Scientific equipment, experiments and techniques Books

Book SynopsisTrade Review“Split and Slice borrows new perspectives from a broad range of scholarly fields, generating a long list of cited authors who are rarely associated in the same book. Rheinberger moves easily from phenomenology to biology and from science to art, and vice versa. . . . The book is in a way exhaustive, addressing many of the most significant issues discussed in science studies during the last decades, for instance the importance of practice and technologies, the rich source of information represented by notebooks, and in par­ticular the protocols shared by the different members of a laboratory. Only Rheinberger could write such a book, which wanders between phenomenology and sociology of science, while still remaining engaging and attractive.” * Journal of the History of Biology *“What's in an experiment? In this English edition of Split and Splice: A Phenomenology of Experimentation, a leading historian and philosopher of biology returns in fine form to renew his long-standing plea for scholarly attention to the human and material elements shaping experimentation in the life sciences. In this book, Rheinberger again pulls from the primary literature with which he is most familiar, that in molecular biology, to probe how both research materials and researchers' encounters with them, through experiments, shape the emergence of scientific knowledge. . . . There is much of interest to the working biologist in Split and Splice. Rheinberger offers a convincing way of characterizing the biologist's role in her craft: She is the mediator between the real and the written; between the world of the living and the books and papers that, eventually, report new discoveries.” * FASEB Journal *“A highly original, systematically organized, and empirically enriched essay on scientific experimentation. . . . While its first part convinces with a precise and logically ordered analysis, the second part leads through a broad variety of philosophical thoughts and observa­tions. . . . The reader is taken on an impressive journey through the vast territo­ries of experimental knowledge cultures. And it adds to the surprises of the journey that each and every part of it is enriched with examples from the history of molecular biological experimentation.” * Minerva *“This book provides a captivating perspective on an essential area in the development of a comprehensive and cohesive epistemology of experimentation. Until now, this subject has only been approached in an incomplete and piecemeal manner. Therefore, this book is an absolute necessity for scholars seeking a holistic understanding of experimental practices, including those often overlooked aspects that are crucial for a true and impactful comprehension of the vital role that experiments play in shaping modern science.” * Metascience *“Recommended.” * Choice *“Perched between recursivity and transgression, precision and poetics—just like the research practices it discusses—this eagerly awaited volume is the ultimate exploration of the constellation of technologies, techniques, materials, and ‘savage moments’ that make experiments into a quintessential form of inquiry. Building on three decades of world-leading research in the history and philosophy of biology, Rheinberger shows how, in life as in science, experiments epitomize the human aspiration to intervene in the world with predictable results, and yet their power lies in exposing the limits of attempts to control and foresee the future. An unmissable read for anybody wishing to understand how science thrives by failing to carve nature at its joints.” -- Sabina Leonelli, University of Exeter“In this new book, drawing on his groundbreaking Toward a History of Epistemic Things, Rheinberger explores the logic of a ‘phenomenology of experimentation.’ Attentive to the materiality of science, it brings out the creative, epistemic, and collective dimensions of scientific production in experimental context. Written by a historian and philosopher of science trained in molecular biology, Split and Splice opens up the path to a genuine historical epistemology of the forms of scientific practices for the twenty-first century.” -- Pierre-Olivier Méthot, Université LavalTable of ContentsList of FiguresIntroduction Part I Infra-Experimentality1 Traces2 Models3 Making Visible4 Grafting5 Protocols Part II Supra-Experimentality6 Shapes of Time7 Experimental Cultures8 Knowing and Narrating9 Thinking Wild10 A Eulogy of the FragmentPostscriptAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex of Names

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Book SynopsisTrade Review“Beauty may be in the eye of the beholder, but for the science writer Ball it emerges from within. In Beautiful Experiments: An Illustrated History of Experimental Science Ball argues that the beauty of an experiment resides in the ‘design and logic embodied in the procedure’—like a masterfully played game of chess—rather than a quality relating to physical appearance. . . . The scientific and anecdotal detail in each account is enough to satisfy the curious reader while entertaining the novice one. Interspersed with explanations of electromagnetism and refraction are notes about which scientist was a poor singer (Ernest Rutherford), which scientist didn’t like that one (Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton), and which scientist felt threatened by his protégé (Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday). Each experiment is numbered, which makes for easy flipping. One can choose to read the book sequentially or to skip from, say, electric fish (Experiment 55) to spontaneous generation (46) to X-ray diffraction (37). That said, there is a certain degree of satisfaction (and frustration) in reading the book in order. One scientist’s work provides an exciting theoretical breakthrough—only to be disproven on the next page. Nearly any failed experiment can become the foundation for another’s success.” -- Angelina Torre * Wall Street Journal, Holiday Gift Books: Science and Nature *"Science, on the other hand, does work well, as Ball shows in his celebration of the craft of scientists in Beautiful Experiments. He also explains why 'experiment' means such different things to different people—and where the beauty comes in." -- Simon Ings * New Scientist, Best Non-fiction and Popular Science Books of 2023 *"Combining breadth and conciseness, Ball offers a beautifully illustrated, thought-provoking perspective on the sublimely messy history of science." -- Richard Dunn * Times Literary Supplement *"Although experimentation is arguably the backbone of modern science, historians of science have often tended to focus their studies on theoretical developments. . . . Ball aims to rectify that disparity in his new book Beautiful Experiments, which outlines sixty investigations carried out from antiquity to the present day. Ball groups the experiments into six chapters, each of which focuses on themes, including the behavior of organisms, the nature of light, and the nature of life. He complements those efforts with five meditative interludes that delve into philosophical or aesthetic topics relating to experimentation, such as how to define an experiment, why thought experiments are useful, and what scientists mean when they say an experiment is beautiful. The richly illustrated book is a treat for the eyes." * Physics Today *"Covering the history of scientific inquiry [Beautiful Experiments] invites us to marvel at the elegance of experimentation." * MIT Technology Review *"Ball’s richly illustrated Beautiful Experiments intersperses examinations of 60 famous scientific investigations with thoughtful insights about the importance of experimentation." * Physics Today, 2023 Books that Stood Out *“Beautiful Experiments is an engrossing tour through 2500 years of innovation, imagination, and colorful personalities. Too often, experiments are dropped out of science history, assumed to be yet another tool that scientists use to construct theories. Ball brings experiments—in all their materiality, ingenuity, and beauty—back not only into history but into human culture.” -- Robert P. Crease, author of "The Prism and the Pendulum: The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments in Science" "Ball is a terrific writer, pumping out books on incredibly diverse subjects at a rate that makes me feel jealous and inadequate. There’s a wealth of well-researched information in here. . . . The book serves as an essential primer on our never-ending quest to understand life. Ultimately, 'what is life?' is a question without a useful answer. 'How does life work?' is the question that should drive the next wave of aspiring biologists from the cradle to the grave." * The Guardian *"You could read this book as a 500-page drubbing of Richard Dawkins. It is not a personal attack—although some barbed words are aimed—but it is a robust and sustained takedown of the 'simplistic', 'distorted', 'barren' and 'intellectually thin' notion that biology is all about the gene. There is very much more to life than that, according to Ball. It might even have some meaning. . . . Ball is a ferociously gifted science writer. . . . There is so much [in How Life Works] that is amazing. . . . Urgent. . . . Astonishing." * Sunday Times *

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Book SynopsisProvides an analysis of the research techniques in animal ecology, identifying their limitations and misuses, as well as possible solutions to avoid such pitfalls. This book presents various perspectives on the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. It presents an account of the theoretical and methodological controversies in the field.Trade ReviewThe authors present the material in an insightful manner that leaves readers wondering how the improper application of many of the discussed techniques has played or will play out in wildlife management. -- Ramona Maraj EnvironmentsTable of Contents1. Hypothesis Testing in Ecology, by Charles J. Krebs 2: A Critical Review of the Effects of Marking on the Biology of Vertebrates, by Dennis L. Murray and Mark R. Fuller 3. Animal Home Ranges and Territories and Home Range Estimators, by Roger A. Powell 4. Delusions in Habitat Evaluation: Measuring Use, Selection, and Importance, by David L. Garshelis 5. Investigating Food Habits of Terrestrial Vertebrates, by John A. Litvaitis 6. Detecting Stability and Causes of Change in Population Density, by Joseph S. Elkinton 7. Monitoring Populations, by James P. Gibbs 8. Modeling Predator--Prey Dynamics, by Mark S. Boyce 9. Population Viability Analysis: Data Requirements and Essential Analyses, by Gary C. White 10. Measuring the Dynamics of Mammalian Societies: An Ecologist's Guide to Ethological Methods, by David W. Macdonald, Paul D. Stewart, Pavel Stopka, and Nobuyuki Yamaguchi 11. Modeling Species Distribution with GIS, by Fabio Corsi, Jan de Leeuw, and Andrew K. Skidmore

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Book SynopsisAll you need to explore science is a kitchen, this book - and a dash of curiosityThe Kitchen Science Cookbook is a beautifully crafted book with a unique twist: each recipe is a science experiment that you can do at home, using the everyday ingredients you''ll find in your kitchen.No need to be a science expert -- these easy-to-follow recipes make mind-blowing science experiments fun for everyone. From sticky ice and raising raisins to balloon science and scrumptious slime, nanotechnologist and educator Michelle Dickinson shows that we can all be scientists, no matter how young or old. With recipes tested by hundreds of enthusiastic families around the world, The Kitchen Science Cookbook is the perfect gift for all ages.Trade ReviewFull of hands-on scientific learning experiences, where little ones can play, experiment, create, discover, explore, test and ultimately have a lot of fun. . . Dr Michelle Dickinson has an inspiring ability to make science accessible to all and this beautiful book easily brings science into the home where all you need is a kitchen, a recipe and a dash of curiosity * Natural Parent magazine *If bad weather keeps you indoors during the school holidays, this book could help pass a few hours or a few days * Cuisine *There is so much to love about this book. It's beautifully laid out and illustrated. . . Every child will be able to see themselves in it * The Sapling *Dickinson is a scientist on a mission, promoting the idea that science doesn't just happen in a classroom or laboratory but can be found everywhere and is for everyone * New Zealand Herald *Who knew you could make a candle out of an almond and a banana, or release your inner Rodin using milk to build sculptures? Turns out there are a load of interesting science experiments you can do using food or other kitchen staples, and this book is packed full of them. * Science Focus *Edible slime, jelly worms, 'unicorn noodles': what better way to entertain children than by making a mess in the name of science? * Guardian *

