Thermodynamics and heat Books

Book SynopsisIn this revised and enlarged second edition, Tony Guénault provides a clear and refreshingly readable introduction to statistical physics. The treatment itself is self-contained and concentrates on an understanding of the physical ideas, without requiring a high level of mathematical sophistication.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition: "This is an introductory level textbook on the basics of statistical physics. … it is an easy-to-read textbook, suited for bachelor students who want to learn the basics of statistical physics by themselves." (Jacques Tempere, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 30 (4), 2008)Table of ContentsPreface 1: Basic Ideas. 1.1. The Macrostate. 1.2. Microstates. 1.3. The Average Postulate. 1.4. Distributions. 1.5. The Statistical method in Outline. 1.6. A Model Example. 1.7. Statistical Entropy and Microstates. 1.8 Summary. 2: Distinguishable Particles. 2.1. The Thermal Equilibrium Distribution. 2.2. What are a and ß? 2.3. A Statistical Definition of Temperature. 2.4. The Boltzman Distribution and the Partition Function. 2.5. Calculation of Thermodynamic Functions. 2.6. Summary. 3: Two Examples. 3.1. A spin-½ Solid. 3.2. Localized harmonic Oscillators. 3.3. Summary. 4: Gases: The Density of States. 4.1. Fitting waves into boxes. 4.2. Other Information for Statistical Physics. 4.3. An Example – Helium Gas. 4.4. Summary 5: Gases: The Distributions. 5.1. Distribution in groups. 5.2. Identical Particles – Fermions and Bosons. 5.3. Counting Microstates for Gases. 5.4. The Three Distributions. 5.5. Summary. 6: Maxwell-Boltzmann Gases. 6.1. The validity of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Limit. 6.2. The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds. 6.3. The Connection to Thermodynamics. 6.4. Summary. 7: Diatomic Gases. 7.1. Energy Contributions in Diatomic Gases. 7.2. Heat Capacity of a Diatomic Gas. 7.3. The Heat Capacity of Hydrogen. 7.4. Summary. 8: Fermi-Dirac Gases. 8.1. Properties of an Ideal Fermi-Dirac Gas. 8.2. Application to Metals. 8.3. Application to Helium-3. 8.4. Summary. 9: Bose-Einstein Gases. 9.1. Properties of an Ideal Bose-Einstein Gas. 9.2. Application to Helium-4. 9.3. Phoney Bosons. 9.4. A Note about Cold Atoms. 9.5. Summary. 10: Entropy in Other Situations. 10.1. Entropy and Disorder. 10.2. An Assembly at Fixed Temperature. 10.3. Vacancies in Solids. 11: Phase Transitions. 11.1. Types of Phase Transition. 11.2. Ferromagnetism of a spin-½ Solid. 11.3. Real Ferromagnetic Materials. 11.4. Order-Disorder Transformations in Alloys. 12: Two New Ideas. 12.1. Statistics or Dynamics. 12.2. Ensembles – a LargerView. 13: Chemical Thermodynamics. 13.1. Chemical Potential Revisited. 13.2. The Grand Canonical Ensemble. 13.3. Ideal Gases in the Grand Ensemble. 13.4. Mixed Systems and Chemical Reactions. 14: Dealing with Interactions. 14.1. Electrons in Metals. 14.2. Liquid Helium-3: a Fermi Liquid. 14.3. Liquid Helium-4: a Bose Liquid? 14.4. Real Imperfect Gases. 15: Statistics under Extreme Conditions. 15.1. Superfluid States in Fermi-Dirac Systems. 15.2. Statistics in Astrophysical Systems. Appendix A – Some Elementary Counting Problems Appendix B – Some Problems with Large Numbers Appendix C – Some Useful Integrals Appendix D – Some Useful Constants Appendix E – Exercises Appendix F – Answers to Exercises Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review[Yunger Halpern] reimagines 19th-century thermodynamics through a modern, quantum lens, playing with the aesthetics of the 1800s through trains, dirigibles and horseless carriages. It is a physics book, but one that is as likely to attract readers of science fiction as those of popular science.—Simon Ings, NewScientistAt this moment when quantum theory is being applied, nonexperts will find this guide helpful.—Harvard MagazineQuantum Steampunk is probably the best plain English explanation of quantum physics you'll find anywhere. Dr. Halpern uses illustrations, whimsical descriptions, and humor.—Quantum ZeitgeistAn entertaining book... that explains the essence and secrets of the many facets of quantum thermodynamics in layman's terms....By adding literary flair to otherwise dry technical content, Yunger Halpern masterfully conveys in simple terms the variety of complex ideas that characterize the different subfields of quantum thermodynamics.—Physics Today[Yunger Halpern] combines fragments of a yet-to-be-written steampunk novel with her personal and technical accounts of coming of age in the modern era of quantum thermodynamics.This optimistic, balanced view of modern quantum research, emphasizing fundamentals and minimizing hype, is a good introduction for the general scientific-minded reader.—Charles Clark, NIST ConnectionsTable of ContentsPrologue. Once upon a time in physicsChapter 1. Information theory: Of passwords and probabilitiesChapter 2. Quantum physics: Everything at once, or, one thing at a time?Chapter 3. Quantum computation: Everything at onceChapter 4. Thermodynamics: "May I drive?"Chapter 5. A fine merger: Thermodynamics, information theory, and quantum physicsChapter 6. The physics of yesterday's tomorrow: The landscape of quantum steampunkChapter 7. Pedal to the metal: Quantum thermal machinesChapter 8. Tick tock: Quantum clocksChapter 9. Unsteady as she goes: Fluctuation relationsChapter 10. Entropy, energy, and a tiny possibility: One-shot thermodynamicsChapter 11. Resource theories: A ha'penny of a quantum stateChapter 12. The unseen kingdom: When quantum observables don't cooperateChapter 13. All over the map: Rounding out our tourChapter 14. Stepping off the map: Quantum steampunk crosses bordersEpilogue. Where to next? The future of quantum steampunkAcknowledgmentsGlossaryReferencesIndex

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Book Synopsisan impressive text that addresses a glaring gap in the teaching of physical chemistry, being specifically focused on biologically-relevant systems along with a practical focusâ. the ample problems and tutorials throughout are much appreciated. âTobin R. Sosnick, Professor and Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of ChicagoPresents both the concepts and equations associated with statistical thermodynamics in a unique way that is at visual, intuitive, and rigorous. This approach will greatly benefit students at all levels. âVijay S. Pande, Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Stanford Universitya masterful tour de forceâ. Barrick's rigor and scholarship come through in every chapter.âRohit V. Pappu, Edwin H. Murty Professor of Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisThis book provides a comprehensive, contemporary introduction to developing a quantitative understanding of how biological macromolecules behTrade Review"Presents both the concepts and equations associated with statistical thermodynamics in a unique way that is at visual, intuitive, and rigorous. This approach will greatly benefit students at all levels." –Vijay S. Pande, Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University"a masterful tour de force…. Barrick's rigor and scholarship come through in every chapter. The focus on biomolecules combined with the detailed demonstrations of how concepts apply to practical aspects of biophysics make this a truly unique contribution. Everyone, from the purported expert to the true novice will gain immensely from this carefully crafted, well motivated, and deeply thought out contribution. This book should live on all of our bookshelves and be consulted routinely as a quick reference or as material for in depth study and training." —Rohit V. Pappu, Edwin H. Murty Professor of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis"The author has created an impressive text that addresses a glaring gap in the teaching of physical chemistry, being specifically focused on biologically-relevant systems along with a practical focus. It starts by bringing students up to speed on probability theory, multi-variate calculus and data fitting, the necessary tools for tackling the advanced topics covered in the remaining dozen chapters and for conducting rigorous interdisciplinary research…. the ample problems and tutorials throughout are much appreciated." —Tobin R. Sosnick, Professor and Chair, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago"Presents both the concepts and equations associated with statistical thermodynamics in a unique way that is at visual, intuitive, and rigorous. This approach will greatly benefit students at all levels." –Vijay S. Pande, Henry Dreyfus Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University"a masterful tour de force…. Barrick's rigor and scholarship come through in every chapter. The focus on biomolecules combined with the detailed demonstrations of how concepts apply to practical aspects of biophysics make this a truly unique contribution. Everyone, from the purported expert to the true novice will gain immensely from this carefully crafted, well motivated, and deeply thought out contribution. This book should live on all of our bookshelves and be consulted routinely as a quick reference or as material for in depth study and training." —Rohit V. Pappu, Edwin H. Murty Professor of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis"The author has created an impressive text that addresses a glaring gap in the teaching of physical chemistry, being specifically focused on biologically-relevant systems along with a practical focus. It starts by bringing students up to speed on probability theory, multi-variate calculus and data fitting, the necessary tools for tackling the advanced topics covered in the remaining dozen chapters and for conducting rigorous interdisciplinary research…. the ample problems and tutorials throughout are much appreciated." —Tobin R. Sosnick, Professor and Chair, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of ChicagoTable of ContentsSeries PrefacePrefaceAcknowledgmentsNote to InstructorsAuthorChapter 1 Probabilities and Statistics in Chemical and BiothermodynamicsChapter 2 Mathematical Tools in ThermodynamicsChapter 3 The Framework of Thermodynamics and the First LawChapter 4 The Second Law and EntropyChapter 5 Free Energy as a Potential for the Laboratory and for BiologyChapter 6 Using Chemical Potentials to Describe Phase TransitionsChapter 7 The Concentration Dependence of Chemical Potential, Mixing, and ReactionsChapter 8 Conformational EquilibriumChapter 9 Statistical Thermodynamics and the Ensemble MethodChapter 10 Ensembles That Interact with Their SurroundingsChapter 11 Partition Functions for Single Molecules and Chemical ReactionsChapter 12 The Helix–Coil TransitionChapter 13 Ligand Binding Equilibria from a Macroscopic PerspectiveChapter 14 Ligand Binding Equilibria from a Microscopic PerspectiveAppendix: How to Use Mathematica 485BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThe Compendium of Theoretical Physics contains the canonical curriculum of theoretical physics. From classical mechanics over electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and statistical physics/thermodynamics, all topics are treated axiomatic-deductively and confimed by exercises, solutions and short summaries.Table of ContentsPreface.- List of Applications.- 1.Mechanics: Newtonian Mechanics.- Lagrangian Mechanics.- Hamiltonian Mechanics.- Motion of Rigid Bodies.- Central Forces.- Relativistic Mechanics.- 2. Electrodynamics: Formalism of Electrodynamics.- Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations in the Form of Potentials.- Lorentz Covariant Formulation of Electrodynamics.- Radiation Theory.- Time-Independent Electrodynamics.- Electrodynamics in Matter.- Electromagnetic Waves.- Lagrange Formalism in Electrodynamics.- 3. Quantum Mechanics: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics.- Formulation of Quantum Theory.- One-Dimensional Systems.- Quantum Mechanical Angular Momenta.- Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimensions.- Electromagnetic Interactions.- Perturbation Theory and Real Hydrogen Atom.- Atomic Transitions.- N-Particle Systems.- Scattering Theory.- 4. Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics: Foundations of Statistical Physics.- Ensemble Theory I: Microcanonical Ensemble and Entropy.- Ensemble Theory II: Canonical and Grand Canonical Ensemble.- Entropy and Information Theory.- Thermodynamics.- Classical Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics.- Quantum Statistics.- Appendix A: Mathematical Appendix.- Appendix B: Literature List.- Index

