one can apply these tools in biological sciences. In addition, the last chapter of this book is a concise introduction to probability theory. Michael Frame motivates students with very well-selected examples.”—Hongyu He, Professor of Mathematics, Louisiana State University“This work is an important step toward a new curriculum model for the nascent field of mathematical biology: different content and authentic applications, geared toward a truly interdisciplinary audience.”—Rebecca Gasper, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Creighton University

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPART I: GENERAL CONCEPTS/TREATMENT PLANNING 1. PARTIALLY EDENTULOUS EPIDEMIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND TERMINOLOGY 2. CONSIDERATION FOR MANAGING PARTIAL TOOTH LOSS 3. CLASSIFICATION OF PARTIALLY EDENTULOUS ARCHES 4. BIOMECHANICS OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES 5. MAJOR AND MINOR CONNECTORS 6. RESTS AND REST SEATS 7. DIRECT RETAINERS 8. INDIRECT RETAINERS 9. DENTURE BASE CONSIDERATIONS 10. PRINCIPLES OF REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE DESIGN 11. SURVEYING PART II: CLINICAL AND LABORATORY 12. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING 13. PREPARATION OF MOUTH FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES 14. PREPARATION OF ABUTMENT TEETH 15. IMPRESSION MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES 16. SUPPORT FOR THE DISTAL EXTENSION DENTURE BASE 17. OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES 18. LABORATORY PROCEDURES 19. WORK AUTHORIZATIONS FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES 20. INITIAL PLACEMENT, ADJUSTMENT, AND SERVICING OF THE REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE PART III: MAINTENANCE 21. RELINING AND REBASING THE REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE 22. REPAIRS AND ADDITIONS TO REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES 23. INTERIM REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES 24. REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE CONSIDERATIONS IN MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETICS 25. CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE OF DENTAL IMPLANTS WITH REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY APPENDIX B: SELECTED READING RESOURCES

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction Part I: Biomedical data formats and data integration 2. Data structures associated with biomedical research 3. Data mining and predictive analytics for cancer and COVID-19 4. Modular design, image biomarkers, and radiomics Part II: Type theory, graphs, and conceptual spaces 5. Types' internal structure and “non-constructive (“NC4”) type theory 6. Using code models to instantiate data models Part III: Conceptual spaces and graph-oriented data-modeling paradigms 7. Multi-aspect modules and image annotation 8. Image annotation as a multi-aspect case study 9. Conceptual spaces and scientific data models

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart 1: Biology, Physiopathology, Hemodynamics, Myogenic Responses and Clinical Intravascular Imaging of the Coronary Vascular Wall 1. Biomechanical Regulation of Endothelial Function in Atherosclerosis 2. Molecular mechanisms of the vascular responses to hemodynamic forces 3. Advanced atherosclerotic plaques in animal models versus human lesions: key elements to translation 4. Modeling the Glagov’s compensatory enlargement of human coronary atherosclerotic plaque 5. Measuring coronary arterial compliance and vasomotor response in clinical and research settings 6. Coronary intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography imaging and clinical contexts in coronary hemodynamics 7. The interaction of biochemical, biomechanical and clinical factors of coronary disease: review and outlook Part 2: Modeling Blood Flow in Arterial Branches and Bifurcations 8. Local blood flow parameters and atherosclerosis in coronary artery bifurcations 9. Effect of regional analysis methods on assessing the association between wall shear stress and coronary artery disease progression in the clinical setting 10. Hemodynamic disturbance due to serial stenosis in human coronary bifurcations: A computational fluid dynamics study 11. Hemodynamic perturbations due to the presence of stents 12. A new reduced-order model to assess the true fractional flow reserve of a left main coronary artery stenosis with downstream lesions and collateral circulations: an in vitro study Part 3: Fluid-Structure Interaction, Stress Distribution and Plaque Rupture in Arterial Wall 13. In vitro, primarily microfluidic models for atherosclerosis 14. Prediction of the coronary plaque growth and vulnerability change by using patient-specific 3D FSI models based on intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography follow-up data 15. Atheromatous plaque initiation and growth: a multiphysical process explored by an in-silico mass transport model 16. Emergent biomechanical factors predicting vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaque rupture 17. Microcalcifications and plaque rupture 18. Identification of coronary plaque mechanical properties from ex-vivo testing 19. Importance of residual stress and basal tone in healthy and pathological human coronary arteries Part 4: Imaging Inflammatory Biomarkers for in vivo Intravascular Plaque Characterization 20. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of human coronary atherosclerotic plaque: novel morpho-elastic biomarkers of instability 21. Magnetic resonance elastography for arterial wall characterization 22. Noninvasive ultrafast ultrasound for imaging the coronary vasculature and assessing the arterial wall’s biomechanics 23. Pulse wave imaging for the mechanical assessment of atherosclerotic plaques Part 5: Stenting, Coated Balloon, Drug Elution Systems and Modelling 24. Structure-function relation in the coronary artery tree: theory and applications in interventional cardiology 25. Sequential technique for the stenting of a coronary bifurcation: the re-proximal optimizing technique strategy 26. Modeling the stent deployment in coronary arteries and coronary bifurcations 27. The coated balloon protocol: An emergent clinical technique 28. Endovascular drug delivery and drug-elution systems

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Book SynopsisThis book â a collection of reviews and research articles by the top academics in the field â provides a glimpse of the cutting-edge technology and research being carried out and shows how researchers are utilizing this knowledge to develop new areas of study and novel applications. It serves as a valuable resource while exploring the latest advances in virus particle assembly and demonstrating how the knowledge of fundamental processes has been used to advance bio-nanotechnology. Chapters detail biophysical approaches and biomotor research, discus the latest advances in DNA/RNA nanoparticle assembly and use, and introduce the use of DNA/RNA nanoparticles for drug delivery.Table of Contents1. Biological nanomotors with linear, rotation, or revolution motion mechanism. 2. Classifications and typical examples of Biomotors. 3. Structure of revolving biomotors. 4. Structure of rotation motors. 5. Structure of linear motors. 6. Mechanical Properties of Molecular Motors and the Relevance to Their Biological Function. 7. Molecular Mechanism of AAA-ATPase Motor in the 26S Proteasome. 8. General mechanism of biomotors. 9. Mechanism of revolving motors. 10. Mechanism of rotary motors. 11. Mechanism of linear motors. 12. Finding of widespread viral and bacterial revolution dsDNA translocation motors distinct from rotation motors by channel chirality and size. 13. The ATPase of the phi29 DNA packaging motor is a member of the hexameric AAA+ superfamily. 14. Arginine Finger Serving as the Starter of Viral DNA Packaging Motors. 15. Three-step channel conformational changes common to DNA packaging motors of bacterial viruses T3, T4, SPP1, and Phi29. 16. Sequence Dependence of Reversible CENP-A Nucleosome Translocation 17. Same function from different structures among pac site bacteriophage (TerS) terminase small subunits. 18. Kinetic study of the fidelity of DNA replication with higher-order terminal effects. 19. Multilevel Control of the Activity of p97/Cdc48, A Versatile Protein Segregase. 20. High resolution structure of hexameric herpesvirus DNA-packaging motor elucidates revolving mechanism and ends 20-year fervent debate. 21. Methods for Single-Molecule Sensing and Detection Using Bacteriophage Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor. 22. Instrumental design of five-dimensional single particle tracking. 23. The appropriate ratio of retroviral structural proteins is activated by the spleen necrosis virus post-transcriptional control element. 24. Translation of the long-term fundamental studies on viral DNA packaging motors into nanotechnology and nanomedicine. 25.Translocation of Peptides through Membrane-Embedded SPP1 Motor Protein Nanopores 26. Insertion of channel of phi29 DNA packaging motor into polymer membrane for high-throughput sensing. 27.Engineering of protein nanopores for sequencing, chemical or protein sensing and disease diagnosis 28. Phage Portal Channels as Nanopore Sensors. 29. Controlled Co-assembly of Viral Nanoparticles of Simian Virus 40 with Inorganic Nanoparticles: Strategies and Applications 30. Potential of 3Dpol As An Enzymatic Reader for Direct RNA Sequencing. 31. Channel from bacterial virus T7 DNA packaging motor for the differentiation of peptides composed of a mixture of acidic and basic amino acids. 32. Nano-channel of viral DNA packaging motor as single pore to differentiate peptides with single amino acid difference.

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Book SynopsisThis is a practical guide to tomographic image reconstruction with projection data, with strong focus on Computed Tomography (CT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Classic methods such as FBP, ART, SIRT, MLEM and OSEM are presented with modern and compact notation, with the main goal of guiding the reader from the comprehension of the mathematical background through a fast-route to real practice and computer implementation of the algorithms. Accompanied by example data sets, real ready-to-run Python toolsets and scripts and an overview the latest research in the field, this guide will be invaluable for graduate students and early-career researchers and scientists in medical physics and biomedical engineering who are beginners in the field of image reconstruction. A top-down guide from theory to practical implementation of PET and CT reconstruction methods, without sacrificing the rigor of mathematical background Accompanied by Python source code snippets, suggested exercises, and supplementary ready-to-run examples for readers to download from the CRC Press website Ideal for those willing to move their first steps on the real practice of image reconstruction, with modern scientific programming language and toolsets Daniele Panetta is a researcher at the Institute of Clinical Physiology of the Italian National Research Council (CNR-IFC) in Pisa. He earned his MSc degree in Physics in 2004 and specialisation diploma in Health Physics in 2008, both at the University of Pisa. From 2005 to 2007, he worked at the Department of Physics E. Fermi of the University of Pisa in the field of tomographic image reconstruction for small animal imaging micro-CT instrumentation. His current research at CNR-IFC has as its goal the identification of novel PET/CT imaging biomarkers for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In the field micro-CT imaging, his interests cover applications of three-dimensional morphometry of biosamples and scaffolds for regenerative medicine. He acts as reviewer for scientific journals in the field of Medical Imaging: Physics in Medicine and Biology, Medical Physics, Physica Medica, and others. Since 2012, he is adjunct professor in Medical Physics at the University of Pisa.Niccolà Camarlinghi is a researcher at the University of Pisa. He obtained his MSc in Physics in 2007 and his PhD in Applied Physics in 2012. He has been working in the field of Medical Physics since 2008 and his main research fields are medical image analysis and image reconstruction. He is involved in the development of clinical, pre-clinical PET and hadron therapy monitoring scanners. At the time of writing this book he was a lecturer at University of Pisa, teaching courses of life-sciences and medical physics laboratory. He regularly acts as a referee for the following journals: Medical Physics, Physics in Medicine and Biology, Transactions on Medical Imaging, Computers in Biology and Medicine, Physica Medica, EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.Table of Contents1. Preliminary notions 2. Short guide on Python samples 3. Analytical reconstruction algorithms 4. Iterative reconstruction algorithms 5. Overview of methods for generation of projection data

