Thermodynamics and heat Books
HarperCollins Publishers Einsteins Fridge The Science of Fire Ice and the
Book SynopsisHugely readable and entertaining' JIM AL-KHALILIAn accessible and crystal-clear portrait of this discipline's breadth, largely told through its history' PHIL BALL, PHYSICS WORLDEinstein's Fridge tells the story of how scientists uncovered the least known and yet most consequential of all the sciences, and learned to harness the power of heat and ice.The laws of thermodynamics govern everything from the behaviour of atoms to that of living cells, from the engines that power our world to the black hole at the centre of our galaxy. Not only that, but thermodynamics explains why we must eat and breathe, how the lights come on, and ultimately how the universe will end. The people who decoded its laws came from every branch of the sciences they were engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, cosmologists and mathematicians.Their discoveries, set over two hundred years, kick-started the industrial revolution, changed the course of world wars and informed modern understanding of black holesTrade Review‘Sen knows how to grab the attention of an audience … [An] elegantly written and engaging book … It’s a measure of Sen’s achievement that by combining science, history, and biography he takes us on a successful tour through thermodynamics.’ Manjit Kumar, Financial Times ‘When you combine some of the most profound concepts in physics with exceptional storytelling, this is what you get: popular science writing at its very best. Einstein’s Fridge is a hugely readable and entertaining history of thermodynamics and how it has created and shaped our world.’ Jim Al-Khalili, author of The World According to Physics ‘Makes a strong case that thermodynamics is every bit as lively as those other fields – and vastly more useful for understanding what makes the universe tick … Thermodynamics does not bow to other fields; other fields bow to it.’ Sam Kean, Wall Street Journal ‘Superb … Einstein’s Fridge offers an accessible and crystal-clear portrait of this discipline’s breadth … [The book] wanders widely while never losing its connection to the central theme … Splendid’ Phil Ball, Physics World ‘Although thermodynamics has been studied for hundreds of years, film-maker Sen writes, few nonscientists appreciate how its principles have shaped the modern world.’ Scientific American ‘Sen makes a convincing case for the importance of thermodynamics in his impressive debut … He accomplishes all of this with splendid prose, making ample use of analogies to explain complex scientific ideas. Sen’s history of hot and cold is pop-science that hits the mark.’ Publisher’s Weekly ‘This entertaining, eye-opening account of how the laws of thermodynamics are essential to understanding the world today – from refrigeration and jet engines to calorie counting and global warming – is a lesson in how to do popular science right.’ Kirkus Reviews ‘Sen performs an exquisite examination of an ostensibly simple distinction, the difference between hot and cold.’ Booklist
£9.49
Dover Publications Inc Ness H Understanding Thermodynamics
Book Synopsis
£9.49
Oxford University Press The Architecture of Clouds
Book SynopsisThe Architecture of Clouds describes in a visual, poetic, and personal way how clouds are related to our everyday life and the weather. It expertly details how the art and science of clouds are interconnected with straightforward scientific explanations of the meteorological context in which clouds appear and why they form, alongside in-depth descriptions of the visual and artistic aspects of clouds. The air motion dynamics, cloud microphysics and thermodynamics discussed are written in a style accessible to all readers.The clouds showcased within the text range from placid ground fog to smoothly sculpted, stationary, mountain-wave clouds to violent clouds associated with convective storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Clouds are classified as whether they are buoyant or not, and if they are, how deep they extend through the atmosphere. An exhaustive and impressive compilation of photos taken from all over the world, including photographs taken from satellites, are featured in each chapt
£23.75
Wolfram Media Inc The Second Law: Resolving the Mystery of the
Book Synopsis
£39.59
John Wiley & Sons Inc Convective Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisA modern and broad exposition emphasizing heat transfer by convection. This edition contains valuable new information primarily pertaining to flow and heat transfer in porous media and computational fluid dynamics as well as recent advances in turbulence modeling. Problems of a mixed theoretical and practical nature provide an opportunity to test mastery of the material.Table of ContentsEquations of Continuity, Motion, Energy, and Mass Diffusion. One-Dimensional Solutions. Laminar Heat Transfer in Ducts. Laminar Boundary Layers. Integral Methods. Turbulence Fundamentals. Turbulent Boundary Layers. Turbulent Flow in Ducts. Natural Convection. Boiling. Condensation. Appendices. Index.
£173.66
Oxford University Press Ionic Transport Processes In Electrochemistry And Membrane Science
Book SynopsisModelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated to the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, coupling them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book, the transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e. on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are thoroughly discussed.The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented in detail so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises, some of them more demanding than others.Trade Review`The main topic covered by this book, ionic transport, is of technological importance in relation to the current interest in membrane technology, for instance for developments in fuel cells. The complexity of these problems requires a fundamental approach and understanding of the basic processes taking place. [...] The book is of very high quality and the inclusion of problem sets is a definite plus.' David Schiffrin, University of Liverpool`The book fills a very definite and well sensed gap in the existing literature, and it has all potential qualification to become a standard study and teaching tool and source of reference for the researchers in the classical electrochemistry and membranology as well as in the rapidly developing neighbour areas of bio- and nano-technology and microfluidics. It should also be of interest to biophysicists with interests in electro- and neurophysiology.' Isaak Rubinstein, Ben Gurion University, IsraelTable of Contents1. Thermodynamics of irreversible processes ; 2. Transport equations ; 3. Transport at electrodes ; 4. Transport in membranes ; 5. Transport through liquid membranes
£51.30
Elsevier Science The Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering
Book Synopsis
£108.00
Oxford University Press Concepts of Materials Science
Book SynopsisThis book provides an expert perspective and a unique insight into the essence of the science of materials, introducing the reader to ten fundamental concepts underpinning the subject. It is suitable for undergraduate and pre-university students of physics, chemistry and mathematics.Trade ReviewThere is no doubt that the intellectual quality of this book is extremely high. This is a book written by a materials scientist at the top of their game - one who has taught the subject as well being a world expert. This is distilled wisdom. * Mark Miodownik, University College London *This is a nicely written book. Great care has been taken to be economical with words, while giving clear explanations using accessible examples. This book appears to be a concise summary of the thinking of the author over several decades of teaching and research in the field. * Andrew Horsfield, Imperial College London *Sutton has succeeded in collecting the principal concepts of materials science into a short book. The content is accessible to students in the physical sciences and is elegantly presented. Sutton's goal to present things in the simplest form does not compromise rigor. * W. Craig Carter, Massachusetts Institute of Technology *Table of Contents1: When is a Material Stable? 2: Phase Diagrams 3: Restless Motion 4: Defects 5: Symmetry 6: Quantum Behaviour 7: Small is Different 8: Collective Behaviour 9: Materials by Design 10: Metamaterials 11: Biological Matter as a Material
£45.59
Oxford University Press Sailing the Ocean of Complexity Lessons from the
Book SynopsisThe book provides a non-specialist introduction to the reasons why we can make sense of the world around and within us, facing the oceans of complexity which inhabit both. The book provides a scientific and easily accessible description of some of the key physical mechanisms by which the wonderful gift of life materializes in the natural world.Trade ReviewThis book gives a nontechnical survey of complex systems, strongly emphasizing the connection of fundamental physics to biology. Starting with a very nice foundational discussion, the Succi goes on to look at the connection developed by Boltzmann between microscopic physics and macroscopic biology...the thoughtful reader will be rewarded. * Choice *This is an interesting exploration of how the complex macroscopic world is derivable from microscopic physics, and how the non-linearity of complex systems leads to issues of predictability and at the same time accounts for physical structures. The author gives personal comments on his own appreciation of the physics throughout the book, as well as a thought-provoking conclusion suggesting that our experience of time is a consequence of the emergence of complexity. * E. Kincanon, Gonzaga University, CHOICE connect *Complexity is between the two infinities "very big" and "very small" - always a fascinating subject. The author explains things in a very easy-going way, and adds some entertaining stories and thoughts which make it entertaining to read. * Christian Beck, Queen Mary University of London *Complexity science is of critical importance in the modern world, but not on the radar screen of the average reader. This book, designed for the general public, is intended to fix that problem in a very enjoyable and entertaining style. * Bruce Boghosian, Tufts University *A fresh and competent view on a very interesting scientific topic. * Guido Caldarelli, School IMT Alti Studi Lucca *Sauro Succi's new book is both superb and essential. Succi, with clarity and wit, takes us from quarks and Boltzmann to soft matter - precisely the frontier of physics and life. Someone said, “There is no truth beyond magic”. Succi shows us the magic at the edge of life. * Stuart Kauffman, MacArthur Fellow, Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Gold Medal Accademia Lincea *Table of ContentsPreface Part 1: COMPLEXITY 1: Introducing Complexity 2: The Guiding Barriers 3: Competition and Cooperation 4: Nonlinearity, The Mother of Complexity 5: The Dark Side of Nonlinearity 6: The Bright Side of Nonlinearity 7: Networks, The Fabric of Complexity Part 2: THE SCIENCE OF CHANGE 8: Good Old Thermodynamics 9: The Man Who Trusted Atoms 10: Biological Escapes 11: Cosmological Escapes 12: Free Energy Part 3: THE PHYSICS-BIOLOGY INTERFACE 13: Survival in Molecular Hyperland, the Ozland Valleys 14: Free Energy Funnels 15: Soft Matter, The Stu that Dreams Are Made Of 16: Water, the Wonderuid Part 4: COMPLEXITY AND THE HUMAN CONDITION 17: Time and the Complexity of the Human Condition 18: Harness the Hybris: Hallelujah! 19: Appendices Epilogue Acknowledgements References
£28.02
Oxford University Press Atmospheric Convection
Book SynopsisAtmospheric Convection is a scientifically rigorous description of the multitude of convective circulations in the Earth''s atmosphere. The book introduces the student to three principal techniques used in understanding and predicting convective motion: theory, field experiment, and numerical modelling. Each chapter is followed by a set of exercises designed to test the understanding of the phenomena themselves as well as the techniques used in exploiting them. Topics covered include dry convection, Raleigh-Benard convection, the thermodynamics of moist and cloudy air, and the characteristics of individual convective clouds.Trade Review"[A]n excellent monograph by a leading atmospheric scientist...will be consulted by everyone interested in the complexities of dynamical meteorology and in the improvement of practical methods of climate and weather prediction."--Physics Today "Exceptionally interesting....Stimulating....Moist convection is not easy to characterize by models that can be analyzed analytically and yet illuminate essential physical mechanisms. The strength of this book is to blaze an intellectual trail through the field by collecting such models and presenting them and their assumptions completely and clearly enough that readers can derive and understand for themselves all essential equations and results....A major contribution that belongs on the bookshelf of any scholar of the subject. Its orientation toward conceptual models also makes it particularly useful for and accessible to researchers in areas such as climate dynamics....Makes a nice (and affordable) textbook on atmospheric convection for mathematically inclined advanced graduate students and it includes exercises of all levels of difficulty." --Christopher S. Bretherton, University of Seattle, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society "The author...has written an excellent graduate level teaching text....If the reviewer had not inherited the book by way of reviewing, he would have gone out and bought it anyway for its contained value in shaping and forming one's avenue of approach to the subject - praise enough, indeed!--Physics in Canada "Each chapter concludes with exercises for students and the author gives as well the e-mail address from which codes useful for solving some of them are available. The clear layout of the text and the favorable selection of the illustrations should also be emphasized...Useful not only for students but for professionals as well. A valuable contribution to the library of meteorological textbooks and monographs."--Krzysztof Haman, Institute of GeophysicsTable of ContentsPART I: Dry Convection 1: General Principles 2: Convection from Local Sources 3: Global Convection: The Rayleigh-Benard Problem and Dry Convective Boundary Layers PART II: Moist Thermodynamics and Stability 4: Moist Thermodynamic Processes 5: Graphical Techniques 6: Stability PART III: Local Properties of Moist Convection 7: Observed Characteristics of Nonprecipitating Cumuli 8: Theory of Mixing in Cumulus Clouds 9: Observed Characteristics of Precipitating Convection 10: Numerical Modeling of Convective Clouds 11: Dynamics of Precipitating Convection 12: Slantwise Convection PART IV: Global Moist Convection 13: Stratocumulus and Trade-Cumulus Boundary Layers 14: Deep Convective Regimes 15: Interaction of Convection with Large-scale Flows 16: Cumulus Representations in Numerical Models
£144.50
Oxford University Press Inventing Temperature Measurement and Scientific
Book SynopsisWhat is temperature, and how can we measure it correctly? These may seem like simple questions, but the most renowned scientists struggled with them throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. In Inventing Temperature, Chang examines how scientists first created thermometers; how they measured temperature beyond the reach of standard thermometers; and how they managed to assess the reliability and accuracy of these instruments without a circular reliance on the instruments themselves. In a discussion that brings together the history of science with the philosophy of science, Chang presents the simple yet challenging epistemic and technical questions about these instruments, and the complex web of abstract philosophical issues surrounding them. Chang''s book shows that many items of knowledge that we take for granted now are in fact spectacular achievements, obtained only after a great deal of innovative thinking, painstaking experiments, bold conjectures, and controversy. Lurking behind these achievements are some very important philosophical questions about how and when people accept the authority of science.Trade Reviewthe most important book on this subject since Bridgman's classic work of 1927... Chang's book should become mandatory reading for anyone who wants to pursue the problem of measurement further. * Donald Gillies, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science *Table of Contents1. Keeping the Fixed Points Fixed ; 2. Spirit, Air, and Quicksilver ; 3. To Go Beyond ; 4. Theory, Measurement, and Absolute Temperature ; 5. Measurement, Justification, and Scientific Progress
£34.84
Oxford University Press Statistical Mechanics
Book SynopsisStatistical mechanics is the science of predicting the observable properties of a multiple bodied system by studying the statistics of the behaviour of its individual constituents, whether they are atoms, molecules, photons, etc. It provides the link between macroscopic and microscopic states, and as such has the potential to be one of the most satisfying parts of an undergraduate science course - linking in an elegant manner the quantum world with everyday observations of systems containing large numbers of particles.This excellent text is designed to introduce the fundamentals of the subject of statistical mechanics at a level suitable for students who meet the subject for the first time. The treatment given here is designed to give the student a feeling for the topic of statistical mechanics without being held back by the need to understand complex mathematics. The text is concise and concentrates on the understanding of fundamental aspects. Numerous questions with worked solutions Trade Review... constructured with great care and with plenty of worked-out problems. * Times Higher Education Supplement *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Back to basics ; 2. The statistics of distinguishable particles ; 3. Paramagnets and oscillators ; 4. Indistinguishable particles and monatomic ideal gases ; 5. Diatomic ideal gases ; 6. Quantum statistics ; 7. Electrons in metals ; 8. Photons and phonons ; 9. Bose-Einstein condensation ; 10. Ensembles ; 11. The end is in sight ; Appendix A: Worked Answers ; Appendix B: Useful Integrals ; Appendix C: Physical Constants ; Appendix D: Bibliography ; Index
£37.52
Clarendon Press Statistical Mechanics of Phase Transitions
Book SynopsisRecent developments have led to a good understanding of universality; why phase transitions in systems as diverse as magnets, fluids, liquid crystals, and superconductors can be brought under the same theoretical umbrella and well described by simple models. This book describes the physics underlying universality and then lays out the theoretical approaches now available for studying phase transitions. Traditional techniques, mean-field theory, series expansions, and the transfer matrix, are described; the Monte Carlo method is covered, and two chapters are devoted to the renormalization group, which led to a break-through in the field.The book will be useful as a textbook for a course in `Phase Transitions'', as an introduction for graduate students undertaking research in related fields, and as an overview for scientists in other disciplines who work with phase transitions but who are not aware of the current tools in the armoury of the theoretical physicist.Trade Review'The book will be useful as a textbook for a course in phase transitions; as an introduction in other disciplines who work with phase transitions but who are not aware of the current tools in the armoury of the theoretical physicist. (orig.) Physics Briefs'it is desirable that those who wish to be acquainted with the work being done in the field have access to suitable textbooks ... Such a book is the text under review ... this book will serve as a useful map to novices to the field.' Dr A. Danielian, King's College, London, Contemporary Physics, Volume 33, Number 5, September/October 1992'novices will be provided with an up-to-date map of the field.' Dr. A. Danielian, King's College, London. Contemporary Physics, 1992, Volume 33, Number 5.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics; Models; Mean-field theories; The transfer matrix; Series expansions; Monte Carlo simulations; The renormalization group; Implementations of the renormalization group.
