Biology, life sciences Books

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Book SynopsisIn praise of imperfection: how life on our planet is a catalog of imperfections, errors, alternatives, and anomalies.In the beginning, there was imperfection, which became the source of all things. Anomalies and asymmetries caused planets to take shape from the bubbling void and sent light into darkness. Life on earth is a catalog of accidents, alternatives, and errors that turned out to work quite well. In this book, Telmo Pievani shows that life on our planet has flourished and survived not because of its perfection but despite (and perhaps because of) its imperfection. He begins his story with the disruption-filled birth of the universe and proceeds through the random DNA copying errors that fuel evolution, the transformations of advantages into handicaps by natural selection, the anatomical and functional jumble that is the human brain, and our many bodily mismatches.Along the way, Pievani tells readers about the Irish elk (incidentally, neither Irish nor elk

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Book SynopsisHow the way we perceive our bodies plays a critical role in the way we perceive ourselves: stories of phantom limbs, rubber hands, anorexia, and other phenomena.The body is central to our sense of identity. It can be a canvas for self-expression, decorated with clothing, jewelry, cosmetics, tattoos, and piercings. But the body is more than that. Bodily awareness, says scientist-writer Moheb Costandi, is key to self-consciousness. In Body Am I, Costandi examines how the brain perceives the body, how that perception translates into our conscious experience of the body, and how that experience contributes to our sense of self. Along the way, he explores what can happen when the mechanisms of bodily awareness are disturbed, leading to such phenomena as phantom limbs, alien hands, and amputee fetishes.Costandi explains that the brain generates maps and models of the body that guide how we perceive and use it, and that these maps and models are repeatedly

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • OPRAH’S BOOK CLUB PICK • ONE OF GQ''s TOP 50 BOOKS OF LITERARY JOURNALISM IN THE 21st CENTURY • The heartrending story of a midcentury American family with twelve children, six of them diagnosed with schizophrenia, that became science''s great hope in the quest to understand the disease. Reads like a medical detective journey and sheds light on a topic so many of us face: mental illness. —Oprah WinfreyDon and Mimi Galvin seemed to be living the American dream. After World War II, Don''s work with the Air Force brought them to Colorado, where their twelve children perfectly spanned the baby boom: the oldest born in 1945, the youngest in 1965. In those years, there was an established script for a family like the Galvins--aspiration, hard work, upward mobility, domestic harmony--and they worked hard to play their parts. But behind the scenes was a different story: psychological breakdown, sudden shocking violence, hidden abuse. By the mid-1970s, six of the ten Galvin boys, one after another, were diagnosed as schizophrenic. How could all this happen to one family?What took place inside the house on Hidden Valley Road was so extraordinary that the Galvins became one of the first families to be studied by the National Institute of Mental Health. Their story offers a shadow history of the science of schizophrenia, from the era of institutionalization, lobotomy, and the schizophrenogenic mother to the search for genetic markers for the disease, always amid profound disagreements about the nature of the illness itself. And unbeknownst to the Galvins, samples of their DNA informed decades of genetic research that continues today, offering paths to treatment, prediction, and even eradication of the disease for future generations.With clarity and compassion, bestselling and award-winning author Robert Kolker uncovers one family''s unforgettable legacy of suffering, love, and hope.

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Book SynopsisA Science News Favorite Book of 2019 An earth scientist reveals the dynamic biography of the most resonant—and most necessary—chemical element on Earth.Trade Review"A fascinating read." -- Science News"A valuable and welcome explanation of why we would do well to pay more attention to the sixth element?and of how much more remains to be discovered about its planetary role through time." -- Ted Nield - Nature"A symphonic masterpiece that reveals how the primitive life that began on our planet four billion years ago has evolved into Darwin’s ‘endless forms most beautiful.’" -- David W. Deamer, author of Assembling Life"Hazen’s enthusiasm, the string of shareable facts presented, and the introduction of so many interesting scientists… make this book such a fascinating read.… Hazen brings a distinct and intentionally personal perspective to this topic.… Throughout Symphony in C, science is presented as a living and very human endeavor." -- Nicola Pohl - Science"Hazen sets the record straight in this thoughtful love letter to [carbon]." -- Gemma Tarlach - Discover"[A] lively, expert overview.… Hazen [is] a smooth stylist.… A skillful account of the central element in our lives." -- Kirkus Reviews"Hazen brings the process of scientific investigation to life.… [He] conveys the delight he finds in the process of understanding the world around him.… [This] enthusiastic survey also shows the limits of existing knowledge and the potential for future discoveries in an exciting field." -- Publishers Weekly"Probing.… Science that burrows into issues of profound interest." -- Booklist"From the Big Bang to coal, carbohydrates, and ultra-strong high-tech nanofibers, Robert M. Hazen provides an illuminating and enjoyable guide to the remarkable odyssey of carbon, the element of life. Enjoy the trip!" -- Andrew Knoll, Fisher Professor of Natural History, Harvard University"Robert M. Hazen’s virtuoso performance captures the wonder of the sixth element?from volcanic gases to al dente pasta to life’s very beginnings?while telling the wonderful stories about the people behind the discoveries." -- Terry Plank, Arthur D. Storke Memorial Professor of Geochemistry, Columbia University

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Book SynopsisWhether you're bewildered by the vast number of organisms inhabiting our planet or just crave a clear and comprehensive explanation of the endoplasmic reticulum, Instant Biology will guide you through the science that brings the very act of living (and dying) to life.From an enlightening walk down the double helix stairway to a look at Darwin's evolutionary musings on the diversity of existence, Instant Biology lays bare the facts of life. But Boyce Rensberger goes beyond the birds and the bees to delight in the details that make science fun, like the stubborn micro-species of mite that insist on living in your eyelashes.With Instant Biology you'll learn:Everything you always wanted to know about sex and the single cell.How the fuzzy pizza crust under the bed is diligently working its way to the top of the food chain.Which is larger: the interior surface of your lungs or a badminton court.How a species of soil and pond dwellers

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Book SynopsisSeemingly simple behaviours turn out, on reflection, to be discouragingly complex. For many years, cognitive operations such as sensation, perception, comparing percepts to stored models (short-term and long-term memory), decision-making and planning of actions were treated by most neuroscientists as separate areas of research.Table of ContentsChair’s introduction (Ranulfo Romo). Active construction of percepts about object location (Dori Derdikman, Marcin Szwed, Knarik Bagdasarian, Per Magne Knutsen, Maciej Pietr, Chunxiu Yu, Amos Arieli and Ehud Ahissar). Discussion Neuronal encoding of natural stimuli: the rat tactile system Mathew E. Diamond, Erik Zorzin and Ehsan Arabzadeh). Discussion. Cortical commands in active touch (Michael Brecht). Discussion. General discussion I. Switching of sensorimotor transformations: antisaccades and parietal cortex (Shabtai Barash and Mingsha Zhang). Discussion. Saccade initiation and the reliability of motor signals involved in the generation of saccadic eye movements (David L. Sparks and Xintian Hu). Discussion. Multiple roles of experience in decoding the neural representation of sensory stimuli (Joshua I. Gold). Discussion. General discussion II. Computational approaches to visual decision making (Jochen Ditterich). Discussion. The inferior parietal lobule: where action becomes perception (Giacomo Rizzolatti, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Stefano Rozzi and Leonardo Fogassi). Discussion. The evolution of the neocortex in mammals: intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the cortical phenotype (Sarah J. Karlen and Leah Krubitzer). Discussion. General discussion III. Decoding the temporal evolution of a simple perceptual act (Ranulfo Romo, Adrián Hernández, Antonio Zainos, Luis Lemus, Victor de Lafuente, Rogelio Luna and Verónica Nacher). Discussion. Probabilistic mechanisms in sensorimotor control (Konrad P. Körding and Daniel M. Wolpert). Discussion. Human brain activation during viewing of dynamic natural scenes (Uri Hasson and Rafael Malach). Discussion. Representation of object images by combinations of visual features in the macaque inferior temporal cortex (Manabu Tanifuji, Kazushige Tsunoda and Yukako Yamane). Discussion. General discussion IV. Psychophysical investigations into cortical encoding of vibrotactile stimuli (Justin A. Harris). Discussion. Why is language unique to humans (Jacques Mehler, Marina Nespor, Mohinish Shukla and Marcela Peña)? Discussion. Final general discussion. Index of Contributors. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Emergence of Humans is an accessible, informative introduction to the scientific study of human evolution. It takes the reader through time following the emergence of the modern human species Homo sapiens from primate roots. Acknowledging the controversy surrounding the interpretation of the fossil record, the authors present a balanced approach in an effort to do justice to different views. Each chapter covers a significant time period of evolutionary history and includes relevant techniques from other disciplines that have applications to the field of human evolution. Self-assessment questions linked to learning outcomes are provided for each chapter, together with further reading and reference to key sources in the primary literature. The book will thus be effective both as a conventional textbook and for independent study. Written by two authors with a wealth of teaching experience The Emergence of Humans will prove invaluable to students in the Trade Review"But few current volumes offer the flexibility inherent in the sheer comprehensiveness of The Emergence of Humans. In this remarkably compact volume, Ash and Robinson, both of whom teach at the U.K.'s Open University, cover (in varying depth) virtually everything that a focused course in this subject might want to address, while avoiding related areas of anthropology." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March 2011) "The Emergence of Humans is an accessible, informative introduction to the scientific study of human evolution. . . written by two authors with a wealth of teaching experience The Emergence of Humans will prove invaluable to students in the biological and natural sciences needing a clear, balanced introduction to the study of human evolution. Recommendation: would make a good undergraduate level textbook." (The Birdbooker Report, 16 November 2010) "Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. 1 The first human fossils. 1.1 Summary. 2 The geological context. 2.1 The geological time scale. 2.2 Movement of the continents. 2.3 Fossilization. 2.4 Dating. 2.5 Dating techniques. 2.6 Habitats and environment. 2.7 Climate changes and long term cycles. 2.8 Summary. 3 Evolution and natural selection. 3.1 Darwin and the origin of species by natural selection. 3.2 The modern synthesis of evolution. 3.3 Inheritance of characters. 3.4 Population genetics. 3.5 Geographic isolation and speciation. 4 65-40 Mya: Primate and arthropoid origins. 4.1 The Scadentia and Plesiadapiformes. 4.2 The emergence of primates. 4.3 Ancient primates. 4.4 Dentition of ancient primates. 4.5 The most ancient arthropoid? 4.6 Evolutionary relationships of Adapiformes, Omomyiformes and Arthropoids. 4.7 Classification of primates. 4.8 Summary. 5 40-8 Mya: Arthropoids and humanoids. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Radiation of the Arthropoids and other primates. 5.3 Use of cladistics for identifying evolutionary relationships in primate groups. 5.4 Social structures in primate groups. 5.5 The hominoidea. 5.6 Conclusion. 6 8-4.4 Mya: Who were the ancestors of the hominins? 6.1 The first hominin: Toumai? 6.2 The first hominin: Orrorin? 6.3 Another first hominin: Ardipithecus kadabba. 6.4 Ardipithecus ramidus. 6.5 An un-named hominin from Lothagam. 6.6 Evolutionary relationships of the early hominins. 6.7 Conclusion. 7 4.2-3.0 Mya: Adaptive radiation of hominins. 7.1 The Australopiths. 7.2 The first Australopiths: Australopithecus anamensis. 7.3 Australopithecus afarensis; a possible ancestor of Homo? 7.4 The flat-faced skull from Kenya. 7.5 Australopithecus Africanus. 7.6 Sterkfontein and the 'Little Foot' discovery. 7.7 Conclusion. 8 3.0-1.0 Mya: Emergence and diversification of the genus. 8.1 The robust Australopiths. 8.2 Paranthropus boisei. 8.3 Paranthropus aethiopicus. 8.4 Australopithecus garhi. 8.5 Tools and tool technologies. 8.6 Australopiths in the human lineage. 8.7 Early Homo. 8.8 Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis. 8.9 Homo rudolfensis and Kenyanthropus platyops. 8.10 Radiation of Homo species. 8.11 Homo ergaster and Homo erectus. 8.12 Did Homo erectus return to Africa? 8.13 Conclusion. 9 1.0 Mya: 700 000 years ago. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Persistence of Homo erectus in Africa and East Asia. 9.3 Homo antecessor in Spain. 9.4 The Ceprano hominin calvaria. 9.5 Conclusion. 10 700 00 ya.-130 000 ya: Emergence of new species of Homo. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The emergence and migration of Homo heidelbergensis. 10.3 The discovery of Neandertals. 10.4 The emergence of modern Homo sapiens. 10.5 Conclusion. 11 130-10 000 years ago: Homo sapiens out of Africa. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The role of genetic studies. 11.3 Studying artifacts. 11.4 Modern Homo sapiens in Africa. 11.5 Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens in Western Africa and Middle East. 11.6 Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens in Europe. 11.7 Modern humans and Neandertals in Central Asia. 11.8 South East Asia and Australasia. 11.9 A new species of Homo? 11.10 East Asia. 11.11 Modern humans arrive in the Americas. 11.12 Conclusion. 12 Coda. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisChemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, Second Edition provides a detailed summary of chemical warfare agents, their physico-chemical properties, dispersion and fate in the environment, tooxicology and management of their effects on humans. It also discusses decontamination and protective equipment.Trade Review"...exceptionally informative and comprehensive, easy to read, and well organized. It is an invaluable reference for any professional involved in the field." (Journal of Chemical Health and Safety) "It is a sad reflection of the days in which we live that the second edition of this book is needed, but needed it is. This text surely is the most comprehensive guide to the whole topic of chemically related terrorist incidents.... An excellent book to be thoroughly recommended to those involved in the assurance of public health and for everyone involved in toxicology in general." (The Bulletin, The Royal College of Pathologists, January 2008) "...a very good source document and is recommended for the professional library." (The ASA Newsletter, October 19, 2007) "...an excellent resource..." (CHOICE, October 2007) "...a solid comprehensive piece of work, thoroughly researched and ideal as a reference book..." (The British Toxicology Society Newsletter, Winter 2007)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1 Opinions of Chemical Warfare (Robert L. Maynard). 2 The Physicochemical Properties and General Toxicology of ChemicalWarfare Agents (Robert L. Maynard). 3 Dispersion and Modelling of the Spread of Chemical Warfare Agents (Roger D. Kingdon and Stephen Walker). 4 The Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in the Environment (Sylvia S. Talmage, Nancy B. Munro, Annetta P. Watson, Joseph F. King and Veronique D. Hauschild). 5 Biological Markers of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents (Robin M. Black and Daan Noort). 6 Respiratory Protection (Anthony Wetherell and George Mathers). 7 Responding to Chemical Terrorism: Operational Planning and Decontamination (Gron Roberts and Robert L. Maynard). 8 Toxicology of Organophosphate Nerve Agents (Timothy C. Marrs). 9 A History of Human Studies with Nerve Agents by the UK and USA (Frederick R. Sidell). 10 Nerve Agents: Low-Dose Effects (Leah Scott). 11 Managing Civilian Casualties Affected by Nerve Agents (J. Allister Vale, Paul Rice and Timothy C. Marrs). 12 The Management of Casualties Following Toxic Agent Release: The Approach Adopted in France (David J. Baker). 13 The Dark Morning: The Experiences and Lessons Learned from the Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack (Tetsu Okumura, Tomohisa Nomura, Toshishige Suzuki, Manabu Sugita, Yasuo Takeuchi, Toshio Naito, Sumie Okumura, Hiroshi Maekawa, Shinichi Ishimatsu, Nobukatsu Takasu, Kunihisa Miura and Kouichiro Suzuki). 14 Atropine and Other Anticholinergic Drugs (John H. McDonough and Tsung-Ming Shih). 15 Oximes (Peter A. Eyer and Franz Worek). 16 The Use of Benzodiazepines in Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Intoxication (Timothy C. Marrs and Åke Sellström). 17 Pretreatment for Nerve Agent Poisoning (Leah Scott). 18 Gulf War Syndrome (Simon Wessely and Mathew Hotopf). 19 Mustard Gas (Robert L. Maynard). 20 Dermal Aspects of Chemical Warfare (Robert P. Chilcott). 21 Sulphur Mustard Injuries of the Skin: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management of Chemical Burns (Paul Rice). 22 The Normal Bone Marrow and Management of Toxin-Induced Stem Cell Failure (Jennifer G. Treleaven). 23 Organic Arsenicals (Timothy C. Marrs and Robert L. Maynard). 24 Phosgene (Robert L. Maynard). 25 Cyanides: Chemical Warfare Agents and Potential Terrorist Threats (Bryan Ballantyne, Chantal Bismuth and Alan H. Hall). 26 Riot Control Agents in Military Operations, Civil Disturbance Control and Potential Terrorist Activities, with Particular Reference to Peripheral Chemosensory Irritants (Bryan Ballantyne). 27 Ricin and Abrin Poisoning (Sally M. Bradberry, J. Michael Lord, Paul Rice and J. Allister Vale). 28 The Total Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (Graham S. Pearson). 29 An A–Z of Compounds of Interest in Relation to Chemical Warfare and Other Malevolent Uses of Poisons (Philippa Edwards and Robert L. Maynard). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the new imaging techniques being developed to monitor physiological, cellular and subcellular function within living animals. Well illustrated, largely in colour, the book reviews the most common and technologically advanced methods for vertebrate imaging, presented in a clear, comprehensive format.Table of ContentsContributors. Introduction. 1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (Anne Leroy-Willig and Danielle Geldwerth-Feniger). 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 Magnets and magnetic field. 1.2 Nuclear magnetization. 1.3 Excitation and return to equilibrium of nuclear magnetization. 1.4 The NMR hardware: RF coils and gradient coils (more technology). 1.5 NMR spectroscopy: the chemical encoding. 1.6 How to build NMR images: the spatial encoding. 1.7 MRI and contrast. 1.8 Sensitivity, spatial resolution and temporal resolution. 1.9 Contrast agents for MRI. 1.10 Imaging of ‘other’ nuclei. 1.11 More parameters contributing to MRI contrast. 1.12 More about applications. 2 High Resolution X-ray Microtomography: Applications in Biomedical Research (Nora De Clerck and Andrei Postnov). 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 Principles of tomography. 2.2 Implementation. 2.3 Contribution of microtomography to biomedical imaging. 3 Ultrasound Imaging (S. Lori Bridal, Jean-Michel Correas and Genevieve Berger). 3.1 Principles of ultrasonic imaging and its adaptation to small laboratory animals. 3.2 Pulse-echo transmission. 3.3 Ultrasonic transducers. 3.4 From echoes to images. 3.5 Blood flow and tissue motion. 3.6 Non-linear and contrast imaging. 3.7 Discussion. 4 In Vivo Radiotracer Imaging (Bertrand Tavitian, Regine Trebossen, Roberto Pasqualini and Frederic Dolle´). 4.0 Introduction. 4.1 Radioactivity. 4.2 Interaction of gamma rays with matter. 4.3 Radiotracer imaging with gamma emitters. 4.4 Detection of positron emitters. 4.5 Image properties and analysis. 4.6 Radiochemistry of gamma-emitting radiotracers. 4.7 Radiochemistry of positron-emitting radiotracers. 4.8 Major radiotracers and imaging applications. 5 Optical Imaging and Tomography (Antoine Soubret and Vasilis Ntziachristos). 5.0 Introduction. 5.1 Light – tissue interactions. 5.2 Light propagation in tissues. 5.3 Reconstruction and inverse problem. 5.4 Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT). 6 Optical Microscopy in Small Animal Research (Rakesh K. Jain, Dai Fukumura, Lance Munn and Edward Brown). 6.0 Introduction. 6.1 Confocal laser scanning microscopy. 6.2 Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy. 6.3 Variants for In vivo imaging. 6.4 Surgical preparations. 6.5 Applications. 7 New Radiotracers, Reporter Probes and Contrast Agents (Coordinated by Bertrand Tavitian). 7.0 Introduction (Bertrand Tavitian). 7.1 New radiotracers (Bertrand Tavitian, Roberto Pasqualini and Frederic Dolle´). 7.2 Multimodal constructs for magnetic resonance imaging (Willem J.M. Mulder, Gustav J. Strijkers and Klaas Nicolay). 7.3 Fluorescence reporters for biomedical imaging (Benedict Law and Ching-Hsuan Tung). 7.4 New contrast agents for NMR (Silvio Aime). 7.5 Imaging techniques – reporter gene imaging agents (Huongfeng Li and Andreas H. Jacobs). 8 Multi-Modality Imaging (Coordinated by Vasilis Ntziachristos). 8.0 Introduction (Vasilis Ntziachristos). 8.1 Concurrent imaging versus computer-assisted registration (Fred S. Azar). 8.2 Combination of SPECT and CT (Jan Grimm). 8.3 FMT registration with MRI (Vasilis Ntziachristos). 9 Brain Imaging (Coordinated by Anne Leroy-Willig). 9.0 Introduction (Anne Leroy-Willig). 9.1 Bringing amyloid into focus with MRI microscopy (Greet Vanhoutte and Annemie Van der Linden). 9.2 Cerebral blood volume and BOLD contrast MRI unravels brain responses to ambient temperature fluctuations in fish (Annemie Van der Linden). 9.3 Assessment of functional and neuroanatomical re-organization after experimental stroke using MRI (Jet P. van der Zijden and Rick M. Dijkhuizen). 9.4 Brain activation and blood flow studies with speckle imaging (Andrew K. Dunn). 9.5 Manganese-enhanced MRI of the songbird brain: a dynamic window on rewiring brain circuits encoding a versatile behaviour (Vincent Van Meir and Annemie Van der Linden). 9.6 Functional MRI in awake behaving monkeys (Wim Vanduffel, Koen Nelissen, Denis Fize and Guy A. Orban). 9.7 Multimodal evaluation of mitochondrial impairment in a primate model of Huntington’s disease (Vincent Lebon and Philippe Hantraye). 10 Imaging of Heart, Muscle, Vessels (Coordinated by Yves Fromes). 10.0 Introduction (Yves Fromes). 10.1 Cardiac structure and function (Yves Fromes). 10.2 Evaluation of therapeutic approaches in muscular dystrophy using MRI (Valerie Allamand). 10.3 Canine muscle oxygen saturation: evaluation and treatment of M-type phosphofructokinase deficiency (Kevin McCully and Urs Giger). 10.4 In vivo assessment of myocardial perfusion by NMR technology (Jorg. U.G. Streif, Matthias Nahrendorf and Wolfgang R. Bauer). 10.5 Ultrasound microimaging of strain in the mouse heart (F. Stuart Foster). 10.6 MR imaging of experimental atherosclerosis (Willem J.M. Mulder, Gustav J. Strijkers, Zahi A. Fayad and Klaas Nicolay). 11 Tumor Imaging (Coordinated by Vasilis Ntziachristos). 11.0 Introduction (Vasilis Ntziachristos). 11.1 Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of tumour angiogenesis (Charles Andre´ Cuenod, Laure Fournier, Daniel Balvay, Clement Pradel, Nathalie Siauve and Olivier Clement). 11.2 Liver tumours: Evaluation by functional computed tomography (Charles Andre Cuenod, Laure Fournier, Nathalie Siauve and Olivier Clement). 11.3 Early detection of grafted Wilms’ tumours (Erwan Jouannot). 11.4 Angiogenesis study using ultrasound imaging (Olivier Lucidarme). 11.5 Nuclear imaging of apoptosis in animal tumour models (Silvana Del Vecchio and Marco Salvatore). 11.6 Optical imaging of tumour-associated protease activity (Benedict Law and Ching-Hsuan Tung). 11.7 Tumour angiogenesis and blood flow (Rakesh K. Jain, Dai Fukumura, Lance L. Munn and Edward B. Brown). 11.8 Optical imaging of apoptosis in small animals (Eyk Schellenberger). 11.9 Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) of angiogenesis (Xavier Montet, Vasilis Ntziachristos, and Ralph Weissleder). 11.10 High resolution X-ray microtomography as a tool for imaging lung tumours in living mice (Nora De Clerck and Andrei Postnov). 12 Other Organs (Coordinated by Anne Leroy-Willig). 12.0 Introduction (Anne Leroy-Willig). 12.1 3D imaging of embryos and mouse organs by Optical Projection Tomography (James Sharpe). 12.2 Visualizing early Xenopus development with time lapse microscopic MRI (Cyrus Papan and Russell E. Jacobs). 12.3 Ultrasonic quantification of red blood cells development in mice (Johann Le Floch). 12.4 Placental perfusion MR imaging with contrast agent in a mouse model (Nathalie Siauve, Laurent Salomon and Charles Andre Cuenod). 12.5 Characterization of nephropathies and monitoring of renal stem cell therapies (Nicolas Grenier, Olivier Hauger, Yahsou Delmas and Christian Combe). 12.6 Optical imaging of lung inflammation (Jodi Haller). 12.7 Optical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis (Andreas Wunder). 13 Gene Therapy (Markus Klein and Andreas H. Jacobs). 13.0 Introduction. 13.1 Expression systems for genes of interest (GOI). 13.2 Gene delivery systems (vectors). 13.3 Suicide gene therapy. 13.4 Non-suicide gene therapy. 13.5 Imaging of gene expression. 13.6 Diseases targeted by gene therapy. 14 Cellular Therapies and Cell Tracking (Coordinated by Yves Fromes). 14.0 Introduction (Yves Fromes). 14.1 Are stem cells attracted by pathology? The case for cellular tracking by serial in vivo MRI (Michel Modo). 14.2 Cell tracking using MRI (Vıt Herynek). 14.3 Cell labelling strategies for in vivo molecular MR imaging (Mathias Hoehn). 14.4 Animal imaging and medical challenges - cell labelling and molecular imaging (Yannic Waerzeggers, and Andreas H. Jacobs). Index.

