Biomedical engineering / Medical engineering Books

Book SynopsisSince the publication of the best-selling, highly acclaimed first edition, the technology and clinical applications of medical imaging have changed significantly. Gathering these developments into one volume, Webb's Physics of Medical Imaging, Second Edition presents a thorough update of the basic physics, modern technology and many examples of clinical application across all the modalities of medical imaging.New to the Second Edition Extensive updates to all original chapters Coverage of state-of-the-art detector technology and computer processing used in medical imaging 11 new contributors in addition to the original team of authors Two new chapters on medical image processing and multimodality imaging More than 50 percent new examples and over 80 percent new figures Glossary of abbreviations, color insert and contents lists at the beginning of each chapter Keeping the maTrade Review"For those who have the first edition and found it useful, this edition would be very worthwhile to purchase. Based on my (albeit limited) review, the editor and contributors have done a good job making extensive updates. …the advantage is that each chapter is written by one or more specialists. This would make an excellent reference for medical physicists and should be an excellent textbook for a second course in medical imaging..."—Steven T. Ratliff, PhD, St. Cloud State University, Minnesota, USA"… a cohesive textbook … The editor’s aim was to keep the contents in one, manageable book while retaining accessibility for student use. Overall, in spite of the many new developments included, the challenge has been met. Chapters on the main imaging modalities have been overhauled … replaced with up-to-date examples. … This book is excellent value for the money and a strong contender as a textbook for master’s level courses. Buy one early on, and this is a book that you’ll consult throughout your career."—Elizabeth Berry, SCOPE, June 2013"Possibly the most comprehensive book on the subject currently on the market."—Dr. Sandro Olivo, University College London"I do not feel that this book is intended for technologists trying to increase their knowledge in the clinical setting. Rather, it seems to be designed for technologists in a research setting or for graduate students. … Most of the diagrams and charts are easy to understand, and the glossary of abbreviations at the beginning of the book is helpful. … the book does explain reasons for artifacts in medical imaging so that they can be avoided as much as possible in daily practice. … useful to keep this reference text in the imaging department for technical questions that may arise."—Gail M. Kurpinski, Radiologic Technology, March/April 2013Praise for the First Edition:Steve Webb has produced a first-class book. Because The Physics of Medical Imaging is up to date in a rapidly changing field, it is the text of choice for teaching graduate research students in this new and exciting subspeciality of physics.—Physics Today… a worthwhile addition to the personal library of anyone connected with this field.—Journal of Clinical Physics and Physiological MeasurementFor all those requiring a comprehensive review of medical imaging techniques, at a fairly basic level, this text is highly recommended.—Australian PhysicistThis is a book well worth the money and I can strongly recommend it both as desk and bedside reading.—HPA BulletinDevelopments in digital radiography, together with an analysis of the computing requirements of the various techniques, complete this excellent text. The authors have done a remarkable job in covering such a wide subject so well in such a short book.—Image Processing MagazineThis is an excellent publication and represents much dedication and hard work on behalf of the authors and, in particular, the editor. —RAD MagazineTable of ContentsIn the Beginning: The Origins of Medical Imaging. Diagnostic Radiology with X-Rays. X-Ray Transmission Computed Tomography. Clinical Applications of X-Ray Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy Planning. Radioisotope Imaging. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Spatially Localised Magnetic Resonance. Physical Aspects of Infrared Imaging. Imaging of Tissue Electrical Impedance. Optical Imaging. Mathematics of Image Formation and Image Processing. Medical Image Processing. Perception and Interpretation of Images. Computer Requirements of Imaging Systems. Multimodality Imaging. Epilogue. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough neural modeling has a long history, most of the texts available on the subject are quite limited in scope, dealing primarily with the simulation of large-scale biological neural networks applicable to describing brain function. Introduction to Dynamic Modeling of Neuro-Sensory Systems presents the mathematical tools and methods that can describe and predict the dynamic behavior of single neurons, small assemblies of neurons devoted to a single tasks, as well as larger sensory arrays and their underlying neuropile. Focusing on small and medium-sized biological neural networks, the author pays particular attention to visual feature extraction, especially the compound eye visual system and the vertebrate retina. For computational efficiency, the treatment avoids molecular details of neuron function and uses the locus approach for medium-scale modeling of arrays. Rather than requiring readers to learn a dedicated simulation program, the author uses the general, nonlineaTable of ContentsIntroduction to Neurons. Selected Examples of Sensory Receptors and Small Receptor Arrays. Electronic Models of Neurons. Simulation of the Behavior of Small Assemblies of Neurons. Large Arrays of Interacting Receptors: The Compound Eye. Large Arrays of Interacting Receptors: The Vertebrate Retina. Theoretical Models of Information Processing and Feature Extraction in Visual Sensory Arrays. Characterization of Neuro-Sensory Systems. Software for Simulation of Neural Systems.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, sensor research has undergone a quiet revolution that will have a significant impact on a broad range of applications in areas such as health care, the environment, energy, food safety, national security, and manufacturing. Sensors for Chemical and Biological Applications discusses in detail the potential of chemical and biological sensors and examines how they are meeting the challenges of chem-bio terrorism by monitoring through enhanced specificity, fast response times, and the ability to determine multiple hazardous substances. Exploring the nanotechnology approach, and carrying this theme throughout the book, the chapters cover the sensing principles for, chemical, electrical, chromatographic, magnetic, biological, fluidic, optical, and ultrasonic and mass sensing systems. They address issues associated with cost, synthesis, and testing of new low cost materials with high sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and speed for defined sensor applications. The book extensively discusses the detailed analysis of future impact of chemical and biological sensors in day-to-day life. Successful development of improved chemical sensor and biosensor systems and manufacturing procedures will not only increase the breadth and depth of the sensor industry, but will spill over into the design and manufacture of other types of sensors and devices that use nanofabrication and microfabrication techniques. This reference not only supplies versatile, hands-on tools useful in a broad array of disciplines, but also lays the interdisciplinary groundwork required for the achievement of sentient processing.Table of ContentsSolid-State Gas Sensors. Conducting Polymer and Nanocomposite Membrane as Chemical Sensors. Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds: The Role of Tetrapyrrole Pigment-Oriented Thin Films. Modeling of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Response. Recent Advances in the Development of Sensors for Toxicity Monitoring. Application of Electronic Noses and Tongues. Applications of Sensors in Food and Environmental Analysis. Electronic Nose Applications in Medical Diagnose. DNA Biosensor for Environmental Risk Assessment and Drugs Studies. Methods of Detection of Explosives: As Chemical Warfare Agents. Detection and Identification of Organophosphorus Compounds: As Chemical Warfare Agents. Reversible Inhibition of Enzymes for Optical Detection of Chemical Analytes. Sensing of Biowarfare Agents. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis book reflects contributions from experts in biological and health effects of Radio Frequency (RF)/Microwave and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) used in wireless communications (WC) and other technological applications. Diverse topics related to physics, biology, pathology, epidemiology, and plausible biophysical and biochemical mechanisms of WC EMFs emitted by antennas and devices are included. Discussions on the possible consequences of fifth generation (5G) mobile telephony (MT) EMFs based on available data and  correlation between anthropogenic EMF exposures and various pathological conditions such as infertility, cancer, electro-hypersensitivity, organic and viral diseases, and effects on animals, plants, trees, and environment are included. It further illustrates individual and public health protection and the setting of biologically- and epidemiologically-based exposure limits.Features: Covers bioTable of Contents 1: Defining Wireless Communication (WC) Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs): A. Polarization is a principal property of all man-made EMFs. B. Modulation, Pulsation, and Variability are inherent parameters of WC EMFs. C. Most man-made EMF-exposures are Non-Thermal. D. Measuring incident EMFs is more relevant than SAR. E. All man-made EMFs emit continuous waves, not photons. F. Differences from natural EMFs. Interaction with matter. 2: Public Health implications of exposure to Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields. 3: Oxidative Stress induced by Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields. 4: Genotoxic Effects of Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields. 5: DNA and Chromosome Damage in human and animal cells, induced by Mobile Telephony EMFs and other stressors. 6: The impacts of Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields on human reproductive biology. 7: Effects of Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields on human and animal brain activity. 8: Electrohypersensitivity as a worldwide man-made electromagnetic pathology: a review of the medical evidence. 9: Carcinogenic effects of non-thermal exposure to Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields. 10: Effects of man-made and especially Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields on Wild Life. 11: Mechanism of Ion Forced-Oscillation and Voltage-Gated Ion Channel Dysfunction by Polarized and Coherent Electromagnetic Fields. 12: Electromagnetic Field-induced dysfunction of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels, Oxidative Stress, DNA damage and related pathologies

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the applications and optimization of emerging smart technologies in the field of healthcare. It further explains different modeling scenarios of the latest technologies in the healthcare system and compares the results to better understand the nature and progress of diseases in the human body, which would ultimately lead to early diagnosis and better treatment and cure of diseases with the help of distributed technology. Covers the implementation models using technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning with distributed systems for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Gives in-depth review of technological advancements like advanced sensing technologies such as plasmonic sensors, usage of RFIDs, and electronic diagnostic tools in the field of healthcare engineering. Discusses possibilities of augmented reality and virtual reality interventions for providing unique solutions in medical science, clinical research, psychology, and neurological disorders. Highlights the future challenges and risks involved in the application of smart technologies such as cloud computing, fog computing, IOT, and distributed computing in healthcare. Confers to utilize the AI and ML and associated aids in healthcare sectors in the post-Covid 19 period to revitalize the medical setup. Contributions included in the book will motivate technological developers and researchers to develop new algorithms and protocols in the healthcare field. It will serve as a vast platform for gaining knowledge regarding healthcare delivery, health- care management, healthcare in governance, and health monitoring approaches using distributed environments. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and researchers in diverse engineering fields including electrical, electronics and communication, computer, and biomedical fields.

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Book SynopsisThis title covers computer vision and machine learning (ML) advances that facilitate automation in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative healthcare. The book shows the development of algorithms and architectures for healthcare. Table of Contents1. Human–AI Relationship in Healthcare. 2. Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis: Recent Models and Explainability. 3. An Overview of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Explainable Artificial Intelligence in fNIRS. 4. An Explainable Method for Image Registration with Applications in Medical Imaging. 5. State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Method and Its Explainability for Computerized Tomography Image Segmentation. 6. Interpretability of Segmentation and Overall Survival for Brain Tumors. 7. Identification of MR Image Biomarkers in Brain Tumor Patients Using Machine Learning and Radiomics Features. 8. Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Breast Cancer Identification. 9. Interpretability of Self-Supervised Learning for Breast Cancer Image Analysis. 10. Predictive Analytics in Hospital Readmission for Diabetes Risk Patients. 11. Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring Using Explainable AI Techniques. 12. Decision Support System for Facial Emotion-Based Progression Detection of Parkinson’s Patients. 13. Interpretable Machine Learning in Athletics for Injury Risk Prediction. 14. Federated Learning and Explainable AI in Healthcare.

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Book SynopsisThis unique and comprehensive atlas by an expert practioner provides an innovative pictorial guide to flexible bronchoscopy, one of the most exciting and challenging procedures in respiratory medicine today. Includes the very latest procedures and techniques Comprehensive coverage, guides you through the range of anatomical and pathological possibilities A step-by-step guide to the use of bronchoscopic techniques, interpretation of images and differential diagnoses Integrates naked eye, bronchoscopic and radiological anatomy to give you a thorough understanding of the procedure Numerous full colour illustrations and sound practical advice make this a key text for learning and refining your technique The book will be invaluable to those training in respiratory medicine, plus also specialist respiratory nurses and practising pulmonologists who wish to expand theTable of ContentsIntroduction. Bronchopulmonary segments. Normal anatomy (anterior approach). Normal anatomy (posterior approach). Vascular relationships and lymph node stations. Transbronchial fine-needle aspiration (anterior approach). Transbronchial fine-needle aspiration (posterior approach). Endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopy. Pathology. Fluorescence-based imaging. Electromagnetic navigation. Intubation and management of airway haemorrhage. Endobronchial tumour debulking. Stents. Bronchoscopic treatment for emphysema and asthma: bronchoscopic lung volume reduction.

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Book SynopsisWhereas chemical engineering has traditionally focused on the design of chemical processes to produce commodity chemicals, there has been increasing attention in the discipline on the engineering of high-performance chemical products. Chemical product design principles are now being incorporated into university curricula to ensure new chemical engineers can help meet industry demands. Bridging the gap between teaching and practice, Introduction to Chemical Product Design provides a comprehensive overview of chemical product design, explains the role of chemical engineers in different stages of chemical product design, and covers stepwise approaches used to design different types of chemical products.â Includes chemical product design steps with examples and case studies.â Features mini projects to illustrate the connection between product design stages.â Focuses on the most common types of problems that engineers encounter in their career.â Offers solved examples and exercise problems on manufacturing steps.â Considers the role of quality assurance and the tools to quantify environmental, health, and safety aspects.Aimed at undergraduate and graduate level students in chemical engineering, this textbook provides readers with practical know-how to apply chemical product design principles to develop and manufacture high-value products. It will also be of interest to practicing chemical engineers seeking to expand their knowledge of chemical product design.The book features a Solutions Manual for adopting professors.

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Book SynopsisEffective waste management practices are essential to mitigate unfavourable impacts and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This book covers perspectives addressing the Sustainable Development Goals through analytical and case studies on municipal and biomedical waste management. It consists of ten selectively curated highly technical chapters covering various aspects of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals through applying effective waste management strategies and practices through practical case studies and examples.Features: Analysis of over 30 real-life case studies reviewed from local as well as global perspectives Discusses application of technologies in real time Addresses the 17 Sustainable Development Goals at ground level Covers a broad range of case studies on municipal solid waste and biomedical waste treatment and management Reviews the latest evidence-based approach in diagnosis and management

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Book SynopsisThe book covers the strategies and frameworks for designing and developing intelligent systems to solve real-life problems related to digital health, telemedicine, and smart-cities applications. Covers the essence of human-computer interaction in healthcare applications, along with possibilities with generative artificial intelligence. Discusses quality use of human cognition for the design and development of information processing systems from an industry perspective with human-computer interaction-based technologies. Presents the strategies or framework for designing and developing intelligent systems to solve real-life problems related to digital health, telemedicine, and smart-cities applications. Explains security and privacy issues in designing and developing of cyber-physical systems applications for healthcare and smart cities. Explores emerging trends, challenges, and opportunities in the fields of augmented reality interfaces, affective computing, and ethical considerations in human-computer interaction design. The text is primarily written for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering, computer science and engineering, biomedical engineering, and information technology.

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Book SynopsisThis is the clearest and most straightforward biomechanics textbook currently available. By breaking down the challenging subject of sport and exercise biomechanics into short thematic sections, it enables students to grasp each topic quickly and easily, and provides lecturers with a flexible resource that they can use to support any introductory course on biomechanics.The book contains a wealth of useful features for teaching and learning, including clear definitions of key terms, lots of applied examples, guides to further reading, and revision questions with worked solutions. It has been significantly expanded to encompass rapidly developing areas, such as sports equipment design and modern optoelectronic motion analysis systems, and it includes a number of new sections that further develop the application of biomechanics in sports performance and injury prevention. A new companion website includes a test bank, downloadable illustrations and, where appropriate, suggestionsTable of ContentsSection A: Kinematics of Linear Motion, A1. Linear Motion, A2. Centre of Gravity and Centre of Mass, A3. Equilibrium, A4. Kinematic Data: Differentiation, A5. Kinematic Data: Integration, A6. Uniform Acceleration and Projectile Motion, Section B: Kinetics of Linear Motion, B1. Forces, B2. Gravity, Weight and Vertical Projection, B3. Friction, B4. Impulse and Momentum, B5. Conservation of Linear Momentum, B6. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Linear Motion, Section C: Kinematics and Kinetics of Angular Motion, C1. Angular Motion, C2. Linear-Angular Motion, C3. Torque and Moments, C4. Levers, C5. Centripetal Force and Acceleration, C6. Moment of Inertia and Angular Momentum, C7. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Angular Motion, Section D: Muscle and Joint Kinematics and Kinetics, D1. Muscle and Joint Forces: Statics and Dynamics, Section E: Special Topics, E1. Work, Power and Energy, E2. Conservation of Energy, E3. Mechanics of Materials, E4. Impacts, E5. Centre of Percussion, Section F: Human Movement Applications, F1. Walking, F2. Running, F3. Jumping, F4. Throwing, F5. Kicking, F6. Swimming, F7. Golf, Section G: Measurement and Analysis Techniques, G1. Optoelectronic Analysis, G2. Wearable Sensors, G3. Force Plate, G4. Pressure Measurement, G5. Electromyography, G6. Isokinetics, G7. Sports Equipment, G8. Data Smoothing, Filtering and Processing, Section H: Appendices, H1. Planes and Axes of Motion, H2. Free Body Diagrams, H3. Sampling Theory, H4. Biomechanics Apps (Applications), H5. Foundations of Motion Analysis, H6. Mathematics: Algebra and Trigonometry

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Book SynopsisThe two volumes of this new edition of the Handbook cover the basic biological, medical, physical, and electrical engineering principles. They also include experimental results concerning how electric and magnetic fields affect biological systemsboth as potential hazards to health and potential tools for medical treatment and scientific research. They also include material on the relationship between the science and the regulatory processes concerning human exposure to the fields. Like its predecessors, this edition is intended to be useful as a reference book but also for introducing the reader to bioelectromagnetics or some of its aspects.FEATURES New topics include coverage of electromagnetic effects in the terahertz region, effects on plants, and explicitly applying feedback concepts to the analysis of biological electromagnetic effects Expanded coverage of electromagnetic brain stimulation, characterization and modeling of epithelial wTable of Contents 0 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields. 1 Environmental and Occupational DC and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. 2 Intermediate and Radiofrequency Sources and Exposures in Everyday Environments. 3 Endogenous Bioelectric Phenomena and Interfaces for Exogenous Effects. 4 Electric and Magnetic Properties of Biological Materials. 5 Interaction of Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric Fields with Biological Materials and Systems. 6 Magnetic Field Interactions with Biological Materials. 7 Mechanisms of Action in Bioelectromagnetics. 8 Signals, Noise, and Thresholds. 9 Computational Methods for Predicting Electromagnetic Fields and Temperature Increase in Biological Bodies. 10 Experimental Dosimetry. 11 Overcoming the Irreproducibility Barrier: Considerations to Improve the Quality of Experimental Practice When Investigating the Effects of Low-Level Electric and Magnetic Fields on In Vitro Biological Systems. 12 Radio Frequency Exposure Standards.

