Thermodynamics and heat Books

Book SynopsisThermodynamics of irreversible Processes provides a thoroughtreatment of the basic axioms of irreversible systems and dealswith specific applications to diffusion of liquids and matter inflow. This volume will prove to be invaluable reading for anyoneworking in the field of irreversible phenomena. Thermodynamics ofIrreversible Processes, presents :- * A lucid review of classical thermodynamics * Rigorous derivations of the fundamental principles ofirreversible thermodynamics * In-depth studies of multicomponent diffusion, with applicationsto non-ideal systems * Thorough treatments of relaxation phenomena and linearviscoelasticity * An essential text for anyone working with irreversiblethermodynamics, rheology and multi-component mixtures Thermodynamics of irreversible Processes is the first advanced textdealing with the applications of irreversible thermodynamics tomulticomponent diffusion and viscoelasticity. Gerard Kuiken haswritten a book which will appeal toTable of ContentsThe Continuum View of Matter. Classical Thermodynamics. Basic Axioms of the TIP. Multicomponent Simple Fluids. Statistical Foundation of the Onsager Casimir Reciprocal Relationsfor Homogeneous Systems. Multicomponent Diffusion. Rheology. Appendices. Indexes.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEquilibrium Thermodynamics gives a comprehensive but concise course in the fundamentals of classical thermodynamics. Although the subject is essentially classical in nature, illustrative material is drawn widely from modern physics and free use is made of microscopic ideas to illuminate it. The overriding objective in writing the book was to achieve a clear exposition: to give an account of the subject that it both stimulating and easy to learn from. Classical thermodynamics has such wide application that it can be taught in many ways. The terms of reference for Equilibrium Thermodynamics are primarily those of the undergraduate physicist; but it is also suitable for courses in chemistry, engineering, materials science etc. The subject is usually taught in the first or second year of an undergraduate course, but the book takes the student to degree standard (and beyond). Prerequisites are elementary or school-level thermal physics.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. The zeroth law; 3. The first law; 4. The second law; 5. Entropy; 6. The Carathéodory formulation of the second law; 7. Thermodynamic potentials; 8. Applications to simple systems; 9. Applications to some irreversible changes; 10. Change of phase; 11. Systems of several components; 12. The third law; Appendix; Useful data; Problems; References; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA consolidated treatment of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics that stresses the universal status of the basic balances and the entropy imbalance. The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continua is written for engineers, physicists and mathematicians.Trade Review"The monograph presents a detailed and complete treatment of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics" - Ion Nistor, Mathematical ReviewsTable of ContentsPart I. Vector and Tensor Algebra; Part II. Vector and Tensor Analysis; Part III. Kinematics; Part IV. Basic Mechanical Principles; Part V. Basic Thermodynamical Principles; Part VI. Mechanical and Thermodynamical Laws at a Shock Wave; Part VII. Basic Requirements for Developing Physically Meaningful Constitutive Theories; Part VIII. Rigid Heat Conductors; Part IX. The Mechanical Theory of Compressible and Incompressible Fluids; Part X. Mechanical Theory of Elastic Solids; Part XI. Thermoelasticity; Part XII. Species Diffusion Coupled to Elasticity; Part XIII. Theory of Isotropic Plastic Solids Undergoing Small Deformations; Part XIV. Small Deformation, Isotropic Plasticity Based on the Principle of Virtual Power; Part XV. Small Deformation, Isotropic Plasticity Based on the Principle of Virtual Power; Part XVI. Large-Deformation Theory of Isotropic Plastic Solids; Part XVII. Theory of Single Crystals Undergoing Small Deformations; Part XVIII. Single Crystals Undergoing Large Deformations.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe fifth edition has been issued to incorporate two new tables -- Data of Refrigerant 134a and a table containing for selected substances, molar enthalpies and molar Gibbs functions of formation, Equilibirum constants of formation, as well as molar heat capacities and absolute entropies.Table of Contents1. Notation and Units. 2. Saturated Water and Steam. 3. Superheated and Supercritical Steam. 4. Further Properties of Water and Steam. 5. Mercury – Hg. 6. Ammonia – NH3 (Refrigerant 717). 7. Dichlorodifluoromethane – CF2-Cl3 (Refrigerant 12). 8. Tetrafluoroethane – CH2F-CF3 (Refrigarent 134a). 9. Dry Air at Low Pressure. 10. Specific Heat Capacity cp/[kJ/kgK] of Some gases and Vapours. 11. Molar Properties of Some Gases and Vapours. 12. Enthalpies of Reaction and Equilibrium Constants. 13. A Selection of Chemical Thermodynamic Data. 14. Miscellaneous Liquids, Vapours and Gases. 15. International Standard Atmosphere. 16. SI – British Conversion Factors. 17. General Information. 18. Principal Sources.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDevelops a general analysis and synthesis framework for impulsive and hybrid dynamical systems. This book is written from a system-theoretic point of view and is intended for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners of engineering and applied mathematics as well as computer scientists, physicists, and other scientists.Trade ReviewWassim Haddad, Winner of the 2014 Pendray Aerospace Literature Award, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics "With the growing interest in hybrid dynamical systems, the book forms a welcome text dealing with a restricted well-defined class of hybrid systems. Typical subjects that receive attention throughout are set-stability, energy based control, inverse-optimal control, etc. The book may be viewed as a welcome addition in the areas of hybrid systems, containing rigorous and detailed results."--Henk Nijmeijer,Mathematical Reviews "This book fills a void in the are of systems research and is a welcome addition to the literature on hybrid and impulsive systems. The book is well organized, well written, and rigorous in the development of their subject on hand. The authors are to be commended for their scholarly contribution on a subject that is still evolving."--Anthony N. Michel, IEEE Control Systems MagazineTable of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Impulsive and Hybrid Dynamical Systems 1 1.2 A Brief Outline of the Monograph 4 Chapter 2. Stability Theory for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 11 2.3 Stability Theory of Impulsive Dynamical Systems 20 2.4 An Invariance Principle for State-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 27 2.5 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Quasi-Continuous Dependence 32 2.6 Invariant Set Theorems for State-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 38 2.7 Partial Stability of State-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 44 2.8 Stability of Time-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 56 2.9 Lagrange Stability, Boundedness, and Ultimate Boundedness 63 2.10 Stability Theory via Vector Lyapunov Functions 71 Chapter 3. Dissipativity Theory for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems: Input-Output and State Properties 84 3.3 Extended Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov Conditions for Impulsive Dynamical Systems 103 3.4 Specialization to Linear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 119 Chapter 4. Impulsive Nonnegative and Compartmental Dynamical Systems 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Stability Theory for Nonlinear Impulsive Nonnegative Dynamical Systems 126 4.3 Impulsive Compartmental Dynamical Systems 131 4.4 Dissipativity Theory for Impulsive Nonnegative Dynamical Systems 135 4.5 Specialization to Linear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 143 Chapter 5. Vector Dissipativity Theory for Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Vector Dissipativity Theory for Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 150 5.3 Extended Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov Conditions for Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 175 5.4 Specialization to Large-Scale Linear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 186 Chapter 6. Stability and Feedback Interconnections of Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Stability of Feedback Interconnections of Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems 191 6.3 Hybrid Controllers for Combustion Systems 199 6.4 Feedback Interconnections of Nonlinear Impulsive Nonnegative Dynamical Systems 208 6.5 Stability of Feedback Interconnections of Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 214 Chapter 7. Energy-Based Control for Impulsive Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Systems 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Impulsive Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Systems 222 7.3 Energy-Based Hybrid Feedback Control 227 7.4 Energy-Based Hybrid Dynamic Compensation via the Energy-Casimir Method 233 7.5 Energy-Based Hybrid Control Design 242 Chapter 8. Energy and Entropy-Based Hybrid Stabilization for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 Hybrid Control and Impulsive Dynamical Systems 251 8.3 Hybrid Control Design for Dissipative Dynamical Systems 258 8.4 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamical Systems 265 8.5 Hybrid Control Design for Euler-Lagrange Systems 267 8.6 Thermodynamic Stabilization 271 8.7 Energy-Dissipating Hybrid Control Design 277 8.8 Energy-Dissipating Hybrid Control for Impulsive Dynamical Systems 300 8.9 Hybrid Control Design for Nonsmooth Euler-Lagrange Systems 308 8.10 Hybrid Control Design for Impact Mechanics 313 Chapter 9. Optimal Control for Impulsive Dynamical Systems 319 9.1 Introduction 319 9.2 Impulsive Optimal Control 319 9.3 Inverse Optimal Control for Nonlinear Affine Impulsive Systems 330 9.4 Nonlinear Hybrid Control with Polynomial and Multilinear Performance Functionals 333 9.5 Gain, Sector, and Disk Margins for Optimal Hybrid Regulators 337 9.6 Inverse Optimal Control for Impulsive Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Systems 345 Chapter 10. Disturbance