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Book SynopsisOver the past five years, there has been dramatic progress in unravelling the cellular circuitry involved in cardiac failure, as well as in normal cardiac growth, development and apoptosis. These studies have revealed new and unanticipated therapeutic targets in the heart.Trade Review"…most up-to-date analysis on ways that science might look to reduce the harsh impact of heart disease." (Electric Review, February/March 2007) "This book offers an update in the basic mechanism of heart failure from the premier investigators in the field." (Doody's Health Services)Table of ContentsIntroduction (Eric N. Olson). Control of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure by histone acetylation/deacetylation (Eric N. Olson, Johannes Backs and Timothy A. McKinsey) . Discussion. A novel mechanism of mechanical stress-induced hypertrophy (Hiroshi Akazawa, Yunzeng Zou and Issei Komuro) . Discussion. Controlling cardiomyocyte survival (N. de Jonge, M. J. Goumans, Daan Lips, Rutger Hassink, Eva J. Vlug, Roy van der Meel, Christopher Donald Emmerson, Joppe Nijman, Leon de Windt and Pieter A. Doevendans) . Discussion. Mechanisms of angiotensin II-dependent progression to heart failure (Mona Nemer, Nassim Dali-Youcef, Hao Wang, Anne Aries and Pierre Paradis) . Discussion. Alterations in myocardial gene expression as a basis for cardiomyopathies and heart failure (Matthew R. Taylor and Michael R. Bristow) . Discussion. Role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway mediating physiological cardiac hypertrophy (Julie R. McMullen and Seigo Izumo). Discussion. Role of Akt in cardiac growth and metabolism(Anthony J. Muslin and Brian DeBosch). Discussion. Novel therapy for heart failure and exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia based on ‘fixing’ the leak in ryanodine receptors (Andrew R. Marks). Discussion. General discussion I. Phospholamban as a therapeutic modality in heart failure (Guoxiang Chu and Evangelia G. Kranias). Discussion. Sarcomere protein gene mutations and inherited heart disease: a b-cardiac myosin heavy chain mutation causing endocardial fibroelastosis and heart failure (Mitsuhiro Kamisago, Joachim P. Schmitt, Dennis McNamara, Christine Seidman and Jonathan G. Seidman). Discussion. The cardiomyocyte cell cycle (Pascal J. E. Lafontant and Loren J. Field). Discussion. Restoration of cardiac function with progenitor cells (Carmen Urbich, Lothar Rössig and Stefanie Dimmeler). Discussion. Signalling pathways in cardiac regeneration (Maria Paola Santini, Nadine Winn and Nadia Rosenthal). Discussion. Beyond small molecule drugs for heart failure: prospects for gene therapy (Kenneth R. Chien). Discussion. Dual roles of telomerase in cardiac protection and repair (Michael D. Schneider). Discussion. Final general discussion. Closing remarks: historical perspective (Arnold M. Katz). Index of contributors. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first dedicated to the bioinformatics of carbohydrates and glycoproteins. It provides a state-of-the-art overview and demonstrates the value of bioinformatics for glycobiology, not simply as a review of databases and tools but rather as an introduction to a new branch of glycobiology.Trade Review"This is an excellent and timely first comprehensive overview of the recent efforts directed toward organization and mining of data produced by the rapidly growing fields of glycobiology and glycomics." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface (Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). Section 1: Introduction. 1. Glycobiology, Glycomics and (Bio)Informatics (Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). Section 2: Carbohydrate Structures. 2. Introduction to Carbohydrate Structure and Diversity (Stephan Herget, René Ranzinger, Robin Thomson, Martin Frank and Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). 3. Digital Representations of Oligo- and Polysaccharides (Stephan Herget and Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). 4. Evolutionary Considerations in Studying the Sialome: Sialic Acids and the Host–Pathogen Interface (Amanda L. Lewis and Ajit Varki). Section 3: Carbohydrate-active Enzymes and Glycosylation. 5. Carbohydrate-active Enzymes Database: Principles and Classification of Glycosyltransferases (Pedro M. Coutinho, Corinne Rancurel, Mark Stam, Thomas Bernard, Francisco M. Couto, Etienne G. J. Danchin and Bernard Henrissat). 6. Other Databases Providing Glycoenzyme Data (Thomas L¨utteke and Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). 7. Bioinformatics Analysis of Glycan Structures from a Genomic Perspective (Kiyoko F. Aoki-Kinoshita and Minoru Kanehisa). 8. Glycosylation of Proteins (Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth and Thomas Lüteke). 9. Prediction of Glycosylation Sites in Proteins (Karin Julenius, Morten B. Johansen, Yu Zhang, Søren Brunak and Ramneek Gupta). Section 4: Experimental Methods – Bioinformatic Requirements. 10. Experimental Methods for the Analysis of Glycans and Their Bioinformatics Requirements (Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). 11. Analysis of N- and O-Glycans of Glycoproteins by HPLC Technology (Anthony H. Merry and Sviatlana A. Astrautsova). 12. Glycomic Mass Spectrometric Analysis and Data Interpretation Tools (Niclas G. Karlsson and Nicolle H. Packer). 13. Software Tools for Semi-automatic Interpretation of Mass Spectra of Glycans (Kai Maass and Alessio Ceroni). 14. Informatics Concepts to Decode Structure-Function Relationships of Glycosaminoglycans (Rahul Raman, S. Raguram and Ram Sasisekharan). 15. NMR Databases and Tools for Automatic Interpretation of Spectra of Carbohydrates (Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). 16. Automatic Spectrum Interpretation Based on Increment Rules: CASPER (Roland Stenutz). 17. Interpretation of 13C NMR Spectra by Artificial Neural Network Techniques (NeuroCarb) (Andreas Stoeckli, Matthias Studer, Brian Cutting and Beat Ernst). Section 5: 3D Structures of Complex Carbohydrates. 18. Conformational Analysis of Carbohydrates – A Historical Overview (Martin Frank). 19. Predicting Carbohydrate 3D Structures Using Theoretical Methods (Martin Frank). 20. Synergy of Computational and Experimental Methods in Carbohydrate 3D Structure Determination and Validation (Thomas Lütteke and Martin Frank). Section 6: Protein–Carbohydrate Interaction. 21. Structural Features of Lectins and Their Binding Sites (Remy Loris). 22. Statistical Analysis of Protein–Carbohydrate Complexes Contained in the PDB (Thomas Lütteke and Claus-Wilhelm von der Lieth). Section 7: Appendices. Appendix 1: List of Available Websites. Appendix 2: Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisBy taking advantage of recent advances and increased understanding in the field of human genetics, Molecular Therapeutics: 21st Century Medicine provides essential background knowledge and key literature on a broad range of novel approaches and disciplines.Trade Review"This book should be useful to lecturers who teach senior undergraduates, graduate students, and students in the biomedical sciences in general. More globally, Greenwell and McCulley's book should encourage academicians of any stripe who for some time have been honing their lectures in a niche subject area to turn their courses into textbooks." (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, November/December 2008)Table of ContentsPrologue 1 Introduction 1.1 Microbial diseases 1.2 Cancer and heart disease 1.3 Genetic diseases 1.4 Role of molecular biology in therapeutics 2 Prenatal diagnosis and pre-implementation 2.1 Should we treat inherited diseases? 2.2 Genetic screening 2.2.1 Pre-implementation genetic diagnosis 2.3 Counselling 3 Simple protein replacement therapy 3.1 Preventing transfusion-transmissible infectious diseases in the UK 3.2 Ensuring the safety of organ transplants 3.3 Preventing transfusion-transmissible infectious diseases worldwide 3.4 HIV 4 Recombinant protein production 4.1 Choice of organism 4.2 Alternatives to E. coli for the production of recombinant proteins 4.3 Problems with recombinant protein production 4.4 All recombinants must be tested before they are given to humans 4.5 Why make recombinant proteins? 4.6 Recombinant products 4.7 Generics 5 Recombinant vaccines 5.1 Vaccine history 5.2 Vaccines 5.3 Vaccine methods 5.4 Types of vaccine 5.5 The limitations of vaccine programmes 5.6 The role of the WHO 5.7 Problems specific to developing countries 5.8 Economics and logistics of vaccinology 5.9 Recombinant vaccines 5.10 Rational design: bioinformatics and proteomics 5.11 Other interesting areas for vaccine development 5.12 Conclusion 6 Therapeutic antibodies and immunotherapy 6.1 Monoclonal antibodies 6.2 Monoclonal production 6.3 Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 6.4 Transgenic monoclonals 6.5 The uses of monoclonal antibodies in therapy 6.6 Specific examples of therapeutic strategies 6.7 Other recombinant proteins used in immunotherapy 7 Transgenic animals 7.1 Why do we want to engineer the genomes of animals? 7.2 Experimental procedure 7.3 DNA constructs, insertional mutagenesis and homologous recombination 7.4 Uses of inducible and tissue-specific promoters 7.5 Introduction of the DNA into the cells 7.6 Uses of transgenics 8 Transplantation: a form of gene therapy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Bone marrow 8.3 Solid organ transplantation 8.4 Other cells and tissues 8.5 Summary of the problems associated with transplantation 8.6 Transplantation statistics 8.7 Legislation 8.8 Religious beliefs and transplantation 9 Xenotransplantation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Rationale for the use of non-human donors 9.3 Organs from non-human primates 9.4 Pigs 9.5 Problems with pigs 9.6 Government legislation 9.7 When will xenotransplantation start? 9.8 Patient attitudes 9.9 Ethics 9.10 Alternatives to xenotransplants 10 Reproductive cloning 10.1 History 10.2 Problems 10.3 Why was there so much interest in Dolly? 10.4 Was Dolly a lone example? 10.5 Why is cloning useful? 10.6 Is human cloning a reality? 10.7 Why can we not produce human clones that are identical? 10.8 So why clone humans? 10.9 What are the ethical and moral problems? 11 Stem cell therapy 11.1 The potency of cells 11.2 Cloning 11.3 Potency of stem cells 11.4 Potential sources of stem cells 11.5 Stem cells and therapeutic cloning 11.6 Legislation and therapeutic cloning 11.7 Other sources of stem cells 11.8 What can be done? 11.9 Experiments on embryonic cells 11.10 Experiments on fetal tissue and cord blood 11.11 Stem cells from adult tissues 11.12 Safety and technical problems 11.13 Perceived scope of therapy 11.14 Clinical trials of stem cell therapy 11.15 What are the future prospects for stem cell research? 12 Gene augmentation therapy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Strategy 13 Gene therapy trials for inherited diseases 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Examples of disease treated with retroviral gene therapy 13.3 Cystic fibrosis 13.4 Animal trials with Factor IX 13.5 Adenoviruses have also been used to introduce genes into brain 13.6 Duchenne's muscular dystrophy 13.7 Problems with adenoviruses 13.8 The uses of adeno-associated viruses 13.9 Liposome vector trials 13.10 Trials with polymer mareix delivery 14 Gene silencing technologies 14.1 Antisense therapy 14.2 Triple helix (triplex) technology 14.3 Ribozymes 14.4 Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) 15 Gene therapy for cancer 15.1 What causes cancer? 15.2 Cancer: a multifactorial disease 15.3 Cancer statistics 15.4 Best treatment currently available 15.5 Do chemo- and radiotherapy cause problems? 15.6 New cancer therapies 15.7 Cancer models in animals 15.8 What kinds of gene therapy can we use to treat cancer? 15.9 Perceived problems in cancer gene augmentation therapy 15.10 Gene silencing technologies and cancer 15.11 Conclusion 16 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and therapy 17 Legislation, clinical trials and ethical issues 17.1 Legislative bodies 17.2 Clinical trials 17.3 The problems of placebo controlled trials 17.4 The need for informed consent 17.5 Trials in developing countries 17.6 Recent trial issues 17.7 Conclusion Epilogue Sourcing references Index

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Book SynopsisIntroducing Proteomics gives a concise and coherent overview of every aspect of current proteomics technology, which is a rapidly developing field that is having a major impact within the life and medical sciences. This student-friendly book, based on a successful course developed by the author, provides its readers with sufficient theoretical background to be able to plan, prepare, and analyze a proteomics study. The text covers the following: Separation Technologies Analysis of Peptides/Proteins by Mass Spectrometry Strategies in Proteomics This contemporary text also includes numerous examples and explanations for why particular strategies are better than others for certain applications. In addition, Introducing Proteomics includes extensive references and a list of relevant proteomics information sources; essential for any student. This no-nonsense approach to the subject tells students exactly what they nTrade Review"He introduces undergraduate students to the general principles and methods of the field without delving very deeply into any of the details. Graduate students and researchers could also use the book to refresh their memory or catch up with recent developments." (Booknews, 1 June 2011)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Are the Tasks in Proteomics? 1 1.2 Challenges in Proteomics 5 1.3 Proteomics in Relation to Other -omics and System Biology 10 1.4 Some General Applications of Proteomics 12 1.5 Structure of the Book 18 References 18 2 Separation and Detection Technologies 21 2.1 Introduction to Experimental Strategies in Proteomics 21 2.2 Gel-Based Separation 31 2.3 Visualization and Analysis of Proteins/Peptides in Gels 40 2.4 Gel-Free Separation Technologies 54 2.5 Visualization of Proteins/Peptides from Hyphenated Methods 74 2.6 Chips in Proteomic Applications 81 References 81 3 Analysis of Peptides/Proteins by Mass Spectrometry 83 3.1 Basic Principles of Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics 83 3.2 Ionization Methods for Small Amounts of Biomolecules 101 3.3 Mass Analyzers and Mass Spectrometers 116 3.4 Concluding Remarks on Mass Analyzers for Proteomics 170 References 170 4 Analysis and Interpretation of Mass Spectrometric and Proteomic Data 173 4.1 Introduction 173 4.2 Analysis of MS Data 174 4.3 Analysis of MS/MS Data 192 4.4 Quantification of LC MS and MS/MS Data from Complex Samples 209 4.5 Bioinformatic Approaches for Mass Spectrometric Proteome Data Analysis 213 References 218 5 Strategies in Proteomics 221 5.1 Imaging Mass Spectrometry 221 5.2 Qualitative Proteomics 223 5.3 Differential and Quantitative Proteomics 234 5.4 Analysis of Posttranslational Modifications 257 5.5 Interaction Proteomics 261 5.6 Proteomics as Part of Integrated Approaches 266 References 271 Index 275

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Book SynopsisAnyone planning on a career in the therapeutic sciences requires a unique foundation in the basic sciences of the human body. This new book offers detailed content on the muscles, skeleton, and nervous system, but also provides the necessary information on other systems.Table of Contents1.ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 1 1.1 Anatomy and Physiolo Defined 2 1.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 2 1.3 Life Processes 6 1.4 Homeostasis: Maintain Limits 8 1.5 Aging and Homeostasis 12 1.6 Anatomical Terms 12 1.7 Body Cavities 17 1.8 Medical Imaging 20 2 INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 28 2.1 Introduction to Chemistry 29 2.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 35 3 CELLS 47 3.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 48 3.2 Plasma Membrane 49 3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 50 3.4 Cytoplasm 57 3.5 Nucleus 63 3.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 64 3.7 Somatic Cell Division 68 3.8 Cancer 70 3.9 Aging and Cells 72 4 TISSUES 77 4.1 Types of Tissues 78 4.2 Cell Junctions 78 4.3 Epithelial Tissue 79 4.4 Connective Tissue 89 4.5 Membranes 101 4.6 Musular Tissue 102 4.7 Nervous Tissue 104 4.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 105 4.9 Aging and Tissues 106 5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 111 5.1 Structure of the Skin 112 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 118 5.3 Types of Skin 123 5.4 Functions of the Skin 124 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 125 5.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 127 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 130 6.BONE TISSUE 135 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 136 6.2 Structure of Bone 136 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 138 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 141 6.5 Bone Formation 142 6.6 Bone Growth 145 6.7 Bones and Homeostasis 147 6.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 152 7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE AXIAL SKELETON 159 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 160 7.2 Types of Bones 160 7.3 Bone Surface Markings 162 7.4 Skull 162 7.5 Hyoid Bone 177 7.6 Vertebral Column 177 7.7 Thorax 186 7.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 189 8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 195 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 196 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 199 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 205 8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 209 8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 210 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 211 9 JOINTS 221 9.1 Joint Classifications 222 9.2 Fibrous Joints 222 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 224 9.4 Synovial Joints 225 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 230 9.6 Selected Joints of the Body 236 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 251 9.8 Arthroplasty 252 9.9 Aging and Joints 253 10 MUSCULAR TISSUE 257 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 258 10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 259 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 263 10.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 268 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension 270 10.6 Muscle Spasms 273 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 277 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 277 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 278 10.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 279 11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 284 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 285 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 289 11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 289 12 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 316 13 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB 336 14 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 316 14.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 370 14.2 Muscle Interactions 398 15 NERVOUS TISSUE 403 15.1 Overview of the Nervous System 404 15.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 407 15.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 413 15.4 Synaptic Transmission 418 15.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 421 16 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 426 16.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 427 16.2 Spinal Nerves 430 16.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 444 16.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 458 17 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 463 17.1 The Brain 464 17.2 Cranial Nerves 477 17.3 Aging and the Nervous System 479 18 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 483 18.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 484 18.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 484 18.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 486 18.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 491 18.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 492 19 SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES 498 19.1 Overview of Sensations 499 19.2 Somatic Senses 500 19.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 504 19.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 506 19.5 Vision 507 19.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 515 19.7 Aging and the Special Senses 521 20 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 527 20.1 Endocrine Glands 528 20.2 Hormone Action 528 20.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 530 20.4 Thyroid Gland 535 20.5 Parathyroid Glands 538 20.6 Pancreatic Islets 539 20.7 Adrenal Glands 542 20.8 Ovaries and Testes 545 20.9 Pineal Gland 545 20.10 Other Hormones 546 20.11 The Stress Response 547 20.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 547 21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 553 21.1 Functions of Blood 554 21.2 Components of Whole Blood 554 21.3 Hemostasis 563 21.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 566 22 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 571 22.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 572 22.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 579 22.3 Conduction System of the Heart 581 22.4 Electrocardiogram 583 22.5 The Cardiac Cycle 584 22.6 Cardiac Output 586 22.7 Exercise and the Heart 590 23 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION 594 23.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 595 23.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 599 23.3 Checking Circulation 603 23.4 Circulatory Routes 603 23.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 620 24 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 627 24.1 Overview of Immunity 628 24.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 628 24.3 Innate Immunity 634 24.4 Adaptive Immunity 636 24.5 Aging and the Immune System 645 25 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 651 25.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 652 25.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 653 25.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 664 25.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 667 25.6 Control of Respiration 667 25.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 671 25.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 671 26 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 677 26.1 Overview of the Digestive System 678 26.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 679 26.3 Mouth 681 26.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 683 26.5 Stomach 685 26.6 Pancreas 688 26.7 Liver and Gallbladder 688 26.8 Small Intestine 692 26.9 Large Intestine 697 26.10 Phases of Digestion 700 26.11 Aging and the Digestive System 701 27 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 707 27.1 Nutrients 708 27.2 Metabolism 711 27.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 719 28 THE URINARY SYSTEM 726 28.1 Overview of the Urinary System 727 28.2 Structure of the Kidneys 728 28.3 Functions of the Nephron 732 28.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 737 28.5 Aging and the Urinary System 739 29.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 759 29.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 763 29 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 744 29.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 745 29.2 Male Reproductive 29.3 Female Reproductive System 752 APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS A1 B: PERIODIC TABLE B3 C: ANSWERS C4 GLOSSARY G1 CREDITS CR1 INDEX I1

