Scientific equipment, experiments and techniques Books

Book SynopsisDesigned to enable newcomers to electrophysiology to choose appropriate preparations and techniques for in vitro studies in vertebrate neurobiology. Emphasizes techniques involving the glass micropipette and other recently developed methods, supplementing easy-to-follow instructions with illustrative schemes, examples of original records, photomicrographs, key word listings, comprehensive reference tables and a list of suppliers and key equipment and reagents.Table of ContentsArrangement of Electrophysiological Set-Ups. Preparations for Electrophysiological Experiments in vitro. Electrical and Chemical Stimulation Techniques. Electrodes for Recording. Recording Modes. Dye and Substance Injection. Special Applications. Storage of Data. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThis text is intended to provide students with instruction and valuable laboratory experience in the often neglected area of inorganic chemistry. Divided into four main parts, the book covers chemistry of the main group elements, chemistry of the transition metals, organometallic chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry. Recognizing the high cost of materials, difficulties in waste disposal, and dangers of toxicity, the authors have adopted a ``microscale'''' approach to experiments in the book, thereby also reducing the time students spend in preparation. With over 45 experiments, Microscale Inorganic Chemistry incorporates the use of a broad sampling of elements and also covers such topics as laboratory safety, equipment, report writing, and literature searching.Table of ContentsList of Tables xvii Introduction 1–3 A. A Brief History of Inorganic Chemistry 1 B. The Microscale Approach 2 C. A Word to the Student 3 Chapter 1 Safety in the Laboratory 5–17 1.A General Safety Rules 5 1.A.1 Introduction 5 1.A.2 Before the Laboratory 6 1.A.3 Safety Rules in the Laboratory 6 1.B Planning for Chemicaly Safety 8 1.B.1 Introduction 8 1.B.2 Use of MSD Sheets 8 1.B.3 The Merck Index 12 1.B.4 Compressed Gas Cylinders and Lecture Bottles 13 1.B.5 Fire Safety 16 Chapter 2 Laboratory Equipment 19–29 2.A Glassware 19 2.B Other Locker Equipment 21 2.C Measuring Quantities of Chemicals 22 2.C.1 Weighing 22 2.C.2 Liquid Volumes 22 2.D Heating Methods 25 2.D.1 The Microburner 25 2.D.2 Steam Bath 25 2.D.3 Oil Baths 25 2.D.4 Infrared Lamp 26 2.D.5 Sand Bath or Aluminum Block with Magnetic Stirring Hot Plate 26 2.E Stirring 27 2.F Reflux and Distillation 27 Chapter 3 Writing Laboratory Reports 31–35 3.A Introduction 31 3.B Maintenance of the Laboratory Notebook 31 3.C The Laboratory Report 34 3.D Proper Citation and Plagiarism 35 Chapter 4 Literature Searching and the Inorganic Literature 37–47 4.A Literature Searching 37 4.A.1 Chemical Abstracts Method 37 Searching a Topic in Chemical Abstracts 38 Use of the Formula Index 38 Use of the General Subject Index 40 CAS Online 40 Advantages and Disadvatages of Chemical Abstracts 40 4.A.2 Use of the Science Citation Index 41 Searching Using the Printed Science Citation Index 41 Searching Using the Compact Disc Science Citation Index 42 Searching Using the Citation Index 42 Advantages and Disadvatages of the Science Citation Index 44 4.A.3 Comparison of the Two Methods 44 4.B The Inorganic Chemical Literature 44 4.B.1 Introduction 44 4.B.2 Purely Inorganic Journals 44 4.B.3 General Coverage Journals 45 4.B.4 Review Journals and Monographs Covering Inorganic Chemistry 45 4.B.5 Major Comprehensive Books on Inorganic Chemistry 46 Chapter 5 Inorganic Microscale Laboratory Techniques 49–105 5.A Microscale Determination of Magnetic Susceptibility 49 5.A.1 Introduction 49 5.A.2 Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility 50 5.A.3 Calculation of Magnetic Moment from Magnetic Susceptibility 52 5.A.4 Operation of the Evans–Johnson Matthey Balance for Solids 54 5.A.5 Operation for Liquids and Solutions 55 5.A.6 Determining Magnetic Susceptibility by NMR Spectroscopy 56 5.B Thermal Analysis 57 5.B.1 Introduction 57 5.B.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis 57 5.B.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis 58 5.B.4 Variables in Thermal Analysis 58 5.B.5 Analysis of the Thermogram 59 5.B.6 Theoretical Aspects 60 5.B.7 Applications 61 5.C Vacuum and Inert Atmosphere Techniques 62 Introduction 62 5.C.1 Purging with an Inert Gas 62 5.C.2 Use of Manifold for Inert Gas or Vacuum 64 Rough Pump 64 Cold Trap 64 Manifold 65 Multiple Vacuum Lines in Series 65 Use and Operation of Manifolds 65 5.C.3 Cannula Techniques 66 5.D Crystallization Techniques 67 5.D.1 Introduction 67 5.D.2 Crystallization from Solution 67 5.D.3 Isolation of Crystalline Products (Suction Filtration) 69 5.D.4 The Craig Tube Method 69 5.D.5 Recrystallization Pipet 70 5.D.6 Removal of Suspended Particles from Solution 71 5.D.7 Washing of the Collected Crystals 71 5.D.8 Decolorization 72 5.D.9 Drying Techniques 73 5.E Determination of Melting Points 74 5.E.1 Introduction 74 5.E.2 Theory 74 5.E.3 Mixture Melting Point Determination 75 5.E.4 Correcting Melting Points 76 5.E.5 Determination of the Melting Point Range 77 5.E.6 Melting Point Apparatus 78 The Thiele Tube 78 The Mel-Temp Apparatus 78 The Fisher–Johns Apparatus 78 The Thomas–Hoover Apparatus 81 5.F Concentration of Solutions 81 5.F.1 Introduction 81 5.F.2 Evaporation Techniques 81 5.F.3 Removal of Solvent Under Reduced Pressure 81 5.G Chromatography 82 5.G.1 Introduction 82 5.G.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography 84 5.G.3 Gas Chromatography: Introduction 86 Components of the Gas Chromatograph 87 5.G.4 Liquid Chromatography 89 Ion and Ion Exchange Chromatography 89 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 90 5.H Sublimation 92 5.H.1 Introduction 92 5.H.2 Theory 93 5.H.3 Sublimation Technique 93 5.I Solvent Extraction 94 5.I.1 Introduction 94 5.I.2 Theory 94 5.I.3 Extraction Procedures: Simple Extraction 97 Use of the Separatory Funnel 97 Pasteur Filter Pipet Extractions 99 5.I.4 Continuous Extraction 100 5.I.5 Drying of the Wet Organic Layer 100 5.I.6 Drying of Organic Solvents 101 5.J Conductivity Measurements 102 5.J.1 Introduction 102 5.J.2 Experimental Procedure 104 5.J.3 Non-Aqueous Solutions 105 Chapter 6 Spectroscopy 107–146 6.A Introduction 107 6.A.1 Spectrometer Components 108 6.B Visible Spectroscopy 109 6.B.1 Introduction and Theory 109 6.B.2 The Visible Spectrum 110 6.B.3 Molar Absorbance and Color 111 6.B.4 Size of the Crystal Field Splitting 112 6.B.5 Energy Level Diagrams l12 6.C Infrared Spectroscopy 114 6.C.1 Introduction 114 6.C.2 Sample Handling 115 6.C.3 Bond Vibrations 1l6 6.C.4 Vibrational Modes 119 6.C.5 Inorganic Functional Groups 121 6.C.6 Synergistic Effects 121 6.C.7 Interpretation of IR Spectra 122 6.C.8 Fourier Transform lnfrared 123 6.D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 125 6.D.1 Introduction 125 6.D.2 Sample Preparation 128 6.D.3 Reference Materials 129 6.D.4 The Chemical Shift 129 6.D.5 Integration 131 6.D.6 Spin–Spin Coupling 132 6.D.7 13C-NMR Spectroscopy 133 6.D.8 Quadrupolar Nuclei 136 6.D.9 The Coupling Constant 136 6.D.10 Interpretation of Inorganic Spectra 137 6.D.11 Spectral Collapse l38 6.D.12 Decoupling 139 6.D.13 Identification of Isomers 139 6.E Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 141 6.E.1 Introduction 141 6.E.2 Theory 141 6.E.3 The Instrument 142 The Flame 142 The Nebulizer Burner System 142 The Light Source 144 The Monochromator 144 The Detector 144 6.E.4 Measurement of Concentration 144 6.E.5 Other Considerations 145 Chapter 7 Chemistry of the Main Group Elements 147–215 Experiment 1 Preparation of Sodium Amide 148 Experiment 2 Synthesis and Thermal Analysis of the Group 2 (IIA) Metal Oxalate Hydrates 152 Experiment 3 Atomic Absorption Analysis of Magnesium and Calcium 155 Experiment 4 Preparation of Trialkoxyborates 158 Part A Preparation of Tri-n-propylborate 160 Part B Preparation of a Poly(vinylalcohol)–Borate Copolymer 161 Experiment 5 Synthesis of Tetrafluoroberyllate and Tetrafluoroborate Complexes 163 Part A Synthesis of Ammonium Tetrafluoroberyllate, (NH4)2[BeF4] 164 Part B Synthesis of Ammonium Tetrafluoroborate, NH4[BF4] 165 Experiment 6 Synthesis of Dichlorophenylborane 167 Experiment 7 Synthesis and Reactions of Carboranes 170 Part A Preparation of Potassium Dodecahydro-7-8-dicarba-nido-undecarborate(1-), a Carborane Anion 172 Part B Preparation of 3-[η5-Cyclopentadienyl)-1,2-dicarba-3-cobalta-closo-dodecaborane(11), a Metal Carborane 173 Experiment 8 Silicone Polymers: Preparation of Bouncing Putty 176 Experiment 9 The Oxidation States of Tin 181 Part A Preparation of Tin(IV) Iodide 183 Part B Preparation of Tin(II) Iodide 184 Experiment 10 Relative Stabilities of Tin(IV) and Lead(IV) 186 Part A Preparation of Ammonium Hexachlorostannate(IV) 186 Part B Preparation of Ammonium Hexachloroplumbate(IV) 187 Experiment 11 Preparation of Substituted 1,2,3,4-Thiatriazoles 189 Part A Preparation of 5-Anilino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole 190 Part B Preparation of 5-Amino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole 191 Experiment 12 Synthesis of Hexakis(4-nitrophenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene 193 Part A Preparation of Potassium 4-Nitrophenoxide 194 Part B Preparation of Hexakis(4-nitrophenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene 195 Experiment 13 Synthesis of Ammonium Phosphoramidate 197 Experiment 14 Preparation of an Explosive: Nitrogen Triiodide Ammoniate 199 Experiment 15 Synthesis of Trichlorodiphenylantimony[V) Hydrate 201 Experiment 16 Preparation of Tetrathionate 204 Part A Determination of Reaction Quantities 205 Part B Quantitative Preparation of Sodium Tetrathionate 206 Experiment 17 Thione Complexes of Cobalt(II) Nitrate Hexahydrate 207 Part A Synthesis of Co(mimt)4(NO3)2·H2O 209 Part B Synthesis of Co(mimt)2(NO3)2 209 Experiment 18 Positive Oxidation States of Iodine: Preparation of Dipyridineiodine(I) Nitrate 210 Experiment 19 Synthesis of Interhalogens: Iodine Trichloride 213 Chapter 8 Chemistry of the Transition Metals 217 Experiment 20 Metal Complexes of Dimethyl Sulfoxide 218 Part A Preparation of CuCl2·2DMSO 220 Part B Preparation of PdCl2·2DMSO 221 Part C Preparation of RuCl2·4DMSO 221 Experin1ent 21 Preparation of trans-Dichlorotetrapyridinerhodium(III) Chloride 222 Experiment 22 Synthesis of Metal Acetylacetonates 224 Part A Preparation of Tris(2,4-pentanedionato) chromium(III) 226 Part B Preparation of Tris(2,4-pentanedionato) manganese(III) 227 Experiment 23 Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Brominated Tris(2,4-pentanedionato) chromium(III) 229 Experiment 24 Determination of Magnetic Moments in Metal–Metal Bonded Complexes 231 Part A Synthesis of Rhodium(II) Acetate Ethanolate 232 Part B Synthesis of Copper(II) Acetate Monohydrate 234 Experiment 25 Multiply Bonded Species: Preparation of Tetrabutylammonium Octachlorodirhenate(III) 235 Experiment 26 Geometic Isomerism 239 Part A Synthesis of trans-Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Chloride 241 Part B Synthesis of cis-Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Chloride 242 Experiment 27 Optical Isomers: Separation of an Optical Isomer of cis-Dichlorobis (ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Chloride 243 Experiment 28 Ion Exchange Separation of the Oxidation States of Vanadium 246 Experiment 29 Determination of Δ0 in Cr(III) Complexes 248 Experiment 30 Preparation and Study of a Cobalt(II) Oxygen Adduct Complex 252 Part A Preparation of N,N' -Bis(salicylaldehyde) ethylenediimine, salenH2 254 Part B Preparation of Co(salen) 254 Part C Determination of Oxygen Absorption by Co(salen) 256 Part D Reaction of Oxygen Adduct with Chloroform 257 Experiment 31 Preparation of Dichloro-1,3-bis[diphenylphosphino)propanenickel(II) 257 Experiment 32 Preparation of Iron(II) Chloride (Use of FeCl3 as a Friedel–Crafts Chlorination Source) 260 Experiment 33 Reaction of Cr(III) with a Multidentate Ligand: A Kinetics Experiment 263 Experiment 34 Organometallic Compounds and Catalysis: Synthesis and Use of Wilkinson’s Catalyst 271 Part A Synthesis of RhCl(PPh3)3, Wilkinson’s Catalyst 276 Part B Substitution of the Chloro Ligand in Wilkinson’s Catalyst 277 Part C Reaction of Wilkinson’s Catalyst with Aldehydes 278 Part D Reaction of Wilkinson’s Catalyst with Ethylene 279 Part E Absorption of Hydrogen by Wilkinson’s Catalyst 279 Part F Catalytic Hydrogenation of Olefins in the Presence of Wilkinson’s Catalyst 281 Experiment 35 Synthesis and Reactions of Cobalt Phenanthroline Complexes 282 Part A Preparation of Tris(1, 10-phenanthroline) cobalt(II) Bromide 283 Part A (Alternate): Preparation of Tris(1, 10-phenanthroline) cobalt(II) Antimonyl-d-tartrate 284 Part B Preparation of Tris(1, 10-phenanthroline) cobalt(III) Tetrafluoroborate 285 Part C Preparation of Tris(1, 10-phenanthroline-5,6-quinone)cobalt(III) Hexafluorophosphate 286 Part D Isolation of 1, 10-phenanthroline-5,6-quinone 287 Experiment 36 Preparation of Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) 288 Experiment 37 Platinum(II) Complexes––the Trans Effect 290 Part A Preparation of cis-Dichloro(dipyridine) platinum(II) 291 Part B Preparation of trans-Dichloro(dipyridine) platinum(II) 291 Chapter 9 Chemistry of Organometallic and Related Compounds 295 Experiment 38 Organoplatinum[II) Complexes: Preparation of η4-C8H12PtCl2 296 Experiment 39 NMR Investigation of Molecular Fluxionality: Synthesis of Allylpalladium Complexes 298 Experiment 40 Preparation and Use of Ferrocene 302 Part A Preparation of Cyclopentadiene 304 Part B Preparation of Ferrocene 305 Part C Acetylation of Ferrocene 307 Part D HPLC Analysis of the Acetylation Reaction 309 Experiment 41 Preparation of Organopalladium Complexes 310 Part A Preparation of Dichloro-bis-(benzonitrile) palladium(II) 311 Part B Preparation of Di-µ-chlorodichlorodiethylenedipalladium(II) 312 Experiment 42 Synthesis of Metal Carbonyls 313 Part A Preparation of trans-Chlorocarbonylbis­ (triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) 315 Part B Preparation of mer-Carbonyltrichlorobis ­(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(III) 316 Part C Synthesis of the SO2 Adduct of trans­ Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) 317 Experiment 43 Sunlight Photochemistry: Preparation of Dicarbonyl(η5-methylcyclopentadienyl)triphenylphosphinemanganese (0) 318 Experiment 44 Synthesis of Metal Nitrosyl Complexes 320 Part A Preparation of Trichloronitrosyl-bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) 321 Part B Preparation of Dinitrosylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(– II) 323 Experiment 45 13C NMR Analysis of Cyclopentadienylirondicarbonyl Dimer 324 Part A Preparation of [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2]2 325 Part B Variable Temperature 13C NMR lnvestigation of [η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2]2 327 Chapter 10 Bioinorganic Chemistry 329 Experiment 46 Synthesis of Palladium Nucleosides 330 Part A Preparation of cis-[Dichlorobis(inosine) palladium(II)] 331 Part B Preparation of cis-[Bis(lnosinato) palladium(II)] 332 Part C Preparation of trans-[Bis(inosinato) palladium(II)] 333 Experiment 47 Metal Complexes of Saccharin 334 Part A Preparation of Tetraaqua-bis(o-sulfobenzoimido)copper(II) 336 Part B Preparation of Tetraaqua-bis(o-sulfobenzoimido)cobalt(II) 336 Experiment 48 Synthesis of cis-Diamminedihaloplatinum(II) Compounds 337 Part A Preparation of cis-Diamminediiodoplatinum(II) 338 Part B Preparation of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), Cisplatin 339 Experiment 49 Preparation of Copper Glycine Complexes 341 Part A Preparation of cis-Bis(glycinato) copper(II) Monohydrate 342 Part B Preparation of trans-Bis(glycinato) copper(II) 342 Appendix A Safety Data for Common Solvents 345 Appendix B List of Common Acids and Bases 347 Appendix C Table of Reagents and Selected Solvents Used in Experiments 349 Appendix D Table of Instrumental Techniques Used in Experiments 353 Appendix E Companies and Addresses 355 Index 359

