Description
Book SynopsisAnyone planning on a career in the therapeutic sciences requires a unique foundation in the basic sciences of the human body. This new book offers detailed content on the muscles, skeleton, and nervous system, but also provides the necessary information on other systems.
Table of Contents1.ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 1
1.1 Anatomy and Physiolo Defined 2
1.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 2
1.3 Life Processes 6
1.4 Homeostasis: Maintain Limits 8
1.5 Aging and Homeostasis 12
1.6 Anatomical Terms 12
1.7 Body Cavities 17
1.8 Medical Imaging 20
2 INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 28
2.1 Introduction to Chemistry 29
2.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 35
3 CELLS 47
3.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 48
3.2 Plasma Membrane 49
3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 50
3.4 Cytoplasm 57
3.5 Nucleus 63
3.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 64
3.7 Somatic Cell Division 68
3.8 Cancer 70
3.9 Aging and Cells 72
4 TISSUES 77
4.1 Types of Tissues 78
4.2 Cell Junctions 78
4.3 Epithelial Tissue 79
4.4 Connective Tissue 89
4.5 Membranes 101
4.6 Musular Tissue 102
4.7 Nervous Tissue 104
4.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 105
4.9 Aging and Tissues 106
5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 111
5.1 Structure of the Skin 112
5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 118
5.3 Types of Skin 123
5.4 Functions of the Skin 124
5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 125
5.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 127
5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 130
6.BONE TISSUE 135
6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 136
6.2 Structure of Bone 136
6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 138
6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 141
6.5 Bone Formation 142
6.6 Bone Growth 145
6.7 Bones and Homeostasis 147
6.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 152
7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE AXIAL SKELETON 159
7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 160
7.2 Types of Bones 160
7.3 Bone Surface Markings 162
7.4 Skull 162
7.5 Hyoid Bone 177
7.6 Vertebral Column 177
7.7 Thorax 186
7.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 189
8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 195
8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 196
8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 199
8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 205
8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 209
8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 210
8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 211
9 JOINTS 221
9.1 Joint Classifications 222
9.2 Fibrous Joints 222
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 224
9.4 Synovial Joints 225
9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 230
9.6 Selected Joints of the Body 236
9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 251
9.8 Arthroplasty 252
9.9 Aging and Joints 253
10 MUSCULAR TISSUE 257
10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 258
10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 259
10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 263
10.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 268
10.5 Control of Muscle Tension 270
10.6 Muscle Spasms 273
10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 277
10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 277
10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 278
10.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 279
11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK 284
11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 285
11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 289
11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 289
12 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 316
13 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB 336
14 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM: THE MUSCLES OF THE TORSO 316
14.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 370
14.2 Muscle Interactions 398
15 NERVOUS TISSUE 403
15.1 Overview of the Nervous System 404
15.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 407
15.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 413
15.4 Synaptic Transmission 418
15.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 421
16 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 426
16.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 427
16.2 Spinal Nerves 430
16.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 444
16.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 458
17 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 463
17.1 The Brain 464
17.2 Cranial Nerves 477
17.3 Aging and the Nervous System 479
18 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 483
18.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 484
18.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 484
18.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 486
18.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 491
18.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 492
19 SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES 498
19.1 Overview of Sensations 499
19.2 Somatic Senses 500
19.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 504
19.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 506
19.5 Vision 507
19.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 515
19.7 Aging and the Special Senses 521
20 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 527
20.1 Endocrine Glands 528
20.2 Hormone Action 528
20.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 530
20.4 Thyroid Gland 535
20.5 Parathyroid Glands 538
20.6 Pancreatic Islets 539
20.7 Adrenal Glands 542
20.8 Ovaries and Testes 545
20.9 Pineal Gland 545
20.10 Other Hormones 546
20.11 The Stress Response 547
20.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 547
21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 553
21.1 Functions of Blood 554
21.2 Components of Whole Blood 554
21.3 Hemostasis 563
21.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 566
22 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 571
22.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 572
22.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 579
22.3 Conduction System of the Heart 581
22.4 Electrocardiogram 583
22.5 The Cardiac Cycle 584
22.6 Cardiac Output 586
22.7 Exercise and the Heart 590
23 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION 594
23.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 595
23.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 599
23.3 Checking Circulation 603
23.4 Circulatory Routes 603
23.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 620
24 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 627
24.1 Overview of Immunity 628
24.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 628
24.3 Innate Immunity 634
24.4 Adaptive Immunity 636
24.5 Aging and the Immune System 645
25 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 651
25.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 652
25.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 653
25.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 664
25.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 667
25.6 Control of Respiration 667
25.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 671
25.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 671
26 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 677
26.1 Overview of the Digestive System 678
26.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 679
26.3 Mouth 681
26.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 683
26.5 Stomach 685
26.6 Pancreas 688
26.7 Liver and Gallbladder 688
26.8 Small Intestine 692
26.9 Large Intestine 697
26.10 Phases of Digestion 700
26.11 Aging and the Digestive System 701
27 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 707
27.1 Nutrients 708
27.2 Metabolism 711
27.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 719
28 THE URINARY SYSTEM 726
28.1 Overview of the Urinary System 727
28.2 Structure of the Kidneys 728
28.3 Functions of the Nephron 732
28.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 737
28.5 Aging and the Urinary System 739
29.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 759
29.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 763
29 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 744
29.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 745
29.2 Male Reproductive
29.3 Female Reproductive System 752
APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS A1
B: PERIODIC TABLE B3
C: ANSWERS C4
GLOSSARY G1
CREDITS CR1
INDEX I1