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Book SynopsisThe potential lipotoxic effect of accumulation of fatty acids in non-adipose tissues is thought to be a major component in the development of insulin resistance. Chronic exposure to high concentrations of free fatty acids in the blood affects pancreatic ß cell function, insulin secretion and lipid synthesis in the liver, and storage in adipose tissue. Maintaining the normal levels of fatty acids requires coordinated regulation between the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. This book deals with the molecular aspects of fatty acid action in obesity and insulin resistance. The topics include lipid metabolism and adipose tissue biology, and ß cell function and insulin resistance. Chapters deal with the molecular genetics and molecular physiology of energy homeostasis.Trade Review"This book will be an excellent resource for either beginning students or more established investigators in the field. The speakers are all top-notch researchers who gave clear and informative presentations. The integrative nature of the follow-up discussions and the excellent insights provided by the chair of the meeting throughout give the book an unusual coherence and consistency that is often lacking in broad, general reviews." (Doody's, April 2008)Table of ContentsSymposium on Fatty acids and lipotoxicity in obesity and diabetes, held at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 17–19 October 2006. Editors: Gregory Bock (Organizer) and Jamie Goode. This symposium is based on a proposal made by Peng Li. Bruce M. Spiegelman - Chair’s introduction. Bruce M. Spiegelman - Transcriptional control of energy homeostasis through the PGC1 coactivators. Discussion. Stephen O’Rahilly - Human obesity and insulin resistance: lessons from experiments of nature. Discussion. Deborah M. Muoio and Timothy R. Koves - Lipid-induced metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Discussion. Alan D. Attie, Matthew T. Flowers, Jessica B. Flowers, Albert K. Groen, Folkert Kuipers and James M. Ntambi - Stearoyl-CoA desaturase deficiency, hypercholesterolaemia, cholestasis and diabetes. Discussion. Karen Reue - The role of lipin 1 in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Discussion. David Carling - The role of the AMP-activated protein kinase in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Discussion. Gökhan S. Hotamisligil - Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Discussion. Ira Tabas, Tracie Seimon, Jerry Arellano, Yankun Li, Fabien Forcheron, Dongying Cui, Seongah Han, Chien-Ping Liang, Alan Tall and Domenico Accili - The impact of insulin resistance on macrophage death pathways in advanced atherosclerosis. Discussion. Sandra Lobo and David A. Bernlohr - Fatty acid transport in adipocytes and the development of insulin resistance. Discussion. Paul N. Black and Concetta C. DiRusso - Vectorial acylation: linking fatty acid transport and activation to metabolic trafficking. Discussion. Günther Daum, Andrea Wagner, Tibor Czabany, Karlheinz Grillitsch and Karin Athenstaedt - Lipid storage and mobilization pathways in yeast. Discussion. John Zhong Li and Peng Li - Cide proteins and the development of obesity. Discussion. General discussion I. Visualizing brown adipose tissue with FDG-PET. Takashi Kadowaki, Toshimasa Yamauchi, Naoto Kubota, Kazuo Hara and Kohjiro Ueki - Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Discussion. Gabriel Pascual, Amy L. Sullivan, Sumito Ogawa, Amir Gamliel, Valentina Perissi, Michael G. Rosenfeld and Christopher K. Glass -Anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic roles of PPARγ. Discussion. Final discussion. Nutrition, ageing and lipotoxicity. Index of contributors. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThis is essential reading for everyone who would like to update their knowledge of the pulmonary epithelium. It offers a comparison between laboratory animal models and human lungs, highlighting the differences and the similarities between the two, which will be particularly useful to researchers.Trade Review"This is essential reading for everyone who would like to update their knowledge of the pulmonary epithelium. It offers a comparison between laboratory animal models and human lungs, highlighting the differences and the similarities between the two, which will be particularly useful to researchers." (Doody's, April 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. 1. Pulmonary Epithelium: Cell Types and Functions (Mary Mann-Jong Chang, Laura Shih and Reen Wu). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Epithelial cell types and functions in the cartilaginous proximal airway region. 1.3 Epithelial cell types and functions of the non-cartilaginous distal bronchioles. 1.4 Epithelial cell types and functions of the gas exchange region. 1.5 Circulating stem cells and applications in lung regenerative medicine. 1.6 Stem cell therapy: embryonic or adult? 1.7 Conclusion. 2. Epithelial Adhesive Structures and Adhesion Molecule Expression(George Su and Dean Sheppard). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Cell–cell adhesive structures. 2.3 Cell–substratum adhesion. 2.4 Conclusion. 3. The Epithelium as a Target (Louise E. Donnelly). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Asthma. 3.3 Alteration in epithelial cell type distribution. 3.4 Overview of epithelial damage in asthma. 3.5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 3.6 Effect of cigarette smoke. 3.7 Other causative factors. 3.8 Alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis – emphysema. 3.9 Overview of epithelial damage in COPD. 3.10 Damage to the epithelium in other diseases. 3.11 Conclusions. 4. Epithelial Repair and Function (Carl G. A. Persson, Morgan Andersson and Lena Uller). 4.1 Brief introduction to epithelial shedding-repair and associated functions in health and disease. 4.2 Repair following shedding of single columnar epithelial cells and following shedding of clusters of columnar cells. 4.3 Epithelial denudation. 4.4 Pharmacology of epithelial repair. 4.5 Epithelial shedding-restitution as a causative process in airway inflammation and remodelling. 5. Integration of Epithelial Ion Transport Activities into Airway Surface Liquid Volume and Ion Composition Regulation (Mark T. Clunes, Peter F. Bove and Richard C. Boucher). 5.1 Introduction: the role of fluid in airway/alveolar physiology. 5.2 Model of ion and solute transport through airway epithelia. 5.3 Airway histology. 5.4 Airway ion secretion. 5.5 The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. 5.6 Calcium-activated chloride channels. 5.7 K+ channels. 5.8 Airway ion absorption. 5.9 Measurement of ion and water transport in airway epithelia. 5.10 In vivo transepithelial PDs. 5.11 Volume flow measurements. 5.12 Physiologically ‘thin film’ measurements of ASL volume regulation with confocal microscopy and microelectrodes: studies of normal and CF airway epithelia. 5.13 The role of physiologic airway shear-stress in ion transport and ASL regulation. 5.14 Fluid transport across the alveolar epithelium. 6. Structure and Function of Cilia (Andreas Schmid and Matthias Salathe). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Structure. 6.3 Function. 6.4 Ciliary dysfunction associated with disease. 7. Composition and Function of Airway Mucus (Duncan F. Rogers). 7.1 Airway ‘mucus’. 7.2 Respiratory tract mucins. 7.3 Mucin genes and gene products. 7.4 MUC5AC. 7.5 MUC5B. 7.6 Airway mucus hypersecretory phenotype in COPD. 7.7 Airway mucus hypersecretory phenotype in asthma. 7.8 Mucociliary clearance in asthma and COPD. 7.9 Mechanisms of airway goblet cell hyperplasia. 7.10 Differences in mucus hypersecretory phenotype between asthma, COPD and CF. 7.11 Conclusions. 8. The Pulmonary Surfactant System (Nicole A. Rocca, Ruud A.W. Veldhuizen and James F. Lewis). 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Surfactant Composition. 8.3 Surfactant Function. 8.4 Normal surfactant metabolism. 8.5 Summary: surfactant in normal lungs. 8.6 Surfactant in lung injury. 8.7 NRDS. 8.8 ARDS. 8.9 Exogenous surfactant therapy – current status and future potential. 9. Microbial Recognition by Epithelium (Catherine M. Greene and Stephen G. J. Smith). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 TLRs – identification and structure. 9.3 TLR agonist recognition and specificity. 9.4 Airway epithelial cells, PRR polymorphisms and inflammatory lung disease. 9.5 TLR expression in airway epithelial cells. 9.6 Intracellular signalling. 9.7 Functional responses to TLR activation in pulmonary epithelium. 9.8 Non-TLR transmembrane receptors. 9.9 Intracellular PRRs. 9.10 Host-derived PRR agonists. 9.11 Conclusion. 10. Epithelial Antimicrobial Molecules (Pieter S. Hiemstra). 10.1 Antimicrobial peptides and proteins. 10.2 Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. 10.3 Concluding remarks. 11. The Epithelium and Immunoregulation (Angela Rate and John W. Upham). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The pulmonary epithelium and dendritic cells. 11.3 The pulmonary epithelium and lymphoid cells. 11.4 The pulmonary epithelium and T-Cells. 11.5 The pulmonary epithelium and gamma/delta T-cells. 11.6 The pulmonary epithelium, B-cells and IgA production. 11.7 Conclusions. 12. Interactions of Respiratory Viruses with the Epitheliumb(Umadevi S. Sajjan, Dawn C. Newcomb, Toby C. Lewis, Christine S. Stahle and Marc B. Hershenson). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Causes of bronchiolitis and community-acquired pneumonia in infants, children and older adults. 12.3 Viruses implicated in the exacerbation of asthma and COPD. 12.4 Upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 12.5 The innate immune response. 12.6 Rhinoviruses. 12.7 Respiratory syncytial virus. 12.8 Influenza. 12.9 Interactions between viral infections and other stimuli. 13. Bacterial Interactions with the Airway Epithelium (Marisa I. Gómez and Alice Prince). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Bacterial pneumonia. 13.3 Bacterial virulence factors: role in lung colonization. 13.4 Bacterial recognition by airway epithelial cells. 13.5 Airway epithelial cell responses to bacteria. 13.6 Signaling pathways involved in chemokine and cytokine production by epithelial cells. 13.7 Regulation of inflammation by epithelial cells – receptor shedding. 13.8 Lung damage and bacterial invasion of the airway epithelium. 13.9 Conclusions. 14. Interactions of Pollutants with the Epithelium (Ernst Wm. Spannhake). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Oxidant pollutants. 14.3 Particulate matter. 14.4 Secondhand cigarette smoke. 14.5 Conclusions. 15. Interactions between Allergens and the Airway Epithelium (Clive Robinson and Jihui Zhang, Geoffrey A. Stewart). 15.1 The airway epithelium as a key target of allergens. 15.2 The epithelial barrier. 15.3 Peptidases and epithelial cell signalling. 15.4 The biochemical properties of allergens and their contribution to allergenicity. 15.5 Peptidase contributions to allergic sensitization via the epithelium. 15.6 Conclusions. 16. The Epithelium as a Regulator of Airway Inflammation (Richard Leigh and David Proud). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Epithelial production of cytokines, growth factors and chemokines. 16.3 Epithelial production of lipid mediators. 16.4 Epithelial production of peptide mediators. 16.5 Epithelial production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. 16.6 Epithelial production of proteases. 16.7 The role of epithelial cells in the recruitment of inflammatory cells. 16.8 Anti-inflammatory actions of epithelial cells. 16.9 Summary. 17. The Epithelium and Airway Remodelling (Stephen T. Holgate). 17.1 The epithelium and airway remodelling. 17.2 Epithelial injury and impaired repair. 17.3 Changes to the epithelial laminar reticularis (basal laminar). 17.4 Submucosal smooth muscle adventitial deposition of matrix. 17.5 Airway smooth muscle. 17.6 Vascular remodelling. 17.7 Neural networks. 17.8 Production of mucus. 17.9 Concluding comments. 18. Modulation of Epithelial Cell Function by Glucocorticoids: Anti-inflammatory and Other Effects (Robert Newton, Manminder Kaur, Elizabeth M. King, Wei Gong, Donna M. Slater and Neil S. Holden). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Expression of inflammatory genes by epithelial cells is reduced by glucocorticoids. 18.3 Modulation of transcription by GR at simple GREs. 18.4 Inflammatory genes contain binding sites for transcriptional activators and these mediate glucocorticoid-dependent repression. 18.5 Nuclear events mediate transrepression. 18.6 Transactivation plays an important anti-inflammatory role. 18.7 Post-transcriptional effects and a role for glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression. 18.8 MKP-1, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid-inducible gene. 18.9 Other glucocorticoid-inducible genes with anti-inflammatory potential in the epithelium. 18.10 Effect of glucocorticoids on lipid mediator production by epithelial cells. 18.11 Remodelling, viruses, glucocorticoids and the epithelium. 18.12 Ion and other channels in the epithelium and the effect of glucocorticoids. 18.13 Maturation of the fetal airway epithelium. 18.14 Non-genomic actions of glucocorticoids. 18.15 Summary. 19. The Airway Epithelium as a Target for the Therapeutic Actions of ß2-Adrenoceptor Agonists and Muscarinic-receptor Antagonists (Mark A. Giembycz). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 The ß2-adrenoceptor as a therapeutic target. 19.3 The muscarinic receptor as a therapeutic target. 19.4 Concluding remarks. 20. Pulmonary Delivery of Novel Therapies (Bruce Rubin and James B. Fink). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Drug targeting. 20.3 Removal of aerosol particles from the lung. 20.4 Barriers to drug absorption from the lung. 20.5 Specific proteins. 20.6 Conclusions. Index.

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Book SynopsisFeaturing contributions from many of the leading laboratories of mitochondrial biology worldwide, Novartis Foundation Symposium 287, Mitochondrial Biology: New Perspectives provides a timely summary of the current state-of-the-art in mitochondrial research.Table of ContentsSymposium on New perspectives on mitochondrial biolog y, held at the Novartis Foundation, London, 28–30 November 2006. Editors: Derek J. Chadwick (Organizer) and Jamie Goode. This symposium is based on a proposal by Michael Duchen. David G. Nicholls Chair's introduction. Albert Neutzner, Richard J. Youle and Mariusz Karbowski, Outer mitochondrial membrane protein degradation by the proteasome. Discussion. Sarah E. Haigh, Gilad Twig, Anthony A. J. Molina, Jakob D. Wikstrom, Motti Deutsch and Orian S. Shirihai PA-GFP: a window into the subcellular adventures of the individual mitochondrion. Discussion. Luca Scorrano, Multiple functions of mitochondria-shaping proteins. Discussion. Bruce M. Spiegelman, Transcriptional control of mitochondrial energy metabolism through the PGC1 coactivators. Discussion. Charles Affourtit, Paul G. Crichton, Nadeene Parker and Martin D. Brand, Novel uncoupling proteins. Discussion. Cecilia Giulivi, Mitochondria as generators and targets of nitric oxide. Discussion. György Hajnóczky, Masao Saotome, György Csordás, David Weaver and Muqing Yi, Calcium signalling and mitochondrial motility. Discussion. Anna Romagnoli, Paola Aguiari, Diego De Stefani, Sara Leo, Saverio Marchi, Alessandro Rimessi, Erika Zecchini, Paolo Pinton and Rosario Rizzuto, Endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria calcium cross-talk. Discussion. Brian O’Rourke, Sonia Cortassa, Fadi Akar and Miguel Aon, Mitochondrial ion channels in cardiac function and dysfunction. Discussion. Paolo Bernardi and Michael Forte, The mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Discussion. Dominic James, Philippe A. Parone, Olivier Terradillos, Safa Lucken-Ardjomande, Sylvie Montessuit and Jean-Claude Martinou, Mechanisms of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Discussion. M. Flint Beal, Mitochondria and neurodegeneration. Discussion. Mügen Terzioglu and Nils-Göran Larsson, Mitochondrial dysfunction in mammalian ageing. Discussion. Eric A. Schon and Salvatore DiMauro. Mitochondrial mutations: genotype to phenotype. Discussion. Contributor Index. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisCat Dissection: A Laboratory Guide, 3rd Edition directs readers through a series of dissection activities for use in the lab accompanied by new, full color photos and figures. The guide can be used as a stand-alone dissection guide or in conjunction with any Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual.Table of ContentsPreface, p. 2A. Preparing the Cat, p. 2B. Removing the Skin, p. 3C. Opening Ventral Body Cavities, p. 3Dissection 1: Skeletal Muscles, p. 4A. Dissecting Skeletal Muscles, p. 4B. Muscles of the Head and Neck, p. 4C. Muscles of the Chest, p. 6D. Muscles of the Abdomen, p. 8E. Muscles of the Back and Shoulder, p. 10F. Muscles of the Arm and Forearm, p. 12G. Muscles of the Thigh, p. 15H. Muscles of the Leg, p. 18Dissection 2: Brachial and Lumbosacral Plexuses and Major Nerves, p. 20A. Brachial Plexus, p. 20B. Lumbosacral Plexus, p. 22Dissection 3: Endocrine Organs, p. 24Dissection 4: Blood Vessels, p. 26A. Arteries, p. 26B. Veins, p. 29Dissection 5: Lymphatic System, p. 30Dissection 6: Respiratory System, p. 32Dissection 7: Digestive System, p. 34A. Mouth, Oropharynx, and Salivary Glands, p. 34B. Esophagus and Abdominal Organs, p. 35Dissection 8: Urinary and ReproductiveSystems, p. 38A. Urinary System, p. 38B. Male Reproductive System, p. 40C. Female Reproductive System, p. 42

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Book SynopsisThe laboratory guide directsreaders through a series of dissection activities for use in the lab accompanied by new, full color photos and figures. The guide can be used as a stand-alone dissection guide or in conjunction with any Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual.Table of ContentsPreface Dissection 1 Skeletal Muscles Dissection 2 Brachial and Lumbosacral Plexuses and Major Nerves Dissection 3 Endocrine Organs Dissection 4 Blood Vessels Dissection 5 Lymphatic System Dissection 6 Respiratory System Dissection 7 Digestive System Dissection 8 Urinary and Reproductive Systems

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on practical applications for using adult and embryonic stem cells in the pharmaceutical development process. It emphasizes new technologies to help overcome the bottlenecks in developing stem cells as therapeutic agents.Table of ContentsForeword Current state of stem cell field: Overview (Mahendra S. Rao). Chapter 1: Derivation methods for human embryonic stem cells: Past, present & future Necati Findikli. Mohan Vemuri. Chapter 2: Isolation of human ESCs from various stages of the human embryo (Yuri Verlinsky, N. Strelchenko, V. Kukharenko, A. Shkumatov, S. Rechitsky, O. Verlinsky, and A. Kuliev). Chapter 3: Derivation of stem cells from epiblasts (Michal Amit). Chapter 4: Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cells from Parthenogenetic Eggs (Jose Cibelli). Chapter 5: Reprogramming Developmental Potential (Costas A. Lyssiotis Cradley D. Charette, and Luke L. Lairson). Chapter 6: Adult stem cells and their role in endogenous tissue repair (N. Sachewsky and Cindi Morshead). Chapter 7: Greater differentiation potential of adult stem cells (Carlos Clavel and Catherine Verfaillie). Chapter 8: Cancer stem cells (Scott Dylla, In-Kyung Park and Austin L. Gurney). Chapter 9: Large scale production of adult stem cells for clinical use (Kristin Goltry, Brian Hampson, Naia Venturi and Ronnda Bartel). Chapter 10: Genetic and epigenetic features of stem cells (Jonathan Auerbach and Richard Josephson). Chapter 11: Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Marjorie Pick). Chapter 12: Identification of signaling pathways involved during differentiation Takumi Miura. Chapter 13 Media and extracellular matrix requirements for large scale ESC growth (Allan J. Robins and Tom Schultz). Chapter 14: Automated method for culturing ES cells (S. Terstegge and Oliver Brustle). Chapter 15: Quantitative 2D Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Steven K.W. Oh, Allen K. Chen, Andre B.H. Choo and Ivan Reading). Chapter 16: Nanobiotechonology for stem cell culture and Maintenance (Minseok S. Kim, Wonhye Lee and Je-Kyun Park). Chapter 17: Engineering Microenvironments to Control Stem Cell Functions (Anielle An-Chi Tsou and Song Li). Chapter 18: Improved lentiviral gene delivery tools for stem cells (Sanjay Vasu, Jian-Ping Yang and Wieslaw Kudlicki). Chapter 19: Sleeping Beauty-mediated Transposition in Stem Cells (Andrew Wilbur, Jakub Tolar, Bruce R Blazar, Catherine M Verfaillie, Uma Lakshmipathy, Dan S Kaufman and Scott McIvor). Chapter 20: PhiC31 Integrase for Modification of Stem Cells (W. Edward Jung and Michelle Calos). Chapter 21: Cell Engineering using Integrase and Recombinase systems (Takefumi Sone, Fumiko Nishi, Kazuhide Yahata, Yukari Sasaki, Hiroe Kishine, Taichi Andoh, Ken Inoue, Bhaskar Thyagarajan, Jonathan D. Chesnut and Fumio Imamoto). Chapter 22: hESC derived cardiomyocytes for cell therapy and drug discovery (William Sun and Robert Zweigerdt). Chapter 23: hESC in Drug discovery (Catharina Ellerstrom, Petter Bjorquist, Peter Sartipy, Johan Hyllner and Raimund Strehl). Chapter 24: Characterization and Culturing of Adipose-Derived Precursor Cells (Dietmar Hutmacher, Joanna Olkowska-Truchanowicz, David Leong, Johannes Reichert and Thiam Chye Lim). Chapter 25: Bringing Mesenchymal stem cells to clinic (Robert Deans).