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Book SynopsisFluid dynamics plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including the locomotion of cells such as bacteria and spermatozoa. These organisms possess flagella, slender organelles whose time periodic motion in a fluid environment gives rise to motility. Sitting at the intersection of applied mathematics, physics and biology, the fluid dynamics of cell motility is one of the most successful applications of mathematical tools to the understanding of the biological world. Based on courses taught over several years, it details the mathematical modelling necessary to understand cell motility in fluids, covering phenomena ranging from single-cell motion to instabilities in cell populations. Each chapter introduces mathematical models to rationalise experiments, uses physical intuition to interpret mathematical results, highlights the history of the field and discusses notable current research questions. All mathematical derivations are included for students new to the field, and end-of-Table of ContentsPart I. Fundamentals: 1. Biological background; 2. The fluid dynamics of microscopic locomotion; 3. The waving sheet model; 4. The squirmer model; Part II. Cellular locomotion: 5. Flagella and the physics of viscous propulsion; 6. Hydrodynamics of slender filaments; 7. Waving of eukaryotic flagella; 8. Rotation of bacterial flagellar filaments; 9. Flows and stresses induced by cells; Part III. Interactions: 10. Swimming cells in flows; 11. Self-propulsion and surfaces; 12. Hydrodynamic synchronisation; 13. Diffusion and noisy swimming; 14. Hydrodynamics of collective locomotion; 15. Locomotion and transport in complex fluids; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscusses ML in predictive health analytics, pandemic management, AI ethics, application and integration of IoT and ML for effective healthcare, and more. Covers a range of bioinformatics tools and methods and their relation to drug designing and screening using ML.

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Book SynopsisDue to their impressive performance biological adhesives have inspired the development of superior industrial adhesives. Biological adhesives often provide elegant solutions to engineering and biomedical requirements and are expected to inspire future technological innovations for adhesives for use in hostile conditions. Containing a selection of papers presented at the 1st International Conference on Biological and Biomimetic Adhesives, this book will showcase the latest advances in the chemical and structural characterisation of adhesives, the mechanical testing of adhesives and theory, fabrication and applications of biomimetic adhesives. Following the work of COST Action TD0909, the aim is to gain greater understanding of the mode of action of biological adhesives to allow successful development of improved synthetic counterparts. Appealing to a wide range of researchers in biology, chemistry, physics and engineering, the title provides the background and drive to improve scientific and technological progress in this important area.Table of ContentsBioadhesive Characterisation; Modelling of Biomimetic Systems; Targeting Specific Applications; Surface Modification for Optimal Bonding/Debonding; Conference outlook

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Book SynopsisThe Annual BCI Research Awards are international prizes that recognize the top new projects in brain–computer interface (BCI) research. This book contains concise descriptions of projects nominated for the 2020 BCI Research Award and interviews with nominees. Each article is authored by the researchers who developed the project, and articles have been updated with new progress achieved since their nomination. These chapters are complemented by an introduction by the editors together with a concluding chapter that reviews the annual Awards Ceremony, announces the winners, and ends with a brief discussion.One of the prominent trends in recent years has been the development of BCIs for restoring limb use and for aiding optical and auditory sensory perception. Many chapters in this book present emerging and novel research directions likely to become more prevalent in the near future. This year's book includes chapters based on interviews with BCI experts who were nominated for an award, including this year's first, second, and third place winners. These interview chapters are generally less technical than project descriptions, and provide individual perspectives from people actively working on new methods and systems.Table of Contents1 Enhancing gesture decoding performance using signals from human posterior parietal cortex.- Machine translation of cortical activity to text.- 2 Towards practical MEG-BCI with optically pumped magnetometers.- 3 EEG decoding of pain perception for a real-time reflex system in prostheses.- 4 A computer-brain interface that restores lost extremities touch and movement sensations.- 5 Restoring the sense of touch using a sensorimotor demultiplexing neural interface.- 6 A brain–spine interface complements deep-brain stimulation to both alleviate gait and balance deficits and increase alertness in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease.- 7 Speaker-independent auditory attention decoding without access to clean speech sources.- 8 A high-performance handwriting BCI.- 9 A neuromorphic brain computer interface for real-time detection of a new biomarker for epilepsy surgery.- 10 “Sono-optogenetics”: An ultrasound-mediated non-invasive optogenetic brain-computer interface.- 11 High-dimensional (8D) control of complex effectors such as an exoskeleton by a tetraplegic subject using chronic ECoG recordings using stable and robust over time adaptive direct neural decoder.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers readers an overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of technology for X-ray medical imaging. Coverage includes both technology and applications in SPECT, PET and CT, with an in-depth review of the research topics from leading specialists in the field. Coverage includes conversion of the X-ray signal into analogue/digital value, as well as a review of CMOS chips for X-ray image sensors. Emphasis is on high-Z materials like CdTe, CZT and GaAs, since they offer the best implementation possibilities for direct conversion X-ray detectors. The discussion includes material challenges, detector operation physics and technology and readout integrated circuits required to detect signals processes by high-Z sensors. Authors contrast these emerging technologies with more established ones based on scintillator materials. This book is an excellent reference for people already working in the field as well as for people wishing to enter it.Table of ContentsX-ray Detectors in Medical Imaging.- Modelling spectroscopic performance of pixelated semiconductor detectors through Monte-Carlo simulation.- Status of DEXA Instrumentation Using Direct and Indirect Detectors.- CZT Detectors for Nuclear Medicine.- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Based on Sub-Millimeter Pixelated CdZnTe Detectors.- Medical Photon-Counting CT – Status and Clinical Applications Review.- Multi-material decomposition (m-MD) based spectral imaging in photon-counting CT.- X-ray Multispectral CT Imaging by Projection Sequences Blind Separation based on Basis-effect or Basis-material decomposition.- Direct Iterative Basis Image Reconstruction Based on MAP-EM Algorithm for Spectral CT.- Linearly Polarized X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography with a Photon Counting Detector.- Detector shift iteration method for improving spatial resolution and suppressing pixel value distortion in direct and indirect X-ray detectors.- A new method of estimating incident x-ray spectra with photon counting detectors using a limited number of energy bins with dedicated clinical x-ray imaging systems.

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Book SynopsisWearable Systems Based Gait Monitoring and Analysis provides a thorough overview of wearable gait monitoring techniques and their use in health analysis. The text starts with an examination of the relationship between the human body’s physical condition and gait, and then introduces and explains nine mainstream sensing mechanisms, including piezoresistive, resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, inductive, optical, air pressure, EMG and IMU-based architectures. Gait sensor design considerations in terms of geometry and deployment are also introduced. Diverse processing algorithms for manipulating sensors outputs to transform raw data to understandable gait features are discussed. Furthermore, gait analysis-based health monitoring demonstrations are given at the end of this book, including both medical and occupational applications. The book will enable students of biomedical engineering, electrical engineering, signal processing, and ergonomics and practitioners to understand the medical and occupational applications of engineering-based gait analysis and falling injury prevention methods.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Characteristics of Gait.- Wearable Gait Detection Technologies.- Gait Analysis Algorithms.- Medical Applications.- Occupational Applications. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisComputer software has been productive in helping individuals with cognitive disabilities. Personalizing the user interface is an important strategy in designing software for these users, because of the barriers created by conventional user interfaces for the cognitively disabled. Cognitive assistive technology (CAT) has typically been used to provide help with everyday activities, outside of cognitive rehabilitation therapy. This book describes a quarter century of computing R&D at the Institute for Cognitive Prosthetics, focusing on the needs of individuals with cognitive disabilities from brain injury. Models and methods from Human Computer Interaction (HCI) have been particularly valuable, initially in illuminating those needs. Subsequently HCI methods have expanded CAT to be powerful rehabilitation therapy tools, restoring some damaged cognitive abilities which have resisted conventional therapy. Patient-Centered Design (PCD) emerged as a design methodology which incorporates both clinical and technical factors. PCD also takes advantage of the patient's ability to redesign and refine the user interface, and to achieve a very good fit between user and system. Cognitive Prosthetics Telerehabilitation is a powerful therapy modality. Essential characteristics are delivering service to patients in their own home, having the patient's priority activities be the focus of therapy, using cognitive prosthetic software which applies Patient Centered Design, and videoconferencing with a workspace shared between therapist and patient. Cognitive Prosthetics Telerehabilitation has a rich set of advantages for the many stakeholders involved with brain injury rehabilitation.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Some Clinical Features of the Cognitive Disabilities Domain with TBI Examples.- Adapting Computer Software to Address Cognitive Disabilities.- The Primacy of the User Interface.- Patient-Centered Design.- Cognitive Prosthetics Telerehabilitation.- The Active User and the Engaged User.- Patient Case Studies in the Use of Cognitive Assistive Technology: Successes and Failures.- Conclusions, Factors Influencing Outcomes, Anomalies, and Opportunities.- Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisIs death inevitable? Until now, the history of mankind has been marked by this fatal fact. Religions, borders and progress are born from an ancient fear of death, comfort from this fear man often found only in religious paradigms. But according to José Luis Cordeiro and David Wood, the incontrovertible fact of death is no longer an absolute certainty - science and technology are preparing to tear down the final frontier: that of immortality.This accessible book provides insight into recent exponential advances in artificial intelligence, tissue regeneration, stem cell treatment, organ printing, cryopreservation, and genetic therapies that, for the first time in human history, offer a realistic chance to solve the problem of the aging of the human body. In this book, Cordeiro and Wood not only present all the major developments, initiatives, and ideas for eternal life, they also show why there are a number of good arguments for seeing death for what it is: the last undefeated disease.Enter any drugstore or bookstore, and we confronted with a mountain of nonsense concerning the aging process. Society seems obsessed with aging. That is why The Death of Death is such a refreshing delight, able to cut through the hype and reveal a balanced, authoritative, and lucid discussion of this controversial topic. It summarizes the astonishing breakthroughs made recently in revealing how science may one day conquer the aging process.Michio Kaku, theoretical physicist and author of The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything We are entering a Fantastic Voyage into life extension, crossing different bridges that will take us to indefinite life spans. The Death of Death explains clearly how we might soon reach longevity escape velocity and live long enough to live forever. Ray Kurzweil, co-author of Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever and co-founder of Singularity University The Death of Death is a truly revolutionary book. This is a visionary book that confronts us with the terrible reality of aging, and its authors are friends and connoisseurs of the subject. I believe that the authoritative and exhaustive description of this crusade that José and David make in this excellent book will accelerate this process. Forward! Aubrey de Grey, founder of LEV (Longevity Escape Velocity) Foundation and co-author of Ending AgingTable of ContentsPrologue: by Aubrey de Gray, PhD Warnings Introduction: The greatest and oldest dream of humanity Chapter 1: Life appeared to live Chapter 2: What is aging? Chapter 3: The biggest industry in the world has been born Chapter 4: From the linear to the exponential world Chapter 5: How much does it cost? Chapter 6: The terror of death Chapter 7: Paradigms: good, bad and “experts" Chapter 8: Plan B: human cryopreservation Chapter 9: The future depends upon us Conclusion: The moment has come Epilogue Appendix: Chronology of life on EarthBibliography Acknowledgments

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Book SynopsisBioengineering is attracting many high quality students. This invaluable book has been written for beginning students of bioengineering, and is aimed at instilling a sense of engineering in them.Engineering is invention and designing things that do not exist in nature for the benefit of humanity. Invention can be taught by making inventive thinking a conscious part of our daily life. This is the approach taken by the authors of this book. Each author discusses an ongoing project, and gives a sample of a professional publication. Students are asked to work through a sequence of assignments and write a report. Almost everybody soon realizes that more scientific knowledge is needed, and a strong motivation for the study of science is generated. The teaching of inventive thinking is a new trend in engineering education. Bioengineering is a good field with which to begin this revolution in engineering education, because it is a youthful, developing interdisciplinary field.Table of ContentsRoles of flow mechanics in vascular cell biology in health and disease, S. Chien; perspectives of biomechanics, Y.C. Fung; the implantable glucose sensor - an example of bioengineering design, D.A. Gough; design and development of artificial blood, M. Intalietta; analysis of coronary circulation - a bioengineering approach, G.S. Kassab; what lies beyond bioinformatics?, B. Palsson; tissue engineering of articular cartilage, R.L. Sah; cell activation in the circulation, G.W. Schmid-Schonbein; molecular basis of cell membrane mechanics, L.-P.A. Sung; biomechanics of injury and healing, P. Tong and Y.C. Fung; pulsatile blood flow in the lung studied as an engineering system, M.R.T. Yen and W. Huang.

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Book SynopsisThis book exclusively focuses on the science and fundamentals of polymer gels, as well as the numerous advantages that polymer gel-based materials offer. It presents a comprehensive collection of chapters on the recent advances and developments in the core science and fundamentals of both synthetic and natural polymer-based gels, and pays particular attention to applications in the various research fields of biomedicine and engineering. Key topics addressed include: polysaccharide-based gels and their fundamentals; stimuli-responsive polymer gels; polymer gels applied to enzyme and cell immobilization; chitosan-based gels for cancer therapy; natural polymeric and gelling agents; radiation dosimetry; polymeric gels as vehicles for enhanced drug delivery across the skin; transport in and through gel; and polymer gel nanocomposites and functional gels. The book’s extensive and highly topical coverage will appeal to researchers working in a broad range of fields in industry and academia alike.Table of ContentsBrea Gum Gel Capacity.- An Overview on Polymer Gels Applied to Enzyme and Cell Immobilization.- Xylan-Based Gels and Their Fundamentals.- Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Gels for Protein Delivery.- Polysaccharide-Based Polymergels.- Chitosan Based Gels for Cancer Therapy.- Natural Polymeric and Gelling Agents.- Radiation Dosimetry - A Different Prospective of Polymer Gel.- Polymeric Gels: Vehicles for Enhanced Drug Delivery Across Skin.- Graphene Oxide - Polymer Gels.- Transport in and Through Gel.- Strategizing Advance Application of Polymer Gels by Incorporation of Fillers.- Polymer Gels: New Materials for the Future.- Polymer Gel-Clay (Nano)Composites.- Functional Gels.- Molecular Distinction Between Structures of Nanoporous Siloxane Polymers.- Stimuli Responsive Polysaccharides Based Gels: Fundamental and Pharmaceutical Aspects.- Polymer Gel for Islet Encapsulation for Diabetes Therapy.