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Book SynopsisCalculating x-ray tube spectra provides a comprehensive review of the modelling of x-ray tube emissions, with a focus on medical imaging and radiotherapy applications. It begins by covering the relevant background, before discussing modelling approaches, including both analytical formulations and Monte Carlo simulation. Historical context is provided, based on the past century of literature, as well as a summary of recent developments and insights. The book finishes with example applications for spectrum models, including beam quality prediction and the calculation of dosimetric and image-quality metrics.This book will be a valuable resource for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students studying medical radiation physics, in addition to those in teaching, research, industry and healthcare settings whose work involves x-ray tubes.Key Features: Covers simple modelling approaches as well as full Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray tubes. Bre

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Book SynopsisBrain and Behavior Computing offers insights into the functions of the human brain. This book provides an emphasis on brain and behavior computing with different modalities available such as signal processing, image processing, data sciences, statistics further it includes fundamental, mathematical model, algorithms, case studies, and future research scopes. It further illustrates brain signal sources and how the brain signal can process, manipulate, and transform in different domains allowing researchers and professionals to extract information about the physiological condition of the brain. Emphasizes real challenges in brain signal processing for a variety of applications for analysis, classification, and clustering. Discusses data sciences and its applications in brain computing visualization. Covers all the most recent tools for analysing the brain and it's working. Describes brain modeling and all possTable of Contents1. Simulation Tools for Brain Signal Analysis 2. Processing Techniques and Analysis of Brain Sensor Data Using Electroencephalography 3. Application of Machine-Learning Techniques in Electroencephalography Signals 4. Revolution of Brain Computer Interface: An Introduction 5. Signal Modeling Using Spatial Filtering and Matching Wavelet Feature Extraction for Classification of Brain Activity Pattern 6. Study and Analysis of the Visual P300 Speller on Neurotypical Subjects 7. Effective Brain Computer Interface Based on the Adaptive-Rate Processing and Classification of Motor Imagery Tasks 8. EEG-Based BCI Systems for Neurorehabilitation Applications 9. Scalp EEG Classification Using TQWT-Entropy Features for Epileptic Seizure Detection 10. An Efficient Single-Trial Classification Approach for Devanagari Script-Based Visual P300 Speller Using Knowledge Distillation and Transfer Learning 11. Deep Learning Algorithms for Brain Image Analysis 12. Evolutionary Optimization Based Two Dimensional Elliptical FIR Filters for Skull Stripping in Brain Imaging and Disorder Detection 13. EEG-Based Neurofeedback Game for Focus Level Enhancement 14. Detecting K-Complexes in Brain Signals Using WSST2-DETOKS 15. Directed Functional Brain Networks: Characterization of Information Flow Direction during Cognitive Function Using Non-Linear Granger Causality 16. Student Behavior Modeling and Context Acquisition: A Ubiquitous Learning Framework

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Book SynopsisNew prospects for biomedical and healthcare engineering are being created by the rapid development of Robotic and Artificial Intelligence techniques. Innovative technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Robotics, and IoT are currently under huge influence in today's modern world. For instance, a micro-nano robot allows us to study the fundamental problems at a cellular scale owing to its precise positioning and manipulation ability; the medical robot paves a new way for the low-invasive and high-e?cient clinical operation, and rehabilitation robotics is able to improve the rehabilitative e?cacy of patients. This book aims at exhibiting the latest research achievements, ?ndings, and ideas in the ?eld of robotics in biomedical and healthcare engineering, primarily focusing on the walking assistive robot, telerobotic surgery, upper/lower limb rehabilitation, and radiosurgery. As a result, a wide range of robots are being developed to serve a variety of roles within tTable of ContentsChapter 1 IoT-Integrated Robotics in the Health Sector Chapter 2 Microrobots and Nanorobots in the Refinement of Modern Healthcare Practices Chapter 3 Communicable Diseases and COVID-19: A Complementary and Holistic Care with Robotic Renaissance Chapter 4 ASBGo: A Smart Walker for Ataxic Gait and Posture Assessment, Monitoring, and Rehabilitation Chapter 5 Analyzing and Comparing MLP, CNN, and LSTM for Classification of Heart Arrhythmia Using ECG Scans Chapter 6 AI-Powered Robotics and COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities Chapter 7 Analyze App Health for Ensuring Better Decision-Making and Improved Secure Outcomes Chapter 8 Intelligent Robots in the Disease Recovery Process Using a Whale Optimization-Based Feature Selection and Classification Model Chapter 9 Biomedical Healthcare Robot Movement Control Using an EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interface with an Optimized Kernel Extreme Learning Machine

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces charnolophagy (CP) as energy-driven, lysosomal-dependent mitochondrial inclusion-specific pleomorphic Charnoly body (CB) autophagy (ATG) involving free radical-induced Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ?? collapse, and ATP depletion in congenital diseases, pressure ulcers, metabolic diseases, hepatic diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, sarcopenia, cachexia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, hyperlipidemia, skin and hair diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, sepsis-induced multi-organ failure, reproductive diseases, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, drug addiction, aging, microbial (including COVID-19) infections, and belligerent malignancies implicated in early morbidity and mortality and disease-specific spatiotemporal, targeted, safe, and effective evidence-based personalized theranostic charnolopharmacotherapeutics to cure them. Basic Table of ContentsCHARNOLOPHAGY (GENERAL TOPICS). Charnolophagy as Immediate and Early Autophagy. Charnolophagy in Intramitochondrial and Intracellular Detoxification. Charnolophagy as a Biomarker of Novel Drug Discovery. Organ and Disease-specific Charnolophagy. Charnolophagy in Pressure Ulcers. Charnolophagy in Toxicology. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN METABOLIC DISORDERS. Charnolophagy in Congenital Diseases. Charnolophagy in Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Recent Update).Charnolophagy in Malnutrition. Charnolophagy in Diet Restriction. Charnolophagy in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Charnolophagy in Liver Diseases. Charnolophagy in Diabetes. Charnolophagy in Obesity. Charnolohagy in Hyperlipidemia. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. Charnolophagy in Skin and Hair Diseases. Charnolophagy in Musculoskeletal Diseases. Charnolophagy in Pulmonary Diseases. Charnolophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. Charnolophagy in Renal Diseases. Charnolophagy in Reproductive Diseases. Charnolophagy in Opthalamic Diseases. Charnolophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases (A). Charnolophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases (B). Charnolophagy in Parkinson’s Disease. Charnolophagy in Alzheimer Disease. Charnolophagy in Stroke. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN INFLAMMATION, CANCER, MICROBIAL INFECTIONS, AND AGING. Charnolophagy in Inflammatory Diseases. Charnolophagy in Cancer (A). Charnolophagy in Cancer (B). Charnolophagy in Microbial Infections. Charnolophagy in Aging. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN NANOMEDICINE. Charnolophagy in Nanotheranostics (A). Charnolophagy in Nanotheranostics (B).

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Book SynopsisThis updated fourth edition provides current information on devices and is divided into diagnostic and treatment sections. Devices are described with the theory of operation and relevant anatomical and physiological considerations. Aspects of BMET work including test equipment, standards, and information technology are also discussed. The text covers a wide variety of diagnostic and treatment devices currently used in hospitals that students will likely encounter in their career. Principles of operation and examples of use are provided. This book is unique in that it is written by an experienced biomed tech with 30 years' experience in hospitals rather than by engineers with little frontline experience. It is also unique in that it provides ancillary materials on the web and is the only guide divided into diagnostic and treatment device sections. This new edition also includes two new chapters on computers, information technology, and networking as well as health technology managemeTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Diagnostic Devices: Part One 3. Diagnostic Devices: Part Two 4. Diagnostic Devices: Part Three 5. Diagnostic Imaging 6. Treatment Devices: Part One 7. Treatment Devices: Part Two 8. Treatment Devices: Part Three 9. HTMT Work 10. Testers and Tools 11. Radiation; HTM and IT 12. Health Technology Management 13. Regulations and Standards 14. A Gallery of Real-Life Problems 15. Anatomy Color Insert

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Book SynopsisThis genuinely pocket-sized guide to essential medical equipment is ideal for medical students, newly qualified junior doctors and other healthcare professionals seeking a convenient and concise handbook to refer to in busy clinical settings including emergency departments. Clear, concise and systematic, it provides a visual guide to enable readers to identify correctly common medical equipment and use it appropriately without overwhelming or extraneous information.Key Features: Convenient everything at your fingertips, for speedy access in the emergency department, on the ward and in the clinic Portable actually fits in a pocket Illustrated plentiful photographs and explanatory line diagrams support and enhance the text Tailored written specifically with the less experienced practitioner in mind Providing guidance and answering questions when senior help is not Table of Contents1. Section A: Resuscitation ‘ABCDE’ Equipment: Airway; Breathing; Circulation; Disability; Exposure; Trauma; Miscellaneous. 2. Section B: Specialty Equipment: Cardiology; Gastroenterology; Neurology; Respiratory Medicine; General Surgery; Ear, Nose & Throat Surgery; Urology; Musculoskeletal Medicine; Ophthalmology; Wound Care. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough many radiation protection scientists and engineers use dose coefficients, few know the origin of those dose coefficients. This is the first book in over 40 years to address the topic of radiation protection dosimetry in intimate detail. Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry covers all methods used in radiation protection dosimetry, including advanced external and internal radiation dosimetry concepts and regulatory applications. This book is an ideal reference for both scientists and practitioners in radiation protection and students in graduate health physics and medical physics courses.Features: A much-needed book filling a gap in the market in a rapidly expanding area Contains the history, evolution, and the most up-to-date computational dosimetry models Authored and edited by internationally recognized authorities and subject area specTrade Review“Although many radiation protection scientists and engineers use dose coefficients, few know the origin of those dose coefficients. This is the first book in over 40 years to address the topic of radiation protection dosimetry in intimate detail. This is a significant volume providing an overview of the field of radiation protection dosimetry, elaborating on the foundational concepts, historical evolution of regulation and guidance, scientific models, and measurements of exposure and uptake, and addressing application of these models in evaluating radiation exposure/uptake risk. It is part of the International Organization for Medical Physics book series in medical physics and biomedical engineering. The book provides a comprehensive summary of the current state-of-the art computational dosimetry techniques for radiation protection, with a clear, overarching goal of capturing the high-level knowledge used to generate fundamental radiation protection dosimetry quantities. The book addresses these concepts and regulatory applications considering both external and internal pathways. The methods presented are largely based on computational approaches and results from the latest International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU). As such, the book is appropriate for both a national and international audience including medical physicists, health physicists, radiation protection specialists, nuclear medicine practitioners, epidemiologists, and regulators. Other groups that would benefit from the information include students, academic physicists/dosimetrists, and laboratory researchers. The book contains the most up-to-date computational dosimetry models with each topic covered by internationally recognized experts in that field of study. After reviewing fundamental concepts and an engaging historical review of radiation protection guidance in the United States (with parallel coverage of the international recommendations), the book takes deep dives into several key topics: radiation detection and measurement, reference individuals (and associated phantoms) defined for external and internal radiation dosimetry, as well as biokinetic and dosimetric models. Additional key chapters include a comprehensive treatment of dose coefficients (and computational dosimetry approaches), cancer risk coefficients (considering both philosophy and application), and the interpretation of bioassay results to assess the intake of radionuclides. This book elucidates important topics in a much more practical manner than highly technical publications. In addition, having the detailed information in a single, combined, high-quality volume with primary references provided is a plus. The included sample calculations and detailed case studies are exceptionally useful inclusions. This is an important book that ensures key knowledge transfer from outgoing subject matter experts in radiation protection to incoming generations.” —Lawrence Dauer, Ph.D. (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) in Doody’s Core Titles Review 2022. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Fundamental Concepts and Quantities. Chapter 3: Evolution of Radiation Protection Guidance in the United States. Chapter 4: Radiation Detection and Measurement. Chapter 5: Reference Individuals Defined for External and Internal Radiation Dosimetry. Chapter 6: Biokinetic Models. Chapter 7: Dosimetric Models. Chapter 8: Dose Coefficients. Chapter 9: Cancer Risk Coefficients. Chapter 10: Interpretation of Bioassay Results to Assess the Intake of Radionuclides.