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Book SynopsisOptical Methods - an Overview.- Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph.- Rainbow Schlieren.- Principles of Tomography.- Validation Studies.- Closure.Table of ContentsOptical Methods - an Overview.- Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph.- Rainbow Schlieren.- Principles of Tomography.- Validation Studies.- Closure.

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Book SynopsisThermal-hydraulic instability can potentially impair thermal reliability of reactor cores or other power equipment components. Thus it is important to address stability issues in power equipment associated with thermal and nuclear installations, particularly in thermal nuclear power plants, chemical and petroleum industries, space technology, and radio, electronic, and computer cooling systems. Coolant Flow Instabilities in Power Equipment synthesizes results from instability investigations around the world, presenting an analysis and generalization of the published technical literature.The authors include individual examples on flow stability in various types of equipment, including boilers, reactors, steam generators, condensers, heat exchangers, turbines, pumps, deaerators, bubblers, and pipelines. They also present information that has not been widely available until recently, such as thermal-acoustic instability, flow instability with supercritical paraTable of ContentsPhase Flow Oscillatory Thermal-Hydraulic Instability. Oscillatory Stability Boundary in Hydrodynamic Interaction of Parallel Channels and Requirements to Simulate Unstable Processes on Test Facilities. Simplified Correlations for Determining the Two-Phase Flow Thermal-Hydraulic Oscillatory Stability Boundary. Some Notes on the Oscillatory Flow Stability Boundary. Static Instability. Thermal-Acoustic Oscillations in Heated Channels. Instability of Condensing Flows. Some Cases of Flow Instability in Pipelines. References.

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Book SynopsisThermodynamics Kept Simple A Molecular Approach: What is the Driving Force in the World of Molecules? offers a truly unique way of teaching and thinking about basic thermodynamics that helps students overcome common conceptual problems. For example, the book explains the concept of entropy from the perspective of probabilities of various molecular processes. Temperature is then addressed and related to probabilities for heat transfer between different systems. This approach gives the second law of thermodynamics a natural and intuitive background.The book delivers a concise and brilliantly conceived introduction to thermodynamics by focusing at the molecular level in a manner that is easy to follow and illustrated by engaging, concrete examples. By providing a guided tour of the world of molecules, the book gives insights into essential principles of thermodynamics with minimal use of mathematics. It takes as a unifying theme an application of simple Trade Review"This book is a pleasure to read. Especially noteworthy is the considerable attention that has been devoted to the concept of entropy … neatly explained via very simple model systems."—Jan Forsman, Professor, Lund University"… an excellent complement to traditional thermodynamics textbooks. The author clearly explains concepts in chemical thermodynamics using a molecular approach."—Enrique Peacock-Lopez, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Williams College"Thermodynamics Kept Simple is an excellent book. It demystifies, with great devotion on the confusing details, the concepts of temperature, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy. It then explains, mainly qualitatively, topics such as mixing, chemical equilibrium, vapor pressure, and so on."—Kristofer Modig, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University"The author’s treatment is straightforward and appropriate for first-year students. His examples are clear, his intuitive arguments are convincing, the math is always kept simple … [and] the language is flawless."—Stephen C. Harvey, University of Pennsylvania"This reviewer highly commends Kjellander for engaging readers immediately in the concept of energy and entropy via a simple description of microstates coupled with straightforward algebra. The author covers other areas informally and includes sufficient algebra and simple calculus for students to follow the text. This non-rigorous approach may meet the objectives of science and engineering technology majors who lack preparation in multivariate calculus…. Kjellander provides helpful hints in footnotes scattered abundantly throughout the book, including messages about accurate methods to derive concepts from first principles." —Choice (Review by R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth)"I recommend the textbook for a first exposure to thermodynamics. Kjellander has indeed kept it simple." —Contemporary Physics (Sep 2016), review by Robert S. MacKay"Unlike most textbooks on statistical mechanics and thermodynamics there is very little math in this book. Instead, clear explanations and illustrative examples have been put forward to support the discussions. The book also takes a very interesting and novel approach in introducing the concepts of temperature and entropy, which clears up the usual confusions and sets a strong foundation for more advanced courses. The text is easy to read and follow and does not require any particular, university level knowledge of mathematics and physics. These make it ideal for the first year students. It will be definitely in the essential reading list for my first year thermodynamics course." —Dr Nader Karimi, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow"This book is a pleasure to read. Especially noteworthy is the considerable attention that has been devoted to the concept of entropy … neatly explained via very simple model systems."—Jan Forsman, Professor, Lund University"… an excellent complement to traditional thermodynamics textbooks. The author clearly explains concepts in chemical thermodynamics using a molecular approach."—Enrique Peacock-Lopez, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Williams College"Thermodynamics Kept Simple is an excellent book. It demystifies, with great devotion on the confusing details, the concepts of temperature, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy. It then explains, mainly qualitatively, topics such as mixing, chemical equilibrium, vapor pressure, and so on."—Kristofer Modig, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University"The author’s treatment is straightforward and appropriate for first-year students. His examples are clear, his intuitive arguments are convincing, the math is always kept simple … [and] the language is flawless."—Stephen C. Harvey, University of Pennsylvania"This reviewer highly commends Kjellander for engaging readers immediately in the concept of energy and entropy via a simple description of microstates coupled with straightforward algebra. The author covers other areas informally and includes sufficient algebra and simple calculus for students to follow the text. This non-rigorous approach may meet the objectives of science and engineering technology majors who lack preparation in multivariate calculus…. Kjellander provides helpful hints in footnotes scattered abundantly throughout the book, including messages about accurate methods to derive concepts from first principles." —Choice (Review by R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth)"I recommend the textbook for a first exposure to thermodynamics. Kjellander has indeed kept it simple." —Contemporary Physics (Sep 2016), review by Robert S. MacKay"Unlike most textbooks on statistical mechanics and thermodynamics there is very little math in this book. Instead, clear explanations and illustrative examples have been put forward to support the discussions. The book also takes a very interesting and novel approach in introducing the concepts of temperature and entropy, which clears up the usual confusions and sets a strong foundation for more advanced courses. The text is easy to read and follow and does not require any particular, university level knowledge of mathematics and physics. These make it ideal for the first year students. It will be definitely in the essential reading list for my first year thermodynamics course." —Dr Nader Karimi, School of Engineering, University of GlasgowTable of ContentsIntroduction. Energy and entropy. Entropy and free energy. More on gases and the basics of thermodynamics. Mixtures and reactions. Phases and temperature variations. Epilogue. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis entertaining, eye-opening account of how the laws of thermodynamics are essential to understanding the world today—from refrigeration and jet engines to calorie counting and global warming—is “a lesson in how to do popular science right” (Kirkus Reviews).Einstein’s Fridge tells the incredible epic story of the scientists who, over two centuries, harnessed the power of heat and ice and formulated a theory essential to comprehending our universe. “Although thermodynamics has been studied for hundreds of years…few nonscientists appreciate how its principles have shaped the modern world” (Scientific American). Thermodynamics—the branch of physics that deals with energy and entropy—governs everything from the behavior of living cells to the black hole at the center of our galaxy. Not only that, but thermodynamics explains why we must eat and breathe, how lights turn on, the limits of comput