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Book SynopsisBrings the latest advances in nanotechnology and biology to computing This pioneering book demonstrates how nanotechnology can create even faster, denser computing architectures and algorithms. Furthermore, it draws from the latest advances in biology with a focus on bio-inspired computing at the nanoscale, bringing to light several new and innovative applications such as nanoscale implantable biomedical devices and neural networks. Bio-Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing features an expert team of interdisciplinary authors who offer readers the benefit of their own breakthroughs in integrated computing as well as a thorough investigation and analyses of the literature. Carefully edited, the book begins with an introductory chapter providing a general overview of the field. It ends with a chapter setting forth the common themes that tie the chapters together as well as a forecast of emerging avenues of research. Among the important topics addressed in the bookTable of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Contributors xiii 1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1 Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip 2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31 Alireza Nojeh 3 Quantum Computing 67 John H. Reif 4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111 Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien 5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155 Alexander D. Wissner-Gross 6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175 S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov 7 Spin-wave Architectures 203 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang 8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243 Shiva Navab 10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263 Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla 11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295 James M. Tour and Lin Zhong 12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327 Mario Ruben 13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349 John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean 14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen 15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391 Robert A. Freitas, Jr. 16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429 Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai 17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455 Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng 18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483 Tulin Mangir 19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535 Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing Yip Index 547

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Book SynopsisThis book grew out of the IEEE-EMBS Summer Schools on Biomedical Signal Processing, which have been held annually since 2002 to provide the participants state-of-the-art knowledge on emerging areas in biomedical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Part I. Fundamentals of Biomedical Signal Processing and Introduction to Advanced Methods. 1. Methods of Biomedical Signal Processing. Multiparametric and Multidisciplinary Integration toward a Better Comprehension of Pathophysiological Mechanisms (Sergio Cerutti). 2. Data, Signals, and Information. Medical Applications of Digital Signal Processing (Carlo Marchesi, Matteo Paoletti, and Loriano Galeotti). Part II. Points of View of the Physiologist and Clinician. 3. Methods and Neurons (Gabriele E. M. Biella). 4. Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System. From Algorithms to Clinical Practice (Maria Teresa La Rovere). Part III. Models and Biomedical Signals. 5. Parametric Models for the Analysis of Interactions in Biomedical Signals (Giuseppe Baselli, Alberto Porta, and Paolo Bolzern). 6. Use of Interpretative Models in Biological Signal Processing (Mauro Ursino). 7. Multimodal Integration of EEG, MEG, and Functional MRI in the Study of Human Brain Activity (Fabio Babiloni, Fabrizio De Vico Fallani, and Febo Cincotti). 8. Deconvolution for Physiological Signal Analysis (Giovanni Sparacino, Gianluigi Pillonetto, Giuseppe De Nicolao, and Claudio Cobelli). Part IV. Time-Frequency, Time-Scale, and Wavelet Analysis. 9. Linear Time-Frequency Representation (Maurizio Varanini). 10. Quadratic Time-Frequency Representation (Luca Mainardi). 11. Time-Variant Spectral Estimation (Anna M. Bianchi). Part V. Complexity Analysis and Nonlinear Methods. 12. Dynamical Systems and Their Bifurcations (Fabio Dercole and Sergio Rinaldi). 13. Fractal Dimension. From Geometry to Physiology (Rita Balocchi). 14. Nonlinear Analysis of Experimental Time Series (Maria Gabriella Signorini and Manuela Ferrario). 15. Blind Source Separation. Application to Biomedical Signals (Luca Mesin, Aleš Holobar, and Roberto Merletti). 16. Higher Order Spectra (Giovanni Calcagnini and Federica Censi). Part VI. Information Processing of Molecular Biology Data. 17. Molecular Bioengineering and Nanobioscience. Data Analysis and Processing Methods (Carmelina Ruggiero). 18. Microarray Data Analysis. General Concepts, Gene Selection, and Classification (Ricardo Bellazzi, Silvio Bicciato, Claudio Cobelli, Barbara Di Camillo, Fulvia Ferraazzi, Paolo Magni, Licia Sacchi, and Gianna Toffolo). 19. Microarray Data Analysis. Gene Regulatory Networks (Riccardo Bellazzi, Silvio Bicciato, Claudio Cobelli, Barbara Di Camillo, Fulvia Ferrazzi, Paolo Magni, Lucia Sacchi, and Gianna Toffolo). 20. Biomolecular Sequence Analysis (Linda Pattini and Sergio Cerutti). Part VII. Classification and Feature Extraction. 21. Soft Computing in Signal and Data Analysis. Neural Networks, Neuro-Fuzzy Networks, and Genetic Algorithms (Giovanni Magenes, Francesco Lunghi, and Stefano Ramat). 22. Interpretation and Classification of Patient Status Patterns (Matteo Paoletti and Carlo Marchesi). Index. IEEE Press Series in Biomedical Engineering.

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Book SynopsisThis book is one of the first to give an overview of biomechatronic exoskeletons including their applications and implications. A collective reference specifically on biomechatronic exoskeletons, an area that is relevant to mechanical and biomedical engineers as well as those working in prosthetics, rehabilitation, and defense.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii List of Contributors xix 1 Introduction to wearable robotics 1J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 1.1 Wearable robots and exoskeletons 1 1.1.1 Dual human–robot interaction in wearable robotics 3 1.1.2 A historical note 4 1.1.3 Exoskeletons: an instance of wearable robots 5 1.2 The role of bioinspiration and biomechatronics in wearable robots 6 1.2.1 Bioinspiration in the design of biomechatronic wearable robots 8 1.2.2 Biomechatronic systems in close interaction with biological systems 9 1.2.3 Biologically inspired design and optimization procedures 9 1.3 Technologies involved in robotic exoskeletons 9 1.4 A classification of wearable exoskeletons: application domains 10 1.5 Scope of the book 12 References 15 2 Basis for bioinspiration and biomimetism in wearable robots 17A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons and M. Wisse 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 General principles in biological design 18 2.2.1 Optimization of objective functions: energy consumption 19 2.2.2 Multifunctionality and adaptability 21 2.2.3 Evolution 22 2.3 Development of biologically inspired designs 23 2.3.1 Biological models 24 2.3.2 Neuromotor control structures and mechanisms as models 24 2.3.3 Muscular physiology as a model 27 2.3.4 Sensorimotor mechanisms as a model 29 2.3.5 Biomechanics of human limbs as a model 31 2.3.6 Recursive interaction: engineering models explain biological systems 31 2.4 Levels of biological inspiration in engineering design 31 2.4.1 Biomimetism: replication of observable behaviour and structures 32 2.4.2 Bioimitation: replication of dynamics and control structures 32 2.5 Case Study: limit-cycle biped walking robots to imitate human gait and to inspire the design of wearable exoskeletons 33M. Wisse 2.5.1 Introduction 33 2.5.2 Why is human walking efficient and stable? 33 2.5.3 Robot solutions for efficiency and stability 34 2.5.4 Conclusion 36 Acknowledgements 36 2.6 Case Study: MANUS-HAND, mimicking neuromotor control of grasping 36J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 2.6.1 Introduction 37 2.6.2 Design of the prosthesis 37 2.6.3 MANUS-HAND control architecture 39 2.7 Case Study: internal models, CPGs and reflexes to control bipedal walking robots and exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 40A. Forner-Cordero 2.7.1 Introduction 40 2.7.2 Motivation for the design of LC bipeds and current limitations 41 2.7.3 Biomimetic control for an LC biped walking robot 41 2.7.4 Conclusions and future developments 43 References 43 3 Kinematics and dynamics of wearable robots 47A. Forner-Cordero, J. L. Pons, E. A. Turowska and A. Schiele 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Robot mechanics: motion equations 48 3.2.1 Kinematic analysis 48 3.2.2 Dynamic analysis 53 3.3 Human biomechanics 57 3.3.1 Medical description of human movements 57 3.3.2 Arm kinematics 59 3.3.3 Leg kinematics 61 3.3.4 Kinematic models of the limbs 64 3.3.5 Dynamic modelling of the human limbs 68 3.4 Kinematic redundancy in exoskeleton systems 70 3.4.1 Introduction to kinematic redundancies 70 3.4.2 Redundancies in human–exoskeleton systems 71 3.5 Case Study: a biomimetic, kinematically compliant knee joint modelled by a four-bar linkage 74J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, D. Garrido and F. Moll 3.5.1 Introduction 74 3.5.2 Kinematics of the knee 75 3.5.3 Kinematic analysis of a four-bar linkage mechanism 75 3.5.4 Genetic algorithm methodology 77 3.5.5 Final design 77 3.5.6 Mobility analysis of the optimal crossed four-bar linkage 78 3.6 Case Study: design of a forearm pronation–supination joint in an upper limb exoskeleton 79J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda, R. Barberà and J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu 3.6.1 The mechanics of pronation–supination control 79 3.7 Case Study: study of tremor characteristics based on a biomechanical model of the upper limb 80E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 3.7.1 Biomechanical model of the upper arm 81 3.7.2 Results 83 References 83 4 Human–robot cognitive interaction 87L. Bueno, F. Brunetti, A. Frizera and J. L. Pons 4.1 Introduction to human–robot interaction 87 4.2 cHRI using bioelectrical monitoring of brain activity 89 4.2.1 Physiology of brain activity 90 4.2.2 Electroencephalography (EEG) models and parameters 92 4.2.3 Brain-controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 93 4.3 cHRI through bioelectrical monitoring of muscle activity (EMG) 96 4.3.1 Physiology of muscle activity 97 4.3.2 Electromyography models and parameters 98 4.3.3 Surface EMG signal feature extraction 99 4.3.4 Classification of EMG activity 102 4.3.5 Force and torque estimation 104 4.4 cHRI through biomechanical monitoring 104 4.4.1 Biomechanical models and parameters 105 4.4.2 Biomechanically controlled interfaces: approaches and algorithms 108 4.5 Case Study: lower limb exoskeleton control based on learned gait patterns 109J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 4.5.1 Gait patterns with knee joint impedance modulation 109 4.5.2 Architecture 109 4.5.3 Fuzzy inference system 110 4.5.4 Simulation 110 4.6 Case Study: identification and tracking of involuntary human motion based on biomechanical data 111E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 4.7 Case Study: cortical control of neuroprosthetic devices 115J. M. Carmena 4.8 Case Study: gesture and posture recognition using WSNs 118E. Farella and L. Benini 4.8.1 Platform description 119 4.8.2 Implementation of concepts and algorithm 119 4.8.3 Posture detection results 121 4.8.4 Challenges: wireless sensor networks for motion tracking 121 4.8.5 Summary and outlook 122 References 122 5 Human–robot physical interaction 127E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz, R. Raya, A. Schiele and J. L. Pons 5.1 Introduction 127 5.1.1 Physiological factors 128 5.1.2 Aspects of wearable robot design 129 5.2 Kinematic compatibility between human limbs and wearable robots 130 5.2.1 Causes of kinematic incompatibility and their negative effects 130 5.2.2 Overcoming kinematic incompatibility 133 5.3 Application of load to humans 134 5.3.1 Human tolerance of pressure 134 5.3.2 Transmission of forces through soft tissues 135 5.3.3 Support design 138 5.4 Control of human–robot interaction 138 5.4.1 Human–robot interaction: human behaviour 139 5.4.2 Human–robot interaction: robot behaviour 140 5.4.3 Human–robot closed loop 143 5.4.4 Physically triggered cognitive interactions 146 5.4.5 Stability 147 5.5 Case Study: quantification of constraint displacements and interaction forces in nonergonomic pHR interfaces 149A. Schiele 5.5.1 Theoretical analysis of constraint displacements, d 150 5.5.2 Experimental quantification of interaction force, Fd 151 5.6 Case Study: analysis of pressure distribution and tolerance areas for wearable robots 154J. M. Belda-Lois, R. Poveda and M. J. Vivas 5.6.1 Measurement of pressure tolerance 155 5.7 Case Study: upper limb tremor suppression through impedance control 156E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 5.8 Case Study: stance stabilization during gait through impedance control 158J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 5.8.1 Knee–ankle–foot orthosis (exoskeleton) 159 5.8.2 Lower leg–exoskeleton system 159 5.8.3 Stance phase stabilization: patient test 160 References 161 6 Wearable robot technologies 165J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.1 Introduction to wearable robot technologies 165 6.2 Sensor technologies 166 6.2.1 Position and motion sensing: HR limb kinematic information 166 6.2.2 Bioelectrical activity sensors 171 6.2.3 HR interface force and pressure: human comfort and limb kinetic information 175 6.2.4 Microclimate sensing 179 6.3 Actuator technologies 181 6.3.1 State of the art 181 6.3.2 Control requirements for actuator technologies 183 6.3.3 Emerging actuator technologies 185 6.4 Portable energy storage technologies 189 6.4.1 Future trends 189 6.5 Case Study: inertial sensor fusion for limb orientation 190J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.6 Case Study: microclimate sensing in wearable devices 192J. M. Baydal-Bertomeu, J. M. Belda-Lois, J. M. Prat and R. Barberà 6.6.1 Introduction 192 6.6.2 Thermal balance of humans 192 6.6.3 Climate conditions in clothing and wearable devices 193 6.6.4 Measurement of thermal comfort 194 6.7 Case Study: biomimetic design of a controllable knee actuator 194J. C. Moreno, L. Bueno and J. L. Pons 6.7.1 Quadriceps weakness 195 6.7.2 Functional analysis of gait as inspiration 195 6.7.3 Actuator prototype 197 References 198 7 Communication networks for wearable robots 201F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Wearable robotic networks, from wired to wireless 203 7.2.1 Requirements 203 7.2.2 Network components: configuration of a wearable robotic network 205 7.2.3 Topology 206 7.2.4 Wearable robatic network goals and profiles 208 7.3 Wired wearable robotic networks 209 7.3.1 Enabling technologies 209 7.3.2 Network establishment, maintenance, QoS and robustness 213 7.4 Wireless wearable robotic networks 214 7.4.1 Enabling technologies 214 7.4.2 Wireless sensor network platforms 216 7.5 Case Study: smart textiles to measure comfort and performance 218J. Vanhala 7.5.1 Introduction 218 7.5.2 Application description 220 7.5.3 Platform description 221 7.5.4 Implementation of concepts 222 7.5.5 Results 222 7.5.6 Discussion 223 7.6 Case Study: ExoNET 224F. Brunetti and J. L. Pons 7.6.1 Application description 224 7.6.2 Network structure 224 7.6.3 Network components 224 7.6.4 Network protocol 225 7.7 Case Study: NeuroLab, a multimodal networked exoskeleton for neuromotor and biomechanical research 226A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 7.7.1 Application description 226 7.7.2 Platform description 227 7.7.3 Implementation of concepts and algorithms 227 7.8 Case Study: communication technologies for the integration of robotic systems and sensor networks at home: helping elderly people 229J. V. Martí, R. Marín, J. Fernández, M. Nuñez, O. Rajadell, L. Nomdedeu, J. Sales, P. Agustí, A. Fabregat and A. P. del Pobil 7.8.1 Introduction 230 7.8.2 Communication systems 230 7.8.3 IP-based protocols 232 Acknowledgements 233 References 233 8 Wearable upper limb robots 235E. Rocon, A. F. Ruiz and J. L. Pons 8.1 Case Study: the wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236E. Rocon and J. L. Pons 8.1.1 Introduction 236 8.1.2 Wearable orthosis for tremor assessment and suppression (WOTAS) 236 8.1.3 Experimental protocol 239 8.1.4 Results 240 8.1.5 Discussion and conclusions 241 8.2 Case Study: the CyberHand 242L. Beccai, S. Micera, C. Cipriani, J. Carpaneto and M. C. Carrozza 8.2.1 Introduction 242 8.2.2 The multi-DoF bioinspired hand prosthesis 242 8.2.3 The neural interface 245 8.2.4 Conclusions 247 8.3 Case Study: the ergonomic EXARM exoskeleton 248A. Schiele 8.3.1 Introduction 248 8.3.2 Ergonomic exoskeleton: challenges and innovation 250 8.3.3 The EXARM implementation 251 8.3.4 Summary and conclusion 254 8.4 Case Study: the NEUROBOTICS exoskeleton (NEUROExos) 255S. Roccella, E. Cattin, N. Vitiello, F. Vecchi and M. C. Carrozza 8.4.1 Exoskeleton control approach 257 8.4.2 Application domains for the NEUROExos exoskeleton 258 8.5 Case Study: an upper limb powered exoskeleton 259J. C. Perry and J. Rosen 8.5.1 Exoskeleton design 259 8.5.2 Conclusions and discussion 268 8.6 Case Study: soft exoskeleton for use in physiotherapy and training 269N. G. Tsagarakis, D. G. Caldwell and S. Kousidou 8.6.1 Soft arm–exoskeleton design 270 8.6.2 System control 272 8.6.3 Experimental results 275 8.6.4 Conclusions 277 References 278 9 Wearable lower limb and full-body robots 283J. Moreno, E. Turowska and J. L. Pons 9.1 Case Study: GAIT–ESBiRRo: lower limb exoskeletons for functional compensation of pathological gait 283J. C. Moreno and J. L. Pons 9.1.1 Introduction 283 9.1.2 Pathological gait and biomechanical aspects 284 9.1.3 The GAIT concept 285 9.1.4 Actuation 286 9.1.5 Sensor system 286 9.1.6 Control system 286 9.1.7 Evaluation 287 9.1.8 Next generation of lower limb exoskeletons: the ESBiRRo project 289 9.2 Case Study: an ankle–foot orthosis powered by artificial pneumatic muscles 289D. P. Ferris 9.2.1 Introduction 289 9.2.2 Orthosis construction 290 9.2.3 Artificial pneumatic muscles 291 9.2.4 Muscle mounting 291 9.2.5 Orthosis mass 292 9.2.6 Orthosis control 292 9.2.7 Performance data 292 9.2.8 Major conclusions 295 9.3 Case Study: intelligent and powered leg prosthesis 295K. De Roy 9.3.1 Introduction 296 9.3.2 Functional analysis of the prosthetic leg 297 9.3.3 Conclusions 303 9.4 Case Study: the control method of the HAL (hybrid assistive limb) for a swinging motion 304J. Moreno, E. Turouska and J. L. Pons 9.4.1 System 305 9.4.2 Actuator control 305 9.4.3 Performance 306 9.5 Case Study: Kanagawa Institute of Technology power-assist suit 308K. Yamamoto 9.5.1 The basic design concepts 308 9.5.2 Power-assist suit 308 9.5.3 Controller 310 9.5.4 Physical dynamics model 310 9.5.5 Muscle hardness sensor 310 9.5.6 Direct drive pneumatic actuators 311 9.5.7 Units 311 9.5.8 Operating characteristics of units 312 9.6 Case Study: EEG-based cHRI of a robotic wheelchair 314T. F. Bastos-Filho, M. Sarcinelli-Filho, A. Ferreira, W. C. Celeste, R. L. Silva, V. R. Martins, D. C. Cavalieri, P. N. S. Filgueira and I. B. Arantes 9.6.1 EEG acquisition and processing 315 9.6.2 The PDA-based graphic interface 317 9.6.3 Experiments 317 9.6.4 Results and concluding remarks 318 Acknowledgements 319 References 319 10 Summary, conclusions and outlook 323J. L. Pons, R. Ceres and L. Calderón 10.1 Summary 323 10.1.1 Bioinspiration in designing wearable robots 324 10.1.2 Mechanics of wearable robots 326 10.1.3 Cognitive and physical human–robot interaction 327 10.1.4 Technologies for wearable robots 328 10.1.5 Outstanding research projects on wearable robots 329 10.2 Conclusions and outlook 330 References 332 Index 335