£41.79
OUP Oxford Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisThis concise text contains the essential material covered in much longer texts, making it easier for students to understand the key principles. There are chapters on conduction, forced convection, natural convection and radiation. These are integrated in examples which need more than one aspect of heat transfer for solution.Table of ContentsNomenclature ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Conduction ; 3. Forced Convection ; 4. Natural Convection ; 5. Radiation ; Appendix - Properties of air and water. Error function
£27.99
OUP Oxford Conjuring the Universe
Book SynopsisThe marvellous complexity of the Universe emerges from several deep laws and a handful of fundamental constants that fix its shape, scale, and destiny. Peter Atkins identifies the minimum decisions that would be needed for the Universe to behave as it does, arguing that the laws of Nature can spring from very little. Or perhaps from nothing at all.Trade ReviewAtkins writes in a clear and humorous manner for the lay reader. Dont skip the notes at the end of the book. Some real gems are hidden there ... Recommended for undergraduates and general readers. * CHOICE *This short volume is essential reading for anyone who balks at the mention of Schrödinger, equations and cats included... Atkins sweeps aside the mathematical mystique with his characteristic wit. * Zoe Hackett, Chemistry World *Tour de force... this is a compact 168 pages that delivers splendidly on the question of where the natural laws came from. * Brian Clegg, popularscience.com *It's rare to find a study of physical laws that is also a bravura display of rarefied humour and experiential depth; but such is this gem by chemist Peter Atkins. * Barbara Kiser, Nature *I enjoyed reading the book, not only for the main themes but also for several asides on history, etymology, and so on. * Phillip Helbig, Observatory Magazine *Atkins writes in a charming, even chummy way. He understands our confusion and leads us onwards with the promise of great insights: how the very laws of physics came to be ... Conjuring the Universe is a clear example of [Atkins's] extraordinary erudition and flair. * Robyn Williams, Australian Book Review *Table of ContentsPreface 1: Back to eternity 2: Much ado about nothing 3: Anarchy rules 4: The heat of the moment 5: Beyond anacrhy 6: The creative power of ignorance 7: The charge of the light brigade 8: Measure for measure 9: The cry from the depths Notes Bibliography
£15.29
Oxford University Press Physics on Your Feet Berkeley Graduate Exam
Book SynopsisPhysics on Your Feet (2nd Edition) is a significantly expanded collection of physics problems covering the broad range of topics in classical and modern physics that were, or could have been, asked at oral PhD exams at University of California at Berkeley. The questions are easy to formulate, but some of them can only be answered using an outside-of-the box approach. Detailed solutions are provided, from which the reader is guaranteed to learn a lot about the physicists'' way of thinking. The book is also packed full of cartoons and dry humor to help take the edge off the stress and anxiety surrounding exams. This is a helpful guide for students preparing for their exams, as well as a resource for university lecturers looking for good instructive problems. No exams are necessary to enjoy the book!Trade ReviewReview from previous edition The inventive and challenging puzzles in this book are guaranteed to make you think, and they will probably also make you glad you are not encountering them on your feet in an exam! * Physics World *This practical study book for university students will help every student in the preparation of their exams. * Jan M. Broders, Optische Fenomenen *Table of Contents1: Mechanics, heat, and general physics 2: Fluids 3: Gravitation, astrophysics, cosmology 4: Electromagnetism 5: Optics 6: Quantum, atomic, and molecular 7: Nuclear and elementary-particle physics 8: Condensed-matter physics Appendix A Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic field boundary Appendix B Symbols and useful constants Free
£49.50
Oxford University Press Physics on Your Feet Berkeley Graduate Exam
Book SynopsisPhysics on Your Feet (2nd Edition) is a significantly expanded collection of physics problems covering the broad range of topics in classical and modern physics that were, or could have been, asked at oral PhD exams.Trade ReviewReview from previous edition The inventive and challenging puzzles in this book are guaranteed to make you think, and they will probably also make you glad you are not encountering them on your feet in an exam! * Physics World *This practical study book for university students will help every student in the preparation of their exams. * Jan M. Broders, Optische Fenomenen *Table of Contents1: Mechanics, heat, and general physics 2: Fluids 3: Gravitation, astrophysics, cosmology 4: Electromagnetism 5: Optics 6: Quantum, atomic, and molecular 7: Nuclear and elementary-particle physics 8: Condensed-matter physics Appendix A Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic field boundary Appendix B Symbols and useful constants Free
£31.34
Oxford University Press When Things Grow Many Complexity Universality and
Book SynopsisAn accessible and interdisciplinary introduction to the applications of statistical mechanics across the sciences. The book contains a discussion of the methods of statistical physics and includes mathematical explanations alongside guidance to enable the reader to translate theory into practice.Trade ReviewThis book has a good mix of interesting topics and shows the breadth of application of the statistical mechanics concepts. * Robert M. Ziff, University of Michigan *The book's subject is one which is of great interest and impacts many areas both within and outside physics. I am not aware of any other textbook which includes engaging mathematical content alongside a wide range of accessible applications, so this text has the potential to appeal to both the lay person and the technical expert. * Peter Richmond, Trinity College Dublin *Explores statistical mechanics at its glorious best, in the form of practical applications of collective behaviors found in the real world. Schulman is refreshingly honest in his approach, helping to stake out the frontiers of the field, posing problems that will inspire and direct future generations of scientists. * Daniel Sheehan, University of San Diego *I think that the book's collection of topics and its unique style make it a useful addition to the more standard textbook offering. Moreover, given the more colloquial style of the book, I imagine that it may be suitable for an audience that is interested in the physics of emergence and complexity that goes beyond the popular science literature. * Stefan Kirchner, Zhejiang University *I expect that anyone interested in complex systems and who has the requisite knowledge of elementary calculus and linear algebra will find When Things Grow Many to be a rewarding read. * Robert Deegan, University of Michigan, Physics Today *I enjoyed reading When Things Grow Many and learned something new from each chapter. Schulman writes in a conversational style, and he peppers the book with jokes and opinions. Even though he intimates that he doesn't have all the answers, his fun, inviting tone will make readers want to find out if he does. * Robert Deegan, Physics Today *This book ensures that all readers can grasp the fundamental principles and applications of physics, making it an excellent educational tool for a wide range of students. * Miguel A. F. Sanjuán, Contemporary Physics *This book ensures that all readers can grasp the fundamental principles and applications of physics, making it an excellent educational tool for a wide range of students. * Miguel A. F. Sanjuán, Contemporary Physics *Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Ideal Gas 3: Rubber Bands 4: Percolitis 5: Ferromagnetism 6: Maximum Entropy Methods 7: Power Laws 8: Universality, Renormalization and Critical Phenomena 9: Social Sciences 10: Biological Sciences 11: Physical Sciences Free
£50.35
Oxford University Press Cool Fuel
Book SynopsisHydrogen, the first and most abundant element in our universe, is an essential zero-carbon fuel in humanity''s race against catastrophic climate change. However, very few have access to cryogenic hydrogen systems to gain the necessary experience to contribute. This textbook is written as an invitation for scientists and engineers with experience in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to engage in this race for the future via cryogenic hydrogen research and development. It begins with the history of hydrogen and cryogenics to create a context for current needs. Next, the text builds a foundation for hydrogen''s unique quantum mechanical effects on bulk thermophysical properties, and how to choose from and utilize available property models. Practical methods are presented for sensing and conversion between the quantum mechanical forms.Foundational aspects of hydrogen liquefaction and cooling in recuperative and regenerative cycles are presented next. Elements of hydrogen transfer phenomena, including recently developed two-phase flow correlations and thermoacoustic instabilities are discussed. An extensive analysis of liquid hydrogen storage system options is presented. The final chapter of the textbook overviews the Cool Fuel School, a hands-on cryogenic hydrogen training course that helps readers develop a new system design and associated cryogenic hydrogen safety plan. Readers of this book should gain confidence in the foundational aspects of cryogenic hydrogen science and engineering.
£42.75
MIT Press Ltd Thermodynamic Weirdness From Fahrenheit to
Book SynopsisAn account of the concepts and intellectual structure of classical thermodynamics that reveals the subject's simplicity and coherence.Students of physics, chemistry, and engineering are taught classical thermodynamics through its methods—a “problems first” approach that neglects the subject's concepts and intellectual structure. In Thermodynamic Weirdness, Don Lemons fills this gap, offering a nonmathematical account of the ideas of classical thermodynamics in all its non-Newtonian “weirdness.” By emphasizing the ideas and their relationship to one another, Lemons reveals the simplicity and coherence of classical thermodynamics. Lemons presents concepts in an order that is both chronological and logical, mapping the rise and fall of ideas in such a way that the ideas that were abandoned illuminate the ideas that took their place. Selections from primary sources, including writings by Daniel Fahrenheit, Antoine Lavoisier, James Joule
£13.29
Taylor & Francis Ltd Energy and Entropy
Book SynopsisEnergy is typically regarded as understandable, despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Entropy, however, is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropy's connection with energy. In fact, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matter's entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked.Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points.Features: Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy Analysis of energy and entropy of Trade Review"In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. Jarzynski…The author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability.Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals."—R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3) "Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leff’s Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I don’t say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy." — Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas "Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject." — Harvey Goud, Clark University "In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauer’s principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of “key points” that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications." — Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound "Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics… Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory… Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities. My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience." — Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021). "In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. Jarzynski…The author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability.Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals."—R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3) "Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leff’s Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I don’t say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy." — Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas "Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject." — Harvey Goud, Clark University "In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauer’s principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of “key points” that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications." — Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound "Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics… Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory… Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities. My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience." — Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021). Table of Contents1 Energy is Universal. 2 Energy is Not Enough. 3 Entropy: Energy’s Needed Partner. 4 Gases, Solids, Polymers. 5 Radiatin and Photons. 6 Numerical Entropy. 7 Language and Philosophy of Thermodynamics. 8 Working, Heating, Cooling. 9 Sanctity of the 2nd law of Thermodynamics. 10 Reflections and Extensions. 11 Appendices: Mathematical Identities
£45.99
CRC Press Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys
Book SynopsisRevised to reflect recent developments in the field, Phase Transformation in Metals and Alloys, Fourth Edition, continues to be the most authoritative and approachable resource on the subject. It supplies a comprehensive overview of specific types of phase transformations, supplemented by practical case studies of engineering alloys. The book's unique presentation links a basic understanding of theory with application in a gradually progressive yet exciting manner. Based on the authors' teaching notes, the text takes a pedagogical approach and provides examples for applications and problems that can be readily used for exercises.NEW IN THE FOURTH EDITION 40% of the figures and 30% of the text Insights provided by numerical modelling techniques such as ab initio, phase field, cellular automaton, and molecular dynamics Insights from the application of advanced experimental techniques, such as hTable of Contents1. Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 2. Diffusion 3. Crystal Interfaces and Microstructure 4. Solidification 5. Diffusional Transformations in Solids 6. Diffusionless Martensitic Transformations
£56.04
Taylor & Francis Ltd Design and Analysis of Thermal Systems
Book SynopsisThe proposed book bridges the gap between the theories of thermal science and design of practical thermal systems by discussing thermodynamic design principle, mathematical and CFD tools that will enable students as well as professional engineers to quickly analyse and design practical thermal systemsTable of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Modeling and Simulation Basics. 3. Exergy for Design. 4. Material Selection. 5. Heat Exchanger. 6. Piping Flow. 7. Artificial Intelligence for Thermal Systems. 8. Numerical Linear Algebra. 9. Ordinary Differential Equations. 10. Numerical Differentiation and Integration. 11. Partial Differential Equations. 12. Computational Fluid Dynamics. 13. Electrochemical Systems. 14. Inverse Problems.