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Book SynopsisThis one-of-a-kind book introduces the fundamentals of ESR to polymer scientists while focusing on the significance of recent advanced ESR methods for polymeric systems. The "Fundamentals" section provides information on ESR spectra, experimental techniques, and data analysis.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ABOUT THE EDITOR xi CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I ESR FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 Continuous-Wave and Pulsed ESR Methods 3Gunnar Jeschke and Shulamith Schlick 2 Double Resonance ESR Methods 25Gunnar Jeschke 3 Calculating Slow-Motion ESR Spectra of Spin-Labeled Polymers 53Keith A. Earle and David E. Budil 4 ESR Imaging 85Shulamith Schlick PART II ESR APPLICATIONS 99 5 ESR Study of Radicals in Conventional Radical Polymerization Using Radical Precursors Prepared by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 101Atsushi Kajiwara and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski 6 Local Dynamics of Polymers in Solution by Spin-Label ESR 133Jan PilarB 7 Site-Specific Information on Macromolecular Materials by Combining CW and Pulsed ESR on Spin Probes 165Gunnar Jeschke 8 ESR Methods for Assessing the Stability of Polymer Membranes Used in Fuel Cells 197Emil Roduner and Shulamith Schlick 9 Spatially Resolved Degradation in Heterophasic Polymers From 1D and 2D Spectral–Spatial ESR Imaging Experiments 229Shulamith Schlick and Krzysztof Kruczala 10 ESR Studies of Photooxidation and Stabilization of Polymer Coatings 255David R. Bauer and John L. Gerlock 11 Characterization of Dendrimer Structures by ESR Techniques 279M. Francesca Ottaviani and Nicholas J. Turro 12 High-Field ESR Spectroscopy of Conductive Polymers 307Victor I. Krinichnyi INDEX 339

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Book SynopsisUpdated every five years, the series represents the optimal compromise between currency and a sufficient body of material for cohesive and comprehensive treatment in a monograph. Provides a quick yet thorough overview of the synthetic routines that have been used to access specific classes of therapeutic agents. Materials are organized by chemical class, and syntheses are taken back to available starting materials. Discusses disease state, rational for method of drug therapy, biological activities of each compound and preparation. Coverage also includes those generic pharmaceutical compounds not accorded clinical status. A glossary defines biological terms.Table of ContentsAliphatic and Alicyclic Compounds. Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Their Reduction Products. Steroids. Five-Membered Ring Heterocycles. Six-Membered Ring Heterocycles. Five-Membered Ring Benzofused Heterocycles. Six-Membered Ring Benzofused Heterocycles. Bicyclic Fused Heterocycles. beta-Lactam Antibiotics. Miscellaneous Heterocycles. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisCovers the intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction, focusing on one of the reactants--the diene. The first chapter deals with the fundamental principles of the reaction; the other five chapters describe the salient features of the different classes of dienes and present a wealth of tabulated data. In the tables the dienes and the dienophiles are arranged so that the reader can easily find the dienophile and the cycloaddition reactions of interest to him. Included are references to a very large part of the literature from 1978 to 1987.Table of ContentsDiels-Alder Reaction. Open-Chain Dienes. Outer-Ring Dienes. Inner-Outer-Ring Dienes. Across-Rings Dienes. Inner-Ring Dienes. Index.

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Book SynopsisMultivariate calibration is a valuable technique in the growing field of chemometrics, used to enhance the use of quantitive measurement data within chemistry. The text examines the practical use of this type of calibration in research, development and routine operations.Table of ContentsComputational and Statistical Problems and Tools. Methods for Calibration. Assessment, Validation and Choice of Calibration Method. Outlier Detection. Data Selection and Experimental Design. Pretreatment and Linearization. Multivariate Calibration Illustrated: Quantifying Litmus in Dirty Samples. References. Symbols and Abbreviations. Index and Cross Reference List.

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Book SynopsisPolymer Surfaces and Interfaces II W. J. Feast, University of Durham, Durham, UK H. S. Munro, Courtaulds Research, Coventry, UK R. W. Richards, University of Durham, Durham, UK This volume presents a collection of review papers, based on the ''Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces II International Symposium'' which took place in Durham (UK), July 1991 Compiled here, the papers present an authoritative overview of current technology and research on polymer surfaces, by acknowledged experts in their specialist fields. Individual reviews cover analytical techniques, properties, reactions, modelling and synthesis of surfaces and interfaces. Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces II will be of interest to polymer scientists, surface scientists, chemists, physicists and biologists, working in industrial and academic laboratories. Reviews of the previous volume ''Altogether a most useful addition to polymer science'' -- Physics Bulletin ''The book can be unreservedly recommended to chemists and materials Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Surface Chemistry of Chemically Resistant Polymers (T. Bee, etal.). Self-Assembled Molecular Films as Polymer Surface Models (D.Allara, et al.). Non-Equilibrium Effects in Polymeric Stabilization (M. Cates &J. Brooks). Ion Beam Analysis of Composition Profiles Near Polymer Surfaces andInterfaces (R. Jones). Laser Light Scattering (J. Earnshaw). Characterization of Interfaces in Polymers and Composites UsingRaman Spectroscopy (R. Young). SSIMS--An Emerging Technique for the Surface Chemical Analysis ofPolymeric Biomaterials (M. Davies). Scanning Probe Microscopy--Current Issues in the Analysis ofPolymeric Biomaterials (M. Davies, et al.). Acid-Base Effects at Polymer Interfaces (C. van Oss). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction and guide to the analysis of mineral type materials and products using the fused, cast bead technique. Coverage includes spectrometric parameters and the analytical procedures for a wide range of substances, essential laboratory equipment and its correct use, processes involved in ignition and decomposition loss by fusion and their chemistry.Table of ContentsApparatus and Equipment. Determination of Non-XRF Elements. Loss on Ignition. Decomposition of Samples by Fusion. Selection of Instrument Parameters. Element Line Selection. The Standard Procedure. Calibration. Presentation of the Sample Bead and Completion of theAnalysis. Routine Techniques for Material Types. Procedures for Silica/Alumina Range Materials. Procedures for Calcium-Rich Materials. Procedures for Magnesium-Rich Materials. Procedures for Zircon-Bearing Materials. Procedures for Various Oxides and Titanates. Procedures for Glasses, Glazes and Frits. Procedures for Reduced Materials. Procedures for Samples of Unknown Composition. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the basic scientific computing methods for the solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) as they occur in engineering problems. Programming codes in Fortran and C are included for each problem.Table of ContentsSome Partial Differential Equations. PROGRAMMING THE MODEL PROBLEM BY A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Introduction to the Finite Element Method: Energy Minimisation. Finite Element Method: Variational Formulation and Direct Methods. Finite Element Method: Optimisation of the Method. GENERAL ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS AND EVOLUTION PROBLEMS. Finite Element Method for General Elliptic Problems. Non-symmetric or Non-linear Partial Differential Equations. Evolution Problems: Finite Differences in Time. COMPLEMENTS ON NUMERICAL METHODS. Integral Methods for the Laplacian. Some Algorithms for Parallel Computing. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMethods in trace element determination have undergone a renaissance over the past few years. This work brings the reader up to date in not only the theory of the methods, but also the apparatus and preparation of samples.Table of ContentsSample Preparation. Methodology in Trace Element Determination. Spectrochemical Measurements. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. Comparison of Atomic Spectrometric Analytical Techniques. Mass Spectrometry. X-Ray Methods. Activation Analysis. Metal Speciation. Index.