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Book SynopsisThis book opens with an overview of a variety of remote sensing retrieval methods of land surface emissivity from space. The authors provide some theoretical background about land surface emissivity and recall various retrieval methods.During the atmospheric hypersonic re-entry of a space vehicle, the extremely high temperatures generated in the shock layer between the bow shock and the vehicle lead to very high temperatures at the wall, the values of which depend mainly on the total heat flux impinging the surface, and its emissivity. The higher the emissivity of the surface, the lower the temperature that is achieved. Thus, in order to perform reliable temperature predictions at the surface during space re-entry into the atmosphere, the authors suggest that proper knowledge of material surface emissivity is mandatory. In the penultimate chapter, the emissivity due to neutrino-pair production in e+e- annihilation in the context of the 331RHv model is calculated in a way that can be used in supernova models. Lastly, a photoacoustic cell is constructed to view two different surfaces through a pair of out of phase optical chopping wheels records the difference in radiation fluxes from the two surfaces. The point at which a lock-in amplifier records a null in the photoacoustic signal is where the radiation fluxes from the two surfaces are identical, permitting the relative emissivities of the two surfaces to be determined.

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Book SynopsisProgress in rocket and space technique required the creation of a new types of materials, heat-shielding ones, which prevent decomposition of construction materials by high-temperature flows. During the last 40 years a great number of heat-shielding materials (HSM) were created for different exploitation regimes: Rubbers, foamy materials, asbo-, glass- and carbonic plastics, fireproofs, etc. In the late 50''s the creation of a HSM for the internal surface protection of solid propellant rocket engines from high-temperature gas flows of combustion products (up to 4000k) became necessary. HSM''s were also created for launching rocket parts and appliances. In most cases, HSM''s are for a single use, because coatings are destroyed by highly enthalpic heating. This book discusses the problems of the creation of these elastic heat-shielding materials, the main exploitational drawbacks of these coatings and the safety of such coatings.

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Book SynopsisFinite-time thermodynamics (FTT) is one of the newest and most challenging areas in thermodynamics. The objective of this book is to provide results from research, which continues at an impressive rate. The authors make a concentrated effort to reach out and encourage academic and industrial participation in this book and to select papers that are relevant to current problems and practice. The numerous contributions from the international community are indicative of the continuing global interest in finite-time thermodynamics. All represent the newest developments in their respective areas.

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Book SynopsisMain terms in the thermodynamics; Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes; The first law of thermodynamics for open systems; The second law of thermodynamics and main mathematical equations; Thermodynamics of spontaneous and non- spontaneous processes; Correlation of processes for interacting phase-open systems and the surrounding; Kinetics of entropy variation; The Helmholtz energy for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes; The Gibbs energy in thermodynamically irreversible processes; Practical examples of influence of relation of spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes on technological and natural phenomena; Equations of equilibrium thermodynamics and the method of determination of the process type basing on thermodynamics of spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes; References; Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis important book focuses on statistical mechanics which is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. It provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics and mechanics (classical and quantum) at the microscopic level. In particular, it can be used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of bulk materials from the spectroscopic data of individual molecules. This ability to make macroscopic predictions based on microscopic properties is the main asset of statistical mechanics over thermodynamics. Both theories are governed by the second law of thermodynamics through the medium of entropy.

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Book SynopsisIt is generally accepted that teaching and learning material and activities should be grounded in a deep understanding of students'' ideas and the subject matter to be taught. In the domain of thermodynamics, a great deal of research has been done to determine students'' (mostly at the primary and middle school levels) misconceptions about heat and temperature; a smaller number has been done to analyse the subject matter as presented in the science classroom. What is very scarce is research which brings together the two aspects to induce a well-grounded instructional re-examination and reconstruction. The present book is thus conducted to examine secondary students'' understanding of basic thermal concepts, such as heat and temperature, along with a conceptual analysis of the scientific knowledge as presented in textbooks. The purpose of the book is to provide a knowledge base for instructional design including features and relations of what students think and what is presented to them, so that more efforts can be made to remove errors and bridge gaps.

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Book SynopsisThis book evolved from contributions of various experts who presented their thoughts developed over many years of teaching and research. The idea of this book is to present the various research domains of heat transfer in which work is ongoing. The work includes heat transfer augmentation techniques, MHD, fuel cells, solar systems, nano fluids, etc. This book is intended for research students, PG students and industry professionals. Heat transfer is a very broad subject so the selection of chapters is made in accordance with the need to cover the majority of topics dealt with in heat transfer and focus is placed on areas where the availability of literature is limited compared to other topics. We welcome feedback from readers that will improve the subsequent edition of this book.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction to Enhanced Heat Transfer; Nanofluids and their Physical Models: A Short Review; Roughness Parameters and their Effect on the Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Solar Air Heaters; Mixed Convective Heat Transfer in Multiphysical Scenarios; Thermal and Flow Investigation of Inclined MHD Natural Convection in Carbon Nanotubes; Effect of Chemical Reaction on MHD Natural Convective Flow in a Vertical Microchannel with Porous Medium; An MHD Laminar Boundary-Layer Eyring Powell Fluid Flow due to Wedge for Constant Wall Heat Flux; Impact of Naviers Slips on MHD Nano Boundary Layer Past a Stretching Sheet with Mass Transpiration and Radiation; Unsteady Stagnation Point Flow and Heat Transfer of a Stretching Sheet Over a Permeable Flat Surface in a Hybrid Nanofluid Boussinesq-Stokes Suspension; Thermal Management of Fuel Cells; Scrutinizing the Overall Performance of Solar Power Systems Utilizing Fuel Cells; Comparative Analysis of Different Sectors of the Rotary Dehumidifier at Different Operating and Design Conditions; Active Cooling Methods for Aerospace Applications; Parametric Optimization of Dimpled Surface Round Tube Heat Exchanger Using Taguchi-Grey Relational Approach; Alumina-Water Nanofluid and Roughened Surface Effect on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop; From Sunlight to Drinking Water The Design and Validation of a Solar-Pasteurization System; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book of a series aiming at setting the basics for energy engineering. This book presents the fundamentals of heat and mass transfer with a step-by-step approach, based on material and energy balances. While the topic of heat and mass transfer is an old subject, the way the book introduces the concepts, linking them strongly to the real world and to the present concerns, is particular. The scope of the different developments keeps in mind a practical energy engineering view.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Basic Concepts and Balances 1 1.1. Thermal energy and the first law of thermodynamics 1 1.2. Thermal energy and the second law of thermodynamics 2 1.3. For an energy and mass accounting: balances 3 1.3.1. Accounting principles for system inputs and outputs 4 1.3.2. Accumulation in the system 8 1.3.3. Generation in a system 11 1.3.4. Balance equation 15 1.4. Fluxes and flux densities 20 1.4.1. Energy fluxes 20 1.4.2. Mass fluxes 20 1.4.3. Flux densities 20 1.5. Operating states 25 1.5.1. Steady state 25 1.5.2. Transient state 25 1.6. Transfer area 28 1.6.1. What does the transfer area represent? 28 1.6.2. Illustration: transfer area in a heat exchanger 28 1.6.3. Illustration: transfer area inferred from a technical drawing 30 1.7. Driving potential difference 31 1.7.1. Heat transfer potential difference 32 1.7.2. Mass transfer potential difference 34 1.8. Exercises and solutions 38 1.9. Reading: seawater desalination 75 1.9.1. Level of purification 75 1.9.2. Water sources used 76 1.9.3. Water characteristics according to the source 76 1.9.4. Several techniques 76 1.9.5. Energy cost: the decisive factor 76 1.9.6. A promising outlook 77 Chapter 2. Mechanisms and Laws of Heat Transfer 79 2.1. Introduction 79 2.2. Mechanism and law of conduction 79 2.3. Mechanism and law of convection 83 2.3.1. Examples 83 2.3.2. Law of convection 84 2.3.3. Forced convection versus natural convection 84 2.4. Radiation transfer mechanism 85 2.4.1. Correction to take account of the nature of the surface 87 2.4.2. Geometric correction: the view factor 87 2.4.3. Radiation transfer between black surfaces under total influence 89 2.4.4. Radiation transfer between black surfaces in arbitrary positions 90 2.4.5. Radiation transfer between gray surfaces in arbitrary positions 91 2.5. Exercises and solutions 92 2.6. Reading: Joseph Fourier 112 Chapter 3. Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Processes 115 3.1. Introduction 115 3.2. Classification of mass transfer mechanisms 116 3.3. Transfer mechanisms in single-phase systems 117 3.3.1. The vacancy mechanism 117 3.3.2. The interstitial mechanism 118 3.3.3. Random walk 118 3.3.4. The kinetic model 118 3.3.5. The quantum model 120 3.4. Mass transfer processes in single-phase media 122 3.4.1. Transfer under the action of a concentration gradient: osmosis 122 3.4.2. Transfer under the action of a pressure gradient: ultrafiltration 127 3.4.3. Dialysis 134 3.4.4. Thermal gradient diffusion 139 3.4.5. Diffusion by a gradient of force: centrifugation 141 3.4.6. Electromagnetic diffusion 143 3.4.7. Laminar flux transfer 144 3.4.8. Laser transfer 145 3.4.9. Transfer under the action of an electric field: electrodialysis 146 3.5. Mechanisms and processes in two-phase media 154 3.5.1. Distillation 154 3.5.2. Absorption mass transfer 165 3.6. Exercises and solutions 176 3.7. Reading: uranium enrichment 217 3.7.1. Uranium as a fuel 217 3.7.2. Uranium in nature 217 3.7.3. Natural-uranium reactors 217 3.7.4. Pressurized-water reactors 218 3.7.5. Fast-neutron reactors 218 3.7.6. Classification of uranium enrichments 218 3.7.7. Uranium enrichment processes 219 3.7.8. The uranium enrichment industry 219 Chapter 4. Dimensional Analysis 221 4.1. Introduction 221 4.2. Basic dimensions 222 4.3. Dimensions of derived magnitudes 222 4.4. Dimensional analysis of an expression 225 4.4.1. Illustration: determining the dimensions of λ 225 4.4.2. Illustration: determining the dimensions of h 225 4.5. Unit systems and conversions 226 4.5.1. Illustration: dimensions and units of energy 227 4.5.2. Illustration: units of heat conductivity λ 227 4.5.3. Illustration: units of the convective transfer coefficient h 228 4.6. Dimensionless numbers 229 4.6.1. The Reynolds number 230 4.6.2. The Nusselt number 231 4.6.3. The Prandtl number 231 4.6.4. The Peclet number 231 4.6.5. The Grashof number 232 4.6.6. The Rayleigh number 233 4.6.7. The Stanton number 233 4.6.8. The Graetz number 234 4.6.9. The Biot number 234 4.6.10. The Fourier number 234 4.6.11. The Elenbaas number 235 4.6.12. The Froude number 235 4.6.13. The Euler number 236 4.7. Developing correlations through dimensional analysis 239 4.8. Rayleigh’s method 241 4.8.1. Illustration: applying Rayleigh’s method 242 4.8.2. Illustration: verifying Fourier’s law by applying Rayleigh’s method 245 4.9. Buckingham’s method 247 4.9.1. Illustration: applying the Buckingham π theorem 248 4.10. Exercises and solutions 251 4.11. Reading: Osborne Reynolds and Ludwig Prandtl 294 4.11.1. Osborne Reynolds 294 4.11.2. Ludwig Prandtl 296 Appendix 299 Bibliography 315 Index 325