£118.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd A Concise Introduction to Thermodynamics for
Book SynopsisThis introductory textbook provides a synthetic overview of the laws and formal aspects of thermodynamics and was designed for undergraduate students in physics, and in the physical sciences. Language and notation have been kept as simple as possible throughout the text.While this is a self-contained text on thermodynamics (i.e. focused on macroscopic physics), emphasis is placed on the microscopic underlying model to facilitate the understanding of key concepts such as entropy, and motivate a future course on statistical physics. This book will equip the reader with an understanding of the scope of this discipline and of its applications to a variety of physical systems Throughout the text readers are continuously challenged with conceptual questions that prompt reflection and facilitate the understanding of subtle issues. Each chapter ends by presenting worked problems to support and motivate self-study, in addition to a series of proposed exercises whose soluTable of Contents 1 Thermodynamics Key Concepts 2 The First Law 3 The Second Law 4 The Third Law 5 Thermodynamic Potentials 6 Thermodynamics of Extensive Systems 7 Phase Transitions 8 Magnetic Systems 9 Thermal Radiation
£43.69
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method for
Book SynopsisFundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and Mass Transfer, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition and is a unique book on the application of the finite element method to heat and mass transfer. Addresses fundamentals, applications and computer implementation Educational computer codes are freely available to download, modify and use Includes a large number of worked examples and exercises Fills the gap between learning and researchTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xii Series Editor’s Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Importance of Heat and Mass Transfer 1 1.2 Heat Transfer Modes 2 1.3 The Laws of Heat Transfer 3 1.4 Mathematical Formulation of Some Heat Transfer Problems 5 1.4.1 Heat Transfer from a Plate Exposed to Solar Heat Flux 5 1.4.2 Incandescent Lamp 7 1.4.3 Systems with a Relative Motion and Internal Heat Generation 8 1.5 Heat Conduction Equation 10 1.6 Mass Transfer 13 1.7 Boundary and Initial Conditions 13 1.8 Solution Methodology 15 1.9 Summary 15 1.10 Exercises 16 References 17 2 Some Basic Discrete Systems 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Steady-state Problems 20 2.2.1 Heat Flow in a Composite Slab 20 2.2.2 Fluid Flow Network 23 2.2.3 Heat Transfer in Heat Sinks 26 2.3 Transient Heat Transfer Problem 28 2.4 Summary 31 2.5 Exercises 31 References 36 3 The Finite Element Method 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Elements and Shape Functions 42 3.2.1 One-dimensional Linear Element 43 3.2.2 One-dimensional Quadratic Element 46 3.2.3 Two-dimensional Linear Triangular Element 49 3.2.4 Area Coordinates 53 3.2.5 Quadratic Triangular Element 55 3.2.6 Two-dimensional Quadrilateral Elements 58 3.2.7 Isoparametric Elements 63 3.2.8 Three-dimensional Elements 72 3.3 Formulation (Element Characteristics) 76 3.3.1 Ritz Method (Heat Balance Integral Method – Goodman’s Method) 78 3.3.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method (Variational Method) 79 3.3.3 The Method of Weighted Residuals 82 3.3.4 Galerkin Finite ElementMethod 86 3.4 Formulation for the Heat Conduction Equation 89 3.4.1 Variational Approach 90 3.4.2 The GalerkinMethod 93 3.5 Requirements for Interpolation Functions 94 3.6 Summary 100 3.7 Exercises 100 References 102 4 Steady-State Heat Conduction in One-dimension 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 PlaneWalls 105 4.2.1 Homogeneous Wall 105 4.2.2 CompositeWall 107 4.2.3 Finite Element Discretization 108 4.2.4 Wall with Varying Cross-sectional Area 110 4.2.5 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Linear Elements 112 4.2.6 Plane Wall with Heat Source: Solution by Quadratic Elements 115 4.2.7 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Modified Quadratic Equations (Static Condensation) 117 4.3 Radial Heat Conduction in a Cylinder Wall 118 4.4 Solid Cylinder with Heat Source 120 4.5 Conduction – Convection Systems 123 4.6 Summary 126 4.7 Exercises 127 References 129 5 Steady-state Heat Conduction in Multi-dimensions 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Two-dimensional Plane Problems 132 5.2.1 Triangular Elements 132 5.3 Rectangular Elements 142 5.4 Plate with Variable Thickness 145 5.5 Three-dimensional Problems 146 5.6 Axisymmetric Problems 148 5.6.1 Galerkin Method for Linear Triangular Axisymmetric Elements 150 5.7 Summary 153 5.8 Exercises 153 References 155 6 Transient Heat Conduction Analysis 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Lumped Heat Capacity System 157 6.3 Numerical Solution 159 6.3.1 Transient Governing Equations and Boundary and Initial Conditions 159 6.3.2 The GalerkinMethod 160 6.4 One-dimensional Transient State Problem 162 6.4.1 Time Discretization-Finite Difference Method (FDM) 163 6.4.2 Time Discretization-Finite ElementMethod (FEM) 168 6.5 Stability 169 6.6 Multi-dimensional Transient Heat Conduction 169 6.7 Summary 171 6.8 Exercises 171 References 173 7 Laminar Convection Heat Transfer 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.1.1 Types of Fluid Motion Assisted Heat Transport 176 7.2 Navier-Stokes Equations 177 7.2.1 Conservation of Mass or Continuity Equation 177 7.2.2 Conservation ofMomentum 179 7.2.3 Energy Equation 183 7.3 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 184 7.4 The Transient Convection-Diffusion Problem 188 7.4.1 Finite Element Solution to the Convection-Diffusion Equation 189 7.4.2 A Simple Characteristic Galerkin Method for Convection-Diffusion Equation 191 7.4.3 Extension to Multi-dimensions 197 7.5 Stability Conditions 202 7.6 Characteristic Based Split (CBS) Scheme 202 7.6.1 Spatial Discretization 208 7.6.2 Time-step Calculation 211 7.6.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 211 7.6.4 Steady and Transient Solution Methods 213 7.7 Artificial Compressibility Scheme 214 7.8 Nusselt Number, Drag and Stream Function 215 7.8.1 Nusselt Number 215 7.8.2 Drag Calculation 216 7.8.3 Stream Function 217 7.9 Mesh Convergence 218 7.10 Laminar Isothermal Flow 219 7.11 Laminar Nonisothermal Flow 231 7.11.1 Forced Convection Heat Transfer 232 7.11.2 Buoyancy-driven Convection Heat Transfer 238 7.11.3 Mixed Convection Heat Transfer 240 7.12 Extension to Axisymmetric Problems 243 7.13 Summary 246 7.14 Exercises 247 References 249 8 Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer 253 8.1 Introduction 253 8.1.1 Time Averaging 254 8.1.2 Relationship between 𝜅, 𝜖, 𝜈T and 𝛼T 256 8.2 Treatment of Turbulent Flows 257 8.2.1 Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 257 8.2.2 One-equation Models 258 8.2.3 Two-equation Models 259 8.2.4 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 260 8.3 Solution Procedure 262 8.4 Forced Convective Flow and Heat Transfer 263 8.5 Buoyancy-driven Flow 272 8.6 Other Methods for Turbulence 275 8.6.1 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 275 8.7 Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) and Monotonically Integrated LES (MILES)278 8.8 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) 278 8.9 Summary 279 References 279 9 Heat Exchangers 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 LMTD and Effectiveness-NTU Methods 283 9.2.1 LMTD Method 283 9.2.2 Effectiveness – NTU Method 285 9.3 Computational Approaches 286 9.3.1 System Analysis 286 9.3.2 Finite Element Solution to Differential Equations 289 9.4 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Passages . 289 9.5 Challenges 297 9.6 Summary 299 References 299 10 Mass Transfer 301 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Conservation of Species 302 10.2.1 Nondimensional Form 304 10.2.2 Buoyancy-driven Mass Transfer 305 10.2.3 Double-diffusive Natural Convection 306 10.3 Numerical Solution 307 10.4 TurbulentMass Transport 317 10.5 Summary 319 References 319 11 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media 321 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Generalized Porous Medium Flow Approach 324 11.2.1 Nondimensional Scales 327 11.2.2 Limiting Cases 329 11.3 Discretization Procedure 329 11.3.1 Temporal Discretization 330 11.3.2 Spatial Discretization 331 11.3.3 Semi- and Quasi-Implicit Forms 332 11.4 Nonisothermal Flows 333 11.5 PorousMedium-Fluid Interface 342 11.6 Double-diffusive Convection 347 11.7 Summary 349 References 349 12 Solidification 353 12.1 Introduction 353 12.2 Solidification via Heat Conduction 354 12.2.1 The Governing Equations 354 12.2.2 Enthalpy Formulation 354 12.3 Convection During Solidification 356 12.3.1 Governing Equations and Discretization 358 12.4 Summary 363 References 364 13 Heat and Mass Transfer in Fuel Cells 365 13.1 Introduction 365 13.1.1 Fuel Cell Types 367 13.2 Mathematical Model 368 13.2.1 Anodic and Cathodic Compartments 371 13.2.2 Electrolyte Compartment 373 13.3 Numerical Solution Algorithms 373 13.3.1 Finite ElementModeling of SOFC 374 13.4 Summary 378 References 378 14 An Introduction to Mesh Generation and Adaptive Finite Element Methods 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Mesh Generation 380 14.2.1 Advancing Front Technique (AFT) 381 14.2.2 Delaunay Triangulation 382 14.2.3 Mesh Cosmetics 387 14.3 Boundary Grid Generation 390 14.3.1 Boundary Grid for a Planar Domain 390 14.3.2 NURBS Patches 391 14.4 Adaptive Refinement Methods 392 14.5 Simple Error Estimation and Mesh Refinement 393 14.5.1 Heat Conduction 394 14.6 Interpolation Error Based Refinement 397 14.6.1 Anisotropic Adaptive Procedure 398 14.6.2 Choice of Variables and Adaptivity 399 14.7 Summary 401 References 402 15 Implementation of Computer Code 405 15.1 Introduction 405 15.2 Preprocessing 406 15.2.1 Mesh Generation 406 15.2.2 Linear Triangular Element Data 408 15.2.3 Element Area Calculation 409 15.2.4 Shape Functions and Their Derivatives 410 15.2.5 Boundary Normal Calculation 411 15.2.6 MassMatrix and Mass Lumping 412 15.2.7 Implicit Pressure or Heat Conduction Matrix 414 15.3 Main Unit 416 15.3.1 Time-step Calculation 416 15.3.2 Element Loop and Assembly 419 15.3.3 Updating Solution 420 15.3.4 Boundary Conditions 421 15.3.5 Monitoring Steady State 422 15.4 Postprocessing 423 15.4.1 Interpolation of Data 424 15.5 Summary 424 References 424 A Gaussian Elimination 425 Reference 426 B Green’s Lemma 427 C Integration Formulae 429 C.1 Linear Triangles 429 C.2 Linear Tetrahedron 429 D Finite Element Assembly Procedure 431 E Simplified Form of the Navier–Stokes Equations 435 F Calculating Nodal Values of Second Derivatives 437 Index 439
£75.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Convection Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisA new edition of the bestseller on convection heat transfer A revised edition of the industry classic, Convection Heat Transfer, Fourth Edition, chronicles how the field of heat transfer has grown and prospered over the last two decades. This new edition is more accessible, while not sacrificing its thorough treatment of the most up-to-date information on current research and applications in the field. One of the foremost leaders in the field, Adrian Bejan has pioneered and taught many of the methods and practices commonly used in the industry today. He continues this book''s long-standing role as an inspiring, optimal study tool by providing: Coverage of how convection affects performance, and how convective flows can be configured so that performance is enhanced How convective configurations have been evolving, from the flat plates, smooth pipes, and single-dimension fins of the earlier editions to new populations of configurationsTrade ReviewThe book is very useful for students, practicing engineers, and for researchers. It is highly recommended (Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, September 2014)Table of ContentsPreface xv Preface to the Third Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to the First Edition xxiii List of Symbols xxv 1 Fundamental Principles 1 1.1 Mass Conservation / 2 1.2 Force Balances (Momentum Equations) / 4 1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics / 8 1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics / 15 1.5 Rules of Scale Analysis / 17 1.6 Heatlines for Visualizing Convection / 21 References / 22 Problems / 25 2 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow 30 2.1 Fundamental Problem in Convective Heat Transfer / 31 2.2 Concept of Boundary Layer / 34 2.3 Scale Analysis / 37 2.4 Integral Solutions / 42 2.5 Similarity Solutions / 48 2.5.1 Method / 48 2.5.2 Flow Solution / 51 2.5.3 Heat Transfer Solution / 53 2.6 Other Wall Heating Conditions / 56 2.6.1 Unheated Starting Length / 57 2.6.2 Arbitrary Wall Temperature / 58 2.6.3 Uniform Heat Flux / 60 2.6.4 Film Temperature / 61 2.7 Longitudinal Pressure Gradient: Flow Past a Wedge and Stagnation Flow / 61 2.8 Flow Through the Wall: Blowing and Suction / 64 2.9 Conduction Across a Solid Coating Deposited on a Wall / 68 2.10 Entropy Generation Minimization in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow / 71 2.11 Heatlines in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow / 74 2.12 Distribution of Heat Sources on a Wall Cooled by Forced Convection / 77 2.13 The Flow of Stresses / 79 References / 80 Problems / 82 3 Laminar Duct Flow 96 3.1 Hydrodynamic Entrance Length / 97 3.2 Fully Developed Flow / 100 3.3 Hydraulic Diameter and Pressure Drop / 103 3.4 Heat Transfer To Fully Developed Duct Flow / 110 3.4.1 Mean Temperature / 110 3.4.2 Fully Developed Temperature Profile / 112 3.4.3 Uniform Wall Heat Flux / 114 3.4.4 Uniform Wall Temperature / 117 3.5 Heat Transfer to Developing Flow / 120 3.5.1 Scale Analysis / 121 3.5.2 Thermally Developing Hagen–Poiseuille Flow / 122 3.5.3 Thermally and Hydraulically Developing Flow / 128 3.6 Stack of Heat-Generating Plates / 129 3.7 Heatlines in Fully Developed Duct Flow / 134 3.8 Duct Shape for Minimum Flow Resistance / 137 3.9 Tree-Shaped Flow / 139 References / 147 Problems / 153 4 External Natural Convection 168 4.1 Natural Convection as a Heat Engine in Motion / 169 4.2 Laminar Boundary Layer Equations / 173 4.3 Scale Analysis / 176 4.3.1 High-Pr Fluids / 177 4.3.2 Low-Pr Fluids / 179 4.3.3 Observations / 180 4.4 Integral Solution / 182 4.4.1 High-Pr Fluids / 183 4.4.2 Low-Pr Fluids / 184 4.5 Similarity Solution / 186 4.6 Uniform Wall Heat Flux / 189 4.7 Effect of Thermal Stratification / 192 4.8 Conjugate Boundary Layers / 195 4.9 Vertical Channel Flow / 197 4.10 Combined Natural and Forced Convection (Mixed Convection) / 200 4.11 Heat Transfer Results Including the Effect of Turbulence / 203 4.11.1 Vertical Walls / 