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Book SynopsisAn international team of biologists, philosophers, and historians of science explores the critically important process of replication in biological and biomedical researchTrade Review“This book mulls and kneads the concept of replicability—moving us toward that point where such a concept is a smooth round pebble, comfortably fitting into our pocket. It is a model for treating the philosophically rich concepts used (and abused) in science."—Michael Paul Nelson, Ruth H. Spaniol Chair of Renewable Resources and Professor of Environmental Philosophy and Ethics, Oregon State University“The central themes of this volume are replication, repeatability, and reproducibility, which individually and in concert form a cornerstone in all fields of science and all aspects of scientific enquiry. This volume has no antecedent.”—James L. Patton, University of California, Berkeley"The book is a work of surprising breadth, incorporating philosophy and literature and a wide variety of scientific approaches. It provides insights about replication that would not emerge from any single discipline.”—John H. Porter, University of Virginia

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewCHOICE Outstanding Academic Title, 2020"The passion van Vulpen feels for fundamental particle physics is clear—and his conversational style makes that enthusiasm contagious."—Jordy de Vries, University of Massachusetts, Amherst “Both fun and serious, with authentic detail and lovely illustrations, Van Vulpen takes us from the physics of everyday life to the heart of matter and the edge of knowledge.”—Jon Butterworth, author of Atom Land: A Guided Tour Through the Strange (and Impossibly Small) World of Particle Physics​ "In this engaging and charming book, van Vulpen takes us on a journey inward, to the smallest building blocks of nature, showing us how these discoveries were made and what impact they have had on our lives."—Gregory Gbur, author of Falling Felines and Fundamental Physics

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Book SynopsisThe first book to chronicle how innovation in laboratory designs for botanical research energized the emergence of physiological plant ecology as a vibrant subdiscipline

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Book SynopsisThe long-awaited third installment in Theodore Gray's iconic "Elements" trilogy. The first two...

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Book SynopsisBestselling author Theodore Gray has spent more than a decade dreaming up, executing, photographing, and writing about extreme scientific experiments, which he then published between 2009 and 2014 in his monthly Popular Science column Gray Matter. Previously published in book form by Black Dog in two separate volumes (Mad Science and Mad Science 2), these experiments, plus 5 more all-new ones, will now be combined in one complete book.Packaged in a smaller, chunkier format Completely Mad Science is 432 pages of dazzling chemical demonstrations, illustrated in spectacular full-color photographs. Some of the completely mad experiments in the book include: Casting a model fish out of mercury (demonstrating how this element behaves very differently depending upon temperature); the famous Flaming Bacon Lance that can cut through steel (demonstrating the amount of energy contained in fatty foods like bacon); creating nylon thread out of pure liquid by combining molecules of hexamethylenediamine and sebacoyl chloride; making homemade ice cream using a fire extinguisher and a pillow case; powering your iPhone using 150 pennies and an apple, and many, many more. It''s the ultimate collection for Gray''s millions of fans.

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Book Synopsis Million-copy bestselling author of The Elements, Molecules, and Reactions Theodore Gray applies his trademark mix of engaging stories, real-time experiments, and stunning photography to the inner workings of machines, big and small, revealing the extraordinary science, beauty, and rich history of everyday things. Theodore Gray has become a household name among fans, both young and old, of popular science and mechanics. He''s an incorrigible tinkerer with a constant curiosity for how things work. Gray''s readers love how he always brings the perfect combination of know-how, humor, and daring-do to every project or demonstration, be it scientific or mechanical. In How Things Work he explores the mechanical underpinnings of dozens of types of machines and mechanisms, from the cotton gin to the wristwatch to an industrial loom. Filled with stunning original photographs in Gray''s inim

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Book SynopsisScattering experiments, using X-ray, light and neutron sources, are techniques for studying structure and dynamics in systems containing colloids, polymers, surfactants and biological macromolecules. This book presents information on data interpretation, on the complementarity of different types of radiation, and the applications and developments.Table of ContentsPart I. Using general principles 1. Introduction to scattering experiments (P.N. Pusey) 2. Scattering experiments: Experimental aspects, initial data reduction and absolute calibration (P. Lindner) 3. General theorems in small-angle scattering (O. Spalla) 4. The inverse scattering problem in small angle scattering (O. Glatter) 5. Fourier transformation and deconvolution (O. Glatter) Part II. Methods 6. Instrumentation for small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering and instrumental smearing effects (J.S. Pedersen) 7. Contrast and contrast variaion in neutron, x-ray and light scatering (P. Schurtenberger) 8. Static light scattering of large systems (O. Glatter) 9. Dynamic light scattering (P.N. Pusey) 10.Inelastic neutron scattering: Dynamics of polymers (R. Zorn) Part III. Revealing microstructures of soft condensed matter 11. Static properties of polymers (P. Schurtenberger) 12. Surfactant micelles and bilayers: Shapes and interactions (G. Porte) 13. Scattering by microemulsions (Th. Zemb) 14. Interacting colloidal suspensions (R. Klein) 15. Monte Carlo simulation techniques applied in the analysis of small-angle scattering data from colloids and polymer system (J.S. Pedersen) 16. Modelling of small-angle scattering data from colloids and polymer systems (J.S. Pedersen) Part IV. Special Applications 17. Scattering experiments under external constraints: SANS and Shear flow (P. Lindner) 18. Using synchrotron radiation to study structure development in polymer processing (A.J.Ryan) 19. Biological applications of small-angle neutron scattering (R.P. May) 20. Light scattering in turbid suspensions, a tutorial (J. Ricka) 21. Use of scattering methods in chemical industr - SAXS an SANS from fibers and films (J. Rieger) Subject Index

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Book SynopsisIn its eerie likeness to Earth, Mars has long captured our imaginations—both as a destination for humankind and as a possible home to extraterrestrial life. It is our twenty-first century New World; its explorers robots, shipped 350 million miles from Earth to uncover the distant planet’s secrets.Its most recent scout is Curiosity—a one-ton, Jeep-sized nuclear-powered space laboratory—which is now roving the Martian surface to determine whether the red planet has ever been physically capable of supporting life. In Red Rover, geochemist Roger Wiens, the principal investigator for the ChemCam laser instrument on the rover and veteran of numerous robotic NASA missions, tells the unlikely story of his involvement in sending sophisticated hardware into space, culminating in the Curiosity rover''s amazing journey to Mars.In so doing, Wiens paints the portrait of one of the most exciting scientific stories of our time: the new era of robotic space exploration. Starting with NASA’s introduction of the Discovery Program in 1992, scrappier, more nimble missions became the order of the day, as manned missions were confined to Earth orbit, and behemoth projects went extinct. This strategic shift presented huge scientific opportunities, but tight budgets meant that success depended more than ever on creative engineering and human ingenuity. Beginning with the Genesis mission that launched his career, Wiens describes the competitive, DIY spirit of these robotic enterprises, from conception to construction, from launch to heart-stopping crashes and smooth landings.An inspiring account of the real-life challenges of space exploration, Red Rover vividly narrates what goes into answering the question: is there life elsewhere in the universe? Trade ReviewWashington Post "[Wiens] is a good guide through the process of building a space probe... His inside narration of how things go wrong at NASA is the great strength of this book. It is rich with details of how both the ChemCam team in particular and the Curiosity rover in general overcame engineering challenges such as faulty lenses and awkward temperature distributions." BBC Sky At Night "This engaging new book by Roger Wiens whose team built Curiosity's ChemCam instrument, gives a unique insider's view... Wiens's accessible and conversational writing is a major strength of Red Rover, providing a thoroughly human perspective on a complex technological subject." Booklist "An engaging history of robotic space exploration... A remarkable memoir and testament to the ingenuity of the space program's many scientists who build the tools needed to explore our solar system." Scientific American "Wiens offers a backstage tour of the delights and disappointments of working on missions." Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly "Wiens's writing is clear and engaging... A unique contribution... This book reinforces a vision of outer space as emblematic of technological progress, but also nicely encapsulates the external, messy factors that influence, hinder, and help the development of a robotic explorer." Publishers Weekly "This entertaining insider account of Wiens's work on two groundbreaking robotic space explorers - the Genesis and Curiosity Rover - captures all the trials, tribulations, and triumphs of modern space science... Wiens brings his work to life, candidly addressing the inevitable technological and bureaucratic obstacles and failures that compose the frustrating prelude to scientific victory." Kirkus Reviews "The author provides fascinating insight into the struggle to solve scientific problems despite technical constraints and equipment failures... A winning memoir of great achievement." Steve Squyres, Professor of Astronomy, Cornell University, and author of Roving Mars "We live in a new golden age of exploration, as robotic spacecraft fan out across the solar system, extending the human experience to other planets. With Red Rover, Roger Wiens provides a delightful, candid, and highly personal insider's view of this great endeavor." Jim Bell, Professor of Planetary Science, Arizona State University, President of the Planetary Society, and author of Postcards from Mars "Roger Wiens has crafted a delightful and very personal history of planetary exploration that takes us from his boyhood fascination with the Apollo Moon missions to his leading role as a key scientist on the latest Mars rover. His journey from a small prairie town to the laser labs of Los Alamos reminds us that passion, imagination, and perseverance are what propel us to explore the frontiers of space." John L. Phillips, retired NASA astronaut, and former NASA Chair Professor, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School "Red Rover offers an enticing personal look at the exaltations and disappointments of unmanned space exploration. Roger Wiens vividly portrays the genius and perseverance of the dedicated scientists and engineers who have made robotic exploration of the solar system a reality." Laurie Leshin, Dean, School of Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute "In Red Rover, Roger Wiens gets you up close and personal with the highs and lows, the triumphs and disappointments that come with pushing the scientific envelope, and the great persistence required to succeed. A great read for anyone interested in exploring the frontiers of space."