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Book SynopsisWhether in a solar thermal power plant or at the heart of a nuclear reactor, convection is an important mode of energy transfer. This mode is unique; it obeys specific rules and correlations that constitute one of the bases of equipment-sizing equations. In addition to standard aspects of convention, this book examines transfers at very high temperatures where, in order to ensure the efficient transfer of energy for industrial applications, it is becoming necessary to use particular heat carriers, such as molten salts, liquid metals or nanofluids. With modern technologies, these situations are becoming more frequent, requiring appropriate consideration in design calculations. Energy Transfers by Convection also studies the sizing of electronic heat sinks used to ensure the dissipation of heat and thus the optimal operation of circuit boards used in telecommunications, audio equipment, avionics and computers. Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Methods for Determining Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Characterizing the motion of a fluid 1 1.3 Transfer coefficients and flow regimes 3 1.4 Using dimensional analysis 4 1.4.1 Dimensionless numbers used in convection 4 1.4.2 Dimensional analysis applications in convection 7 1.5 Using correlations to calculate h 12 1.5.1 Correlations for flows in forced convection 14 1.5.2 Correlations for flows in natural convection 14 Chapter 2 Forced Convection Inside Cylindrical Pipes 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Correlations in laminar flow 15 2.2.1 Reminders regarding laminar-flow characteristics inside a pipe 16 2.2.2 Differential energy balance 17 2.2.3 Illustration: transportation of phosphate slurry in a cylindrical pipe 22 2.2.4 Correlations for laminar flow at pipe entrance 25 2.3 Correlations in transition zone 30 2.4 Correlations in turbulent flow 30 2.4.1 Dittus–Boelter–McAdams relation. 31 2.4.2 Colburn–Seider–Tate relation 32 2.4.3 Illustration: improving transfer by switching to turbulent flow 33 2.4.4 Specific correlations in turbulent flow 34 2.4.5 Illustration: industrial-grade cylindrical pipe 38 2.5 Dimensional correlations for air and water 39 Chapter 3 Forced Convection Inside Non-Cylindrical Pipes 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Concept of hydraulic diameter. 43 3.3 Hydraulic Nusselt and Reynolds numbers 45 3.4 Correlations in established laminar flow 45 3.4.1 Pipes with rectangular or square cross-sections in laminar flow 45 3.4.2 Pipes presenting an elliptical cross-section in laminar flow 46 3.4.3 Pipes presenting a triangular cross-section in laminar flow 47 3.4.4 Illustration: air-conditioning duct design 48 3.4.5 Annular pipes with laminar flow 51 3.5 Correlations in turbulent flow for non-cylindrical pipes 57 3.5.1 Pipes with rectangular or square cross-sections in turbulent flow 57 3.5.2 Pipes with elliptical or triangular cross-sections in turbulent flow 58 3.5.3 Illustration: design imposes the flow regime 60 3.5.4 Annular pipes in turbulent flow 62 Chapter 4 Forced Convection Outside Pipes or Around Objects 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Flow outside a cylindrical pipe 70 4.3 Correlations for the stagnation region 71 4.4 Correlations beyond the stagnation zone 72 4.5 Forced convection outside non-cylindrical pipes 72 4.5.1 Pipes with a square cross-section area 72 4.5.2 Pipes presenting an elliptical cross-section area 74 4.5.3 Pipes presenting a hexagonal cross-section area 74 4.6 Forced convection above a horizontal plate 76 4.6.1 Plate at constant temperature 76 4.6.2 Plate with constant flow density 77 4.7 Forced convection around non-cylindrical objects 79 4.7.1 Forced convection around a plane parallel to the flow 79 4.7.2 Forced convection around a sphere 80 4.8 Convective transfers between falling films and pipes 80 4.8.1 Vertical tubes 81 4.8.2 Horizontal tubes 82 4.9 Forced convection in coiled pipes 83 4.9.1 Convection heat transfer coefficient inside the coil 84 4.9.2 Convection heat transfer coefficient with the outer wall of the coil 85 4.9.3 Convection heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the tank 87 Chapter 5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Characterizing the motion of natural convection 89 5.3 Correlations in natural convection 91 5.4 Vertical plates subject to natural convection 92 5.5 Inclined plates subject to natural convection 94 5.6 Horizontal plates subject to natural convection 95 5.6.1 Case of underfloor heating 95 5.6.2 Ceiling cooling systems 96 5.7 Vertical cylinders subject to natural convection 97 5.8 Horizontal cylinders subject to natural convection 98 5.9 Spheres subject to natural convection 99 5.10 Vertical conical surfaces subject to natural convection 100 5.11 Any surface subject to natural convection 101 5.12 Chambers limited by parallel surfaces 101 5.12.1 Correlation of Hollands et al. for horizontal chambers 103 5.12.2 Correlation of El-Sherbiny et al. for vertical chambers 104 5.13 Inclined-plane chambers 105 5.13.1 For large aspect ratios and low-to-moderate inclinations 105 5.13.2 For lower aspect ratios and inclinations below the critical inclination 106 5.13.3 For lower aspect ratios and inclinations greater than the critical inclination 106 5.14 Chambers limited by two concentric cylinders 107 5.15 Chambers limited by two concentric spheres 109 5.16 Simplified correlations for natural convection in air 111 5.16.1 Vertical cylinder or plane under natural convection in air 111 5.16.2 Horizontal cylinder or plane under natural convection in air. 111 5.16.3 Horizontal plane under natural convection in air 112 5.16.4 Sphere under natural convection in air 112 5.16.5 Circuit boards under natural convection in air 112 5.16.6 Electronic components or cables under natural convection in air 113 5.17 Finned surfaces: heat sinks in electronic systems 113 5.17.1 Dissipation systems 114 5.17.2 Thermal resistance of a heat sink 115 5.18 Optimizing the thermal resistance of a heat sink 117 5.18.1 Determining the heat-sink/air heat transfer coefficient 119 5.18.2 Calculating the optimum spacing between fins 120 5.18.3 Practical expression 120 5.18.4 Calculating the evacuated heat flux 120 5.18.5 Implementation algorithm 120 5.18.6 Illustration: optimum design of a heat sink 122 5.19 Optimum circuit-board assembly 125 5.19.1 Calculating the optimum spacing between electronic boards 126 5.19.2 Heat transfer coefficient between electronic boards and air 126 5.19.3 Calculating the evacuated heat flux 127 5.19.4 Implementation algorithm 127 5.19.5 Illustration: optimum evacuation of heat generated by electronic boards 129 5.20 Superimposed forced and natural convections 130 5.20.1 Vertical-tube scenario: Martinelli-Boelter correlation 131 5.20.2 Horizontal-tube scenario: Proctor-Eubank correlation 132 5.20.3 Cylinders, disks or spheres in rotation 133 Chapter 6 Convection in Nanofluids, Liquid Metals and Molten Salts 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Transfers in nanofluids 138 6.2.1 Physical data 139 6.2.2 Nanofluids circulating in tubes 142 6.2.3 Nanofluids circulating within annular pipes 144 6.2.4 Superposition of natural and forced convections in nanofluids 145 6.3 Transfers in liquid metals 146 6.3.1 Physical data 146 6.3.2 Liquid metals in forced convection within cylindrical pipes 147 6.3.3 Liquid metals in forced convection within an annular space 147 6.3.4 Liquid metals flowing along a horizontal plane 149 6.3.5 Liquid metals in forced convection between two parallel planes 149 6.3.6 Liquid metals subject to natural convection 149 6.4 Transfers in molten salts 150 6.4.1 Physical data 150 6.4.2 Molten salts under forced convection in laminar flow within cylindrical pipes 151 6.4.3 Molten salts under forced convection in the transition zone within cylindrical pipes 152 6.4.4 Molten salts under forced convection in turbulent flow within cylindrical pipes 153 6.5 Reading: Eugène Péclet and Lord Rayleigh 154 6.5.1 Eugène Péclet 154 6.5.2 Lord Rayleigh 155 Chapter 7 Exercises and Solutions 157 Appendices 321 Appendix 1 Database 323 Appendix 2 Regressions 385 Bibliography 389 Index 403