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Book SynopsisThe book serves as both an introduction and a practical guide on the synthesis and use of polyphosphazenes, a new and very versatile polymer family which has recently demonstrated bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. PREFACE. I INTRODUCTION. 1 Polymers for Biology and Medicine - Current Status and Future Prospects (Alexander K. Andrianov and Robert Langer). 2 Expanding Options in Polyphosphazene Biomedical Research (Harry R. Allcock). II VACCINE DELIVERY AND IMMUNOMODULATION. 3 Polyphosphazenes as Vaccine Delivery Systems (Alexander K. Andrianov). 4 The Potential of Polyphosphazenes in Modulating Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses I: Investigations In Mice (George Mutwiri, Ponn Benjamin, Alexander K. Andrianov, and Lorne Babiuk). 5 The Potential of Polyphosphazenes in Modulating Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses II: Investigations In Large Animals (George Mutwiri and Lorne Babiuk). 6 Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Inactivated and Subunit Rotavirus Vaccines in Adult and Infant Mice (Kari Johansen, Jorma Hinkula, Claudia Istrate, Elin Johansson, Didier Poncet, and Lennart Svensson). 7 Polyphosphazene Immunoadjuvants for Intradermal Vaccine Delivery (Alexander K. Andrianov, Daniel P. DeCollibus, Helice A. Gillis, Henry H. Kha, Alexander Marin). III BIOMATERIALS. 8 Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering (Syam P. Nukavarapu, Sangamesh G. Kumbar, Harry R. Allcock and Cato T. Laurencin). 9 Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Blends for Biomedical Applications (Meng Deng, Lakshmi S. Nair, Nicholas R. Krogman, Harry R. Allcock, Cato T. Laurencin). 10 Polyphosphazenes from Condensation Polymerization (Patty Wisian-Neilson). 11 Electrospun Polyphosphazene Nanofibers For In Vitro Osteoblast Culture (Maria Teresa Conconi, Paolo Carampin, Silvano Lora, Claudio Grandi, Pier Paolo Parnigotto). 12 Phosphazenes and Surfaces (Mario Gleria, Roberto Milani, Roberta Bertani, Angelo Boscolo Boscoletto, and Roger De Jaeger). IV DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS. 13 Amphiphilic Ionizable Polyphosphazenes for the Preparation of pH-Responsive Liposomes (David Ghattas and Jean-Christophe Leroux). 14 Poly- and Cyclophosphazenes as Drug Carriers for Anticancer Therapy (Youn Soo Sohn and Yong Joo Jun). 15 Amphiphilic Polyphosphazenes as Drug Carriers (Liyan Qiu and Cheng Zheng). 16 Synthesis and Characterization of Organometallic Derivatives of Polyphosphazenes and their Applications in Nanoscience (Carlos Diaz and M. L. Valenzuela). 17 Transport Properties of Polyphosphazenes (Joel R. Fried). V BIODETECTION. 18 Potentiometric Monitoring Antibody-Antigen Interactions by and Stabilization of Polyanilineand Electrodes with p-Sulfonated Poly(bisphenoxyphosphazene) (Byeongyeol Kim, Alexander K. Andrianov, Alok Prabhu, Vladimir Sergeyev, and Kalle Levon). VI WELL-DEFINED POLYPHOSPHAZENES: SYNTHETIC ASPECTS AND NOVEL MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES. 19 Synthesis and chemical regularity in phosphazene copolymers (Gabino A. Carriedo). 20 Supramolecular Structures of Cyclophosphazenes(Alexander Steiner APPENDIX A. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisAnnelids offer a diversity of experimentally accessible features making them a rich experimental subject across the biological sciences, including evolutionary development, neurosciences and stem cell research.Trade Review"In all, this guide will have a useful place on the shelf of professional botanists, school teachers, and interested amateurs whose botanical range includes urban landscapes". (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 December 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Part I Annelids as Model Systems in Biology. 1. Developing Models for Lophotrochozoan and Annelid Biology (Kenneth M. Halanych and Elizabeth Borda). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Phylogenetic Considerations. 1.3 Genetic and Developmental Tools. 1.4 Annelid Model Organisms. 1.5 Other Potential Annelid Models. 2. Annelid Phylogeny—Molecular Analysis with an Emphasis on Model Annelids (Christoph Bleidorn). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Genes. 2.3 Molecular Annelid Phylogeny. 2.4 Choosing Model Organisms. 2.5 Branch Lengths. 2.6 Problems in Inferring Annelid Phylogeny. 2.7 Conclusions. 3. Cryptic Speciation in Clitellate Model Organisms (Christer Erséus and Daniel Gustafsson). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Sources and Kinds of Variation. 3.3 Examples of Clitellate Model Organisms. 3.4 Cryptic Speciation. 3.5 Conclusions and Recommendations. 4. Annelid Life Cycle Cultures (Donald J. Reish and Bruno Pernet). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Criteria for the Selection of Species. 4.3 Summary of Culture Techniques. 4.4 Life Cycle Cultures of Polychaeta. 4.5 Life Cycle Cultures of Oligochaeta. 4.6 Life Cycle Cultures of Hirudinea (Leeches). Part II Evolution and Development. 5. Annelids in Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Dian-Han Kuo). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Evo-Devo Today. 5.3 Evo-Devo as Comparative Biology. 5.4 Why Annelid Development Is Interesting for Metazoan Evo-Devo Biologists. 5.5 Case Study 1: Segmentation. 5.6 Case Study 2: Spiral Cleavage and Axis Specifi cation. 5.7 Tools for Analyzing Molecular Mechanisms of Development. 5.8 The Future of the Annelid Model Systems for Evo-Devo. 6. Evolution, Development and Ecology of Capitella sp. I: A Waxing Model for Polychaete Studies (Susan D. Hill and Robert M. Savage). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Speciation Studies. 6.3 Capitella Sp. 1 Morphology. 6.4 Replacement of Lost Segments and Reproductive Trade-Offs. 6.5 Metatrochophores, Ciliary Bands and Musculature. 6.6 Gene Expression during the Specifi cation and Differentiation of Germ Layers. 6.7 Sex among the Vermes. 6.8 Annelids and the Segmentation Debate. 6.9 A-P Polarity—Hox and ParaHox Genes. 6.10 Annelid Genomics: Draft Genome Sequence. 6.11 The Future—Where Is This Going? 7. Stem Cell Genesis and Differentiation in Leech (Shirley A. Lang and Daniel H. Shain). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Stem Cell Genesis and Development. 7.3 Factors Affecting Stem Cell Genesis. 7.4 Stem Cell Differentiation. 7.5 Gene Expression. 7.6 Conclusion. Part III Neurobiology and Regeneration. 8. Cellular and Behavioral Properties of Learning in Leech and Other Annelids (Kevin M. Crisp and Brian D. Burrell). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Learning in the Leech Whole-Body Shortening Refl ex and Role of the S Interneuron. 8.3 Role of the S Interneuron: Modulation of Excitability. 8.4 Learning in the Leech Swim Circuit. 8.5 Using the Leech to Study Intrinsic Forms of Sensitization. 8.6 Synaptic Plasticity in Leech CNS. 8.7 Conclusions. 9. Development, Regeneration and Immune Responses of the Leech Nervous System (Michel Salzet and Eduardo Macagno). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Background. 9.3 Recent Work on the Development of the Nervous System. 9.4 Neuronal Regeneration and Repair. 9.5 Neuroimmune Responses. 9.6 Cellular and Humoral Immune Mechanisms: A Leech Innate Immune Response. 9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions. 10. Lumbriculus variegatus and the Need for Speed: A Model System for Rapid Escape, Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction (Mark J. Zoran and Veronica G. Martinez). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Neural Regeneration in Oligochaetes. 10.3 Lumbriculus variegatus, a Model System for Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction. 10.4 Neural Morphallaxis. 10.5 Accessible Model for Life Science Education. Part IV Environmental and Ecological Studies. 11. Polychaetes in Environmental Studies (Victoria Díaz-Castañeda and Donald J. Reish). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Estuarine Occurrence. 11.3 Intertidal Occurrence. 11.4 Mussel Beds. 11.5 Sea Grasses. 11.6 Sabellarid and Serpulid Reefs. 11.7 Benthic Community Structure. 11.8 Unusual Benthic Habitats. 11.9 Feeding Guilds. 11.10 Algal “Gardening” Behavior. 11.11 Polychaetes as Environmental Indicators and Remediators. 11.12 Biomonitoring. 11.13 Toxicological Tests. 11.14 Economic Importance of Polychaetes. 11.15 Conclusions. 12. Oligochaete Worms for Ecotoxicological Assessment of Soils and Sediments (Jörg Römbke and Philipp Egeler). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment. 12.3 Soil Tests with Lumbricidae. 12.4 Soil Tests with Enchytraeidae. 12.5 Sediment Tests with Lumbriculidae and Tubifi cidae. 12.6 Oligochaetes in Ecotoxicology. 12.7 Conclusions. 13. Evolution and Ecology of Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Eunicida) (Daniel J. Thornhill, Thomas G. Dahlgren, and Kenneth M. Halanych). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 General Morphology. 13.3 Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Considerations. 13.4 Reproductive Biology. 13.5 Ecology. 13.6 Future Research. 14. Cosmopolitan Earthworms—A Global and Historical Perspective (Robert J. Blakemore). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Number of Earthworm Species. 14.3 Characteristics and Origins of Cosmopolitan Earthworms. 14.4 Overview of Results. 14.5 Discussion. 14.6 Regional Species Totals and Proportions of Exotics. 14.7 Earthworms, Archaeology and Human History. 14.8 Benefi ts and Risks of Earthworm Transportations. 14.9 Conclusions. Part V Extreme Environments and Biological Novelties. 15. Hydrothermal Vent Annelids (Florence Pradillon and Françoise Gaill). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Alvinella pompejana: a Symbiotic System. 15.3 Temperature Adaptation. 15.4 Temperature Adaptation at a Molecular Level. 15.5 Alvinella Tubes. 15.6 Collagens. 15.7 Temperature Adaptation at a Cellular Level: the Case of Developing Embryos. 15.8 Behavioral Adaptation to a High-Temperature Environment. 15.9 Future Development of Thermal Adaptation Studies. 15.10 Perspectives. 16. Glacier Ice Worms (Paula L. Hartzell and Daniel H. Shain). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Natural History. 16.3 Classifi cation and Phylogenetic Relationships. 16.4 Origins. 16.5 Clades. 16.6 Physiology. 16.7 Conservation Status. 17. Sperm Ultrastructure in Assessing Phylogenetic Relationships among Clitellate Annelids (Roberto Marotta and Marco Ferraguti). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 The Spermatozoon of Propappus volki (Michaelsen 1916). 17.3 Sperm Ultrastructure in Branchiobdellids, Acanthobdella peledina, and Hirudineans. 17.4 Sperm Ultrastructure inside Tubifi cidae. 17.5 Plesiomorphic Spermatozoon of Clitellates and Spermatological Apomorphic Trends. 17.6 Patterns of Spermatological Characters among Clitellates. 18. Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion (Jonelle Coleman and Daniel H. Shain). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Reproductive Biology. 18.3 Clitellum and CGCs. 18.4 Cocoon Production. 18.5 Brooding Behavior within Glossiphoniidae. 18.6 Cocoon Structure: Surface Topology and Ultrastructural Properties. 18.7 Evolution of Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion. 18.8 Biomaterials Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisClinical oncologists and researchers now have a comprehensive single source of current information on cancer viruses obtained from bench and bedside. This important refernceallows further development of translational approaches for the effective treatment of patients with virus-associated malignancies. The book contains 25 chapters covering basic and clinical aspects of viruses, including HPV, HBV, HCV, polyomaviruses, Kaposi's associated viruses, retroviruses (including HIV-1 associated malignancies), and EBV. Several chapters are devoted to basic science of oncogenic viruses for the study of their pathogenesis, drug development, and employment of viral vectors for vaccine and gene therapy. Clinical materials are embedded within chapters, and there are also complementary, clinically based chapters describing natural courses and treatments.Trade Review"The book is addressed to medical students as well as clinical scientists and students of molecular biology. In a rapidly growing field it is a great advantage to have all this valuable information in one volume." (Journal Tropical Ped, 2012) "I would recommend this book to all interested in the role that viruses play in cancer development, students and experienced researchers alike." (Society for General Microbiology, July 2010)Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface xi Contributors xiii 1 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS-ASSOCIATED CANCERS 1Rachel A. Katzenellenbogen and Denise A. Galloway 2 MOLECULAR EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS-INDUCED HUMAN CANCERS 23Amy Baldwin and Karl Münger 3 THE ROLE OF THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS E6 ONCOPROTEIN IN MALIGNANT PROGRESSION 57Miranda Thomas, David Pim, and Lawrence Banks 4 JC VIRUS ASSOCIATION WITH BRAIN TUMORS: THE ROLE OF T ANTIGEN AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 IN DNA REPAIR FIDELITY 89Krzysztof Reiss, Kamel Khalili, and Luis Del Valle 5 INVOLVEMENT OF THE POLYOMAVIRUS, JC VIRUS, IN COLORECTAL CANCER 113C. Richard Boland, Luigi Ricciardiello, and Ajay Goel 6 POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION OF BK VIRUS WITH PROSTATE CANCER 129Michael J. Imperiale and Dweepanita Das 7 ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION BY POLYOMAVIRUS LARGE T ANTIGEN 149Abhilasha V. Rathi and James M. Pipas 8 SIMIAN VIRUS 40, HUMAN INFECTIONS, AND CANCER: EMERGING CONCEPTS AND CAUSALITY CONSIDERATIONS 165Janet S. Butel 9 SIMIAN VIRUS 40 AND MESOTHELIOMA 191Natalya Baranova and Michele Carbone 10 MOLECULAR IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B-ASSOCIATED VIRAL CANCER 211Timothy M. Block and Anand S. Mehta 11 HEPATITIS B VACCINE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 225Mei-Hwei Chang and Ding-Shinn Chen 12 PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION 243Mark A. Feitelson, Helena M.G.P.V. Reis, Jingbo Pan, and Bill Sun 13 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS-INDUCED CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION 267Donna Sir and Jing-Hsiung James Ou 14 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED CANCER 279Masao Matsuoka 15 ONCOGENIC POTENTIAL OF THE HTLV-1 TAX PROTEIN 295Susan J. Marriott 16 HIV-1-ASSOCIATED MALIGNANCY: BASIC AND CLINICAL ASPECTS 317Melissa Agsalda and Bruce Shiramizu 17 HIV-RELATED LYMPHOMA 337Giulia De Falco, Cristiana Bellan, Stefano Lazzi, and Lorenzo Leoncini 18 BIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HHV-8 351Veenu Minhas and Charles Wood 19 THE ROLE OF KSHV IN PATHOGENESIS OF KAPOSI’S SARCOMA 377Gary S. Hayward, Donald J. Alcendor, and Ravit Arav-Boger 20 MOLECULAR PATHOBIOLOGY OF EBV INFECTION 409Joseph S. Pagano 21 EPSTEIN–BARR VIRUS AS A PATHOGEN 425Wasim A. Dar and Bill Sugden Index 453