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Book SynopsisThe premier comprehensive reference on biomedical optics for practitioners and students Biophotonics is a rapidly growing field with applications in medicine, genetics, biology, agriculture, and environmental science.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1.Motivation for optical imaging. 1.2.General behavior of light in biological tissue. 1.3.Basic physics of light-matter interaction. 1.4.Absorption and its biological origins. 1.5.Scattering and its biological origins. 1.6.Polarization and its biological origins. 1.7.Fluorescence and its biological origins. 1.8.Image characterization. 1.9.References. 1.10.Further readings. 1.11.Problems. 2. RAYLEIGH THEORY AND MIE THEORY FOR A SINGLE SCATTERER. 2.1.Introduction. 2.2.Summary of the Rayleigh theory. 2.3.Numerical example of the Rayleigh theory. 2.4.Summary of the Mie theory. 2.5.Numerical example of the Mie theory. 2.6.Appendix 2.A. Derivation of the Rayleigh theory. 2.7.Appendix 2.B. Derivation of the Mie theory. 2.8.References. 2.9.Further readings. 2.10.Problems. 3. MONTE CARLO MODELING OF PHOTON TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUE. 3.1.Introduction. 3.2.Monte Carlo method. 3.3.Definition of problem. 3.4.Propagation of photons. 3.5.Physical quantities. 3.6.Computational examples. 3.7.Appendix 3.A. Summary of MCML. 3.8.Appendix 3.B. Probability density function. 3.9.References. 3.10.Further readings. 3.11.Problems. 4. CONVOLUTION FOR BROADBEAM RESPONSES. 4.1.Introduction. 4.2.General formulation of convolution. 4.3.Convolution over a Gaussian beam. 4.4.Convolution over a top-hat beam. 4.5.Numerical solution to convolution. 4.6.Computational examples. 4.7.Appendix 4.A. Summary of CONV. 4.8.References. 4.9.Further readings. 4.10.Problems. 5. RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION AND DIFFUSION THEORY. 5.1.Introduction. 5.2.Definitions of physical quantities. 5.3.Derivation of the radiative transport equation. 5.4.Diffusion theory. 5.5.Boundary conditions. 5.6.Diffuse reflectance. 5.7.Photon propagation regimes. 5.8.References. 5.9.Further readings. 5.10.Problems. 6. HYBRID MODEL OF MONTE CARLO METHOD AND DIFFUSION THEORY. 6.1.Introduction. 6.2.Definition of problem. 6.3.Diffusion theory. 6.4.Hybrid model. 6.5.Numerical computation. 6.6.Computational examples. 6.7.References. 6.8.Further readings. 6.9.Problems. 7. SENSING OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND SPECTROSCOPY. 7.1.Introduction. 7.2.Collimated transmission method. 7.3.Spectrophotometry. 7.4.Oblique-incidence reflectometry. 7.5.White-light spectroscopy. 7.6.Time-resolved measurement. 7.7.Fluorescence spectroscopy. 7.8.Fluorescence modeling. 7.9.References. 7.10.Further readings. 7.11.Problems. 8. BALLISTIC IMAGING AND MICROSCOPY. 8.1.Introduction. 8.2.Characteristics of ballistic light. 8.3.Time-gated imaging. 8.4.Spatial-frequency filtered imaging. 8.5.Polarization-difference imaging. 8.6.Coherence-gated holographic imaging. 8.7.Optical heterodyne imaging. 8.8.Radon transformation and computed tomography. 8.9.Confocal microscopy. 8.10.Two-photon microscopy. 8.11.Appendix 8.A. Holography. 8.12.References. 8.13.Further readings. 8.14.Problems. 9. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. 9.1.Introduction. 9.2.Michelson interferometry. 9.3.Coherence length and coherence time. 9.4.Time-domain OCT. 9.5.Fourier-domain rapid scanning optical delay line. 9.6.Fourier-domain OCT. 9.7.Doppler OCT. 9.8.Group velocity dispersion. 9.9.Monte Carlo modeling of OCT. 9.10.References. 9.11.Further readings. 9.12.Problems. 10. MUELLER OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. 10.1.Introduction. 10.2.Mueller calculus versus Jones calculus. 10.3.Polarization state. 10.4.Stokes vector. 10.5.Mueller matrix. 10.6.Mueller matrices for a rotator, a polarizer, and a retarder. 10.7.Measurement of Mueller matrix. 10.8.Jones vector. 10.9.Jones matrix. 10.10.Jones matrices for a rotator, a polarizer, and a retarder. 10.11.Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of Jones matrix. 10.12.Conversion from Jones calculus to Mueller calculus. 10.13.Degree of polarization in OCT. 10.14.Serial Mueller OCT. 10.15.Parallel Mueller OCT. 10.16.References. 10.17.Further readings. 10.18.Problems. 11. DIFFUSE OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY. 11.1.Introduction. 11.2.Modes of diffuse optical tomography. 11.3.Time-domain system. 11.4.Direct-current system. 11.5.Frequency-domain system. 11.6.Frequency-domain theory: basics. 11.7.Frequency-domain theory: linear image reconstruction. 11.8.Frequency-domain theory: general image reconstruction. 11.9.Appendix 11.A. ART and SIRT. 11.10.References. 11.11.Further readings. 11.12.Problems. 12. PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY. 12.1.Introduction. 12.2.Motivation for photoacoustic tomography. 12.3.Initial photoacoustic pressure. 12.4.General photoacoustic equation. 12.5.General forward solution. 12.6.Delta-pulse excitation of a slab. 12.7.Delta-pulse excitation of a sphere. 12.8.Finite-duration pulse excitation of a thin slab. 12.9.Finite-duration pulse excitation of a small sphere. 12.10.Dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy. 12.11.Synthetic aperture image reconstruction. 12.12.General image reconstruction. 12.13.Appendix 12.A. Derivation of acoustic wave equation. 12.14.Appendix 12.B. Green's function approach. 12.15.References. 12.16.Further readings. 12.17.Problems. 13. ULTRASOUND-MODULATED OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY. 13.1.Introduction. 13.2.Mechanisms of ultrasonic modulation of coherent light. 13.3.Time-resolved frequency-swept UOT. 13.4.Frequency-swept UOT with parallel-speckle detection. 13.5.Ultrasonically modulated virtual optical source. 13.6.Reconstruction-based UOT. 13.7.UOT with Fabry-Perot interferometry. Problems. Reading. Furhter Reading. APPENDIX A. DEFINITIONS OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES. APPENDIX B. List of Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive, clinically oriented account of the molecular biology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of human bacterial diseases, as well as their control and prevention.Trade Review"...this book is written well..." (Statistics in Medical Research, Vol.12, No. 2, 2003)Table of ContentsThe Scope of Survival Analysis. Randomized Clinical Trials: General Principles and Some Controversial Issues. Estimation of Survival Probabilities. Non-Parametric Methods for the Comparison of Survival Curves. Distribution Functions for Failure Time T . The Cox Regression Model. Validation of the Proportional Hazards Models. Parametric Regression Models. The Study of Prognostic Factors and the Assessment of Treatment Effect. Competing Risks. Meta-Analysis. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe present book volume presents a holistic view of the aspects of nanobiomaterials incl. their stellar merits and limitations, applications in diverse fields, their futuristic promise in the fields of biomedical science and drug delivery. The federal & regulatory issues on the usage of nanobiomaterials have been assigned due consideration.Table of ContentsApplications of Nano-Based Biomaterials. Nanocoutured Metallic Biomaterials and Surface Functionalization of Titanium-based Alloys for Medical Applications. Graphene-Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. Lipid-based Nanocarriers in Lymphatic Transport of Drugs: Retrospect and Prospects. Nanotechnology in Early Diagnosis of Cancer. Dendrimers: Emerging Anti-Infective Nanomedicines. Production and Utilization of Nanofibers. Fibro-Porous Composite Nano-Biomaterials for Enhanced Bio-Integration. Nanocarriers Mediated Protein Delivery. Nanotechnology-Based Prodrug Conjugates for Site-Specific Antineoplastic Therapy. Osteomyelitis: Therapeutic Management using Nanomedicines.Nanostructured Lipid Carriers-Mediated Methotraxate Delivery Evokes Transcription Factors to Induce Selective Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications. Development of In-house Nano-hydroxyapatite Particles for Dental Applications.

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Book SynopsisOverview of Molecular Modelling in Drug Discovery with a Special Emphasis on the Applications of Artificial Intelligence.-  Integrative AI-Based Approaches to Connect the Multiome to Use Microbiome-Metabolome Interactive Outcome as Precision Medicine.- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Protein Structure Prediction and Analysis.- Artificial Intelligence in Cellular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy: A New Horizon.- R-Based Protocols to Predict Synthetic Lethal Interactions in Cancers using Machine-Learning Tools.- Advancements in AI for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics: A Comprehensive Review.- Integrating Genetic Insights and Artificial Intelligence for Enhanced Oral and Maxillofacial Cancer Care.- AI-Based Drug Discovery and Design for Different Genetic Designs.- AI-Assisted Cell Culture-System.- Review on Advancement of AI in Cell Engineering and Molecular Biology.- High-Throughput Virtual Screening of Small Molecule Modulators against Viral Proteins.- AI Revolutionizing Cell and Genetic Engineering: Innovations and Applications.- Recent Developments in the Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Early Screening and Diagnosis of Autism.- Artificial Intelligence in CRISPR-Cas Systems: A Review of Tool Applications.- Machine Learning Approaches for the Identification of Genetic Interactions.- Artificial Intelligence-Based Genome Editing in CRISPR/Cas9.- Harnessing the Power of AI in Cell and Genetic Engineering.- MLCDL: A Critical Practice and Implementation of Multi-Tissue Classification and Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Algorithm.- Classification of Breast Cancer Microarray Data and Identification of Responsible Genes using Rough Set Theory.- Deep-Genomics: Deep Learning Based Analysis of Genome-Sequenced Data for Identification of Gene Alterations.- The Use of AI for Phenotype-Genotype Mapping.- Interface of Artificial Intelligence with Conventional Biostatistics in Healthcare Research.- Review on Advancement of AI in Nutrigenomics.- In Silico Validation of AI-Assisted Drugs in Healthcare.- From DNA to Big Data: NGS Technologies and Their Applications.- Review on Advancement of AI in Synthetic Biology.

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Book SynopsisPresents a comprehensive description of the theory and practical implementation of Doppler radar-based physiological monitoring This book includes an overview of current physiological monitoring techniques and explains the fundamental technology used in remote non-contact monitoring methods.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1Amy D. Droitcour, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke 1.1 Current Methods of Physiological Monitoring, 2 1.2 Need for Noncontact Physiological Monitoring, 3 1.2.1 Patients with Compromised Skin, 3 1.2.2 Sleep Monitoring, 4 1.2.3 Elderly Monitoring, 5 1.3 Doppler Radar Potential for Physiological Monitoring, 5 1.3.1 Principle of Operation and Power Budget, 6 1.3.2 History of Doppler Radar in Physiological Monitoring, 8 References, 16 2 Radar Principles 21Ehsan Yavari, Olga Boric-Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada 2.1 Brief History of Radar, 21 2.2 Radar Principle of Operation, 22 2.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Reflection, 23 2.2.2 Radar Cross Section, 24 2.2.3 Radar Equation, 25 2.3 Doppler Radar, 28 2.3.1 Doppler Effect, 28 2.3.2 Doppler Radar Waveforms: CW, FMCW, Pulsed, 29 2.4 Monostatic and Bistatic Radar, 32 2.5 Radar Applications, 35 References, 36 3 Physiological Motion and Measurement 39Amy D. Droitcour and Olga Boric-Lubecke 3.1 Respiratory System Motion, 39 3.1.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System, 39 3.1.2 Respiratory Motion, 40 3.1.3 Chest Wall Motion Associated with Breathing, 43 3.1.4 Breathing Patterns in Disease and Disorder, 43 3.2 Heart System Motion, 44 3.2.1 Location and Gross Anatomy of the Heart, 45 3.2.2 Electrical and Mechanical Events of the Heart, 46 3.2.3 Chest Surface Motion Due to Heart Function, 48 3.2.4 Quantitative Measurement of Chest Wall Motion Due to Heartbeat, 50 3.3 Circulatory System Motion, 53 3.3.1 Location and Structure of the Major Arteries and Veins, 54 3.3.2 Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins, 55 3.3.3 Surface Motion from Blood Flow, 56 3.3.4 Circulatory System Motion: Variation with Age, 57 3.4 Interaction of Respiratory, Heart, and Circulatory Motion at the Skin Surface, 58 3.5 Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Surface Motion, 58 3.5.1 Radar Measurement of Physiological Motion, 59 3.5.2 Surface Motion Measurement of Respiration Rate, 59 3.5.3 Surface Motion Measurement of Heart/Pulse Rate, 61 References, 63 4 Physiological Doppler Radar Overview 69Aditya Singh, Byung-Kwon Park, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Isar Mostafanezhad, and Victor M. Lubecke 4.1 RF Front End, 70 4.1.1 Quadrature Receiver, 73 4.1.2 Phase Coherence and Range Correlation, 77 4.1.3 Frequency Choice, 79 4.1.4 Antenna Considerations, 80 4.1.5 Power Budget, 80 4.2 Baseband Module, 83 4.2.1 Analog Signal Conditioning and Coupling Methods, 83 4.2.2 Data Acquisition, 85 4.3 Signal Processing, 86 4.3.1 Phase Demodulation, 86 4.3.2 Demodulated Phase Processing, 87 4.4 Noise Sources, 90 4.4.1 Electrical Noise, 90 4.4.2 Mechanical Noise, 92 4.5 Conclusions, 92 References, 93 5 CW Homodyne Transceiver Challenges 95Aditya Singh, Alex Vergara, Amy D. Droitcour, Byung-Kwon Park, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke 5.1 RF Front End, 95 5.1.1 Single-Channel Limitations, 96 5.1.2 LO Leakage Cancellation, 103 5.1.3 IQ Imbalance Assessment, 109 5.2 Baseband Module, 113 5.2.1 AC and DC Coupling, 113 5.2.2 DC Canceller, 114 5.3 Signal Demodulation, 118 5.3.1 DC Offset and DC Information, 118 5.3.2 Center Tracking, 125 5.3.3 DC Cancellation Results, 130 References, 134 6 Sources of Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 137Amy D. Droitcour, Olga Boric-Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada 6.1 Signal Power, Radar Equation, and Radar Cross Section, 138 6.1.1 Radar Equation, 138 6.1.2 Radar Cross Section, 140 6.1.3 Reflection and Absorption, 141 6.1.4 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion, 141 6.2 Oscillator Phase Noise, Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise, 143 6.2.1 Oscillator Phase Noise, 143 6.2.2 Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise, 147 6.3 Contributions of Various Noise Sources, 151 6.3.1 Phase Noise, 151 6.3.2 Baseband 1/f Noise, 154 6.3.3 RF Additive White Gaussian Noise, 154 6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, 155 6.5 Validation of Range Correlation, 157 6.6 Human Testing Validation, 158 References, 168 7 Doppler Radar Physiological Assessments 171John Kiriazi, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Wansuree Massagram 7.1 Actigraphy, 172 7.2 Respiratory Rate, 176 7.3 Tidal Volume, 179 7.4 Heart Rates, 184 7.5 Heart Rate Variability, 185 7.6 Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, 190 7.7 RCs and Subject Orientation, 196 References, 204 8 Advanced Performance Architectures 207Aditya Singh, Aly Fathy, Isar Mostafanezhad, Jenshan Lin, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Yazhou Wang 8.1 DC Offset and Spectrum Folding, 208 8.1.1 Single-Channel Homodyne System with Phase Tuning, 208 8.1.2 Heterodyne System with Frequency Tuning, 213 8.1.3 Low-IF Architecture, 220 8.2 Motion Interference Suppression, 224 8.2.1 Interference Cancellation, 226 8.2.2 Bistatic Radar: Sensor Nodes, 231 8.2.3 Passive RF Tags, 240 8.3 Range Detection, 250 8.3.1 Physiological Monitoring with FMCW Radar, 250 8.3.2 Physiological Monitoring with UWB Radar, 251 References, 266 9 Applications and Future Research 269Aditya Singh and Victor M. Lubecke 9.1 Commercial Development, 269 9.1.1 Healthcare, 269 9.1.2 Defense, 272 9.2 Recent Research Areas, 272 9.2.1 Sleep Study, 272 9.2.2 Range, 275 9.2.3 Multiple Subject Detection, 276 9.2.4 Animal Monitoring, 279 9.3 Conclusion, 282 References, 282 Index 285