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Book SynopsisMany practical operations, such as environment depollution, blood dialysis or product purification, require matter transfer. With an emphasis on the aforementioned subjects, this book revisits the founding principles of materials transfer on the basis of Fick’s first law, which constitutes the foundation of diffusional phenomena. Additionally, continuity equations translating the macroscopic balances of systems are established. These balances constitute Fick’s second law, which can be applied to quantify the fluxes of matter transferred in each situation, provided physical data is available. To this end, Mass Transfers and Physical Data Estimation pays particular attention to methods of data estimation. Methods presented in this book are applied to several practical cases, such as diffusion in catalytic reactions or the reconstitution of cartilage in human bone joints.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Determination of Physical Data 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Estimating critical properties 2 1.2.1. Estimating critical temperature 2 1.2.2. Estimating critical pressure 5 1.2.3. Estimating the critical volume: Benson correlation (Benson, 1948) 8 1.2.4. Estimating the critical compressibility factor 10 1.3. Methods for estimating boiling temperature 11 1.4. Methods for estimating density 14 1.4.1. Estimating liquid densities 14 1.5. Methods for estimating viscosity 15 1.5.1. Estimating viscosities of pure liquids 15 1.5.2. Correlations for the viscosity of liquid mixtures 17 1.5.3. Estimating gas viscosities 18 1.6. Methods for estimating specific heat 19 1.6.1. Heat capacities of petroleum oils 19 1.6.2. Heat capacities of petroleum vapors 20 1.6.3. Estimations for anthracite and bituminous coals 20 1.6.4. Heat capacities for cement, mortar and sand 21 1.6.5. Heat capacities of organic liquids 21 1.7. Estimating latent heat of vaporization 22 1.7.1. Rapid estimations 22 1.7.2. Calculating latent heat from critical data 23 1.7.3. Chen correlation 23 1.7.4. Calculations at different temperatures 24 1.8. Estimating expansion coefficients β 24 1.9. Methods for estimating heat conductivity 25 1.9.1. Heat conductivity of metals and alloys 25 1.9.2. Heat conductivity of wood 26 1.9.3. Conductivity of chains of liquid hydrocarbons 26 1.9.4. Conductivity of gases and vapors 27 1.9.5. Conductivity of monatomic gases 28 1.9.6. Conductivity of non-polar gases with linear molecules 28 1.10. Physical properties of water 29 1.10.1. Correlation of density 29 1.10.2. Heat capacity 29 1.10.3. Correlation of heat conductivity 29 1.10.4. Correlation of viscosity 29 1.10.5. Correlation of thermal diffusivity 30 1.10.6. Correlation of the Prandtl number 30 1.10.7. Correlation for calculating the expansion coefficient 30 1.10.8. Correlation for calculating the saturating pressure 30 1.10.9. Correlation for calculating latent heat 31 1.11. Physical properties of air 31 1.11.1. Correlation of density 32 1.11.2. Heat capacity 32 1.11.3. Correlation of heat conductivity 32 1.11.4. Correlation of viscosity 33 1.11.5. Correlation of thermal diffusivity 33 1.11.6. Correlation of the Prandtl number 33 1.11.7. Correlation for calculating the expansion coefficient 33 Chapter 2. Determinants and Parameters of Mass Transfer 35 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Relative transfer velocities 36 2.2.1. Velocity relating to average mass velocity 36 2.2.2. Velocity relative to average molar velocity. 37 2.3. Amount of matter transferred 38 2.4. Expressions of flux density 39 2.4.1. Total flux 39 2.4.2. Specific fluxes 41 2.5. Operations on diffusion flux densities 44 2.5.1. Total density as a function of the specific densities 44 2.5.2. Sum of mass densities with respect to v 45 2.5.3. Sum of molar flux densities with respect to v* 46 2.5.4. Sum of mass flux densities with respect to a mobile reference frame at v* 46 2.6. Relations between flux densities fi and ji 47 2.7. Relations between flux densities Fi and Ji* 47 Chapter 3. Fick’s First Law: Diffusion Coefficients 49 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. Fick’s first law 50 3.2.1. Expressing the flux density vector 50 3.2.2. Similarities to energy and momentum transfer laws 51 3.2.3. Convective analogy 52 3.3. Fick’s first law in different forms 52 3.4. Determining diffusion coefficients from tabulated data 53 3.4.1. Gaseous binary diffusion coefficients 53 3.4.2. Illustration: diffusion coefficients of CO2 in air and in water vapor 54 3.4.3. Diffusion coefficients for liquid binaries 58 3.5. Estimating diffusion coefficients from correlations 60 3.5.1. Estimating gaseous binary diffusion coefficients 60 3.5.2. Estimating diffusion coefficients of liquid binaries 71 3.6. Diffusion coefficients for multicomponent mixtures 81 3.6.1. Stefan–Maxwell equation 81 3.6.2. Effective diffusion coefficient for complex mixtures 82 Chapter 4. Fick’s Second Law: Macroscopic Balances 85 4.1. Introduction 85 4.2. Overall continuity equation 85 4.2.1. The accumulation term 86 4.2.2. The generation term 86 4.2.3. The term I – O 87 4.2.4. The balance equation 87 4.2.5. The balance equation in Cartesian coordinates 88 4.3. Particular continuity equations 88 4.3.1. The term Ii – Oi 88 4.3.2. The accumulation term 89 4.3.3. The generation term 89 4.3.4. Continuity equations in molar terms 90 4.4. Illustration: diffusion with chemical reaction 92 4.5. Illustration: diffusion of a component in a stagnant mixture 94 4.6. Reading: background to Fick’s Laws 97 Chapter 5. Exercises and Solutions 101 Appendices 153 Appendix 1 155 Appendix 2 187 References 191 Index 205

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Book SynopsisThe last few decades have seen huge developments in the use of concentrated solar power plants, communications technologies (mobile telephony and 5G networks), the nuclear sector with its small modular reactors and concentrated solar power stations. These developments have called for a new generation of heat exchangers. As well as presenting conventional heat exchangers (shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers), their design techniques and calculation algorithms, Heat Exchangers introduces new-generation compact heat exchangers, including printed circuit heat exchangers, plate-fin heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers, cross-flow tube-fin heat exchangers, phase-change micro-exchangers, spray coolers, heat pipe heat exchangers and evaporation chambers. This new generation of heat exchangers is currently undergoing a boom, with applications in on-board equipment in aircraft, locomotives, space shuttles and mobile phones, where the volume of the equipment is one of the most important design parameters.