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Book SynopsisThermal Analysis Fundamentals and Applications to Polymer Science T. Hatakeyama Otsuma Women''s University, Tokyo, Japan F. X. Quinn L''Oréal Recherche Advancée, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France The first edition of this classic book remains one of the very few introductory books covering both theoretical and practical aspects of thermal analysis (TA). This new edition includes a much enlarged section on MDSC, in which the instrument is described and a critical appraisal of the technique presented. Other additions include new sections on rate-controlled TGA, OTTER, and Specific Heat Spectroscopy, and a thoroughly updated section on X-Ray DSC. This very practical book is a must for people who use thermal analysis techniques in their everyday work. An excellent introductory text - Review of 1st Edition.Table of ContentsThermal Analysis. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Calibration and Sample Preparation. Thermogravimetry. Applications of Thermal Analysis. Other Thermal Analysis Methods. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 2005, this book covers the closely related techniques of electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) specifically from a geological viewpoint. Topics discussed include: principles of electron-target interactions, electron beam instrumentation, X-ray spectrometry, general principles of SEM image formation, production of X-ray 'maps' showing elemental distributions, procedures for qualitative and quantitative X-ray analysis (both energy-dispersive and wavelength-dispersive), the use of both 'true' electron microprobes and SEMs fitted with X-ray spectrometers, and practical matters such as sample preparation and treatment of results. Throughout, there is an emphasis on geological aspects not mentioned in similar books aimed at a more general readership. The book avoids unnecessary technical detail in order to be easily accessible, and forms a comprehensive text on EMPA and SEM for geological postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers, Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: 'The subject is treated in a clear and logical fashion … Dr Reed has produced an excellent and thoroughly readable book … highly recommended for all those who use the electron microprobe.' Allan Pring, Geological MagazineReview of the hardback: 'A good introductory level of information on all the main aspects of scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis that is not so readily available anywhere else. The book is well illustrated and written in a clear and readable style … It is strongly recommended for new users and should have a place in every laboratory. It would make an excellent textbook for introductory courses.' M. T. Styles, AnalystReview of the hardback: 'This book is a valuable introduction to the use and geological application of scanning electron microscopes and electron microprobes … by far the most readable of the microscope/microprobe books that I have seen … It is pitched at the right level for the market at which it is aimed, postgraduate and postdoctoral workers, or geologists in industrial laboratories … It is a splendid book that should sit on the bookshelf of anybody working with electron microscopes and microprobes, be part of any laboratory and be required reading for any graduate student working with microbeam techniques.' Peter Treloar, GeoscientistReview of the hardback: ' …this is a book that has been long overdue, and will certainly go to the top of my students' reading list.' Eric Condliffe, Journal of PetrologyTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction; 2. Electron-specimen interactions; 3. Instrumentation; 4. Scanning electron microscopy; 5. X-ray spectrometers; 6. Element mapping; 7. X-ray analysis (1); 8. X-ray analysis (2); 9. Sample preparation; Appendix; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis 2005 book forms a comprehensive text on EMPA and SEM for geological postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers, as well as those working in industrial laboratories. Throughout the book there is an emphasis on geological aspects and unnecessary technical detail is avoided in order to make the book easily accessible.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: 'The subject is treated in a clear and logical fashion … Dr Reed has produced an excellent and thoroughly readable book … highly recommended for all those who use the electron microprobe.' Allan Pring, Geological MagazineReview of the hardback: 'A good introductory level of information on all the main aspects of scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis that is not so readily available anywhere else. The book is well illustrated and written in a clear and readable style … It is strongly recommended for new users and should have a place in every laboratory. It would make an excellent textbook for introductory courses.' M. T. Styles, AnalystReview of the hardback: 'This book is a valuable introduction to the use and geological application of scanning electron microscopes and electron microprobes … by far the most readable of the microscope/microprobe books that I have seen … It is pitched at the right level for the market at which it is aimed, postgraduate and postdoctoral workers, or geologists in industrial laboratories … It is a splendid book that should sit on the bookshelf of anybody working with electron microscopes and microprobes, be part of any laboratory and be required reading for any graduate student working with microbeam techniques.' Peter Treloar, GeoscientistReview of the hardback: ' …this is a book that has been long overdue, and will certainly go to the top of my students' reading list.' Eric Condliffe, Journal of PetrologyTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction; 2. Electron-specimen interactions; 3. Instrumentation; 4. Scanning electron microscopy; 5. X-ray spectrometers; 6. Element mapping; 7. X-ray analysis (1); 8. X-ray analysis (2); 9. Sample preparation; Appendix; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe standard model brings together two theories of particle physics in order to describe the interactions of subatomic particles, except those due to gravity. This 2006 book uses the standard model as a vehicle for introducing quantum field theory and also introduces much of the phenomenology on which this model is based.Trade Review"An elegant and complete treatment of the Standard Model at tree level... The first good, modern treatment of the Standard Model, in a format suited for a one or two semester course on particle physics for beginning or graduate students." Daniel N. Kabat, Mathematical ReviewsTable of ContentsList of illustrations; List of tables; Preface; Acknowledgments; Part I. Theoretical Framework: 1. Field theory review; 2. The standard model: general features; 3. Cross sections and lifetimes; Part II. Applications: Leptons: 4. Elementary boson decays; 5. Leptonic weak interactions: decays; 6. Leptonic weak interactions: collisions; 7. Effective Lagrangians; Part III. Applications: Hadrons: 8. Hadrons and QCD; 9. Hadronic interactions; Part IV. Beyond the Standard Model: 10. Neutrino masses; 11. Open questions, proposed solutions; Appendix A. Experimental values for the parameters; Appendix B. Symmetries and group theory review; Appendix C. Lorentz group and the Dirac algebra; Appendix D. ξ-gauge Feynman rules; Appendix E. Metric convention conversion table; Select bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisUnrivalled in its completeness, this guide to the design and construction of scientific apparatus is essential reading for all scientists and students in physical, chemical and biological sciences, and engineering. Detectors, low-temperature measurements, and high-pressure apparatus, updated engineering specifications, are all new to this edition.Trade Review'This new edition includes updates throughout, and will continue to serve as a bookshelf standard in laboratories around the world. I never like to be too far from this book!' Jason Hafner, Rice University, Houston, Texas'… the first book I reach for to remind myself of an experimental technique, or to start learning a new one. With valuable additions …, the newest addition will be a welcome replacement for our lab's well-thumbed previous editions of BSA.' Brian King, McMaster University, Canada'… a mine of useful information ranging from tables of the properties of materials to lists of manufacturers and suppliers. This book would be an invaluable resource in any laboratory in the physical sciences and beyond.' George King, University of Manchester'… concentrating several careers' worth of equipment-building experience into a single volume – a thoroughly revised and updated edition of a 25-year-old classic. It is a 'must-have' on the shelf of every research lab.' Nicholas Spencer, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich'This book is a unique resource for the beginning experimenter, and remains valuable throughout a scientist's career. Professional engineers I know also own and enjoy using the book.' Eric Zimmerman, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado'… a fascinating and extremely useful reference work. Anyone who works with scientific apparatus will benefit from this book, undergraduate students, professors, technicians and postdocs. If you do not have one already, buy one now!' Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents1. Mechanical design and fabrication; 2. Working with glass; 3. Vacuum technology; 4. Optical systems; 5. Charged-particle optics; 6. Electronics; 7. Detectors; 8. Measurement and control of temperature; Index.

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Book SynopsisA surprising, fascinating journey through the experiments that not only unlocked the nature of matter and shaped our understanding of the cosmos but also forever changed the way we live within itA book about the fundamental problems of physics written from a viewpoint I hadn’t come across before: that of the experimenter. A splendid idea, vividly carried out.” –Philip Pullman, best-selling author of His Dark MaterialsPhysics has always sought to deepen our understanding of the nature of matter and the world around us. But how do you conduct experiments with the fundamental building blocks of existence? How do you manipulate a particle a trillion times smaller than a grain of sand? How do you cause a proton to sail around a twenty-seven-kilometer-long loop 11,000 times per second? And, crucially, why is all this important?In The Matter of Everything, accelerator physicist Suzie Sheehy introduces us to the people w

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Book SynopsisAiming to help small animal clinicians interpreting laboratory results, this work covers such topics as red and white blood cells, thrombocytes, plasma biochemistry, enzymes, electrolytes and metals, hormones and urinalysis.Table of ContentsAspects of interpretation; Part 1 Haematology:; Red blood cells (RBCs); White blood cells (WBCs); Platelets (thrombocytes); Part 2 Plasma biochemistry:; Nutrients and metabolites; Enzymes; Electrolytes and metals; Hormones; Part 3 Urinalysis:; Physical examination of urine; Chemical examination of urine; Urinary sediment; Urine culture and bacteriological screening methods

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Book SynopsisVeterinary Laboratory Medicine covers all aspects of basic clinical biochemistry and haematology, and includes test-by-test interpretation of laboratory results. Information is provided on sampling techniques, the selection and use of an external laboratory, as well as near-patient testing and the practice laboratory. Also included are step-by-step instructions for most commonly used point-of-care tests, a guide to the evaluation of instruments for in-practice use, and a detailed explanation of the principles of impedance counting and photometric analysis. The book will be ideal for practitioners who require a guide to laboratory work, and for veterinary students studying laboratory medicine and clinical pathology. The second edition has been fully updated to reflect advances in diagnostic techniques, and includes new chapters on diagnostic endocrinology and feline virus testing as well as a much expanded chapter on diagnostic profiling and pattern recognition.Trade ReviewFrom reviews of the first edition: 'The publication is extremely timely and the title is perceptive because throughout the book the laboratory is presented as one of the inputs of diagnosis and prognosis, part of the range of information to be assimilated in clinical judgement and decision making. This is a clinician's book written by a first rate clinical pathologist.' - Journal of Small Animal Practice 'Veterinary surgeons who require a handy guide to laboratory work and students studying laboratory medicine and clinical pathology should find this book invaluable.' - Veterinary Practice ManagementTable of ContentsIntroduction vii Part I: Haematology 1 The Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 3 2 The Platelets (Thrombocytes) and the Coagulation Factors 35 3 The White Blood Cells (Leucoytes) 49 Part II: Clinical Biochemistry Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry 69 4 The Plasma Proteins 73 5 The Electrolytes 81 6 The Minerals 91 7 The Nitrogenous Substances 101 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism 111 9 Bilirubin and Fat Metabolism 127 10 Clinical Enzymology – Plasma Enzymes in Diagnosis 135 11 Diagnosis Endocrinology 149 12 Non-Blood Body Fluids 169 13 Feline Virus Testing 181 Part III: Systematic Invesigation 14 Investigation on an Individual Organ Basis 199 15 Diagnosis Profiling and Pattern Recognition 209 Part IV: Practical Laboratory Medicine 16 Sample collection and Use of External Laboratories 243 17 Side-Room Testing in the Veterinary Practice 275 18 The ‘Practice Laboratory’ 307 Suggested Further Reading 355 Index 357