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Book SynopsisDiscusses the basic physical principles underlying Biomedical Photonics, spectroscopy and microscopy This volume discusses biomedical photonics, spectroscopy and microscopy, the basic physical principles underlying the technology andits applications. The topics discussed in this volume are: Biophotonics; Fluorescence and Phosphorescence; Medical Photonics; Microscopy; Nonlinear Optics; Ophthalmic Technology; Optical Tomography; Optofluidics; Photodynamic Therapy; Image Processing; Imaging Systems; Sensors; Single Molecule Detection; Futurology in Photonics. Comprehensive and accessible coverage of the whole of modern photonics Emphasizes processes and applications that specifically exploit photon attributes of light Deals with the rapidly advancing area of modern optics Chapters are written by top scientists in their field Written for the graduate level student in physical sciences; Industrial and academic researchers in pTrade Review"Even though the book was written by a number of authors, they succeeded in making it interesting, clear and up-to-date." (Optics and Photonics 2016)Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xiii 1 Fluorescence 1 David J. S. Birch, Yu Chen, and Olaf J. Rolinski 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Spectra 2 1.3 Quantum Yield 6 1.4 Lifetime 12 1.5 Quenching 23 1.6 Anisotropy 30 1.7 Microscopy 38 1.8 Conclusions 48 Acknowledgments 48 References 49 2 Single-Molecule Detection and Spectroscopy 59 Michel Orrit 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Experimental Setups 62 2.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 66 2.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy 72 2.5 Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy 78 2.6 Other Detection Methods 86 2.7 Conclusion 93 Acknowledgments 94 References 94 3 Resonance Energy Transfer 101 David L. Andrews, David S. Bradshaw, Rayomond Dinshaw, and Gregory D. Scholes 3.1 Introduction 101 3.2 History of RET 102 3.3 The Photophysics of RET 103 3.4 Investigative Applications of RET in Molecular Biology 113 3.5 The Role of RET in Light-Harvesting Complexes 118 Acknowledgments 122 References 122 4 Biophotonics of Photosynthesis 129 Valter Zazubovich and Ryszard Jankowiak 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Structure of Pigment–Protein Complexes and Structure–Function Relationships 130 4.3 Key Concepts in Physics of Pigment–Protein Complexes 133 4.4 Experimental Techniques 141 4.5 Examples 145 4.6 Conclusions 156 Acknowledgments 157 References 157 5 Optical Sectioning Microscopy and Biological Imaging 165 John Girkin 5.1 Introduction and Background 165 5.2 Confocal Imaging 168 5.3 Nonlinear Microscopy 172 5.4 Practical Implementation of Nonlinear Microscopy 181 5.5 Recent Advances in Nonlinear Microscopy 184 5.6 Widefield Optical Sectioning by Specialized Illumination Methods 186 5.7 Summary 190 References 191 6 Cell Handling, Sorting, and Viability 197 Darwin Palima, Thomas Aabo, Andrew Bañas, and Jesper Glückstad 6.1 Handling Cells with Light 198 6.2 Optical Sorting 215 6.3 Cell Viability 220 References 230 7 Tissue Polarimetry 239 Alex Vitkin, Nirmalya Ghosh, and Antonello de Martino 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Polarized Light Fundamentals 240 7.3 Instrumentation 266 7.4 Forward Modeling and Testing in Phantoms 282 7.5 Applications 297 7.6 Conclusions and Outlook 313 References 314 8 Optical Waveguide Biosensors 323 Daphné Duval and Laura M. Lechuga 8.1 Introduction 323 8.2 Fundamentals of Label-Free Optical Waveguide Biosensing 324 8.3 Surface Biofunctionalization 328 8.4 Evaluation of Optical Biosensors 331 8.5 Integrated Optical Waveguide-Based Biosensors 334 8.6 Optical Fiber-Based Biosensors 349 8.7 Lab-On-A-Chip Integration 354 8.8 Summary 357 References 358 9 Light Propagation in Highly Scattering Turbid Media: Concepts, Techniques, and Biomedical Applications 367 R. R. Alfano, W. B. Wang, L. Wang, and S. K. Gayen 9.1 Introduction 367 9.2 Physics Behind Optical Imaging Through a Highly Scattering Turbid Medium 369 9.3 Study of Ballistic and Diffused Light Components 378 9.4 Photon-Sorting Gates 384 9.5 Transition From Ballistic to Diffuse Imaging in Turbid Media 402 9.6 Conclusion 404 Acknowledgments 404 References 404 10 Photodynamic Therapy 413 Rakkiyappan Chandran, Tyler G. St. Denis, Daniela Vecchio, Pinar Avci, Magesh Sadasivam, and Michael R. Hamblin 10.1 Historical Overview of PDT 413 10.2 Introduction to PDT 415 10.3 Photosensitizer Structure and Photophysical Properties 418 10.4 Light Dosimetry and Photodynamic Therapy Light Sources 422 10.5 Light-Based Strategies to Enhance PDT 423 10.6 PDT Targeting and Nanotechnology 425 10.7 PDT for Dermatology 428 10.8 PDT for Oncology 433 10.9 PDT for Infectious Disease 435 10.10 PDT in Ophthalmology 445 10.11 PDT and The Immune System 446 10.12 Conclusion 449 Acknowledgment 449 References 449 11 Imaging and Probing Cells Beyond the Optical Diffraction Limit 469 Mark Schüttpelz and Thomas Huser 11.1 The Quest for Achieving Optical Resolution Beyond ABBE’S Limit 469 11.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy 474 11.3 Photoactivated Localization Microscopy and Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy 477 11.4 Structured Illumination Microscopy 483 11.5 Super-Resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging and Other Approaches 491 11.6 Outlook 495 Acknowledgments 496 References 497 12 Technology 503 Ann E. Elsner and Christopher A. Clark 12.1 Basic Ocular Anatomy and Physiology 503 12.2 Measurement Techniques 514 12.3 Anterior Segment Diagnostics, Refractive Measurements, and Treatment 522 12.4 Diagnostic Applications and Treatment of Posterior Segment 529 References 534 Index 543

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Book SynopsisProviding a comprehensive introduction to stem cells with an emphasis on their role in craniofacial development, Stem Cells, Craniofacial Development and Regeneration details aspects of developmental biology with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine concepts.Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xv PART I DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF CRANIOFACIAL TISSUES AND ORGANS 1 Molecular Blueprint for Craniofacial Morphogenesis and Development 3 Paul A. Trainor 2 Cranial Neural Crest Cells in Craniofacial Tissues and Organs 31 Carolina Parada and Yang Chai 3 Craniofacial Intramembranous Bone Development and Regeneration 51 David P. Rice and Ritva Rice 4 Temporomandibular Joint Development 71 Shuping Gu and YiPing Chen 5 Craniofacial Muscle Development 87 Robert G. Kelly 6 Tooth Morphogenesis and Renewal 109 Maria Jussila, Emma Juuri, and Irma Thesleff 7 Reptilian Tooth Regeneration 135 Joy M. Richman, John A. Whitlock, and John Abramyan 8 Tooth Root Development 153 Brian L. Foster, Francisco H. Nociti Jr., and Martha J. Somerman 9 Systems Biology of Early Tooth Development 179 Daniel J. O’Connell, Joshua W. K. Ho, and Richard L. Maas PART II STEM CELLS AND THEIR NICHES IN CRANIOFACIAL TISSUES 10 Stem Cells, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, and Their Differentiation to Specified Lineage Fates 205 George T.-J. Huang, Xiao-Ying Zou, Xing Yan, Kyle J. Hewitt, Yulia Shamis, and Jonathan A. Garlick 11 Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells 223 Songtao Shi and Stan Gronthos 12 Adipose Tissue–Derived Stem Cells and Their Regeneration Potential 241 Jeffrey Gimble, Maryam Rezai Rad, and Shaomian Yao 13 Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells: Their Origin and Niche Factors 259 Johannes W. Von den Hoff and Sander Grefte 14 Stem Cells in Salivary Gland Development and Regeneration 271 Isabelle M. A. Lombaert and Matthew P. Hoffman 15 Stem and Progenitor Cells of Dental and Gingival Tissue Origin 285 Christian Morsczeck, George T.-J. Huang, and Songtao Shi 16 Regulation and Differentiation Potential of Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells 303 Lei Wang, Christian Morsczeck, Stan Gronthos, and Songtao Shi 17 An Incisive Look at Stem Cells: The Mouse Incisor as an Emerging Model for Tooth Renewal 315 Frederic Michon, Andrew H. Jheon, Kerstin Seidel, and Ophir D. Klein 18 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Niches in Rodent Tooth Pulp 329 Jifan Feng and Paul T. Sharpe PART III STEM CELL–MEDIATED CRANIOFACIAL TISSUE BIOENGINEERING 19 Bone Bioengineering: Scaffolds, Growth Factors, and Stem Cells 341 Christopher S. D. Lee, Christopher D. Hermann, Rolando Gittens, Rene Olivares-Navarrete, Zvi Schwartz, and Barbara D. Boyan 20 Craniofacial Tissue Bioengineering and Regeneration by Endogenous Stem Cells 367 Nan Jiang, Mo Chen, Chang Hun Lee, Jian Zhou, Mildred C. Embree, Kimi Kong, Choko Cho, Avital Mendelson, Ying Zheng, Hemin Nie, and Jeremy J. Mao 21 Stem Cell–Based Bioengineering of Craniofacial Bone 379 David D. Lo, Daniel T. Montoro, Monica Grova, Jeong S. Hyun, Michael T. Chung, Derrick C. Wan, and Michael T. Longaker 22 Muscle Tissue Engineering Approaches 395 Johannes W. Von den Hoff and Sander Grefte 23 Engineering of Dental Tissues: Scaffolds and Preclinical Models 409 Na Yu, Adelina Plachokova, Fang Yang, X. Frank Walboomers, and John A. Jansen 24 Whole-Tooth Engineering and Cell Sources 431 L. Keller, S. Kuchler-Bopp, and Herv´e Lesot 25 Bioengineering of Functional Teeth 447 Takashi Tsuji 26 Pulp and Dentin Regeneration 461 Misako Nakashima and George T.-J. Huang 27 Bioengineering of Roots and Periodontal Tissues 485 Songlin Wang, Gang Ding, Fulan Wei, and Yi Liu 28 Periodontal Bioengineering Strategies: The Present Status and Some Developing Trends 501 Fa-Ming Chen and Yan Jin Index 525

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an excellent introductory resource for those new to cardiac pacing and pacemakers.Table of ContentsPreface, vi Acknowledgments, vii 1 Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, 1 2 Cardiac conduction system, 15 3 The cardiac cycle and hemodynamics, 21 4 Heart disease, 29 5 Cardiac medications related to cardiac rhythm management devices, 37 6 The basics of ecg and rhythm interpretation, 48 7 Arrhythmia analysis, 58 8 E lectricity 101, 78 9 Pacing 101, 84 10 Indications for pacing, 104 11 Pacemaker implantation, 116 12 Connecting the leads to the pulse generator, 131 13 Pacemaker modes and codes, 140 14 Single-chamber timing cycles, 153 15 Introduction to dual-chamber timing cycles, 169 16 Dual-chamber timing cycles: the atrial channel, 179 17 Dual-chamber timing cycles: the ventricular channel, 195 18 Paced ECG and EGM analysis, 205 19 Upper-rate behavior, 219 20 Advanced dual-chamber timing, 233 21 Rate-responsive pacing, 242 22 Special features, 260 23 Automatic capture algorithms, 278 24 Pacemaker follow-up, 297 25 Follow-up and troubleshooting, 310 Key answer, 316 Index, 320

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Book SynopsisAdvanced, recent developments in biochips and medical imaging Biochips and Medical Imaging is designed as a professional resource, covering recent biochip and medical imaging developments. Within the text, the authors encourage uniting aspects of engineering, biology, and medicine to facilitate advancements in the field of molecular diagnostics and imaging. Biochips are microchips for efficiently screening biological analytes. This book aims at presenting information on the state-of-the-art and emerging biosensors, biochips, and imaging devices of the body's systems, including the endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems. Medical diagnostics includes biochips (in-vitro diagnostics) and medical and molecular imaging (in-vivo imaging). Biochips and Medical Imaging explores the role of in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostics. It enables an instructor to share in-depth examples of the use of biochips in diagnosing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Provides real-life knowledge on biochipTable of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Cell Biology 1 1.1 Cell Biology Introduction 1 1.2 Cell Structure 1 1.3 Cell Membrane 2 1.4 Proteins 2 1.5 Cytoplasm and Organelles 3 1.6 Nucleus 6 1.7 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 8 1.8 Central Dogma and Recent Revisions 10 1.9 Mutations 14 1.10 Cell Cycle 14 1.11 Additional Information 17 2 Biological Lab Techniques 27 2.1 Overview 27 2.2 Beer Lambert's Law 27 2.3 DNA Lab Techniques 28 2.4 Additional Information 38 3 Human Physiology 47 3.1 Overview 47 3.2 Nervous System 47 3.3 Circulatory System 68 3.4 Endocrine System 74 3.5 Lymphatic System 83 3.6 Immune System 85 4 Cancer 103 4.1 Epidemiology (Statistics) 103 4.2 What Causes Cancer 104 4.3 Oncogenesis (Cancer Development) 106 4.4 The Six Hallmarks of Cancer 109 4.5 Conclusion 118 5 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) 123 5.1 Epidemiology and Introduction 123 5.2 Types of CVD 125 5.3 Diagnosis of CVDs 130 5.4 Treatment of CVDs 135 5.5 Conclusion 138 6 DNA Chips and Sequencing 143 6.1 Introduction to DNA Chips and PCR 143 6.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 143 6.3 DNA and RNA Chip Technology 147 6.4 DNA Sequencing 155 6.5 Conclusion 156 6.6 Additional Information 156 7 Next-Generation Sequencing and FET-Based Biochips 161 7.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing 161 7.2 Optical-Based Methods 162 7.3 Electronic-Based Methods 165 7.4 Conclusion 172 8 Protein Assays and Chips 179 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 ELISA 179 8.3 Protein Arrays 183 8.4 Conclusion 190 8.5 Additional Information 190 9 Label-Free Affinity-Based Biosensors 197 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor 197 9.3 Nanowire Field-Effect (FET) Sensors 203 9.4 Cantilever Sensors 204 9.5 Electrochemical Sensors 205 9.6 Multiplex Detection of Polymicrobial UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) 207 9.7 Conclusion 211 10 Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 215 10.1 Magnetism Overview 215 10.2 GMR Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 216 10.3 Point-of-Care Testing 223 10.4 Non-GMR Magnetic Nanobiosensors 228 10.5 Conclusion 231 11 Microfluidic Chips for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells 235 11.1 Circulating Tumor Cells 235 11.2 Identifying CTC and WBC by 3-Color Staining 235 11.3 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 236 11.4 Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) 237 11.5 Magnetic Separation Devices 238 11.6 CTC Enrichment By Size Filtering 243 11.7 CTC-CHIP (HARVARD UNIVERSITY) 243 11.8 Clinical Utility From CTCs 245 11.9 Conclusion 247 12 Molecular Diagnostics 251 12.1 Molecular Diagnostics (Dx) 251 12.2 Molecular Diagnostics for Cancer 251 12.3 Important Concepts in Diagnostics 254 12.4 Conclusion 261 12.5 Additional Information 261 13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 271 13.1 Medical Imaging -- Categorization 271 13.2 Overview For Imaging Section 271 13.3 MRI: Past, Present, and Future 273 13.4 Physics of MRI Overview 274 13.5 Physics of MRI 274 13.6 Image Acquisition in MRI 279 13.7 MRI Contrast Agents 282 13.8 Conclusion 287 14 Radionuclide Imaging 295 14.1 Radioactivity 295 14.2 Basics of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 299 14.3 Single-Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) 303 14.4 Contrast and Imaging Agents 306 14.5 Conclusion 312 15 Fluorescence and Raman Imaging 317 15.1 Introduction to Optical Imaging 317 15.2 Photon/Tissue Interaction 317 15.3 Fluorescence Imaging 320 15.4 Raman Imaging 328 15.5 Fluorescence Imaging vs. Raman Imaging 331 15.6 Conclusion 332 16 Optical Coherence Tomography 337 16.1 Introduction 337 16.2 Applications of OCT 346 16.3 Contrast Enhancement 351 16.4 Conclusion 359 17 Photoacoustic Imaging 363 17.1 Photoacoustic Effect 363 17.2 The Thermal and Stress Confinements 364 17.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 365 17.4 Contrast Agents 367 17.5 Conclusion 373 18 Imaging Controls and Concepts 377 18.1 Controls 377 18.2 Imaging Concepts 382 18.3 Clinical Translation 386 18.4 Conclusion 390 Problems 390 References 394 Further Reading 394 Index 395