203 4.11.2 Inclined Walls / 205 4.11.3 Horizontal Walls / 207 4.11.4 Horizontal Cylinder / 209 4.11.5 Sphere / 209 4.11.6 Vertical Cylinder / 210 4.11.7 Other Immersed Bodies / 211 4.12 Stack of Vertical Heat-Generating Plates / 213 4.13 Distribution of Heat Sources on a Vertical Wall / 216 References / 218 Problems / 221 5 Internal Natural Convection 233 5.1 Transient Heating from the Side / 233 5.1.1 Scale Analysis / 233 5.1.2 Criterion for Distinct Vertical Layers / 237 5.1.3 Criterion for Distinct Horizontal Jets / 238 5.2 Boundary Layer Regime / 241 5.3 Shallow Enclosure Limit / 248 5.4 Summary of Results for Heating from the Side / 255 5.4.1 Isothermal Sidewalls / 255 5.4.2 Sidewalls with Uniform Heat Flux / 259 5.4.3 Partially Divided Enclosures / 259 5.4.4 Triangular Enclosures / 262 5.5 Enclosures Heated from Below / 262 5.5.1 Heat Transfer Results / 263 5.5.2 Scale Theory of the Turbulent Regime / 265 5.5.3 Constructal Theory of B´enard Convection / 267 5.6 Inclined Enclosures / 274 5.7 Annular Space Between Horizontal Cylinders / 276 5.8 Annular Space Between Concentric Spheres / 278 5.9 Enclosures for Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Strength / 278 References / 284 Problems / 289 6 Transition to Turbulence 295 6.1 Empirical Transition Data / 295 6.2 Scaling Laws of Transition / 297 6.3 Buckling of Inviscid Streams / 300 6.4 Local Reynolds Number Criterion for Transition / 304 6.5 Instability of Inviscid Flow / 307 6.6 Transition in Natural Convection on a Vertical Wall / 313 References / 315 Problems / 318 7 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 320 7.1 Large-Scale Structure / 320 7.2 Time-Averaged Equations / 322 7.3 Boundary Layer Equations / 325 7.4 Mixing Length Model / 328 7.5 Velocity Distribution / 329 7.6 Wall Friction in Boundary Layer Flow / 336 7.7 Heat Transfer in Boundary Layer Flow / 338 7.8 Theory of Heat Transfer in Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow / 342 7.9 Other External Flows / 347 7.9.1 Single Cylinder in Cross Flow / 347 7.9.2 Sphere / 349 7.9.3 Other Body Shapes / 350 7.9.4 Arrays of Cylinders in Cross Flow / 351 7.10 Natural Convection Along Vertical Walls / 356 References / 359 Problems / 361 8 Turbulent Duct Flow 369 8.1 Velocity Distribution / 369 8.2 Friction Factor and Pressure Drop / 371 8.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient / 376 8.4 Total Heat Transfer Rate / 380 8.4.1 Isothermal Wall / 380 8.4.2 Uniform Wall Heating / 382 8.4.3 Time-Dependent Heat Transfer / 382 8.5 More Refined Turbulence Models / 383 8.6 Heatlines in Turbulent Flow Near a Wall / 387 8.7 Channel Spacings for Turbulent Flow / 389 References / 390 Problems / 392 9 Free Turbulent Flows 398 9.1 Free Shear Layers / 398 9.1.1 Free Turbulent Flow Model / 398 9.1.2 Velocity Distribution / 401 9.1.3 Structure of Free Turbulent Flows / 402 9.1.4 Temperature Distribution / 404 9.2 Jets / 405 9.2.1 Two-Dimensional Jets / 406 9.2.2 Round Jets / 409 9.2.3 Jet in Density-Stratified Reservoir / 411 9.3 Plumes / 413 9.3.1 Round Plume and the Entrainment Hypothesis / 413 9.3.2 Pulsating Frequency of Pool Fires / 418 9.3.3 Geometric Similarity of Free Turbulent Flows / 421 9.4 Thermal Wakes Behind Concentrated Sources / 422 References / 425 Problems / 426 10 Convection with Change of Phase 428 10.1 Condensation / 428 10.1.1 Laminar Film on a Vertical Surface / 428 10.1.2 Turbulent Film on a Vertical Surface / 435 10.1.3 Film Condensation in Other Configurations / 438 10.1.4 Drop Condensation / 445 10.2 Boiling / 447 10.2.1 Pool Boiling Regimes / 447 10.2.2 Nucleate Boiling and Peak Heat Flux / 451 10.2.3 Film Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux / 454 10.2.4 Flow Boiling / 457 10.3 Contact Melting and Lubrication / 457 10.3.1 Plane Surfaces with Relative Motion / 458 10.3.2 Other Contact Melting Configurations / 462 10.3.3 Scale Analysis and Correlation / 464 10.3.4 Melting Due to Viscous Heating in the Liquid Film / 466 10.4 Melting By Natural Convection / 469 10.4.1 Transition from the Conduction Regime to the Convection Regime / 469 10.4.2 Quasisteady Convection Regime / 472 10.4.3 Horizontal Spreading of the Melt Layer / 474 References / 478 Problems / 482 11 Mass Transfer 489 11.1 Properties of Mixtures / 489 11.2 Mass Conservation / 492 11.3 Mass Diffusivities / 497 11.4 Boundary Conditions / 499 11.5 Laminar Forced Convection / 501 11.6 Impermeable Surface Model / 504 11.7 Other External Forced Convection Configurations / 506 11.8 Internal Forced Convection / 509 11.9 Natural Convection / 511 11.9.1 Mass-Transfer-Driven Flow / 512 11.9.2 Heat-Transfer-Driven Flow / 513 11.10 Turbulent Flow / 516 11.10.1 Time-Averaged Concentration Equation / 516 11.10.2 Forced Convection Results / 517 11.10.3 Contaminant Removal from a Ventilated Enclosure / 520 11.11 Massfunction and Masslines / 527 11.12 Effect of Chemical Reaction / 527 References / 531 Problems / 532 12 Convection in Porous Media 537 12.1 Mass Conservation / 537 12.2 Darcy Flow Model and the Forchheimer Modification / 540 12.3 First Law of Thermodynamics / 542 12.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics / 546 12.5 Forced Convection / 547 12.5.1 Boundary Layers / 547 12.5.2 Concentrated Heat Sources / 552 12.5.3 Sphere and Cylinder in Cross Flow / 553 12.5.4 Channel Filled with Porous Medium / 554 12.6 Natural Convection Boundary Layers / 555 12.6.1 Boundary Layer Equations: Vertical Wall / 555 12.6.2 Uniform Wall Temperature / 556 12.6.3 Uniform Wall Heat Flux / 558 12.6.4 Spacings for Channels Filled with Porous Structures / 559 12.6.5 Conjugate Boundary Layers / 562 12.6.6 Thermal Stratification / 563 12.6.7 Sphere and Horizontal Cylinder / 566 12.6.8 Horizontal Walls / 567 12.6.9 Concentrated Heat Sources / 567 12.7 Enclosed Porous Media Heated from the Side / 571 12.7.1 Four Heat Transfer Regimes / 571 12.7.2 Convection Results / 575 12.8 Penetrative Convection / 577 12.8.1 Lateral Penetration / 577 12.8.2 Vertical Penetration / 578 12.9 Enclosed Porous Media Heated from Below / 579 12.9.1 Onset of Convection / 579 12.9.2 Darcy Flow / 583 12.9.3 Forchheimer Flow / 585 12.10 Multiple Flow Scales Distributed Nonuniformly / 587 12.10.1 Heat Transfer / 590 12.10.2 Fluid Friction / 591 12.10.3 Heat Transfer Rate Density: The Smallest Scale for Convection / 591 12.11 Natural Porous Media: Alternating Trees / 592 References / 595 Problems / 598 Appendixes 607 A Constants and Conversion Factors / 609 B Properties of Solids / 615 C Properties of Liquids / 625 D Properties of Gases / 633 E Mathematical Formulas / 639 Author Index 641 Subject Index 653
£159.04
John Wiley & Sons Inc Interfaces in Materials
Book SynopsisA thorough exploration of the atomic structures and properties ofthe essential engineering interfaces--an invaluable resourcefor students, teachers, and professionals The most up-to-date, accessible guide to solid-vapor,solid-liquid, and solid-solid phase transformations, thisinnovative book contains the only unified treatment of these threecentral engineering interfaces. Employing a simple nearest-neighborbroken-bond model, Interfaces in Materials focuses on metal alloysin a straightforward approach that can be easily extended to alltypes of interfaces and materials. Enhanced with nearly 300illustrations, along with extensive references and suggestions forfurther reading, this book provides: * A simple, cohesive approach to understanding the atomicstructure and properties of interfaces formed between solid,liquid, and vapor phases * Self-contained discussions of each interface--allowingseparate study of each phase transformation * A comparative look at the differeTable of ContentsINTRODUCTORY MATERIAL. Atomic Bonding. Regular Solution (Quasi-Chemical) Model. SOLID-VAPOR INTERFACES. Surface Energy. Surface Structure. Crystal Growth from the Vapor. Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems and SurfaceSegregation. Surface Films. SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACES. Liquids. Interfacial Structure and Energy. Crystal Growth from the Liquid. Solute Partitioning and Morphological Stability. SOLID-SOLID INTERFACES. Introduction to Solid-Solid Interfaces. Structure and Energy of Homophase Interfaces. Structure and Energy of Heterophase Interfaces. Growth of Solid-Solid Heterophase Interfaces. Morphological Stability and Segregation. References and Additional Reading. Appendices. Index.
£178.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Traceable Temperatures
Book SynopsisThe accurate measurement of temperature is a vital parameter in many fields. A critically important aspect of applying any temperature sensor is that of traceable calibration - a concept that has been developed to ensure that all measurements made are accurate and legally valid.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. General Reading for First Edition. Acknowledgements for First Edition. Acknowledgements for Figures and Tables. 1. Measurement and Traceability. 2. Uncertainty in Measurement. 3.The ITS-90 Temperature Scale. 4. Use of Thermometers. 5. Calibration. 6. Platinum Resistance Thermometry. 7. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry. 8. Thermocouple Thermometry. 9. Radiation Thermometry. Appendix A: Further Information for Least-Squares Fitting. Appendix B: The Differences Between ITS-90 and IPTS-68. Appendix C: Resistance Thermometer Reference Tables. Appendix D: Thermocouple Reference Tables. Index.
£162.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamics and an Introduction to
Book SynopsisThe only text to cover both thermodynamic and statistical mechanics----allowing students to fully master thermodynamics at the macroscopic level. Presents essential ideas on critical phenomena developed over the last decade in simple, qualitative terms.Table of ContentsGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS. The Problem and the Postulates. The Conditions of Equilibrium. Some Formal Relationships, and Sample Systems. Reversible Processes and the Maximum Work Theorem. Alternative Formulations and Legendre Transformations. The Extremum Principle in the Legendre Transformed Representations. Maxwell Relations. Stability of Thermodynamic Systems. First-Order Phase Transitions. Critical Phenomena. The Nernst Postulate. Summary of Principles for General Systems. Properties of Materials. Irreversible Thermodynamics. STATISTICAL MECHANICS. Statistical Mechanics in the Entropy Representation: The Microanonical Formalism. The Canonical Formalism; Statistical Mechanics in Helmholtz Representation. Entropy and Disorder; Generalized Canonical Formulations. Quantum Fluids. Fluctuations. Variational Properties, Perturbation Expansions, and Mean Field Theory. FOUNDATIONS. Postlude: Symmetry and the Conceptual Foundations of Thermostatistics. Appendices. General References. Index.
£205.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Temperature Measurement
Book SynopsisThe accurate measurement of temperature is a vital parameter in many fields of engineering and scientific practice. Responding to emerging trends, this classic reference has been fully revised to include coverage of the latest instrumentation and measurement methods.Table of ContentsTemperature Scales and Classification of Thermometers Non-Electric Thermometers Thermoelectric Thermometers Resistance Thermometers Semiconductor Thermometers Fibre Optic Thermometers Quartz, Ultrasonic and Noise Thermometers and Distributed Parameter Sensors Pyrometers Classification and Radiation Laws Manually Operated Pyrometers Automatic Pyrometers Practical Applications of Pyrometers Conditioning of Temperature Sensor Output Signals Computerised Temperature Measuring Systems Imaging of Temperature Fields of Solids Dynamic Temperature Measuement Temperature Measurment of Solid Bodies by Contact Method Temperature Measurement of Fluids Temperature Measurment of Transparent Solid Bodies Temperature Measurement of Moving Bodies Temperature Measurement in Industral Appliances Temperature Measurement in Medicine Calibration and Testing of Temperature Measuring Instruments Auxiliary Tables Author and Organisation Index Subject Index
£270.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes
Book SynopsisThermodynamics of irreversible Processes provides a thoroughtreatment of the basic axioms of irreversible systems and dealswith specific applications to diffusion of liquids and matter inflow. This volume will prove to be invaluable reading for anyoneworking in the field of irreversible phenomena. Thermodynamics ofIrreversible Processes, presents :- * A lucid review of classical thermodynamics * Rigorous derivations of the fundamental principles ofirreversible thermodynamics * In-depth studies of multicomponent diffusion, with applicationsto non-ideal systems * Thorough treatments of relaxation phenomena and linearviscoelasticity * An essential text for anyone working with irreversiblethermodynamics, rheology and multi-component mixtures Thermodynamics of irreversible Processes is the first advanced textdealing with the applications of irreversible thermodynamics tomulticomponent diffusion and viscoelasticity. Gerard Kuiken haswritten a book which will appeal toTable of ContentsThe Continuum View of Matter. Classical Thermodynamics. Basic Axioms of the TIP. Multicomponent Simple Fluids. Statistical Foundation of the Onsager Casimir Reciprocal Relationsfor Homogeneous Systems. Multicomponent Diffusion. Rheology. Appendices. Indexes.
£221.36
Cambridge University Press Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisEquilibrium Thermodynamics gives a comprehensive but concise course in the fundamentals of classical thermodynamics. Although the subject is essentially classical in nature, illustrative material is drawn widely from modern physics and free use is made of microscopic ideas to illuminate it. The overriding objective in writing the book was to achieve a clear exposition: to give an account of the subject that it both stimulating and easy to learn from. Classical thermodynamics has such wide application that it can be taught in many ways. The terms of reference for Equilibrium Thermodynamics are primarily those of the undergraduate physicist; but it is also suitable for courses in chemistry, engineering, materials science etc. The subject is usually taught in the first or second year of an undergraduate course, but the book takes the student to degree standard (and beyond). Prerequisites are elementary or school-level thermal physics.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. The zeroth law; 3. The first law; 4. The second law; 5. Entropy; 6. The Carathéodory formulation of the second law; 7. Thermodynamic potentials; 8. Applications to simple systems; 9. Applications to some irreversible changes; 10. Change of phase; 11. Systems of several components; 12. The third law; Appendix; Useful data; Problems; References; Index.