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Book SynopsisThis highly successful manual has served for nearly three decades as the definitive guide to the safe use of radioactive materials. Completely revised and updated, the fourth edition presents a new dimension by adding coverage of nonionizing radiation, and is thus concerned with the entire field of radiation protection.Trade ReviewJacob Shapiro's well-known and successful text has been completely revised and updated in this fourth edition, expanding on the principles and practices of radiation protection and using updated ICRP quantities and concepts...Coverage of the entire spectrum of radiation protection makes this volume an important training and reference manual for a wide range of disciplines using radiation in science, medicine, academia, industry, and government. A nice touch is the inclusion of web site addresses for government agencies and scientific committees. -- Rose Marie Pratt * Health Physics *The coverage is complete, the style simple, the order logical and the whole easy to read. * Nature *The book is very well written and organized into sections so that it may be used by students of various backgrounds and interests. * American Association of Physics in Medicine *It is without doubt the finest publication of its kind. The manual addresses the principles and practices of radiation protection for those nonspecialists whose work in research or the field of medicine requires the use of radiation sources. * American Journal of Roentgenology *Table of ContentsHistorical Prologue 1. In the Beginning 2. The Discovery of Invisible, Unbelievably Energetic Radiations 3. The Development of a Radiation Technology 4. The Need for Radiation Protection PART ONE: ENERGY--THE UNIFYING CONCEPT IN RADIATION PROTECTION 1. Radiation's Dual Identity 2. Energy Relationships in the Hydrogen Atom 3. Energy Levels in Atoms with Higher Z 4. Energy Levels in Molecules 5. Energies of Motion Associated with Temperature 6. Bonding Energies 7. Energy from Mass--The Ultimate Energy Source 8. Some Interesting Energy Values PART TWO: PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING PARTICLES 1. The Approach 2. Energy and Injury 3. Charged and Uncharged Ionizing Particles 4. Energy Transfer by Charged Particles 5. The Stopping Power Equation 6. Beta Particles--A Major Class of Charged Ionizing Particles 6.1 Properties of Some Common Beta-Emitting Radionuclides 6.2 Protection from External Beta Particle Sources--Time, Distance, and Shielding 7. Characteristics of Uncharged Ionizing Particles 8. Gamma Rays--A Major Class of Uncharged Ionizing Particles 8.1 Energies and Penetration of Gamma Rays from Some Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides 8.2 Positron-Emitting Radionuclides and Annihilation Radiation 8.3 The Three Major Mechanisms Affecting the Penetration of Gamma Radiation 8.4 Attenuation Coefficients of Gamma Photons in Different Materials 8.5 Calculation of Attenuation of Gamma Photons by the Half-Value Layer Method 8.6 Protection from Gamma Sources--Time, Distance, Shielding 9. Heavy Charged Ionizing Particles 9.1 The Alpha Particle--A Heavy Particle with High Linear Energy Transfer and High Capacity for Producing Damage 9.2 The Proton--Another Heavy Charged Particle with High Linear Energy Transfer 10. The Neutron--A Second Important Uncharged Ionizing Particle 10.1 Sources of Neutrons 10.2 Neutron Collisions 10.3 Attenuation of Neutrons 11. The Absorbed Dose--A Measure of Energy Imparted to a Medium 11.1 The Pattern of the Imparted Energy in a Medium 11.2 Definition of Absorbed Dose 11.3 The Gray--The SI Unit for Absorbed Dose 12. The Equivalent Dose--A Common Scale for Doses to Organs and Tissues from Different Radiation Types and Energies 12.1 The Radiation Weighting Factor and the Quality Factor--Measures of the Relative Hazard of Energy Transfer by Different Particles 12.2 The Sievert--The Special Unit of Equivalent Dose 13. Tissue Weighting Factors and the Effective Dose--A Measure of Risk and Severity of Consequences 14. The Roentgen--The Traditional Unit for Expressing Radiation Exposure 15. The Significance of External Radiation Levels 16. Exposure from Internal Radiation Sources 16.1 The Activity--A Quantity for Describing the Amount of Radioactivity 16.2 The Unit of Activity--The Becquerel 16.3 The Accumulating Dose from Radioactivity in the Body and the Committed Dose 17. The Annual Limit on Intake--The Basic Quantity for the Control of Internal Exposures 18. Limit for the Concentration of a Radionuclide in Air--A Derived Limit 19. Levels of Radioactivity Inside the Body--A Useful Benchmark for Internal Exposure 20. Protection from Radioactive Contamination 21. Some Simple Calculations in Radiation Protection 21.1 Dose from Beta Particles 21.2 Exposure Rate and Dose Rate from Gamma Photons 21.3 Reduction of Dose Rate by Both Distance and Shielding 21.4 Correction for Radioactive Decay 21.5 Shielding of Large or Complex Sources 22. X Rays--Radiation Made by Machine 22.1 Production of X Rays 22.2 Diagnostic Radiology 22.3 X-Ray Attenuation in the Body 22.4 Effects of Photon Energy Distribution on Image Formation and Absorbed Dose 22.5 A Description of an X-Ray Machine 22.6 Production of a Photograph of the X-Ray Image 22.7 Fluoroscopy 22.8 Mammography 22.9 Computed Tomography: Taking Cross Sections with X Rays 22.10 Technical Approaches for Minimizing the Doses Required to Record an X Ray 22.11 Impact of the Digital Computer in Radiation Medicine 23. Dose Measurements in Diagnostic Radiology 24. Exposure Guides and Reference Levels in Diagnostic Radiology 25. Protection of the Patient in X-Ray Diagnosis 25.1 Principles 25.2 Policy of the International Commission on Radiological Protection 25.3 Studies in the United Kingdom 25.4 Radiography of the Spine in Scoliosis 25.5 Screening for Specific Diseases 26. Radiation Levels in the Working Areas around X-Ray Machines 26.1 Shielding the X-Ray Beam 27. Dose Reduction in Nuclear Medicine 28. Exposure of the Embryo, Fetus, or Nursing Child 29. Protection of the Patient in Radiation Therapy 29.1 Treatment with External Radiation Beams 29.2 Brachytherapy 29.3 Therapeutic Use of Radiopharmaceuticals 30. Misadministrations in the Medical Use of Radiation and Radioactive Material 31. Occupational Exposures Incurred in the Medical Use of Radiation 31.1 Studies of Occupational Exposures in the Conduct of Specific Procedures 32. Comments for Users of X-Ray Diffraction Machines 33. Particle Accelerators--The Universal Radiation Source 33.1 History of Particle Accelerators 33.2 Interactions of High-Energy Particles 33.3 Shielding High-Energy Particles 33.4 Particle Accelerators in Radiation Therapy 34. Regulation of Radiation Sources and Uses 34.1 Regulatory Measures for Medical Radiation Programs PART THREE: RADIATION DOSE CALCULATIONS 1. Dose from Beta-Emitting Radionuclides inside the Body 1.1 Calculating the Initial Dose Rate 1.2 Dose Calculations for a Decaying Radionuclide 1.3 Some Relationships Governing Radioactive Decay 1.4 Relationships Involving Both Radioactive Decay and Biological Elimination 1.5 Absorbed Beta Dose over a Period of Time 2. A Closer Look at the Dose from Beta Particles 2.1 Beta Particle Point Source Dose-Rate Functions 2.2 Evaluation of Beta Particle Dose from the Fluence and Stopping Power 3. Calculation of the Absorbed Dose from Gamma Emitters in the Body 3.1 Dose Rate from a Point Source of Photons--The Specific Dose-Rate Constant for Tissue 3.2 Evaluation of the Specific Dose-Rate Constant 3.3 Dose Rate from Distributed Gamma Sources 3.4 The Absorbed-Fraction Method--Dose within the Source Volume 3.5 Dose to Targets Outside the Source Volume by the Absorbed-Fraction Method 3.6 The Specific Absorbed Fraction--Sparing the Need to Divide by the Target Mass 3.7 Use of the Equilibrium Dose Constant--Computer-Generated Source Output Data 3.8 The S Factor--Doses from Cumulated Activity 4. Summary of Formulas 4.1 Radioactive Decay 4.2 Physical Decay and Biological Elimination 4.3 Dose from Nonpenetrating Radiation from Internal Emitters 4.4 Dose from Penetrating Radiation from Internal Emitters 4.5 Inverse Square Law 4.6 Dose Rates at a Distance from Gamma Sources 4.7 Attenuation of Radiation 4.8 Equivalent Dose 5. Dose Calculations for Specific Radionuclides 5.1 Hydrogen-3 5.2 Iodine-131 and Iodine-125 5.3 Strontium-90 / Yttrium-90 / Zirconium-90 5.4 Xenon-133 and Krypton-85 5.5 Uranium-238 and Its Decay Products 5.6 Radon-222 and Its Decay Products 5.7 Plutonium-239 and Plutonium-240 6. Dose Rates from Small, Highly Radioactive Particles 6.1 Evaluation of the Dose from Beta Particles 6.2 Biological Effects of Hot Particles 6.3 Risk of Cancer from Hot Particles 6.4 Highly Radioactive Particles in Fallout 6.5 Recommendations of the NCRP on Limits of Exposure to Hot Particles 6.6 NRC Enforcement Policy for Exposures to Hot Particles 7. The Radioactive Patient as a Source of Exposure 8. Radiation Doses in Nuclear Medicine 8.1 Dose to the Fetus from Uptake of Radionuclides from the Mother 9. Evaluation of Doses within the Body from X Rays 9.1 Patient Doses in Mammography 9.2 Evaluation of Doses in CT Examinations 10. Survey Results, Handbooks, and the Internet 10.1 Surveys of Doses in X-Ray Examinations 11. Producing an Optimum Radiation Field for Treating a Tumor PART FOUR: RADIATION MEASUREMENTS 1. Radiation Counting with a Geiger-Mueller Counter 1.1 A G-M Counter Described 1.2 Adjusting the High Voltage on a G-M Counter and Obtaining a Plateau 1.3 How a G-M Counter Can Lose Counts and Even Become Paralyzed 1.4 How to Distinguish between Beta and Gamma Radiation with a G-M Counter 1.5 How to Determine Source Strength of a Beta Emitter with a G-M Counter 1.6 Factors Affecting Efficiency of Detection of Beta Particles 1.7 Correcting for Attenuation of Beta Particles by Determining Absorption Curves 1.8 Counting Gamma Photons with a G-M Counter 1.9 Standardization of Radionuclides with G-M Counters 1.10 Interpreting Counts on a G-M Counter 2. Energy Measurements with a Scintillation Detector 2.1 Description of Scintillation Detectors and Photomultipliers 2.2 Pulse