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Book SynopsisConvection heat transfer is an important topic both for industrial applications and fundamental aspects. It combines the complexity of the flow dynamics and of the active or passive scalar transport process. It is part of many university courses such as Mechanical, Aeronautical, Chemical and Biomechanical Engineering. The literature on convective heat transfer is large, but the present manuscript differs in many aspects from the existing ones, particularly from the pedagogical point of view. Each chapter begins with a brief yet complete presentation of the related topic. This is followed by a series of solved problems. The latter are scrupulously detailed and complete the synthetic presentation given at the beginning of each chapter. There are about 50 solved problems, which are mostly original with gradual degree of complexity including those related to recent findings in convective heat transfer phenomena. Each problem is associated with clear indications to help the reader to handle independently the solution. The book contains nine chapters including laminar external and internal flows, convective heat transfer in laminar wake flows, natural convection in confined and no-confined laminar flows, turbulent internal flows, turbulent boundary layers, and free shear flows.Trade Review"The variety of theoretical methods is shown and a great number of relevant problems is treated. The book is highly recommended for students and researchers." (ZAMM, March 2011) Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Chapter 1. Fundamental Equations, Dimensionless Numbers 1 1.1. Fundamental equations 1 1.2. Dimensionless numbers 8 1.3. Flows with variable physical properties: heat transfer in a laminar Couette flow 9 1.4. Flows with dissipation 14 1.5. Cooling of a sphere by a gas flow 20 Chapter 2. Laminar Fully Developed Forced Convection in Ducts 31 2.1. Hydrodynamics 31 2.2. Heat transfer 33 2.3. Heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel with uniform wall heat flux 35 2.3.3. Solution 37 2.4. Flow in a plane channel insulated on one side and heated at uniform temperature on the opposite side 46 Chapter 3. Forced Convection in Boundary Layer Flows 53 3.1. Hydrodynamics 53 3.2. Heat transfer 58 3.3. Integral method 62 3.4. Heated jet nozzle 65 3.5. Asymptotic behavior of thermal boundary layers 68 3.6. Protection of a wall by a film of insulating material 74 3.7. Cooling of a moving sheet 83 3.8. Heat transfer near a rotating disk 93 3.9. Thermal loss in a duct 106 3.10. Temperature profile for heat transfer with blowing 117 Chapter 4. Forced Convection Around Obstacles 119 4.1. Description of the flow 119 4.2. Local heat-transfer coefficient for a circular cylinder 121 4.3. Average heat-transfer coefficient for a circular cylinder 123 4.4. Other obstacles 125 4.5. Heat transfer for a rectangular plate in cross-flow 126 4.6. Heat transfer in a stagnation plane flow. Uniform temperature heating 128 4.7. Heat transfer in a stagnation plane flow. Step-wise heating at uniform flux 131 4.8. Temperature measurements by cold-wire 135 Chapter 5. External Natural Convection 141 5.1. Introduction 141 5.2. Boussinesq model 142 5.3. Dimensionless numbers. Scale analysis 142 5.4. Natural convection near a vertical wall 145 5.5. Integral method for natural convection 149 5.6. Correlations for external natural convection 152 5.7. Mixed convection 152 5.8. Natural convection around a sphere 155 5.9. Heated jet nozzle 157 5.10. Shear stress on a vertical wall heated at uniform temperature 161 5.11. Unsteady natural convection 164 5.12. Axisymmetric laminar plume 176 5.13. Heat transfer through a glass pane 183 5.14. Mixed convection near a vertical wall with suction 189 Chapter 6. Internal Natural Convection 195 6.1. Introduction 195 6.2. Scale analysis 195 6.3. Fully developed regime in a vertical duct heated at constant temperature 197 6.4. Enclosure with vertical walls heated at constant temperature 198 6.5. Thermal insulation by a double-pane window 199 6.6. Natural convection in an enclosure filled with a heat generating fluid 201 6.7. One-dimensional mixed convection in a cavity 206 Chapter 7. Turbulent Convection in Internal Wall Flows 211 7.1. Introduction 211 7.2. Hydrodynamic stability and origin of the turbulence 211 7.3. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations 213 7.4. Wall turbulence scaling 215 7.5. Eddy viscosity-based one point closures 216 7.6. Some illustrations through direct numerical simulations 227 7.7. Empirical correlations 231 7.8. Exact relations for a fully developed turbulent channel flow 233 7.9. Mixing length closures and the temperature distribution in the inner and outer layers 243 7.10. Temperature distribution in the outer layer 252 7.11. Transport equations and reformulation of the logarithmic layer 255 7.12. Near-wall asymptotic behavior of the temperature and turbulent fluxes 261 7.13. Asymmetric heating of a turbulent channel flow 264 7.14. Natural convection in a vertical channel in turbulent regime 270 Chapter 8. Turbulent Convection in External Wall Flows 281 8.1. Introduction 281 8.2. Transition to turbulence in a flat plate boundary layer 281 8.3. Equations governing turbulent boundary layers 282 8.4. Scales in a turbulent boundary layer 284 8.5. Velocity and temperature distributions 284 8.6. Integral equations 285 8.7. Analogies 286 8.8. Temperature measurements in a turbulent boundary layer 289 8.9. Integral formulation of boundary layers over an isothermal flat plate with zero pressure gradient 292 8.10. Prandtl-Taylor analogy 297 8.11. Turbulent boundary layer with uniform suction at the wall 301 8.12. Turbulent boundary layers with pressure gradient. Turbulent Falkner-Skan flows 306 8.13. Internal sublayer in turbulent boundary layers subject to adverse pressure gradient 312 8.14. Roughness 319 Chapter 9. Turbulent Convection in Free Shear Flows 323 9.1. Introduction 323 9.2. General approach of free turbulent shear layers 323 9.3. Plumes 326 9.4. Two-dimensional turbulent jet 328 9.5. Mixing layer 335 9.6. Determination of the turbulent Prandtl number in a plane wake 340 9.7. Regulation of temperature 348 List of symbols 363 References 367 Index 371