£45.99
Cambridge University Press The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continua
Book SynopsisA consolidated treatment of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics that stresses the universal status of the basic balances and the entropy imbalance. The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continua is written for engineers, physicists and mathematicians.Trade Review"The monograph presents a detailed and complete treatment of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics" - Ion Nistor, Mathematical ReviewsTable of ContentsPart I. Vector and Tensor Algebra; Part II. Vector and Tensor Analysis; Part III. Kinematics; Part IV. Basic Mechanical Principles; Part V. Basic Thermodynamical Principles; Part VI. Mechanical and Thermodynamical Laws at a Shock Wave; Part VII. Basic Requirements for Developing Physically Meaningful Constitutive Theories; Part VIII. Rigid Heat Conductors; Part IX. The Mechanical Theory of Compressible and Incompressible Fluids; Part X. Mechanical Theory of Elastic Solids; Part XI. Thermoelasticity; Part XII. Species Diffusion Coupled to Elasticity; Part XIII. Theory of Isotropic Plastic Solids Undergoing Small Deformations; Part XIV. Small Deformation, Isotropic Plasticity Based on the Principle of Virtual Power; Part XV. Small Deformation, Isotropic Plasticity Based on the Principle of Virtual Power; Part XVI. Large-Deformation Theory of Isotropic Plastic Solids; Part XVII. Theory of Single Crystals Undergoing Small Deformations; Part XVIII. Single Crystals Undergoing Large Deformations.
£89.99
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids
Book SynopsisThe fifth edition has been issued to incorporate two new tables -- Data of Refrigerant 134a and a table containing for selected substances, molar enthalpies and molar Gibbs functions of formation, Equilibirum constants of formation, as well as molar heat capacities and absolute entropies.Table of Contents1. Notation and Units. 2. Saturated Water and Steam. 3. Superheated and Supercritical Steam. 4. Further Properties of Water and Steam. 5. Mercury – Hg. 6. Ammonia – NH3 (Refrigerant 717). 7. Dichlorodifluoromethane – CF2-Cl3 (Refrigerant 12). 8. Tetrafluoroethane – CH2F-CF3 (Refrigarent 134a). 9. Dry Air at Low Pressure. 10. Specific Heat Capacity cp/[kJ/kgK] of Some gases and Vapours. 11. Molar Properties of Some Gases and Vapours. 12. Enthalpies of Reaction and Equilibrium Constants. 13. A Selection of Chemical Thermodynamic Data. 14. Miscellaneous Liquids, Vapours and Gases. 15. International Standard Atmosphere. 16. SI – British Conversion Factors. 17. General Information. 18. Principal Sources.
£10.95
Princeton University Press Impulsive and Hybrid Dynamical Systems
Book SynopsisDevelops a general analysis and synthesis framework for impulsive and hybrid dynamical systems. This book is written from a system-theoretic point of view and is intended for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners of engineering and applied mathematics as well as computer scientists, physicists, and other scientists.Trade ReviewWassim Haddad, Winner of the 2014 Pendray Aerospace Literature Award, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics "With the growing interest in hybrid dynamical systems, the book forms a welcome text dealing with a restricted well-defined class of hybrid systems. Typical subjects that receive attention throughout are set-stability, energy based control, inverse-optimal control, etc. The book may be viewed as a welcome addition in the areas of hybrid systems, containing rigorous and detailed results."--Henk Nijmeijer,Mathematical Reviews "This book fills a void in the are of systems research and is a welcome addition to the literature on hybrid and impulsive systems. The book is well organized, well written, and rigorous in the development of their subject on hand. The authors are to be commended for their scholarly contribution on a subject that is still evolving."--Anthony N. Michel, IEEE Control Systems MagazineTable of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Impulsive and Hybrid Dynamical Systems 1 1.2 A Brief Outline of the Monograph 4 Chapter 2. Stability Theory for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 11 2.3 Stability Theory of Impulsive Dynamical Systems 20 2.4 An Invariance Principle for State-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 27 2.5 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Quasi-Continuous Dependence 32 2.6 Invariant Set Theorems for State-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 38 2.7 Partial Stability of State-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 44 2.8 Stability of Time-Dependent Impulsive Dynamical Systems 56 2.9 Lagrange Stability, Boundedness, and Ultimate Boundedness 63 2.10 Stability Theory via Vector Lyapunov Functions 71 Chapter 3. Dissipativity Theory for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems: Input-Output and State Properties 84 3.3 Extended Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov Conditions for Impulsive Dynamical Systems 103 3.4 Specialization to Linear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 119 Chapter 4. Impulsive Nonnegative and Compartmental Dynamical Systems 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Stability Theory for Nonlinear Impulsive Nonnegative Dynamical Systems 126 4.3 Impulsive Compartmental Dynamical Systems 131 4.4 Dissipativity Theory for Impulsive Nonnegative Dynamical Systems 135 4.5 Specialization to Linear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 143 Chapter 5. Vector Dissipativity Theory for Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Vector Dissipativity Theory for Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 150 5.3 Extended Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov Conditions for Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 175 5.4 Specialization to Large-Scale Linear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 186 Chapter 6. Stability and Feedback Interconnections of Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Stability of Feedback Interconnections of Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems 191 6.3 Hybrid Controllers for Combustion Systems 199 6.4 Feedback Interconnections of Nonlinear Impulsive Nonnegative Dynamical Systems 208 6.5 Stability of Feedback Interconnections of Large-Scale Impulsive Dynamical Systems 214 Chapter 7. Energy-Based Control for Impulsive Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Systems 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Impulsive Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Systems 222 7.3 Energy-Based Hybrid Feedback Control 227 7.4 Energy-Based Hybrid Dynamic Compensation via the Energy-Casimir Method 233 7.5 Energy-Based Hybrid Control Design 242 Chapter 8. Energy and Entropy-Based Hybrid Stabilization for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 Hybrid Control and Impulsive Dynamical Systems 251 8.3 Hybrid Control Design for Dissipative Dynamical Systems 258 8.4 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamical Systems 265 8.5 Hybrid Control Design for Euler-Lagrange Systems 267 8.6 Thermodynamic Stabilization 271 8.7 Energy-Dissipating Hybrid Control Design 277 8.8 Energy-Dissipating Hybrid Control for Impulsive Dynamical Systems 300 8.9 Hybrid Control Design for Nonsmooth Euler-Lagrange Systems 308 8.10 Hybrid Control Design for Impact Mechanics 313 Chapter 9. Optimal Control for Impulsive Dynamical Systems 319 9.1 Introduction 319 9.2 Impulsive Optimal Control 319 9.3 Inverse Optimal Control for Nonlinear Affine Impulsive Systems 330 9.4 Nonlinear Hybrid Control with Polynomial and Multilinear Performance Functionals 333 9.5 Gain, Sector, and Disk Margins for Optimal Hybrid Regulators 337 9.6 Inverse Optimal Control for Impulsive Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Systems 345 Chapter 10. Disturbance Rejection Control for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems 351 10.1 Introduction 351 10.2 Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems with Bounded Disturbances 352 10.3 Specialization to Dissipative Impulsive Dynamical Systems with Quadratic Supply Rates 358 10.4 Optimal Controllers for Nonlinear Impulsive Dynamical Systems with Bounded Disturbances 366 10.5 Optimal and Inverse Optimal Nonlinear-Nonquadratic Control for Affine Systems with L2 Disturbances 375 Chapter 11. Robust Control for Nonlinear Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 385 11.1 Introduction 385 11.2 Robust Stability Analysis of Nonlinear Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 386 11.3 Optimal Robust Control for Nonlinear Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 395 11.4 Inverse Optimal Robust Control for Nonlinear Affine Uncertain Impulsive Dynamical Systems 402 11.5 Robust Nonlinear Hybrid Control with Polynomial Performance Functionals 406 Chapter 12. Hybrid Dynamical Systems 411 12.1 Introduction 411 12.2 Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems 412 12.3 Specialization to Hybrid and Impulsive Dynamical Systems 418 12.4 Stability Analysis of Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems 422 12.5 Dissipative Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems: Input-Output and State Properties 427 12.6 Interconnections of Dissipative Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems 435 Chapter 13. Poincare Maps and Stability of Periodic Orbits for Hybrid Dynamical Systems 443 13.1 Introduction 443 13.2 Left-Continuous Dynamical Systems with Periodic Solutions 444 13.3 Specialization to Impulsive Dynamical Systems 451 13.4 Limit Cycle Analysis of a Verge and Foliot Clock Escapement 458 13.5 Modeling 459 13.6 Impulsive Differential Equation Model 462 13.7 Characterization of Periodic Orbits 464 13.8 Limit Cycle Analysis of the Clock Escapement Mechanism 468 13.9 Numerical Simulation of an Escapement Mechanism 472 Appendix A. System Functions for the Clock Escapement Mechanism 477 Bibliography 485 Index 501
£92.65
Princeton University Press The Dynamics of Partially Molten Rock
Book Synopsis
£63.75
Princeton University Press Statistical and Thermal Physics
Book Synopsis
£67.20
Taylor & Francis Ltd Thermodynamics of the Glassy State Condensed
Book SynopsisIn the past thirty years, the area of spin glasses has experienced rapid growth, including the development of solvable models for glassy systems. Yet these developments have only been recorded in the original research papers, rather than in a single source. Thermodynamics of the Glassy State presents a comprehensive account of the modern theory of glasses, starting from basic principles (thermodynamics) to the experimental analysis of one of the most important consequences of thermodynamics-Maxwell relations.After a brief introduction to general theoretical concepts and historical developments, the book thoroughly describes glassy phenomenology and the established theory. The core of the book surveys the crucial technique of two-temperature thermodynamics, explains the success of this method in resolving previously paradoxical problems in glasses, and presents exactly solvable models, a physically realistic approach to dynamics with advantages over more established mean field mTable of ContentsIntroduction. Theory and Phenomenology of Glasses. Two-Temperature Thermodynamics. Exactly Solvable Models for the Glassy State. Aging Urn Models. Glassiness in a Directed Polymer Model. Potential Energy Landscape Approach. Theories of the Glassy State. Bibliography. Index.
£166.25
Ebury Publishing How to Speak Science
Book SynopsisBruce isn’t pretending that science isn’t tricky, but in simple, maths-free explanations and just-the-good-parts historical recaps, he shows us that the greatest scientific discoveries and theories don’t have to remain beyond our grasp.
£11.69
CRC Press Combustion Engineering
Book Synopsis
£47.49
Cambridge University Press Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Book SynopsisThis book provides a fresh approach to the subjects, integrating classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to give students a solid understanding of the fundamentals and how macroscopic and microscopic ideas interweave. Includes numerous worked examples, and well over 400 guided, often multi-step, end-of-chapter problems that address conceptual, fundamental, and applied skill sets.Trade Review'This textbook presents an accessible (but still rigorous) treatment of the material at a beginning-graduate level, including many worked examples. By making the concept of entropy central to the book, Professor Shell provides an organizing principle that makes it easier for the students to achieve mastery of this important area.' Athanassios Z. Panagiotopoulos, Princeton University'Other integrated treatments of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics exist, but this one stands out as remarkably thoughtful and clear in its selection and illumination of key concepts needed for understanding and modeling materials and processes.' Thomas Truskett, University of Texas, Austin'This text provides a long-awaited and modern approach that integrates statistical mechanics with classical thermodynamics, rather than the traditional sequential approach, in which teaching of the molecular origins of thermodynamic laws and models only follows later, after classical thermodynamics. The author clearly shows how classical thermodynamic concepts result from the underlying behavior of the molecules themselves.' Keith E. Gubbins, North Carolina State UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction and guide to this text; 2. Equilibrium and entropy; 3. Energy and how the microscopic world works; 4. Entropy and how the macroscopic world works; 5. The fundamental equation; 6. The first law and reversibility; 7. Legendre transforms and other potentials; 8. Maxwell relations and measurable quantities; 9. Gases; 10. Phase equilibrium; 11. Stability; 12. Solutions - fundamentals; 13. Solutions - advanced and special cases; 14. Solids; 15. The third law; 16. The canonical partition function; 17. Fluctuations; 18. Statistical mechanics of classical systems; 19. Other ensembles; 20. Reaction equilibrium; 21. Reaction coordinates and rates; 22. Molecular simulation methods.
£96.90
Cambridge University Press Thermodynamics and Control of Open Quantum
Book SynopsisThe control of open quantum systems and their associated quantum thermodynamic properties is a topic of growing importance in modern quantum physics and quantum chemistry research. This unique and self-contained book presents a unifying perspective of such open quantum systems, first describing the fundamental theory behind these formidably complex systems, before introducing the models and techniques that are employed to control their quantum thermodynamics processes. A detailed discussion of real quantum devices is also covered, including quantum heat engines and quantum refrigerators. The theory of open quantum systems is developed pedagogically, from first principles, and the book is accessible to graduate students and researchers working in atomic physics, quantum information, condensed matter physics, and quantum chemistry.Table of ContentsPreface. Part I. Quantum System-Bath Interactions and their Control. 1. Equilibration of Large Quantum Systems; 2. Thermalization of Quantum Systems Weakly Coupled to Baths; 3. Generic Quantum Baths; 4. Quantized System-Bath Interactions; 5. System-Bath Reversible and Irreversible Quantum Dynamics; 6. System-Bath Equilibration via Spin-Boson Interaction; 7. Bath-Induced Collective Dynamics; 8. Bath-Induced Self-Energy: Cooperative Lamb-Shift and Dipole-Dipole Interactions; 9. Quantum Measurements, Pointer Basis and Decoherence; 10. The Quantum Zeno and Anti-Zeno Effects (QZE and AZE); 11. Dynamical Control of Open Systems; 12. Optimal Dynamical Control of Open Systems; 13. Dynamical Control of Quantum Information Processing; 14. Dynamical Control of Quantum State Transfer in Hybrid Systems. Part II. Control of Thermodynamic Processes in Quantum Systems. 15. Entropy, Work and Heat Exchange Bounds for Driven Quantum Systems; 16. Thermodynamics and its Control on Non-Markovian Time Scales; 17. Work-Information Relation and System-Bath Correlations; 18. Cyclic Quantum Engines Energized by Thermal or Non-Thermal Baths; 19. Steady-State Cycles for Quantum Heat Machines; 20. Two-Level Minimal Model of a Heat Engine; 21. Quantum Cooperative Heat Machines; 22. Heat-to-Work Conversion in Fully Quantized Machines; 23. Quantum Refrigerators and the Third Law; 24. Minimal Quantum Heat Manager: Heat Diode and Transistor. Conclusions and Outlook. Bibliography. Index.