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Book SynopsisScintillation Dosimetry delivers a comprehensive introduction to plastic scintillation dosimetry, covering everything from basic radiation dosimetry concepts to plastic scintillating fiber optics. Comprised of chapters authored by leading experts in the medical physics community, the book: Discusses a broad range of technical implementations, from point source dosimetry scaling to 3D-volumetric and 4D-scintillation dosimetry Addresses a wide scope of clinical applications, from machine quality assurance to small-field and in vivo dosimetry Examines related optical techniques, such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) or ÄŒerenkov luminescence Thus, Scintillation Dosimetry provides an authoritative reference for detailed, state-of-the-art information on plastic scintillation dosimetry and its use in the field of radiation dosimetry.Trade Review"… fills an important gap in the field of detection. The text is comprehensive, focused, and clearly assembled. Medical physicists will find this an important addition to their reference libraries."—Paul M. DeLuca, Jr., Emeritus Provost and Professor, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA"This book, edited by the scintillation dosimetry gurus Sam Beddar and Luc Beaulieu, is a very timely and comprehensive contribution to the understanding and advancement of scintillation dosimetry applications. It will be of tremendous use to anyone touching, teaching, or researching scintillation dosimeters."—Jacob (Jake) Van Dyk, Professor Emeritus, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"… successfully carries the reader from basic principles to advanced medical physics applications. … brings a new understanding of a blossoming field and will become a cornerstone for future advances in scintillation dosimetry."—Kari Tanderup, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark"Excellent source for not only organic scintillator dosimetry fundamentals, but also its application to radiation oncology dosimetry. I have particularly enjoyed the comparisons with other detector systems. I would recommend [this book] not only to those medical physicists interested in the use of scintillator detectors, but also to those that can be updated in dose measurements for beam characterization, pretreatment verifications, and in vivo dosimetry both in external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy."—Núria Jornet, PhD, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"I welcome an exciting new book in this eminent series; [a book] on the timely topic of scintillation dosimetry. The book covers basic principles and a wide range of applications that many will find of great interest."—Frank Verhaegen, Professor and Head of Clinical Physics Research, MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands"well-structured and easy to follow. This textbook had an ambitious goal of being a reference for scintillation dosimetry primarily and secondly for other luminescence-based dosimetry systems. It provides a fantastic and needed review/update on many of the novel luminescence dosimetry systems. The text has covered a large amount of work and presented all of the key concepts. I believe the authors have been able to meet their goal. I recommend this text to any student, clinical and researching physicists interested in dosimetry, especially optical based systems, and an essential read for those looking to use PSDs in the clinic…. a must read for those interested in luminescence-based dosimetry systems."—Australasian Physical and Engineering Science in Medicine (Oct 2016), review by Alexandre M. C. Santos"… fills an important gap in the field of detection. The text is comprehensive, focused, and clearly assembled. Medical physicists will find this an important addition to their reference libraries."—Paul M. DeLuca, Jr., Emeritus Provost and Professor, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA"This book, edited by the scintillation dosimetry gurus Sam Beddar and Luc Beaulieu, is a very timely and comprehensive contribution to the understanding and advancement of scintillation dosimetry applications. It will be of tremendous use to anyone touching, teaching, or researching scintillation dosimeters."—Jacob (Jake) Van Dyk, Professor Emeritus, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"… successfully carries the reader from basic principles to advanced medical physics applications. … brings a new understanding of a blossoming field and will become a cornerstone for future advances in scintillation dosimetry."—Kari Tanderup, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark"Excellent source for not only organic scintillator dosimetry fundamentals, but also its application to radiation oncology dosimetry. I have particularly enjoyed the comparisons with other detector systems. I would recommend [this book] not only to those medical physicists interested in the use of scintillator detectors, but also to those that can be updated in dose measurements for beam characterization, pretreatment verifications, and in vivo dosimetry both in external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy."—Núria Jornet, PhD, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"I welcome an exciting new book in this eminent series; [a book] on the timely topic of scintillation dosimetry. The book covers basic principles and a wide range of applications that many will find of great interest."—Frank Verhaegen, Professor and Head of Clinical Physics Research, MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlandswell-structured and easy to follow. This textbook had an ambitious goal of being a reference for scintillation dosimetry primarily and secondly for other luminescence-based dosimetry systems. It provides a fantastic and needed review/update on many of the novel luminescence dosimetry systems. The text has covered a large amount of work and presented all of the key concepts. I believe the authors have been able to meet their goal. I recommend this text to any student, clinical and researching physicists interested in dosimetry, especially optical based systems, and an essential read for those looking to use PSDs in the clinic…. a must read for those interested in luminescence-based dosimetry systems."—Australasian Physical and Engineering Science in Medicine (Oct 2016), review by Alexandre M. C. SantosTable of ContentsScintillation of Organic Materials. Quenching of Scintillation Light. Optical Fibers, Light-Guides, and Light Transmission. Plastic Scintillation Detectors: Basic Properties. Čerenkov and Its Solutions. Basic Quality Assurance: Profiles and Depth Dose Curves. Small Field and Radiosurgery Dosimetry. In Vivo Dosimetry I: External Beam Radiation Therapy. In Vivo Dosimetry II: Brachytherapy. Multipoint Plastic Scintillation Detectors. Applications in Radiology. 1D Plastic Scintillation Dosimeters for Photons and Electrons. 2D Plastic Scintillation Dosimetry for Photons. 2D and 3D Scintillation Dosimetry for Brachytherapy. 3D Liquid Scintillation Dosimetry for Photons and Protons. Fiber Optic-Based Radiochromic Dosimetry. Fiber-Coupled Luminescence Dosimetry with Inorganic Crystals. OSL Point Dosimeters for In Vivo Patient Dosimetry. Scintillating Quantum Dots. Čerenkov for Portal Imaging Dosimetry in Radiation Therapy. Čerenkov Imaging Applications in Radiation Therapy Dosimetry.

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Book SynopsisThe Synthetic Biology Handbook explains the major goals of the field of synthetic biology and presents the technical details of the latest advances made in achieving those goals. Offering a comprehensive overview of the current areas of focus in synthetic biology, this handbook: Explores the standardisation of classic molecular bioscience approaches Addresses the societal context and potential impacts of synthetic biology Discusses the use of legacy systems as tools for new product development Examines the design and construction of de novo cells and genetic codes Describes computational methods for designing genes and gene networks Thus, the Synthetic Biology Handbook provides an accurate sense of the scope of synthetic biology today. The handbook also affords readers with an opportunity to scrutinize the underlying scTable of ContentsSynthetic Biology: Culture and Bioethical Considerations. Synthetic Biology Standards and Methods of DNA Assembly. Standardised Genetic Output Measurement. Bacterial Cells as Engineered Chassis. Eukaryotae Synthetica: Synthetic Biology in Yeast, Microalgae, and Mammalian Cells. Synthetic Plants. Theory and Construction of Semi-Synthetic Minimal Cells. Design Tools for Synthetic Biology. New Genetic Codes.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the current difficulties and unsolved problems in the field of particle therapy and, after analysing them, discusses how (and if) innovative Monte Carlo approaches can be used to solve them. Each book chapter is dedicated to a different sub-discipline, including multi-ion treatments, flash-radiotherapy, laser-accelerated beams, nanoparticles effects, binary reactions to enhance radiobiology, and space-related issues. This is the first book able to provide a comprehensive insight into this exciting field and the growing use of Monte Carlo in medical physics. It will be of interest to graduate students in medicine and medical physics, in addition to researchers and clinical staff.Key Features: Explores the exciting and interdisciplinary topic of Monte Carlo in particle therapy and medicine Addresses common challenges in the field Edited by an authority on the subject, with chapter contributions from spTable of ContentsChapter 1: The Monte Carlo Method and Its Applications to Heavily Charged Particle Therapy. Chapter 2: Applications of Monte Carlo Calculations in Clinical Dosimetry of Proton and Ion Beams. Chapter 3: Solving Range Uncertainties with Gamma Prompt/Charged Particle Prompt. Chapter 4: Macroscopic and microscopic calculation approaches for LET calculations. Chapter 5: Low energy inelastic process in hadrontherapy. Chapter 6: Experimental Data of Nuclear Fragmentation for Validating Monte Carlo Modes: Present Availability and Lacks. Chapter 7: Quality assurance in particle therapy with PET. Chapter 8: Radioactive beams for ion therapy: Monte Carlo simulations and experimental verifications. Chapter 9: Monte Carlo and Microdosimetry in particle radiotherapy. Chapter 10: Monte Carlo to link RBE with radiation quality quantities. Chapter 11: Physical and Biological Impact of Projectile and Target Fragmentation. Chapter 12: Monte Carlo characterisation of nanoparticle radio-enhancement for hadron therapy. Chapter 13: Increasing particle therapy biological effectiveness by nuclear reaction-driven binary strategies. Chapter 14: Monte Carlo simulations for Targeted Alpha Therapy. Chapter 15: Experimental and modelling challenges in FLASH radiotherapy with Monte Carlo Methods. Chapter 16: Towards Multiple Ion Applications in Particle Therapy. Chapter 17: Monte Carlo for chemistry in radiation biology. Chapter 18: Recent developments in the TRAX particle track structure code. Chapter 19: Machine Learning for Monte Carlo Simulations. Chapter 20: Speed-up MC in charged particle applications. Chapter 21: Monte Carlo and Analytical codes for Dose planning and recalculation: limits and differential advantages.