Rejection Control for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 351 10.1 Introduction 351 10.2 Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems with Bounded Disturbances 352 10.3 Specialization to Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems with Quadratic Supply Rates 358 10.4 Optimal Controllers for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems with Bounded Disturbances 366 10.5 Optimal and Inverse Optimal Nonlinear-Nonquadratic Control for Affine Systems with L2 Disturbances 375 Chapter 11. Robust Control for Nonlinear Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 385 11.1 Introduction 385 11.2 Robust Stability Analysis of Nonlinear Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 386 11.3 Optimal Robust Control for Nonlinear Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 395 11.4 Inverse Optimal Robust Control for Nonlinear Affine Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 402 11.5 Robust Nonlinear Hybrid Control with Polynomial Performance Functionals 406 Chapter 12. Hybrid Dynamical Systems 411 12.1 Introduction 411 12.2 Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems 412 12.3 Specialization to Hybrid and Impulsive Dynamical Systems 418 12.4 Stability Analysis of Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems 422 12.5 Dissipative Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems: Input-Output and State Properties 427 12.6 Interconnections of Dissipative Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems 435 Chapter 13. Poincare Maps and Stability of Periodic Orbits for Hybrid Dynamical Systems 443 13.1 Introduction 443 13.2 Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems with Periodic Solutions 444 13.3 Specialization to Impulsive Dynamical Systems 451 13.4 Limit Cycle Analysis of a Verge and Foliot Clock Escapement 458 13.5 Modeling 459 13.6 Impulsive Differential Equation Model 462 13.7 Characterization of Periodic Orbits 464 13.8 Limit Cycle Analysis of the Clock Escapement Mechanism 468 13.9 Numerical Simulation of an Escapement Mechanism 472 Appendix A. System Functions for the Clock Escapement Mechanism 477 Bibliography 485 Index 501

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the past thirty years, the area of spin glasses has experienced rapid growth, including the development of solvable models for glassy systems. Yet these developments have only been recorded in the original research papers, rather than in a single source. Thermodynamics of the Glassy State presents a comprehensive account of the modern theory of glasses, starting from basic principles (thermodynamics) to the experimental analysis of one of the most important consequences of thermodynamics-Maxwell relations.After a brief introduction to general theoretical concepts and historical developments, the book thoroughly describes glassy phenomenology and the established theory. The core of the book surveys the crucial technique of two-temperature thermodynamics, explains the success of this method in resolving previously paradoxical problems in glasses, and presents exactly solvable models, a physically realistic approach to dynamics with advantages over more established mean field mTable of ContentsIntroduction. Theory and Phenomenology of Glasses. Two-Temperature Thermodynamics. Exactly Solvable Models for the Glassy State. Aging Urn Models. Glassiness in a Directed Polymer Model. Potential Energy Landscape Approach. Theories of the Glassy State. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBruce isn’t pretending that science isn’t tricky, but in simple, maths-free explanations and just-the-good-parts historical recaps, he shows us that the greatest scientific discoveries and theories don’t have to remain beyond our grasp.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a fresh approach to the subjects, integrating classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to give students a solid understanding of the fundamentals and how macroscopic and microscopic ideas interweave. Includes numerous worked examples, and well over 400 guided, often multi-step, end-of-chapter problems that address conceptual, fundamental, and applied skill sets.Trade Review'This textbook presents an accessible (but still rigorous) treatment of the material at a beginning-graduate level, including many worked examples. By making the concept of entropy central to the book, Professor Shell provides an organizing principle that makes it easier for the students to achieve mastery of this important area.' Athanassios Z. Panagiotopoulos, Princeton University'Other integrated treatments of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics exist, but this one stands out as remarkably thoughtful and clear in its selection and illumination of key concepts needed for understanding and modeling materials and processes.' Thomas Truskett, University of Texas, Austin'This text provides a long-awaited and modern approach that integrates statistical mechanics with classical thermodynamics, rather than the traditional sequential approach, in which teaching of the molecular origins of thermodynamic laws and models only follows later, after classical thermodynamics. The author clearly shows how classical thermodynamic concepts result from the underlying behavior of the molecules themselves.' Keith E. Gubbins, North Carolina State UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction and guide to this text; 2. Equilibrium and entropy; 3. Energy and how the microscopic world works; 4. Entropy and how the macroscopic world works; 5. The fundamental equation; 6. The first law and reversibility; 7. Legendre transforms and other potentials; 8. Maxwell relations and measurable quantities; 9. Gases; 10. Phase equilibrium; 11. Stability; 12. Solutions - fundamentals; 13. Solutions - advanced and special cases; 14. Solids; 15. The third law; 16. The canonical partition function; 17. Fluctuations; 18. Statistical mechanics of classical systems; 19. Other ensembles; 20. Reaction equilibrium; 21. Reaction coordinates and rates; 22. Molecular simulation methods.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe control of open quantum systems and their associated quantum thermodynamic properties is a topic of growing importance in modern quantum physics and quantum chemistry research. This unique and self-contained book presents a unifying perspective of such open quantum systems, first describing the fundamental theory behind these formidably complex systems, before introducing the models and techniques that are employed to control their quantum thermodynamics processes. A detailed discussion of real quantum devices is also covered, including quantum heat engines and quantum refrigerators. The theory of open quantum systems is developed pedagogically, from first principles, and the book is accessible to graduate students and researchers working in atomic physics, quantum information, condensed matter physics, and quantum chemistry.Table of ContentsPreface. Part I. Quantum System-Bath Interactions and their Control. 1. Equilibration of Large Quantum Systems; 2. Thermalization of Quantum Systems Weakly Coupled to Baths; 3. Generic Quantum Baths; 4. Quantized System-Bath Interactions; 5. System-Bath Reversible and Irreversible Quantum Dynamics; 6. System-Bath Equilibration via Spin-Boson Interaction; 7. Bath-Induced Collective Dynamics; 8. Bath-Induced Self-Energy: Cooperative Lamb-Shift and Dipole-Dipole Interactions; 9. Quantum Measurements, Pointer Basis and Decoherence; 10. The Quantum Zeno and Anti-Zeno Effects (QZE and AZE); 11. Dynamical Control of Open Systems; 12. Optimal Dynamical Control of Open Systems; 13. Dynamical Control of Quantum Information Processing; 14. Dynamical Control of Quantum State Transfer in Hybrid Systems. Part II. Control of Thermodynamic Processes in Quantum Systems. 15. Entropy, Work and Heat Exchange Bounds for Driven Quantum Systems; 16. Thermodynamics and its Control on Non-Markovian Time Scales; 17. Work-Information Relation and System-Bath Correlations; 18. Cyclic Quantum Engines Energized by Thermal or Non-Thermal Baths; 19. Steady-State Cycles for Quantum Heat Machines; 20. Two-Level Minimal Model of a Heat Engine; 21. Quantum Cooperative Heat Machines; 22. Heat-to-Work Conversion in Fully Quantized Machines; 23. Quantum Refrigerators and the Third Law; 24. Minimal Quantum Heat Manager: Heat Diode and Transistor. Conclusions and Outlook. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces chemistry and chemical engineering students to molecular descriptions of thermodynamics, chemical systems, and biomolecules. Equips students with the ability to apply the method to their own systems, as today''s research is microscopic and molecular and articles are written in that language Provides ample illustrations and tables to describe rather difficult concepts Makes use of plots (charts) to help students understand the mathematics necessary for the contents Includes practice problems and answers Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xix Symbols and Constants xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classical Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics 1 1.2 Examples of Results Obtained from Statistical Thermodynamics 2 1.2.1 Heat Capacity of Gas of Diatomic Molecules 2 1.2.2 Heat Capacity of a Solid 3 1.2.3 Blackbody Radiation 3 1.2.4 Adsorption 4 1.2.5 Helix–Coil Transition 5 1.2.6 Boltzmann Factor 6 1.3 Practices of Notation 6 2 Review of Probability Theory 9 2.1 Probability 9 2.2 Discrete Distributions 11 2.2.1 Binomial Distribution 12 2.2.2 Poisson Distribution 13 2.2.3 Multinomial Distribution 14 2.3 Continuous Distributions 15 2.3.1 Uniform Distribution 19 2.3.2 Exponential Distribution 19 2.3.3 Normal Distribution 21 2.3.4 Distribution of a Dihedral Angle 21 2.4 Means and Variances 22 2.4.1 Discrete Distributions 22 2.4.2 Continuous Distributions 26 2.4.3 Central Limit Theorem 27 2.5 Uncertainty 28 Problems 31 3 Energy and Interactions 35 3.1 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of Atoms and Ions 35 3.1.1 Kinetic Energy 35 3.1.2 Gravitational Potential 36 3.1.3 Ion in an Electric Field 36 3.1.4 Total Energy of Atoms and Ions 37 3.2 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of Diatomic Molecules 37 3.2.1 Kinetic Energy (Translation, Rotation, Vibration) 37 3.2.2 Dipolar Potential 42 3.2.2.1 Potential of a Permanent Dipole 42 3.2.2.2 Potential of an Induced Dipole 44 3.3 Kinetic Energy of Polyatomic Molecules 46 3.3.1 Linear