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis* This book will undoubtedly be the premier reference for B. anthracis and anthrax, and will certainly have a wide appeal extending beyond the basic science community into medicine, public health, and public policy.Trade Review"Otherwise, presentation is good, and the running heads that allow navigation within chapters are helpful." (Society for General Microbiology, 25 May 2011) "Microbiologists, pathologists, and other biological researchers provide a reference on the pathogen and its disease that incorporates the new information and understandings provided by such innovations as gene sequencing, improved animal models, and efficient methods for genetic manipulation; all backed by the massive funding and accelerated research associated with The global war on terror after the still-unsolved anthrax attack on opposition politicians in 2001. Their topics include the outer structure of the Bacillus anthracis spore, the genome, iron acquisition by the bacteria, anthrax toxins, interactions with macrophages, dissemination through hosts, vaccines, and anthrax as a weapon of war and terrorism." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. Anthrax from 5000 BC to AD 2010 (Peter C. B. Turnbull and Sean V. Shadomy). 2. Outer Structures of the Bacillus anthracis Spore (Adam Driks and Michael Mallozzi). 3. Anthrax Spore Germination (Nathan Fisher, Katherine A. Carr, Jonathan D. Giebel, and Philip C. Hanna). 4. Genetic Manipulation Methods in Bacillus anthracis (Brian K. Janes and Scott Stibitz). 5. The Bacillus anthracis Genome (Timothy D. Read). 6. Bacillus anthracis Plasmids: Species Definition or Niche Adaptation? (David A. Rasko). 7. Iron Acquisition by Bacillus anthracis (Gleb Pishchany and Eric P. Skaar). 8. Anthrax Toxins (Mahtab Moayeri and Stephen H. Leppla). 9. Bacillus anthracis Virulence Gene Regulation (Jason M. Rall and Theresa M. Koehler). 10. The Interactions between Bacillus anthracis and Macrophages (Susan L. Welkos, Joel A. Bozue, and Christopher K. Cote). 11. Bacillus anthracis and Dendritic Cells: A Complicated Battle (Jean-Nicolas Tournier and Anne Quesnel-Hellmann). 12. Bacillus anthracis Dissemination through Hosts (Ian J. Glomski). 13. Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Anthrax in Humans (Jeannette Guarner and Carlos del Rio). 14. Anthrax Vaccines (Elke Saile and Conrad P. Quinn). 15. Anthrax as a Weapon of War and Terrorism (Leonard A. Cole). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the emerging perspective of collision dynamics in mammalian terrestrial locomotion and explain how it influences the interpretation of form and functional capabilities. The coverage brings the reader to a sophisticated conceptual understanding of the relevant mechanics and the current debate ongoing in the field.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xvii Chapter 1 Concepts Through Time: Historical Perspectives on Mammalian Locomotion 1John E. A. Bertram 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The ancients and the contemplation of motion 2 1.3 The European Renaissance and foundations of the age of discovery 3 1.4 The era of technological observation 5 1.5 Physiology and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion – cost and consequences 7 1.6 Comparative studies of gait 10 1.6 Re]interpreting the mechanics: a fork in the road, or simply seeing the other side of the coin? 13 1.7 The biological source of cost 13 1.8 The physical source of cost (with biological consequences) – the road less traveled 14 1.9 Conclusions 21 References 21 Chapter 2 Considering Gaits: Descriptive Approaches 27John E. A. Bertram 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Defining the fundamental gaits 28 2.3 Classifying and comparing the fundamental gaits 30 2.4 Symmetric gaits 32 2.5 A symmetric gaits 34 2.6 Beyond “Hildebrand plots” 40 2.7 Statistical classification 43 2.8 Neural regulation and emergent criteria 45 2.9 Mechanical measures as descriptions of gaits 47 2.10 Conclusion 47 References 48 Chapter 3 Muscles as Actuators 51Anne K. Gutmann and John E. A. Bertram 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Basic muscle operation 52 3.2.1 Sliding filament theory – the basis for cross]bridge theory 52 3.2.2 Basic cross]bridge theory 52 3.2.3 Multi]state cross]bridge models 57 3.3 Some alternatives to cross]bridge theory 59 3.4 Force production 60 3.4.1 Isometric force production 60 3.4.2 Non]isometric force production 63 3.5 The Hill]type model 66 3.6 Optimizing work, power, and efficiency 68 3.7 Muscle architecture 70 3.7.1 The sarcomere as the fundamental contractile unit 70 3.7.2 Muscle geometry 70 3.7.3 Elastic energy storage and return 72 3.7.4 Damping/energy dissipation 72 3.8 Other factors that influence muscle performance 73 3.8.1 Fiber type 73 3.9 A ctivation and recruitment 75 3.10 What does muscle do best? 76 References 76 Chapter 4 Concepts in Locomotion: Levers, Struts, Pendula and Springs 79John E. A. Bertram 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The limb: How details can obscure functional role 83 4.3 Limb function in stability and the concept of the “effective limb” 85 4.3.1 Considering the mechanisms of stability 85 4.3.2 The role of the effective limb 88 4.4 Levers and struts 89 4.5 Ground reaction force in gaits 92 4.5.1 Trot 94 4.5.2 Walk 96 4.5.3 Gallop 97 4.6 The consequence of applied force: CoM motion, pendula and springs 98 4.7 Energy exchange in locomotion – valuable or inevitable? 102 4.8 Momentum and energy in locomotion: dynamic fundamentals 103 4.9 Energy – lost unless recovered, or available unless lost? 104 References 105 Chapter 5 Concepts in Locomotion: Wheels, Spokes, Collisions and Insight from the Center of Mass 111John E. A. Bertram 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Understanding brachiation: an analogy for terrestrial locomotion 112 5.3 Bipedal walking: inverted pendulum or inverted “collision]limiting brachiator analog”? 117 5.4 Basic dynamics of the step]to]step transition in bipedal walking 120 5.5 Subtle dynamics of the step]to]step transition in bipedal walking and running 124 5.6 Pseudo]elastic motion and true elastic return in running gaits 130 5.7 Managing CoM motion in quadrupedal gaits 131 5.7.1 Walk 132 5.7.2 Trot 133 5.7.3 Gallop 133 5.8 Conclusion 138 References 139 Chapter 6 Reductionist Models of Walking and Running 143James R. Usherwood 6.1 Part 1: Bipedal locomotion and “the ultimate cost of legged locomotion?” 143 6.1.1 Introduction 143 6.1.2 Reductionist models of walking 144 6.1.3 The benefit of considering locomotion as inelastic 150 6.2 Part 2: quadrupedal locomotion 158 6.2.1 Introduction 158 6.2.2 Quadrupedal dynamic walking and collisions 158 6.2.3 Higher speed quadrupedal gaits 161 6.2.4 Further success of reductionist mechanics 162 Appendix A: Analytical approximation for costs of transport including legs and “guts and gonads” losses 166 6A.1 List of symbols 166 6A.2 Period definitions for a symmetrically running biped 166 6A.3 Ideal work for the leg 167 6A.4 Vertical work calculations for leg 168 6A.5 Horizontal work calculations for leg 169 6A.6 Hysteresis costs of “guts and gonads” deflections 169 6A.7 Cost of transport 170 References 170 Chapter 7 Whole]Body Mechanics: How Leg Compliance Shapes the Way We Move 173Andre Seyfarth, Hartmut Geyer, Susanne Lipfert, J. Rummel, Yvonne Blum, M. Maus and D. Maykranz 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Jumping for distance – a goal]directed movement 175 7.3 Running for distance – what is the goal? 177 7.4 Cyclic stability in running 178 7.5 The wheel in the leg – how leg retraction enhances running stability 179 7.6 Walking with compliant legs 180 7.7 A dding an elastically coupled foot to the spring]mass model 184 7.8 The segmented leg – how does joint function translate into leg function? 185 7.9 Keeping the trunk upright during locomotion 187 7.10 The challenge of setting up more complex models 188 Notes 190 References190 Chapter 8 The Most Important Feature of an Organism’s Biology: Dimension, Similarity and Scale 193John E. A. Bertram 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 The most basic principle: surface area to volume relations 194 8.3 A ssessing scale effects 197 8.4 Physiology and scaling 198 8.5 The allometric equation: the power function of scaling 203 8.6 The standard scaling models 207 8.6.1 Geometric similarity 208 8.6.2 Static stress similarity 209 8.6.3 Elastic similarity 209 8.7 Differential scaling – where the limit may change 210 8.7.1 A ssessing the assumptions 215 8.8 A fractal view of scaling 215 8.9 Making valid comparisons: measurement, dimension and functional criteria 217 8.9.1 Considering units 217 8.9.2 Fundamental and derived units 219 8.9.3 Froude number: a dimensionless example 222 References 223 Chapter 9 Accounting for the Influence of Animal Size on Biomechanical Variables: Concepts and Considerations 229Sharon Bullimore 9.1 Introduction 229 9.2 Commonly used approaches to accounting for size differences 230 9.2.1 Dividing by body mass 230 9.2.2 Dimensionless parameters 232 9.3 Empirical scaling relationships 237 9.4 Selected biomechanical parameters 238 9.4.1 Ground reaction force 238 9.4.2 Muscle force 239 9.4.3 Muscle velocity 242 9.4.4 Running speed 242 9.4.5 Jump height 244 9.4.6 Elastic energy storage 246 9.5 Conclusions 247 Acknowledgements 247 References 247 Chapter 10 Locomotion in Small Tetrapods: Size]Based Limitations to “Universal Rules” in Locomotion 251Audrone R. Biknevicius, Stephen M. Reilly and Elvedin Kljuno 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 A ctive mechanisms contributing to the high cost of transport in small tetrapods 254 10.3 Limited passive mechanisms for reducing cost of transport in small tetrapods 255 10.4 Gait transitions from vaulting to bouncing mechanics 257 10.5 The “unsteadiness” of most terrestrial locomotion 262 Appendix – a model of non]steady speed walking 265 10A.1 Spring]mass inverted pendulum model of walking 265 10A.2 Recovery ratio calculation 269 References 271 Chapter 11 Non]Steady Locomotion 277Monica A. Daley 11.1 Introduction 277 11.1.1 Why study non]steady locomotion? 278 11.2 A pproaches to studying non]steady locomotion 279 11.2.1 Simple mechanical models 280 11.2.2 Research approaches to non]steady locomotion 281 11.3 Themes from recent studies of non]steady locomotion 282 11.3.1 Limits to maximal acceleration 282 11.3.2 Morphological and behavioral factors in turning mechanics 283 11.4 The role of intrinsic mechanics for stability and robustness of locomotion 288 11.4.1 Some definitions 289 11.4.2 Measures of sensitivity and robustness 290 11.4.3 What do we learn about stability from simple models of running? 291 11.4.4 Limitations to stability analysis of simple models 295 11.4.5 The relationship between ground contact conditions and leg mechanics on uneven terrain 296 11.4.6 Compromises among economy, robustness and injury avoidance in uneven terrain 298 11.5 Proximal]distal inter]joint coordination in non]steady locomotion 299 References 302 Chapter 12 The Evolution of Terrestrial Locomotion in Bats: the Bad, the Ugly, and the Good 307Daniel K. Riskin, John E. A. Bertram and John W. Hermanson 12.1 Bats on the ground: like fish out of water? 307 12.2 Species]level variation in walking ability 308 12.3 How does anatomy influence crawling ability? 309 12.4 Hindlimbs and the evolution of flight 311 12.5 Moving a bat’s body on land: the kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion 315 12.6 Evolutionary pressures leading to capable terrestrial locomotion 318 12.7 Conclusions and future work 319 Acknowledgements 320 References 320 Chapter 13 The Fight or Flight Dichotomy: Functional Trade]Off in Specialization for Aggression Versus Locomotion 325David R. Carrier 13.1 Introduction325 13.1.1 Why fighting is important 327 13.1.2 Size sexual dimorphism as an indicator of male]male aggression 328 13.2 Trade]offs in specialization for aggression versus locomotion 329 13.2.1 The evolution of short legs – specialization for aggression? 329 13.2.2 Muscle architecture of limbs specialized for running versus fighting 331 13.2.3 Mechanical properties of limb bones that are specialized for running versus fighting 334 13.2.4 The function of foot posture: aggression versus locomotor economy 334 13.3 Discussion 338 References 341 Chapter 14 Design for Prodigious Size without Extreme Body Mass: Dwarf Elephants, Differential Scaling and Implications for Functional Adaptation 349John E. A. Bertram 14.1 Introduction 349 14.2 Elephant form, mammalian scaling and dwarfing 351 14.2.1 Measurements 356 14.2.2 Observations 356 14.3 Interpretation 357 Acknowledgements 364 References 364 Chapter 15 Basic Mechanisms of Bipedal Locomotion: Head]Supported Loads and Strategies to Reduce the Cost of Walking 369James R. Usherwood and John E. A. Bertram 15.1 Introduction 369 15.2 Head]supported loads in human]mediated transport 370 15.2.1 Can the evidence be depended upon? 371 15.3 Potential energy saving advantages 373 15.4 A simple alternative model 376 15.5 Conclusions 382 References 382 Chapter 16 Would a Horse on the Moon Gallop? Directions Available in Locomotion Research (and How Not to Spend Too Much Time Exploring Blind Alleys) 385John E. A. Bertram 16.1 Introduction 385 References 392 Index 393

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Book SynopsisThis book will motivate and engage health professionals to learn the essentials of anatomy and physiology through its visual approach and special pedagogy. The condensed content covers the basics without extensive detail. Core concepts are presented visually to enable them to gain a better understanding of the material.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction. Chapter 2 Histology. Chapter 3 Integument. Chapter 4 Skeletal System. Chapter 5 Axial Skeleton. Chapter 6 Appendicular Skeleton. Chapter 7 Articular System. Chapter 8 Muscular System. Chapter 9 Head Muscles. Chapter 10 Trunk Muscles. Chapter 11 Upper Limb Muscles. Chapter 12 Lower Limb Muscles. Chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System. Chapter 14 Central Nervous System. Chapter 15 Endocrine System. Chapter 16 Cardiovascular System. Chapter 17 Respiratory System. Chapter 18 Digestive System. Chapter 19 Urinary System. Chapter 20 Reproductive System.