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Book SynopsisFor this ground-breaking book, Philip Pugh has assembled a team of contributors who show just how much solar observation work can be accomplished with Coronado telescopes, and explain how to get the best from these marvelous instruments.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "Observing the Sun is becoming more and more popular these days … . there’s a whole range of Coronado solar telescopes on offer. This book aims to clarify the differences between them and give you solid advice on what each one can do. … The chapters are well written and comprehensive. … this is actually a very useful resource if you’re interested in pursuing solar observing or imaging – not just if you have a scope made by Coronado in your garage. … it’s highly recommended." (Pete Lawrence, BBC Sky at Night, April, 2008) "Philip Pugh’s new book, which includes contributions from several expert coauthors, covers more ground than its title suggests – including gear from other manufacturers. … I think it serves as a valuable reference and a worthwhile review of the current state of the art of daytime amateur astronomy." (Rick Fienberg, Sky and Telescope, July, 2008) "This book does exactly what it says on the cover and more. It covers the whole gambit of solar observation in both red hydrogen light (hydrogen-alpha) and violet calcium light (CaK) and is profusely illustrated with telescopes, accessories and innumerable solar images. … The text is upbeat … . this is an excellent book and essential reading for all interested in this fascinating area of observation – no less in that it occurs at sociable daylight hours!" (Maurice Gavin, Astronomy Now, June, 2008) "This book provides a wealth of useful information on choosing the right telescope, what accessories work best with those instruments, the use of cameras and CCD detectors, and the post-processing of their images. There are copious illustrations of both the instrumentation and the results … . I have no hesitation in recommending this book. For potential buyers of such telescopes this book is well worth … . Philip Pugh and his co-authors are to be congratulated on a very useful guide." (Steve Bell, The Observatory, Vol. 128 (1206), October, 2008) "This book aims to review the options available as well as briefly covering equipment from other sources. … I would be very happy to recommend this book to anyone who is considering the purchase of equipment to image our Sun in narrow-band hydrogen-alpha light. It does a good job of reviewing the options available and the best photographs really do show the amazing images that can be seen visually and recorded for later enhancement using a variety of image processing techniques and software." (Peter R. Hobson, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 50 (5), September-October, 2009)Table of ContentsPersonal Solar Telescope.- MaxScope 90.- Other Coronado Solar Telescopes.- Imaging.- Alternative Products.- Untried Products.- Summary.- The Physics of the Sun.- Coronado Price List.

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Book SynopsisHumans have always been fascinated by marine life, from extremely small diatoms to the largest mammal that inhabits our planet, the blue whale.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“Provides a comprehensive overview of the bioacoustics of marine life. It is targeted for bioacousticians, and is intended to focus on areas of knowledge that they should master. … This book achieves its objective of providing that knowledge base. It also is a valuable information source for engineers and scientists with a background in acoustics, and who are interested in gaining insights into the bioacoustics of marine life. … a valuable information source on marine bioacoustics and is recommended.” (Martin L. Pollack, Noise Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 58 (6), November-December, 2010)“The book incorporates detailed qualitative and quantitative information and analysis of the sounds produced by marine life with a particular emphasis on marine mammals. … the book contains a vast amount of useful information supported by extensive experimental evidence. … The descriptions of experimental design, measurement, and analysis techniques make this a good starting point for someone planning further experiments in this domain. … I recommend this book to anyone searching for knowledge of marine bioacoustics.” (Adrian Brown, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 16 (2), 2011)Table of ContentsPrinciples and Methodology.- Measurement and Generation of Underwater Sounds.- Transducer Properties and Utilization.- Acoustic Propagation.- Signal Recording and Data Acquisition.- Fourier Analysis.- Auditory Systems of Marine Animals.- Experimental Psychological and Electrophysiological Methodology.- Acoustics of Marine Animals.- Hearing in Marine Animals.- Emission of Social Sounds by Marine Animals.- Echolocation in Marine Mammals.- Some Signal Processing Techniques.- Some Instrumentation for Marine Bioacoustics Research.

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Book Synopsis1 Introduction: A Sketch of the History and Scope of the Field.- 2 The Meaning of the Constitutive Equation.- 3 The Flow Properties of Blood.- 4 Mechanics of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Other Cells.- 5 Interaction of Red Cells with Vessel Wall, and Wall Shear with Endothelium.- 6 Bioviscoelastic Fluids.- 7 Bioviscoelastic Solids.- 8 Mechanical Properties and Active Remodeling of Blood Vessels.- 9 Skeletal Muscle.- 10 Heart Muscle.- 11 Smooth Muscles.- 12 Bone and Cartilage.- Author Index.Table of ContentsPrefaces. 1. Introduction: A sketch of the History and Scope of the Field. 2. The Meaning of the Constitutive Equation. 3. The Flow Properties of Blood. 4. Mechanics of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Other Cells. 5. Interaction of Red Blood Cells with Vessel Wall, and Wall Shear with Endothelium. 6 Bioviscoelastic Fluids. Bioviscoelastic Solids. 8. Mechanical Properties and Active Remodeling of Blood Vessels. 9. Skeletal Muscle. 10. Heart Muscle. 11. Smooth Muscles. 12. Bone and Cartilage. Indices

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Book SynopsisFrom the former president of MIT, the story of the next technology revolution, and how it will change our lives.Trade Review"... entertaining and prescient..." -- Science"Your amazing guide to the future of biology is the former president of the Aladdin's cave that is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology." -- Summer Reading 2019 - New Scientist

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Book SynopsisBrings the latest advances in nanotechnology and biology to computing This pioneering book demonstrates how nanotechnology can create even faster, denser computing architectures and algorithms. Furthermore, it draws from the latest advances in biology with a focus on bio-inspired computing at the nanoscale, bringing to light several new and innovative applications such as nanoscale implantable biomedical devices and neural networks. Bio-Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing features an expert team of interdisciplinary authors who offer readers the benefit of their own breakthroughs in integrated computing as well as a thorough investigation and analyses of the literature. Carefully edited, the book begins with an introductory chapter providing a general overview of the field. It ends with a chapter setting forth the common themes that tie the chapters together as well as a forecast of emerging avenues of research. Among the important topics addressed in the bookTable of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Contributors xiii 1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1 Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip 2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31 Alireza Nojeh 3 Quantum Computing 67 John H. Reif 4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111 Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien 5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155 Alexander D. Wissner-Gross 6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175 S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov 7 Spin-wave Architectures 203 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang 8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243 Shiva Navab 10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263 Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla 11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295 James M. Tour and Lin Zhong 12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327 Mario Ruben 13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349 John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean 14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen 15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391 Robert A. Freitas, Jr. 16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429 Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai 17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455 Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng 18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483 Tulin Mangir 19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535 Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing Yip Index 547