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Book SynopsisPresents standard numerical approaches for solving common mathematical problems in engineering using Python. Covers the most common numerical calculations used by engineering students Covers Numerical Differentiation and Integration, Initial Value Problems, Boundary Value Problems, and Partial Differential Equations Focuses on open ended, real world problems that require students to write a short report/memo as part of the solution process Includes an electronic download of the Python codes presented in the book Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xv 1 Problem Solving in Engineering 1 1.1 Equation Identification and Categorization 4 1.1.1 Algebraic versus Differential Equations 4 1.1.2 Linear versus Nonlinear Equations 5 1.1.3 Ordinary versus Partial Differential Equations 6 1.1.4 Interpolation versus Regression 8 Problems 10 Additional Resources 11 References 11 2 Programming with Python 12 2.1 Why Python? 12 2.1.1 Compiled versus Interpreted Computer Languages 13 2.1.2 A Note on Python Versions 14 2.2 Getting Python 15 2.2.1 Installation of Python 17 2.2.2 Alternative to Installation: SageMathCloud 18 2.3 Python Variables and Operators 19 2.3.1 Updating Variables 21 2.3.2 Containers 23 2.4 External Libraries 25 2.4.1 Finding Documentation 27 Problems 28 Additional Resources 29 References 30 3 Programming Basics 31 3.1 Comparators and Conditionals 31 3.2 Iterators and Loops 34 3.2.1 Indentation Style 39 3.3 Functions 39 3.3.1 Pizza Example 43 3.3.2 Print Function 44 3.4 Debugging or Fixing Errors 45 3.5 Top 10+ Python Error Messages 45 Problems 47 Additional Resources 49 References 49 4 External Libraries for Engineering 51 4.1 Numpy Library 51 4.1.1 Array and Vector Creation 51 4.1.2 Array Operations 55 4.1.3 Getting Helping with Numpy 55 4.1.4 Numpy Mathematical Functions 56 4.1.5 Random Vectors with Numpy 57 4.1.6 Sorting and Searching 57 4.1.7 Polynomials 58 4.1.8 Loading and Saving Arrays 59 4.2 Matplotlib Library 60 4.3 Application: Gillespie Algorithm 63 Problems 66 Additional Resources 68 References 68 5 Symbolic Mathematics 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Symbolic Mathematics Packages 71 5.3 An Introduction to SymPy 72 5.3.1 Multiple Equations 75 5.4 Factoring and Expanding Functions 76 5.4.1 Equilibrium Kinetics Example 77 5.4.2 Partial Fraction Decomposition 78 5.5 Derivatives and Integrals 78 5.5.1 Reaction Example 79 5.5.2 Symbolic Integration 80 5.5.3 Reactor Sizing Example 80 5.6 Cryptography 81 Problems 83 References 86 6 Linear Systems 87 6.1 Example Problem 88 6.2 A Direct Solution Method 91 6.2.1 Distillation Example 95 6.2.2 Blood Flow Network Example 95 6.2.3 Computational Cost 98 6.3 Iterative Solution Methods 100 6.3.1 Vector Norms 100 6.3.2 Jacobi Iteration 100 6.3.3 Gauss–Seidel Iteration 103 6.3.4 Relaxation Methods 105 6.3.5 Convergence of Iterative Methods 105 Problems 107 References 112 7 Regression 113 7.1 Motivation 113 7.2 Fitting Vapor Pressure Data 114 7.3 Linear Regression 115 7.3.1 Alternative Derivation of the Normal Equations 118 7.4 Nonlinear Regression 119 7.4.1 Lunar Disintegration 122 7.5 Multivariable Regression 126 7.5.1 Machine Learning 127 Problems 129 References 134 8 Nonlinear Equations 135 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 Bisection Method 137 8.3 Newton’s Method 140 8.4 Broyden’s Method 143 8.5 Multiple Nonlinear Equations 146 8.5.1 The Point Inside a Square 149 Problems 151 9 Statistics 156 9.1 Introduction 156 9.2 Reading Data from a File 156 9.2.1 Numpy Library 157 9.2.2 CVS Library 159 9.2.3 Pandas 159 9.2.4 Parsing an Array 162 9.3 Statistical Analysis 162 9.4 Advanced Linear Regression 164 9.5 U.S. Electrical Rates Example 168 Problems 172 References 175 10 Numerical Differentiation and Integration 176 10.1 Introduction 176 10.2 Numerical Differentiation 176 10.2.1 First Derivative Approximation 177 10.2.2 Second Derivative Approximation 180 10.2.3 Scipy Derivative Approximation 181 10.3 Numerical Integration 183 10.3.1 Trapezoid Rule 185 10.3.2 Numerical Integration Using Scipy 186 10.3.3 Error Function 187 Problems 190 Reference 192 11 Initial Value Problems 193 11.1 Introduction 193 11.2 Biochemical Reactors 193 11.3 Forward Euler 195 11.4 Modified Euler Method 198 11.5 Systems of Equations 199 11.5.1 The Lorenz System and Chaotic Solutions 200 11.5.2 Second-Order Initial Value Problems 203 11.6 Stiff Differential Equations 203 Problems 206 References 210 12 Boundary Value Problems 211 12.1 Introduction 211 12.2 Shooting Method 212 12.3 Finite Difference Method 216 12.3.1 Reactions in Spherical Catalysts 220 Problems 224 Reference 226 13 Partial Differential Equations 227 13.1 Finite Difference Method for Steady-State PDEs 227 13.1.1 Setup 228 13.1.2 Matrix Assembly 230 13.1.3 Solving and Plotting 232 13.2 Convection 233 13.3 Finite Difference Method for Transient PDEs 236 Problems 241 Reference 244 14 Finite Element Method 245 14.1 A Warning 245 14.2 Why FEM? 246 14.3 Laplace’s Equation 246 14.3.1 The Mesh 246 14.3.2 Discretization 247 14.3.3 Wait! Why Are We Doing This? 248 14.3.4 FEniCS Implementation 248 14.4 Pattern Formation 249 Additional Resources 253 References 254 Index 255

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Book SynopsisINTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR REHABILITATION ENGINEERING Encapsulates different case studies where technology can be used as assistive technology for the physically challenged, visually and hearing impaired. Rehabilitation engineering includes the development of technological solutions and devices to assist individuals with disabilities, while also supporting the recovery of the disabled who have lost their physical and cognitive functions. These systems can be designed and built to meet a wide range of needs that can help individuals with mobility, communication, vision, hearing, and cognition. The growing technological developments in machine learning, deep learning, robotics, virtual intelligence, etc., play an important role in rehabilitation engineering. Intelligent Systems for Rehabilitation Engineering focuses on trending research of intelligent systems in rehabilitation engineering which involves the design and development of innovative technologies and techniques including rehabili

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Book SynopsisNANOMATERIALS IN CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS In this rapidly developing field, the book focuses on the practical elements of nanomaterial creation, characterization, and development, as well as their usage in clinical research. Nanotechnology-based applications is a rapidly growing field encompassing a diverse range of disciplines that impact our daily lives. Nanotechnology is being used to carry out large-scale reactions in practically every field of biotechnology and healthcare. The incredible progress being made in these applications is particularly true for the healthcare sector, where they are used in cancer detection and treatment, medical implants, tissue engineering, and so forth. Expansions in this discipline are expected to continue in the future, resulting in the creation of a variety of life-saving medical technology and treatment procedures. The primary goal of this book is to disseminate information on nanotechnology's applications in the biological scieTable of ContentsPreface xix Part 1: History and Basic Principles of Nanotechnology 1 1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 3 Rekha Sharma, Kritika S. Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Nanoscale Materials: Importance 5 1.3 Nanotechnology: Historical Advances 8 1.4 Nanofabrication Methods in Nanotechnology 9 1.4.1 Top-Down Method 10 1.4.2 Bottom-Up Method 11 1.5 Carbon Nanoallotropes 13 1.5.1 Fullerene 13 1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 14 1.5.3 Graphene 15 1.6 Classification of the Nanomaterials 16 1.6.1 Based on Dimensions 16 1.6.2 Based on the Structural Configuration 17 1.7 Applications of Nanotechnology 18 1.7.1 Chip-Based Plasmonic Sensors 18 1.7.2 Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensors 20 1.7.3 Colloidal Nanoparticle-Based Plasmonic Sensors 21 1.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 23 Acknowledgment 23 References 24 2 Functional Principal of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 33 Kalyanee Bera, Biva Ghosh and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Nanoparticles 36 2.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 37 2.4 Metal Nanoparticles 37 2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 38 2.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles 39 2.4.3 Zinc Nanoparticles 39 2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles 40 2.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles 41 2.7 Lipid Nanoparticles 41 2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles (Nanoparticles Made of Polymers) 42 2.8.1 Synthetic 43 2.8.2 Natural 43 2.9 Hydrogel 44 2.10 Nanofibers 45 2.11 Nanocomposites 45 2.12 Nanotechnologies for Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis 46 2.12.1 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays 46 2.12.2 Protein Microarrays/Chips 47 2.12.3 Nanobiosensors 48 2.12.4 PEBBLE Nanosensors (Probes Encapsulated by Biologically Localized Embedding) 48 2.12.5 Quantum Dots 48 2.12.6 Fluorescence Microscopy for Chromosomal Changes 49 2.12.7 Nanobarcodes 49 2.12.8 Protein Biobarcode Assay 50 2.12.9 Cantilever Arrays 50 2.12.10 DNA-Protein and Nanoparticles Conjugates 51 2.12.11 Resonance Light Scattering Technology 52 2.12.12 Method of Colorimetric DNA Detection 52 2.12.13 Upcoming Phosphor Technology Based on Nanoparticles 53 2.13 Clinical Uses of Nanotechnology 53 2.13.1 Application of Nanocrystals in Immunohistochemistry 54 2.13.2 Detection of Illness Biomarkers 54 2.13.3 Disease Gene Detection 54 2.13.4 Detection of Microorganisms 55 2.13.5 Dental Nanotechnology 55 2.14 Nanofilm Applications 56 2.15 Nanomedicine Implementation 57 2.16 Future Prospects 58 2.17 Conclusion 58 References 59 3 Application of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research: Present and Future Prospects 75 Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Scope of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 77 3.3 Classification 78 3.3.1 Nanomaterials 78 3.3.1.1 Nanocrystal 80 3.3.1.2 Nanostructures 81 3.3.2 Nanodevices 89 3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology 91 3.4.1 Drug Delivery 93 3.4.2 Cancer Treatment 93 3.4.3 Gene Therapy 95 3.4.4 Tissue Engineering 95 3.4.5 Wound Treatment 96 3.4.6 Visualization 96 3.4.7 Tuberculosis Treatment 97 3.4.8 In Ophthalmology 97 3.4.9 Neurodegenerative Treatment 97 3.4.10 Diabetes Treatment 98 3.4.11 Protein Detection 98 3.4.12 In Surgery 99 3.4.13 Antibiotic Resistance 99 3.4.14 Immune Response 99 3.4.15 Operative Dentistry 101 3.4.16 Diagnostic Techniques 102 3.5 Conclusion 103 Acknowledgment 103 References 104 Part 2: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials 115 4 Fermentation Process Versus Nanotechnology 117 Nabya Nehal, Anushka Mathur, Modhumita Ganguli and Priyanka Singh 4.1 Overview of Microbial Technology 118 4.1.1 Biological Methodologies for Extraction and Purification of Biomolecules 118 4.1.2 Recent Advancements in Bioprocess Technology 119 4.1.2.1 Genetic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis 120 4.1.2.2 Immobilization Techniques 120 4.2 Nanotechnology 123 4.2.1 Classification of Nanostructures 125 4.2.1.1 Organic Nanocarriers 126 4.2.1.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers 127 4.2.2 Self-Assembly 128 4.2.3 Methodology for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 129 4.3 Biogenic Sources 131 4.3.1 From Bacteria 131 4.3.2 Filamentous Fungi 133 4.3.3 Plants 135 4.3.4 Microalgae 135 4.4 The Extent of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Industrial Sectors 139 4.4.1 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sectors 143 4.4.2 Environmental Remediation 146 4.4.3 Food Sectors 148 References 158 5 Application of Geno-Sensors and Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for Gene Delivery 177 Sharmili Roy, Monalisha Ghosh Dastidar, Vivek Sharma, Beom Soo Kim and Rajiv Chandra Rajak 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Their Application in Gene Delivery 179 5.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 180 5.2.2 Quantum Dots 181 5.2.3 Gold, Silver, and Platinum Nanoparticles 182 5.2.4 Graphene-Based Nanoparticles 186 5.3 Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 187 5.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 188 5.5 Protein, Lipid, and Peptide-Based Nanomaterials and Their Advantages for Gene Delivery 192 5.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Outlook 194 References 196 6 Flexuous Plant Viruses as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 205 De Swarnalok 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Plant Virus Particle Structures 207 6.2.1 Viruses With Icosahedral Symmetry 207 6.2.2 Viruses with Helical Symmetry 208 6.2.2.1 Rigid Rod-Like Viruses 208 6.2.2.2 Flexuous Filament-Like Viruses 209 6.3 Virus Nanoparticles and Virus-Like Particles 209 6.3.1 VNPs 209 6.3.2 VLPs 210 6.4 Production Platforms for VNPs and VLPs 210 6.4.1 VNPs/VLPs in Plants 211 6.4.2 VLPs via In Vitro Assembly 212 6.5 Functionalization of Viruses 212 6.5.1 Genetic Engineering 213 6.5.2 Chemical Conjugation 213 6.5.3 Other Functionalization Strategies 214 6.6 Uses of Flexuous Plant Viruses in Medicine 214 6.6.1 Vaccination and Immunotherapy 214 6.6.2 3D Tissue Engineering 215 6.6.3 Drug Delivery and Targeting 215 6.6.4 Bioimaging 216 6.6.5 Biosensing 217 6.7 Conclusions 217 References 218 7 Role of Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis 225 Tanya Kapoor, Md Azizur Rahman, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 227 7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles 227 7.4 Biochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles 228 7.5 Green Synthesis Approach for NPs 232 7.6 Plants’ Role in the Green Synthesis of NPs 232 7.7 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes 234 7.8 Nanoparticles Role in Photosynthesis 235 7.9 Applications of Green Synthesis NPs 235 7.10 Conclusion 237 References 237 8 Static DNA Nanostructures and Their Applications 245 Debalina Bhattacharya 8.1 Introduction 245 8.1.1 DNA Structure 245 8.1.2 Types of DNA Structures 247 8.2 Static DNA Nanostructures 247 8.2.1 DNA Tile Assembly 248 8.2.2 DNA Origami and Brick Assembly 251 8.3 DNA Origami Nanostructure 251 8.4 DNA Polyhedra 252 8.5 DNA-Functionalized Nanoparticles 253 8.6 Stability in Biological Fluid and Cellular Uptake of DNA-NSs and DNA-NPs 254 8.7 Application 255 8.7.1 DNA Nanostructures as Biosensors 255 8.7.2 DNA in Therapeutics 257 8.7.3 Photo Thermal Therapy and Photo Dynamic Therapy 258 8.7.4 DNA-Based Enzyme Reactors 259 8.7.5 DNA-Based Gene Delivery 260 8.7.6 DNA Scaffolds for Nanophotonics 261 8.7.7 Conclusion 261 References 262 9 Protein-Based Nanostructures 269 Ditipriya Hazra and Amlan Roychowdhury 9.1 Introduction 269 9.2 Peptide-Based Nanoparticle 270 9.3 Protein-Based Nanostructure 271 9.3.1 Oligomerization of Protein 272 9.3.2 Repeat Domain Proteins 273 9.3.3 Protein-Based 2D and 3D Lattice Assembly of Nanoparticles 274 9.3.4 Covalently Assembled Single Chain-Based Nanostructure 274 9.4 Application of Protein-Based Nanostructures in Therapeutics 275 9.4.1 Protein Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery 275 9.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines 275 9.4.3 Hydrogel 277 References 278 10 Nanocomposites-Based Biodegradable Polymers 285 Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Nanocomposite 287 10.3 Biodegradable Polymer 288 10.4 Biopolymer 289 10.5 Nanofillers 289 10.6 Cellulose and Its Sources 289 10.7 Nanocellulose 291 10.8 Nanocellulose Composite Processing 292 10.8.1 Melt Mixing Method 293 10.8.1.1 Injection Molding Method 294 10.8.1.2 Resin Transfer Molding Method 295 10.8.1.3 Extrusion Method 296 10.8.2 Solution Casting Method 297 10.8.3 Particle Suspensions Method 299 10.8.4 In-Situ Polymerization Method 300 10.8.5 Layer-by-Layer Lamination Method 303 10.9 Nanocomposites Used as Packaging Materials 305 10.10 Future Perspective and Application 306 10.11 Conclusions 307 References 308 11 Instrumentation for the Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials 317 Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira, Débora Kono Taketa Moreira, Yvan Jesus Olortiga Asencios, João Moreira Neto and Luiza Helena da Silva Martins 11.1 Introduction 318 11.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM] 319 11.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis [EDX] 320 11.4 Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM] 322 11.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM] 323 11.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [STM] 325 11.7 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 327 11.8 Raman Spectroscopy 329 11.9 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 330 11.10 X-Ray Diffraction [XRD] 332 11.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy [XPS] 333 11.12 Zeta Potential 335 11.13 Conclusions 336 References 337 12 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 343 Monika Yadav, Sneha Upreti and Priyanka Singh 12.1 Introduction 344 12.2 Categorization of Nanoparticles 346 12.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 346 12.2.1.1 Polymeric Micelles 346 12.2.1.2 Nanosphere 347 12.2.1.3 Nanocapsules 347 12.2.1.4 Polymerosome 347 12.2.1.5 Nanogels 348 12.2.1.6 Dendrimers 348 12.2.1.7 Nanocomplex 349 12.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 349 12.2.2.1 Liposomes 349 12.2.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 349 12.2.2.3 Lipoplexes 349 12.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.3 Silica Nanoparticles 351 12.2.3.4 Quantum Dots 351 12.2.3.5 Nanocarbons 351 12.2.4 Bioinspired Nanoparticles 352 12.2.4.1 Exosomes 352 12.2.4.2 Protein Nanoparticles 352 12.2.4.3 DNA Nanostructures 352 12.2.5 Hybrid Nanoparticles 353 12.2.5.1 Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles 353 12.2.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites 353 12.2.5.3 Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles (LPNs) 354 12.3 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications 354 12.3.1 Bacteria 355 12.3.2 Molds and Yeast 356 12.3.3 Microalgae 357 12.4 Agriculture and Food Nanotechnology 358 12.4.1 Food Nanotechnology 359 12.4.1.1 Food Processing 359 12.4.1.2 Food Packaging 359 12.4.2 Agriculture Nanotechnology 360 12.4.3 Enzyme Nanotechnology 360 12.5 Role of Nanoparticles in the Medical Field 361 12.5.1 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Applications 362 12.5.1.1 Drug Loading 362 12.5.1.2 Covalent Bonding (Prodrug) 362 12.5.1.3 Noncovalent Encapsulation 363 12.6 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 363 12.6.1 Application of NPs in Food Industry 364 12.6.2 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Pharmaceuticals Industry 368 12.6.2.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Detection, Diagnosis and Imaging 369 12.6.2.2 In Drug Liberation 370 12.6.2.3 In Magnetic Partition and Recognition 372 12.6.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetic Sector 373 12.6.4 Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 375 12.6.4.1 Dendrimers in the Process of Bioremediation 376 12.6.4.2 Carbon Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 377 12.6.4.3 Biogenic Uraninite NMs in Bioremediation 378 12.7 Conclusion 378 References 379 13 Bio-Nanostructures: Applications and Perspectives 393 Tanya Kapoor, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash 13.1 Introduction 393 13.2 Classification of Nanostructures 394 13.2.1 Self-Assembled Nanostructures 394 13.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanostructures 394 13.2.3 Nanocellulose Nanostructures 395 13.2.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanostructures 395 13.2.5 Silica-Based Nanostructures 396 13.3 Characterization Method of Nanostructures 396 13.4 Applications of Bio-Nanoparticles 401 13.5 Conclusion 404 References 405 Part 3: Application of Nanomaterials in Clinical Research 411 14 Nanomaterials for Tissue Grafting 413 Paramjeet Singh, Atanu Kotal and Avik Acharya Chowdhury 14.1 Introduction 414 14.2 Tissue Engineering 415 14.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 416 14.2.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 418 14.2.3 Tissue Grafting 420 14.3 What is Nanotechnology? 422 14.4 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles 423 14.4.1 Nanomaterials 423 14.4.1.1 Organic Nanomaterials 423 14.4.1.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 424 14.4.1.3 Composite Nanomaterials 424 14.4.2 Nanoparticles 425 14.4.2.1 Nanoparticles as Bioactive Agents 431 14.4.2.2 Scaffolds and Nanoparticles 431 14.5 Future Prospects 433 14.6 Conclusion 435 References 436 15 Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy 441 Kaliyaperumal Rekha, Nalok Dutta, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Usman, Mihir Bhatta, Kunal Ghosh, Shaheer Arif and Muhammad Naeem 15.1 Introduction 442 15.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment 442 15.3 Drug Nanocarriers Classification 444 15.4 Organic Nanocarriers 444 15.4.1 Liposomes 444 15.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 445 15.4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles 446 15.4.4 Polymer Micelles 446 15.4.5 Dendrimers 446 15.4.6 Polymersomes 447 15.4.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 447 15.4.8 Mineral Nanoparticles 448 15.5 Tumor Targeting by Nanoparticles 448 15.6 Utilization of Nanoparticles in Imaging and Treatment for Cancer 449 15.7 Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer 450 15.8 The Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Cancer 451 15.9 Conclusion 452 References 452 16 Nanoantibiotics 459 Rituparna Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 16.1 Introduction 460 16.2 Nanoantibiotics—A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics? 461 16.3 Developmental Strategy of Nanoantibiotics Over Antibiotics 462 16.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoantibiotics 463 16.5 Common Functions of Nanoantibiotics 463 16.6 Nanomaterials—A Suitable Source of Nanoantibiotics 464 16.7 Types of Nanoantibiotics 465 16.7.1 Through Direct Formulations 465 16.7.1.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles 465 16.7.1.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 466 16.7.1.3 Nanoemulsions 466 16.7.1.4 Nanocomposites 466 16.7.2 Through Indirect Formulations 467 16.7.2.1 Polymers 467 16.7.2.2 Dendrimers 467 16.7.2.3 Hydrogels 468 16.7.2.4 Liposomes 468 16.8 Advantages of Nanoantibiotics 468 16.9 Disadvantages of Nanoantibiotics 469 16.10 Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with Nanoantibiotics 469 16.11 Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Nanoantibiotics 470 16.12 Development of Targeted Therapy Using Nanoantibiotics 470 16.13 Future Prospects of Nanoantibiotics 471 16.14 Conclusion 471 References 472 17 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Its Use in Biomedicine 479 Arka Mukhopadhyay 17.1 Introduction 480 17.2 Biomedical Payloads 482 17.2.1 Imaging 482 17.2.1.1 Optical Imaging 482 17.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 486 17.2.1.3 Computed Tomography 486 17.2.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography 486 17.2.1.5 Photo Acoustic Tomography 486 17.2.1.6 Ultrasound 488 17.2.1.7 Multimodal Image Therapy 488 17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy 488 17.2.3 Targeted Gene Therapy 489 17.2.4 Photothermal Therapy 489 17.3 Carrier 490 17.3.1 Polymers 491 17.3.2 Lipids 491 17.3.3 Dendrimers 491 17.3.4 Inorganic Nanocarriers 492 17.4 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Applications 492 17.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 492 17.4.2 Quantum Dots 493 17.4.3 Anisotropic Nanoparticles 494 17.4.4 Upconverting Nanoparticles 494 17.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 495 17.4.6 Dendrimers 496 17.4.7 Other Nanomaterials 496 17.4.7.1 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles (GNPs) 496 17.4.7.2 Conjugated Polymers 498 17.5 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 499 17.6 Conclusions: Challenges and Future Perspectives 501 References 503 Appendix 509 Index 511