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Book SynopsisPharmacology for the Health Care Professions is an accessible introduction to the pharmacology necessary for health care professionals training to be non-medical prescribers looking for an overview of the subject.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. Part I: Principles of Pharmacology. 2. Drug disposition. 3. Effects of drugs on the body. Part II: Systemic Pharmacology. 4. Cardiovascular and blood disorders. 5. Respiratory Disorders. 6. Disorders of the endocrine system. 7. Disorders of the musculoskeletal system. 8. Disorders of the skin. 9. Chemotherapy of infectious diseases. 10. Cancer chemotherapy. 11. Disorders of the central nervous system. 12. Anaesthesia and analgesia. 13. Contrast agents and adjuncts to radiography. Part III: Prescribing and the Law. 14. Medicines, the law and health care professionals. 15. Prescribing in practice. Appendices. Appendix A. Drug Names. Appendix B. Glossary. Appendix C. Examples of Patient Group Directions. Bibliography. Useful websites. Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent computational and modeling advances have produced methods for estimating species trees directly, avoiding the problems and limitations of the traditional phylogenetic paradigm where an estimated gene tree is equated with the history of species divergence. The overarching goal of the volume is to increase the visibility and use of these new methods by the entire phylogenetic community by specifically addressing several challenges: (i) firm understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of the methodology, (ii) empirical examples demonstrating the utility of the methodology as well as its limitations, and (iii) attention to technical aspects involved in the actual software implementation of the methodology. As such, this volume will not only be poised to become the quintessential guide to training the next generation of researchers, but it will also be instrumental in ushering in a new phylogenetic paradigm for the 21st century.Trade Review"I do not disagree, and I therefore hope that this book will stimulate theoreticians to become involved in exploring specific topics in more depth and encourage empiricists to test the available methods by using them in their own data analyses. In this way, phylogenetics should move closer to its ultimate practical goal of producing accurate evolutionary histories for all known organisms." (Systematic Biology, 15 June 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Chapter 1 Estimating Species Trees: An Introduction to Concepts and Models (L. Lacey Knowles and Laura S. Kubatko). 1.1 Introduction. 1.1.1 Different Tree Types and Their Relationship to Phylogeny. 1.2 The Relationship Between Gene Trees and Species Trees. 1.2.1 Evolutionary Mechanisms for Gene Tree Discord. 1.2.2 The Coalescent Process and Gene Tree Distributions. 1.2.3 Phylogenetic Extensions of the Coalescent Model. 1.3 The Relationship Between Sequence Data and Gene Trees. 1.3.1 Modeling DNA Sequence Evolution along a Gene Tree. 1.4 Statistical Inference of Species Trees. 1.4.1 ML. 1.4.2 Bayesian Analysis. 1.5 Collecting DNA Sequence Data. 1.6 Conclusions. References. Chapter 2 Bayesian Estimation of Species Trees: A Practical Guide to Optimal Sampling and Analysis (Santiago Castillo-Ramírez, Liang Liu, Dennis Pearl and Scott V. Edwards). 2.1 Introduction. 2.1.1 Empirical Examples Using BEST. 2.2 Factors Influencing Confidence in Estimated Species Trees Using BEST. 2.2.1 Simulation Protocol. 2.2.2 Results of Simulations on Number and Length of Loci. 2.2.3 Multifactorial Prediction of Confidence in Species Trees. 2.2.4 Effect of the Number of Alleles Sampled per Locus on Species Tree Estimation. 2.2.5 Effect of Recombination on Species Tree Inference. 2.3 Some Tips on Running the BEST MCMC Algorithm. 2.4 Conclusions and Challenges. Acknowledgments. References. Chapter 3 Reconstructing Concordance Trees and Testing the Coalescent Model from Genome-Wide Data Sets (Cécile Ané). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 BCA: Background. 3.2.1 Sharing of Information across Gene Trees. 3.2.2 How to Choose the A Priori Level of Discordance α. 3.2.3 The Choice of an Infinite α in BCA. 3.2.4 A Nonparametric Prior Distribution on Gene Trees. 3.3 Genomic Support versus Statistical Support. 3.4 Comparing CFs of Contradicting Clades for Reconstructing the Dominant History. 3.5 Testing the Hypothesis That All Discordance is Due to ILS. 3.6 Species Tree Reconstruction from CFs. 3.7 The Challenge of Determining Loci on Whole-Genome Alignments. 3.7.1 The Assumption of Homogeneous, Unlinked Loci for GT/ST Reconstruction. 3.7.2 Detecting Recombination Breakpoints for GT/ST Reconstruction. 3.7.3 A Minimum Description Length (MDL) Information Criterion. 3.7.4 Comparisons with Other Partitioning Criteria. Acknowledgments. References. Chapter 4 Probabilities of Gene Tree Topoligies with Intraspecific Sampling Given a Species Tree (James H. Degnan). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Background and Terminology. 4.2.1 Incomplete Lineage Sorting. 4.2.2 Notation. 4.3 Gene Tree Topology Probabilities—Theory. 4.3.1 Enumerating Coalescent Histories. 4.3.2 The Probability of a Coalescent History. 4.3.3 Probability Mass Function for Gene Tree Topologies. 4.4 Gene Tree Topology Probabilities—Examples. 4.4.1 Enumeration of Coalescent Histories. 4.4.2 Calculation of Probabilities of Coalescent Histories. 4.5 Applications. 4.5.1 Probabilities of Multilabeled Trees. 4.5.2 Probability of Monophyletic Concordance. 4.5.3 AGTs. 4.6 Conclusions. References. Appendix: Using Coal. Using the Software. Setting Up Species Tree Branch Lengths. Chapter 5 Inference of Parsimonious Species Tree from Multilocus Data by Minimizing Deep Coalescences (Cuong Than and Luay Nakhleh). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Trees, Clusters, and the Compatibility Graph. 5.3 Valid Coalescent Histories, Extra Lineages, and the MDC Criterion. 5.4 Exact Algorithms for the MDC Problem. 5.4.1 An ILP Algorithm. 5.4.2 A DP Algorithm. 5.5 Handling Special Cases. 5.5.1 Multiple Individuals per Species. 5.5.2 Nonbinary Trees. 5.6 Performance of MDC. 5.7 Inference from The Clusters of The Gene Trees. 5.8 Using PhyloNet. 5.8.1 Using PhyloNet to Count Valid Coalescent Histories. 5.8.2 Using PhyloNet to Infer Species Trees Under MDC. 5.9 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Chapter 6 Accommodating Hybridization in a Multilocus Phylogenetic Framework (Laura S. Kubatko and Chen Meng). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Methods for Detecting Hybridization in The Presence of Incomplete Lineage Sorting. 6.3 A Phylogenetic Model for Hybridization in The Presence of Incomplete Lineage Sorting. 6.3.1 Estimation and Testing for the Hybridization Parameters: Gene Tree Data. 6.3.2 Estimation and Testing for the Hybridization Parameters: Sequence Data. 6.3.3 Comparison of Hybrid Species Phylogenies Using Gene Tree Data. 6.4 Application: Hybridization in the Heliconius Butterflies. 6.4.1 Estimation and Testing for the Hybridization Parameters: Application to the Estimated Gene Trees in Heliconius. 6.4.2 Estimation and Testing for the Hybridization Parameters: Application to Sequence Data in Heliconius. 6.4.3 Comparison of Hybrid Species Phylogenies for the Heliconius Gene Tree Data. 6.5 Conclusions and Future Directions. Acknowledgment. References. Chapter 7 The Influence of Hybrid Zones on Species Tree Inference in Manakins (Robb T. Brumfi eld and Matthew D. Carling). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Manacus Manakins. 7.2.1 Distribution. 7.2.2 Hybrid Zone between M. vitellinus and M. candei. 7.2.3 Two Contact Zones between M. vitellinus and M. manacus. 7.2.4 Inferring a Manacus Species Tree. 7.3 Is Introgression Across the Hybrid Zones Influencing the Species Tree Inference? 7.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Chapter 8 Summarizing Gene Tree Incongruence at Multiple Phylogenetic Depths (Karen A. Cranston). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sample Data: Rice, Flies, and Yeast. 8.3 Bayesian Inference of Gene Trees. 8.4 Detecting Convergence Across Hundreds of Genes. 8.5 A Note on Combining Trees. 8.6 BCA. 8.7 gsi. 8.8 Triplet Analysis. 8.9 Missing Data. 8.10 Genomic Distribution of Gene Tree Incongruence. 8.11 Visualization of Gene Tree Incongruence. 8.12 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. Chapter 9 Species Tree Estimation for Complex Divergence Histories: A Case Study in Neodiprion Sawflies (Catherine R. Linnen). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Study System: Neodiprion Sawflies. 9.3 Sampling Strategy. 9.4 Determining the Source of Mitonuclear Discordance. 9.5 Approaches for Species Tree Estimation. 9.5.1 Concatenation with Monophyly Constraints (CMC). 9.5.2 Minimize Deep Coalescences (MDC). 9.5.3 Shallowest Divergences (SD). 9.5.4 Bayesian Estimation of Species Trees (BEST). 9.6 Comparison of Species Tree Estimates. 9.7 Comparison of Gene Trees to Species Trees. 9.8 Conclusions and Future Directions. References. Chapter 10 Sampling Strategies for Species Tree Estimation (L. Lacey Knowles). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Information Content in DNA Sequences for Species Tree Inference. 10.3 Why Phylogenetic History Dictates Appropriate Sampling Strategy. 10.4 Properties of the Data That Impact Sampling Decisions. 10.5 Making Informed Decisions about Sampling Strategies. 10.5.1 Where Does the Initial Species Tree Come from? 10.5.2 Is There Consistency in the Estimated Species Tree Given the Data? 10.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. Chapter 11 Developing Nuclear Sequences for Species Tree Estimation in Nonmodel Organisms: Insights from a Case Study of Bottae's Pocket Gopher, Thomomys Bottae (Natalia M. Belfiore). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Pocket Gophers. 11.3 Marker Generation Approach and Methodological Comments. 11.3.1 Library Construction. 11.3.2 Subtraction of High-Copy-Number Regions. 11.3.3 Locus Characterization by Genomic Approaches. 11.3.4 Primer Design Experiments. 11.3.5 Locus Evaluation for Inclusion in the Study. 11.3.6 Variation within the Library Construction Species. 11.3.7 Inclusion of Loci and Data Generation within the Genus. 11.4 Data Management and Analysis. 11.4.1 Handling Data and Choosing Analysis Programs. 11.4.2 Phylogenetic Analysis. 11.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Chapter 12 Estimating Species Relationships and Taxon Distinctiveness in Sistrurus Rattlesnakes Using Multilocus Data (Laura S. Kubatko and H. Lisle Gibbs). 12.1 Introduction. 12.1.1 Sistrurus Rattlesnakes. 12.2 Analysis of Species and Subspecific Relationships. 12.2.1 Estimation of the Species Phylogeny. 12.2.2 Distinctiveness of Subspecies. 12.2.3 Phased versus Unphased Data. 12.3 Species Tree Estimation. 12.3.1 Estimation Using Gene Trees as Data. 12.3.2 Estimation Using Sequences as Data. 12.4 Distinctiveness Among Species and Subspecies. 12.4.1 Phased Data. 12.4.2 Unphased Data and the Effect of Sample Size. 12.5 Evolutionary and Conservation Implications. 12.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLaser flow cytometry is a powerful tool for rapid analysis of cells for marker expression, cell cycle position, proliferation and apoptosis. In most labs, training and resources are not available to teach methods of laser flow cytometry.Trade Review"Contributors from a wide range of medical and biological sciences explain methods and procedures of flow cytometry specific to its use in research on stem cells and related matters." (SciTech Book News, December 2010) Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. PREFACE. 1 Basics of Flow Cytometry (H. Krishnamurthy and L. Scott Cram). 2 Practical Considerations for Flow Cytometric Sorting of Stem Cells (Geoffrey W. Osborne). 3 Stem Cell Analysis and Sorting Using Side Population Analysis (William Telford). 4 Flow Cytometry in the Study of Proliferation and Apoptosis (Michael G. Ormerod and Ronald M. Hamelik). 5 Flow Cytometric Analysis of Drug Transport and Efflux in Stem Cells (Awtar Krishan and Ronald M. Hamelik). 6 Stem Cell Biology and Application (Swapnil Totey, Rajarshi Pal, Murali Krishna Mamidi, Vijayendran Govindasamy, and Satish Totey). 7 Identification and Isolation of Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells from Murine and Human Specimens (Ewa K. Zuba-Surma, Dong-Myung Shin, Izabella Klich, Janina Ratajczak, Magda Kucia, and Mariusz Z. Ratajczak). 8 Electronic Volume of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (Siddharth Sharma and Awtar Krishan0. 9 Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Issues in Enumeration (Michael Keeney and D. Robert Sutherland). 10 Embryonic Stem Cells: Development and Characterization (Vijay Bhaskar R. Konala, Villoo Morawala-Patell, and Aparna Khanna). 11 Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Long-Term Culture and Cardiovascular Differentiation (Maneesha Inamdar). 12 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Clinical Applications (Jyoti Kode and Vivek Tanavde). 13 Circulating Adult Stem Cells of Hematopoietic Origin for Vascular and Neural Regeneration (Lissy K. Krishnan). 14 Flow Cytometric Characterization of Neural Progenitors Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (Raj R. Rao, Sujoy K. Dhara, Shilpa Iyer, and David W. Machacek). 15 Limbal Stem Cells and Corneal Regeneration (Geeta K. Vemuganti, Murali Mohan Sagar Balla, and Shubha Tiwari). 16 Flow Cytometric Sorting of Spermatogonial Stem Cells (B. S. Srinag, J. M. Kalappurakkal, G.H. Mohan, and H. Krishnamurthy). 17 Breast Cancer Stem Cells (Devaveena Dey and Annapoorni Rangarajan). 18 Tumor Stem Cell Marker Expression in Cells from Body Cavity Fluids (Awtar Krishan, Deepti Sharma, and Ronald M. Hamelik). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Organization of the Human Body 1 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined 2 1.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 2 1.3 Life Processes 6 1.4 Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits 8 Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems 8 Homeostasis and Good Health 9 1.5 Aging and Homeostasis 12 1.6 Anatomical Terms 12 Names of Body Regions 12 Directional Terms 12 Exhibit 1.1 Directional Terms 14 Planes and Sections 16 1.7 Body Cavities 17 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18 1.8 Medical Imaging 20 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Organization of the Human Body 24 2 Introductory Chemistry 28 2.1 Introduction to Chemistry 29 Chemical Elements and Atoms 29 Ions, Molecules, and Compounds 30 Chemical Bonds 31 Chemical Reactions 34 2.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 35 Inorganic Compounds 35 Organic Compounds 36 Carbohydrates 36 Lipids 38 Proteins 41 Nucleic Acids 43 Adenosine Triphosphate 43 3 Cells 47 3.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 48 3.2 Plasma Membrane 49 3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 50 Passive Processes 51 Active Processes 54 3.4 Cytoplasm 57 Cytosol 57 Organelles 57 3.5 Nucleus 63 3.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 64 Transcription 66 Translation 66 3.7 Somatic Cell Division 68 Interphase 68 Mitotic Phase 68 3.8 Cancer 70 Growth and Spread of Cancer 70 Causes of Cancer 70 Carcinogenesis: A Multistep Process 71 Treatment of Cancer 71 3.9 Aging and Cells 72 Key Medical Terms Associated with Cells 72 4 Tissues 77 4.1 Types of Tissues 78 4.2 Cell Junctions 78 4.3 Epithelial Tissue 79 General Features of Epithelial Tissue 80 Covering and Lining Epithelium 80 Glandular Epithelium 88 4.4 Connective Tissue 89 General Features of Connective Tissue 90 Connective Tissue Cells 90 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 91 Classification of Connective Tissues 92 Types of Mature Connective Tissue 92 Connective Tissues: Diverse and Dynamic 100 4.5 Membranes 101 Mucous Membranes 101 Serous Membranes 101 Synovial Membranes 101 4.6 Musular Tissue 102 4.7 Nervous Tissue 104 4.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 105 4.9 Aging and Tissues 106 Excess Adiposity 106 Key Medical Terms Associated with Tissues 106 5 The Integumentary System 111 5.1 Structure of the Skin 112 Epidermis 113 Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 116 Dermis 116 Skin Color 117 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 118 Hair 118 Skin Glands 121 Nails 122 5.3 Types of Skin 123 5.4 Functions of the Skin 124 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 125 Epidermal Wound Healing 125 Dermal Wound Healing 125 5.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 127 Skin Cancer 127 Burns 128 Pressure Ulcers 129 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 130 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Integumentary System 130 Exhibit 5.1 The Integumentary System and Homeostasis 131 6 Bone Tissue 135 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 136 6.2 Structure of Bone 136 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 138 Compact Bone Tissue 139 Spongy Bone Tissue 139 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 141 6.5 Bone Formation 142 Intramembranous Ossification 142 Endochondral Ossification 142 6.6 Bone Growth 145 Growth in Length 145 Growth in Thickness 146 6.7 Bones and Homeostasis 147 Bone Remodeling 147 Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling 148 Fracture and Repair of Bone 148 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis 151 6.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 152 Key Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue 154 7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 159 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 160 7.2 Types of Bones 160 7.3 Bone Surface Markings 162 7.4 Skull 162 General Features and Functions 163 Cranial Bones 164 Facial Bones 170 Nasal Septum 173 Orbits 174 Foramina 174 Unique Features of the Skull 174 7.5 Hyoid Bone 177 7.6 Vertebral Column 177 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 179 Intervertebral Discs 179 Parts of a Typical Vertebra 179 Regions of the Vertebral Column 180 7.7 Thorax 186 Sternum 186 Ribs 186 7.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 189 Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column 189 Spina Bifida 190 Key Medical Terms Associated with Axial Skeleton 191 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 195 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 196 Clavicle 196 Scapula 197 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 199 Humerus 199 Ulna and Radius 201 Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 202 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 205 Ilium 206 Ischium 206 Pubis 207 False and True Pelves 207 8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 209 8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 210 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 211 Femur 211 Patella 213 Tibia and Fibula 214 Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 215 Arches of the Foot 217 Exhibit 8.1 The Skeletal System and Homeostasis 218 Key Medical Terms Associated with Appendicular Skeleton 219 9 Joints 221 9.1 Joint Classifications 222 9.2 Fibrous Joints 222 Sutures 222 Syndesmoses 224 Interosseous Membranes 224 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 224 Synchondroses 224 Symphyses 224 9.4 Synovial Joints 225 Structure of Synovial Joints 225 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 227 Types of Synovial Joints 227 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 230 Gliding 230 Angular Movements 230 Rotation 233 Special Movements 234 9.6 Selected Joints of the Body 236 Exhibit 9.1 Temporomandibular Joint 238 Exhibit 9.2 Shoulder Joint 240 Exhibit 9.3 Elbow Joint 243 Exhibit 9.4 Hip Joint 244 Exhibit 9.5 Knee Joint 246 Exhibit 9.6 Ankle Joint 249 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 251 9.8 Arthroplasty 252 9.9 Aging and Joints 253 Key Medical Terms Associated with Joints 253 10 Muscular Tissue 257 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 258 Types of Muscular Tissue 258 Functions of Muscular Tissue 258 Properties of Muscular Tissue 259 10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 259 Connective Tissue Components 259 Nerve and Blood Supply 261 Histology 261 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 263 Sliding Filament Mechanism 263 Neuromuscular Junction 263 Physiology of Contraction 264 Relaxation 266 Muscle Tone 268 10.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 268 Energy for Contraction 268 Muscle Fatigue 268 Oxygen Consumption after Exercise 270 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension 270 Twitch Contraction 270 Frequency of Stimulation 271 Motor Unit Recruitment 271 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 271 Isometric and Isotonic Contractions 272 10.6 Muscle Spasms 273 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 277 Effective Stretching 277 Strength Training 277 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 277 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 278 10.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 279 Key Medical Terms Associated with Muscular Tissue 280 11 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Head and Neck 284 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 285 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 285 Lever Systems and Leverage 285 Effects of Fascicle Arrangement 288 Coordination within Muscle Groups 288 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 289 11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 289 Exhibit 11.1 Muscles of Facial Expression 294 Exhibit 11.2 Muscles that Move the Eyeballs and Upper Eyelids (Extrinsic Eye Muscles) 300 Exhibit 11.3 Muscles that Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication (Chewing) and Speech 302 Exhibit 11.4 Muscles of the Anterior Neck that Assist in Deglutition (Swallowing) and Speech 304 Exhibit 11.5 Muscles of the Anterior Neck that Assist in Elevating the Ribs or Flexing the Neck and Head 307 Exhibit 11.6 Muscles of the Lateral Neck that Move the Head 310 12 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Torso 316 Exhibit 12.1 Muscles of the Abdoman that Act on the Abdominal Wall 317 Surface Features of the Abdomen and Pelvis 320 Exhibit 12.2 Muscles of the Thorax Used in Breathing 324 Exhibit 12.3 Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm and Perineum that Support the Pelvic Viscera 325 Exhibit 12.4 Muscles of the Neck and Back that Act on the Posterior Head, Posterior Neck, Back, and Vertebral Column 328 Suboccipital Muscles 332 13 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Upper Limb 336 Exhibit 13.1 Muscles of the Thorax that Move the Pectoral Girdle 337 Movements of the Scapula 340 Exhibit 13.2 Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder that Move the Humerus 341 Surface Features of the Shoulder 341 Surface Features of the Armpit 341 Surface Features of the Back 346 Exhibit 13.3 Muscles of the Arm that Move the Radius and Ulna 347 Surface Features of the Arm and Elbow 352 Exhibit 13.4 Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Wrist, Hand, and Digits 354 Exhibit 13.5 Muscles of the Palm that Move the Digits–Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 362 Surface Features of the Hand 366 14 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Lower Limb 369 14.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 370 Exhibit 14.1 Muscles of the Gluteal Region that Move the Femur 371 Surface Features of the Buttock 378 Exhibit 14.2 Muscles of the Thigh that Move on the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula 380 Surface Features of the Thigh and Knee 383 Exhibit 14.3 Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes 386 Surface Features of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot 391 Exhibit 14.4 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot that Move the Toes 393 14.2 Muscle Interactions 398 The Interconnectedness of the Whole Body 398 Posture and Interactions between Muscles 398 Exhibit 14.5 Contributions of the Muscular System to Homeostasis 400 15 Nervous Tissue 403 15.1 Overview of the Nervous System 404 Structures of the Nervous System 404 Functions of the Nervous System 404 Organization of the Nervous System 405 15.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 407 Neurons 407 Myelination 409 Gray and White Matter 411 Neuroglia 411 15.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 413 Action Potentials 413 Conduction of Nerve Impulses 417 Effect of Axon Diameter 418 15.4 Synaptic Transmission 418 Events at a Synapse 418 Neurotransmitters 420 15.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 421 Neurogenesis in the CNS 421 Damage and Repair in the PNS 421 Key Medical Terms Associated with Nervous Tissue 422 16 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 426 16.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 427 Protective Structures 427 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 427 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 429 16.2 Spinal Nerves 430 Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 432 Distribution of Spinal Nerves 433 Exhibit 16.1 Cervical Plexus 434 Exhibit 16.2 Brachial Plexus 436 Exhibit 16.3 Lumbar Plexus 440 Exhibit 16.4 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses 442 Dermatomes 444 16.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 444 Sensory and Motor Tracts 445 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 449 Reflexes and Diagnosis 457 16.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 458 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 458 17 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 463 17.1 The Brain 464 Major Parts and Protective Coverings 464 Brain Blood Supply and the Blood-Brain Barrier 464 Cerebrospinal Fluid 464 Brain Stem 468 Diencephalon 469 Cerebellum 471 Cerebrum 471 Hemispheric Lateralization 476 Memory 476 Electroencephalogram (EEG) 476 17.2 Cranial Nerves 477 17.3 Aging and the Nervous System 479 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Brain 479 18 The Autonomic Nervous System 483 18.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 484 18.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 484 18.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 486 Organization of the Sympathetic Division 486 Organization of the Parasympathetic Division 488 18.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 491 ANS Neurotransmitters 491 Activities of the ANS 491 18.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 492 Autonomic Reflexes 492 Autonomic Control by Higher Centers 494 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Autonomic Nervous System 494 19 Somatic and Special Senses 498 19.1 Overview of Sensations 499 Definition of Sensation 499 Characteristics of Sensations 499 Types of Sensory Receptors 499 19.2 Somatic Senses 500 Tactile Sensations 500 Thermal Sensations 501 Pain Sensations 502 Proprioceptive Sensations 503 19.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 504 Structure of the Olfactory Epithelium 504 Stimulation of Olfactory Receptors 505 The Olfactory Pathway 505 19.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 506 Structure of Taste Buds 506 Stimulation of Gustatory Receptors 506 The Gustatory Pathway 506 19.5 Vision 507 Accessory Structures of the Eye 507 Layers of the Eyeball 509 Interior of the Eyeball 511 Image Formation and Binocular Vision 512 Stimulation of Photoreceptors 514 The Visual Pathway 514 19.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 515 Anatomy of the Ear 515 Physiology of Hearing 518 Auditory Pathway 519 Deafness 519 Physiology of Equilibrium 519 Equilibrium Pathways 519 Reflexology via the Ear 519 19.7 Aging and the Special Senses 521 Key Medical Terms Associated with Somatic and Special Senses 522 Exhibit 19.1 Contributions of the Nervous System to Homeostasis 523 20 The Endocrine System 527 20.1 Endocrine Glands 528 20.2 Hormone Action 528 Target Cells and Hormone Receptors 528 Chemistry of Hormones 528 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 528 Control of Hormone Secretions 528 20.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 530 Anterior Pituitary Hormones 531 Posterior Pituitary Hormones 533 20.4 Thyroid Gland 535 Actions of Thyroid Hormones 535 Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion 536 Calcitonin 537 20.5 Parathyroid Glands 538 20.6 Pancreatic Islets 539 Actions of Glucagon and Insulin 540 20.7 Adrenal Glands 542 Adrenal Cortex Hormones 543 Adrenal Medulla Hormones 545 20.8 Ovaries and Testes 545 20.9 Pineal Gland 545 20.10 Other Hormones 546 Hormones from Other Endocrine Cells 546 Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes 546 20.11 The Stress Response 547 20.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 547 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Endocrine System 548 Exhibit 20.1 Contributions of the Endocrine System to Homeostasis 549 21 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 553 21.1 Functions of Blood 554 21.2 Components of Whole Blood 554 Blood Plasma 554 Formed Elements 554 21.3 Hemostasis 563 Vascular Spasm 564 Platelet Plug Formation 564 Blood Clotting 564 Hemostatic Control Mechanisms 566 Clotting in Blood Vessels 566 21.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 566 ABO Blood Group 567 Rh Blood Group 567 Transfusions 568 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood 568 22 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 571 22.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 572 Location and Coverings of the Heart 572 Heart Wall 575 Chambers of the Heart 575 Great Vessels of the Heart 577 Valves of the Heart 577 22.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 579 Blood Flow through the Heart 579 Blood Supply of the Heart 579 Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction 580 22.3 Conduction System of the Heart 581 22.4 Electrocardiogram 583 Arrhythmias 583 22.5 The Cardiac Cycle 584 Pressure and Volume Changes during the Cardiac Cycle 584 Heart Sounds 586 22.6 Cardiac Output 586 Regulation of Stroke Volume 586 Regulation of Heart Rate 589 22.7 Exercise and the Heart 590 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Heart 590 23 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation 594 23.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 595 Arteries and Arterioles 595 Capillaries 595 Venules and Veins 597 23.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 599 Blood Pressure 599 Resistance 600 Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow 600 23.3 Checking Circulation 603 Pulse 603 Measurement of Blood Pressure 603 23.4 Circulatory Routes 603 Systemic Circulation 603 Pulmonary Circulation 605 Exhibit 23.1 The Aorta and Its Branches 606 Exhibit 23.2 The Arch of the Aorta 608 Exhibit 23.3 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs 610 Exhibit 23.4 Veins of the Systemic Circulation 612 Exhibit 23.5 Veins of the Head and Neck 614 Exhibit 23.6 Veins of the Upper Limbs 615 Exhibit 23.7 Veins of the Lower Limbs 617 Hepatic Portal Circulation 619 Fetal Circulation 620 23.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 620 Exhibit 23.8 Contributions of the Cardiovascular System to Homeostasis 622 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood Vessels 623 24 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 627 24.1 Overview of Immunity 628 24.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 628 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 628 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 631 24.3 Innate Immunity 634 First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes 634 Second Line of Defense: Internal Defenses 634 24.4 Adaptive Immunity 636 Maturation of T cells and B cells 637 Types of Adaptive Immune Responses 637 Antigens and Antibodies 637 Processing and Presenting Antigens 638 T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity 639 B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity 642 Immunological Memory 643 24.5 Aging and the Immune System 645 Exhibit 24.5 Contributions of the Lymphatic System and Immunity to Homeostasis 646 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Lymphatic System 647 25 The Respiratory System 651 25.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 652 25.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 653 Nose 653 Pharynx 654 Larynx 654 Trachea 656 Bronchi and Bronchioles 656 Lungs 657 25.3 Pulmonary Ventilation 660 Muscles of Inhalation and Exhalation 661 Pressure Changes During Ventilation 662 Lung Volumes and Capacities 662 Breathing Patterns and Modified Respiratory Movements 664 25.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 664 External Respiration: Pulmonary Gas Exchange 665 Internal Respiration: Systemic Gas Exchange 665 25.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 667 Oxygen Transport 667 Dioxide Transport 667 25.6 Control of Respiration 667 Respiratory Center 668 Regulation of the Respiratory Center 669 25.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 671 25.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 671 Exhibit 25.1 Contributions of the Respiratory System to Homeostasis 672 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Respiratory System 673 26 The Digestive System 677 26.1 Overview of the Digestive System 678 26.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 679 26.3 Mouth 681 Tongue 681 Salivary Glands 682 Teeth 682 Digestion in the Mouth 683 26.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 683 26.5 Stomach 685 Structure of the Stomach 686 Digestion and Absorption in the Stomach 687 26.6 Pancreas 688 Structure of the Pancreas 688 Pancreatic Juice 688 26.7 Liver and Gallbladder 688 Structure of the Liver and Gallbladder 688 Blood Supply of the Liver 690 Bile 690 Functions of the Liver 691 26.8 Small Intestine 692 Structure of the Small Intestine 692 Intestinal Juice 694 Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine 694 Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine 694 Absorption in the Small Intestine 695 26.9 Large Intestine 697 Structure of the Large Intestine 697 Digestion and Absorption in the Large Intestine 700 The Defecation Reflex 700 26.10 Phases of Digestion 700 Cephalic Phase 700 Gastric Phase 700 Intestinal Phase 701 26.11 Aging and the Digestive System 701 Exhibit 26.1 The Digestive System and Homeostasis 702 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Digestive System 703 27 Nutrition and Metabolism 707 27.1 Nutrients 708 Guidelines for Healthy Eating 708 Minerals 709 Vitamins 710 27.2 Metabolism 711 Carbohydrate Metabolism 714 Lipid Metabolism 716 Protein Metabolism 718 27.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 719 Measuring Heat 719 Body Temperature Homeostasis 719 Regulation of Body Temperature 720 Key Medical Terms Associated with Nutrition and Metabolism 722 28 The Urinary System 726 28.1 Overview of the Urinary System 727 28.2 Structure of the Kidneys 728 External Anatomy of the Kidneys 728 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 728 Renal Blood Supply 728 Nephrons 729 28.3 Functions of the Nephron 732 Glomerular Filtration 732 Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 734 Components of Urine 736 28.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 737 Ureters 737 Urinary Bladder 737 Urethra 737 Micturition 738 28.5 Aging and the Urinary System 739 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Urinary System 739 Exhibit 28.1 The Urinary System and Homeostasis 740 29 The Reproductive Systems 744 29.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 745 29.2 Male Reproductive System 745 Scrotum 745 Testes 745 Ducts 749 Accessory Sex Glands 750 Penis 752 29.3 Female Reproductive System 752 Ovaries 752 Uterine Tubes 755 Uterus 755 Vagina 756 Perineum and Vulva 756 Mammary Glands 758 29.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 759 Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle 759 Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle 759 29.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 763 Exhibit 29.1 The Reproductive Systems and Homeostasis 765 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Reproductive Systems 766 Appendix A: Measurements A1 Appendix B: Periodic Table B3 Appendix C: Answers C4 Glossary G1 Credits CR1 Index I1