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Book SynopsisThe book serves as both an introduction and a practical guide on the synthesis and use of polyphosphazenes, a new and very versatile polymer family which has recently demonstrated bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. PREFACE. I INTRODUCTION. 1 Polymers for Biology and Medicine - Current Status and Future Prospects (Alexander K. Andrianov and Robert Langer). 2 Expanding Options in Polyphosphazene Biomedical Research (Harry R. Allcock). II VACCINE DELIVERY AND IMMUNOMODULATION. 3 Polyphosphazenes as Vaccine Delivery Systems (Alexander K. Andrianov). 4 The Potential of Polyphosphazenes in Modulating Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses I: Investigations In Mice (George Mutwiri, Ponn Benjamin, Alexander K. Andrianov, and Lorne Babiuk). 5 The Potential of Polyphosphazenes in Modulating Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses II: Investigations In Large Animals (George Mutwiri and Lorne Babiuk). 6 Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Inactivated and Subunit Rotavirus Vaccines in Adult and Infant Mice (Kari Johansen, Jorma Hinkula, Claudia Istrate, Elin Johansson, Didier Poncet, and Lennart Svensson). 7 Polyphosphazene Immunoadjuvants for Intradermal Vaccine Delivery (Alexander K. Andrianov, Daniel P. DeCollibus, Helice A. Gillis, Henry H. Kha, Alexander Marin). III BIOMATERIALS. 8 Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering (Syam P. Nukavarapu, Sangamesh G. Kumbar, Harry R. Allcock and Cato T. Laurencin). 9 Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Blends for Biomedical Applications (Meng Deng, Lakshmi S. Nair, Nicholas R. Krogman, Harry R. Allcock, Cato T. Laurencin). 10 Polyphosphazenes from Condensation Polymerization (Patty Wisian-Neilson). 11 Electrospun Polyphosphazene Nanofibers For In Vitro Osteoblast Culture (Maria Teresa Conconi, Paolo Carampin, Silvano Lora, Claudio Grandi, Pier Paolo Parnigotto). 12 Phosphazenes and Surfaces (Mario Gleria, Roberto Milani, Roberta Bertani, Angelo Boscolo Boscoletto, and Roger De Jaeger). IV DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS. 13 Amphiphilic Ionizable Polyphosphazenes for the Preparation of pH-Responsive Liposomes (David Ghattas and Jean-Christophe Leroux). 14 Poly- and Cyclophosphazenes as Drug Carriers for Anticancer Therapy (Youn Soo Sohn and Yong Joo Jun). 15 Amphiphilic Polyphosphazenes as Drug Carriers (Liyan Qiu and Cheng Zheng). 16 Synthesis and Characterization of Organometallic Derivatives of Polyphosphazenes and their Applications in Nanoscience (Carlos Diaz and M. L. Valenzuela). 17 Transport Properties of Polyphosphazenes (Joel R. Fried). V BIODETECTION. 18 Potentiometric Monitoring Antibody-Antigen Interactions by and Stabilization of Polyanilineand Electrodes with p-Sulfonated Poly(bisphenoxyphosphazene) (Byeongyeol Kim, Alexander K. Andrianov, Alok Prabhu, Vladimir Sergeyev, and Kalle Levon). VI WELL-DEFINED POLYPHOSPHAZENES: SYNTHETIC ASPECTS AND NOVEL MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES. 19 Synthesis and chemical regularity in phosphazene copolymers (Gabino A. Carriedo). 20 Supramolecular Structures of Cyclophosphazenes(Alexander Steiner APPENDIX A. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisBasics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is a structured textbook for university engineering courses in biomedical ultrasound and for researchers in the field. This book offers a tool for building a solid understanding of biomedical ultrasound, and leads the novice through the field in a step-by-step manner.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Prelude and Basic Definitions. The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine. A General Statement on Safety. Some Common Applications of Ultrasound. What Is It that We Need to Know? References. 1 Waves—A General Description. 1.1 General Definitions of Waves—A Qualitative Description. 1.2 General Properties of Waves—A Qualitative Description. 1.3 Mechanical One-Dimensional Waves. 1.4 The Wave Function. 1.5 The Wave Equation. 1.6 Harmonic Waves. 1.7 Group Waves. 1.8 Wave Velocity. 1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description). 1.10 Spherical Waves. 1.11 Cylindrical Waves. 1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium. References. 2 Waves In A One-Dimensional Medium. 2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String. 2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String. 2.3 Wave Reflection (Echo) in a One-Dimensional Medium. 2.4 Special Cases. 2.5 Wave Energy in Strings. 2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String. 2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String. References. 3 Ultraspmoc Waves in Fluids. 3.1 Waves in Fluids. 3.2 Compressibility. 3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids. 3.4 The Wave Energy. 3.5 Intensity. 3.6 Radiation Pressure. 3.7 A Perfect Reflector. References. 4 Propogation of Acoustic Waves in Solid Materials. 4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids. 4.2 The Elastic Strain. 4.3 Stress. 4.4 Hooke’s Law and Elastic Coefficients. 4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material. 4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material. References. 5 Attenuation and Dispersion. 5.1 The Attenuation Phenomenon. 5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model. 5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency. 5.4 The Complex Wave Number. 5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion. 5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B/A. References. 6 Reflection and Transmission. 6.1 The Acoustic Impedance. 6.2 Snell’s Law. 6.3 Reflection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two Fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves). 6.4 Reflection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion). 6.5 Reflection and Transmission from a Liquid– Solid Boundary. References. 7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS. 7.1 Optics. 7.2 Optics and Acoustics. 7.3 An Ellipsoidal Lens. 7.4 Spherical Lenses. 7.5 Zone Lenses. 7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors). References. 8 Transducers and Acoustic Fields. 8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers. 8.2 The Acoustic Field. 8.3 The Field of a Point Source. 8.4 The Field of a Disc Source. 8.5 The Field of Various Transducers. 8.6 Phased-Array Transducers. 8.7 Annular Phased Arrays. References. 9 Ultrasonic Imaging Using the Pulse-Echo Technique. 9.1 Basic Definitions in Imaging. 9.2 The “A-Line”. 9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues. 9.4 Time Gain Compensation. 9.5 Basic Pulse-Echo Imaging (B-Scan). 9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse-Echo Imaging. References. 10 Special Imaging Techniques. 10.1 Acoustic Impedance Imaging—Impediography. 10.2 Elastography. 10.3 Tissue Speckle Tracking. 10.4 Through-Transmission Imaging. 10.5 Vibro-acoustic Imaging. 10.6 Time Reversal. 10.7 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography. 10.8 Contrast Materials. 10.9 Coded Excitations. References. 11 Doppler Imaging Techniques. 11.1 The Doppler Effect. 11.2 Velocity Estimation. 11.3 Frequency Shift Estimation. 11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B-Scan and Color Flow Mapping). References. 12 Safety and Therapuetic Applications. 12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety. 12.2 Ultrasonic Physiotherapy. 12.3 Lithotripsy. 12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation. 12.5 Drug Delivery. 12.6 Gene Therapy. 12.7 Cosmetic Applications. References. Appenidx A: Typical Acoustic Properties of Tissues. Appendix B: Exemplary Problems. Appendix C: Answers to Exemplary Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a unique focus on the application of nanotechnology to the sub-cellular level with respect to drug delivery and probing inter-cellular milieu. It provides a comprehensive review of the latest in this new, interdisciplinary field of biomedical research.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. An Introduction to Subcellular Nanomedicine: Current Trends and Future Developments (Gerard G. M. D’Souza and Volkmar Weissig). 2. Delivery of Nanonsensors to Measure the Intracellular Environment (Paul G. Coupland and Jonathan W. Aylott). 3. Cytoplasmic Diffi usion of Dendrimers and Dendriplexes (Alexander T. Florence and Pakatip Ruenraroengsak). 4. Endocytosis and Intracellular Trafficking of Quantum Dot-Ligand Bioconjugates (Tore-Geir Iversen, Nadine Frerker, and Kirsten Sandvig). 5. Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle-Based Intracellular Biosensors and Therapeutic Agents (Neil Bricklebank). 6. Subcellular Fate of Nanodelivery Systems (Dusica Maysinger, Sebastien Boridy, and Eliza Hutter). 7. Intracellular Fate of Plasmid DNA Polyplexes (Kevin Maier and Ernst Wagner). 8. Intracellular Trafficking of Membrane Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Carbon Nanotubes (Bin Kang and Yaodong Dai). 9. Real-Time Particle Tracking for Studying Intracellular Transport of Nanotherapeutics (Clive Chen and Junghae Suh). 10. Tracking Intracellular Polymer Localization Via Fluorescence Microscopy (Simon C. W. Richardson). 11. Can QSAR Models Describing Small-Molecule Xenobiotics Give Useful Tips for Predicting Uptake and Localization of Nanoparticles in Living Cells? And If Not, Why Not? (Richard W. Horobin). 12. Self-Unpacking Gene Delivery Scaffolds (Millicent O. Sullivan). 13. Cellular Trafficking of Dendrimers (Yunus Emre Kurtoglu and Rangaramanujam M. Kannan). 14. Endolysosomolytically Active pH-Sensitive Polymeric Nanotechnology (Han Chang Kang and You Han Bae). 15. Uptake and Intracellular Dynamics of Proteins Internalized by Cell-Penetrating Peptides (Arwyn T. Jones). 16. Cargo Transport by Teams of Molecular Motors: Basic Mechanisms for Intracellular Drug Delivery (Melanie J. I. Müller, Florian Berger, Stegan Klumpp, and Reinhard Lipowsky). 17. The Potential of Photochemical Internalization (PCI) for the Cytosolic Delivery of Nanomedicines (Kristian Berg, Anette Weyergang, Anders Høgset, and Pål Kristian Selbo). 18. Peptide-Based Nanocarriers for Intracellular Delivery of Biologically Active Proteins (Seong Loong Lo and Shu Wang). 19. Organelle-Specific Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Active Cellular Transport of Submicro- and Nanoscale Particles (Galya Orr). 20. Subcellular Targeting of Virus-Envelope-Coated Nanoparticles (Jia Wang, Mohammad F. Saeed, Andrey A. Kolokoltsov, and Robert A. Davey). 21. Mitochondria-Targeted Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers (Volkmar Weissig and Gerard G.M. D’Souza). 22. Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Cytosolic Delivery of Biomacromolecules (Camilla Foged, Xiaona Jing, and Hanne Moerck Nielsen). 23. Therapeutic Nano-object Delivery to Subdomains of Cardiac Myocytes (Valeriy Lukyanenko). 24. Design Parameters Modulating Intracellular Drug Delivery: Anchoring to Specific Cellular Epitopes, Carrier Geometry, and Use of Auxiliary Pharmacological Agents (Silvia Muro and Vladimir R. Muzykantov). 25. Uptake Pathways Dependent Intracellular Trafficking of DNA Carrying Nanodelivery Systems (Ikramy A. Khalil, Yuma Yamada, Hidetaka Akita, and Hideyoshi Harashima). 26. Cellular Interactions of Plasmon-Resonant Gold Nanorods (Qingshan Wei and Alexander Wei). 27. Quantum Dot Labeling for Assessment of Intracellular Trafficking of Therapeutically Active Molecules (Diane J. Burgess and Mamta Kapoor). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book will be mainly focussed on the properties and uses of dendrimers and dendrons. The aim of this book is to be the reference book about dendrimers applications. It will not describe all details, but it will give the reader a unique overview of what has currently been done with dendrimers, with numerous references and illustrations. It will be divided in four main parts: Part 1) Generalities, syntheses, characterizations and properties; Part 2) Applications in catalysis; Part 3) Applications for the elaboration or modification of materials; and Part 4) Applications in biology/medicine. The role of the nanometric size and the multiple functions of dendrimers on the properties will be emphasized.Trade Review “The book is of high quality and recommended reading for anyone working with dendrimers or wanting to have a good reference book; rich in information, clearly organized and thoroughly referenced with topical primary publications.” (Angewandte Chemie, 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1 Generalities, Syntheses, Characterizations, and Physicochemical Properties 1 1 Syntheses of Dendrimers and Dendrons 3 Anne-Marie Caminade 1.1 Introduction: What Are Dendrimers and Dendrons? 