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisKompakt und verständlich führt dieses Lehrbuch in die Grundlagen der theoretischen Physik ein. Dabei werden die üblichen Themen der Grundvorlesungen Mechanik, Elektrodynamik, Relativitätstheorie, Quantenmechanik , Thermodynamik und Statistik in einem Band zusammengefasst, um den Zusammenhang zwischen den einzelnen Teilgebieten besonders zu betonen. Ein Kapitel mit mathematischen Grundlagen der Physik erleichtert den Einstieg. Zahlreiche Übungsaufgaben dienen der Vertiefung des Stoffes.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is an introduction to the Brownian motion of colloids and nano-particles, and the diffusion of molecules. One very appealing aspect of Brownian motion, as this book illustrates, is that the subject connects a broad variety of topics, including thermal physics, hydrodynamics, reaction kinetics, fluctuation phenomena, statistical thermodynamics, osmosis and colloid science. The book is based on a set of lecture notes that the authors used for an undergraduate course at the University of Utrecht, Netherland. It aims to provide more than a simplified qualitative description of the subject, without getting bogged down in difficult mathematics. Each chapter contains exercises, ranging from straightforward ones to more involved problems, addressing instances from (thermal motion in) chemistry, physics and life sciences. Exercises also deal with derivations or calculations that are skipped in the main text. The book offers a treatment of Brownian motion on a level appropriate for bachelor/undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, soft matter and the life sciences. PhD students attending courses and doing research in colloid science or soft matter will also benefit from this book.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete and accurate atomic level statistical mechanical explanation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It assumes only a basic knowledge of mechanics and requires no knowledge of calculus. The treatment uses primarily geometric arguments and college level algebra. Quantitative examples are given at each stage to buttress physical understanding. This text is of benefit to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as educators and researchers in the physical sciences (whether or not they have taken a thermodynamics course) who want to understand or teach the atomic/molecular origins of entropy and the second law. It is particularly aimed at those who, due to insufficient mathematical background or because of their area of study, are not going to take a traditional statistical mechanics course.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book is a concise, readable, yet authoritative primer of basic classic thermodynamics. Many students have difficulty with thermodynamics, and find at some stage of their careers in academia or industry that they have forgotten what they learned, or never really understood these fundamental physical laws. As the title of the book suggests, the author has distilled the subject down to its essentials, using many simple and clear illustrations, instructive examples, and key equations and simple derivations to elucidate concepts. Based on many years of teaching experience at the undergraduate and graduate levels, “Essential Classical Thermodynamics” is intended to provide a positive learning experience, and to empower the reader to explore the many possibilities for applying thermodynamics in other fields of science, engineering, and even economics where energy plays a central role. Thermodynamics is fun when you understand it!Table of ContentsChapter1: An introduction to thermodynamics and the first law.- Chapter2: The second and third laws.- Chapter3: Gibbs and Helmholtz free energies.- Chapter4: A comprehensive view of the state functions including Maxwell’s relations.- Chapter5: Chemical potential and partial molar properties.- Chapter6: One component systems: transitions and phase diagrams.- Chapter7: Solutions, phase-separated systems colligative properties and phase diagrams.- Chapter8: Chemical equilibrium.- Chapter9: Thermodynamics problems.- Chapter10: Solutions to problems.- Chapter11: Mathematics useful for the thermodynamics.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook facilitates students’ ability to apply fundamental principles and concepts in classical thermodynamics to solve challenging problems relevant to industry and everyday life. It also introduces the reader to the fundamentals of statistical mechanics, including understanding how the microscopic properties of atoms and molecules, and their associated intermolecular interactions, can be accounted for to calculate various average properties of macroscopic systems. The author emphasizes application of the fundamental principles outlined above to the calculation of a variety of thermodynamic properties, to the estimation of conversion efficiencies for work production by heat interactions, and to the solution of practical thermodynamic problems related to the behavior of non-ideal pure fluids and fluid mixtures, including phase equilibria and chemical reaction equilibria. The book contains detailed solutions to many challenging sample problems in classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that will help the reader crystallize the material taught. Class-tested and perfected over 30 years of use by nine-time Best Teaching Award recipient Professor Daniel Blankschtein of the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT, the book is ideal for students of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, and Materials Science, who will benefit greatly from in-depth discussions and pedagogical explanations of key concepts. Distills critical concepts, methods, and applications from leading full-length textbooks, along with the author’s own deep understanding of the material taught, into a concise yet rigorous graduate and advanced undergraduate text; Enriches the standard curriculum with succinct, problem-based learning strategies derived from the content of 50 lectures given over the years in the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT; Reinforces concepts covered with detailed solutions to illuminating and challenging homework problems. Table of ContentsLecture 1:Book Overview.- Lecture 2:Basic Concepts and Definitions.- Lecture 3:First Law - Closed Systems: Derivation.- Lecture 4:First Law - Closed Systems: Derivation, Solution to Sample Problem 1.- Lecture 5:First Law - Closed Systems: Solution to Sample Problem 1, Continued.- Lecture 6:First Law - Open Systems: Derivation, Solution to Sample Problem 2.- Lecture 7:Second-Law Concepts.- Lecture 8:Heat Engine, Carnot Efficiency.- Lecture 9:Entropy, Reversibility.- Lecture 10:The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Maximum Work.- Lecture 11:The Combined First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, Availability.- Lecture 12:Flow Work, Solution to Sample Problem 3.- Lecture 13:Fundamental Equations.- Lecture 14:Manipulation of Partial Derivatives.- Lecture 15:Gibbs Free Energy Formulation.- Lecture 16:Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data.- Lecture 17:Equation of State (EOS), Binodal, Spinodal, Critical Point.- Lecture 18:Principle of Corresponding States.- Lecture 19:Departure Functions.- Lecture 20:Review for Part I.-  .- Lecture 21:Extensive and Intensive Mixture Properties, Partial Molar Properties.- Lecture 22:Generalized Gibbs-Duhem Relations for Mixtures, Calculation of Partial Molar Properties.- Lecture 23:Mixture EOS, Mixture Departure Functions, Ideal-Gas Mixtures, Ideal Solutions.- Lecture 24:Mixing Functions, Excess Functions.- Lecture 25:Fugacity, Fugacity Coefficient.- Lecture 26:Activity, Activity Coefficient.- Lecture 27:Criteria of Phase Equilibria, Gibbs Phase Rule.- Lecture 28:Applications of the Gibbs Phase Rule, Azeotrope.- Lecture 29:Differential Approach to Phase Equilibria, Pressure-Temperature-Composition Relations, Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.- Lecture 30:Integral Approach to Phase Equilibria, Composition Models.- Lecture 31:Chemical Equilibria: Stoichiometric Formulation.- Lecture 32:Equilibrium Constants for Gas-Phase and Condensed-Phase Reactions.- Lecture 33:Response of Chemical Reactions to Temperature, Le Chatelier’s Principle.- Lecture 34:Response of Chemical Reactions to Pressure, Applications.- Lecture 35:Gibbs Phase Rule for Chemically- Reacting Systems, Applications.- Lecture 36:Effect of Chemical Equilibrium on Thermodynamic Properties.- Lecture 37:Review for Part II.- Lecture 38:Quantum Statistical Mechanics, Canonical Ensemble, Probability and the Boltzmann Factor, Canonical Partition Function.- Lecture 39:Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties from the Canonical Partition Function, Treatment of Distinguishable and Indistinguishable Molecules.- Lecture 40:Translational, Vibrational, Rotational, and Electronic Partition Functions of Ideal Gases.- Lecture 41:Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases from the Partition Functions.- Lecture 42:Microcanonical Ensemble, Statistical Mechanical Definition and Interpretation of Entropy and Work.- Lecture 43:Statistical Mechanical Interpretation of the First, Second, and Third Laws of Thermodynamics.- .- Lecture 44:Grand Canonical Ensemble, Statistical Fluctuations.- Lecture 45:Classical Statistical Mechanics.- Lecture 46:Configurational Integral, Statistical Mechanical Derivation of the Virial Equation of State.- Lecture 47:Virial Coefficients in the Classical Limit, Statistical Mechanical Derivation of the van der Waals Equation of State.- Lecture 48:Statistical Mechanical Treatment of Chemical Equilibrium.- Lecture 49:Statistical Mechanical Treatment of Binary Mixtures.- Lecture 50:Review for Part III and Book Overview.

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the atmosphere of our planet, and discusses historical and contemporary achievements in meteorological science and technology for the betterment of society. The book explores many significant atmospheric phenomena and physical processes from the local to global scale, as well as from the perspective of short and long-term time scales, and links these processes to various applications in other scientific disciplines with linkages to meteorology. In addition to addressing general topics such as climate system dynamics and climate change, the book also discusses atmospheric boundary layer, atmospheric waves, atmospheric chemistry, optics/photometeors, electricity, atmospheric modeling and numeric weather prediction. Through its interdisciplinary approach, the book will be of interest to researchers, students and academics in meteorology and atmospheric science, environmental physics, climate change dynamics, air pollution and human health impacts of atmospheric aerosols. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2-Meteorology as the science.- Chapter 3-Historical background.- Chapter 4-Atmospheric structure and composition.- Chapter 5-Energy and radiation.- Chapter 6-The basics of atmospheric thermodynamics. Chapter 7-Air temperature.- Chapter 8-Atmospheric static.- Chapter 9-Atmospheric moisture.- Chapter 10-Clouds and precipitation.- Chapter 11-Air pressure and wind.- Chapter 12-Atmospheric motion.- Chapter 13-Atmospheric waves.- Chapter 14-Planetary boundary layer.- Chapter 15-General atmospheric circulation.- Chapter 16-Air masses and fronts.- Chapter 17-Cyclones and anticyclones.- Chapter 18-Tropical cyclones.- Chapter 19-Thunderstorms and tornadoes.- Chapter 20-Meteorological hazards.- Chapter 21-Atmospheric optical phenomena.- Chapter 22-Atmospheric chemistry.- Chapter 23-Weather forecast.- Chapter 24-Climate system and climate change.- Chapter 25-Earth and planetary observation and monitoring.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a simple and well-structured course followed by an innovative collection of exercises and solutions that will enrich a wide range of courses as part of the undergraduate physics curriculum. It will also be useful for first-year graduate students who are preparing for their qualifying exams. The book is divided into four main themes at the boundary of classical and modern physics: atomic physics, matter-radiation interaction, blackbody radiation, and thermodynamics. Each chapter starts with a thorough and well-illustrated review of the core material, followed by plenty of original exercises that progress in difficulty, replete with clear, step-by-step solutions. This book will be invaluable for undergraduate course instructors who are looking for a source of original exercises to enhance their classes, while students that want to hone their skills will encounter challenging and stimulating problems.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Atoms.- Chapter 2. Matter-Radiation Interaction.- Chapter 3. Black Body Radiation.- Chapter 4. Thermodynamics.- References.- Appendix A. Michelson and Morley's experiment.- Appendix B. Useful mathematical reminders in physics.- Index.

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Book SynopsisMany people, including physicists, are confused about what the Second Law of thermodynamics really means, about how it relates to the arrow of time, and about whether it can be derived from classical mechanics. They also wonder what entropy really is: Is it all about information? But, if so, then, what is its relation to fluxes of heat?One might ask similar questions about probabilities: Do they express subjective judgments by us, humans, or do they reflect facts about the world, i.e. frequencies. And what notion of probability is used in the natural sciences, in particular statistical mechanics?This book addresses all of these questions in the clear and pedagogical style for which the author is known. Although valuable as accompaniment to an undergraduate course on statistical mechanics or thermodynamics, it is not a standard course book. Instead it addresses both the essentials and the many subtle questions that are usually brushed under the carpet in such courses. As one of the most lucid accounts of the above questions, it provides enlightening reading for all those seeking answers, including students, lecturers, researchers and philosophers of science.Table of ContentsWhat We Need from Thermodynamics.- What Are Probabilities?.- Dynamical Systems.- Statistical Mechanics 1 : The Nature of Equilibrium.- Statistical Mechanics 2: Irreversibility.- Demystifying Entropy.- Comparison with Quantum Mechanics.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamental concepts and theories in thermal physics and elementary statistical mechanics in a very simple, systematic and comprehensive way. This book is written in a way that it presents the topics in a holistic manner with end-of-chapter exercises and examples where concepts are supported by numerous solved examples and multiple-choice questions to aid self-learning. The textbook also contains illustrated diagrams for better understanding of the concepts. The book will benefit students who are taking introductory courses in thermal physics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The Laws of Thermodynamics.- Second Law of Thermodynamics.- Entropy.- Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Relations.- Kinetic Theory of Gases.- Real Gases.- Applications to Some Irreversible Changes, Cooling of Real Gases.- Theory of Radiation.- Elementary Statistical Mechanics.

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Book SynopsisThis introduction to thermodynamics and equilibria aims to provide the basic concepts of relevance for atmospheric, marine, climate, and environmental sciences and to prepare students for more advanced classes in physical chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology.This is an open access book.