Polyatomic Molecule 46 3.3.2 Nonlinear Polyatomic Molecule 48 3.4 Interactions Between Molecules 50 3.4.1 Excluded-Volume Interaction 52 3.4.2 Coulomb Interaction 52 3.4.3 Dipole–Dipole Interaction 53 3.4.4 van der Waals Interaction 54 3.4.5 Lennard-Jones Potential 55 3.5 Energy as an Extensive Property 57 3.6 Kinetic Energy of a Gas Molecule in Quantum Mechanics 58 3.6.1 Quantization of Translational Energy 58 3.6.2 Quantization of Rotational Energy 61 3.6.3 Quantization of Vibrational Energy 63 3.6.4 Electronic Energy Levels 65 3.6.5 Comparison of Energy Level Spacings 66 Problems 67 4 Statistical Mechanics 69 4.1 Basic Assumptions, Microcanonical Ensembles, and Canonical Ensembles 69 4.1.1 Basic Assumptions 69 4.1.2 Microcanonical Ensembles 73 4.1.3 Canonical Ensembles 75 4.2 Probability Distribution in Canonical Ensembles and Partition Functions 77 4.2.1 Probability Distribution 77 4.2.2 Partition Function for a System with Discrete States 79 4.2.3 Partition Function for a System with Continuous States 81 4.2.4 Energy Levels and States 83 4.3 Internal Energy 88 4.4 Identification of 𝛽 89 4.5 Equipartition Law 91 4.6 Other Thermodynamic Functions 93 4.7 Another View of Entropy 97 4.8 Fluctuations of Energy 99 4.9 Grand Canonical Ensembles 100 4.10 Cumulants of Energy 107 Problems 110 5 Canonical Ensemble of Gas Molecules 113 5.1 Velocity of Gas Molecules 113 5.2 Heat Capacity of a Classical Gas 116 5.2.1 Point Mass 117 5.2.2 Rigid Dumbbell 117 5.2.3 Elastic Dumbbell 118 5.3 Heat Capacity of a Quantum-Mechanical Gas 120 5.3.1 General Formulas 120 5.3.2 Translation 122 5.3.3 Rotation 124 5.3.4 Vibration 127 5.3.5 Comparison with Classical Models 128 5.4 Distribution of Rotational Energy Levels 129 5.5 Conformations of a Molecule 130 Problems 132 6 Indistinguishable Particles 135 6.1 Distinguishable Particles and Indistinguishable Particles 135 6.2 Partition Function of Indistinguishable Particles 137 6.2.1 System of Distinguishable Particles 137 6.2.2 System of Indistinguishable Particles 137 6.3 Condition of Nondegeneracy 142 6.4 Significance of Division by N! 144 6.4.1 Gas in a Two-Part Box 144 6.4.2 Chemical Potential 145 6.4.3 Mixture of Two Gases 146 6.5 Indistinguishability and Center-of-Mass Movement 147 6.6 Open System of Gas 147 Problems 149 7 Imperfect Gas 153 7.1 Virial Expansion 153 7.2 Molecular Expression of Interaction in the Canonical Ensemble 157 7.3 Second Virial Coefficients in Different Models 164 7.3.1 Hard-Core Repulsion Only 164 7.3.2 Square-well Potential 165 7.3.3 Lennard-Jones Potential 167 7.4 Joule–Thomson Effect 167 Problems 171 8 Rubber Elasticity 175 8.1 Rubber 175 8.2 Polymer Chain in One Dimension 176 8.3 Polymer Chain in Three Dimensions 180 8.4 Network of Springs 184 Problems 185 9 Law of Mass Action 189 9.1 Reaction of Two Monatomic Molecules 190 9.2 Decomposition of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 193 9.3 Isomerization 195 9.4 Method of the Steepest Descent 197 Problems 198 10 Adsorption 201 10.1 Adsorption Phenomena 201 10.2 Langmuir Isotherm 202 10.3 BET Isotherm 206 10.4 Dissociative Adsorption 211 10.5 Interaction Between Adsorbed Molecules 213 Problems 213 11 Ising Model 217 11.1 Model 217 11.2 Partition Function 220 11.2.1 One-Dimensional Ising Model 220 11.2.2 Calculating Statistical Averages 221 11.2.2.1 Average Number of Up Spins 222 11.2.2.2 Average of the Number of Spin Alterations (Number of Domains – 1) 222 11.2.2.3 Domain Size 223 11.2.2.4 Size of a Domain of Uniform Spins 223 11.2.3 A Few Examples of 1D Ising Model 223 11.2.3.1 Linear Ising Model, N = 3 223 11.2.3.2 Ring Ising Model, N = 3 225 11.2.3.3 Ring Ising Model, N = 4 225 11.3 Mean-FieldTheories 226 11.3.1 Bragg–Williams (B–W) Approximation 227 11.3.2 Flory–Huggins (F–H) Approximation 231 11.3.3 Approximation by a Mean-Field (MF) Theory 235 11.4 Exact Solution of 1D Ising Model 236 11.4.1 General Formula 236 11.4.2 Large-N Approximation 239 11.4.3 Exact Partition Function for Arbitrary N 241 11.4.4 Ring Ising Model, Arbitrary N 244 11.4.5 Comparison of the Exact Results with Those of Mean-Field Approximations 245 11.5 Variations of the Ising Model 247 11.5.1 System of Uniform Spins 247 11.5.2 Random Local Fields of Opposite Directions 249 11.5.3 Dilute Local Fields 252 Problems 254 12 Helical Polymer 263 12.1 Helix-Forming Polymer 263 12.2 Optical Rotation and Circular Dichroism 266 12.3 Pristine Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) 267 12.4 Variations to the Helical Polymer 271 12.4.1 Copolymer of Chiral and Achiral Isocyanate Monomers 272 12.4.2 Copolymer of R- and S-Enantiomers of Isocyanate 274 Problems 274 13 Helix–Coil Transition 277 13.1 Historical Background 277 13.2 Polypeptides 281 13.3 Zimm–Bragg Model 283 Problems 289 14 Regular Solutions 291 14.1 Binary Mixture of Equal-Size Molecules 291 14.1.1 Free Energy of Mixing 291 14.1.2 Derivatives of the Free Energy of Mixing 296 14.1.3 Phase Separation 300 14.2 Binary Mixture of Molecules of Different Sizes 304 Problems 312 Appendix A Mathematics 315 A.1 Hyperbolic Functions 315 A.2 Series 317 A.3 Binomial Theorem and Trinomial Theorem 317 A.4 Stirling’s formula 318 A.5 Integrals 318 A.6 Error Functions 318 A.7 Gamma Functions 319 References 321 Index 325

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook brings together the fundamentals of the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of thermal physics by presenting thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as complementary theories based on small numbers of postulates.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Elements of Thermal Physics 1 1. Fundamentals 3 1.1 PVT Systems 3 1.2 Equilibrium States 6 1.3 Processes and Heat 10 1.4 Temperature 12 1.5 Size Dependence 13 1.6 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 14 Problems 17 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 19 2.1 Work 19 2.2 Heat 21 2.3 The First Law 21 2.4 Applications 22 Problems 26 3. Properties and Partial Derivatives 27 3.1 Conventions 27 3.2 Equilibrium Properties 28 3.3 Relationships between Properties 34 3.4 Series Expansions 40 3.5 Summary 41 Problems 42 4. Processes in Gases 45 4.1 Ideal Gases 45 4.2 Temperature Change with Elevation 48 4.3 Cyclic Processes 50 4.4 Heat Engines 52 Problems 58 5. Phase Transitions 61 5.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 61 5.2 Latent Heats 65 5.3 Van der Waals Model 67 5.4 Classification of Phase Transitions 70 Problems 72 6. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 75 6.1 Idealization and Reversibility 75 6.2 Nonequilibrium Processes and Irreversibility 76 6.3 Electrical Systems 79 6.4 Heat Conduction 82 Problems 86 Part II Foundations of Thermodynamics 89 7. Second Law of Thermodynamics 91 7.1 Energy, Heat, and Reversibility 91 7.2 Cyclic Processes 93 7.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 95 7.4 Carnot Cycles 98 7.5 Absolute Temperature 100 7.6 Applications 103 Problems 107 8. Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero 109 8.1 Temperature Scales 109 8.2 Uniform Scales and Absolute Zero 111 8.3 Other Temperature Scales 114 Problems 115 9. State Space and Differentials 117 9.1 Spaces 117 9.2 Differentials 121 9.3 Exact Versus Inexact Differentials 123 9.4 Integrating Differentials 127 9.5 Differentials in Thermodynamics 129 9.6 Discussion and Summary 134 Problems 136 10. Entropy 139 10.1 Definition of Entropy 139 10.2 Clausius’ Theorem 142 10.3 Entropy Principle 145 10.4 Entropy and Irreversibility 148 10.5 Useful Energy 151 10.6 The Third Law 155 10.7 Unattainability of Absolute Zero 156 Problems 158 Appendix 10.A. Entropy Statement of the Second Law 158 11. Consequences of Existence of Entropy 165 11.1 Differentials of Entropy and Energy 165 11.2 Ideal Gases 167 11.3 Relationships Between CV, CP, BT , BS, and αV 170 11.4 Clapeyron’s Equation 172 11.5 Maximum Entropy, Equilibrium, and Stability 174 11.6 Mixing 178 Problems 184 12. Thermodynamic Potentials 185 12.1 Internal Energy 185 12.2 Free Energies 186 12.3 Properties From Potentials 188 12.4 Systems in Contact with a Heat Reservoir 193 12.5 Minimum Free Energy 194 Problems 197 Appendix 12.A. Derivatives of Potentials 197 13. Phase Transitions and Open Systems 201 13.1 Two-Phase Equilibrium 201 13.2 Chemical Potential 206 13.3 Multi-Component Systems 211 13.4 Gibbs Phase Rule 214 13.5 Chemical Reactions 215 Problems 217 14. Dielectric and Magnetic Systems 219 14.1 Dielectrics 219 14.2 Magnetic Materials 224 14.3 Critical Phenomena 229 Problems 233 Part III Statistical Thermodynamics 235 15. Molecular Models 237 15.1 Microscopic Descriptions 237 15.2 Gas Pressure 238 15.3 Equipartition of Energy 243 15.4 Internal Energy of Solids 246 15.5 Inactive Degrees of Freedom 247 15.6 Microscopic Significance of Heat 248 Problems 253 16. Kinetic Theory of Gases 255 16.1 Velocity Distribution 255 16.2 Combinatorics 256 16.3 Method of Undetermined Multipliers 258 16.4 Maxwell Distribution 260 16.5 Mean-Free-Path 265 Problems 267 Appendix 16.A. Quantum Distributions 267 17. Microscopic Significance of Entropy 273 17.1 Boltzmann Entropy 273 17.2 Ideal Gas 274 17.3 Statistical Interpretation 278 17.4 Thermodynamic Properties 279 17.5 Boltzmann Factors 284 Problems 286 Appendix 17.A. Evaluation of I3N 286 Part IV Statistical Mechanics I 289 18. Ensembles 291 18.1 Probabilities and Averages 291 18.2 Two-Level Systems 293 18.3 Information Theory 295 18.4 Equilibrium Ensembles 298 18.5 Canonical Thermodynamics 302 18.6 Composite Systems 305 Problems 308 Appendix 18.A. Uniqueness Theorem 308 19. Partition Function 311 19.1 Hamiltonians and Phase Space 311 19.2 Model Hamiltonians 312 19.3 Classical Canonical Ensemble 316 19.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Averages 318 19.5 Ideal Gases 322 19.6 Harmonic Solids 326 Problems 328 20. Quantum Systems 331 20.1 Energy Eigenstates 331 20.2 Quantum Canonical Ensemble 333 20.3 Ideal Gases 334 20.4 Einstein Model 337 20.5 Classical Approximation 341 Problems 344 Appendix 20.A. Ideal Gas Eigenstates 344 21. Independent Particles and Paramagnetism 349 21.1 Averages 349 21.2 Statistical Independence 351 21.3 Classical Systems 353 21.4 Paramagnetism 357 21.5 Spin Systems 360 21.6 Classical Dipoles 365 Problems 367 Appendix 21.A. Negative Temperature 367 22. Fluctuations and Energy Distributions 371 22.1 Standard Deviation 371 22.2 Energy Fluctuations 375 22.3 Gibbs Paradox 376 22.4 Microcanonical Ensemble 380 22.5 Comparison of Ensembles 386 Problems 391 23. Generalizations and Diatomic Gases 393 23.1 Generalized Coordinates 393 23.2 Diatomic Gases 397 23.3 Quantum Effects 402 23.4 Density Matrices 405 23.5 Canonical Ensemble 408 Problems 410 Appendix 23.A. Classical Approximation 410 Part V Statistical Mechanics II 415 24. Photons and Phonons 417 24.1 Plane Wave Eigenstates 417 24.2 Photons 421 24.3 Harmonic Approximation 425 24.4 Phonons 429 Problems 434 25. Grand Canonical Ensemble 435 25.1 Thermodynamics of Open Systems 435 25.2 Grand Canonical Ensemble 437 25.3 Properties and Fluctuations 438 25.4 Ideal Gases 441 Problems 443 26. Fermions and Bosons 445 26.1 Identical Particles 445 26.2 Exchange Symmetry 447 26.3 Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Statistics 452 Problems 456 Appendix 26.A. Fermions in the Canonical Ensemble 457 27. Fermi and Bose Gases 461 27.1 Ideal Gases 461 27.2 Fermi Gases 465 27.3 Low Temperature Heat Capacity 466 27.4 Bose Gases 469 Problems 472 28. Interacting Systems 475 28.1 Ising Model 475 28.2 Nonideal Gases 481 Problems 487 29. Computer Simulations 489 29.1 Averages 489 29.2 Virial Formula for Pressure 490 29.3 Simulation Algorithms 496 A. Mathematical Relations, Constants, and Properties 501 A.1 Partial Derivatives 501 A.2 Integrals and Series 501 A.3 Taylor Series 502 A.4 Hyperbolic Functions 502 A.5 Fundamental Constants 503 A.6 Conversion Factors 503 A.7 Useful Formulas 503 A.8 Properties of Water 504 A.9 Properties of Materials 504 Answers to Problems 505 Index 509