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Book SynopsisThis text is an unbound, binder-ready edition. Visualizing Human Biology Lab Manual provides 18 labs specifically designed for the non-majors biology student, each of which engages students by focusing on the structure and function of each person's own unique body. The lab manual includes key experiments with step-by-step visual guides and more interesting, real world topics to connect with students' diverse experiences. Visuals are used to teach and explain, not just illustrate, and students with varied learning styles will be engaged. The applications of common laboratory techniques in science, medicine, and everyday life are also explored in each lab topic.Table of ContentsPreface v Lab 1 Using the Scientific Method in Everyday Life 1-1 Exercise 1.1 Testing the Chemical Content of Different Water Samples 1-4 Exercise 1.2 Comparing the Taste and Smell of Different Water Samples 1-6 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 1.3 Testing the Effectiveness of Hand Washing 1-9 Lab 2 Observing Cells with Light Microscopy 2-1 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.1 Observing Skin with Light Microscopy 2-8 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.2 Observing Hair with Light Microscopy 2-12 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.3 Observing Cheek Cells through a Compound Microscope 2-15 Exercise 2.4 Observing Prepared Tissue Slides 2-18 Lab 3 Observing Body Tissues 3-1 Exercise 3.1 Identifying Epithelial Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-4 Exercise 3.2 Identifying Muscle Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-8 Exercise 3.3 Identifying Nervous Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-11 Exercise 3.4 Identifying Connective Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-12 Lab 4 The Chemistry of Life 4-1 Exercise 4.1 Testing for Reducing Sugars with Benedict’s Reagant 4-5 Exercise 4.2 Testing for Starch with Iodine Reagent 4-7 Exercise 4.3 Testing for Proteins with Biuret Reagent 4-8 Exercise 4.4 Testing for Lipids with the Sudan IV Test 4-9 Exercise 4.5 Testing for DNA with the Dische Diphenylamine Test 4-11 Lab 5 The Digestive System 5-1 Exercise 5.1 Gross Anatomy of the Digestive System 5-2 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 5.2 Determining the Specificity of Lactase 5-7 Exercise 5.3 Effects of pH on Trypsin Activity 5-10 Exercise 5.4 Effects of Temperature on Amylase Activity 5-13 Exercise 5.5 Effects of Bile on Lipase Activity 5-15 Exercise 5.6 Disorders of the Digestive System 5-18 Lab 6 The Cardiovascular System 6-1 Exercise 6.1 Characteristics of a Normal Blood Smear 6-3 Exercise 6.2 Blood Disorders 6-3 Exercise 6.3 Gross Anatomy of the Heart 6-9 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 6.4 Listening to Your Heartbeat 6-12 Exercise 6.5 Determining Pulse Rate 6-15 Exercise 6.6 Tracing Blood Flow through the Cardiovascular System 6-19 Exercise 6.7 Identifying Arteries and Veins on a Microscope Slide 6-22 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 6.8 Determining Your Blood Pressure 6-25 Exercise 6.9 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 6-27 Lab 7 The Respiratory System 7-1 Exercise 7.1 Gross Anatomy of the Respiratory System 7-2 Exercise 7.2 Histology of the Respiratory System 7-7 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 7.3 Listening to Lung Sounds 7-9 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 7.4 Visualizing the Effects of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide on pH 7-11 Exercise 7.5 Measuring Respiratory Volumes with Spirometry 7-16 Exercise 7.6 Disorders of the Respiratory System 7-17 Lab 8 The Urinary System 8-1 Exercise 8.1 Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System 8-3 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.2 Filtering Blood through a Semipermeable Membrane 8-8 Exercise 8.3 Histology of the Urinary System 8-14 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4 Urinalysis 8-17 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4A Performing Urinalysis on Your Own Urine Sample 8-17 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4B Performing Urinalysis on Simulated Urine Sample 8-19 Exercise 8.5 Urological Disorders 8-21 Lab 9 The Reproductive System 9-1 Exercise 9.1 Gross Anatomy of the Reproductive System 9-4 Exercise 9.2 Histology of the Reproductive System 9-11 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 9.3 Observing Sperm Motility 9-17 Exercise 9.4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 9-24 Lab 10 The Nervous System 10-1 Exercise 10.1 Histology of Nervous Tissue 10-4 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.2 Nerve Conduction in the Human Body 10-5 Exercise 10.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System 10-12 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.4 Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body 10-18 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.5 Testing Your Reflexes 10-24 Exercise 10.6 Disorders of the Nervous System 10-27 Lab 11 The Special Senses 11-1 Exercise 11.1 Testing the Relationship between Taste and Smell 11-3 Exercise 11.2 The Two-Point Discrimination Test 11-6 Exercise 11.3 Ear Anatomy 11-11 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.4 Examining the Ears with an Otoscope 11-13 Exercise 11.5 Sound Localization 11-18 Exercise 11.6 Eye Anatomy 11-23 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.7 Examining the Eyes with an Ophthalmoscope 11-25 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.8 Near-Point Accommodation Test 11-28 Lab 12 The Skeletal System 12-1 Exercise 12.1 Histology of Skeletal Tissues 12-4 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 12.2 Testing the Effects of Chemicals on Bone Strength 12-11 Exercise 12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton 12-19 Exercise 12.3A Identifying Bones in the Skull 12-20 Exercise 12.3B Identifying Vertebrae 12-22 Exercise 12.3C Identifying Bones in the Ribcage 12-23 Exercise 12.4 Gross Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton 12-26 Exercise 12.4A Identifying Bones in the Pectoral Girdles and Upper Limbs 12-28 Exercise 12.4B Identifying Bones in the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs 12-30 Exercise 12.5 Identifying Bone Fractures on X-Rays 12-36 Lab 13 The Muscular System 13-1 Exercise 13.1 Histology of Skeletal Muscles 13-4 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 13.2 Observing Muscle Contraction 13-8 Exercise 13.3 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System 13-20 Exercise 13.4 Disorders of the Muscular System 13-26 Lab 14 Human Genetics 14-1 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 14.1 Extracting DNA from Cheek Cells 14-3 Exercise 14.2 Examining Chromosomes on a Microscope Slide 14-5 Exercise 14.3 Examining Traits with Simple Inheritance Patterns 14-7 Exercise 14.4 Identifying Different Modes of Inheritance 14-10 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 14.5 Blood Typing 14-12 Exercise 14.6 Two Sides of the Story: Living with a Chromosomal Abnormality and Diagnosing a Chromosomal Abnormality 14-18 Lab 15 DNA Fingerprinting 15-1 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.1 Pouring an Agarose Gel 15-5 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.2 Gel Electrophoresis 15-6 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.3 Staining an Agarose Gel 15-10 Exercise 15.4 Analyzing DNA Fingerprints 15-12 Lab 16 Cancer 16-1 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 16.1 Performing an Invasion Assay 16-3 Exercise 16.2 Evaluating Tissue Biopsies 16-15 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 16.3 Identifying Mutagens with the Ames Test 16-21 Lab 17 Microorganisms and the Human Body 17-1 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.1 Detecting Microorganisms in the Environment 17-4 Exercise 17.2 Identifying Bacteria in a Blood Smear 17-11 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.3 Observing Bacteria in Dental Plaque 17-12 Exercise 17.4 Classifying Bacteria Based on Shape, Arrangement, and Gram Stain Results 17-17 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.5 Observing Bacteria in Yogurt 17-22 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.6 Simulating the Transmission of an Infectious Disease 17-25 Exercise 17.7 Interpreting Results from the Kirby-Bauer Test 17-29 Lab 18 Evolution 18-1 Exercise 18.1 Comparing Hominid Skeletons 18-4 Exercise 18.2 Environmental Adaptations 18-9 Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 18.3 Evolution of a Bacterial Population 18-13 Exercise 18.4 Comparative Embryology 18-24 Line Art and Text Credits L-1 Photo Credits P-1

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Book SynopsisHuman Stem Cell Technology & Biology: A Research Guide and Laboratory Manual integrates readily accessible text, electronic and video components with the aim of effectively communicating the critical information needed to understand and culture human embryonic stem cells. Key Features: An authoritative, comprehensive, multimedia training manual for stem cell researchers Easy to follow step-by-step laboratory protocols and instructional videos provide a valuable resource A must-have for developing laboratory course curriculums, training courses, and workshops in stem cell biology Perspectives written by the world leaders in the field Introductory chapters will provide background information The volume will be a valuable reference resource for both experienced investigators pursuing stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell research as well as those new to this field.Trade Review"The topic is intrinsically fascinating and clinically relevant ... I recommend this book for novice and experienced scientists interested in stem cell biology. It will serve as an excellent reference manual and practical laboratory workbook." (Doody's, 17 February 2012) "We would recommend this readable and well-organised book to all laboratories dealing with human ES cells ... This book will act as an excellent guide." (Development Journal, 1 December 2011) Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Editors and Contributors. SECTION I: INTRODUCTION. 1 Introduction to Pluripotent Stem Cells: Biology and Applications (Maria Borowski and Gary S. Stein). 2 Researching and Obtaining Established Stem Cell Lines (Mai X. Luong, Kelly P. Smith, and Gary S. Stein). SECTION II: LABORATORY GUIDE FOR HUMAN STEM CELL CULTURE: PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL CULTURE. 3 Basics of Cell Culture (Alicia Allaire, Mai X. Luong, and Kelly P. Smith). 4 The Stem Cell Laboratory (Alicia Allaire, Mai X. Luong, and Kelly P. Smith). 5 Reagent Preparation (Alicia Allaire, Mai X. Luong, and Kelly P. Smith). 6 Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts for Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Meng-Jiao Shi, Maria Borowski, and Kimberly Stencel). 7 Thawing and Seeding of Frozen Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (Meng-Jiao Shi, Maria Borowski, and Kimberly Stencel). 8 Thawing, Seeding, and Changing the Medium of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Meng-Jiao Shi, Kimberly Stencel, and Maria Borowski). 9 Passaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells on Inactivated Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Plates (Meng-Jiao Shi, Kimberly Stencel, and Maria Borowski). 10 Harvesting Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Cryopreservation (Meng-Jiao Shi, Kimberly Stencel, and Maria Borowski). 11 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Culture on BD Matrigel™with mTeSR®1 Medium (Meng-Jiao Shi, Kimberly Stencel, and Maria Borowski). SECTION III: LABORATORY GUIDE FOR HUMAN STEM CELL CULTURE: CHARACTERIZATION OF PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. 12 Defining Pluripotency (Kelly P. Smith and Mai X. Luong). 13 Characterization of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunofluorescence Microscopy (Shirwin M. Pockwinse and Prachi N. Ghule). 14 Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Samples for Flow Cytometry (Meng-Jiao Shi, Kimberly Stencel, and Maria Borowski). 15 Characterization of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Gene Expression Using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (Alicia Allaire, Kelly P. Smith, and Mai X. Luong). 16 Determining Pluripotency of Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Embryoid Body Formation (Shirwin M. Pockwinse and Prachi N. Ghule). 17 Characterization of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Cytogenetics: Karyotyping and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (Shirwin M. Pockwinse, Prachi N. Ghule and Anne Higgins). 18 High-Resolution Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay (Beatriz Perez-Cadahıa, Bojan Drobic, and James R. Davie). 19 Assaying Pluripotency Via Teratoma Formation (M. William Lensch and Tan A. Ince). SECTION IV: PERSPECTIVES IN HUMAN STEM CELL TECHNOLOGIES. 20 Genomic Analysis of Pluripotent Stem Cells (David Lapointe). 21 Proteomic Analysis of Human Pluripotent Cells (Andy T. Y. Lau, Yan-Ming Xu, and Jen-Fu Chiu). 22 Bioinformatics Strategies for Understanding Gene Expression in Human Pluripotent Cells (Gustavo Glusman, Bruz Marzolf, Kai Wang, Ji-Hoon Cho, Burak Kutlu, and Qiang Tian). 23 Epigenetic Analysis of Pluripotent Cells (Mojgan Rastegar, Genevieve P. Delcuve, and James R. Davie). 24 Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells: An Overview (Jeremy Micah Crook). 25 Cellular Reprogramming: Current Technology, Perspectives, and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Cells (Tanja Dominko). SECTION V: APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS. 26 Human Pluripotent Cells: The Biology of Pluripotency (Li-Fang Chu and Thomas P. Zwaka). 27 Human Pluripotent Cells for Regenerative Medicine: Potential Applications for Regenerative Medicine (Christopher C. Ford and Darrell N. Kotton). 28 Therapeutic Applications of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Shi-Jiang Lu, Irina Klimanskaya, Edmund Mickunas, and Robert Lanza). 29 Human Stem Cells for Drug Screening, Toxicity, Specificity, and Off-Target Effects (Arnaud Lacoste and Mark Burcin). 30 Interfacing Stem Cells with Gene Therapy (Christian Mueller and Terence R. Flotte). 31 Tissue Engineering for Stem Cell Mediated Regenerative Medicine (Janet Zoldan, Thomas P. Kraehenbuehl, Abigail K. R. Lytton-Jean, Robert S. Langer, and Daniel G. Anderson). Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book details the current and future tools used in the production of bulk chemicals and biofuels developed from renewable biomass using green technologies. It describes in depth the technology used to unravel the complexity of microbial metabolism in order to produce engineering strains at time scales much faster than would occur naturally.Trade Review“This book should be valuable to engineers, biochemists, and students who seek to understand the science and practice of engineering biocatalysts for industrial applications.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 January 2013)Table of ContentsForeword vii John Pierce Preface ix Contributors xi 1 Classical Strain Improvement 1 Nathan Crook and Hal S. Alper 2 Tracer-Based Analysis of Metabolic Flux Networks 35 Michael Dauner 3 Integration of “Omics” Data with Genome-Scale Metabolic Models 77 Stephen Van Dien, Priti Pharkya, and Robin Osterhout 4 Strain Improvement via Evolutionary Engineering 111 Byoungjin Kim, Jing Du, and Huimin Zhao 5 Rapid Fermentation Process Development and Optimization 133 Jun Sun and Lawrence Chew 6 The Clavulanic Acid Strain Improvement Program at DSM Anti-Infectives 169 Bert Koekman and Marcus Hans 7 Metabolic Engineering of Recombinant E. coli for the Production of 3-Hydroxypropionate 185 Tanya Warnecke Lipscomb, Matthew L. Lipscomb, Ryan T. Gill, and Michael D. Lynch 8 Complex System Engineering: A Case Study for an Unsequenced Microalga 201 Michael T. Guarnieri, Lieve M.L. Laurens, Eric P. Knoshaug, Yat-Chen Chou, Bryon S. Donohoe, and Philip T. Pienkos 9 Meiotic Recombination-Based Genome Shuffling of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Schefferomyces Stiptis for Increased Inhibitor Tolerance to Lignocellulosic Substrate Toxicity 233 Dominic Pinel and Vincent J.J. Martin Index 251

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the ecology of viruses by examining their interactive dynamics with their hosting species (in this volume, in animals), including the types of transmission cycles that viruses have evolved encompassing principal and alternate hosts, vehicles and vectoring species.Table of ContentsVOLUME 1. DEDICATION. PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. ATTRIBUTION CREDITS FOR COVER AND SPINE ARTWORK. SECTION I AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF VIRUSES. 1 Defining the Ecology of Viruses (Christon J. Hurst). 2 An Introduction to Viral Taxonomy with Emphasis on Microbial and Botanical Hosts and the Proposal of Akamara, a Potential Domain for the Genomic Acellular Agents (Christon J. Hurst). 3 Virus Morphology, Replication, and Assembly (Debi P. Nayak). 4 The (Co)Evolutionary Ecology of Viruses (Michael J. Allen). SECTION II VIRUSES OF OTHER MICROORGANISMS. 5 Bacteriophage and Viral Ecology as Seen Through the Lens of Nucleic Acid Sequence Data (Eric Sakowski, William Kress, and K. Eric Wommack). 6 Viruses of Cyanobacteria (Lauren D. McDaniel). 7 Viruses of Eukaryotic Algae (William H. Wilson and Michael J. Allen). 8 Viruses of Seaweeds (Declan C. Schroeder). 9 The Ecology and Evolution of Fungal Viruses (Michael G. Milgroom and Bradley I. Hillman). 10 Prion Ecology (Reed B. Wickner). SECTION III VIRUSES OF MACROSCOPIC PLANTS. 11 Ecology of Plant Viruses, with Special Reference to Geminiviruses (Basavaprabhu L. Patil and Claude M. Fauquet). 12 Viroids and Viroid Diseases of Plants (Ricardo Flores, Francesco Di Serio, Beatriz Navarro, Nuria Duran-Vila, and Robert A. Owens). INDEX. VOLUME 2. DEDICATION. PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. ATTRIBUTION CREDITS FOR COVER AND SPINE ARTWORK. SECTION I AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF VIRUSES. 1 Defining the Ecology of Viruses (Christon J. Hurst). 2 An Introduction to Viral Taxonomy with Emphasis on Animal Hosts and the Proposal of Akamara, a Potential Domain for the Genomic Acellular Agents (Christon J. Hurst). 3 Virus Morphology, Replication, and Assembly (Debi P. Nayak). 4 The (Co)evolutionary Ecology of Viruses (Michael J. Allen). SECTION II VIRUSES OF MACROSCOPIC ANIMALS. 5 Coral Viruses (William H. Wilson). 6 Viruses Infecting Marine Molluscs (Tristan Renault). 7 The Viral Ecology of Aquatic Crustaceans (Leigh Owens). 8 Viruses of Fish (Audun Helge Nerland, Aina-Cathrine Overgard, and Sonal Patel). 9 Ecology of Viruses Infecting Ectothermic Vertebrates The Impact of Ranavirus Infections on Amphibians (V. Gregory Chinchar, Jacques Robert, and Andrew T. Storfer). 10 Viruses of Insects (Declan C. Schroeder). 11 Viruses of Terrestrial Mammals (Laura D. Kramer and Norma P. Tavakoli). 12 Viruses of Cetaceans (Marie-Franc,oise Van Bressem and Juan A. Raga). 13 The Relationship Between Humans, Their Viruses, and Prions (Christon J. Hurst). 14 Ecology of Avian Viruses (Josanne H. Verhagen, Ron A.M. Fouchier, and Vincent J. Munster). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis manual consists of 30+ experiments that coincide and complement each of the 18 chapters in the Karp text (978-1-1182-0673-7.) There are three possible designs of the lab book, based on the instructor''s needs. These designs focus on either Techniques, Concepts, or Organelles. The procedures of the 30+ experiments remain standard and unchanged in all designs of the lab book. Special Overview pages, Discussion Questions and Datasheets bookend the procedures in order to create each of the possible textbook designs. This gives instructors flexibility to create a lab book that suits their lecture course curriculum, their experience, and available equipment and supplies.Table of ContentsIntroduction vii Acknowledgment ix 1 Introduction and Microscopy 1(Karp chapter 1 & 18) 2 Enzyme Kinetics 11(Karp chapter 3 & 11) 3 Membrane Permeability 19(Karp chapter 4) 4 Protein Transport to the Plasma Membrane 27(Karp chapter 4 & 8) 5 Cell Fractionation 33(Karp chapter 5 & 12) 6 Isolation and Activity of Mitochondria 41(Karp chapter 3 & 5) 7 Staining of the Extracellular Space 49(Karp chapter 7) 8 Protoplast Isolation and Vacuole Staining 57(Karp chapter 8) 9 Isolation of Vacuoles 65(Karp chapter 8) 10 Staining of Autophagosomes and Lysosomes 71(Karp chapter 8) 11 Staining of the Cytoskeleton 77(Karp chapter 9) 12 Cell Motility 85(Karp chapter 9) 13 Staining of the Nucleus and Nucleic Acids 95(Karp chapter 12) 14 Staining of Chromosome and Cell Cycle Analysis 105(Karp chapter 14) 15 Staining for Cell Viability and Apoptosis 113(Karp chapter 15 & 16) 16 Staining of Immune Cells 121(Karp chapter 17) 17 Protein Isolation, Fractionation, and SDS-PAGE 131(Karp chapter 18) 18 Genomic DNA Isolation, Purification, and the Polymerase Chain Reaction 139(Karp chapter 18) 19 Ligation and Cloning 145(Karp chapter 18) 20 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 151(Karp chapter 10 & 18) 21 Staining of Peroxisomes* 157(Karp chapter 5) 22 Short-Term Aggregation Culture* 163(Karp chapter 7) 23 Staining of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus* 171(Karp chapter 8) 24 The Endocytic Pathway (FM4-64 Staining)* 179(Karp chapter 4 & 8) 25 Detection of MAP Kinase Signaling* 187(Karp chapter 15) 26 Cancer* 193(Karp chapter 16) 27 Western Blot* 197(Karp chapter 18) 28 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* 203(Karp chapter 18) 29 Southern and Northern Blotting* 211(Karp chapter 18) 30 Using Online Research Tools* 217(Karp chapter 10 & 11) Appendix A: A Guide to Staining Techniques & Photomicroscopy (Available online at www.wiley.com/college/contento) Appendix B: Careers in Cell Biology(Available online at www.wiley.com/college/contento) Instructor’s Notes(Available online at www.wiley.com/college/contento) Index 223