Counting with a Scintillation Counter and Scaler 2.3 Pulse-Height Distributions from Scintillation Detectors 2.4 Electronic Processing of Pulses Produced by Scintillation Detectors 3. Detectors for Special Counting Problems 3.1 Gas-Filled Proportional Counters 3.2 Semiconductor Detectors 4. Measuring Radiation Dose Rates 4.1 Measuring X and Gamma Dose Rates with Ionization-Type Survey Meters 4.2 Use of Scintillation Detectors to Measure Dose Rates 4.3 Use of G-M Counters to Monitor Dose Rates 4.4 Routine Performance Checks of Survey Meters 4.5 Calibration of Survey Meters 4.6 Beta Dose-Rate Measurements 4.7 Neutron Monitoring 5. Measuring Accumulated Doses over Extended Periods--Personnel and Environmental Monitoring 5.1 Use of Biodosimetry in Reconstructing Radiation Exposures 6. Specifying Statistical Variations in Counting Results 6.1 Nature of Counting Distributions 6.2 Sample Average and Confidence Limits 6.3 Standard Deviation 6.4 The Normal Error Curve--A Good Fit for Count Distributions 6.5 Precision of a Single Radiation Measurement 6.6 The Effect of Background on the Precision of Radiation Measurements 6.7 The Precision of the Ratio of Two Measurements 6.8 Testing the Distribution of a Series of Counts--The Chi-Square Test 6.9 Measurements at the Limits of Sensitivity of Detectors 7. Comments on Making Accurate Measurements PART FIVE: PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF RADIONUCLIDES 1. Obtaining Authorization to Use Radionuclides 1.1 Administration of Radioactive Material to Humans 1.2 Requirements for Obtaining Approval to Use New Radioactive Drugs 1.3 Protection of the Patient in Nuclear Medicine 2. Training Required for Working with Radionuclides 2.1 Implementation of a Training Program 2.2 Radiation Safety within a Comprehensive Institutional Program in Laboratory Safety 3. Responsibilities of Radionuclide Users 4. Standards for Protection against Radiation 5. Personnel Monitoring for External Radiation Exposure 5.1 Ambiguities in Using the Personnel Dosimeter Dose as a Surrogate for Personnel Dose 6. Monitoring Personnel Subject to Intakes of Radioactive Material 7. NRC and ICRP Values for Annual Limits on Intake and Airborne Radioactivity Concentration Limits 7.1 Air Monitoring for Environmental Radioactivity 8. Posting of Areas 9. Laboratory Facilities 10. Protective Clothing 11. Trays and Handling Tools 12. Special Handling Precautions for Radioiodine 12.1 Use of Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid-Blocking Agent 13. Hygiene 14. Trial Runs 15. Delivery of Radionuclides 16. Storage and Control of Radionuclides 17. Storage of Wastes 18. Waste Disposal 18.1 Disposal of Gases to the Atmosphere 18.2 Disposal of Liquids to Unrestricted Areas 18.3 Disposal of Liquid Wastes to Sanitary Sewerage Systems 18.4 Solid Wastes 18.5 Disposal on Site by Incineration and Other Methods 18.6 Government Regulation of the Disposal of Hazardous Wastes 18.7 Volume Reduction in Waste Disposal 18.8 The Designation of De Minimus Concentrations of Radioactivity 18.9 Natural Radioactivity as a Reference in the Control of Environmental Releases 19. Use of Radioactive Materials in Animals 20. Transportation of Radionuclides 20.1 Transportation within the Institution 20.2 Mailing through the U.S. Postal Service 20.3 Shipment of "Limited Quantities" 20.4 Shipment of "Low-Specific-Activity" Materials 20.5 Shipment of Type-A Packages 20.6 Shipping Papers and Shipper's Certification 21. Contamination Control 21.1 Monitoring for Contamination 21.2 Decontamination of Equipment and Buildings--Limits for Uncontrolled Release 22. Personnel Contamination and Decontamination 23. Leak Tests of Sealed Sources 24. Notification of Authorities in the Event of Radiation Incidents 25. Termination of Work with Radionuclides Appendix A: Emergency Instructions in the Event of Release of Radioactivity and Contamination of Personnel A.1 Objectives of Remedial Action A.2 Procedures for Dealing with Minor Spills and Contamination A.3 Personnel Decontamination A.4 Major Releases of Airborne Radioactivity as a Result of Explosions, Leakage of High-Level Sealed Gaseous and Powdered Sources Appendix B: The Regulatory Process B.1 Radiation Control at the Federal Level B.2 Radiation Control at the State Level B.3 Inspection and Enforcement Appendix C: Control of Airborne Releases to the Environment C.1 Dilution in the Atmosphere C.2 Filtration of Particles C.3 Adsorption of Gases and Vapors on Charcoal C.4 Adsorbers for Radioiodine PART SIX: IONIZING RADIATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH 1. Formulation of Standards for Radiation Protection 1.1 Standards for Protection of the Public against Radioactive Contamination 1.2 Standards for the Cleanup of Sites Contaminated with Radioactivity 1.3 Protective Actions for Exposures of the Public from Long-Term and Unattributable Sources 2. Medical Findings on Humans Exposed to Radiation 2.1 Sources of Human Exposure Data 2.2 Epidemiological Studies of Leukemia and Other Cancers 2.3 Risk of Cancer from Exposure to Radiation 2.4 Effects on the Developing Embryo 2.5 Genetic Risks 2.6 Basic Mechanisms in the Genesis of Cancer by Ionizing Radiation 3. Risks to Health from Exposure to Alpha Radiation 3.1 Evolution of Protection Standards for Radon Gas and Its Decay Products 3.2 Risk of Lung Cancer from Extended Exposure to Radon and Its Short-Lived Decay Products 3.3 Exposure of Bone to Alpha Radiation 4. Implications for Humans from Results of Animal Experiments 5. Sources Producing Population Exposure 5.1 Natural Sources of External Radiation 5.2 Natural Sources of Radioactivity within the Body 5.3 Population Exposure from Medical and Dental X Rays 5.4 Population Exposure (Internal) from Radiopharmaceuticals 5.5 Environmental Radiation Levels from Fallout from Past Weapons Tests 5.6 Potential External Exposure to the Population from Large-Scale Use of Nuclear Power 5.7 Population Exposure (Internal) from Environmental Pollutants 6. Population Exposure from Radiation Accidents 6.1 Windscale, England--The First Major Nuclear Reactor Accident Causes Significant Environmental Contamination 6.2 Palomares, Spain--Atomic Bombs Drop from the Sky, Igniting and Contaminating a Countryside 6.3 Thule, Greenland--A Bomber Crashes and Its Nuclear Weapons Ignite 6.4 Rocky Flats, Colorado--A Case History in Environmental Plutonium Contamination from an Industrial Plant 6.5 Gabon, Africa--Site of Nature's Own Nuclear Reactor 6.6 Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania--A Nation Confronts the Awesome Presence of the Atom 6.7 Chernobyl 6.8 Nuclear Power from the Perspective of the Three Mile Island and the Chernobyl Accidents 7. Nuclear Weapons--Ready for Armageddon PART SEVEN: EXPOSURE TO NONIONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 1. Electromagnetic Fields--Quantities, Units, and Maxwell's Equations 1.1 The Electric Field 1.2 The Magnetic Field 1.3 Maxwell's Equation for Faraday's Law of Induction 1.4 Maxwell's Equation for Ampere's Law as Modified for the Displacement Current 1.5 The Interactions of Electric and Magnetic Fields in a Medium 2. Interaction of Fields from Electric Power Lines with the Body 3. The Physics of Radiating Electromagnetic Fields 3.1 The Derivation of Equations for Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations 3.2 Electromagnetic Waves Generated by a Sinusoidal Oscillator 3.3 Relationships of Photons and Waves 4. Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Body 4.1 Penetration of EMF into the Body 4.2 Induced and Contact Currents 5. Specifying Dose to Tissue from Electromagnetic Fields 5.1 The Production of Heat as the Main Biological Effect 5.2 Resonance--A Special Concern in Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation 5.3 The Specific Absorption Rate--The Basic Quantity for Assessment of Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation 6. Devices That Produce Electromagnetic Fields 6.1 Antennas 6.2 Cellular Phone Networks 6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 6.4 Video Display Terminals 7. Making Measurements of ELF and Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields 8. Standards for Protection against Electromagnetic Fields 8.1 Power Lines 8.2 Radiofrequency Standards 8.3 Telecommunications Standards 8.4 Microwave Ovens 8.5 Video Display Units 8.6 Static Magnetic and Electric Fields 8.7 Comparison of Basic Limits for Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation 9. Medical Findings on Humans 9.1 Static Magnetic Fields 9.2 Extremely Low Frequencies, Including Power Lines 9.3 Radiofrequencies 10. Effects on Animals--Basic Research 11. Exposures from Environmental Fields 11.1 Broadcasting: The Dominant Source of RF Radiation in the Environment 11.2 Radar Installations for Civilian and Military Purposes 11.3 Transmitters for Cellular Phone Systems 11.4 Power lines 11.5 Home and Office 12. Effects of Electromagnetic Interference on Pacemakers 13. Exposures to Patients and Staff from Medical Devices 13.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 14. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation 15. Beyond Microwaves PART EIGHT: CURRENT ISSUES IN RADIATION PROTECTION: WHERE THE EXPERTS STAND 1. On Electromagnetic Fields 2. On Defining and Regulating the Hazards of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation 2.1 On the Validity of the Linear No-Threshold (LN-T) Theory 2.2 The Exemption from Regulatory Control of Radiation Levels Below Which Causation of Cancer Is Considered Insignificant 3. On Reducing Population Radiation Exposure from Medical and Dental X Rays 4. On the Safety of Nuclear Power 5. On the Hazards of Nuclear Weapons Tests and Underground Explosions 5.1 Hazards to the Public from Fallout from Atmospheric Testing of Nuclear Bombs 5.2 Safety of the Use of Nuclear Explosives Underground for Large-Scale Excavation or Development of Natural Resources 6. On the Consequences to Civilization of an All-Out Thermonuclear War 7. A Personal Statement Appendix I: Problems Appendix II: Data on Selected Radionuclides Appendix III: Some Constants and Conversion Factors Selected Bibliography References Index