3 1.2 Syntheses of Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimers (PPI) 5 1.3 Synthesis of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers (PAMAM) 5 1.4 Syntheses of Poly(ether) Dendrimers 7 1.5 Syntheses of Poly(ester) Dendrimers 10 1.6 Synthesis of Poly(lysine) Dendrimers 14 1.7 Syntheses of Silicon-Containing Dendrimers 15 1.8 Syntheses of Phosphorus-Containing Dendrimers 16 1.9 Syntheses of Carbon-Based Dendrimers 17 1.10 Syntheses of Dendrimers Constituted of Nitrogen Heterocycles 19 1.11 Syntheses by Self-Assembly 21 1.12 Accelerated Syntheses 26 1.13 Conclusion 30 References 30 2 Methods of Characterization of Dendrimers 35 Anne-Marie Caminade 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Spectroscopy and Spectrometry 36 2.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 36 2.2.2 Mass Spectrometry 40 2.2.3 X-ray Diffraction 41 2.2.4 Infrared (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy 42 2.2.5 Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–vis) Spectroscopy 43 2.2.6 Fluorescence 44 2.2.7 Chirality, Optical Rotation, and Circular Dichroism (CD) 45 2.2.8 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) 45 2.2.9 Electrochemistry 46 2.2.10 Magnetometry 46 2.2.11 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 46 2.2.12 X-ray Spectroscopies 47 2.3 Scattering Techniques 47 2.3.1 Laser Light Scattering (LLS) 47 2.3.2 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) 47 2.3.3 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) 48 2.4 Microscopy 48 2.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 49 2.4.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 49 2.4.3 Polarizing Optical Microscopy (POM) 50 2.5 Rheology and Physical Characterizations 50 2.5.1 Intrinsic Viscosity 50 2.5.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 50 2.5.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy (DS) 51 2.5.4 Dipole Moments 51 2.6 Separation Techniques 52 2.6.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography 52 2.6.2 Electrophoresis 53 2.7 Conclusion 53 References 54 3 Luminescent Dendrimers 67 Anne-Marie Caminade 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Dendrimers with Fluorescent Terminal Groups 68 3.2.1 Fully Substituted Dendrimers 68 3.2.2 Partially Substituted Dendrimers 69 3.3 Luminescent Group at the Core of Dendrimers and Energy/Light-Harvesting Properties 74 3.3.1 Organic Fluorophores as Cores 74 3.3.2 Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines as Cores 77 3.3.3 Metallic Cores 78 3.4 Fluorescent Groups inside the Structure of Dendrimers 79 3.5 Intrinsically Fluorescent Dendrimers 81 3.5.1 Fluorescent Groups throughout the Dendrimeric Structure 81 3.5.2 Fluorescence of Dendrimers without Known Fluorophores 86 3.6 Two-Photon-Excited Fluorescence of Dendrimers 86 3.7 Conclusion 89 References 90 4 Stimuli-Responsive Dendrimers 99 Anne-Marie Caminade 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Photoresponsive Dendrimeric Structures 100 4.2.1 Azobenzene-Containing Dendrimers and Dendrons 101 4.2.2 Other Types of Photoresponsive Dendrimers 108 4.3 Thermoresponsive Dendrimeric Structures 110 4.3.1 Thermoresponsive Properties of Dendrimers 110 4.3.2 Thermoresponsive Properties of Dendrons and Dendronized Polymers 112 4.4 Dendrimers Responsive to Solution Media Changes 114 4.4.1 pH-Responsive Dendrimers 114 4.4.2 Dendrimers Disassembly 115 4.5 Conclusion 117 References 118 5 Liquid Crystalline Dendrimers 125 Anne-Marie Caminade 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Mesogenic Groups as Terminal Functions of Dendrons 126 5.3 Mesogenic Groups as Terminal Functions of Dendrimers 131 5.4 Mesogenic Groups as Branches of Dendrimers 134 5.5 Conclusion 135 References 136 6 Dendrimers and Nanoparticles 141 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Dendrimers or Dendrons for Coating Nanoparticles 142 6.2.1 Dendronization of Nanoparticles by Ligand Exchange 142 6.2.2 Direct Synthesis of Dendronized Nanoparticles 147 6.2.3 Dendrimer Coated Nanoparticles 149 6.2.4 Nanocomposites with Interdendrimer Nanoparticles 151 6.3 Dendrimers as Templates for the Synthesis of Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles (DENs) 152 6.3.1 Catalysis with Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles 153 6.3.2 Other Uses of Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles 154 6.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 154 References 155 Part 2 Applications in Catalysis 163 7 Terminal Groups of Dendrimers as Catalysts for Homogeneous Catalysis 165 Armelle Ouali and Anne-Marie Caminade 7.1 General Introduction 165 7.1.1 The “Dendrimer Effect” 165 7.1.2 Recycling the Catalysts 166 7.2 Catalytic Organometallic Sites as Catalysts for Homogeneous Catalysis 167 7.2.1 Formation of C–X Bonds (X = C, N, O) 167 7.2.2 Addition Reactions on a C=X Double Bond (X = C, O) 175 7.2.3 Oxidation Reactions 177 7.3 Organocatalysis with Dendrimers 178 7.4 Conclusion 178 References 179 8 Catalytic Sites inside the Dendrimeric Structure for Homogeneous Catalysis 183 Armelle Ouali and Anne-Marie Caminade 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Catalytic Sites as the Core of Dendrimers 184 8.2.1 Dendrimers Bearing a Transition-Metal-Based Complex at the Core 184 8.2.2 Dendrimers Bearing an Organocatalyst at the Core 188 8.3 Catalytic Sites inside the Branches of Dendrimers 191 8.3.1 Formation of C–X Bonds (X = C, N, O) 191 8.3.2 Addition Reactions on a C=C Double Bond: Olefi n Hydrogenation 192 8.4 Conclusion 192 References 193 9 Dendrimers as Homogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts 197 Armelle Ouali and Anne-Marie Caminade 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Catalytic Organometallic Sites as Catalysts for Homogeneous Catalysis 198 9.2.1 Formation of C–X Bonds (X = C, N, O) 198 9.2.2 Addition Reactions on a C=X Double Bond (X = C, O) 204 9.3 Organocatalysis with Dendrimers 209 9.3.1 Aldolizations 209 9.3.2 Aza–Morita–Baylis–Hillmann Reactions 209 9.3.3 Transaminations 210 9.4 Conclusion 210 References 210 10 Catalysis with Dendrimers in Particular Media 215 Régis Laurent and Anne-Marie Caminade 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Two-Phase (Liquid–Liquid) Media 216 10.3 Catalysis in Ionic Liquids 219 10.4 Catalysis in Supercritical Media 220 10.5 Catalysis in Aqueous Media 221 10.6 Conclusion 234 References 234 11 Heterogeneous Catalysis with Dendrimers 239 Régis Laurent and Anne-Marie Caminade 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Catalysis with Dendrons Synthesized from a Solid Material 240 11.2.1 Silica as an Inorganic Support 240 11.2.2 Polymers and Resins as Organic Supports 248 11.3 Catalysis with Dendrons or Dendrimers Grafted on to a Solid Surface 254 11.4 Catalysis with Insoluble Dendrimers 257 11.5 Conclusion 260 References 261 Part 3 Applications for the Elaboration or Modification of Materials 267 12 Dendrimers inside Materials 269 Régis Laurent and Anne-Marie Caminade 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Gels 270 12.2.1 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Supramolecular Hygrogels 270 12.2.2 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Polymer-Type Hygrogels 273 12.2.3 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Organogels 276 12.3 Dendrimers inside Silica Gels 280 12.4 Dendrimers inside Other Types of Materials 285 12.5 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of OLEDs 288 12.5.1 Fluorescent Dendrimers for the Elaboration of OLEDs 290 12.5.2 Phosphorescent Dendrimers for the Elaboration of OLEDs 295 12.6 Conclusion 298 References 299 13 Self-Assembly of Dendrimers in Layers 313 Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot and Anne-Marie Caminade 13.1 Introduction 313 13.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Dendrons and Dendrimers 314 13.2.1 Poly(benzyl ether) Derivatives 316 13.2.2. Poly(amidoamine) and Poly(propyleneimine) Derivatives 319 13.2.3 Azobenzene Derivatives 320 13.2.4 Poly(carbosilane) Dendrimer Derivatives 321 13.2.5 Fullerene C60 Derivatives 322 13.2.6 Other Examples 325 13.3 Assemblies of Dendrons and Dendrimers on Solid Surfaces 326 13.3.1 Assembly of Dendrons and Dendrimers on Gold Surfaces 327 13.3.2 Assembly of Dendrons and Dendrimers on Silicon Substrates or Related Substrates 330 13.4 Several Routes for the Formation of Dendron or Dendrimer Multilayers 334 13.5 Nanoimprinting with Dendrons and Dendrimers on Solid Surfaces 342 13.5.1 Dendrimer-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers as Resists for Scanning Probe Lithography 342 13.5.2 Microprinting, Transfer Printing, and Dip-Pen Nanolithography with Dendrimers 344 13.6 Conclusion 350 References 351 14 Dendrimers as Chemical Sensors 361 Anne-Marie Caminade 14.1 Introduction 361 14.2 Dendrimers as Chemical Sensors in Solution 362 14.2.1 Porphyrins and Other Macrocyclic Derivatives as the Core or Branches of Dendrimeric Sensors 362 14.2.2 Terminal Groups of Dendrimers as Sensors in Solution 363 14.3 Dendrimers as Electrochemical Sensors 365 14.4 Dendrimers on Modifi ed Surfaces as Chemical Sensors 367 14.4.1 Dendrimers on Surfaces at the Interface with a Solution 367 14.4.2 Dendrimers on Surfaces at the Interface with a Vapor 368 14.5 Conclusion 370 References 370 15 Dendrimers as Biological Sensors 375 Anne-Marie Caminade 15.1 Introduction 375 15.2 Dendrimers as Sensors in Solutions of Biological Media 375 15.3 Detection by Electrochemical Methods 378 15.4 Dendrimers or Dendrons for DNA Microarrays 380 15.5 Dendrimers for Other Types of Biomicroarrays 383 15.6 Dendrimers on Other Types of Support 384 15.7 Dendrimers as Multiply Labeled Entities Connected to the Target 385 15.8 Conclusion 386 References 387 Part 4 Applications in Biology/Medicine 393 16 Dendrimers for Imaging 395 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 16.1 Introduction 395 16.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Dendrimers 395 16.2.1 Paramagnetic Dendrimer-Based Contrast Agents 398 16.2.2 PARACEST Dendrimer-Based Contrast Agents 402 16.2.3 Superparamagnetic Dendrimer-Based Contrast Agents 402 16.2.4 Dendrimer-Based 129Xe HYPER-CEST MRI Contrast Agents 403 16.2.5 19F Dendrimer-Based MRI Contrast Agents 403 16.3 Other Types of Imaging with Dendrimers 403 16.3.1 Dendrimers for Optical Imaging 403 16.3.2 Dendrimers for Nuclear Medicine (NM) Imaging and Computed Tomography X-Ray Imaging (CT) 405 16.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 407 References 407 17 Dendrimers as Transfection Agents 413 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 17.1 Introduction 413 17.2 Gene Transfection with PAMAM Dendrimers 415 17.2.1 Pioneering Results 415 17.2.2 Gene Transfection with Surface-Modifi ed PAMAM 416 17.2.3 Gene Transfection with Core-Modifi ed PAMAM 418 17.2.4 Gene Transfection with PAMAM-Functionalized Nanoparticles 419 17.2.5 Gene Transfection with PAMAM-Like Hyperbranched Polymers 420 17.3 Gene Transfection with Other Dendrimers 421 17.3.1 Gene Transfection with PPI Dendrimers 421 17.3.2 Gene Transfection with Peptide-Based Dendrimers 422 17.3.3 Gene Transfection with Phosphorus-Based Dendrimers 423 17.3.4 Gene Transfection with Silane-Based Dendrimers 424 17.4 Conclusion and Perspective 426 References 426 18 Dendrimer Conjugates for Drug Delivery 437 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 18.1 Introduction 437 18.2 Improving Bioavailability with Dendrimers 438 18.3 Passive Targeting in Tumors with Dendrimer–Drug Conjugates 440 18.3.1 Dendrimer–Drug Bioconjugates and the EPR Effect 440 18.3.2 PEGylated Dendrimeric Scaffolds 442 18.4 Active Targeting with Site-Specifi c Dendrimer–Drug Conjugates 446 18.4.1 Addressing with Folic Acid (FA) 446 18.4.2 Addressing with Tumor-Homing Peptides 448 18.4.3 Addressing with Monoclonal Antibodies 449 18.5 Dendrimers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 449 18.6 Dendrimers for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) 451 18.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 452 References 453 19 Encapsulation of Drugs inside Dendrimers 463 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 19.1 Introduction 463 19.2 From Dendritic Boxes to Dendrimer-Based Formulations 464 19.3 Improving Bioavailability with Dendrimers? 464 19.4 Toxicological Issues 465 19.5 Dendrimer-Based Formulations for Drug Delivery 466 19.5.1 Nontargeted Formulations 466 19.5.2 Supramolecular Assemblies Involving Surface Ionic Interactions 473 19.5.3 Targeted Formulations 475 19.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 477 References 477 20 Unexpected Biological Applications of Dendrimers and Specifi c Multivalency Activities 485 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Dendrimers and Multivalency 486 20.2.1 Multivalent Effects and Dendrimeric Effects 486 20.2.2 Glycodendrimers 487 20.3 Antimicrobial Dendrimers 488 20.3.1 Polycationic Dendrimers 489 20.3.2 Polyanionic Dendrimers 491 20.4 From Immunomodulation to Regenerative Medicine 494 20.4.1 Immunomodulation and Anti-Inflammation 494 20.4.2 Dendrimers and Regenerative Medicine 498 20.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 501 References 502 21 General Conclusions and Perspectives 511 Anne-Marie Caminade Index 515