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Book SynopsisWritten by the leading names in the field, Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer offers an accessible summary of the essential concepts involved in a sound sensitivity analysis. It is a self-contained book allowing the reader to learn about, and practice, sensitivity analysis through the use of many exercises and solved problems.Trade Review"This is one of the few books to take on the problem head on and provide techniques in a very simple way." (Technometrics, November 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Sensitivity Analysi. 1.1 Models and Sensitivity Analysis. 1.1.1 Definition. 1.1.2 Models. 1.1.3 Models and Uncertainty. 1.1.4 How to Set Up Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses. 1.1.5 Implications for Model Quality. 1.2 Methods and Settings for Sensitivity Analysis - An Introduction. 1.2.1 Local versus Global. 1.2.2 A Test Model. 1.2.3 Scatterplots versus Derivatives. 1.2.4 Sigma-normalized Derivatives. 1.2.5 Monte Carlo and Linear Regression. 1.2.6 Conditional Variances - First Path. 1.2.7 Conditional Variances - Second Path. 1.2.8 Application to Model (1.3). 1.2.9 A First Setting: 'Factor Prioritization' 1.2.10 Nonadditive Models. 1.2.11 Higher-order Sensitivity Indices. 1.2.12 Total Effects. 1.2.13 A Second Setting: 'Factor Fixing'. 1.2.14 Rationale for Sensitivity Analysis. 1.2.15 Treating Sets. 1.2.16 Further Methods. 1.2.17 Elementary Effect Test. 1.2.18 Monte Carlo Filtering. 1.3 Nonindependent Input Factors. 1.4 Possible Pitfalls for a Sensitivity Analysis. 1.5 Concluding Remarks. 1.6 Exercises. 1.7 Answers. 1.8 Additional Exercises. 1.9 Solutions to Additional Exercises. 2. Experimental Designs. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Dependency on a Single Parameter. 2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of a Single Parameter. 2.3.1 Random Values. 2.3.2 Stratified Sampling. 2.3.3 Mean and Variance Estimates for Stratified Sampling. 2.4 Sensitivity Analysis of Multiple Parameters. 2.4.1 Linear Models. 2.4.2 One-at-a-time (OAT) Sampling. 2.4.3 Limits on the Number of Influential Parameters. 2.4.4 Fractional Factorial Sampling. 2.4.5 Latin Hypercube Sampling. 2.4.6 Multivariate Stratified Sampling. 2.4.7 Quasi-random Sampling with Low-discrepancy Sequences. 2.5 Group Sampling. 2.6 Exercises. 2.7 Exercise Solutions. 3. Elementary Effects Method. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Elementary Effects Method. 3.3 The Sampling Strategy and its Optimization. 3.4 The Computation of the Sensitivity Measures. 3.5 Working with Groups. 3.6 The EE Method Step by Step. 3.7 Conclusions. 3.8 Exercises. 3.9 Solutions. 4. Variance-based Methods. 4.1 Different Tests for Different Settings. 4.2 Why Variance? 4.3 Variance-based Methods. A Brief History. 4.4 Interaction Effects. 4.5 Total Effects. 4.6 How to Compute the Sensitivity Indices. 4.7 FAST and Random Balance Designs. 4.8 Putting the Method to Work: the Infection Dynamics Model. 4.9 Caveats. 4.10 Exercises. 5. Factor Mapping and Metamodelling. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Monte Carlo Filtering (MCF). 5.2.1 Implementation of Monte Carlo Filtering. 5.2.2 Pros and Cons. 5.2.3 Exercises. 5.2.4 Solutions. 5.2.5 Examples. 5.3 Metamodelling and the High-Dimensional Model Representation. 5.3.1 Estimating HDMRs and Metamodels. 5.3.2 A Simple Example. 5.3.3 Another Simple Example. 5.3.4 Exercises. 5.3.5 Solutions to Exercises. 5.4 Conclusions. 6. Sensitivity Analysis: from Theory to Practice. 6.1 Example 1: a Composite Indicator. 6.1.1 Setting the Problem. 6.1.2 A Composite Indicator Measuring Countries’ Performance in Environmental Sustainability. 6.1.3 Selecting the Sensitivity Analysis Method. 6.1.4 The Sensitivity Analysis Experiment and its Results. 6.1.5 Conclusions. 6.2 Example 2: Importance of Jumps in Pricing Options. 6.2.1 Setting the Problem. 6.2.2 The Heston Stochastic Volatility Model with Jumps. 6.2.3 Selecting a Suitable Sensitivity Analysis Method. 6.2.4 The Sensitivity Analysis Experiment. 6.2.5 Conclusions. 6.3 Example 3: a Chemical Reactor. 6.3.1 Setting the Problem. 6.3.2 Thermal Runaway Analysis of a Batch Reactor. 6.3.3 Selecting the Sensitivity Analysis Method. 6.3.4 The Sensitivity Analysis Experiment and its Results. 6.3.5 Conclusions. 6.4 Example 4: a Mixed Uncertainty-Sensitivity Plot. 6.4.1 In Brief. 6.5 When to use What? Afterword. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll regulated laboratories, including pharmaceutical, clinical testing, food and cosmetic laboratories, must properly execute the calibration of instruments and validation of analytical methods.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Overview of Risk Based Approach to Phase Appropriate Validation and Instrument Qualification. Chapter 2 Phase Appropriate Method Validation. Chapter 3 Analytical Method Verification, Method Revalidation, and Method Transfer. Chapter 4 Validation of PAT Applications. Chapter 5 The Validation of Near Infrared Systems for Raw Material Identification. Chapter 6 Cleaning Validation. Chapter 7 Risk Based Validation of laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS). Chapter 8 Performance Qualification and Verification of Balance. Chapter 9 Performance Verification of NIR Spectrophotometers. Chapter 10 Operational Qualification in Practice for Gas Chromatography Instruments. Chapter 11 Performance Verification on RI, Fluorescence, Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. Chapter 12 Instrument Qualification and Performance Verification for Particle Size Instruments. Chapter 13 Method Validation, Qualification, and Performance Verification for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analyzers. Chapter 14 Instrument Performance Verification - Micro Pipettes. Chapter 15 Instrument Qualification and Performance Verification for Automated Liquid Handling Systems. Chapter 16 Performance Qualification and Verification in Powder X-ray Diffraction.

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Book SynopsisCat Dissection: A Laboratory Guide, 3rd Edition directs readers through a series of dissection activities for use in the lab accompanied by new, full color photos and figures. The guide can be used as a stand-alone dissection guide or in conjunction with any Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual.Table of ContentsPreface, p. 2A. Preparing the Cat, p. 2B. Removing the Skin, p. 3C. Opening Ventral Body Cavities, p. 3Dissection 1: Skeletal Muscles, p. 4A. Dissecting Skeletal Muscles, p. 4B. Muscles of the Head and Neck, p. 4C. Muscles of the Chest, p. 6D. Muscles of the Abdomen, p. 8E. Muscles of the Back and Shoulder, p. 10F. Muscles of the Arm and Forearm, p. 12G. Muscles of the Thigh, p. 15H. Muscles of the Leg, p. 18Dissection 2: Brachial and Lumbosacral Plexuses and Major Nerves, p. 20A. Brachial Plexus, p. 20B. Lumbosacral Plexus, p. 22Dissection 3: Endocrine Organs, p. 24Dissection 4: Blood Vessels, p. 26A. Arteries, p. 26B. Veins, p. 29Dissection 5: Lymphatic System, p. 30Dissection 6: Respiratory System, p. 32Dissection 7: Digestive System, p. 34A. Mouth, Oropharynx, and Salivary Glands, p. 34B. Esophagus and Abdominal Organs, p. 35Dissection 8: Urinary and ReproductiveSystems, p. 38A. Urinary System, p. 38B. Male Reproductive System, p. 40C. Female Reproductive System, p. 42