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook brings together the fundamentals of the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of thermal physics by presenting thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as complementary theories based on small numbers of postulates.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Elements of Thermal Physics 1 1. Fundamentals 3 1.1 PVT Systems 3 1.2 Equilibrium States 6 1.3 Processes and Heat 10 1.4 Temperature 12 1.5 Size Dependence 13 1.6 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 14 Problems 17 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 19 2.1 Work 19 2.2 Heat 21 2.3 The First Law 21 2.4 Applications 22 Problems 26 3. Properties and Partial Derivatives 27 3.1 Conventions 27 3.2 Equilibrium Properties 28 3.3 Relationships between Properties 34 3.4 Series Expansions 40 3.5 Summary 41 Problems 42 4. Processes in Gases 45 4.1 Ideal Gases 45 4.2 Temperature Change with Elevation 48 4.3 Cyclic Processes 50 4.4 Heat Engines 52 Problems 58 5. Phase Transitions 61 5.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 61 5.2 Latent Heats 65 5.3 Van der Waals Model 67 5.4 Classification of Phase Transitions 70 Problems 72 6. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 75 6.1 Idealization and Reversibility 75 6.2 Nonequilibrium Processes and Irreversibility 76 6.3 Electrical Systems 79 6.4 Heat Conduction 82 Problems 86 Part II Foundations of Thermodynamics 89 7. Second Law of Thermodynamics 91 7.1 Energy, Heat, and Reversibility 91 7.2 Cyclic Processes 93 7.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 95 7.4 Carnot Cycles 98 7.5 Absolute Temperature 100 7.6 Applications 103 Problems 107 8. Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero 109 8.1 Temperature Scales 109 8.2 Uniform Scales and Absolute Zero 111 8.3 Other Temperature Scales 114 Problems 115 9. State Space and Differentials 117 9.1 Spaces 117 9.2 Differentials 121 9.3 Exact Versus Inexact Differentials 123 9.4 Integrating Differentials 127 9.5 Differentials in Thermodynamics 129 9.6 Discussion and Summary 134 Problems 136 10. Entropy 139 10.1 Definition of Entropy 139 10.2 Clausius’ Theorem 142 10.3 Entropy Principle 145 10.4 Entropy and Irreversibility 148 10.5 Useful Energy 151 10.6 The Third Law 155 10.7 Unattainability of Absolute Zero 156 Problems 158 Appendix 10.A. Entropy Statement of the Second Law 158 11. Consequences of Existence of Entropy 165 11.1 Differentials of Entropy and Energy 165 11.2 Ideal Gases 167 11.3 Relationships Between CV, CP, BT , BS, and αV 170 11.4 Clapeyron’s Equation 172 11.5 Maximum Entropy, Equilibrium, and Stability 174 11.6 Mixing 178 Problems 184 12. Thermodynamic Potentials 185 12.1 Internal Energy 185 12.2 Free Energies 186 12.3 Properties From Potentials 188 12.4 Systems in Contact with a Heat Reservoir 193 12.5 Minimum Free Energy 194 Problems 197 Appendix 12.A. Derivatives of Potentials 197 13. Phase Transitions and Open Systems 201 13.1 Two-Phase Equilibrium 201 13.2 Chemical Potential 206 13.3 Multi-Component Systems 211 13.4 Gibbs Phase Rule 214 13.5 Chemical Reactions 215 Problems 217 14. Dielectric and Magnetic Systems 219 14.1 Dielectrics 219 14.2 Magnetic Materials 224 14.3 Critical Phenomena 229 Problems 233 Part III Statistical Thermodynamics 235 15. Molecular Models 237 15.1 Microscopic Descriptions 237 15.2 Gas Pressure 238 15.3 Equipartition of Energy 243 15.4 Internal Energy of Solids 246 15.5 Inactive Degrees of Freedom 247 15.6 Microscopic Significance of Heat 248 Problems 253 16. Kinetic Theory of Gases 255 16.1 Velocity Distribution 255 16.2 Combinatorics 256 16.3 Method of Undetermined Multipliers 258 16.4 Maxwell Distribution 260 16.5 Mean-Free-Path 265 Problems 267 Appendix 16.A. Quantum Distributions 267 17. Microscopic Significance of Entropy 273 17.1 Boltzmann Entropy 273 17.2 Ideal Gas 274 17.3 Statistical Interpretation 278 17.4 Thermodynamic Properties 279 17.5 Boltzmann Factors 284 Problems 286 Appendix 17.A. Evaluation of I3N 286 Part IV Statistical Mechanics I 289 18. Ensembles 291 18.1 Probabilities and Averages 291 18.2 Two-Level Systems 293 18.3 Information Theory 295 18.4 Equilibrium Ensembles 298 18.5 Canonical Thermodynamics 302 18.6 Composite Systems 305 Problems 308 Appendix 18.A. Uniqueness Theorem 308 19. Partition Function 311 19.1 Hamiltonians and Phase Space 311 19.2 Model Hamiltonians 312 19.3 Classical Canonical Ensemble 316 19.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Averages 318 19.5 Ideal Gases 322 19.6 Harmonic Solids 326 Problems 328 20. Quantum Systems 331 20.1 Energy Eigenstates 331 20.2 Quantum Canonical Ensemble 333 20.3 Ideal Gases 334 20.4 Einstein Model 337 20.5 Classical Approximation 341 Problems 344 Appendix 20.A. Ideal Gas Eigenstates 344 21. Independent Particles and Paramagnetism 349 21.1 Averages 349 21.2 Statistical Independence 351 21.3 Classical Systems 353 21.4 Paramagnetism 357 21.5 Spin Systems 360 21.6 Classical Dipoles 365 Problems 367 Appendix 21.A. Negative Temperature 367 22. Fluctuations and Energy Distributions 371 22.1 Standard Deviation 371 22.2 Energy Fluctuations 375 22.3 Gibbs Paradox 376 22.4 Microcanonical Ensemble 380 22.5 Comparison of Ensembles 386 Problems 391 23. Generalizations and Diatomic Gases 393 23.1 Generalized Coordinates 393 23.2 Diatomic Gases 397 23.3 Quantum Effects 402 23.4 Density Matrices 405 23.5 Canonical Ensemble 408 Problems 410 Appendix 23.A. Classical Approximation 410 Part V Statistical Mechanics II 415 24. Photons and Phonons 417 24.1 Plane Wave Eigenstates 417 24.2 Photons 421 24.3 Harmonic Approximation 425 24.4 Phonons 429 Problems 434 25. Grand Canonical Ensemble 435 25.1 Thermodynamics of Open Systems 435 25.2 Grand Canonical Ensemble 437 25.3 Properties and Fluctuations 438 25.4 Ideal Gases 441 Problems 443 26. Fermions and Bosons 445 26.1 Identical Particles 445 26.2 Exchange Symmetry 447 26.3 Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Statistics 452 Problems 456 Appendix 26.A. Fermions in the Canonical Ensemble 457 27. Fermi and Bose Gases 461 27.1 Ideal Gases 461 27.2 Fermi Gases 465 27.3 Low Temperature Heat Capacity 466 27.4 Bose Gases 469 Problems 472 28. Interacting Systems 475 28.1 Ising Model 475 28.2 Nonideal Gases 481 Problems 487 29. Computer Simulations 489 29.1 Averages 489 29.2 Virial Formula for Pressure 490 29.3 Simulation Algorithms 496 A. Mathematical Relations, Constants, and Properties 501 A.1 Partial Derivatives 501 A.2 Integrals and Series 501 A.3 Taylor Series 502 A.4 Hyperbolic Functions 502 A.5 Fundamental Constants 503 A.6 Conversion Factors 503 A.7 Useful Formulas 503 A.8 Properties of Water 504 A.9 Properties of Materials 504 Answers to Problems 505 Index 509

Read more less

Book SynopsisThermodynamics is the science that describes the behavior of matter at the macroscopic scale, and how this arises from individual molecules. As such, it is a subject of profound practical and fundamental importance to many science and engineering fields.Trade Review“Useful for students and professionals in numerous areas, including biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. . . Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 April 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Textbook Guide xv 0.1 List of Thermodynamics Textbooks by Discipline xv 0.2 Terminology and Notation Used in This Book xvi 0.3 Terminology and Notation Used in Textbooks xviii 1 About This Book 1 1.1 Who Should Use This Book? 2 1.2 Philosophy of This Book 3 1.3 Four Core Concepts of Thermodynamics 3 1.4 How to Use This Book 5 I Equilibrium 2 Philosophy of Thermodynamics 11 2.1 Thermodynamics 11 2.2 Scientific Models & Laws 12 2.3 Statistical Mechanics 14 3 Thermodynamic States, Variables & Quantities 17 3.1 Thermodynamic Variables & Quantities 17 3.2 More on Thermodynamic Quantities 19 3.3 Thermodynamic & Molecular States 20 4 Zeroth Law & Thermodynamic Equilibrium 23 4.1 Equation of State 23 4.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 26 4.3 Zeroth Law 27 4.4 Ideal Gases & Non-ideal Systems 29 II Energy 5 Molecular Energy, Internal Energy, & Temperature 33 5.1 Energy at the Molecular Scale 33 5.2 Internal Energy 35 5.3 Intermolecular Interactions & the Kinetic Model 37 5.4 Equipartition Theorem & Temperature 38 6 Boltzmann Distribution & the Kinetic Model 41 6.1 Boltzmann Distribution 41 6.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 42 6.3 Maxwell Distribution of Speeds 44 III Thermodynamic Change 7 First Law & Thermodynamic Change 49 7.1 System & Surroundings 49 7.2 Thermodynamic Change 50 7.3 First Law 52 8 Work, Heat, & Reversible Change 55 8.1 State Functions & Path Functions 55 8.2 Definition of Work 57 8.3 Definition of Heat 59 8.4 Reversible & Irreversible Change 60 8.5 A Gas Expansion Example 62 9 Partial Derivative Quantities 65 9.1 Internal Energy & Heat Capacity at Constant Volume 66 9.2 Enthalpy & Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure 67 9.3 Other Partial Derivative Quantities 70 9.4 Partial Derivatives & Differentials 71 IV Entropy 10 Entropy & Information Theory 77 10.1 Why Does Entropy Seem So Complicated? 