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Book SynopsisVirtual Reconstruction serves as an introduction to the principles of three-dimensional visualization techniques as they relate to fossil reconstruction and reverse engineering. It covers data acquisition, processing, virtual reconstruction, visualization, manipulation, reverse engineering, and applications to biomedicine.Trade Review"..a worthy contribution." (Journal of Anthropological Research, Summer 2006) "If you are interested in...three-dimensional reconstruction of past and present human and other anatomy, this is the text for you!" (IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, May/June 2006) "The authors have done a stupendous job of mining the available literature to present a coherent and organized work...the book is a useful addition to any anthropologist's library." (American Journal of Human Biology, May/June 2006) "…well presented. This is a decidedly visual topic, and the illustrations in the book are wonderful…" (CHOICE, February 2006) "This book is well written. It is surprising easy to read considering the technical subjects that were covered." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, March 2006) “…a very useful resource for anyone wanting to get started in a much wider variety of fields…” (International Journal of Primatology, April 2007) ‘…an excellent source for computer scientists working in the biosciences.’ (Journal of Comparative Human Biology, March 2007) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Virtual Reconstruction 7 1.1 A Virtual Reality Contest 7 1.2 Virtual Reconstruction 10 1.3 Computer-Assisted Paleontology 12 1.3.1 Data Acquisition 12 1.3.2 Data Segmentation and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction 14 1.3.3 Virtual Fossil Reconstruction 14 1.3.4 From Virtual Reality to Real Virtuality 15 1.3.5 Databases and Morphometry 15 1.3.6 Virtual Reconstruction in Space and Time 16 1.4 Computer-Assisted Surgery 17 1.5 Further Reading 19 2 Data Representation 21 2.1 World Food on a Chessboard 21 2.2 Facts About Data to Get Data About Facts 22 2.2.1 Analog and Digital Data 22 2.2.2 Bits, Bytes, and Words 23 2.2.3 Characters, Numbers, Pixels, and Voxels 29 2.2.4 Representing Gray Tones and Colors 32 2.2.5 Data Compression 40 2.2.6 Some Common Image File Formats 41 2.2.7 Implicit Versus Explicit Representation of Object Data 44 2.2.8 Modeling Three-Dimensional Objects 48 2.3 A Taxonomy of Biomedical Data 50 2.3.1 Perspectives on Data 50 2.3.2 Volume Data 50 2.3.3 Surface Data 52 2.3.4 Landmark Data 53 2.3.5 Extent-Based Data 54 2.3.6 Relational Data 55 2.4 Further Reading 56 3 Data Acquisition 57 3.1 Data and the Physical World 57 3.2 Vision and Photography as Data Acquisition: Performance Considerations 59 3.3 Computed Tomography 64 3.3.1 Frau Röntgen’s Wedding Ring 64 3.3.2 Radiographic Projections 67 3.3.3 Reconstructing CT Images 72 3.3.4 CT Scanning: Technical Considerations 74 3.3.5 Limitations of CT Data Acquisition 77 3.3.6 Slice-to-Slice, Helical, and Multislice CT 80 3.3.7 Industrial and Micro Computed Tomography 82 3.3.8 Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition with a Medical Scanner 84 3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 85 3.5 Surface Scanners 91 3.6 3D Digitizers 93 3.7 Further Reading 94 4 Image Data Processing 97 4.1 Recovering Objects from Images 97 4.2 Converting a CT Image into a Screen Image 100 4.3 Filtering Images 102 4.3.1 Coffee and Kernels 102 4.3.2 Convolution and Fourier Analysis 106 4.3.3 Statistical Filters 107 4.3.4 Edge Detection Filters 108 4.4 Extracting Isosurfaces 113 4.4.1 Determining Boundaries in CT Images 113 4.4.2 From Edges to Isocontours and Isosurfaces 119 4.5 Interactive Segmentation 121 4.6 Further Reading 126 5 Visualization and Interaction 129 5.1 Visualizing Data in Two and More Dimensions 129 5.2 Interaction with Virtual Worlds 131 5.3 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline 132 5.4 Setting Up a Virtual Environment 132 5.4.1 Object Materials, Lighting, and Shading 133 5.4.2 Setting Up the Camera 139 5.4.3 Object Manipulation and Interaction 143 5.5 Volume Rendering 151 5.6 Further Reading 154 6 Virtual Fossil Reconstruction 155 6.1 A Baroque Puzzle 155 6.2 Principles of Reconstruction 157 6.3 Physical and Virtual Reconstruction 159 6.4 Preparing and Restoring Fossils on the Computer Screen 160 6.5 Reconstructing Fossil Morphologies 164 6.5.1 Recovering Implicit Anatomic Information 164 6.5.2 Combining Computer Graphics and Anatomy: The Globe Paradigm 166 6.5.3 Inferring Missing Information 175 6.5.4 Interpolation and Extrapolation 181 6.6 Correcting Fossil Deformation 181 6.6.1 Taphonomic Scenarios 182 6.6.2 Correcting Plastic Deformation 184 6.7 Validating Virtual Reconstructions 189 6.8 Paleodiagnostics and Paleoforensics 192 6.9 Inferring Soft Tissue Structures 193 6.9.1 Motivation 193 6.9.2 Fossil Soft Tissue Reconstruction: Classic and Virtual Approaches 196 6.9.3 What Shall Be Reconstructed? 199 6.9.4 Soft Tissue Reconstruction and Measurement 200 6.10 Virtual Surgery: a Paleoanthropologist’s Eye View 201 6.10.1 Motivation 201 6.10.2 Virtual Planning and Simulation of Surgical Interventions 201 6.10.3 Custom Implant Design 203 6.10.4 Soft Tissue Reconstruction 203 6.11 Further Reading 206 7 From Virtual Reality to Real Virtuality 209 7.1 Reifying Virtual Objects 209 7.2 Principles of Rapid Prototyping 210 7.3 Combining Virtual Reality and Real Virtuality 217 7.4 Further Reading 223 8 Morphometric Analysis 225 8.1 Morphometry as Reconstruction 225 8.2 Morphometry and Geometry 227 8.2.1 The Role of Geometry 227 8.2.2 The Role of Size and Shape 230 8.2.3 Multivariate Morphometry 233 8.2.4 Principal Components Analysis and Dimension Reduction 235 8.2.5 Classic Multivariate Morphometry: Geometry Lost 237 8.2.6 Geometric Morphometrics: Geometry Recovered 239 8.3 Shape Space Analysis 241 8.3.1 From D’Arcy Thompson to Kendall 241 8.3.2 The Workflow of Shape Space Analysis 246 8.3.3 Determining a Reference Shape 246 8.3.4 Analyzing Data in Shape Space 251 8.3.5 Visualizing Patterns of Shape Difference and Shape Change 253 8.4 Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis 259 8.4.1 In Search of the Golden Mean 259 8.4.2 Exploring Form Variability with EDMA 260 8.5 Outline Analysis 266 8.6 A Comparison of Geometric Morphometric Methods 269 8.6.1 Criteria for Comparison 269 8.6.2 From Pattern to Process 271 8.7 Exploring Morphometric Patterns 272 8.8 Further Reading 275 Appendix A Image Data Acquisition Systems: Performance Considerations 277 Appendix B Parameters Influencing the Quality of CT Image Data 281 Appendix C CT Scanning of Fossil Specimens and Recent Skeletal Specimens: How to Proceed? 285 C.1 Preparation 285 C.1.1 Mounting the Specimens 285 C.1. 2 Materials Used for Fixation 285 C.1. 3 Placement 286 C. 2 Parameters for CT Data Acquisition 287 C.2. 1 Scanned Area 287 C.. 2 X-Ray Tube Current and Voltage 287 C.2. 3 Gantry Tilt 288 C.2. 4 Scanning Direction and Object Orientation 288 C.2. 5 Object Positioning 288 C. 3 Image Reconstruction 290 C.3. 1 Reconstruction Kernels 290 C.3. 2 Image Reconstruction 290 C. 4 CT Data Storage 291 C.4. 1 Raw Data Storage 291 C.4. 2 Image Data Storage 291 C. 5 Calibration 291 C.5. 1 Test Scans 291 C.5. 2 Calibration 292 Appendix D Object Manipulation in Virtual Space 293 D. 1 Matrices 293 D. 2 Rigid Transforms 294 D. 3 Homogeneous Matrices 295 Appendix E A Parsimonious Approach to Correction of Taphonomic Deformation 297 Appendix F Morphometry 299 F. 1 Anatomic Axes and Planes 299 F. 2 Accuracy and Precision of Measurement 299 F. 3 Allometry 299 F. 4 Multivariate Analysis and Dimension Reduction 301 F. 5 Centroid Size 303 F. 6 Procrustes Superimposition, Generalized Least- Squares Fitting, and Linearized Shape Space 303 F. 7 Shape Space Analysis 304 F. 8 Shape Variability as Deformation: Principal, Partial, and Relative Warps 306 References 309 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThe premier comprehensive reference on biomedical optics for practitioners and students Biophotonics is a rapidly growing field with applications in medicine, genetics, biology, agriculture, and environmental science.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1.Motivation for optical imaging. 1.2.General behavior of light in biological tissue. 1.3.Basic physics of light-matter interaction. 1.4.Absorption and its biological origins. 1.5.Scattering and its biological origins. 1.6.Polarization and its biological origins. 1.7.Fluorescence and its biological origins. 1.8.Image characterization. 1.9.References. 1.10.Further readings. 1.11.Problems. 2. RAYLEIGH THEORY AND MIE THEORY FOR A SINGLE SCATTERER. 2.1.Introduction. 2.2.Summary of the Rayleigh theory. 2.3.Numerical example of the Rayleigh theory. 2.4.Summary of the Mie theory. 