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Book SynopsisComputational chemistry is increasingly used in conjunction with organic, inorganic, medicinal, biological, physical, and analytical chemistry, biotechnology, materials science, and chemical physics. This series is essential in keeping those individuals involved in these fields abreast of recent developments in computational chemistry.Table of Contents1. Computations of Noncovalent p Interactions (C. David Sherrill). Introduction. Challenges for Computing p Interactions. Electron Correlation Problem. Basis Set Problem. Basis Set Superposition Errors and the Counterpoise Correction. Additive Basis/Correlation Approximations. Reducing Computational Cost. Truncated Basis Sets. Pauling Points. Resolution of the Identity and Local Correlation. Approximations. Spin-Component-Scaled MP2. Explicitly Correlated R12 and F12 Methods. Density Functional Approaches. Semiempirical Methods and Molecular Mechanics. Analysis Using Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory. Concluding Remarks. Appendix: Extracting Energy Components from the SAPT2006 Program. Acknowledgments. References. 2. Reliable Electronic Structure Computations for Weak Noncovalent Interactions in Clusters (Gregory S. Tschumper). Introduction and Scope. Clusters and Weak Noncovalent Interactions. Computational Methods. Weak Noncovalent Interactions. Historical Perspective. Some Notes about Terminology. Fundamental Concepts: A Tutorial. Model Systems and Theoretical Methods. Rigid Monomer Approximation. Supermolecular Dissociation and Interaction Energies. Counterpoise Corrections for Basis Set Superposition Error. Two-Body Approximation and Cooperative/Nonadditive Effects. Size Consistency and Extensivity of the Energy. Summary of Steps in Tutorial. High-Accuracy Computational Strategies. Primer on Electron Correlation. Primer on Atomic Orbital Basis Sets. Scaling Problem. Estimating Eint at the CCSD(T) CBS Limit: Another Tutorial. Accurate Potential Energy Surfaces. Less Demanding Computational Strategies. Second-Order Møller–Plesset Perturbation Theory. Density Functional Theory. Guidelines. Other Computational Issues. Basis Set Superposition Error and Counterpoise Corrections. Beyond Interaction Energies: Geometries and Vibrational Frequencies. Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 3. Excited States from Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (Peter Elliott, Filipp Furche, and Kieron Burke). Introduction. Overview. Ground-State Review. Formalism. Approximate Functionals. Basis Sets. Time-Dependent Theory. Runge–Gross Theorem. Kohn–Sham Equations. Linear Response. Approximations. Implementation and Basis Sets. Density Matrix Approach. Basis Sets. Convergence for Naphthalene. Double-Zeta Basis Sets. Polarization Functions. Triple-Zeta Basis Sets. Diffuse Functions. Resolution of the Identity. Summary. Performance. Example: Naphthalene Results. Influence of the Ground-State Potential. Analyzing the Influence of the XC Kernel. Errors in Potential vs. Kernel. Understanding Linear Response TDDFT. Atoms as a Test Case. Quantum Defect. Testing TDDFT. Saving Standard Functionals. Electron Scattering. Beyond Standard Functionals. Double Excitations. Polymers. Solids. Charge Transfer. Other Topics. Ground-State XC Energy. Strong Fields. Electron Transport. 4. Computing Quantum Phase Transitions (Thomas Vojta). Preamble: Motivation and History. Phase Transitions and Critical Behavior. Landau Theory. Scaling and the Renormalization Group. Finite-Size Scaling. Quenched Disorder. Quantum vs. Classical Phase Transitions. How Important Is Quantum Mechanics? Quantum Scaling and Quantum-to-Classical Mapping. Beyond the Landau–Ginzburg–Wilson Paradigm. Impurity Quantum Phase Transitions. Quantum Phase Transitions: Computational Challenges. Classical Monte Carlo Approaches. Method: Quantum-to-Classical Mapping and Classical Monte Carlo Methods. Transverse-Field Ising Model. Bilayer Heisenberg Quantum Antiferromagnet. Dissipative Transverse-Field Ising Chain. Diluted Bilayer Quantum Antiferromagnet. Random Transverse-Field Ising Model. Dirty Bosons in Two Dimensions. Quantum Monte Carlo Approaches. World-Line Monte Carlo. Stochastic Series Expansion. Bilayer Heisenberg Quantum Antiferromagnet. Diluted Heisenberg Magnets. Superfluid–Insulator Transition in an Optical Lattice. Fermions. Other Methods and Techniques. Summary and Conclusions. 5. Real-Space and Multigrid Methods in Computational Chemistry (Thomas L. Beck). Introduction. Physical Systems: Why Do We Need Multiscale Methods? Why Real Space? Real-Space Basics. Equations to Be Solved. Finite-Difference Representations. Finite-Element Representations. Iterative Updates of the Functions, or Relaxation. What Are the Limitations of Real-Space Methods on a Single Fine Grid? Multigrid Methods. How Does Multigrid Overcome Critical Slowing Down? Full Approximations Scheme (FAS) Multigrid, and Full Multigrid (FMG). Eigenvalue Problems. Multigrid for the Eigenvalue Problem. Self-Consistency. Linear Scaling for Electronic Structure? Other Nonlinear Problems: The Poisson—Boltzmann and Poisson—Nernst—Planck Equations. Poisson–Boltzmann Equation. Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) Equations for Ion Transport. Some Advice on Writing Multigrid Solvers. Applications of Multigrid Methods in Chemistry, Biophysics, and Materials Nanoscience. Electronic Structure. Electrostatics. Transport Problems. Existing Real-Space and Multigrid Codes. Electronic Structure. Electrostatics. Transport. Some Speculations on the Future. Chemistry and Physics: When Shall the Twain Meet? Elimination of Molecular Orbitals? Larger Scale DFT, Electrostatics, and Transport. Reiteration of ‘‘Why Real Space?’’ 6. Hybrid Methods for Atomic-Level Simulations Spanning Multiple–Length Scales in the Solid State (Francesca Tavazza, Lyle E. Levine, and Anne M. Chaka). Introduction. General Remarks about Hybrid Methods. Complete-Spectrum Hybrid Methods. About this Review. Atomistic/Continuum Coupling. Zero-Temperature Equilibrium Methods. Finite-Temperature Equilibrium Methods. Dynamical Methods. Classical/Quantum Coupling. Static and Semistatic Methods. Dynamics Methodologies. 7. Extending the Time Scale in Atomically Detailed Simulations (Alfredo E. Ca´rdenas and Eric Barth). Introduction. The Verlet Method. Molecular Dynamics Potential. Multiple Time Steps. Reaction Paths. Multiple Time-Step Methods. Splitting the Force. Numerical Integration with Force Splitting: Extrapolation vs. Impulse. Fundamental Limitation on Size of MTS Methods. Langevin Stabilization. Further Challenges and Recent Advances. An MTS Tutorial. Extending the Time Scale: Path Methodologies. Transition Path Sampling. Maximization of the Diffusive Flux (MaxFlux). Discrete Path Sampling and String Method. Optimization of Action. Boundary Value Formulation in Length. Use of SDEL to Compute Reactive Trajectories: Input Parameters, Initial Guess, and Parallelization Protocol. Applications of the Stochastic Difference Equation in Length. Recent Advances and Challenges. 8. Atomistic Simulation of Ionic Liquids (Edward J. Maginn). Introduction. Short (Pre)History of Ionic Liquid Simulations. Earliest Ionic Liquid Simulations. More Systems and Refined Models. Force Fields and Properties of Ionic Liquids Having Dialkylimidazolium Cations. Force Fields and Properties of Other Ionic Liquids. Solutes in Ionic Liquids. Implications of Slow Dynamics when Computing Transport Properties. Computing Self-Diffusivities, Viscosities, Electrical Conductivities, and Thermal Conductivities for Ionic Liquids. Nonequilibrium Methods for Computing Transport Properties. Coarse-Grained Models. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics. How to Carry Out Your Own Ionic Liquid Simulations. What Code? Force Fields. Data Analysis. Operating Systems and Parallel Computing. Summary and Outlook. Acknowledgments. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisA time-tested, systematic approach to the buying and selling of complex research instruments Searching for the best laboratory instruments and systems can be a daunting and expensive task. A poorly selected instrument can dramatically affect results produced and indirectly affect research papers, the quality of student training, and an investigator''s chances for advancement. Buying and Selling Laboratory Instruments offers the valuable insights of an analytical chemist and consultant with over four decades of experience in locating instruments based upon both need and price. It helps all decision makers find the best equipment, service, and support while avoiding the brand-loyalty bias of sales representatives so you can fully meet your laboratory''s requirements. The first section of the book guides buyers through the hurdles of funding, purchasing, and acquiring best-fit instruments at the least-expensive price. It explains how to find vendors that support tTrade Review"This is a very useful book, which I wish I had had available when I was engaged in buying instrumentation.It enables buyers to organize their thoughts about the process so less effort is required to achieve a moresuccessful outcome ." (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010)Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART ONE PURCHASING LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS. 1 Selecting Laboratory Instruments. 1.1 Modular Systems. 1.2 Systems-in-a-Box. 1.3 Automation. 1.4 Data Archival and Recovery. 2 Step-By-Step Purchasing. 3 Analytical Instrument Specifications. 3.1 Dedicated Packages versus Component Systems. 3.2 Critical Features of Laboratory Instruments. 3.2.1 Universal Laboratory Equipment. 3.2.2 Spectroscopy and Analyzer Instruments. 3.2.3 Separation Systems. 3.2.4 Definitive Chromatography Systems. 3.2.5 Automation Accessories. 3.2.6 Mass Analyzer Selection. 3.3 Dedicated Analysis Facilities. 4 Finding The Best Price. 4.1 Price Quotations. 4.2 Government Service Administration (GSA) Pricing. 4.3 Instrument Selection. 4.3.1 Fitting Your Needs and Budget. 4.3.2 Consider Service and Support. 4.4 Demonstration Equipment Discounts. 4.5 Discounting in Kind. 4.6 The Modular Trap. 4.7 Buying Used Equipment. 4.8 New System Warranties. 5 Grants and Bidding. 5.1 Logical Bidding Specifications. 5.2 Dealing with Purchasing Agents. 5.3 Using GSA Pricing. 5.4 Quantity Discounting. 6 Instrument Vendor Support. 6.1 In-House Demonstrations and Seminars. 6.2 User Training Schools. 6.3 Vendor Application Development Laboratories. 6.4 Technically Trained Sales Representatives. 6.5 Vendor-Sponsored Technical Meetings. 6.6 Postsales Support. 6.7 Cost of Consumables. 7 Laboratory Instrument Service. 7.1 Quality Is Job 1, Quality Service Is Job 2. 7.2 Separating Instrument and Application Problems. 7.3 Reverse-Order Diagnosis. 7.4 Service Resources. 7.5 Spare Parts Inventory. 7.6 Diagnosing Grounding and Static Problems. 8 Recycling The System. 8.1 The Dedicated Recycled System. 8.2 Technician Training Instruments. 8.3 University Instrument Donation. 8.4 Used-Instrument Resale. 8.5 Metal Recycling. PART TWO A GUIDE TO THE SELLING PROCESS. 9 Buying Relationships. 9.1 Win/Lose Selling Relationships. 9.2 Win/Win Selling Relationships. 9.3 Buying Hardware, Service, and Support. 9.4 Advantages of A Profitable Vendor. 9.5 Getting What You Pay for and Need. 10 Sales Justification. 10.1 Emotional Decision Making. 10.2 Reasons for an Instrument Selection. 10.3 Purpose of the Decision. 10.4 Path to a Sales Decision. 10.5 The Qualifying Sales Interview (ADMANO). 11 Profiling the Sales Call. 11.1 Training Salespeople. 11.2 Hot Button Analysis (HBA). 11.2.1 Verbal/Visual Placement. 11.2.2 Handling Graded Placement. 11.2.3 Motivational Hot Buttons. 11.3 Selling to Each Hot Button Type. 12 Objections in the Sales Process. 12.1 Systematic Selling. 12.1.1 Establishing Trust. 12.1.2 Helping to Create Desire or Need. 12.1.3 Showing That Your Equipment Will Help. 12.1.4 Creating Sales Urgency. 12.2 Assistance of Sales Tools. 12.3 Use of Demonstration Equipment. 13 Step-by-Step Instrument Selling. 14 Closing the Sale. 14.1 Assumptive Closes. 14.2 Manipulative Closes. 14.3 Final Closing and the Lost Sale Close. 15 The Laws of Selling. 15.1 Salespeople Are Made, Not Born. 15.2 You Only Have One Chance to Make a Good First Impression. 15.3 Salespersons Ask Questions, Not Make Statements. 15.4 Fear of Loss Is More Important Than Desire for Gain. 15.5 If You do not ask, the Answer Is Automatically No. 15.6 Listen More Than You Talk. 15.7 Objections Are a Sign of Interest. 15.8 Do Not Argue, Ask for Clarification. 15.9 Body Language Can Defuse Sales Tension. 15.10 Emotional Buying and Logical Justification. 15.11 People Want to Be Fair. 15.12 Honesty Is Good Business. 15.13 Never Criticize an Opponent. 15.14 TANSTAAFL. 15.15 Explaining Quality or Apologizing for the Price. 15.16 The Word Sales Comes from Serving. 16 Handling Problems. 16.1 Warranties and Customer Expectations. 16.2 Dealing with a Lemon. 16.3 Instrument Success Goals. 16.4 Providing Application Support. 16.5 Territory Management. 16.6 Confidentiality. 16.7 Sales Integrity. Appendix A Frequently Asked Questions. A.1 Frequently Asked Purchasing Questions. A.2 Frequently Asked Questions About New Instruments. A.3 Frequently Asked Questions about the Selling Process. Appendix B Memory Aids, Figures, and Tables. Appendix C Glossary of Purchasing and Sales Terms. Appendix D Troubleshooting Quick Reference. D.1 Troubleshooting the Purchase. D.2 Troubleshooting the Sale. Appendix E Selected Reading List. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisTaking an exploratory approach to chemistry, this hands-on lab manual for preparatory chemistry encourages critical thinking and allows students to make discoveries as they experiment. The sequence of the experiments in the manual is designed to fit closely with the Eighth Edition of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, by Jack Malone and Ted Dolter. A set of exercises provides students with additional opportunities to test their understanding of key concepts in introductory and prep chemistry courses. Additional online exercises are available on the Web at www.wiley.com/college/murov.Table of ContentsExperiments Experiment 1 Introductory Concepts, Techniques, and Challenges Experiment 2 Measurements Experiment 3 Density Experiment 4 Mixtures: Separation and Purification Experiment 5 Melting Points Experiment 6 Lewis Structures and Molecular Models Experiment 7 Paper Chromatography Experiment 8 Classification of Chemical Reactions Experiment 9 Empirical Formula of Zinc Oxide Experiment 10 Empirical Formula of a Hydrate Experiment 11 Stoichiometry of a Reaction Experiment 12 Enthalpies in Physical and Chemical Changes Experiment 13 Chemical Properties of Oxygen and Hydrogen Experiment 14 Gas Laws Experiment 15 Distillation and Hardness of Water Experiment 16 Ionic Reactions and Conductivity Experiment 17 Analysis of Cations Experiment 18 Spectroscopy Experiment 19 Acidity and pH Experiment 20 Synthesis Experiment 21 Acid-Base Titrations Experiment 22 Oxidation-Reduction Experiment 23 Analysis of Bleach and Copper (II) Glycinate Experiment 24 The Rates of Chemical Reactions Experiment 25 Equilibrium Studies Experiment 26 Molecular Models of Organic Compounds Experiment 27 Carbohydrates Exercises Exercise 1 Measurements: Scientific Notation, Significant Figures, Accuracy and Precision Exercise 2 Unit Conversions, Density Exercise 3 Element Names and Symbols Exercise 4 Protons, Neutrons, Electrons and Isotopes Exercise 5 Polyatomic Ions Exercise 6 Formulas of Compounds Exercise 7 Nomenclature of Compounds Exercise 8 Electronic Structures and Lewis Structures of Atoms Exercise 9 Bonding, Molecular Geometry, and Polarity Exercise 10 Chemical Reactions: Balancing and Classification Exercise 11 Double Replacement Reactions, Net Ionic Equations Exercise 12 Formula Mass, Moles and Molecules Exercise 13 Percent Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulas Exercise 14 Stoichiometry Exercise 15 Gases and Gas Laws Exercise 16 Concentration Calculations and Solution Stoichiometry Exercise 17 Acids and Bases, pH Exercise 18 Oxidation States and Redox Reactions Exercise 19 Equilibirum Expressions, le Chatelier's Principle Exercise 20 Nuclear Reactions Exercise 21 Organic Chemistry Exercise 22 Laboratory Terminology Exercise 23 Laboratory Techniques Appendices Appendix A Solutions to Starred Prelaboratory Exercises Appendix B Common Ions by Charge Appendix C Solubility of Ionic Compounds Webercises (available online at www.wiley.com/college/murov) Webercise 1 Significant Figures Webercise 2 Properties of Elements Webercise 3 Chemical Toxicity, Safety, and Uses Webercise 4 Periodic Properties of the Elements Webercise 5 Atmospheric Gases Webercise 6 Chemists, Chemistry and Society