£62.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Statistical Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces chemistry and chemical engineering students to molecular descriptions of thermodynamics, chemical systems, and biomolecules. Equips students with the ability to apply the method to their own systems, as today''s research is microscopic and molecular and articles are written in that language Provides ample illustrations and tables to describe rather difficult concepts Makes use of plots (charts) to help students understand the mathematics necessary for the contents Includes practice problems and answers Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xix Symbols and Constants xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classical Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics 1 1.2 Examples of Results Obtained from Statistical Thermodynamics 2 1.2.1 Heat Capacity of Gas of Diatomic Molecules 2 1.2.2 Heat Capacity of a Solid 3 1.2.3 Blackbody Radiation 3 1.2.4 Adsorption 4 1.2.5 Helix–Coil Transition 5 1.2.6 Boltzmann Factor 6 1.3 Practices of Notation 6 2 Review of Probability Theory 9 2.1 Probability 9 2.2 Discrete Distributions 11 2.2.1 Binomial Distribution 12 2.2.2 Poisson Distribution 13 2.2.3 Multinomial Distribution 14 2.3 Continuous Distributions 15 2.3.1 Uniform Distribution 19 2.3.2 Exponential Distribution 19 2.3.3 Normal Distribution 21 2.3.4 Distribution of a Dihedral Angle 21 2.4 Means and Variances 22 2.4.1 Discrete Distributions 22 2.4.2 Continuous Distributions 26 2.4.3 Central Limit Theorem 27 2.5 Uncertainty 28 Problems 31 3 Energy and Interactions 35 3.1 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of Atoms and Ions 35 3.1.1 Kinetic Energy 35 3.1.2 Gravitational Potential 36 3.1.3 Ion in an Electric Field 36 3.1.4 Total Energy of Atoms and Ions 37 3.2 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of Diatomic Molecules 37 3.2.1 Kinetic Energy (Translation, Rotation, Vibration) 37 3.2.2 Dipolar Potential 42 3.2.2.1 Potential of a Permanent Dipole 42 3.2.2.2 Potential of an Induced Dipole 44 3.3 Kinetic Energy of Polyatomic Molecules 46 3.3.1 Linear Polyatomic Molecule 46 3.3.2 Nonlinear Polyatomic Molecule 48 3.4 Interactions Between Molecules 50 3.4.1 Excluded-Volume Interaction 52 3.4.2 Coulomb Interaction 52 3.4.3 Dipole–Dipole Interaction 53 3.4.4 van der Waals Interaction 54 3.4.5 Lennard-Jones Potential 55 3.5 Energy as an Extensive Property 57 3.6 Kinetic Energy of a Gas Molecule in Quantum Mechanics 58 3.6.1 Quantization of Translational Energy 58 3.6.2 Quantization of Rotational Energy 61 3.6.3 Quantization of Vibrational Energy 63 3.6.4 Electronic Energy Levels 65 3.6.5 Comparison of Energy Level Spacings 66 Problems 67 4 Statistical Mechanics 69 4.1 Basic Assumptions, Microcanonical Ensembles, and Canonical Ensembles 69 4.1.1 Basic Assumptions 69 4.1.2 Microcanonical Ensembles 73 4.1.3 Canonical Ensembles 75 4.2 Probability Distribution in Canonical Ensembles and Partition Functions 77 4.2.1 Probability Distribution 77 4.2.2 Partition Function for a System with Discrete States 79 4.2.3 Partition Function for a System with Continuous States 81 4.2.4 Energy Levels and States 83 4.3 Internal Energy 88 4.4 Identification of 𝛽 89 4.5 Equipartition Law 91 4.6 Other Thermodynamic Functions 93 4.7 Another View of Entropy 97 4.8 Fluctuations of Energy 99 4.9 Grand Canonical Ensembles 100 4.10 Cumulants of Energy 107 Problems 110 5 Canonical Ensemble of Gas Molecules 113 5.1 Velocity of Gas Molecules 113 5.2 Heat Capacity of a Classical Gas 116 5.2.1 Point Mass 117 5.2.2 Rigid Dumbbell 117 5.2.3 Elastic Dumbbell 118 5.3 Heat Capacity of a Quantum-Mechanical Gas 120 5.3.1 General Formulas 120 5.3.2 Translation 122 5.3.3 Rotation 124 5.3.4 Vibration 127 5.3.5 Comparison with Classical Models 128 5.4 Distribution of Rotational Energy Levels 129 5.5 Conformations of a Molecule 130 Problems 132 6 Indistinguishable Particles 135 6.1 Distinguishable Particles and Indistinguishable Particles 135 6.2 Partition Function of Indistinguishable Particles 137 6.2.1 System of Distinguishable Particles 137 6.2.2 System of Indistinguishable Particles 137 6.3 Condition of Nondegeneracy 142 6.4 Significance of Division by N! 144 6.4.1 Gas in a Two-Part Box 144 6.4.2 Chemical Potential 145 6.4.3 Mixture of Two Gases 146 6.5 Indistinguishability and Center-of-Mass Movement 147 6.6 Open System of Gas 147 Problems 149 7 Imperfect Gas 153 7.1 Virial Expansion 153 7.2 Molecular Expression of Interaction in the Canonical Ensemble 157 7.3 Second Virial Coefficients in Different Models 164 7.3.1 Hard-Core Repulsion Only 164 7.3.2 Square-well Potential 165 7.3.3 Lennard-Jones Potential 167 7.4 Joule–Thomson Effect 167 Problems 171 8 Rubber Elasticity 175 8.1 Rubber 175 8.2 Polymer Chain in One Dimension 176 8.3 Polymer Chain in Three Dimensions 180 8.4 Network of Springs 184 Problems 185 9 Law of Mass Action 189 9.1 Reaction of Two Monatomic Molecules 190 9.2 Decomposition of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 193 9.3 Isomerization 195 9.4 Method of the Steepest Descent 197 Problems 198 10 Adsorption 201 10.1 Adsorption Phenomena 201 10.2 Langmuir Isotherm 202 10.3 BET Isotherm 206 10.4 Dissociative Adsorption 211 10.5 Interaction Between Adsorbed Molecules 213 Problems 213 11 Ising Model 217 11.1 Model 217 11.2 Partition Function 220 11.2.1 One-Dimensional Ising Model 220 11.2.2 Calculating Statistical Averages 221 11.2.2.1 Average Number of Up Spins 222 11.2.2.2 Average of the Number of Spin Alterations (Number of Domains – 1) 222 11.2.2.3 Domain Size 223 11.2.2.4 Size of a Domain of Uniform Spins 223 11.2.3 A Few Examples of 1D Ising Model 223 11.2.3.1 Linear Ising Model, N = 3 223 11.2.3.2 Ring Ising Model, N = 3 225 11.2.3.3 Ring Ising Model, N = 4 225 11.3 Mean-FieldTheories 226 11.3.1 Bragg–Williams (B–W) Approximation 227 11.3.2 Flory–Huggins (F–H) Approximation 231 11.3.3 Approximation by a Mean-Field (MF) Theory 235 11.4 Exact Solution of 1D Ising Model 236 11.4.1 General Formula 236 11.4.2 Large-N Approximation 239 11.4.3 Exact Partition Function for Arbitrary N 241 11.4.4 Ring Ising Model, Arbitrary N 244 11.4.5 Comparison of the Exact Results with Those of Mean-Field Approximations 245 11.5 Variations of the Ising Model 247 11.5.1 System of Uniform Spins 247 11.5.2 Random Local Fields of Opposite Directions 249 11.5.3 Dilute Local Fields 252 Problems 254 12 Helical Polymer 263 12.1 Helix-Forming Polymer 263 12.2 Optical Rotation and Circular Dichroism 266 12.3 Pristine Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) 267 12.4 Variations to the Helical Polymer 271 12.4.1 Copolymer of Chiral and Achiral Isocyanate Monomers 272 12.4.2 Copolymer of R- and S-Enantiomers of Isocyanate 274 Problems 274 13 Helix–Coil Transition 277 13.1 Historical Background 277 13.2 Polypeptides 281 13.3 Zimm–Bragg Model 283 Problems 289 14 Regular Solutions 291 14.1 Binary Mixture of Equal-Size Molecules 291 14.1.1 Free Energy of Mixing 291 14.1.2 Derivatives of the Free Energy of Mixing 296 14.1.3 Phase Separation 300 14.2 Binary Mixture of Molecules of Different Sizes 304 Problems 312 Appendix A Mathematics 315 A.1 Hyperbolic Functions 315 A.2 Series 317 A.3 Binomial Theorem and Trinomial Theorem 317 A.4 Stirling’s formula 318 A.5 Integrals 318 A.6 Error Functions 318 A.7 Gamma Functions 319 References 321 Index 325
£73.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Book SynopsisThis textbook brings together the fundamentals of the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of thermal physics by presenting thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as complementary theories based on small numbers of postulates.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Elements of Thermal Physics 1 1. Fundamentals 3 1.1 PVT Systems 3 1.2 Equilibrium States 6 1.3 Processes and Heat 10 1.4 Temperature 12 1.5 Size Dependence 13 1.6 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 14 Problems 17 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 19 2.1 Work 19 2.2 Heat 21 2.3 The First Law 21 2.4 Applications 22 Problems 26 3. Properties and Partial Derivatives 27 3.1 Conventions 27 3.2 Equilibrium Properties 28 3.3 Relationships between Properties 34 3.4 Series Expansions 40 3.5 Summary 41 Problems 42 4. Processes in Gases 45 4.1 Ideal Gases 45 4.2 Temperature Change with Elevation 48 4.3 Cyclic Processes 50 4.4 Heat Engines 52 Problems 58 5. Phase Transitions 61 5.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 61 5.2 Latent Heats 65 5.3 Van der Waals Model 67 5.4 Classification of Phase Transitions 70 Problems 72 6. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 75 6.1 Idealization and Reversibility 75 6.2 Nonequilibrium Processes and Irreversibility 76 6.3 Electrical Systems 79 6.4 Heat Conduction 82 Problems 86 Part II Foundations of Thermodynamics 89 7. Second Law of Thermodynamics 91 7.1 Energy, Heat, and Reversibility 91 7.2 Cyclic Processes 93 7.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 95 7.4 Carnot Cycles 98 7.5 Absolute Temperature 100 7.6 Applications 103 Problems 107 8. Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero 109 8.1 Temperature Scales 109 8.2 Uniform Scales and Absolute Zero 111 8.3 Other Temperature Scales 114 Problems 115 9. State Space and Differentials 117 9.1 Spaces 117 9.2 Differentials 121 9.3 Exact Versus Inexact Differentials 123 9.4 Integrating Differentials 127 9.5 Differentials in Thermodynamics 129 9.6 Discussion and Summary 134 Problems 136 10. Entropy 139 10.1 Definition of Entropy 139 10.2 Clausius’ Theorem 142 10.3 Entropy Principle 145 10.4 Entropy and Irreversibility 148 10.5 Useful Energy 151 10.6 The Third Law 155 10.7 Unattainability of Absolute Zero 156 Problems 158 Appendix 10.A. Entropy Statement of the Second Law 158 11. Consequences of Existence of Entropy 165 11.1 Differentials of Entropy and Energy 165 11.2 Ideal Gases 167 11.3 Relationships Between CV, CP, BT , BS, and αV 170 11.4 Clapeyron’s Equation 172 11.5 Maximum Entropy, Equilibrium, and Stability 174 11.6 Mixing 178 Problems 184 12. Thermodynamic Potentials 185 12.1 Internal Energy 185 12.2 Free Energies 186 12.3 Properties From Potentials 188 12.4 Systems in Contact with a Heat Reservoir 193 12.5 Minimum Free Energy 194 Problems 197 Appendix 12.A. Derivatives of Potentials 197 13. Phase Transitions and Open Systems 201 13.1 Two-Phase Equilibrium 201 13.2 Chemical Potential 206 13.3 Multi-Component Systems 211 13.4 Gibbs Phase Rule 214 13.5 Chemical Reactions 215 Problems 217 14. Dielectric and Magnetic Systems 219 14.1 Dielectrics 219 14.2 Magnetic Materials 224 14.3 Critical Phenomena 229 Problems 233 Part III Statistical Thermodynamics 235 15. Molecular Models 237 15.1 Microscopic Descriptions 237 15.2 Gas Pressure 238 15.3 Equipartition of Energy 243 15.4 Internal Energy of Solids 246 15.5 Inactive Degrees of Freedom 247 15.6 Microscopic Significance of Heat 248 Problems 253 16. Kinetic Theory of Gases 255 16.1 Velocity Distribution 255 16.2 Combinatorics 256 16.3 Method of Undetermined Multipliers 258 16.4 Maxwell Distribution 260 16.5 Mean-Free-Path 265 Problems 267 Appendix 16.A. Quantum Distributions 267 17. Microscopic Significance of Entropy 273 17.1 Boltzmann Entropy 273 17.2 Ideal Gas 274 17.3 Statistical Interpretation 278 17.4 Thermodynamic Properties 279 17.5 Boltzmann Factors 284 Problems 286 Appendix 17.A. Evaluation of I3N 286 Part IV Statistical Mechanics I 289 18. Ensembles 291 18.1 Probabilities and Averages 291 18.2 Two-Level Systems 293 18.3 Information Theory 295 18.4 Equilibrium Ensembles 298 18.5 Canonical Thermodynamics 302 18.6 Composite Systems 305 Problems 308 Appendix 18.A. Uniqueness Theorem 308 19. Partition Function 311 19.1 Hamiltonians and Phase Space 311 19.2 Model Hamiltonians 312 19.3 Classical Canonical Ensemble 316 19.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Averages 318 19.5 Ideal Gases 322 19.6 Harmonic Solids 326 Problems 328 20. Quantum Systems 331 20.1 Energy Eigenstates 331 20.2 Quantum Canonical Ensemble 333 20.3 Ideal Gases 334 20.4 Einstein Model 337 20.5 Classical Approximation 341 Problems 344 Appendix 20.A. Ideal Gas Eigenstates 344 21. Independent Particles and Paramagnetism 349 21.1 Averages 349 21.2 Statistical Independence 351 21.3 Classical Systems 353 21.4 Paramagnetism 357 21.5 Spin Systems 360 21.6 Classical Dipoles 365 Problems 367 Appendix 21.A. Negative Temperature 367 22. Fluctuations and Energy Distributions 371 22.1 Standard Deviation 371 22.2 Energy Fluctuations 375 22.3 Gibbs Paradox 376 22.4 Microcanonical Ensemble 380 22.5 Comparison of Ensembles 386 Problems 391 23. Generalizations and Diatomic Gases 393 23.1 Generalized Coordinates 393 23.2 Diatomic Gases 397 23.3 Quantum Effects 402 23.4 Density Matrices 405 23.5 Canonical Ensemble 408 Problems 410 Appendix 23.A. Classical Approximation 410 Part V Statistical Mechanics II 415 24. Photons and Phonons 417 24.1 Plane Wave Eigenstates 417 24.2 Photons 421 24.3 Harmonic Approximation 425 24.4 Phonons 429 Problems 434 25. Grand Canonical Ensemble 435 25.1 Thermodynamics of Open Systems 435 25.2 Grand Canonical Ensemble 437 25.3 Properties and Fluctuations 438 25.4 Ideal Gases 441 Problems 443 26. Fermions and Bosons 445 26.1 Identical Particles 445 26.2 Exchange Symmetry 447 26.3 Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Statistics 452 Problems 456 Appendix 26.A. Fermions in the Canonical Ensemble 457 27. Fermi and Bose Gases 461 27.1 Ideal Gases 461 27.2 Fermi Gases 465 27.3 Low Temperature Heat Capacity 466 27.4 Bose Gases 469 Problems 472 28. Interacting Systems 475 28.1 Ising Model 475 28.2 Nonideal Gases 481 Problems 487 29. Computer Simulations 489 29.1 Averages 489 29.2 Virial Formula for Pressure 490 29.3 Simulation Algorithms 496 A. Mathematical Relations, Constants, and Properties 501 A.1 Partial Derivatives 501 A.2 Integrals and Series 501 A.3 Taylor Series 502 A.4 Hyperbolic Functions 502 A.5 Fundamental Constants 503 A.6 Conversion Factors 503 A.7 Useful Formulas 503 A.8 Properties of Water 504 A.9 Properties of Materials 504 Answers to Problems 505 Index 509