2.5.Numerical example of the Mie theory. 2.6.Appendix 2.A. Derivation of the Rayleigh theory. 2.7.Appendix 2.B. Derivation of the Mie theory. 2.8.References. 2.9.Further readings. 2.10.Problems. 3. MONTE CARLO MODELING OF PHOTON TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUE. 3.1.Introduction. 3.2.Monte Carlo method. 3.3.Definition of problem. 3.4.Propagation of photons. 3.5.Physical quantities. 3.6.Computational examples. 3.7.Appendix 3.A. Summary of MCML. 3.8.Appendix 3.B. Probability density function. 3.9.References. 3.10.Further readings. 3.11.Problems. 4. CONVOLUTION FOR BROADBEAM RESPONSES. 4.1.Introduction. 4.2.General formulation of convolution. 4.3.Convolution over a Gaussian beam. 4.4.Convolution over a top-hat beam. 4.5.Numerical solution to convolution. 4.6.Computational examples. 4.7.Appendix 4.A. Summary of CONV. 4.8.References. 4.9.Further readings. 4.10.Problems. 5. RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION AND DIFFUSION THEORY. 5.1.Introduction. 5.2.Definitions of physical quantities. 5.3.Derivation of the radiative transport equation. 5.4.Diffusion theory. 5.5.Boundary conditions. 5.6.Diffuse reflectance. 5.7.Photon propagation regimes. 5.8.References. 5.9.Further readings. 5.10.Problems. 6. HYBRID MODEL OF MONTE CARLO METHOD AND DIFFUSION THEORY. 6.1.Introduction. 6.2.Definition of problem. 6.3.Diffusion theory. 6.4.Hybrid model. 6.5.Numerical computation. 6.6.Computational examples. 6.7.References. 6.8.Further readings. 6.9.Problems. 7. SENSING OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND SPECTROSCOPY. 7.1.Introduction. 7.2.Collimated transmission method. 7.3.Spectrophotometry. 7.4.Oblique-incidence reflectometry. 7.5.White-light spectroscopy. 7.6.Time-resolved measurement. 7.7.Fluorescence spectroscopy. 7.8.Fluorescence modeling. 7.9.References. 7.10.Further readings. 7.11.Problems. 8. BALLISTIC IMAGING AND MICROSCOPY. 8.1.Introduction. 8.2.Characteristics of ballistic light. 8.3.Time-gated imaging. 8.4.Spatial-frequency filtered imaging. 8.5.Polarization-difference imaging. 8.6.Coherence-gated holographic imaging. 8.7.Optical heterodyne imaging. 8.8.Radon transformation and computed tomography. 8.9.Confocal microscopy. 8.10.Two-photon microscopy. 8.11.Appendix 8.A. Holography. 8.12.References. 8.13.Further readings. 8.14.Problems. 9. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. 9.1.Introduction. 9.2.Michelson interferometry. 9.3.Coherence length and coherence time. 9.4.Time-domain OCT. 9.5.Fourier-domain rapid scanning optical delay line. 9.6.Fourier-domain OCT. 9.7.Doppler OCT. 9.8.Group velocity dispersion. 9.9.Monte Carlo modeling of OCT. 9.10.References. 9.11.Further readings. 9.12.Problems. 10. MUELLER OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. 10.1.Introduction. 10.2.Mueller calculus versus Jones calculus. 10.3.Polarization state. 10.4.Stokes vector. 10.5.Mueller matrix. 10.6.Mueller matrices for a rotator, a polarizer, and a retarder. 10.7.Measurement of Mueller matrix. 10.8.Jones vector. 10.9.Jones matrix. 10.10.Jones matrices for a rotator, a polarizer, and a retarder. 10.11.Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of Jones matrix. 10.12.Conversion from Jones calculus to Mueller calculus. 10.13.Degree of polarization in OCT. 10.14.Serial Mueller OCT. 10.15.Parallel Mueller OCT. 10.16.References. 10.17.Further readings. 10.18.Problems. 11. DIFFUSE OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY. 11.1.Introduction. 11.2.Modes of diffuse optical tomography. 11.3.Time-domain system. 11.4.Direct-current system. 11.5.Frequency-domain system. 11.6.Frequency-domain theory: basics. 11.7.Frequency-domain theory: linear image reconstruction. 11.8.Frequency-domain theory: general image reconstruction. 11.9.Appendix 11.A. ART and SIRT. 11.10.References. 11.11.Further readings. 11.12.Problems. 12. PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY. 12.1.Introduction. 12.2.Motivation for photoacoustic tomography. 12.3.Initial photoacoustic pressure. 12.4.General photoacoustic equation. 12.5.General forward solution. 12.6.Delta-pulse excitation of a slab. 12.7.Delta-pulse excitation of a sphere. 12.8.Finite-duration pulse excitation of a thin slab. 12.9.Finite-duration pulse excitation of a small sphere. 12.10.Dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy. 12.11.Synthetic aperture image reconstruction. 12.12.General image reconstruction. 12.13.Appendix 12.A. Derivation of acoustic wave equation. 12.14.Appendix 12.B. Green's function approach. 12.15.References. 12.16.Further readings. 12.17.Problems. 13. ULTRASOUND-MODULATED OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY. 13.1.Introduction. 13.2.Mechanisms of ultrasonic modulation of coherent light. 13.3.Time-resolved frequency-swept UOT. 13.4.Frequency-swept UOT with parallel-speckle detection. 13.5.Ultrasonically modulated virtual optical source. 13.6.Reconstruction-based UOT. 13.7.UOT with Fabry-Perot interferometry. Problems. Reading. Furhter Reading. APPENDIX A. DEFINITIONS OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES. APPENDIX B. List of Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn to solve both simple and complex electromagnetic problems with this text's unique integration of theoretical and mathematical concepts. With the author's guidance, you'll discover a broad range of classic and cutting-edge applications across a wide array of fields, including biomedicine, wireless communication, process control, and instrumentation. Case studies, detailed derivations, and 170 fully solved examples deepen your understanding of theory, and help you apply numerical methods to real-world problems.Trade Review"…a perfect, very good introductory work…" (CHOICE, August 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Electrical sources and fundamental quantities. 1.2 Static and dynamic fields. 1.3 Working with complex numbers and functions. 2. VECTORS AND FIELDS. 2.1 Working with vectors. 2.2 Coordinate systems. 2.3 Differentiation and integration of vectors. 2.4 Gradient of the scalar field and its applications. 2.5 Divergence of the vector field and its applications. 2.6 Curl of the vector field and its applications. 2.7 The divergence theorem. 2.8 Stokes’ theorem. Δ. 2.9 Other operations involving 2.10 Helmholtz theorem. 3. BASIC LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS. 3.1 Maxwell’s equations in large scale/integral form. 3.2 Maxwell’s equations in point/differential form. 3.3 Constitutive relations. 3.4 Boundary conditions. 3.5 Lorentz force equation. 3.6 Poynting vector and power flow. 4. UNIFORM PLANE WAVES. 4.1 The wave equation and uniform plane wave solutions. 4.2 Plane electromagnetic waves in Lossy media. 4.3 Uniform plane wave incident normally on an interface. 4.4 Uniform plane wave incident obliquely on an interface. 5. TRANSMISSION LINES. 5.1 Transmission line equations. 5.2 Finite length transmission line. 5.3 Smith chart. 5.4 Transients on transmission lines. 6. MODIFIED MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS. 6.1 Magnetic charge and current. 6.2 Magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials. 6.3 Electric vector and magnetic scalar potentials. 6.4 Construction of solution in rectangular coordinates. 6.5 Construction of solution in cylindrical coordinates. 6.6 Construction of solution in spherical coordinates. 7. SOURCE IN INFINITE SPACE. 7.1 Fields of an infinitesimal source. 7.2 Antenna parameters. 7.3 Linear antennas. 7.4 Antenna arrays. 7.5 Friis transmission formula and the radar range equation. 8. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS. 8.1 Laws of electrostatic fields. 8.2 Gauss’ law. 8.3 Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 8.4 Capacitors and energy storage. 8.5 Further applications of Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 9. MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS. 9.1 Laws of magnetostatic fields. 9.2 Inductors and energy storage. 9.3 Magnetic materials. 9.4 Magnetic Circuits. 10. WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS. 10. 1 Metallic rectangular waveguide. 10. 2 Metallic circular cylindrical waveguide. 10.3 Rectangular cavity resonators. 10.4 Circular cylindrical cavity resonators. 11. NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES. 11.1 Finite difference methods. 11.2 The method of moments. 11.3 Scattering of plane EM waves from an infinitely long cylinder. Appendix A. Mathematical formulas. Appendix B. Delta function and evaluation of fields in unbounded media. Appendix C. Bessel functions. Appendix D. Legendre functions. Appendix E. Characteristics of selected materials. Appendix F. Physical constants. Appendix G. Decibels and Neper. Appendix H. Nomenclature and characteristics of standard rectangular waveguides. SELECTED REFERENCE BOOKS . Index.

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