77 10.2 Entropy as Unknown Molecular Information 79 10.3 Amount of Information 80 10.4 Application to Thermodynamics 84 11 Entropy & Ideal Gas 87 11.1 Measuring Our Molecular Ignorance 87 11.2 Volume Contribution to Entropy 88 11.3 Temperature Contribution to Entropy 91 11.4 Combined Entropy Expression 92 11.5 Entropy, Heat, & Reversible Adiabatic Expansion 94 12 Second Law & Spontaneous Irreversible Change 97 12.1 Heat Engines & Thermodynamic Cycles 97 12.2 Traditional Statements of the Second Law 98 12.3 Entropy Statement of the Second Law 99 12.4 Information Statement of the Second Law 100 12.5 Maximum Entropy & the Clausius Inequality 103 13 Third Law, Carnot Cycle, & Absolute Entropy 107 13.1 Entropy & Reversible Change 107 13.2 Carnot Cycle & Absolute Zero Temperature 109 13.3 Third Law & Absolute Entropy 111 V Free Energy 14 Free Energy & Exergy 115 14.1 What Would Happen If Entropy Were a Variable? 116 14.2 Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies 117 14.3 Second Law & Maximum Work 119 14.4 Exergy 121 15 Chemical Potential, Fugacity, & Open Systems 123 15.1 What Would Happen If n Were a Variable? 123 15.2 Chemical Potential 125 15.3 Ideal Gas & Fugacity 126 VI Applications 16 Crazy Gay-Lussac’s Gas Expansion Emporium 131 16.1 Sales Pitch 131 16.2 How to Solve Gas Expansion Problems 132 16.3 Comprehensive Compendium 135 17 Electronic Emporium: Free Online Shopping! 139 VII Appendices Appendix A: Beards Gone Wild! Facial Hair & the Founding Fathers of Thermodynamics 143 Appendix B: Thermodynamics, Abolitionism, & Sha Na Na 147 Appendix C: Thermodynamics & the Science of Steampunk 149 Steampunk Gallery 151 Travel Try Its 153 Photo Credits 155 Index 159

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSymbols xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What and How? 2 1.2 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 3 1.2.1 Conduction 3 1.2.2 Convection 6 1.2.3 Radiation 8 1.2.4 The Thermal Resistance Concept 12 1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics 12 1.3.1 Relationship to the First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 13 1.3.2 Relationship to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Efficiency of Heat Engines 28 1.4 Units and Dimensions 33 1.5 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology 35 1.6 Relevance of Heat Transfer 38 1.7 Summary 42 References 45 Problems 45 Chapter 2 Introduction to Conduction 59 2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation 60 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter 62 2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity 63 2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties 70 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation 74 2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 82 2.5 Summary 86 References 87 Problems 87 Chapter 3 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 99 3.1 The Plane Wall 100 3.1.1 Temperature Distribution 100 3.1.2 Thermal Resistance 102 3.1.3 The Composite Wall 103 3.1.4 Contact Resistance 105 3.1.5 Porous Media 107 3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis 121 3.3 Radial Systems 125 3.3.1 The Cylinder 125 3.3.2 The Sphere 130 3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results 131 3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation 131 3.5.1 The Plane Wall 132 3.5.2 Radial Systems 138 3.5.3 Tabulated Solutions 139 3.5.4 Application of Resistance Concepts 139 3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces 143 3.6.1 A General Conduction Analysis 145 3.6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area 147 3.6.3 Fin Performance Parameters 153 3.6.4 Fins of Nonuniform Cross-Sectional Area 156 3.6.5 Overall Surface Efficiency 159 3.7 Other Applications of One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 163 3.7.1 The Bioheat Equation 163 3.7.2 Thermoelectric Power Generation 167 3.7.3 Nanoscale Conduction 175 3.8 Summary 179 References 181 Problems 182 Chapter 4 Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 209 4.1 General Considerations and Solution Techniques 210 4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables 211 4.3 The Conduction Shape Factor and the Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate 215 4.4 Finite-Difference Equations 221 4.4.1 The Nodal Network 221 4.4.2 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: No Generation and Constant Properties 222 4.4.3 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: The Energy Balance Method 223 4.5 Solving the Finite-Difference Equations 230 4.5.1 Formulation as a Matrix Equation 230 4.5.2 Verifying the Accuracy of the Solution 231 4.6 Summary 236 References 237 Problems 237 4S.1 The Graphical Method W-1 4S.1.1 Methodology of Constructing a Flux Plot W-1 4S.1.2 Determination of the Heat Transfer Rate W-2 4S.1.3 The Conduction Shape Factor W-3 4S.2 The Gauss-Seidel Method: Example of Usage W-5 References W-10 Problems W-10 Chapter 5 Transient Conduction 253 5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method 254 5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method 257 5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis 261 5.3.1 Radiation Only 262 5.3.2 Negligible Radiation 262 5.3.3 Convection Only with Variable Convection Coefficient 263 5.3.4 Additional Considerations 263 5.4 Spatial Effects 272 5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection 273 5.5.1 Exact Solution 274 5.5.2 Approximate Solution 274 5.5.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solution 276 5.5.4 Additional Considerations 276 5.6 Radial Systems with Convection 277 5.6.1 Exact Solutions 277 5.6.2 Approximate Solutions 278 5.6.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solutions 278 5.6.4 Additional Considerations 279 5.7 The Semi-Infinite Solid 284 5.8 Objects with Constant Surface Temperatures or Surface Heat Fluxes 291 5.8.1 Constant Temperature Boundary Conditions 291 5.8.2 Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions 293 5.8.3 Approximate Solutions 294 5.9 Periodic Heating 301 5.10 Finite-Difference Methods 304 5.10.1 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Explicit Method 304 5.10.2 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Implicit Method 311 5.11 Summary 318 References 319 Problems 319 5S.1 Graphical Representation of One-Dimensional, Transient Conduction in the Plane Wall, Long Cylinder, and Sphere W-12 5S.2 Analytical Solutions of Multidimensional Effects W-16 References W-22 Problems W-22 Chapter 6 Introduction to Convection 343 6.1 The Convection Boundary Layers 344 6.1.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer 344 6.1.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer 345 6.1.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer 347 6.1.4 Significance of the Boundary Layers 348 6.2 Local and Average Convection Coefficients 348 6.2.1 Heat Transfer 348 6.2.2 Mass Transfer 349 6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 355 6.3.1 Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary Layers 355 6.3.2 Laminar and Turbulent Thermal and Species Concentration Boundary Layers 357 6.4 The Boundary Layer Equations 360 6.4.1 Boundary Layer Equations for Laminar Flow 361 6.4.2 Compressible Flow 364 6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary Layer Equations 364 6.5.1 Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters 365 6.5.2 Dependent Dimensionless Parameters 365 6.6 Physical Interpretation of the Dimensionless Parameters 374 6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies 376 6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy 377 6.7.2 Evaporative Cooling 380 6.7.3 The Reynolds Analogy 383 6.8 Summary 384 References 385 Problems 386 6S.1 Derivation of the Convection Transfer Equations W-25 6S.1.1 Conservation of Mass W-25 6S.1.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion W-26 6S.1.3 Conservation of Energy W-29 6S.1.4 Conservation of Species W-32 References W-36 Problems W-36 Chapter 7 External Flow 399 7.1 The Empirical Method 401 7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow 402 7.2.1 Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate: A Similarity Solution 403 7.2.2 Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate 409 7.2.3 Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions 410 7.2.4 Unheated Starting Length 411 7.2.5 Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions 412 7.2.6 Limitations on Use of Convection Coefficients 413 7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation 413 7.4 The Cylinder in Cross Flow 421 7.4.1 Flow Considerations 421 7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer 423 7.5 The Sphere 431 7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes 434 7.7 Impinging Jets 443 7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations 443 7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer 444 7.8 Packed Beds 448 7.9 Summary 449 References 452 Problems 452 Chapter 8 Internal Flow 475 8.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations 476 8.1.1 Flow Conditions 476 8.1.2 The Mean Velocity 477 8.1.3 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region 478 8.1.4 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully Developed Flow 480 8.2 Thermal Considerations 481 8.2.1 The Mean Temperature 482 8.2.2 Newton’s Law of Cooling 483 8.2.3 Fully Developed Conditions 483 8.3 The Energy Balance 487 8.3.1 General Considerations 487 8.3.2 Constant Surface Heat Flux 488 8.3.3 Constant Surface Temperature 491 8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes: Thermal Analysis and Convection Correlations 495 8.4.1 The Fully Developed Region 495 8.4.2 The Entry Region 500 8.4.