£46.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Book SynopsisThis textbook brings together the fundamentals of the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of thermal physics by presenting thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as complementary theories based on small numbers of postulates.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Elements of Thermal Physics 1 1. Fundamentals 3 1.1 PVT Systems 3 1.2 Equilibrium States 6 1.3 Processes and Heat 10 1.4 Temperature 12 1.5 Size Dependence 13 1.6 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 14 Problems 17 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 19 2.1 Work 19 2.2 Heat 21 2.3 The First Law 21 2.4 Applications 22 Problems 26 3. Properties and Partial Derivatives 27 3.1 Conventions 27 3.2 Equilibrium Properties 28 3.3 Relationships between Properties 34 3.4 Series Expansions 40 3.5 Summary 41 Problems 42 4. Processes in Gases 45 4.1 Ideal Gases 45 4.2 Temperature Change with Elevation 48 4.3 Cyclic Processes 50 4.4 Heat Engines 52 Problems 58 5. Phase Transitions 61 5.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 61 5.2 Latent Heats 65 5.3 Van der Waals Model 67 5.4 Classification of Phase Transitions 70 Problems 72 6. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 75 6.1 Idealization and Reversibility 75 6.2 Nonequilibrium Processes and Irreversibility 76 6.3 Electrical Systems 79 6.4 Heat Conduction 82 Problems 86 Part II Foundations of Thermodynamics 89 7. Second Law of Thermodynamics 91 7.1 Energy, Heat, and Reversibility 91 7.2 Cyclic Processes 93 7.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 95 7.4 Carnot Cycles 98 7.5 Absolute Temperature 100 7.6 Applications 103 Problems 107 8. Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero 109 8.1 Temperature Scales 109 8.2 Uniform Scales and Absolute Zero 111 8.3 Other Temperature Scales 114 Problems 115 9. State Space and Differentials 117 9.1 Spaces 117 9.2 Differentials 121 9.3 Exact Versus Inexact Differentials 123 9.4 Integrating Differentials 127 9.5 Differentials in Thermodynamics 129 9.6 Discussion and Summary 134 Problems 136 10. Entropy 139 10.1 Definition of Entropy 139 10.2 Clausius’ Theorem 142 10.3 Entropy Principle 145 10.4 Entropy and Irreversibility 148 10.5 Useful Energy 151 10.6 The Third Law 155 10.7 Unattainability of Absolute Zero 156 Problems 158 Appendix 10.A. Entropy Statement of the Second Law 158 11. Consequences of Existence of Entropy 165 11.1 Differentials of Entropy and Energy 165 11.2 Ideal Gases 167 11.3 Relationships Between CV, CP, BT , BS, and αV 170 11.4 Clapeyron’s Equation 172 11.5 Maximum Entropy, Equilibrium, and Stability 174 11.6 Mixing 178 Problems 184 12. Thermodynamic Potentials 185 12.1 Internal Energy 185 12.2 Free Energies 186 12.3 Properties From Potentials 188 12.4 Systems in Contact with a Heat Reservoir 193 12.5 Minimum Free Energy 194 Problems 197 Appendix 12.A. Derivatives of Potentials 197 13. Phase Transitions and Open Systems 201 13.1 Two-Phase Equilibrium 201 13.2 Chemical Potential 206 13.3 Multi-Component Systems 211 13.4 Gibbs Phase Rule 214 13.5 Chemical Reactions 215 Problems 217 14. Dielectric and Magnetic Systems 219 14.1 Dielectrics 219 14.2 Magnetic Materials 224 14.3 Critical Phenomena 229 Problems 233 Part III Statistical Thermodynamics 235 15. Molecular Models 237 15.1 Microscopic Descriptions 237 15.2 Gas Pressure 238 15.3 Equipartition of Energy 243 15.4 Internal Energy of Solids 246 15.5 Inactive Degrees of Freedom 247 15.6 Microscopic Significance of Heat 248 Problems 253 16. Kinetic Theory of Gases 255 16.1 Velocity Distribution 255 16.2 Combinatorics 256 16.3 Method of Undetermined Multipliers 258 16.4 Maxwell Distribution 260 16.5 Mean-Free-Path 265 Problems 267 Appendix 16.A. Quantum Distributions 267 17. Microscopic Significance of Entropy 273 17.1 Boltzmann Entropy 273 17.2 Ideal Gas 274 17.3 Statistical Interpretation 278 17.4 Thermodynamic Properties 279 17.5 Boltzmann Factors 284 Problems 286 Appendix 17.A. Evaluation of I3N 286 Part IV Statistical Mechanics I 289 18. Ensembles 291 18.1 Probabilities and Averages 291 18.2 Two-Level Systems 293 18.3 Information Theory 295 18.4 Equilibrium Ensembles 298 18.5 Canonical Thermodynamics 302 18.6 Composite Systems 305 Problems 308 Appendix 18.A. Uniqueness Theorem 308 19. Partition Function 311 19.1 Hamiltonians and Phase Space 311 19.2 Model Hamiltonians 312 19.3 Classical Canonical Ensemble 316 19.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Averages 318 19.5 Ideal Gases 322 19.6 Harmonic Solids 326 Problems 328 20. Quantum Systems 331 20.1 Energy Eigenstates 331 20.2 Quantum Canonical Ensemble 333 20.3 Ideal Gases 334 20.4 Einstein Model 337 20.5 Classical Approximation 341 Problems 344 Appendix 20.A. Ideal Gas Eigenstates 344 21. Independent Particles and Paramagnetism 349 21.1 Averages 349 21.2 Statistical Independence 351 21.3 Classical Systems 353 21.4 Paramagnetism 357 21.5 Spin Systems 360 21.6 Classical Dipoles 365 Problems 367 Appendix 21.A. Negative Temperature 367 22. Fluctuations and Energy Distributions 371 22.1 Standard Deviation 371 22.2 Energy Fluctuations 375 22.3 Gibbs Paradox 376 22.4 Microcanonical Ensemble 380 22.5 Comparison of Ensembles 386 Problems 391 23. Generalizations and Diatomic Gases 393 23.1 Generalized Coordinates 393 23.2 Diatomic Gases 397 23.3 Quantum Effects 402 23.4 Density Matrices 405 23.5 Canonical Ensemble 408 Problems 410 Appendix 23.A. Classical Approximation 410 Part V Statistical Mechanics II 415 24. Photons and Phonons 417 24.1 Plane Wave Eigenstates 417 24.2 Photons 421 24.3 Harmonic Approximation 425 24.4 Phonons 429 Problems 434 25. Grand Canonical Ensemble 435 25.1 Thermodynamics of Open Systems 435 25.2 Grand Canonical Ensemble 437 25.3 Properties and Fluctuations 438 25.4 Ideal Gases 441 Problems 443 26. Fermions and Bosons 445 26.1 Identical Particles 445 26.2 Exchange Symmetry 447 26.3 Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Statistics 452 Problems 456 Appendix 26.A. Fermions in the Canonical Ensemble 457 27. Fermi and Bose Gases 461 27.1 Ideal Gases 461 27.2 Fermi Gases 465 27.3 Low Temperature Heat Capacity 466 27.4 Bose Gases 469 Problems 472 28. Interacting Systems 475 28.1 Ising Model 475 28.2 Nonideal Gases 481 Problems 487 29. Computer Simulations 489 29.1 Averages 489 29.2 Virial Formula for Pressure 490 29.3 Simulation Algorithms 496 A. Mathematical Relations, Constants, and Properties 501 A.1 Partial Derivatives 501 A.2 Integrals and Series 501 A.3 Taylor Series 502 A.4 Hyperbolic Functions 502 A.5 Fundamental Constants 503 A.6 Conversion Factors 503 A.7 Useful Formulas 503 A.8 Properties of Water 504 A.9 Properties of Materials 504 Answers to Problems 505 Index 509
£111.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc A Conceptual Guide to Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisThermodynamics is the science that describes the behavior of matter at the macroscopic scale, and how this arises from individual molecules. As such, it is a subject of profound practical and fundamental importance to many science and engineering fields.Trade Review“Useful for students and professionals in numerous areas, including biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. . . Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 April 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Textbook Guide xv 0.1 List of Thermodynamics Textbooks by Discipline xv 0.2 Terminology and Notation Used in This Book xvi 0.3 Terminology and Notation Used in Textbooks xviii 1 About This Book 1 1.1 Who Should Use This Book? 2 1.2 Philosophy of This Book 3 1.3 Four Core Concepts of Thermodynamics 3 1.4 How to Use This Book 5 I Equilibrium 2 Philosophy of Thermodynamics 11 2.1 Thermodynamics 11 2.2 Scientific Models & Laws 12 2.3 Statistical Mechanics 14 3 Thermodynamic States, Variables & Quantities 17 3.1 Thermodynamic Variables & Quantities 17 3.2 More on Thermodynamic Quantities 19 3.3 Thermodynamic & Molecular States 20 4 Zeroth Law & Thermodynamic Equilibrium 23 4.1 Equation of State 23 4.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 26 4.3 Zeroth Law 27 4.4 Ideal Gases & Non-ideal Systems 29 II Energy 5 Molecular Energy, Internal Energy, & Temperature 33 5.1 Energy at the Molecular Scale 33 5.2 Internal Energy 35 5.3 Intermolecular Interactions & the Kinetic Model 37 5.4 Equipartition Theorem & Temperature 38 6 Boltzmann Distribution & the Kinetic Model 41 6.1 Boltzmann Distribution 41 6.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 42 6.3 Maxwell Distribution of Speeds 44 III Thermodynamic Change 7 First Law & Thermodynamic Change 49 7.1 System & Surroundings 49 7.2 Thermodynamic Change 50 7.3 First Law 52 8 Work, Heat, & Reversible Change 55 8.1 State Functions & Path Functions 55 8.2 Definition of Work 57 8.3 Definition of Heat 59 8.4 Reversible & Irreversible Change 60 8.5 A Gas Expansion Example 62 9 Partial Derivative Quantities 65 9.1 Internal Energy & Heat Capacity at Constant Volume 66 9.2 Enthalpy & Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure 67 9.3 Other Partial Derivative Quantities 70 9.4 Partial Derivatives & Differentials 71 IV Entropy 10 Entropy & Information Theory 77 10.1 Why Does Entropy Seem So Complicated? 77 10.2 Entropy as Unknown Molecular Information 79 10.3 Amount of Information 80 10.4 Application to Thermodynamics 84 11 Entropy & Ideal Gas 87 11.1 Measuring Our Molecular Ignorance 87 11.2 Volume Contribution to Entropy 88 11.3 Temperature Contribution to Entropy 91 11.4 Combined Entropy Expression 92 11.5 Entropy, Heat, & Reversible Adiabatic Expansion 94 12 Second Law & Spontaneous Irreversible Change 97 12.1 Heat Engines & Thermodynamic Cycles 97 12.2 Traditional Statements of the Second Law 98 12.3 Entropy Statement of the Second Law 99 12.4 Information Statement of the Second Law 100 12.5 Maximum Entropy & the Clausius Inequality 103 13 Third Law, Carnot Cycle, & Absolute Entropy 107 13.1 Entropy & Reversible Change 107 13.2 Carnot Cycle & Absolute Zero Temperature 109 13.3 Third Law & Absolute Entropy 111 V Free Energy 14 Free Energy & Exergy 115 14.1 What Would Happen If Entropy Were a Variable? 116 14.2 Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies 117 14.3 Second Law & Maximum Work 119 14.4 Exergy 121 15 Chemical Potential, Fugacity, & Open Systems 123 15.1 What Would Happen If n Were a Variable? 123 15.2 Chemical Potential 125 15.3 Ideal Gas & Fugacity 126 VI Applications 16 Crazy Gay-Lussac’s Gas Expansion Emporium 131 16.1 Sales Pitch 131 16.2 How to Solve Gas Expansion Problems 132 16.3 Comprehensive Compendium 135 17 Electronic Emporium: Free Online Shopping! 139 VII Appendices Appendix A: Beards Gone Wild! Facial Hair & the Founding Fathers of Thermodynamics 143 Appendix B: Thermodynamics, Abolitionism, & Sha Na Na 147 Appendix C: Thermodynamics & the Science of Steampunk 149 Steampunk Gallery 151 Travel Try Its 153 Photo Credits 155 Index 159
£32.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Incroperas Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSymbols xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What and How? 2 1.2 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 3 1.2.1 Conduction 3 1.2.2 Convection 6 1.2.3 Radiation 8 1.2.4 The Thermal Resistance Concept 12 1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics 12 1.3.1 Relationship to the First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 13 1.3.2 Relationship to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Efficiency of Heat Engines 28 1.4 Units and Dimensions 33 1.5 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology 35 1.6 Relevance of Heat Transfer 38 1.7 Summary 42 References 45 Problems 45 Chapter 2 Introduction to Conduction 59 2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation 60 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter 62 2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity 63 2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties 70 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation 74 2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 82 2.5 Summary 86 References 87 Problems 87 Chapter 3 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 99 3.1 The Plane Wall 100 3.1.1 Temperature Distribution 100 3.1.2 Thermal Resistance 102 3.1.3 The Composite Wall 103 3.1.4 Contact Resistance 105 3.1.5 Porous Media 107 3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis 121 3.3 Radial Systems 125 3.3.1 The Cylinder 125 3.3.2 The Sphere 130 3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results 131 3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation 131 3.5.1 The Plane Wall 132 3.5.2 Radial Systems 138 3.5.3 Tabulated Solutions 139 3.5.4 Application of Resistance Concepts 139 3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces 143 3.6.1 A General Conduction Analysis 145 3.6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area 147 3.6.3 Fin Performance Parameters 153 3.6.4 Fins of Nonuniform Cross-Sectional Area 156 3.6.5 Overall Surface Efficiency 159 3.7 Other Applications of One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 163 3.7.1 The Bioheat Equation 163 3.7.2 Thermoelectric Power Generation 167 3.7.3 Nanoscale Conduction 175 3.8 Summary 179 References 181 Problems 182 Chapter 4 Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction 209 4.1 General Considerations and Solution Techniques 210 4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables 211 4.3 The Conduction Shape Factor and the Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate 215 4.4 Finite-Difference Equations 221 4.4.1 The Nodal Network 221 4.4.2 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: No Generation and Constant Properties 222 4.4.3 Finite-Difference Form of the Heat Equation: The Energy Balance Method 223 4.5 Solving the Finite-Difference Equations 230 4.5.1 Formulation as a Matrix Equation 230 4.5.2 Verifying the Accuracy of the Solution 231 4.6 Summary 236 References 237 Problems 237 4S.1 The Graphical Method W-1 4S.1.1 Methodology of Constructing a Flux Plot W-1 4S.1.2 Determination of the Heat Transfer Rate W-2 4S.1.3 The Conduction Shape Factor W-3 4S.2 The Gauss-Seidel Method: Example of Usage W-5 References W-10 Problems W-10 Chapter 5 Transient Conduction 253 5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method 254 5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method 257 5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis 261 5.3.1 Radiation Only 262 5.3.2 Negligible Radiation 262 5.3.3 Convection Only with Variable Convection Coefficient 263 5.3.4 Additional Considerations 263 5.4 Spatial Effects 272 5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection 273 5.5.1 Exact Solution 274 5.5.2 Approximate Solution 274 5.5.