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Book SynopsisThe premiere two-volume reference on revelations from studying complex microbial communities in many distinct habitats Metagenomics is an emerging field that has changed the way microbiologists study microorganisms. It involves the genomic analysis of microorganisms by extraction and cloning of DNA from a group of microorganisms, or the direct use of the purified DNA or RNA for sequencing, which allows scientists to bypass the usual protocol of isolating and culturing individual microbial species. This method is now used in laboratories across the globe to study microorganism diversity and for isolating novel medical and industrial compounds. Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology is the first comprehensive two-volume reference to cover unculturable microorganisms in a large variety of habitats, which could not previously have been analyzed without metagenomic methodology. It features review articles as well as a large number of case studies, based largely on oTrade Review"Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology II is an invaluable reference for researchers in metagenomics, microbial ecology, microbiology; those working on the Human Microbiome Project; microbial geneticists; and professionals in molecular microbiology and bioinformatics." (Bois et Forets des Tropiques, 2011)“Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology II is an invaluable reference for researchers in metagenomics, microbial ecology, microbiology; those working on the Human Microbiome Project; microbial geneticists; and professionals in molecular microbiology and bioinformatics.” (Bois et Forets des Tropiques, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xv 1. Introduction 1 Frans J. de Bruijn Part 1 Viral Genomes 2. Viral Metagenomics 5 Shannon J. Williamson 3. Methods in Viral Metagenomics 15 Rebecca Vega Thurber 4. Metagenomic Contrasts of Viruses in Soil and Aquatic Environments 25 K. Eric Wommack, Sharath Srinivasiah, Mark R. Liles, Jaysheel Bhavsar, Shellie Bench, Kurt E. Williamson, and Shawn W. Polson 5. Biodiversity and Biogeography of Phages in Modern Stromatolites and Thrombolites 37 Christelle Desnues, Beltran Rodriguez-Brito, Steve Rayhawk, Scott Kelley, Tuong Tran, Matthew Haynes, Hong Liu, Mike Furlan, Linda Wegley, Betty Chau, Yijun Ruan, Dana Hall, Florent E. Angly, Robert A. Edwards, Linlin Li, Rebecca Vega Thurber, R. Pamela Reid, Janet Siefert, Valeria Souza, David L. Valentine, Brandon K. Swan, Mya Breitbart, and Forest Rohwer 6. Assembly of Viral Metagenomes from Yellowstone Hot Springs Reveals Phylogenetic Relationships and Host Co-Evolution 45 Thomas W. Schoenfeld and David Mead 7. Next-Generation Sequencing and Metagenomic Analysis: A Universal Diagnostic Tool in Plant Pathology 63 Ian P. Adams, Rachel H. Glover, Wendy A. Monger, Richard Thwaites, Rick Mumford, Elena Jackeviciene, Meletele Navalinskiene, Marija Samuitiene, and Neil Boonham 8. Direct Metagenomic Detection of Viral Pathogens in Human Specimens Using an Unbiased High-Throughput Sequencing Approach 73 Takaaki Nakaya, Shota Nakamura, Yoshiko Okamoto, Yoshiyuki Nagai, Jun Kawai, Yoshihide Hayashizaki, Tetsuya Iida, and Toshihiro Horii Part 2 The Soil Habitat 9. Soil-Based Metagenomics 83 Rolf Daniel 10. Methods in Metagenomic DNA, RNA, and Protein Isolation from Soil 93 T. Rajesh, J. Rajendhran, P. Lavanya Pushpam, and P. Gunasekaran 11. Soil Microbial DNA Purification Strategies for Multiple Metagenomic Applications 109 Larissa C. Parsley, Chengcang Wu, David Mead, Robert M. Goodman, and Mark R. Liles 12. Application of PCR-DGGE and MetagenomeWalking to Retrieve Full-Length Functional Genes from Soil 117 Sho Morimoto and Takeshi Fujii 13. Actinobacterial Diversity Associated with Antarctic Dry Valley Mineral Soils 125 Bronwyn M. Kirby, Marilize Le Roes-Hill, S. Craig Cary, Stephanie G. Burton, I. Marla Tuffin, and Don A. Cowan 14. Targeting Major Soil-Borne Bacterial Lineages Using Large-Insert Metagenomic Approaches 135 Anna M. Kielak and George A. Kowalchuk 15. Novelty and Uniqueness Patterns of Rare Members of the Soil Biosphere 143 Mostafa S. Elshahed and Noha H. Youssef 16. Extensive Phylogenetic Analysis of a Soil Bacterial Community Illustrates Extreme Taxon Evenness and the Effects of Amplicon Length, Degree of Coverage, and DNA Fractionation on Classification and Ecological Parameters 151 Sergio E. Morales, Theodore F. Cosart, Jesse V. Johnson, and William E. Holben 17. The Antibiotic Resistome: Origins, Diversity, and Future Prospects 165 Erin L.Westman and Gerard D.Wright Part 3 The Digestive Tract 18. Functional Intestinal Metagenomics 177 Bartholomeus van den Bogert, Milkha M. Leimena, Willem M. de Vos, Erwin G. Zoetendal, and Michiel Kleerebezem 19. Assessment and Improvement of Methods for Microbial DNA Preparation from Fecal Samples 191 Mariko Ueno, Mami Kikuchi, Kenshiro Oshima, Seok-won Kim, Hidetoshi Morita, and Masahira Hattori 20. The Role of Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 199 Johan Dicksved and Ben Willing 21. Culture-Independent Analysis of the Human Gut Microbiota and their Activities 207 Jonathan Swann, Selena E. Richards, Qing Shen, Elaine Holmes, Julian R. Marchesi, and Kieran Tuohy 22. Complete Genome of an Uncultured Endosymbiont Coupling Nitrogen Fixation to Cellulolysis within Protist Cells in Termite Gut 221 Yuichi Hongoh 23. Cloning and Identification of Genes Encoding Acidic Cellulases from the Metagenomes of Buffalo Rumen 229 Cheng-Jie Duan, Jun-Liang Liu, and Jia-Xun Feng Part 4 Marines and Lakes 24. Microbial Diversity in the Deep Sea and the Underexplored “Rare Biosphere” 245 David B. Mark Welch and Susan M. Huse 25. Bacterial Community Structure and Dynamics in a Seasonally Anoxic Fjord: Saanich Inlet, British Columbia 253 David A. Walsh and Steven J. Hallam 26. Adaptation to Nutrient Availability in Marine Microorganisms by Gene Gain and Loss 269 Adam C. Martiny, Ying Huang, and Weizhong Li 27. Detection of Large Numbers of Novel Sequences in the Metatranscriptomes of Complex Marine Microbial Communities 277 Jack A. Gilbert, Dawn Field, Ying Huang, Robert A. Edwards, Weizhong Li, Paul Gilna, and Ian Joint 28. Metagenomic Approach Studying the Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Bacterial Community in a Lacustrine Ecosystem 287 Didier Debroas, Fran¸cois Enault, Isabelle Jouan-Dufournel, Gis`ele Bronner, and Jean-Fran¸cois Humbert 29. Metagenomics of the Marine Subsurface: The First Glimpse from the Peru Margin, ODP Site 1229 295 Jennifer F. Biddle 30. A Targeted Metagenomic Approach to Determine the “Population Genome” of Marine Synechococcus 301 Sophie Mazard, Martin Ostrowski, Laurence Garczarek, and David J. Scanlan 31. Diversity and Role of Bacterial Integron/Gene Cassette Metagenome in Extreme Marine Environments 309 Hosam Elsaied and Akihiko Maruyama Part 5 Other Habitats 32. The Olavius algarvensis Metagenome Revisited: Lessons Learned from the Analysis of the Low-Diversity Microbial Consortium of a Gutless Marine Worm 321 Manuel Kleiner, Tanja Woyke, Caroline Ruehland, and Nicole Dubilier 33. Microbiome Diversity in Human Saliva 335 Ivan Nasidze and Mark Stoneking 34. Approaches to Understanding Population Level Functional Diversity in a Microbial Community 341 Devaki Bhaya 35. A Functional Metagenomic Approach for Discovering Nickel Resistance Genes from the Rhizosphere of an Acid Mine Drainage Environment 355 Salvador Mirete, Carolina G. de Figueras, and Jose E. Gonz´alez-Pastor 36. The Microbiome of Leaf-Cutter Ant Fungus Gardens 367 Garret Suen, Jarrod J. Scott, Frank O. Aylward, and Cameron R. Currie 37. Diversity of Archaea in Terrestrial Hot Springs and Role in Ammonia Oxidation 381 Chuanlun L. Zhang, Brian P. Hedlund, and Jun Meng 38. Colonization of Nascent, Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents by a Novel Archaeal and Nanoarchaeal Assemblage 395 Thomas D. Niederberger, Elizabeth A. McCliment, and S. Craig Cary 39. Analysis of the Metagenome from a Biogas-Producing Microbial Community by Means of Bioinformatics Methods 403 Sebastian Jaenicke, Martha Zakrzewski, Sebastian J¨unemann, Alfred P¨uhler, Alexander Goesmann, and Andreas Schl¨uter 40. Amplicon Pyrosequencing Analysis of Endosymbiont Population Structure 415 Frank J. Stewart and Colleen M. Cavanaugh 41. Investigating Bacterial Diversity Along Alkaline Hot-Spring Thermal Gradients by Barcoded Pyrosequencing 423 Scott R. Miller and Michael Weltzer 42. Genetic Characterization of Microbial Communities Living at the Surface of Building Stones 429 Ma¨ıt´e Berdoulay and Jean-Claude Salvado Part 6 Biodegradation 43. Novel Aromatic Degradation Pathway Genes and their Organization as Revealed by Metagenomic Analysis 439 Kentaro Miyazaki 44. Functional Screening a Wide Host-Range Metagenomic Library from a Wastewater Treatment Plant Yields a Novel Alcohol/Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 451 Margaret Wexler, Philip L. Bond, David J. Richardson, and Andrew W. B. Johnston 45. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation Genes from Chronically Polluted Subantarctic Marine Sediments 461 Hebe M. Dionisi, Mariana Lozada, Magal´ı S. Marcos, Walter D. Di Marzio, and Claudia L. Loviso 46. Isolation and Characterization of Alkane Hydroxylases from a Metagenomic Library of Pacific Deep-Sea Sediment 475 Fengping Wang, Meixiang Xu, and Xiang Xiao Part 7 Biocatalysts and Natural Products 47. Emerging Fields in Functional Metagenomics and Its Industrial Relevance: Overcoming Limitations and Redirecting the Search for Novel Biocatalysts 483 Mirjam Perner, Nele Ilmberger, Hans Ulrich K¨ohler, Jennifer Chow, and Wolfgang R. Streit 48. Carboxylesterases and Lipases from Metagenomes 499 Jennifer Chow, Ulrich Krauss, Karl-Erich Jaeger, and Wolfgang R. Streit 49. Expanding Small-Molecule Functional Metagenomics through Parallel Screening of Broad Host-Range Cosmid Environmental DNA Libraries in Diverse Proteobacteria 507 Jeffrey W. Craig and Sean F. Brady 50. Biomedicinals from the Microbial Metagenomes of Marine Invertebrates 517 Walter C. Dunlap, Paul F. Long, and Marcel Jaspars 51. Molecular Characterization of TEM-Type Beta-Lactamases Identified in Cold-Seep Sediments of Edison Seamount (South of Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea) 545 Sang Hee Lee and Jung-Hyun Lee 52. Identification of Novel Bioactive Compounds from the Metagenome of the Marine Sponge Haliclona simulans 553 David P. H. Lejon, Jonathan Kennedy, and Alan D. W. Dobson 53. Functional Viral Metagenomics and the Development of New Enzymes for DNA and RNA Amplification and Sequencing 563 Thomas W. Schoenfeld, Nick Hermersmann, Mike Moser, Darby Renneckar, Vinay Dhodda, and David Mead Part 8 Summary 54. Metagenomics: The Paths Forward 581 C. Titus Brown and James M. Tiedje 55. Darwin in the Twenty-First Century: Natural Selection, Molecular Biology, and Species Concepts 589 Francisco J. Ayala Index 597

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Book SynopsisAn integrative view of the evolution of genetics and the natural world Even in this advanced age of genomics, the evolutionary process of unicellular and multicellular organisms is continually in debate. Evolutionary Biology, CellCell Communication, and Complex Disease challenges current wisdom by using physiology to present an integrative view of the nature, origins, and evolution of fundamental biological systems. Providing a deeper understanding of the way genes relate to the traits of living organisms, this book offers useful information applying evolutionary biology, functional genomics, and cell communication studies to complex disease. Examining the 4.5 billion-year evolution process from environment adaptations to cell-cell communication to communication of genetic information for reproduction, Evolutionary Biology hones in on the why and how of evolution by uniquely focusing on the cell as the smallest unit of biologic structure and function. Based on empiricTrade Review"…the book offers the biology-savvy reader with interesting insights into the contribution of cell-cell interactions to the development and evolution of phenotypes. Given the technical nature of the subject, this book will have particular appeal among researchers and students of cellular and molecular biology and among evolutionary biologists interested in the pathways linking genes to phenotypes. In keeping with the complexity of the topic, there is much to digest here, and readers knowledgeable in these fields will find interesting food for thought.” (Quarterly Reviews in Biology, 1 July 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xiii 1 THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES 1 The Origins of Unicellular Life on Earth 1 Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes 4 Coevolution of traits 5 Cholesterol Facilitates Lipid Rafts for Cell–Cell Communication 7 The Endomembrane System 9 The Cellular Mechanism of Evolution 10 Why Evolve? 11 Cell–Cell Communication and Aging 12 2 REDUCING LUNG PHYSIOLOGY TO ITS MOLECULAR PHENOTYPES 17 Hormonal Acceleration of Lung Development 17 Neutral Lipid Traffi cking and Lung Evolution 19 Other Examples of Cellular Cooperativity 23 Summary 24 3 A CELL–MOLECULAR STRATEGY FOR SOLVING THE EVOLUTIONARY PUZZLE 25 Rationale for Cell–Molecular Evolution 25 Mechanism of Mammalian Lung Development 28 Avian Lung Structure–Function Relationship: The Exception that Proves the Rule 32 Does Ontogeny Recapitulate Phylogeny? The Role of PTHrP in Lung Development 32 Interrelationship between PTHrP, Development, Physiology, and Repair: Is Repair a Recapitulation of Ontogeny and Phylogeny? 33 4 THE EVOLUTION OF CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION 35 Cell–Cell Communication as the Mechanistic Basis for Evolutionary Biology 36 The Darwinian Biologic Spacetime Continuum and Einstein’s Vision of the Universe 37 Reverse Engineering of Physiologic Traits as a Portal for Viewing Evolution 38 Cell–Cell Communication as the Basis for the Evolution of Metazoans 41 Understanding Lung Evolution from the Middle Out 42 The Cell–Cell Communication Model of Lung Evolution Traces Contemporary Phenotypes Back to Ancestral Phenotypes 43 Predictive Value of the Lung Cell–Cell Communication Model for Understanding the Evolution of Physiologic Systems 44 Sexual Dimorphism of Lung Development: A Case Study in Cell–Cell Communication and Evolutionary Plasticity 46 Androgen Affects the Expression of Growth Factors Involved in Lung Development 48 Evidence for an Association between Steroid-Resistant/Responsive Phenotypes and Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) Haplotypes 49 5 HOW TO INTEGRATE CELL-MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT, HOMEOSTASIS, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: THE MISSING LINKS 53 Neutral Theory versus Intelligent Design 54 Internal Selection Theory 54 The Counterintuitive Nature of Physiology and Solution to the Dead Sea Scrolls Puzzle 57 The Continuum from Microevolution to Macroevolution 58 cis Regulation and Adaptive Evolution 69 Evolution of cis Regulatory Mechanisms 70 6 FROM CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION TO THE EVOLUTION OF INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY 75 Cell–cell Signaling and Alveolar Development: A Reductionist Approach to the Evolution of Physiologic Traits 77 An Integrated, Empiric, Middle–Out Approach to Physiology 79 A Molecular Evolutionary Link between the Lung and the Kidney? 82 The Berner Hypothesis and Emergence of the Adipocyte: The Evolutionary Origins of the Lipofi broblast 83 Lung Biology as a Cipher for Evolution 85 Do Stretch Effects on PTHrP Expression Reflect Its Role in Adapting to Gravity? 85 Wolff’s Law Works for Both Bone and Lung 88 Functional Relationship between the External and Internal Environments 89 An Evolutionary Vertical Integration of the Phylogeny and Ontogeny of the Thyroid 91 7 EXPLOITING CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION ACROSS SPACETIME TO DECONSTRUCT EVOLUTION 95 Somewhere between the Gene and the Phenotype Lies the Process of Evolution 98 A Functional Genomic Approach to Evolution as an Example of Terminal Addition 100 Seeking Deep Homologies in Lung Evolution 102 Systems Biology Based on Cell–Cell Communication 105 Vertical Integration of Leptin Signaling, Human Evolution, and the Trojan Horse Effect 108 Leptin and Human Evolution: Food for Thought 109 8 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF BIOLOGY 115 The Prospect of a Periodic Table of Biology 115 Cellular Cooperation Is Key 116 Elemental Biology 118 PTHrP as an Archetype 118 Evolution as the Solution 119 Ramping Up a Mathematical Model of Evolution 121 The Anthropic Principle Results from the Evolution of Cell–Cell Interactions 124 9 VALUE ADDED BY THINKING IN TERMS OF THE CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION MODEL FOR EVOLUTION 125 This is Not a Just-So Story 126 Beyond Genomics 128 From Fat Cells to Integrated Physiology 128 Molecular Homologies Distinguish between the Evolutionary Forest and Trees 129 The Oxygen–Cholesterol–Surfactant–Membrane Connection 130 Cholesterol Metabolism as the Data Operating System for Vertebrate Biology? 131 Translation of Genomics into the Periodic Table for Biology 132 Deep Homologies 134 Selection Pressure for Cell–Cell Communication: The Key to Understanding Evolution 135 10 CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION AS THE BASIS FOR PRACTICING CLINICAL MEDICINE 139 Cell–Cell Communication Maintenance and Breakdown Represent Heath and Disease, Respectively 140 Cell–Cell Communications as a Framework for Human Evolution 140 Canalization, Decanalization, and the Holistic Approach to the Practice of Medicine 141 Exploiting Lung Evolution to Prevent and Treat Chronic Lung Disease 141 Lung Evolution Explains the Magic of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 142 The Paradox of Infecting the Lung in Order to Treat Lung Disease Caused by Infection 143 Exploiting Lung Evolution to Prevent and Treat Smoking-Related Lung Damage 144 The Trojan Horse Effect of Canalization 145 Impetus for Evolutionary Science as an Integral Part of the Clinical Curriculum 146 Application of Evolutionary Science to Bioethics 147 Evolutionary Science, a Biologic Periodic Table, and a Unifi ed Theory of Biology 148 Summary 149 Name Index 151 Subject Index 153

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Book SynopsisThe facts about Lyme disease, from epidemiology to treatment to control Lyme borreliosis, popularly known as Lyme disease, remains the most commonly reported tick-transmitted infection in North America and Europe. A growing body of scientific and clinical evidence has facilitated early diagnosis and effective treatment. Nonetheless, there are a number of misconceptions about this infectious disease that have given rise to unproven, potentially dangerous alternative therapies. In Lyme Borreliosis in Europe and North America, a team of authors whose expertise spans basic research, epidemiology, and clinical practice has compiled evidence-based information on Lyme borreliosis. Presents all the latest evidence needed to diagnose, treat, and prevent Lyme disease Lyme Borreliosis in Europe and North America begins with a review of the disease''s epidemiology, the causative Borrelia genospecies, and tick vectors. It then explores pathogenesis, diagTrade Review“Finally, for those who consider themselves knowledgeable or who otherwise are interested in Lyme borreliosis, this book is an estimable presentation of what is known about Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America.” (Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1 March 2013) "This is an excellent addition to the field, written by experts and well researched and edited . . . The book makes a valuable contribution to the education of healthcare providers, from medical students to infectious disease experts. I highly recommend it." (Doody's, 30 September 2011) Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgment ix Contributors xi 1 THE EMERGENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 1 Sunil K. Sood, Susan O'Connell, and Klaus Weber 2 THE SPIROCHETES AND VECTOR TICKS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN NATURE 37 Joseph Piesman and Pierre-Francois Humair 3 EARLY LYME BORRELIOSIS 53 Vijay K. Sikand and Robert R. Mu¨llegger 4 LYME CARDITIS 81 Fadi A. Haddad and Sunil K. Sood 5 NERVOUS SYSTEM LYME BORRELIOSIS 93 John J. Halperin and Leif Dotevall 6 LYME ARTHRITIS 115 Frank Dressler, Patricia I. Irigoyen, Norman T. Ilowite, and Hans-Iko Huppertz 7 BORRELIAL LYMPHOCYTOMA AND ACRODERMATITIS CHRONICA ATROPHICANS 135 Mark B. Salzman and Robert R. Mullegger 8 LYME BORRELIOSIS COINFECTIONS WITH ANAPLASMA AND BABESIA 149 Paul M. Lantos and Peter J. Krause 9 THE ROLE OF CULTURE AND NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION IN DIAGNOSIS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS 159 Gary P. Wormser and Guiqing Wang 10 SERODIAGNOSIS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS 185 Barbara J. B. Johnson, Maria E. Aguero-Rosenfeld, and Bettina Wilske 11 PROGNOSIS OF PERSONS WITH LYME BORRELIOSIS 213 Eugene D. Shapiro and Sunil K. Sood 12 PREVENTION OF LYME BORRELIOSIS 225 Sunil K. Sood Index 245

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Book SynopsisThe Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni, is a fascinating species that possesses a series of remarkable biological characteristics making it unique among coral reef fishes. It has been the focus of studies in reproduction, ecology, population genetics and evolution. In addition, since its rediscovery in the late 1990s, it has become tremendously popular in the international ornamental fish trade, and indiscriminate collecting has led to its inclusion in the 2007 IUCN Red List as an endangered species. This book is divided into three main parts: a general introduction to the fish, including a historical synopsis with an overview of the Banggai Archipelago; a comprehensive treatment of the species' natural history (distribution, morphology, reproduction, embryology, ecology, genetics, systematics and evolution); an account of the conservation of the species, including descriptions of its fishery, attempts to protect it under CITES, and introduction programmes. The book aTrade Review“An authoritative synthesis of everything we know about this important yet endangered ornamental fish that also plays an important ecological role on Indonesian coral reefs.” (Bulletin of the British Ecological Society, 1 June 2012) Table of ContentsPreface x Acknowledgments xiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Banggai cardinalfish and a long rewarding experience 3 2 Historic Review 6 2.1 The improbable first encounter 6 2.2 Rediscovering the “King of the Cardinalfishes,” and a prophecy realized 8 2.3 Other field studies 9 3 The Banggai Archipelago 11 4 Field Research in the Banggai Islands 21 4.1 Introduction 21 4.2 A challenging first expedition 22 Part II Natural History 29 5 Geographic Distribution 31 5.1 Introduction 31 5.2 The geographic distribution of Pterapogon kauderni within its natural range 33 5.3 The Luwuk population 36 5.4 The north Sulawesi populations 38 5.5 Other exotic populations 39 5.6 Discussion 40 6 General Survey of Morphology 46 6.1 Introduction and some particulars of the soft anatomy 46 6.2 Main osteological characteristics (Figure 6.2a, see Tables 6.1, 6.2 for selected body proportions and counts) 49 7 Reproductive Biology 58 7.1 General aspects of reproduction in Apogonidae 58 7.2 The reproductive biology of Pterapogon kauderni 75 8 Ecology 94 8.1 Main ecological aspects of Apogonidae 94 8.2 Habitat and microhabitat preference of Pterapogon kauderni 95 8.3 Common fish assemblages including Pterapogon kauderni 101 8.4 Group structure 102 8.5 Reproductive ecology 104 8.6 Trophic habits 109 8.7 Likely predators of Pterapogon kauderni 119 8.8 Natural occurrence of parasites in Pterapogon kauderni 120 9 Genetics 123 9.1 Introduction 123 9.2 Genetic structure in Pterapogon kauderni 124 9.3 Possible spot polymorphism 125 10 Systematics and Evolution 128 10.1 Introduction 128 10.2 Taxonomy of Pterapogon kauderni 130 10.3 Recent phylogenetic studies and intergeneric relationships of Pterapogon 131 10.4 Direct development and the Banggai-Australian connection: Could ontogeny and paleogeography provide hints about the origin and intergeneric relationships of Pterapogon? 132 10.5 Evolution of Apogonidae. The case for a freshwater-origin of the family 138 Part III Conservation 145 11 The Fishery of Pterapogon kauderni 147 11.1 Introduction: Pterapogon kauderni, a species particularly susceptible to high collection pressure 147 11.2 The history of the trade 149 11.3 Field surveys and a bleak conservation situation 150 11.4 The capture, handling and shipping of Pterapogon kauderni: high mortality explained 152 12 Conservation of Pterapogon kauderni, a Challenge Still Ahead 158 12.1 The unsuccessful proposal for regulating the capture and trade of Pterapogon kauderni 158 12.2 The real significance of Pterapogon kauderni in the local economy. Why the livelihood of the Banggai people should not be used as an excuse to prevaricate the protection of this species 160 12.3 The potential benefits of and resistance to regulate the capture and trade of Pterapogon kauderni 161 13 The Lembeh Conundrum, from a Careless Action to a Grave Conservation Situation 166 13.1 The “Lembeh population” and its impact in the Lembeh Strait 166 13.2 A word for the hobbyists 170 Part IV Appendix 173 14 Captive Breeding and Rearing of Pterapogon kauderni 175 14.1 Introduction 175 14.2 Reproduction 176 14.3 Nutritional aspects 181 14.4 Diseases: a new viral infection 183 References 186 Index 198 COMPANION WEBSITE This book has a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/vagelli/cardinalfish with Figures and Tables from the book for downloading

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Book SynopsisThis dictionary is intended as a guide to the terminology used in a wide range of animal-related programmes of study including agriculture, animal care, animal management, animal production, animal welfare, veterinary nursing, wildlife conservation and zoo biology. In total it contains over 5,300 entries.Trade ReviewIt's a fine 'must' for any working with animals, especially vet reference collections. (Midwest Book Review, 1 May 2014)Table of ContentsPreface viii Acknowledgements x How to use this book xi A note on classification xii Alphabetical entries 1 Acronyms and abbreviations 315 References 321

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