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Book SynopsisADHESIVES IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Uniquely provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on adhesives in biomedical applications in an easily accessible form. Adhesives are gaining popularity in many and varied biomedical applications as they are being used as a replacement for sutures and staples, which have the disadvantages such as scarring, infection, keloid formation, poor skin healing, or hernia in the case of abdominal sutures. On the other hand, adhesives dramatically reduce healthcare costs, significantly reduce time spent in surgery, curb the risks of bleeding, and are generally easy to use. Adhesives also find their use in diagnostic imaging, various biomedical devices, dental adhesives, dermal adhesives, etc. Adhesives in Biomedical Applications contains eleven chapters and is divided into two parts: Part 1: General Topics; and Part 2: Specific Adhesives, Characteristics, and Applications. Topics covered include: historical developments of various adhesives for biomTable of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1: General Topics 1 1 Historical Developments of Various Adhesives for Biomedical Applications 3Nagavendra Kommineni, Raju Saka, Vaskuri G. S. Sainaga Jyothi, Arun Butreddy, Jyotsna G. Vitore and Wahid Khan 1.1 Origin of Adhesives 4 1.2 Prominence of Biomedical Adhesives in Wound Healing and Drug Delivery 5 1.3 Generations of Bioadhesives 8 1.4 Timeline of Developments and Advances 11 1.5 Current and Future Applications 12 1.6 Summary 16 2 Global Industry Development and Analysis of Adhesives for Biomedical Applications 25Muhammed Yusuf Kandur, R. Hemamalini and Ebru Toksoy Öner 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Research Landscape of Bioadhesives 27 2.3 Sources of Bioadhesives for Biomedical Applications 29 2.4 Biomedical Applications of Bioadhesives 35 2.5 Latest Industrial Developments 38 2.6 Summary 42 3 Biomedical Adhesives 47Jaehun Mun and Sungbaek Seo 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Types of Biomedical Adhesives and their Components 50 3.3 Advances in Adhesives Development for Biomedical Uses 64 3.4 Summary 66 3.5 Acknowledgements 66 4 Bioadhesion: Fundamentals and Mechanisms 71Amit Porwal and Kamla Pathak 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Bioadhesion in Biological Systems 72 4.3 Bioadhesion/Mucoadhesion 73 4.4 The Mucosal Layer and Barriers to Drug Delivery 74 4.5 Barriers to Mucosal Drug Delivery 75 4.6 Factors Affecting Mucoadhesion 76 4.7 Mechanisms of Bioadhesion 79 4.8 Theories of Bioadhesion 81 4.9 Stages of Mucoadhesion 87 4.10 Modulation of Mucoadhesion 88 4.11 Molecular Biology in Bioadhesion 89 4.12 Administration of Bio- and Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems 90 4.13 Prospects 93 4.14 Summary 93 Part 2: Specific Adhesives, Characteristics and Applications 99 5 Fibrin Glue: Sources, Characteristics and Applications 101Anindya Karmaker and Shoeb Ahmed 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Evolution of Fibrin Glue 103 5.3 Types of Fibrin Adhesives and their Working Mechanisms 106 5.4 Production Methods of Commercial Fibrin Adhesives 109 5.5 Comparison of Some Commercial Fibrin Adhesives 111 5.6 Recent Developments and Future Trend of Fibrin Adhesives 114 5.7 Summary 115 6 Herbal Bioactives-Based Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems 121Shristhi Sohan Rawat, Arya Rai, Deepika Raina and Inderbir Singh 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Mucous Membrane 122 6.3 Theories of Adhesion 124 6.4 Mucoadhesive Polymers 128 6.5 Mucoadhesive-Based Drug Delivery Systems (DDS): Administration Routes 130 6.6 Clinical Studies 140 6.7 Patents on Herbal Bioactive--Based Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems 141 6.8 Summary 143 7 Adhesive Hydrogels 151Proma Bhattacharya and Sudarsan Neogi 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Mechanisms of Adhesion 156 7.3 Design Principles for Adhesive Hydrogels 160 7.4 Commonly Used Adhesive Hydrogels 161 7.5 Prospective Applications of Adhesive Hydrogels 166 7.6 Summary 167 8 Adhesives in Dermal Patches 177Niharika Lal, Praveen Kumar Gaur and Navneet Verma 8.1 Introduction 178 8.2 Types of Dermal Patches 180 8.3 Evolution of Adhesives in Medical Applications 182 8.4 Types of Adhesives Used in Dermal Patches 184 8.5 Testing Physical Properties of PSAs 192 8.6 Prediction of Patch In Vivo Adhesive Performances 202 8.7 Adhesive Properties and Formulation Studies 203 8.8 Summary 204 9 Medical Adhesives from Extracted Mussel Adhesive Proteins 213Yuvaraj Dinakarkumar, Annushrie Arravind and Niranjana Murali Mohan 9.1 Introduction 213 9.2 The Mussel Byssus 215 9.3 Mussel-Inspired Adhesion 219 9.4 Mussel-Inspired Tissue Adhesives 228 9.5 Summary 239 10 Dental Adhesives: State-of-the-Art, Current Perspectives, and Promising Applications 253Lamia Sami Mokeem, Isadora Martini Garcia, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Kevin Cline, Gabriel Rakovsky, Fabricio Mezzomo Collares and Mary Anne S. Melo 10.1 Introduction 254 10.2 Brief History of Dental Adhesive Systems 256 10.3 Classification and Composition of Adhesive Systems 258 10.4 Understanding the Challenges of Dental Adhesives Inside the Mouth 265 10.5 New Approaches Targeting Longevity of Adhesive-Dentin Interfaces 267 10.6 Dental Adhesives Endowed With Antibacterial Properties 268 10.7 Summary 270 10.8 Acknowledgments 270 11 Role of Adhesive-Based Systems for Diagnostic Imaging and Theranostic Applications 279Aishee Dey and Sudarsan Neogi 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 Role of Adhesives in Diagnostic Imaging 280 11.3 Theranostics 290 11.4 Summary 302 References 303 Index 313

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Book SynopsisThis brand new Lecture Notes title provides the core biomedical science study and revision material that medical students need to know. Matching the common systems-based approach taken by the majority of medical schools, it provides concise, student-led content that is rooted in clinical relevance. The book is filled with learning features such as key definitions and key conditions, and is cross-referenced to develop interdisciplinary awareness. Although designed predominantly for medical students, this new Lecture Notes book is also useful for students of dentistry, pharmacology and nursing. Biomedical Science Lecture Notes provides: A brand new title in the award-winning Lecture Notes series A concise, full colour study and revision guide A ''one-stop-shop'' for the biomedical sciences Clinical relevance and cross referencing to develop interdisciplinary skills Learning features such as key definiTrade Review"Each chapter moves concisely through the appropriate science, highlighting its relevance to clinical practice. The information is well presented and easy to navigate." (Oxford Medical School Gazette, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1 Cell biology. 2 Molecular biology and genetics. 3 Biochemistry. 4 Physiology. 5 Pharmacology. 6 Cardiovascular system. 7 Respiratory system. 8 Gastrointestinal system. 9 Urinary system. 10 Endocrinology. 11 Integrative physiology. 12 Reproduction. 13 Embryology. 14 Anatomy/musculoskeletal system. 15 Immunology. 16 Microbiology. 17 Neuroscience. 18 Medical statistics. Index.

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Book SynopsisMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used in biomedical imaging and radiology to visualize internal structures of the body. Because MRI provides excellent contrast between different soft tissues, the technique is especially useful for diagnostic imaging of the brain, muscles, and heart.In the past 20 years, MRI technology has improved significantly with the introduction of systems up to 7 Tesla (7 T) and with the development of numerous post-processing algorithms such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), and spectroscopic imaging. From these developments, the diagnostic potentialities of MRI have improved impressively with an exceptional spatial resolution and the possibility of analyzing the morphology and function of several kinds of pathology.Given these exciting developments, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Handbook: Imaging of the Pelvis, Musculoskeletal System, and Special Applications to CAD is a timely addiTable of ContentsMagnetic Resonance Imaging of Kidneys and Ureters. Carcinoma of the Bladder and Urethra. Male Pelvis (Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, and Testes). Uterus and Vagina. Benign and Malignant Conditions of the Ovaries and Peritoneum. MRI of the Placenta and the Pregnant Patient. MRI of Pelvic Floor Disorders. Degenerative Disease of the Spine and Other Spondyloarthropathies. Spine Infections. Traumatic Disease of the Spine. Neoplastic Disease of the Spine. MR Pathology of Sacrum and Ilium. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Soft Tissues. Temporomandibular Joints. MR-Guided Interventional Radiology of the Musculoskeletal System. MR of the Lymphatics. Pediatric Applications. Fetal MRI. Postmortem and Forensic Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound. PET/MRI: Concepts and Clinical Applications. Computer-Aided Diagnosis with MR Images of the Brain.