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Book SynopsisOne of the top ten most frequently cited journals, this series contains updated and comprehensive compendiums of molecular modeling software that list hundreds of programs, services, suppliers, and other information that every chemist will find useful.Trade Review“Reviews in Computational Chemistry has been a valuable resource for researchers and students who are interested in entering a new field within computational science and engineering, who are looking to broaden their knowledge, or who are simply curious about new theories, trends and computational tools.” (Struct Chem, 7 September 2011)Table of Contents1. Brittle Fracture: From Elasticity Theory to Atomistic Simulations (Stefano Giordano, Alessandro Mattoni, and Luciano Colombo). Introduction. Essential Continuum Elasticity Theory. Conceptual Layout. The Concept of Strain. The Concept of Stress. The Formal Structure of Elasticity Theory. Constitutive Equations. The Isotropic and Homogeneous Elastic Body. Governing Equations of Elasticity and Border Conditions. Elastic Energy. Microscopic Theory of Elasticity. Conceptual Layout. Triangular Lattice with Central Forces Only. Triangular Lattice with Two-Body and Three-Body Interactions. Interatomic Potentials for Solid Mechanics. Atomic-Scale Stress. Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics. Conceptual Layout. Stress Concentration. The Griffith Energy Criterion. Opening Modes and Stress Intensity Factors. Some Three-Dimensional Configurations. Elastic Behavior of Multi Fractured Solids. Atomistic View of Fracture. Atomistic Investigations on Brittle Fracture. Conceptual Layout. Griffith Criterion for Failure. Failure in Complex Systems. Stress Shielding at Crack-Tip. Acknowledgments. Appendix: Notation. References. 2. Dissipative Particle Dynamics (Igor V. Pivkin, Bruce Caswell, and George Em Karniadakis). Introduction. Fundamentals of DPD. Mathematical Formulation. Units in DPD. Thermostat and Schmidt Number. Integration Algorithms. Boundary Conditions. Extensions of DPD. DPD with Energy Conservation. Fluid Particle Model. DPD for Two-Phase Flows. Other Extensions. Applications. Polymer Solutions and Melts. Binary Mixtures. Amphiphilic Systems. Red Cells in Microcirculation. Summary. References. 3. Trajectory-Based Rare Event Simulations (Peter G. Bolhuis and Christoph Dellago). Introduction. Simulation of Rare Events. Rare Event Kinetics from Transition State Theory. The Reaction Coordinate Problem. Accelerating Dynamics. Trajectory-Based Methods. Outline of the Chapter. Transition State Theory. Statistical Mechanical Definitions. Rate Constants. Rate Constants from Transition State Theory. Variational TST. The Harmonic Approximation. Reactive Flux Methods. The Bennett–Chandler Procedure. The Effective Positive Flux. The Ruiz–Montero–Frenkel–Brey Method. Transition Path Sampling. Path Probability. Order Parameters. Sampling the Path Ensemble. Shooting Move. Sampling Efficiency. Biasing the Shooting Point. Aimless Shooting. Stochastic Dynamics Shooting Move. Shifting Move. Flexible Time Shooting. Which Shooting Algorithm to Choose? The Initial Pathway. The Complete Path Sampling Algorithm. Enhancement of Sampling by Parallel Tempering. Multiple-State TPS. Transition Path Sampling Applications. Computing Rates with Path Sampling. The Correlation Function Approach. Transition Interface Sampling. Partial Path Sampling. Replica Exchange TIS or Path Swapping. Forward Flux Sampling. Milestoning. Discrete Path Sampling. Minimizing the Action. Nudged Elastic Band. Action-Based Sampling. Transition Path Theory and the String Method. Identifying the Mechanism from the Path Ensemble. Reaction Coordinate and Committor. Transition State Ensemble and Committor Distributions. Genetic Neural Networks. Maximum Likelihood Estimation. Conclusions and outlook. Acknowledgments. References. 4. Understanding Metal/Metal Electrical Contact Conductance from the Atomic to Continuum Scales (Douglas L. Irving). Introduction. Factors That Influence Contact Resistance. Surface Roughness. Local Heating. Intermixing and Interfacial Contamination. Dimensions of Contacting Asperities. Computational Considerations. Atomistic Methods. Calculating Conductance of Nanoscale Asperities. Hybrid Multiscale Methods. Characterization of Defected Atoms. Selected Case Studies. Conduction Through Metallic Nanowires. Multiscale Methods Applied to Metal/Metal Contacts. Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 5. Molecular Detailed Simulations of Lipid Bilayers (Max L. Berkowitz and James T. Kindt). Introduction. Membrane Simulation Methodology. Force Fields. Choice of the Ensemble. Verification of the Force Field. Monte Carlo Simulation of Lipid Bilayers. Detailed Simulations of Bilayers Containing Lipid Mixtures. Conclusions. References. 6. Semiclassical Bohmian Dynamics (Sophya Garashchuk, Vitaly Rassolov, and Oleg Prezhdo). Introduction. The Formalism and Its Features. The Trajectory Formulation. Features of the Bohmian Formulation. The Classical Limit of the Schrödinger Equation and the Semiclassical Regime of Bohmian Trajectories. Using Quantum Trajectories in Dynamics of Chemical Systems. Bohmian Quantum-Classical Dynamics. Mean-Field Ehrenfest Quantum-Classical Dynamics. Quantum-Classical Coupling via Bohmian Particles. Numerical Illustration of the Bohmian Quantum-Classical Dynamics. Properties of the Bohmian Quantum-Classical Dynamics. Hybrid Bohmian Quantum-Classical Phase–Space Dynamics. The Independent Trajectory Methods. The Derivative Propagation Method. The Bohmian Trajectory Stability Approach. Calculation of Energy Eigenvalues by Imaginary Time Propagation. Bohmian Mechanics with Complex Action. Dynamics with the Globally Approximated Quantum Potential (AQP). Global Energy-Conserving Approximation of the Nonclassical Momentum. Approximation on Subspaces or Spatial Domains. Nonadiabatic Dynamics. Toward Reactive Dynamics in Condensed Phase. Stabilization of Dynamics by Balancing Approximation Errors. Bound Dynamics with Tunneling. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. Appendix A: Conservation of Density within a Volume Element. Appendix B: Quantum Trajectories in Arbitrary Coordinates. Appendix C: Optimal Parameters of the Linearized Momentum on Spatial Domains in Many Dimensions. References. 7. Prospects for Career Opportunities in Computational Chemistry (Donald B. Boyd). Introduction and Overview. Methodology and Results. Proficiencies in Demand. Analysis. An Aside: Economics 101. Prognosis. Acknowledgments. References. Appendix: List of Computational Molecular Scientists. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisEssential Laboratory Skills for Biosciences is an essential companion during laboratory sessions. It is designed to be simple and give clear step by step instructions on essential techniques, supported by relevant diagrams.Table of ContentsList of Figures vii List of Tables xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction xv Health and Safety xvii 1 Measurements and Calculations 1 1.1 Units and measurements 1 1.2 Measuring the volumes of liquids 4 1.3 Pipetting 8 1.4 Weighing 15 1.5 Calculations 19 2 Preparing Solutions 23 2.1 Common terms defining solutions 23 2.2 Precautions in making solutions 23 2.3 Making solutions 24 2.4 Dilutions to prepare standard solutions 26 2.5 Molar solutions 29 2.6 Calculations involving solutions 31 3 Separation of Liquids and Solids 35 3.1 Filtration 35 3.2 Centrifugation 39 3.3 Chromatography 45 3.4 Electrophoresis 51 4 Common Techniques and Equipment 55 4.1 Titration 55 4.2 Spectrophotometry 60 4.3 Aseptic techniques 69 4.4 Disinfectants 73 5 Microscopy and Histology 75 5.1 Light microscopy 75 5.2 Slide preparation 84 5.3 Cell Counting 89 6 Cardiorespiratory Measurements 93 6.1 Techniques to investigate cardiovascular function 93 6.2 Techniques to investigate respiratory function 104 7 Recording and Presenting Data 111 7.1 Keeping a laboratory book 111 7.2 Presentation of data 112 7.3 Recording data in tables 112 7.4 Presenting data in graphs 113 7.5 Describing data statistically 117 Recommended Reading 119 Appendices Appendix 1: Rules for Powers 121 Appendix 2: Rules for Logarithms 123 Appendix 3: Factors to Consider When Making Solutions 125 Appendix 4: Principle of Spectrophotometry 127 Appendix 5: Descriptive Statistics and Formulae 129 Appendix 6: Using Software to Draw Tables, Graphs and Calculating Descriptive Statistics 133 Index 137