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Book SynopsisIf existing models of the structure of the universe are correct, then 85 percent of the cosmos comprises a substance called dark matter. Yet no direct evidence of dark matter exists. Award-winning science journalist Govert Schilling details the quest to detect dark matter and how the search has helped us to understand the universe we inhabit.Trade ReviewAn impressively comprehensive bird’s-eye view of a research topic that is both many decades established and yet still at the very cutting edge of astronomy and physics. Along the course of this whirlwind tour, we catch glimpses of the lives and motivations of many of the key thinkers and builders who have defined the dark matter problem, as well as those who hope, sooner or later, to solve it. -- Katie Mack * Wall Street Journal *The book is both an advertisement for the thrill of scientific discovery and the visionaries who pursue the big questions simply because they are there. Schilling has craftily combined his lucid and accessible descriptions of science with the personal story of those unlocking the finer details of the missing mass mystery. The result is enthralling…A captivating scientific thriller. Future generations will no doubt be grateful for this fascinating contemporary account. * BBC Sky at Night *Schilling takes readers on a journey through the stories of a veritable army of physicists from around the globe as they have sought to understand the dark matter and dark energy that appear to make up 95% of our Universe. -- Catherine Heymans * Science *Fascinating…A thorough and sometimes troubling account of the hunt for dark matter…Schilling is an expert guide not only to dark matter and the equally baffling dark energy, which gets a good outing here, but to particle physics and cosmology…You will come away with a very good understanding of how the universe works. Well, our universe, anyway. -- Michael Brooks * New Scientist *Takes the reader on a vivid and entertaining journey through the history of the search for dark matter…Through interviews with personalities on both sides of historical controversies, the book is a colorful account of science in action, and is thoughtfully balanced to be engaging for a general audience as well as detailed enough to satisfy readers with a more technical background. -- Morgan Hollis * Nature Astronomy *A non-technical, historical, personal, up-to-date, correct, balanced, well-written, and well-researched book. -- Phillip Helbig * The Observatory *Expertly explains what we’ve learned about dark matter, and what we have yet to learn. -- Jeff Foust * Space Review *Curious, indefatigable, and a fine writer, Schilling clearly relays the work of astrophysicists…An entertaining account of a scientific quest that has failed—so far. * Kirkus Reviews *Fascinating history…Schilling convincingly argues that even without proof of its existence, dark matter has increased people’s understanding of the world—the search for it has led to greater knowledge of galaxies, gravity, and the big bang, among other phenomena. It makes for a solid introduction to an elusive topic. * Publishers Weekly *Govert Schilling has written a riveting narrative that brings you up to date on the research into astronomy's most long-standing and frustrating mystery: What is the universe's main ingredient? Thoroughly researched and highly enjoyable. -- Marcia Bartusiak, author of The Day We Found the UniverseFrom a revered science writer, a clear, wide-ranging account of one of the deepest and most fascinating mysteries in astronomy. -- Martin Rees, coauthor of The End of AstronautsA genuine page-turner. Schilling masterfully tells the stories of some of the greatest—and quirkiest—minds ever to probe the cosmos. -- Rick Fienberg, Senior Advisor to the Executive Officer, American Astronomical SocietyWith this book, Schilling offers us a clear and entertaining update on the quest to understand the nature of dark matter. The way he tells this story beautifully captures the sense of mystery that those of us working in this field experience every day. -- Dan Hooper, author of At the Edge of TimeA lively book by a skilled science journalist on an important topic in cosmology: the dark matter. -- Robert Kirshner, Clowes Research Professor of Science, Harvard UniversityGovert Schilling brings his longtime experience of writing about astronomy and its history to this exciting volume. Newcomers to the field will find much to learn in these pages, and experts much to discuss. -- Virginia Trimble, former president, Division of Galaxies and the Universe, International Astronomical Union