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties 502 8.5 Convection Correlations: Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes 502 8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes and the Concentric Tube Annulus 510 8.7 Heat Transfer Enhancement 513 8.8 Forced Convection in Small Channels 516 8.8.1 Microscale Convection in Gases (0.1 μm ≲ Dh ≲ 100 μm) 516 8.8.2 Microscale Convection in Liquids 517 8.8.3 Nanoscale Convection (Dh ≲ 100 nm) 518 8.9 Convection Mass Transfer 521 8.10 Summary 523 References 526 Problems 527 Chapter 9 Free Convection 547 9.1 Physical Considerations 548 9.2 The Governing Equations for Laminar Boundary Layers 550 9.3 Similarity Considerations 552 9.4 Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Surface 553 9.5 The Effects of Turbulence 556 9.6 Empirical Correlations: External Free Convection Flows 558 9.6.1 The Vertical Plate 559 9.6.2 Inclined and Horizontal Plates 562 9.6.3 The Long Horizontal Cylinder 567 9.6.4 Spheres 571 9.7 Free Convection Within Parallel Plate Channels 572 9.7.1 Vertical Channels 573 9.7.2 Inclined Channels 575 9.8 Empirical Correlations: Enclosures 575 9.8.1 Rectangular Cavities 575 9.8.2 Concentric Cylinders 578 9.8.3 Concentric Spheres 579 9.9 Combined Free and Forced Convection 581 9.10 Convection Mass Transfer 582 9.11 Summary 583 References 584 Problems 585 Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation 603 10.1 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation 604 10.2 Boiling Modes 605 10.3 Pool Boiling 606 10.3.1 The Boiling Curve 606 10.3.2 Modes of Pool Boiling 607 10.4 Pool Boiling Correlations 610 10.4.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling 610 10.4.2 Critical Heat Flux for Nucleate Pool Boiling 612 10.4.3 Minimum Heat Flux 613 10.4.4 Film Pool Boiling 613 10.4.5 Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling 614 10.5 Forced Convection Boiling 619 10.5.1 External Forced Convection Boiling 620 10.5.2 Two-Phase Flow 620 10.5.3 Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels 623 10.6 Condensation: Physical Mechanisms 623 10.7 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate 625 10.8 Turbulent Film Condensation 629 10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems 634 10.10 Condensation in Horizontal Tubes 639 10.11 Dropwise Condensation 640 10.12 Summary 641 References 641 Problems 643 Chapter 11 Heat Exchangers 653 11.1 Heat Exchanger Types 654 11.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 656 11.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference 659 11.3.1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger 660 11.3.2 The Counterflow Heat Exchanger 662 11.3.3 Special Operating Conditions 663 11.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis: The Effectiveness–NTU Method 670 11.4.1 Definitions 670 11.4.2 Effectiveness–NTU Relations 671 11.5 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Calculations 678 11.6 Additional Considerations 687 11.7 Summary 695 References 696 Problems 696 11S.1 Log Mean Temperature Difference Method for Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers W-40 11S.2 Compact Heat Exchangers W-44 References W-49 Problems W-50 Chapter 12 Radiation: Processes and Properties 711 12.1 Fundamental Concepts 712 12.2 Radiation Heat Fluxes 715 12.3 Radiation Intensity 717 12.3.1 Mathematical Definitions 717 12.3.2 Radiation Intensity and Its Relation to Emission 718 12.3.3 Relation to Irradiation 723 12.3.4 Relation to Radiosity for an Opaque Surface 725 12.3.5 Relation to the Net Radiative Flux for an Opaque Surface 726 12.4 Blackbody Radiation 726 12.4.1 The Planck Distribution 727 12.4.2 Wien’s Displacement Law 728 12.4.3 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law 728 12.4.4 Band Emission 729 12.5 Emission from Real Surfaces 736 12.6 Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission by Real Surfaces 745 12.6.1 Absorptivity 746 12.6.2 Reflectivity 747 12.6.3 Transmissivity 749 12.6.4 Special Considerations 749 12.7 Kirchhoff’s Law 754 12.8 The Gray Surface 756 12.9 Environmental Radiation 762 12.9.1 Solar Radiation 763 12.9.2 The Atmospheric Radiation Balance 765 12.9.3 Terrestrial Solar Irradiation 767 12.10 Summary 770 References 774 Problems 774 Chapter 13 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 797 13.1 The View Factor 798 13.1.1 The View Factor Integral 798 13.1.2 View Factor Relations 799 13.2 Blackbody Radiation Exchange 808 13.3 Radiation Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure 812 13.3.1 Net Radiation Exchange at a Surface 813 13.3.2 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 814 13.3.3 The Two-Surface Enclosure 820 13.3.4 Two-Surface Enclosures in Series and Radiation Shields 822 13.3.5 The Reradiating Surface 824 13.4 Multimode Heat Transfer 829 13.5 Implications of the Simplifying Assumptions 832 13.6 Radiation Exchange with Participating Media 832 13.6.1 Volumetric Absorption 832 13.6.2 Gaseous Emission and Absorption 833 13.7 Summary 837 References 838 Problems 839 Chapter 14 Diffusion Mass Transfer 863 14.1 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 864 14.1.1 Physical Origins 864 14.1.2 Mixture Composition 865 14.1.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion 866 14.1.4 Mass Diffusivity 867 14.2 Mass Transfer in Nonstationary Media 869 14.2.1 Absolute and Diffusive Species Fluxes 869 14.2.2 Evaporation in a Column 872 14.3 The Stationary Medium Approximation 877 14.4 Conservation of Species for a Stationary Medium 877 14.4.1 Conservation of Species for a Control Volume 878 14.4.2 The Mass Diffusion Equation 878 14.4.3 Stationary Media with Specified Surface Concentrations 880 14.5 Boundary Conditions and Discontinuous Concentrations at Interfaces 884 14.5.1 Evaporation and Sublimation 885 14.5.2 Solubility of Gases in Liquids and Solids 885 14.5.3 Catalytic Surface Reactions 890 14.6 Mass Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 892 14.7 Transient Diffusion 895 14.8 Summary 901 References 902 Problems 902 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 911 Appendix B Mathematical Relations and Functions 943 Appendix C Thermal Conditions Associated with Uniform Energy Generation in One-Dimensional, Steady-State Systems 949 Appendix D The Gauss–Seidel Method 955 Appendix E The Convection Transfer Equations 957 E.1 Conservation of Mass 958 E.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 958 E.3 Conservation of Energy 959 E.4 Conservation of Species 960 Appendix F Boundary Layer Equations for Turbulent Flow 961 Appendix G An Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution for Parallel Flow over a Flat Plate 965 Index 969

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book will help readers understand thermodynamic properties caused by magnetic fields. Providing a concise review of time independent magnetic fields, it goes on to discuss the thermodynamic properties of magnetizing materials of different shapes, and finally, the equilibrium properties of superconductors of different shapes and also of different sizes.Chapters are accompanied by problems illustrating the applications of the principles to optimize and enhance understanding. This book will be of interest to advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers specializing in thermodynamics, solid state physics, magnetism, and superconductivity.Features: The first book to provide comprehensive coverage of thermodynamics in magnetic fields, only previously available, in part, in journal articles Chapters include problems and worked solutions demonstrating real questions in contemporary superconductivity, such as properties of vTrade Review"Kozhevinkov’s book is a succinct and delightfully clear exposition of the fundamental thermodynamic principles underlying magnetic and superconducting materials. Each chapter concludes with a set of problems augmented by worked solutions, which will make the book very suitable for anyone trying to get to grips with this notoriously thorny subject." — Prof. Stephen Blundell, Department of Physics, University of Oxford "The book of Professor Kozhevnikov covers an important chapter of thermodynamics, which is largely underrepresented in the literature. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first monograph which consistently expounds the concepts of thermodynamics of materials in magnetic fields. In particular, it comprehensively addresses an issue of a demagnetizing factor and the forms of thermodynamic potentials appropriate for different sample/field configurations. Significant part of the book is devoted to the superconductivity. It is distinguished in in-depth discussions of not well-covered subjects, such as the intermediate state in type-I superconductors and magnetic properties of type-II materials with non-zero demagnetizing factor. In the first chapter (Elements of magnetostatics in magnetizing media), the author discusses latest achievements in the studies of superconductivity made possible due to the most advanced methods of magnetometry, such as the muon spin rotation spectroscopy. These achievements include (but not limited to) a novel explanation of nucleation of superconductivity at high magnetic field and direct measurements of the field intensity H in type-I superconductors. The book is written in a clear language without mathematical excesses but with an emphasis on the physical meaning of the concepts covered. To illustrate these concepts, all chapters are accompanied by original problems with solutions. This book will definitely appeal to students and instructors/ researchers in Physics, Applied Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, and Electrical Engineering Departments. It can be used as a supplementary text in variety of courses, e.g., thermodynamics, electromagnetism, physics of condensed matter, superconductivity, and statistical physics." — Michail Raikh, Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 2019 Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1. Magnetic Fields in Regular Matter. 2. Thermodynamic Potentials In Magnetic Fields. 3. Diamagnetism in Superconductors. 4. Concluding remarks.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this revised and enlarged second edition, Tony Guénault provides a clear and refreshingly readable introduction to statistical physics. The treatment itself is self-contained and concentrates on an understanding of the physical ideas, without requiring a high level of mathematical sophistication.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition: "This is an introductory level textbook on the basics of statistical physics. … it is an easy-to-read textbook, suited for bachelor students who want to learn the basics of statistical physics by themselves." (Jacques Tempere, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 30 (4), 2008)Table of ContentsPreface 1: Basic Ideas. 1.1. The Macrostate. 1.2. Microstates. 1.3. The Average Postulate. 1.4. Distributions. 1.5. The Statistical method in Outline. 1.6. A Model Example. 1.7. Statistical Entropy and Microstates. 1.8 Summary. 2: Distinguishable Particles. 2.1. The Thermal Equilibrium Distribution. 2.2. What are a and ß? 2.3. A Statistical Definition of Temperature. 2.4. The Boltzman Distribution and the Partition Function. 2.5. Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions. 2.6. Summary. 3: Two Examples. 3.1. A spin-½ Solid. 3.2. Localized harmonic Oscillators. 3.3. Summary. 4: Gases: The Density of States. 4.1. Fitting waves into boxes. 4.2. Other Information for Statistical Physics. 4.3. An Example – Helium Gas. 4.4. Summary 5: Gases: The Distributions. 5.1. Distribution in groups. 5.2. Identical Particles – Fermions and Bosons. 5.3. Counting Microstates for Gases. 5.4. The Three Distributions. 5.5. Summary. 6: Maxwell-Boltzmann Gases. 6.1. The validity of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Limit. 6.2. The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds. 6.3. The Connection to Thermodynamics. 6.4. Summary. 7: Diatomic Gases. 7.1. Energy Contributions in Diatomic Gases. 7.2. Heat Capacity of a Diatomic Gas. 7.3. The Heat Capacity of Hydrogen. 7.4. Summary. 8: Fermi-Dirac Gases. 8.1. Properties of an Ideal Fermi-Dirac Gas. 8.2. Application to Metals. 8.3. Application to Helium-3. 8.4. Summary. 9: Bose-Einstein Gases. 9.1. Properties of an Ideal Bose-Einstein Gas. 9.2. Application to Helium-4. 9.3. Phoney Bosons. 9.4. A Note about Cold Atoms. 9.5. Summary. 10: Entropy in Other Situations. 10.1. Entropy and Disorder. 10.2. An Assembly at Fixed Temperature. 10.3. Vacancies in Solids. 11: Phase Transitions. 11.1. Types of Phase Transition. 11.2. Ferromagnetism of a spin-½ Solid. 11.3. Real Ferromagnetic Materials. 11.4. Order-Disorder Transformations in Alloys. 12: Two New Ideas. 12.1. Statistics or Dynamics. 12.2. Ensembles – a LargerView. 13: Chemical Thermodynamics. 13.1. Chemical Potential Revisited. 13.2. The Grand Canonical Ensemble. 13.3. Ideal Gases in the Grand Ensemble. 13.4. Mixed Systems and Chemical Reactions. 14: Dealing with Interactions. 14.1. Electrons in Metals. 14.2. Liquid Helium-3: a Fermi Liquid. 14.3. Liquid Helium-4: a Bose Liquid? 14.4. Real Imperfect Gases. 15: Statistics under Extreme Conditions. 15.1. Superfluid States in Fermi-Dirac Systems. 15.2. Statistics in Astrophysical Systems. Appendix A – Some Elementary Counting Problems Appendix B – Some Problems with Large Numbers Appendix C – Some Useful Integrals Appendix D – Some Useful Constants Appendix E – Exercises Appendix F – Answers to Exercises Index

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review[Yunger Halpern] reimagines 19th-century thermodynamics through a modern, quantum lens, playing with the aesthetics of the 1800s through trains, dirigibles and horseless carriages. It is a physics book, but one that is as likely to attract readers of science fiction as those of popular science.—Simon Ings, NewScientistAt this moment when quantum theory is being applied, nonexperts will find this guide helpful.—Harvard MagazineQuantum Steampunk is probably the best plain English explanation of quantum physics you'll find anywhere. Dr. Halpern uses illustrations, whimsical descriptions, and humor.—Quantum ZeitgeistAn entertaining book... that explains the essence and secrets of the many facets of quantum thermodynamics in layman's terms....By adding literary flair to otherwise dry technical content, Yunger Halpern masterfully conveys in simple terms the variety of complex ideas that characterize the different subfields of quantum thermodynamics.—Physics Today[Yunger Halpern] combines fragments of a yet-to-be-written steampunk novel with her personal and technical accounts of coming of age in the modern era of quantum thermodynamics.This optimistic, balanced view of modern quantum research, emphasizing fundamentals and minimizing hype, is a good introduction for the general scientific-minded reader.—Charles Clark, NIST ConnectionsTable of ContentsPrologue. Once upon a time in physicsChapter 1. Information theory: Of passwords and probabilitiesChapter 2. Quantum physics: Everything at once, or, one thing at a time?Chapter 3. Quantum computation: Everything at onceChapter 4. Thermodynamics: "May I drive?"Chapter 5. A fine merger: Thermodynamics, information theory, and quantum physicsChapter 6. The physics of yesterday's tomorrow: The landscape of quantum steampunkChapter 7. Pedal to the metal: Quantum thermal machinesChapter 8. Tick tock: Quantum clocksChapter 9. Unsteady as she goes: Fluctuation relationsChapter 10. Entropy, energy, and a tiny possibility: One-shot thermodynamicsChapter 11. Resource theories: A ha'penny of a quantum stateChapter 12. The unseen kingdom: When quantum observables don't cooperateChapter 13. All over the map: Rounding out our tourChapter 14. Stepping off the map: Quantum steampunk crosses bordersEpilogue. Where to next? The future of quantum steampunkAcknowledgmentsGlossaryReferencesIndex

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsisan impressive text that addresses a glaring gap in the teaching of physical chemistry, being specifically focused on biologically-relevant systems along with a practical focusâ. the ample problems and tutorials throughout are much appreciated. âTobin R. Sosnick, Professor and Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of ChicagoPresents both the concepts and equations associated with statistical thermodynamics in a unique way that is at visual, intuitive, and rigorous. This approach will greatly benefit students at all levels. âVijay S. Pande, Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Stanford Universitya masterful tour de forceâ. Barrick's rigor and scholarship come through in every chapter.âRohit V. Pappu, Edwin H. Murty Professor of Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisThis book provides a comprehensive, contemporary introduction to developing a quantitative understanding of how biological macromolecules behTrade Review"Presents both the concepts and equations associated with statistical thermodynamics in a unique way that is at visual, intuitive, and rigorous. This approach will greatly benefit students at all levels." –Vijay S. Pande, Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University"a masterful tour de force…. Barrick's rigor and scholarship come through in every chapter. The focus on biomolecules combined with the detailed demonstrations of how concepts apply to practical aspects of biophysics make this a truly unique contribution. Everyone, from the purported expert to the true novice will gain immensely from this carefully crafted, well motivated, and deeply thought out contribution. This book should live on all of our bookshelves and be consulted routinely as a quick reference or as material for in depth study and training." —Rohit V. Pappu, Edwin H. Murty Professor of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis"The author has created an impressive text that addresses a glaring gap in the teaching of physical chemistry, being specifically focused on biologically-relevant systems along with a practical focus. It starts by bringing students up to speed on probability theory, multi-variate calculus and data fitting, the necessary tools for tackling the advanced topics covered in the remaining dozen chapters and for conducting rigorous interdisciplinary research…. the ample problems and tutorials throughout are much appreciated." —Tobin R. Sosnick, Professor and Chair, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago"Presents both the concepts and equations associated with statistical thermodynamics in a unique way that is at visual, intuitive, and rigorous. This approach will greatly benefit students at all levels." –Vijay S. Pande, Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University"a masterful tour de force…. Barrick's rigor and scholarship come through in every chapter. The focus on biomolecules combined with the detailed demonstrations of how concepts apply to practical aspects of biophysics make this a truly unique contribution. Everyone, from the purported expert to the true novice will gain immensely from this carefully crafted, well motivated, and deeply thought out contribution. This book should live on all of our bookshelves and be consulted routinely as a quick reference or as material for in depth study and training." —Rohit V. Pappu, Edwin H. Murty Professor of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis"The author has created an impressive text that addresses a glaring gap in the teaching of physical chemistry, being specifically focused on biologically-relevant systems along with a practical focus. It starts by bringing students up to speed on probability theory, multi-variate calculus and data fitting, the necessary tools for tackling the advanced topics covered in the remaining dozen chapters and for conducting rigorous interdisciplinary research…. the ample problems and tutorials throughout are much appreciated." —Tobin R. Sosnick, Professor and Chair, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of ChicagoTable of ContentsSeries PrefacePrefaceAcknowledgmentsNote to InstructorsAuthorChapter 1 Probabilities and Statistics in Chemical and BiothermodynamicsChapter 2 Mathematical Tools in ThermodynamicsChapter 3 The Framework of Thermodynamics and the First LawChapter 4 The Second Law and EntropyChapter 5 Free Energy as a Potential for the Laboratory and for BiologyChapter 6 Using Chemical Potentials to Describe Phase TransitionsChapter 7 The Concentration Dependence of Chemical Potential, Mixing, and ReactionsChapter 8 Conformational EquilibriumChapter 9 Statistical Thermodynamics and the Ensemble MethodChapter 10 Ensembles That Interact with Their SurroundingsChapter 11 Partition Functions for Single Molecules and Chemical ReactionsChapter 12 The Helix–Coil TransitionChapter 13 Ligand Binding Equilibria from a Macroscopic PerspectiveChapter 14 Ligand Binding Equilibria from a Microscopic PerspectiveAppendix: How to Use Mathematica 485BibliographyIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Compendium of Theoretical Physics contains the canonical curriculum of theoretical physics. From classical mechanics over electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and statistical physics/thermodynamics, all topics are treated axiomatic-deductively and confimed by exercises, solutions and short summaries.Table of ContentsPreface.- List of Applications.- 1.Mechanics: Newtonian Mechanics.- Lagrangian Mechanics.- Hamiltonian Mechanics.- Motion of Rigid Bodies.- Central Forces.- Relativistic Mechanics.- 2. Electrodynamics: Formalism of Electrodynamics.- Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations in the Form of Potentials.- Lorentz Covariant Formulation of Electrodynamics.- Radiation Theory.