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Book SynopsisA complete guide to one of the most revolutionary technologies in the history of imaging Near-field microscopes combine the richness of optical analysis, the noninvasive character of light, and the wide variety of sample environments of conventional microscopes with the finer spatial resolution of alternative technologies. Near-Field Optics combines an introduction to near-field optical theory with a handbook and reference for the practice and application of near-field microscopy. Michael A. Paesler and Patrick J. Moyer provide the most comprehensive presentation available on the instrumentation and operation of near-field microscopes. Writing from the viewpoint of the scientist who wants to apply these revolutionary instruments in a laboratory setting, the authors: * Explain the pertinent optical theory and provide a developmental history of near-field instruments * Discuss imaging theory and its application in the near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) * ETable of ContentsTHEORY AND INSTRUMENTATION. Imaging. The Tapered Optical Fiber and Other Sensing Elements. NSOM Theory. NSOM Instrumentation. Optical Tunneling Microscopes. PRACTICE. Contrast. Intensity. Polarization. Wavelength. Amplitude and Phase. Time. Plasmons. APPLICATIONS. Surface Chemistry. Biology. Materials Science. Information Storage. Non-Visible Wavelength Instruments. RELATED TECHNIQUES AND CONCLUSION. Related Techniques and Unusual Configurations. Conclusions and Future Directions. Index.

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Book SynopsisProtein Methods Daniel M. Bollag/ Michael D. Rozycki /Stuart J. Edelstein Reviews from the first edition ". it is very well written. would certainly be of use to undergraduate and postgraduate students entering the complex world of protein preparation and to more experienced scientists entering this field for the first time.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Preparation for Protein Isolation 1 Protein Extraction and Solubilization 27 Protein Concentration Determination 57 Concentrating Protein Solutions 83 Gel Electrophoresis Under Denaturing Conditions 107 Gel Electrophoresis Under Nondenaturing Conditions 155 Isoelectric Focusing and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis 173 Immunoblotting 195 Ion Exchange Chromatography 231 Gel Filtration Chromatography 271 Affinity Chromatography 301 Hanging Drop Crystallization 353 Appendix 1: Molecular weights of commonly used Chemicals 389 Appendix 2: Molecular weights and Isoelectric Points of Selected Protiens 393 Appendix 3: Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation Table 394 Appendix 4: Spectrophotometer Linearity 397 Appendix 5: Suppliers and Addressed 399 Index 405

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Book SynopsisMolecular spectroscopy encompasses an array of analytical techniques used to analyze chemicals, pharmaceutical compounds, polymers and rubbers, metals, foods and beverages, pigment products, household and personal care products, semiconductors, and paper and pulp products.Table of ContentsTransmission Infrared Spectroscopy (R. Duerst, et al). Specular Reflection Spectroscopy (R. Lippert, et al.). Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy (F. Mirabella). Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (J. Blitz). Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (J. McClelland, et al.). Infrared Microspectroscopy (J. Katon). Raman Microspectroscopy (A. Sommer). Emission Spectroscopy (S. Zhang, et al.). Fiber Optics in Molecular Spectroscopy (C. Brown). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this revised and updated edition of his successful reference, Jungreis shares his expertise with readers to explore the contemporary utilization of simple spot and screening tests in clinical forensic, geochemical, and environmental applications.Table of ContentsTechniques. Application of Spot Tests in Clinical Analysis. Forensic Application of Spot Test Analysis. Application of Spot Test Analysis in Geochemistry. Application of Spot Tests in Air Pollution Control. Water Quality Screening. Rapid Screening Tests of Soils and Plant Tissues. Rapid Screening Tests for Food Adulteration and Food Composition. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe experiments in this manual are designed in a discovery format and the majority require only small quantities of reagents.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: NON-INSTRUMENTAL EXPERIMENTS. Nuts and Bolts. Volumetric Measurements and Solutions. Atomic Weight. Reactions of Copper. Kinetics of Physical Processes. INSTRUMENTAL EXPERIMENTS. Mixtures. Stoichiometry. Vapor Pressure. Equilibrium. Indicators. Ideal Solutions. NMR. WORKSHOPS. Graphing. Spreadsheets. Solids. VSEPR. Symmetry. PROJECTS. Beverages. Buffers. Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates. Halogens.

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Book SynopsisProvides a lot of reading pleasure and many new insights. -Journal of Molecular Structure This is the most entertaining, stimulating and useful book which can be thoroughly recommended to anyone with an interest in computer simulation. -Contemporary Physics A very useful introduction . . . more interesting to read than the often dry equation-based texts. -Journal of the American Chemical Society Written especially for the novice, Molecular Dynamics Simulation demonstrates how molecular dynamics simulations work and how to perform them, focusing on how to devise a model for specific molecules and then how to simulate their movements using a computer. This book provides a collection of methods that until now have been scattered through the literature of the last 25 years. It reviews elements of sampling theory and discusses how modern notions of chaos and nonlinear dynamics explain the workings of molecular dynamics. Stresses easy-to-use molecules Table of ContentsFundamentals. Hard Spheres. Finite-Difference Methods. Soft Spheres. Static Properties. Dynamic Properties. Appendices. Notation. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisChemical and biochemical Laboratories are full of potentially dangerous chemicals and equipment. 'Safety in the Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory' provides the necessary information needed for working with these chemicals and apparatus to avoid: fires, explosions, toxic fumes, skin burns, poisoning and other hazards.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Chemical Risks: The Handling of Chemical Substances, Neutralization and Destruction of Chemical Substances/ Other Risks in the Chemistry Laboratory: Biological Risks, Laboratory Risks Associated with Non-Ionizing Radiation, Laboratory Risk Associated with Radioelements/ Bibliography/ Index/ Appendices

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Book SynopsisThe complete 4-volume reference set Analysis and Control Methods for Food and Agricultural Products, edited by J.-L. Multon, offers researchers in the food and pharmaceutical industries a complete source of technical information for answering important questions on when and how to conduct an analysis of a specific product, how to interpret the resulting data how to define the risks associated with the introduction of a new product. Each volume includes a biobliograghy for further reading. The first volume ''Microbiological Control for Foods and Agricultural Products'', edited by Bourgeois and Leveau, contains a wealth of practical information on applied food microbiology and food safety. It covers basic methods and procedures on specific microbes important to food industry, including new technology like PCR, DNA and RNA probes. This volume should be a useful reference and handy manual for food and applied microbiologists.