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Winner of the AAAS/Subaru SB&F Prize for Excellence in Science Books for Young Adults""Finalist for the PROSE Award in Popular Science and Mathematics, Association of American Publishers""Winner of the Sigurd F. Olson Nature Writing Award, Northland College""Winner of the Nautilus Book Award, Animals & Nature Section""Winner of the Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize, BC and Yukon Book Prizes""Meticulously researched and colorfully presented . . . the first [book] to integrate so many dimensions of the field in a way that is accessible to nonexperts. It is a wonderful mix of animal ecology, narratives of science-doing, futurism, and accounts of Indigenous knowledge that is as interdisciplinary as the field itself."---Benjamin Gottesman, Science"Bakker's well-researched stories showcase the mysterious communication styles of whales, elephants, turtles, corals, plants, bats, and bees as told by the scientists who care enough to listen. . . . These scientific breakthroughs couldn't come at a better time."---Krystal Vasquez, Sierra"Bakker ladles academic research liberally onto the reader in short, spare sentences that build up to a comprehensive whole. Her deep knowledge is worn lightly throughout the book, so that you never feel overwhelmed."---Chris Stokel-Walker, New Scientist"[I] couldn’t put [The Sounds of Life] down. . . . [A] fascinating and forward-looking book."---Marc Bekoff, Psychology Today"Nature lovers will delight in [Bakker's] chronicle of the emerging technologies tuning us into a new world of non-human sound and conversation." * Globe & Mail *"In this beautifully written study, Karen Bakker, a tech entrepreneur and academic, compares digital technology that can reveal these sounds with the microscope’s effect on vision. By extending our hearing, the technology allows us to encounter 'new soundscapes around the world and across the Tree of Life.'"---Andrew Robinson, Nature"A fascinating account of a rapidly advancing understanding of the sonic world that binds life together on this planet."---Graeme Gourlay, Dive Magazine"The Sounds of Life is a charming and timely book, packed with stories of remarkable, eye-opening (and ear-opening?) discoveries."---Hilary Lamb, Engineering and Technology"Bakker is talking about extension of our experience and our understanding and our sympathy in ways not possible before the advent of digital technology."---John Wilson, First Things"Bakker’s book is full of stories of wonder and curiosity about the world of sound that constantly surrounds humanity." * Mongabay *"This is a fascinating and surprising look at how the natural world teems with remarkable conversations, many beyond human hearing range. . . . A great read."---Lorraine Connolly, The Countryman"Impeccably written, soundly researched, and utterly fascinating. . . . Between and around the book’s hard science, the author wraps accessible and warmly told human narratives such as the tale of the dying man who on his last sea trip first realized whales communicated with each other. Thus, The Sounds of Life is filled with a certain kind of wild, brilliant charm that makes it very readable for the scientific and the nonscientific minded alike." * Compulsive Reader *"This is an extraordinary book."---Christopher W. Clark, The Quarterly Review of Biology