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Book Synopsis1. The Constitutive Statements of Thermodynamics.- 2. Minimal Mechanical Model of Thermodynamics.- 3. The Microcanonical Ensemble.- 4. The Canonical Ensemble.- 5. The TP Ensemble.- 6. The Grandcanonical Ensemble.- 7. Ensemble (in)-Equivalence.- 8.  Statistical mechanical foundation of the law of entropy increase.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: Introduction to Optimal Mass Transport.- Chapter 2: Introduction to Stochastic Thermodynamics.- Chapter 3: Stochastic thermodynamic systems subject to anisotropic fluctuations.- Chapter 4: Energy harvesting from anisotropic temperature fields.- Chapter 5: Minimal entropy production in anisotropic temperature fields.- Chapter 6: Application: thermodynamic engine powered by anisotropic fluctuations.- Chapter 7: Conclusion.

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Table of ContentsFrontmatter -- List of authors -- Preface -- Contents -- I. General Problems of Biological Thermodynamics -- Introduction -- Application of the Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics in Biology -- The Second Law, Negentropy, Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes -- Formalism of Non-Equilibrium Phenomenolagical Thermodynamics -- II. Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of the Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Experimental Basis for Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Theoretical Basis for a Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Stochastic Consideration of Constitutive Processes and of the Evolution Criterion -- Strengthened Evolution Criterion in Developmental Biology -- III. Quantitative Phenomenological Theory of Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Non-Linear Phenomenological Equations -- Differential Equations of Developmental Biology -- Computer Analysis of Non-Linear Growth Equations -- Modern Theories Concerning the Growth Equations -- IV. Heat Production of Living Systems -- Introduction -- Heat Production in Life Processes -- The Change of ?? the Function During the Growth of Microbial Cultures -- Changes of ?? and ?? Functions During Oogenesis of Xenopus Laevis -- Heat Production and Respiration During Development and Growth of two Insects -- Heat Production and Respiration of Axolotle at the Early Stages of Growth -- Relationship Between Heat Production and Body Weight in Growing Organisms -- V. Some Problems of Energetics of Developmental Processes -- Introduction -- Changes in Mitochondria During Development and Growth of Animals -- The Role of Mitochondria in Regulation of Respiration During Oogenesis -- The Energetics of Regeneration Processes -- VI. Dissipative Structures -- Introduction -- Review of the Theory of Dissipative Structures -- Stationary Dissipative Structures -- Dynamic Dissipative Structures -- Dissipative Structures and ?? Function -- The Role of Cyclization of Free Energy in Bio-Physico-Chemical Processes -- VII. Probability State and Orderliness of Biological Systems -- Introduction -- Possible Mechanism of the Origin of Bacteria -- Direction of the Evolutionary Progress of Organisms -- Criterion of Orderliness and some Problems of Taxonomy -- The Questions of Non-Linearity for Using Criterion of Orderliness -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index -- Backmatter

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis introduction to thermodynamics discusses typical phase diagrams features and presents the wide range of techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetry and others. In the last part the author brings many examples for typical practical problems often solved by thermal analysis. As an instructive guideline for practitioners the work reveals the connection between experimental data and theoretical model and vice versa.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis is the physical chemistry textbook for students with an affinity for computers! It offers basic and advanced knowledge for students in the second year of chemistry masters studies and beyond. In seven chapters, the book presents thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum mechanics and molecular structure (including an introduction to quantum chemical calculations), molecular symmetry and crystals. The application of physical-chemical knowledge and problem solving is demonstrated in a chapter on water, treating both the water molecule as well as water in condensed phases.Instead of a traditional textbook top-down approach, this book presents the subjects on the basis of examples, exploring and running computer programs (Mathematica®), discussing the results of molecular orbital calculations (performed using Gaussian) on small molecules and turning to suitable reference works to obtain thermodynamic data. Selected Mathematica® codes are explained at the end of each chapter and cross-referenced with the text, enabling students to plot functions, solve equations, fit data, normalize probability functions, manipulate matrices and test physical models. In addition, the book presents clear and step-by-step explanations and provides detailed and complete answers to all exercises. In this way, it creates an active learning environment that can prepare students for pursuing their own research projects further down the road.Students who are not yet familiar with Mathematica® or Gaussian will find a valuable introduction to computer-based problem solving in the molecular sciences. Other computer applications can alternatively be used. For every chapter learning goals are clearly listed in the beginning, so that readers can easily spot the highlights, and a glossary in the end of the chapter offers a quick look-up of important terms.Table of ContentsThermodynamics.- Chemical Kinetics.- Schrödinger Equation.- Molecular Symmetry.- Molecular Structure.- Crystals.- Water.- Appendix.- Solutions to the Exercises.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is an introduction to the Brownian motion of colloids and nano-particles, and the diffusion of molecules. One very appealing aspect of Brownian motion, as this book illustrates, is that the subject connects a broad variety of topics, including thermal physics, hydrodynamics, reaction kinetics, fluctuation phenomena, statistical thermodynamics, osmosis and colloid science. The book is based on a set of lecture notes that the authors used for an undergraduate course at the University of Utrecht, Netherland. It aims to provide more than a simplified qualitative description of the subject, without getting bogged down in difficult mathematics. Each chapter contains exercises, ranging from straightforward ones to more involved problems, addressing instances from (thermal motion in) chemistry, physics and life sciences. Exercises also deal with derivations or calculations that are skipped in the main text. The book offers a treatment of Brownian motion on a level appropriate for bachelor/undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, soft matter and the life sciences. PhD students attending courses and doing research in colloid science or soft matter will also benefit from this book.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisDiese Starthilfe erleichtert den Studierenden an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen den Einstieg in das Fachgebiet und das Verständnis für thermodynamische Aufgabenstellungen. Sie beschränkt sich bewusst auf die wesentlichen Grundlagen, die erfahrungsgemäß die meisten Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Thematische Schwerpunkte sind das Zustandsverhalten einfacher Systeme, die thermodynamischen Hauptsätze und ihre technischen Anwendungen bis hin zu den Kreisprozessen. Die der Thermodynamik eigene Betrachtung von Systemen und die Bilanzierung der Erhaltungsgrößen an ihnen bilden den Leitfaden durch den Text. Die exakte und verständliche Darstellung wird durch die Lösung zahlreicher Beispiele anschaulich unterstützt. Das Buch eignet sich damit auch für die Vorbereitung auf Klausuren und Prüfungen.Table of ContentsThermodynamische Grundbegriffe - Zustandsverhalten einfacher Systeme - Thermodynamische Hauptsätze - Zustandsänderungen perfekter Gase - Bilanzierung offener Systeme - Technische Anwendungen - Kreisprozesse und Energiewandlung

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Book SynopsisStrömungsmaschinen überdecken mit ihren flüssigen und gasförmigen Betriebs- und Arbeitsmedien zwei Aggregatzustände. Dies lässt ihre Breite in den Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und ihre Vielgestaltigkeit in den Ausführungsformen ahnen. Im Strömungsmaschinenbau gehen Mechanik, Thermo- und Gasdynamik sowie die Konstruktionslehre Hand in Hand. Dem trägt das vorliegende Lehrbuch mit seinem Konzept Rechnung. Es leitet von den naturwissenschaftlichen Grundformeln anschaulich zu den spezifischen ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen über, die im Strömungsmaschinenbau Anwendung finden. Die fünfte Auflage enthält wichtige Aktualisierungen wie den Übergang von bar zu MPa sowie die Thermodynamischen Zustandsgrößen von Wasser und Wasserdampf nach IAPWS 97. Hierzu wurden zahlreiche Beispiel neuberechnet. Das Kapitel zu den Windkraftanlagen wurde aktualisiert, ebenso wie verschiedene Abbildungen wichtiger Strömungsmaschinen.Table of ContentsGemeinsame Grundlagen der Strömungsmaschinen - Wasserturbinen - Dampfturbinen und Dampfkraftanlagen - Gasturbinen - Kreiselpumpen - Ventilatoren und Verdichter - Hydrodynamische Kupplungen und Wandler - Windräder und Propeller - Anhang

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsI. Allgemeine Einführung.- II. Die Methode der wahrscheinlichsten Verteilung.- III. Diskussion des Nernstschen Wärmesatzes.- IV. Beispiele zum zweiten Kapitel.- a) Der freie Massenpunkt (ideales einatomiges Gas).- b) Der Plancksche Oszillator.- c) Der Fermi-Oszillator.- V. Schwankungen.- VI. Die Mittelwertmethode.- VII. Das n-Teilchen-Problem.- VIII. Auswertung der Formeln. Grenzfälle.- Die Entropiekonstante.- Das Versagen der klassischen Theorie. Das Gibbssche Paradoxon.- Eine Abschweifung: Vernichtung von Materie?.- Abschweifung über die Unbestimmtheitsrelation.- Eigentliche Gasentartung.- Starke Entartung.- a) Starke Fermi-Dirac-Entartung.- b) Starke Bose-Einstein-Entartung.- IX. Das Strahlungsproblem.

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