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Book SynopsisThis volume, like those prior to it, features chapters by experts in various fields of computational chemistry. Topics covered in Volume 18 include molecular modeling, computer-assisted molecular design (camd), quantum chemistry, molecular mechanics and dynamics, and quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsar).Trade Review"...I recommend this book. Anyone interest in computational chemistry should browse through it and may well end up reading most of it." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125, No. 22, 2003)Table of ContentsClustering Methods and Their Uses in Computational Chemistry (Geoff M. Downs and John M. Barnard). The Use of Scoring Functions in Drug Discovery Applications (Hans-Joachim Böhm and Martin Stahl). Potentials and Algorithms for Incorporating Polarizability in Computer Simulations (Steven W. Rick and Steven J. Stuart). New Developments in the Theoretical Description of Charge-Transfer Reactions in Condensed Phases (Dmitry V. Matyushov and Gregory A. Voth). Linear Free Energy Relationships Using Quantum Mechanical Descriptors (George R. Famini and Leland Y. Wilson). The Development of Computational Chemistry in Germany (Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff). Appendix. Examination of the Employment Environment for Computational Chemistry (Donald B. Boyd and Kenny B. Lipkowitz). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of this widely-used sourcebook details the startlingly array of diagnostic equipment available in the medical laboratory of the nineties, and also covers maintenance and quality assurance for each type of instrument. This book includes 17 completely rewritten chapters and 7 new ones, on nephelometry and turbidimetry, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, automated immunoassay systems, automated blood bank systems, and physician''s office laboratory instrumentation.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Principles of Electricity and Electronics (R. Earl). Analytical Balances (J. Thompson & M. Haven). Refractometry (R. Juel & M. Steinrauf). Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (M. Haven & M. Lohff). Fluorometry and Fluorescence Polarization (P. Studts, et al.). Electrochemical Methods of Analysis (E. Goshorn, et al.). Basic Principles of Chromatography (U. Otten). Gas Chromatography (D. Hage). Flow Cytomtery (M. Collins & S. Pirruccello). Automated Immunoassay Systems (L. Arnold & M. Fiore). Automated Coagulation Systems (J. Olson & B. Pennell). Automated Blood Banking Systems (J. Landmark). Answers to Questions and Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisX-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, one of the most powerful and flexible techniques available for the analysis and characterization of materials today, has gone through major changes during the past decade. Fully revised and expanded by 30%, X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Second Edition incorporates the latest industrial and scientific trends in all areas. It updates all previous material and adds new chapters on such topics as the history of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, the design of X-ray spectrometers, state-of-the-art applications, and X-ray spectra. Ron Jenkins draws on his extensive experience in training and consulting industry professionals for this clear and concise treatment, covering first the basic aspects of X rays, then the methodology of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and available instrumentation. He offers a comparison between wavelength and energy dispersive spectrometers as well as step-by-step guidelines to X-ray spectrometric techniquesTrade Review"...much new material.... For those wishing to get to grips with X-ray techniques for the first time there is no better introduction." (Talanta, Vol 52, 2000) "I have no doubt that this text would prove useful to its target readership" (Contemporary Physics, Vol.42, No.4, 2001)Table of ContentsProduction and Properties X-Rays. Industrial Applications of X-Rays. X-Ray Diffraction. X-Ray Spectra. History and Development of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Instrumentation for X-Ray Spectrometry. Comparison of Wavelength and Energy Dispersive Spectrometers. More Recent Trends in X-Ray Fluorescence Instrumentation. Specimen Preparation and Presentation. Use of X-Ray Spectrometry for Qualitative Analysis. Considerations in Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis. Quantitative Procedures in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis. Applications of X-Ray Methods. Index.

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Book SynopsisA practical, easily accessible guide for bench-top chemists, this book focuses on accurately applying computational chemistry techniques to everyday chemistry problems. * Provides nonmathematical explanations of advanced topics in computational chemistry. * Focuses on when and how to apply different computational techniques.Trade Review"...could be read cover to cover, providing...important insights...could serve as an excellent reference volume...both researchers and students would find it valuable.... I would consider it essential to have on the shelf..." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 123, No. 41, 2001) "...offers a research guide rather than a primary text...students might find some of the material useful...explains to chemists how to use computational techniques to address real-world research problems." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001) "If you're looking for an aggregation of what's out there, and a starting point for further reading or research, then this book does a pretty good job." (Chemweb - Alchemist, 11 February 2002)Table of ContentsPREFACE xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK xxiii 1. Introduction 1 Part I. BASIC TOPICS 5 2. Fundamental Principles 7 3. Ab initio Methods 19 4. Semiempirical Methods 32 5. Density Functional Theory 42 6. Molecular Mechanics 49 7. Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations 60 8. Predicting Molecular Geometry 67 9. Constructing a Z-Matrix 73 10. Using Existing Basis Sets 78 11. Molecular Vibrations 92 12. Population Analysis 99 13. Other Chemical Properties 107 14. The Importance of Symmetry 125 15. Efficient Use of Computer Resources 128 16. How to Conduct a Computational Research Project 135 Part II. ADVANCED TOPICS 145 17. Finding Transition Structures 147 18. Reaction Coordinates 159 19. Reaction Rates 164 20. Potential Energy Surfaces 173 21. Conformation Searching 179 22. Fixing Self-Consistent Field Convergence Problems 193 23. QM/MM 198 24. Solvation 206 25. Electronic Excited States 216 26. Size Consistency 223 27. Spin Contamination 227 28. Basis Set Customization 231 29. Force Field Customization 239 30. Structure-Property Relationships 243 31. Computing NMR Chemical Shifts 252 32. Nonlinear Optical Properties 256 33. Relativistic Effects 261 34. Band Structures 266 35. Mesoscale Methods 273 36. Synthesis Route Prediction 277 Part III. APPLICATIONS 281 37. The Computational Chemist's View of the Periodic Table 283 38. Biomolecules 296 39. Simulating Liquids 302 40. Polymers 307 41. Solids and Surfaces 318 Appendix. Software Packages 322 GLOSSARY 360 Bibliography 370 INDEX 371

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Book SynopsisThis laboratory manual is designed to be used with the text, Physical Science: What the Technology Professional Needs to Know. Developed for the aspiring technology professional with little or no background in the study of physics or chemistry, it provides the experience necessary for students to develop skills in experimentation and data interpretation. Like all of the books in the critically acclaimed Preserving the Legacy series, this manual is easy to understand and use, with clear instructions and a discovery approach. The book contains 26 experiments that have been carefully selected to illustrate major physics and chemistry concepts. They require simple, inexpensive equipment and are designed to be completed within three hours. Each experiment starts with a review of the background concepts, information, and formulas necessary to carry out the experiment. Three or four investigations are then presented, each with its own objectives, procedures, and interpretation. Next, Table of ContentsTable of Contents. Preface. Acknowledgments. Note to the Student. Experiment/Text Correlation and Student Objectives. Concrete: A Common Mixture. Density-Buoyancy Relationships. Uncertainty, Error Bars, and Calibration. Percent Composition and Error Analysis. Estimating the Atomic Mass of Metals. Using Spreadsheets to Analyze Objects in Motion. Objects in Motion. Momentum and Friction in a Car Crash: A Forensic Investigation. Waves and Oscillations. Simple Machines. Volume and Temperature Relationships of Gases. Energy. Heat of Reaction. Exploration of Acids and Bases. Acid Concentrations and Strengths. Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar: An Acid/Base Titration. Build Your Own Voltmeter. Build Your Own Ammeter. Refraction. Diffraction Gratings. Optics of Thin Lenses. Spectrophotometry. Molecular Models. Organic Esters. Using Properties to Identify Organic Families. Simulating Nuclear Processes. Supplemental Exercises in Physics and Chemistry. Appendix A - Common Temperature Measurements. Appendix B - Prefixes Used with SI Fundamental Units. Appendix C - Derived Units.