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Book SynopsisA study of social and cultural life at a scientific research station in the Arctic.Trade Review"Studying Arctic Fields is expertly researched, well-situated in the literature on the history and philosophy of science, and is engaging and well-written. There are no other works on a similar topic and it will engage a broad readership." David G. Anderson, University of Aberdeen"Portraying the social lives of scientists in Resolute, Nunavut, and their interactions with logistical staff and Inuit, Richard Powell demonstrates that the scientific community is structured along power differentials in response to gender, class, and race. To explain these social dynamics, the author examines the history and vision of the Government of Canada's Polar Continental Shelf Program and John Diefenbaker's "Northern Vision," combining ethnography with wider discourses on nationalism, identity, and the postwar evolution of scientific sovereignty in the High Arctic. By revealing an expanded understanding of the scientific life as it relates to politics, history, and cultures, Studying Arctic Fields articulates a new theory of field research." Above & Beyond: Canada's Arctic Journal"Powell has dug deep into the history books to provide an important overview of the political motivations of the Canadian government to create the PCSP in 1958 and how its mandate and name ("Project" to "Program") have changed over the years. This book should be required reading for any student interested in Arctic research, for polar historians, and for politicians with aspirations for northern development." Arctic"Studying Arctic Fields ... is highly readable and accessible to a wide audience, including the support staff at PCSP who make the field science possible. Powell has provided an excellent introduction to the Polar Continental Shelf Project and to the soci

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Book SynopsisThe increasingly sophisticated and powerful information technology we are creating plays an ever more prominent role in facilitating interaction and cooperation in everyday life. The time has come to harness it in the service of scientific research. This pathbreaking book describes the technical and social challenges and opportunities of electronic collaboration and offers specific examples of the ways in which it has not only facilitated but in some cases enabled work by scientists. Key players all, the chapter authors illuminate the general issues with their first-hand accounts. Very few researchers today can work in isolation. Electronic Collaboration in Science provides the first clear road map for all whose investigations are leading them into this fascinating new multidisciplinary domain.Table of ContentsContents: W.A. Wulf, Foreword. S.H. Koslow, M.F. Huerta, Preface. G.M. Olson, T.A. Finholt, S.D. Teasley, Behavioral Aspects of Collaboratories. D.L. Burk, Intellectual Property Issues in Electronic Collaborations. P.M.D. Gray, G.J.L. Kemp, Federated Database Technology for Data Integration: Lessons From Bioinformatics. G. Cameron, P. Rogriguez-Tomé, R. Apweiler, Electonic Collaboration in Molecular Biology. R.T. Kouzes, Electronic Collaboration in Environmental and Physical Science Research. F.E. Bloom, W.G. Young, Electonic Collaboration: Implications for Neurosciences.

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Book SynopsisCovering Equipment Testing Procedure, softcover member and other discounts do not apply to this title.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Purpose and Scope. Purpose. Scope. Liability. Chapter 2. Definitions and Descriptions of Terms. Flow Quantities. Key components. Tray Efficiency. Operating Lines. Pinch. Maximum Throughput. Minimum Throughput. Operating Section. Chapter 3. Test Planning. Safety. Environmental. Preliminary Preparation. Test Objectives. Organizational Resources. Schedule. Column Control and Instrumentation. Peripheral Equipment. Pretest Calculations. Types of Tests. Performance Tests. Acceptance Tests. Specific Areas of Interest. Tray Efficiency. Capacity Limitations. Energy Consumption. Pressure-Drop Restrictions. Data requirements-Measured. Properties of External Streams, Overall and Component Material Balances, Over Enthalpy Balances. Internal Temperatures. Internal Samples. Pressure Profiles. Data Requirements-Physical Properties. Essential Data. Auxiliary Data. Test Procedure Documentation. Chapter 4. Methods of Measurement and Sampling. Measurement of Temperatures. Accuracy. Errors. Measurement of Flow Rates. Orifice Meters. Rotameters. Direct Volume or Weight Measurement. Measurement of Column Pressure Drop. Instruments. Pressure taps. Seal Pots. Accuracy. Sampling Procedures. General. Selection of Sampling Points. Sample Connections. Containers. Sampling of High Boiling Materials. Sampling of Intermediate Boiling Materials. Sampling of Materials Having Boiling Points Below -50o F (-46oC). Labeling and Handling of the Samples. Chapter 5. Test Procedure. Preliminary. Pretest Procedure for Maximum Hydraulic Throughput. Reaching the Flooding Point. Capacity Test. Test Period. Establishment of Steady State Conditions. Length of Test Period. Chapter 6. Computation of Results. Verification of Test Data. Material Balance. Enthalpy Balance. Overall Balance. Internal Flow Rates. Column Capacity. Column Pressure Drop. Overall Column Efficiency. Computer Calculation. Graphical Calculation. Murphree Tray Efficiency. Sample Calculations. Chapter 7. Interpretation of Results. Sources of Experimental Error. Effects of Experimental Error. Possible Reasons for Not Meeting Design Performance. Mechanical. Process. Applications of Test results to Design Conditions. Chapter 8. Appendix. Notation. Illustrations. Sample Calculation. English Units. SI Units. References.

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Book SynopsisMolecular Morphology in Human Tissues: Techniques and Applications presents the most advanced molecular morphological techniques to date. This integrated approach to molecular morphology provides powerful analytical and diagnostic tools at the genome level, making the diagnosis and management of cancer, viral infections, and other diseases more precise and reliable. The pioneers of these techniques contribute step-by-step protocols with tips, guidelines, and other suggestions from their own notebooks, enabling experienced scientists as well as beginners to apply the most progressive detection methods available and to obtain optimal results.Table of ContentsMolecular Morphology in Human Tissues: Techniques and Applications presents the most advanced molecular morphological techniques to date. This integrated approach to molecular morphology provides powerful analytical and diagnostic tools at the genome level, making the diagnosis and management of cancer, viral infections, and other diseases more precise and reliable. The pioneers of these techniques contribute step-by-step protocols with tips, guidelines, and other suggestions from their own notebooks, enabling experienced scientists as well as beginners to apply the most progressive detection methods available and to obtain optimal results.

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Book SynopsisThe use of stable isotopes in nutritional studies is now widespread, and the technique is becoming increasingly popular. Practical applications are numerous and include:calcium and iron absorption studiesstudies looking at the impacts of diet, physical activity, aging, and medical therapy and supplementation on nutrient metabolismthe measurement of energy cost of pregnancystudies on the causes of growth faltering in infantsinvestigations into childhood and adult obesity.This book is designed as a laboratory handbook of methods used to perform stable isotope studies in humans. It covers basic principles, dosage information, sample preparation procedures, analytical instrumentation, and necessary mathematical methods and provides the fundamentals to enable researchers to evaluate and establish stable isotope methods in their own laboratories.Table of Contents1: Introduction, S A Abrams and W W Wong 2: The measurement of protein kinetics with stable isotope tracers, F Jahoor, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas,USA 3: Stable isotope studies of macromineral metabolism: Calcium, magnesium and iron, S A Abrams 4: Evaluation of trace mineral status and bioavailability using stable isotopes (zinc, copper, selenium, molybdenum), N M Lowe, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK and C S Broome, University of Liverpool, UK 5: Energy utilization with doubly labelled water (2H218O), W W Wong 6: Body composition measurements with 2H218O isotope dilution, W W Wong 7: Stable isotopes and gas chromatoraphy - Mass spectrometry in studies of glucose and metabolism in children, A L Sunehag, and M W Haymond, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA 8: Cholesterol and other lipid metabolism, R E Ostlund, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA 9: Index

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