- Time-Independent Electrodynamics.- Electrodynamics in Matter.- Electromagnetic Waves.- Lagrange Formalism in Electrodynamics.- 3. Quantum Mechanics: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics.- Formulation of Quantum Theory.- One-Dimensional Systems.- Quantum Mechanical Angular Momenta.- Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimensions.- Electromagnetic Interactions.- Perturbation Theory and Real Hydrogen Atom.- Atomic Transitions.- N-Particle Systems.- Scattering Theory.- 4. Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics: Foundations of Statistical Physics.- Ensemble Theory I: Microcanonical Ensemble and Entropy.- Ensemble Theory II: Canonical and Grand Canonical Ensemble.- Entropy and Information Theory.- Thermodynamics.- Classical Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics.- Quantum Statistics.- Appendix A: Mathematical Appendix.- Appendix B: Literature List.- Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisOptical Methods - an Overview.- Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph.- Rainbow Schlieren.- Principles of Tomography.- Validation Studies.- Closure.Table of ContentsOptical Methods - an Overview.- Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph.- Rainbow Schlieren.- Principles of Tomography.- Validation Studies.- Closure.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThermal-hydraulic instability can potentially impair thermal reliability of reactor cores or other power equipment components. Thus it is important to address stability issues in power equipment associated with thermal and nuclear installations, particularly in thermal nuclear power plants, chemical and petroleum industries, space technology, and radio, electronic, and computer cooling systems. Coolant Flow Instabilities in Power Equipment synthesizes results from instability investigations around the world, presenting an analysis and generalization of the published technical literature.The authors include individual examples on flow stability in various types of equipment, including boilers, reactors, steam generators, condensers, heat exchangers, turbines, pumps, deaerators, bubblers, and pipelines. They also present information that has not been widely available until recently, such as thermal-acoustic instability, flow instability with supercritical paraTable of ContentsPhase Flow Oscillatory Thermal-Hydraulic Instability. Oscillatory Stability Boundary in Hydrodynamic Interaction of Parallel Channels and Requirements to Simulate Unstable Processes on Test Facilities. Simplified Correlations for Determining the Two-Phase Flow Thermal-Hydraulic Oscillatory Stability Boundary. Some Notes on the Oscillatory Flow Stability Boundary. Static Instability. Thermal-Acoustic Oscillations in Heated Channels. Instability of Condensing Flows. Some Cases of Flow Instability in Pipelines. References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThermodynamics Kept Simple A Molecular Approach: What is the Driving Force in the World of Molecules? offers a truly unique way of teaching and thinking about basic thermodynamics that helps students overcome common conceptual problems. For example, the book explains the concept of entropy from the perspective of probabilities of various molecular processes. Temperature is then addressed and related to probabilities for heat transfer between different systems. This approach gives the second law of thermodynamics a natural and intuitive background.The book delivers a concise and brilliantly conceived introduction to thermodynamics by focusing at the molecular level in a manner that is easy to follow and illustrated by engaging, concrete examples. By providing a guided tour of the world of molecules, the book gives insights into essential principles of thermodynamics with minimal use of mathematics. It takes as a unifying theme an application of simple Trade Review"This book is a pleasure to read. Especially noteworthy is the considerable attention that has been devoted to the concept of entropy … neatly explained via very simple model systems."—Jan Forsman, Professor, Lund University"… an excellent complement to traditional thermodynamics textbooks. The author clearly explains concepts in chemical thermodynamics using a molecular approach."—Enrique Peacock-Lopez, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Williams College"Thermodynamics Kept Simple is an excellent book. It demystifies, with great devotion on the confusing details, the concepts of temperature, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy. It then explains, mainly qualitatively, topics such as mixing, chemical equilibrium, vapor pressure, and so on."—Kristofer Modig, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University"The author’s treatment is straightforward and appropriate for first-year students. His examples are clear, his intuitive arguments are convincing, the math is always kept simple … [and] the language is flawless."—Stephen C. Harvey, University of Pennsylvania"This reviewer highly commends Kjellander for engaging readers immediately in the concept of energy and entropy via a simple description of microstates coupled with straightforward algebra. The author covers other areas informally and includes sufficient algebra and simple calculus for students to follow the text. This non-rigorous approach may meet the objectives of science and engineering technology majors who lack preparation in multivariate calculus…. Kjellander provides helpful hints in footnotes scattered abundantly throughout the book, including messages about accurate methods to derive concepts from first principles." —Choice (Review by R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth)"I recommend the textbook for a first exposure to thermodynamics. Kjellander has indeed kept it simple." —Contemporary Physics (Sep 2016), review by Robert S. MacKay"Unlike most textbooks on statistical mechanics and thermodynamics there is very little math in this book. Instead, clear explanations and illustrative examples have been put forward to support the discussions. The book also takes a very interesting and novel approach in introducing the concepts of temperature and entropy, which clears up the usual confusions and sets a strong foundation for more advanced courses. The text is easy to read and follow and does not require any particular, university level knowledge of mathematics and physics. These make it ideal for the first year students. It will be definitely in the essential reading list for my first year thermodynamics course." —Dr Nader Karimi, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow"This book is a pleasure to read. Especially noteworthy is the considerable attention that has been devoted to the concept of entropy … neatly explained via very simple model systems."—Jan Forsman, Professor, Lund University"… an excellent complement to traditional thermodynamics textbooks. The author clearly explains concepts in chemical thermodynamics using a molecular approach."—Enrique Peacock-Lopez, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Williams College"Thermodynamics Kept Simple is an excellent book. It demystifies, with great devotion on the confusing details, the concepts of temperature, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy. It then explains, mainly qualitatively, topics such as mixing, chemical equilibrium, vapor pressure, and so on."—Kristofer Modig, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University"The author’s treatment is straightforward and appropriate for first-year students. His examples are clear, his intuitive arguments are convincing, the math is always kept simple … [and] the language is flawless."—Stephen C. Harvey, University of Pennsylvania"This reviewer highly commends Kjellander for engaging readers immediately in the concept of energy and entropy via a simple description of microstates coupled with straightforward algebra. The author covers other areas informally and includes sufficient algebra and simple calculus for students to follow the text. This non-rigorous approach may meet the objectives of science and engineering technology majors who lack preparation in multivariate calculus…. Kjellander provides helpful hints in footnotes scattered abundantly throughout the book, including messages about accurate methods to derive concepts from first principles." —Choice (Review by R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth)"I recommend the textbook for a first exposure to thermodynamics. Kjellander has indeed kept it simple." —Contemporary Physics (Sep 2016), review by Robert S. MacKay"Unlike most textbooks on statistical mechanics and thermodynamics there is very little math in this book. Instead, clear explanations and illustrative examples have been put forward to support the discussions. The book also takes a very interesting and novel approach in introducing the concepts of temperature and entropy, which clears up the usual confusions and sets a strong foundation for more advanced courses. The text is easy to read and follow and does not require any particular, university level knowledge of mathematics and physics. These make it ideal for the first year students. It will be definitely in the essential reading list for my first year thermodynamics course." —Dr Nader Karimi, School of Engineering, University of GlasgowTable of ContentsIntroduction. Energy and entropy. Entropy and free energy. More on gases and the basics of thermodynamics. Mixtures and reactions. Phases and temperature variations. Epilogue. Appendices.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis entertaining, eye-opening account of how the laws of thermodynamics are essential to understanding the world today—from refrigeration and jet engines to calorie counting and global warming—is “a lesson in how to do popular science right” (Kirkus Reviews).Einstein’s Fridge tells the incredible epic story of the scientists who, over two centuries, harnessed the power of heat and ice and formulated a theory essential to comprehending our universe. “Although thermodynamics has been studied for hundreds of years…few nonscientists appreciate how its principles have shaped the modern world” (Scientific American). Thermodynamics—the branch of physics that deals with energy and entropy—governs everything from the behavior of living cells to the black hole at the center of our galaxy. Not only that, but thermodynamics explains why we must eat and breathe, how lights turn on, the limits of comput

Read more less