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Book SynopsisMost books cover the subject from a statistical or theoretical point of view. Ideal for working engineers, this book uses real-world examples and boils statistical theory and analysis down to its simplest form. Features new and updated material, including cases and a larger focus on multivariate analysis.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. FUNDAMENTALS OF EXPERIMENT DESIGN. Introduction to Experiment Design: Fundamental Concepts. Introduction to Experiment Design: Elements of Decision Making. Simple Comparative Experiments: Decisions About Population Means. Simple Comparative Experiments: Decisions About Population Variances. Sequential Experiments. TWO-LEVEL MULTIVARIABLE EXPERIMENTS. Two-Level Multivariable Experiments: Eight-Trial Hadamard Matrix Designs. Two-Level Multivariable Experiments: Hadamard Matrices Greater Than Order 8. John's Three-Quarter Fractional Factorials. Unbalanced Resolution V Designs. Resolution V Designs with Efficiency = 1. Hadamard Matrix Designs for Binomial and Poisson Responses. Summary of Two-Level Matrix Designs. A Computer Program for Generating Hadamard Matrix Designs and Analyzing the Data from Such Designs. Analysis of Goodness. Alternative Methods of Analysis. MULTILEVEL MULTIVARIABLE EXPERIMENTS. Multilevel Experiments with Qualitative Variables. Multilevel Experiments with QuantitativeVariables. Experiment Designs for Chemical Composition Experiments. Random-Strategy Experiments. RELATED TOPICS. Blocking an Experiment. Validation of Test Methods. Concepts for a Complete Project Strategy. Project Engineer's Game. Estimation of Variance. Testing Distributions. GENERAL REFERENCES, SYMBOLS, TABLES, AND ANSWERS TO EXERCISES. General References. Symbols. Tables. Answers to Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an accessible introduction to a range of modern computational techniques, this volume is perfect for anyone with only a limited knowledge of physics.Trade Review"? Dieses Buch mit seinem klar eingegrenzten Themenspektrum ist ausgezeichnet - gut lesbar und informativ zugleich!" Chemistry in Britain Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. About the Author. About the Book. Introduction. Numerical Solutions to Schrödinger's Equation. Approximate Methods. Matrix Methods. Deterministic Simulations. Stochastic Simulations. Percolation Theory. Evolutionary Methods. Molecular Dynamics. Appendix A: FORTRAN Implementation of the Shooting Method. Appendix B: ² in Spherical Polar Coordinates. Appendix C: A Comment on the Computer Sourcecodes. Appendix D: Note for Tutors. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an accessible introduction to a range of modern computational techniques, this book is perfect for anyone with only a limited knowledge of physics. It leads readers through a series of examples, problems, and practical--based tasks covering the basics to more complex ideas and techniques.Trade Review"within its tightly defined scope, the book is excellent, being both readable and informative" (Chemistry in Britain, January 2002) "...The book is fresh in its spirit..." (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.987, No. 12, 2002) "...an excellent book for undergraduate courses..." (Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, November 2002)"? Dieses Buch mit seinem klar eingegrenzten Themenspektrum ist ausgezeichnet - gut lesbar und informativ zugleich!" Chemistry in BritainTable of ContentsPreface Introduction Numerical Solutions to Schrö dinger's Equation Approximate Methods Matrix Methods Deterministic Simulations Stochastic Simulations Percolation Theory Evolutionary Methods Molecular Dynamics Appendices References Index

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Book SynopsisDealing with solubility measurements, this book discusses procedures for measurement of various types of solubility data, as assessed by experienced researchers in various areas.Trade Review"...a must for any serious library...the value of this volume and this series extends far beyond chemistry..." (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol 19 (10), October 2005)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Series Preface xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi List of Symbols xxiii Quantities, Units and Conversions 1John W. Lorimer 1. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubility 2 2. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubilities of Gases 6 3. References 14 1 Fundamentals of Solubility 17 Chapter 1.1 Thermodynamics of Solubility 19John W. Lorimer and Roger Cohen-Adad 1. Introduction 19 2. Basic Definitions in Thermodynamics of Solubility 19 3. Thermodynamics of Solubility 22 4. Solubility of Gases in Liquids 26 5. Solubility of Liquids in Liquids 41 6. Solubility of Solids in Liquids 50 7. Concluding Remarks 62 8. References 62 Appendix A: Some Useful Thermodynamic Concepts and Relations 70 Appendix B: Numerical and Statistical Procedures in Constructing Fitting Equations 74 Chapter 1.2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Crystal Growth and Dissolution 77Jørgen Christoffersen and Margaret R. Christoffersen 1. Introduction 77 2. Fundamental Concepts 77 3. Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Dissolution and Growth 81 4. Comparison of Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics 93 5. Kinetics of Approach to Equilibrium 93 6. Summary of Rate-determining Mechanisms 95 7. Acknowledgement 95 8. References 96 2 Gases 99 Chapter 2.1 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 101H. Lawrence Clever and Rubin Battino 1. Introduction 101 2. Quantities Used as a Measure of Gas Solubility 102 3. The Solution Components 107 4. Degassing The Solvent 108 5. Experimental Methods 110 6. Related Experiments that Complement Gas Solubility Data 130 7. Treatment of Data 132 8. Standards 137 9. Summary and Recommendations 144 10. References 145 Chapter 2.2 Solubility of Gases in Polymers 151Y uri Y ampolski and Russell Paterson 1. Introduction 151 2. Manometric Methods 152 3. Gravimetric Methods 156 4. Inverse Gas Chromatography 160 5. Miscellaneous 165 6. Conclusions 167 7. References 168 Chapter 2.3 Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts and Molten Metals 173Reginald P.T. Tomkins 1. Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts 173 2. Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals 203 3. References 215 Chapter 2.4 Solubility of Gases in Solid Metals 219Y Sakamoto and F. A. Lewis 1. Sieverts Method 220 2. Equilibrate.Quench.Analyze Method 222 3. Gravimetric Method 224 4. Changes of Lattice Parameters and Electrical Resistivity Due to Dissolved Hydrogen in Metals 225 5. Determination of Changes of Hydrogen Solubilities from Measurements of Electrode Potential Under Conditions of Controlled Electolyte Stirring 228 6. References 232 3 Liquids 235 Chapter 3 Liquid–Liquid Solubilities 237Glenn T. Hefter 1. Introduction 237 2. The Synthetic Method 238 3. The Analytical Method 244 4. Miscellaneous Methods 249 5. Sample Purity 253 6. Test Systems 253 7. References 254 4 Solids 257 Chapter 4.1 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 259Roger Cohen-Adad and Marie-Thérèse Cohen Adad 1. General Review of Methods 259 2. Analytical Methods 264 3. Synthetic Methods 277 4. Combinatorial. Methods 306 5. Summary of Experimental Difficulties 309 6. References 311 Chapter 4.2 Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Ionic Solids in Liquids 315Heinz Gamsjger and Erich Königsberger 1. Introduction 315 2. Fundamentals and Applications of Solubility Measurements 316 3. The Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Sparingly Soluble Compounds 331 4. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 351 5. References 353 Chapter 4.3 Solubility of Salt–Water Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures 359Vladimir M. Valyashko and B.R. Churagulov 1. Introduction 359 2. Phase Diagram Construction (Theory) 361 3. Methods and Equipment for Studying Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Systems at High Pressures and Temperatures 387 4. References 427 Chapter 4.4 Solubility of Metals and Non-metallic Substances in Liquid Metals 437Cezary Guminski and Hans U. Borgstedt 1. Methods Based on Phase Separation 437 2. Methods Without Separation of the Solute from the Saturated Solution 448 3. Indirect Methods 465 4. Solubility Determinations of Metals and Non-metals in Solid Metals 469 5. References 469 Chapter 4.5 Solubility of Solids in Solids 477James Sangster 1. Introduction 477 2. The Equilibrium Phase Diagram 477 3. Thermal Analysis 479 4. Quenching Followed by Analysis 485 5. X-Ray Examination 486 6. Ionic Conductivity 486 7. Interdiffusion 487 8. Other Methods 487 9. References 489 5 Special Systems 491 Chapter 5.1 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Supercritical Fluids 493Karel Aim and Maurizio Fermeglia 1. Introduction 493 2. Basic Equations and Nomenclature 496 3. Experimental Determination of Solubilities in Dense Gases 498 4. Static Methods 504 5. Recirculation Methods 515 6. Flow Methods 522 7. Saturation (Transpiration) Methods 528 8. Dew- and Bubble-point Methods 534 9. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 538 10. References 541 Chapter 5.2 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Cryogenic Liquids 557Elzbieta Szczepaniec-Cieciak 1. Introduction 557 2. Experimental Techniques for the Determination of Solid.Liquid (S.L) and Solid.Liquid.Vapor (S.L.V) Equilibria in Cryogenic Systems 565 3. Concluding Remarks 584 4. References 586 Chapter 5.3 Solubility of Polymers in Liquids 595Sonja Krause 1. Sample Problems 596 2. Kinetic Problems 600 3. Phase Diagrams 601 4. Methods 605 5. References 615 Index 617

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Book SynopsisThe volumes in this series are collections of essays devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The subjects are presented from the preparative viewpoint and particular attention is given to the limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. Each chapter includes several detailed procedures illustrating the significant modifications of the method.Table of ContentsThe Peterson Olefination Reaction (D. Ager). Tandem Vicinal Difunctionalization: B-Addition to ,B-Unsaturated Carbonyl Substrates Followed by -Functionalization (M. Chapdelaine & M. Hulce). The Nef Reaction (H. Pinnick). Author Index, Volumes 1-38. Chapter and Topic Index, Volumes 1-38.

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Book SynopsisThe recent series of chemically related disasters has resulted in a preoccupation with safety in the chemical laboratory and in matters relating to the handling of chemicals generally. The main aim of this book is to improve safety in the chemical laboratory.Table of ContentsOrganization for Safety in Laboratories. Precautionary Labels and Material Safety Data Sheets. Doing It Right. The 95 Percent Solution. Safety Inspections, Safety Audits. A Chemical Hygiene Plan: Preparing/Reviewing. Flammability, Combustibility. Chemical Reactivity: Instability and IncompatibleCombinations. Toxic Effects of Chemicals. Handling and Management of Particularly Hazardous Substances. Other Hazards. Storage of Laboratory Chemicals. Federal Regulations in the United States. Safe Disposal of Hazardous Waste. Laboratory Regulations in Canada. Laboratory Regulations in the United Kingdom. Air Monitoring in the Chemical Laboratory. Personal Protective Equipment in the Laboratory. Designing Safety into the Laboratory. Laboratory Hoods. Using Audiovisual Materials in Safety Training. Laboratory Safety Library Holdings. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisDealing with the principles of calibration--both the theoretical and mathematical constructs which relate features of calibration equations to the physical phenomena that affect instruments and samples used on generating information.Table of ContentsPrinciples of Calibration. Calibration Practice. Prediction. Appendices. Index.

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