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Book SynopsisThe content from these proceedings comes from a symposium honoring Larry Hench, a pioneer in the field of bioceramics. Prof. Hench has condensed his Sosman Lecture into the keynote paper of this volume. In addition, this proceedings draws together research in the different aspects of bioceramics and illustrates its unifying themes. Apatites and active bone substitute materials are well represented, with extended analyses of processing effects and variations in making these materials more functional. Included in this volume are a series of papers on interactions between ceramics and biological environments with some much needed analysis of why ceramics succeed or don't in vivo. Proceedings of a symposium to honor Larry Hench at the 105th annual meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, 2003, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 147.Table of ContentsSosman Lecture. The Role of Ceramics in an Age of Biology (L.L. Hench). Processing and Characterization of Phosphate Bioceramics. A Review of Bone Substitutes in Bone Remodeling: Influence of Materials Chemistry and Porosity (A. Cuneyt Tas). Manufacturing of Thermally Sprayed Tricalcium Phosphate Coatings for Biomedical Applications (M. Baccalaro, R. Gadow, and K. von Niessen). Hydrothermal Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Glass and Ceramics (H. Pan, M.N. Rahaman, and J.-S. Ha). Porous Hydroxyapatite Containing Silicon Derived from Natural Coral (Y.-H. Kim, S.-R. Kim, S.J. Jung, Y.J. Lee, and H. Song). Electrochemical Deposition and Patterning of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramic Coating (K. Duan, Y. Fan, and R. Wang). Oxide Based Sintering Additives for HAp Ceramics (S. Kalita, S. Bose, A. Bandyopadhyay, and H.L. Hosick). Synthesis, Characterization and Sintering Behavior of Calcium Hydroxyapatite Powders with Average Particle Diameters of 150nm (A.C. Sutorik, M.S. Paras, D. Lawrence, A. Kennedy and T. Hinklin). Microstructure of Hydroxyapatite Thick Film (W.-L. Shieh, W.-Y. Huang, and T.-S. Sheu). Molecularly Dispersed Hydroxyapatite Polymer Nanocomposites (O.C. Wilson Jr., and L. Marshall). Interactions between Ceramics and Biological Environments. Effects of Organic Molecules In Kokubo¿s Simulated Body Fluid on Apatite Formation on Bioactive Glass and Titanium Substrates (K. Tsuru, Y. Higashi, S. Hayakawa, and A. Osaka). Hydroxy-Carbonate Apatite Synthesis, Blood Compatibility and Adsorption of Specific Pathogenic Proteins (S. Hayakawa, Y. Kusudo, S. Takemoto, K. Tsusru, A. Osaka, and S. Takashima). In Vitro Stability Predictions of Osteoblast Interaction with Hydroxyapatite and β-Tricalcium Phosphate (I.O. Smith, M.K. Soto, M.J. Baumann, and L. McCabe). Two and 10 Year Retrievals of Zirconia Femoral Heads: XRD, SEM and Raman Sprctroscopy Studies (D.D. Green, G. Pezzotti, S. Sakakura, M. Ries and I.C. Clarke). Phase Transformation and Residual Stresses In Retrieved Zirconia Hip Implants - A Raman Microprobe Spectroscopy Study (G. Pezzotti, S. Sakakura, A. Porporatti, D.D. Green, I.C. Clarke, and N. Sugano). BioLubrication Phenomena (Protiens) May Control the Wear - Perfromance of Zirconia Hip Joints (I.C. Clarke, D.D. Green, G. Pezzotti, S. Sakakura and B. Ben-Nissan).

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Book SynopsisThis volume considers the most common materials used in medical devices. State-of-the-art reference information is given for implant materials including stainless steels, cobalt-base alloys, titanium, shape memory alloys, noble metals, ceramics, and polymers. Examples of materials- and mechanical-based failures of medical devices provide lessons learned in the failure analysis section. Biotribology and implant wear are covered extensively, including clinical wear and biological aspects of implant wear. A detailed look at corrosion includes its effects, corrosion products, mechanically assisted corrosion and corrosion fatigue. Biocompatibility is also discussed at length including biocompatibility of ceramics and polymers. Engineers with little exposure to medical and biomedical engineering will find this book particularly useful. Volume 23 is a replacement for the Handbook of Materials for Medical Devices edited by J.R. Davis (ASM, 2003). The new volume features brand-new content that greatly expands the scope and depth of coverage, including a more in-depth discussion of materials and focus on applications.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present in detail several recent methodologies and algorithms that they developed during the last fifteen years. The deterministic methods account for uncertainties through empirical safety factors, which implies that the actual uncertainties in materials, geometry and loading are not truly considered. This problem becomes much more complicated when considering biomechanical applications where a number of uncertainties are encountered in the design of prosthesis systems. This book implements improved numerical strategies and algorithms that can be applied to biomechanical studies.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Chapter 1 Introduction to Structural Optimization 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 History of structural optimization 2 1.3 Sizing optimization 4 1.3.1 Definition 4 1.3.2 First works in sizing optimization 4 1.3.3 Numerical application 5 1.4 Shape optimization 10 1.4.1 Definition 10 1.4.2 First works in shape optimization 11 1.4.3 Numerical application 12 1.5 Topology optimization 16 1.5.1 Definition 16 1.5.2 First works in topology optimization 17 1.5.3 Numerical application 18 1.6 Conclusion 21 Chapter 2 Integration of Structural Optimization into Biomechanics 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Integration of structural optimization into orthopedic prosthesis design 23 2.2.1 Structural optimization of the hip prosthesis 24 2.2.2 Sizing optimization of a 3D intervertebral disk prosthesis 42 2.3 Integration of structural optimization into orthodontic prosthesis design 47 2.3.1 Sizing optimization of a dental implant 47 2.3.2 Shape optimization of a mini-plate 49 2.4 Advanced integration of structural optimization into drilling surgery 52 2.4.1 Case of treatment of a crack with a single hole 53 2.4.2 Case of treatment of a crack with two holes 54 2.5 Conclusion 56 Chapter 3 Integration of Reliability into Structural Optimization 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Literature review of reliability-based optimization 58 3.3 Comparison between deterministic and reliability-based optimization 60 3.3.1 Deterministic optimization 61 3.3.2 Reliability-based optimization 63 3.4 Numerical application 64 3.4.1 Description and modeling of the studied problem 64 3.4.2 Numerical results 65 3.5 Approaches and strategies for reliability-based optimization 68 3.5.1 Mono-level approaches 68 3.5.2 Double-level approaches 68 3.5.3 Sequential decoupled approaches 68 3.6 Two points of view for developments of reliability-based optimization 69 3.6.1 Point of view of “Reliability” 69 3.6.2 Point of view of “Optimization” 70 3.6.3 Method efficiency 70 3.7 Philosophy of integration of the concept of reliability into structural optimization groups 72 3.8 Conclusion 73 Chapter 4 Reliability-based Design Optimization Model 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Classic method 76 4.2.1 Formulations 76 4.2.2 Optimality conditions 77 4.2.3 Algorithm 77 4.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages 79 4.3 Hybrid method 79 4.3.1 Formulation 79 4.3.2 Optimality conditions 82 4.3.3 Algorithm 84 4.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages 85 4.4 Improved hybrid method 86 4.4.1 Formulations 86 4.4.2 Optimality conditions 86 4.4.3 Algorithm 89 4.4.4 Advantages and disadvantages 90 4.5 Optimum safety factor method 91 4.5.1 Safety factor concept 91 4.5.2 Developments and optimality conditions 92 4.5.3 Algorithm 97 4.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages 98 4.6 Safest point method 98 4.6.1 Formulations 98 4.6.2 Algorithm 102 4.6.3 Advantages and disadvantages 104 4.7 Numerical applications 105 4.7.1 RBDO of a hook: CM and HM 105 4.7.2 RBDO of a triangular plate: HM & IHM 107 4.7.3 RBDO of a console beam (sandwich beam): HM and OSF 110 4.7.4 RBDO of an aircraft wing: HM & SP 113 4.8 Classification of the methods developed 115 4.8.1 Numerical methods 115 4.8.2 Semi-numerical methods 116 4.8.3 Comparison between the numerical- and semi-numerical methods 118 4.9 Conclusion 119 Chapter 5 Reliability-based Topology Optimization Model 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Formulation and algorithm for the RBTO model 122 5.2.1 Formulation 122 5.2.2 Algorithm 123 5.2.3 Validation of the RBTO code developed 125 5.3 Validation of the RBTO model 126 5.3.1 Analytical validation 126 5.3.2 Numerical validation 128 5.4 Variability of the reliability index 134 5.4.1 Example 1: MBB beam 136 5.4.2 Example 2: Cantilever beam 136 5.4.3 Example 3: Cantilever beam with double loads 136 5.4.4 Example 4: Cantilever beam with a transversal hole 136 5.5 Numerical applications for the RBTO model 137 5.5.1 Static analysis 138 5.5.2 Modal analysis 139 5.5.3 Fatigue analysis 141 5.6 Two points of view for integration of reliability into topology optimization 142 5.6.1 Point of view of “topology” 144 5.6.2 Point of view of “reliability” 144 5.6.3 Numerical applications for the two points of view 146 5.7 Conclusion 152 Chapter 6 Integration of Reliability and Structural Optimization into Prosthesis Design 153 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Prosthesis design 154 6.3 Integration of topology optimization into prosthesis design 154 6.3.1 Importance of topology optimization in prosthesis design 155 6.3.2 Place of topology optimization in the prosthesis design chain 156 6.4 Integration of reliability and structural optimization into hip prosthesis design 157 6.4.1 Numerical application of the deterministic approach 158 6.4.2 Numerical application of the reliability-based approach 167 6.5 Integration of reliability and structural optimization into the design of mini-plate systems used to treat fractured mandibles 174 6.5.1 Numerical application of the deterministic approach 174 6.5.2 Numerical application of the reliability-based approach 181 6.6 Integration of reliability and structural optimization into dental implant design 184 6.6.1 Description and modeling of the problem 184 6.6.2 Numerical results 186 6.7 Conclusion 188 Appendices 189 Appendix 1 ANSYS Code for Stem Geometry 191 Appendix 2 ANSYS Code for Mini-Plate Geometry 197 Appendix 3 ANSYS Code for Dental Implant Geometry 201 Appendix 4 ANSYS Code for Geometry of Dental Implant with Bone 207 Bibliography 213 Index 229

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Book SynopsisECHNOLOGICAL PROSPECTS AND SOCIAL APPLICATIONS SET Coordinated by Bruno SalguesThere are many controversies with respect to health crisis management: the search for information on symptoms, misinformation on emerging treatments, massive use of collaborative tools by healthcare professionals, deployment of applications for tracking infected patients. The Covid-19 crisis is a relevant example about the need for research in digital communications in order to understand current health info communication.After an overview of the challenges of digital healthcare, this book offers a critical look at the organizational and professional limits of ICT uses for patients, their caregivers and healthcare professionals. It analyzes the links between ICT and ethics of care, where health communication is part of a global, humanistic and emancipating care for patients and caregivers. It presents new digitized means of communicating health knowledge that reveal, thanks to the Internet, a competition between biomedical expert knowledge and experiential secular knowledge.Table of ContentsPreface xiOlivier GALIBERT and Benoit CORDELIER Acknowledgments xxixBenoit CORDELIER and Olivier GALIBERT Author Biographies xxxi Introduction xxxv Benoit CORDELIER and Olivier GALIBERT Part 1. Digital Patient Records: Organizational Adaptations 1 Chapter 1. Paradoxical Changes and Injunctions in an Implementation Project of the Digital Patient Record 3Benoit CORDELIER, Hélène ROMEYER, Laurent MORILLON and Olivier GALIBERT 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Organizational paradoxes and paradoxical injunctions 4 1.2.1. Organizational development and paradoxes 4 1.2.2. Discursive approaches to the organizational paradox 5 1.2.3. The pragmatic paradox: a return to the systemic approach of Palo Alto 5 1.2.4. What divergences and convergences? 8 1.3. A case study of an implementation project for digital patient records 11 1.4. Resolving the organizational paradox at the individual level 13 1.4.1. The injunction to internal mediation: role syncretism 13 1.4.2. The injunction to disappear: exit or integration 14 1.5. Conclusion 14 1.6. References 16 Chapter 2. Identifying Caregiver Practices by Analyzing the Use of Electronic Medical Records 21Pénélope CODELLO, David MORQUIN, Ewan OIRY and Roxana OLOGEANU-TADDEI 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Review of the management science literature on professional practices and uses of electronic patient records 23 2.3. Professional practices and the use of tools at the heart of the conceptual framework: the “instrumental genesis” 25 2.4. Methodology 26 2.4.1. Presentation of the case 27 2.4.2. Data collection and analysis methods 28 2.5. Results 30 2.5.1. Technical dimension of uses 30 2.5.2. System of instruments 32 2.5.3. Relationship with activity, with oneself and with others in the use of EMRs 33 2.5.4. Debates on the common good 36 2.6. Conclusion 37 2.7. References 39 Chapter 3. Communication Approach to Patients’ Health Work: Remote Relationship and Intertwined Powers 43Anne MAYÈRE 3.1. Introduction 43 3.2. Reconstructing patients’ work 45 3.2.1. Recomposed and multiplied patients’ work 47 3.2.2. Relationship of care and intertwined “pastoral and disciplinary powers” 51 3.3. Field and method 52 3.4. Remote relationship and intertwined powers 53 3.4.1. Establishing the relationship and learning to talk about oneself 54 3.4.2. Intertwined disciplines 56 3.5. Conclusion 58 3.6. Acknowledgments 59 3.7. References 59 Part 2. Care and Social Support: From Institutional Responses to Online Support 63 Chapter 4. The Place of Care in the E-coordination of Home Care and Assistance 65Géraldine GOULINET FITÉ 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Home care coordination issues 66 4.2.1. Reconfigurations at home 67 4.2.2. From computerization to health informatization 70 4.3. Impacts on the logic of care, roles and identities 73 4.3.1. From cure to care 73 4.3.2. Informational and communicational approach to care 74 4.4. Uses and practices of the PAACO-Globule dispositive in a support network for the coordination of complex pathways in the South Gironde region 77 4.4.1. Presentation of Escale Santé 77 4.4.2. Presentation of the PAACO-Globule solution: functionalities and organizational framework 79 4.4.3. Study design and presentation of results 80 4.5. Conclusion 87 4.6. References 89 Chapter 5. Breast Cancer Prevention Online in a Crisis of Confidence Context: From Medical–Technical Discourse to Social Support 95Dorsaf OMRANE and Pierre MIGNOT 5.1. Introduction 95 5.2. Prevention and crisis context 97 5.2.1. The breast cancer prevention in question: its system and players 98 5.3. Methodological choices for the analysis of an online exchange space 104 5.3.1. Boundaries of the field: study by the Facebook group “Cancer du sein, parlons-en” (Breast cancer, let’s talk about it) 104 5.3.2. Online non-participant observation 106 5.4. Results of ethnographic observation and lexicometric analysis 107 5.4.1. The emotional support registry 108 5.4.2. Informational input and tangible support 110 5.5. Conclusion 112 5.6. References 113 Part 3. Rethinking Health Expertise in Light of the Social Web 119 Chapter 6. The Expert Patient in the Digital Age: Between Myth and Reality 121Hélène ROMEYER 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. Mutating health care: the professionalization of the patient 122 6.2.1. General framework 123 6.2.2. The slow evolution of the patient’s status and role 126 6.2.3. The evolution towards health information 128 6.3. Societal changes and the emergence of the expert patient in the digital context 132 6.3.1. New modalities of militancy 133 6.3.2. Technological change and empowerment 135 6.3.3. Therapeutic patient education: the unthought of digital culture and literacy 138 6.4. Conclusion 140 6.5. References 141 Chapter 7. Towards an Info-communication Categorization of Expertise in Online Health Communities 145Stéphane DJAHANCHAHI, Olivier GALIBERT and Benoit CORDELIER 7.1. Introduction 145 7.2. The crises of expertise in research in information and communication sciences 146 7.2.1. The question of expertise in the face of the diversity of forms of knowledge mobilized in socially relevant issues 147 7.2.2. The place of expertise in info-communication and community-based online knowledge mediation dispositives 149 7.3. Info-communicational theory of the online community link as a sociotechnical context for the deployment of online expertise 150 7.3.1. The ICS approach to health communities 152 7.3.2. Specificity of the terrain and the need for a new qualification of expertise 153 7.4. Info-communication approaches to health expertise 155 7.4.1. Expertise and the online health community 157 7.4.2. Negotiation as an info-communication process for legitimizing expertise 161 7.4.3. The legitimation of expertise or the production of a community consensus 161 7.5. Framework for the community validation of expertise 163 7.5.1. The three modes of legitimizing expertise in online health communities 164 7.5.2. Articulation of forms of expertise in the context of digital society 166 7.6. Conclusion 169 7.7. References 170 Chapter 8. Identification Metrics Regarding Lay Expertise in Online Health Communities 175Damien DE MEYERE 8.1. Introduction 175 8.2. Online health information and the notion of expertise 177 8.3. Data selection and presentation 178 8.4. Description of the measures 179 8.4.1. Characterizing engagement 179 8.4.2. Characterizing content 180 8.4.3. Characterizing the interaction 181 8.5. The multiple facets of lay expertise 182 8.6. Conclusion 190 8.7. Acknowledgments 191 8.8. References 191 List of Authors 195 Index 197

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive volume addressing the various approaches to designing and developing biocompatible coatings and the range of medical applications they offer.

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