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solution 276 5.5.4 Additional Considerations 276 5.6 Radial Systems with Convection 277 5.6.1 Exact Solutions 277 5.6.2 Approximate Solutions 278 5.6.3 Total Energy Transfer: Approximate Solutions 278 5.6.4 Additional Considerations 279 5.7 The Semi-Infinite Solid 284 5.8 Objects with Constant Surface Temperatures or Surface Heat Fluxes 291 5.8.1 Constant Temperature Boundary Conditions 291 5.8.2 Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions 293 5.8.3 Approximate Solutions 294 5.9 Periodic Heating 301 5.10 Finite-Difference Methods 304 5.10.1 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Explicit Method 304 5.10.2 Discretization of the Heat Equation: The Implicit Method 311 5.11 Summary 318 References 319 Problems 319 5S.1 Graphical Representation of One-Dimensional, Transient Conduction in the Plane Wall, Long Cylinder, and Sphere W-12 5S.2 Analytical Solutions of Multidimensional Effects W-16 References W-22 Problems W-22 Chapter 6 Introduction to Convection 343 6.1 The Convection Boundary Layers 344 6.1.1 The Velocity Boundary Layer 344 6.1.2 The Thermal Boundary Layer 345 6.1.3 The Concentration Boundary Layer 347 6.1.4 Significance of the Boundary Layers 348 6.2 Local and Average Convection Coefficients 348 6.2.1 Heat Transfer 348 6.2.2 Mass Transfer 349 6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 355 6.3.1 Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary Layers 355 6.3.2 Laminar and Turbulent Thermal and Species Concentration Boundary Layers 357 6.4 The Boundary Layer Equations 360 6.4.1 Boundary Layer Equations for Laminar Flow 361 6.4.2 Compressible Flow 364 6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary Layer Equations 364 6.5.1 Boundary Layer Similarity Parameters 365 6.5.2 Dependent Dimensionless Parameters 365 6.6 Physical Interpretation of the Dimensionless Parameters 374 6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies 376 6.7.1 The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy 377 6.7.2 Evaporative Cooling 380 6.7.3 The Reynolds Analogy 383 6.8 Summary 384 References 385 Problems 386 6S.1 Derivation of the Convection Transfer Equations W-25 6S.1.1 Conservation of Mass W-25 6S.1.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion W-26 6S.1.3 Conservation of Energy W-29 6S.1.4 Conservation of Species W-32 References W-36 Problems W-36 Chapter 7 External Flow 399 7.1 The Empirical Method 401 7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow 402 7.2.1 Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate: A Similarity Solution 403 7.2.2 Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate 409 7.2.3 Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions 410 7.2.4 Unheated Starting Length 411 7.2.5 Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions 412 7.2.6 Limitations on Use of Convection Coefficients 413 7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation 413 7.4 The Cylinder in Cross Flow 421 7.4.1 Flow Considerations 421 7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer 423 7.5 The Sphere 431 7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes 434 7.7 Impinging Jets 443 7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations 443 7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer 444 7.8 Packed Beds 448 7.9 Summary 449 References 452 Problems 452 Chapter 8 Internal Flow 475 8.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations 476 8.1.1 Flow Conditions 476 8.1.2 The Mean Velocity 477 8.1.3 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region 478 8.1.4 Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully Developed Flow 480 8.2 Thermal Considerations 481 8.2.1 The Mean Temperature 482 8.2.2 Newton’s Law of Cooling 483 8.2.3 Fully Developed Conditions 483 8.3 The Energy Balance 487 8.3.1 General Considerations 487 8.3.2 Constant Surface Heat Flux 488 8.3.3 Constant Surface Temperature 491 8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes: Thermal Analysis and Convection Correlations 495 8.4.1 The Fully Developed Region 495 8.4.2 The Entry Region 500 8.4.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties 502 8.5 Convection Correlations: Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes 502 8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes and the Concentric Tube Annulus 510 8.7 Heat Transfer Enhancement 513 8.8 Forced Convection in Small Channels 516 8.8.1 Microscale Convection in Gases (0.1 μm ≲ Dh ≲ 100 μm) 516 8.8.2 Microscale Convection in Liquids 517 8.8.3 Nanoscale Convection (Dh ≲ 100 nm) 518 8.9 Convection Mass Transfer 521 8.10 Summary 523 References 526 Problems 527 Chapter 9 Free Convection 547 9.1 Physical Considerations 548 9.2 The Governing Equations for Laminar Boundary Layers 550 9.3 Similarity Considerations 552 9.4 Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Surface 553 9.5 The Effects of Turbulence 556 9.6 Empirical Correlations: External Free Convection Flows 558 9.6.1 The Vertical Plate 559 9.6.2 Inclined and Horizontal Plates 562 9.6.3 The Long Horizontal Cylinder 567 9.6.4 Spheres 571 9.7 Free Convection Within Parallel Plate Channels 572 9.7.1 Vertical Channels 573 9.7.2 Inclined Channels 575 9.8 Empirical Correlations: Enclosures 575 9.8.1 Rectangular Cavities 575 9.8.2 Concentric Cylinders 578 9.8.3 Concentric Spheres 579 9.9 Combined Free and Forced Convection 581 9.10 Convection Mass Transfer 582 9.11 Summary 583 References 584 Problems 585 Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation 603 10.1 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation 604 10.2 Boiling Modes 605 10.3 Pool Boiling 606 10.3.1 The Boiling Curve 606 10.3.2 Modes of Pool Boiling 607 10.4 Pool Boiling Correlations 610 10.4.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling 610 10.4.2 Critical Heat Flux for Nucleate Pool Boiling 612 10.4.3 Minimum Heat Flux 613 10.4.4 Film Pool Boiling 613 10.4.5 Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling 614 10.5 Forced Convection Boiling 619 10.5.1 External Forced Convection Boiling 620 10.5.2 Two-Phase Flow 620 10.5.3 Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels 623 10.6 Condensation: Physical Mechanisms 623 10.7 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate 625 10.8 Turbulent Film Condensation 629 10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems 634 10.10 Condensation in Horizontal Tubes 639 10.11 Dropwise Condensation 640 10.12 Summary 641 References 641 Problems 643 Chapter 11 Heat Exchangers 653 11.1 Heat Exchanger Types 654 11.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 656 11.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference 659 11.3.1 The Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger 660 11.3.2 The Counterflow Heat Exchanger 662 11.3.3 Special Operating Conditions 663 11.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis: The Effectiveness–NTU Method 670 11.4.1 Definitions 670 11.4.2 Effectiveness–NTU Relations 671 11.5 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Calculations 678 11.6 Additional Considerations 687 11.7 Summary 695 References 696 Problems 696 11S.1 Log Mean Temperature Difference Method for Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers W-40 11S.2 Compact Heat Exchangers W-44 References W-49 Problems W-50 Chapter 12 Radiation: Processes and Properties 711 12.1 Fundamental Concepts 712 12.2 Radiation Heat Fluxes 715 12.3 Radiation Intensity 717 12.3.1 Mathematical Definitions 717 12.3.2 Radiation Intensity and Its Relation to Emission 718 12.3.3 Relation to Irradiation 723 12.3.4 Relation to Radiosity for an Opaque Surface 725 12.3.5 Relation to the Net Radiative Flux for an Opaque Surface 726 12.4 Blackbody Radiation 726 12.4.1 The Planck Distribution 727 12.4.2 Wien’s Displacement Law 728 12.4.3 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law 728 12.4.4 Band Emission 729 12.5 Emission from Real Surfaces 736 12.6 Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission by Real Surfaces 745 12.6.1 Absorptivity 746 12.6.2 Reflectivity 747 12.6.3 Transmissivity 749 12.6.4 Special Considerations 749 12.7 Kirchhoff’s Law 754 12.8 The Gray Surface 756 12.9 Environmental Radiation 762 12.9.1 Solar Radiation 763 12.9.2 The Atmospheric Radiation Balance 765 12.9.3 Terrestrial Solar Irradiation 767 12.10 Summary 770 References 774 Problems 774 Chapter 13 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 797 13.1 The View Factor 798 13.1.1 The View Factor Integral 798 13.1.2 View Factor Relations 799 13.2 Blackbody Radiation Exchange 808 13.3 Radiation Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure 812 13.3.1 Net Radiation Exchange at a Surface 813 13.3.2 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces 814 13.3.3 The Two-Surface Enclosure 820 13.3.4 Two-Surface Enclosures in Series and Radiation Shields 822 13.3.5 The Reradiating Surface 824 13.4 Multimode Heat Transfer 829 13.5 Implications of the Simplifying Assumptions 832 13.6 Radiation Exchange with Participating Media 832 13.6.1 Volumetric Absorption 832 13.6.2 Gaseous Emission and Absorption 833 13.7 Summary 837 References 838 Problems 839 Chapter 14 Diffusion Mass Transfer 863 14.1 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 864 14.1.1 Physical Origins 864 14.1.2 Mixture Composition 865 14.1.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion 866 14.1.4 Mass Diffusivity 867 14.2 Mass Transfer in Nonstationary Media 869 14.2.1 Absolute and Diffusive Species Fluxes 869 14.2.2 Evaporation in a Column 872 14.3 The Stationary Medium Approximation 877 14.4 Conservation of Species for a Stationary Medium 877 14.4.1 Conservation of Species for a Control Volume 878 14.4.2 The Mass Diffusion Equation 878 14.4.3 Stationary Media with Specified Surface Concentrations 880 14.5 Boundary Conditions and Discontinuous Concentrations at Interfaces 884 14.5.1 Evaporation and Sublimation 885 14.5.2 Solubility of Gases in Liquids and Solids 885 14.5.3 Catalytic Surface Reactions 890 14.6 Mass Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 892 14.7 Transient Diffusion 895 14.8 Summary 901 References 902 Problems 902 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 911 Appendix B Mathematical Relations and Functions 943 Appendix C Thermal Conditions Associated with Uniform Energy Generation in One-Dimensional, Steady-State Systems 949 Appendix D The Gauss–Seidel Method 955 Appendix E The Convection Transfer Equations 957 E.1 Conservation of Mass 958 E.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 958 E.3 Conservation of Energy 959 E.4 Conservation of Species 960 Appendix F Boundary Layer Equations for Turbulent Flow 961 Appendix G An Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution for Parallel Flow over a Flat Plate 965 Index 969
£45.59
Taylor & Francis Ltd Thermodynamics of Magnetizing Materials and
Book SynopsisThis book will help readers understand thermodynamic properties caused by magnetic fields. Providing a concise review of time independent magnetic fields, it goes on to discuss the thermodynamic properties of magnetizing materials of different shapes, and finally, the equilibrium properties of superconductors of different shapes and also of different sizes.Chapters are accompanied by problems illustrating the applications of the principles to optimize and enhance understanding. This book will be of interest to advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers specializing in thermodynamics, solid state physics, magnetism, and superconductivity.Features: The first book to provide comprehensive coverage of thermodynamics in magnetic fields, only previously available, in part, in journal articles Chapters include problems and worked solutions demonstrating real questions in contemporary superconductivity, such as properties of vTrade Review"Kozhevinkov’s book is a succinct and delightfully clear exposition of the fundamental thermodynamic principles underlying magnetic and superconducting materials. Each chapter concludes with a set of problems augmented by worked solutions, which will make the book very suitable for anyone trying to get to grips with this notoriously thorny subject." — Prof. Stephen Blundell, Department of Physics, University of Oxford "The book of Professor Kozhevnikov covers an important chapter of thermodynamics, which is largely underrepresented in the literature. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first monograph which consistently expounds the concepts of thermodynamics of materials in magnetic fields. In particular, it comprehensively addresses an issue of a demagnetizing factor and the forms of thermodynamic potentials appropriate for different sample/field configurations. Significant part of the book is devoted to the superconductivity. It is distinguished in in-depth discussions of not well-covered subjects, such as the intermediate state in type-I superconductors and magnetic properties of type-II materials with non-zero demagnetizing factor. In the first chapter (Elements of magnetostatics in magnetizing media), the author discusses latest achievements in the studies of superconductivity made possible due to the most advanced methods of magnetometry, such as the muon spin rotation spectroscopy. These achievements include (but not limited to) a novel explanation of nucleation of superconductivity at high magnetic field and direct measurements of the field intensity H in type-I superconductors. The book is written in a clear language without mathematical excesses but with an emphasis on the physical meaning of the concepts covered. To illustrate these concepts, all chapters are accompanied by original problems with solutions. This book will definitely appeal to students and instructors/ researchers in Physics, Applied Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, and Electrical Engineering Departments. It can be used as a supplementary text in variety of courses, e.g., thermodynamics, electromagnetism, physics of condensed matter, superconductivity, and statistical physics." — Michail Raikh, Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, 2019 Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1. Magnetic Fields in Regular Matter. 2. Thermodynamic Potentials In Magnetic Fields. 3. Diamagnetism in Superconductors. 4. Concluding remarks.
£52.24
