Physical chemistry Books

Book SynopsisHydrogen is widely billed as the fuel of the future. For this to be a reality there is a pressing need for a safe, economic and reliable way to transport hydrogen, particularly for automotive applications. This has prompted a world-wide effort to develop novel materials that are re-usable and capable of storing and releasing significant (> 6 wt%) quantities of hydrogen. In addition to compressed (either liquid or gaseous) hydrogen, two main themes are being explored: adsorption of hydrogen by materials and "chemical hydrogen" where hydrogen is reacted with a material. The discussion focusses on both themes, from synthesis and characterisation to application of such novel materials. The focusses on the wider issues involved in synthetic routes, characterisation, materials properties, rather than simply on examples. The importance of the interplay of theory and experiment is stressed. Faraday Discussion 151, organised by the Faraday Division, aims to bring together the diverse range of workers in the field of hydrogen storage materials, from those involved in materials discovery and characterisation, to those studying mechanisms or developing applications. The Discussion will both inform people of alternative strategies and encourage new ideas and approaches. The themes cover: application of theory and spectroscopic methods to understand hydrogenation/dehydrogenation mechanisms; novel approaches such as catalysed hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of organic molecules, encapsulation of nanosized materials in carbon or polymers; chemical hydrogen: characterisation and properties of main group and transition metal borohydrides and alanates, ternary and quaternary metal hydrides, reactive hydride composites; adsorbed/physisorbed hydrogen on or in MOFs, promoted carbons and other materials with large internal or external surface area; and applications including uses for automotives and novel battery materials.Table of ContentsPreface; Introductory Lecture; Pore with gate: modulating hydrogen storage in metal-organic framework materials via cation exchange; The effect of host relaxation and dynamics on guest molecule dynamics in H2/tetrahydrofuran-hydrate; The role of Ni in increasing the reversibility of the hydrogen release from nanoconfined LiBH4; Analysis of hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials for low carbon energy applications; Characterisation of porous hydrogen storage materials: carbons, zeolites, MOFs and PIMs; General discussion; Synthesis of small metallic Mg-based nanoparticles confined in porous carbon materials for hydrogen sorption; The effect of complex halides and binary halides on hydrogen release for the 2LiBH4:1MgH2 system; Incorporating magnesium and calcium cations in porous organic frameworks for high-capacity hydrogen storage; Control of hydrogen release and uptake in amine borane molecular complexes: thermodynamics of ammonia borane, ammonium borohydride, and the diammoniate of diborane; Probing the binding and spatial arrangement of molecular hydrogen in porous hosts via neutron Compton scattering; General discussion; Mobility and dynamics in the complex hydrides LiAlH4 and LiBH4; Novel sodium aluminium borohydride containing the complex anion [Al(BH4,Cl)4]-; Theoretical study of the vibrational properties of NaAlH4 with AlH3 vacancies; Synthesis of LiNH2 + LiH by reactive milling of Li3N; In situ powder neutron diffraction study of non-stoichiometric phase formation during the hydrogenation of Li3N; Hydrogen storage and ionic mobility in amide---halide systems; General discussion; Homogenous dehydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers catalyzed by an iridium PCP complex; YMn2Hx and RMn2FeyH6 (R Y, Er) studied by Raman, infrared and inelastic neutron; scattering spectroscopies; Hydride formation in Mg-based systems processed by reactive milling; Performance of a full-scale hydrogen-storage tank based on complex hydrides; Performance of a metal hydride store on the ae"Ross BarlowAe" hydrogen powered canal boat; A multidisciplinary combinatorial approach for tuning promising hydrogen storage materials; towards automotive applications; General discussion; Effective hydrogen storage: a strategic chemistry challenge; Poster titles; List of participants; Index of contributors

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is an introduction to the Brownian motion of colloids and nano-particles, and the diffusion of molecules. One very appealing aspect of Brownian motion, as this book illustrates, is that the subject connects a broad variety of topics, including thermal physics, hydrodynamics, reaction kinetics, fluctuation phenomena, statistical thermodynamics, osmosis and colloid science. The book is based on a set of lecture notes that the authors used for an undergraduate course at the University of Utrecht, Netherland. It aims to provide more than a simplified qualitative description of the subject, without getting bogged down in difficult mathematics. Each chapter contains exercises, ranging from straightforward ones to more involved problems, addressing instances from (thermal motion in) chemistry, physics and life sciences. Exercises also deal with derivations or calculations that are skipped in the main text. The book offers a treatment of Brownian motion on a level appropriate for bachelor/undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, soft matter and the life sciences. PhD students attending courses and doing research in colloid science or soft matter will also benefit from this book.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis molecular dynamics textbook takes the reader from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics and vice versa, and from few-body systems to many-body systems. It is self-contained, comprehensive, and builds the theory of molecular dynamics from basic principles to applications, allowing the subject to be appreciated by readers from physics, chemistry, and biology backgrounds while maintaining mathematical rigor. The book is enhanced with illustrations, problems and solutions, and suggested reading, making it ideal for undergraduate and graduate courses or self-study. With coverage of recent developments, the book is essential reading for students who explore and characterize phenomena at the atomic level. It is a useful reference for researchers in physics and chemistry, and can act as an entry point for researchers in nanoscience, materials engineering, genetics, and related fields who are seeking a deeper understanding of nature.Table of ContentsI BASICS OFCLASSICAL MECHANICS1 Principles of classical dynamics1.1 Newtonian dynamics1.2 Space and time1.3 Mass1.4 Energy1.5 Electric charge1.6 Reference system of coordinates1.7 Newtonian time1.8 Linear motion1.9 Angular motion1.10 Descriptions between inertialreference frames2 Foundations of Newtonian dynamics2.1 First Newton’s law2.2 Second Newton’s law2.3 Third Newton’s law2.4 Reduced mass of a two-particlesystem2.5 Time reversibility2.6 Angular momentum and torque2.7 Impulse, work and power2.8 Kinetic and potential energies2.9 Energy conservation3 Many-particle systems3.1 Reference frame of amany-particle system3.2 Angular momentum and torque of amany-particle system3.3 Mechanical energies of a many-particlesystem3.4 Transformation of the energycomponents3.5 Energy balance equation3.6 Statistical and time averages ofphysical observables3.7 Ergodic hypothesis3.8 Breaking the ergodic hypothesis3.9 Velocity distribution function3.10 Temperature of a system ofparticles3.11 Temperature scaling as athermostat3.12 Temperature fluctuations3.13 Pressure and volume3.14 The virial and the equation ofstate4 Mechanical descriptors4.1 Caloric curve4.2 Interatomic distancefluctuations4.3 Root mean square deviation ofpositions4.4 Orientational order parameter4.5 Pair correlation distributionfunction4.6 Correlation functions4.7 Properties of correlationfunctions4.8 Vibrational spectra fromautocorrelation functions5 Rigid body5.1 Angular momentum of a rotatingsystem of particles5.2 External torques acting on arotating body5.3 Total energy of a rotating rigidbody6 Analytical Mechanics6.1 Action function6.2 Principle of stationary action6.3 Classifying molecular systems6.4 Lagrange’s equations of motion6.5 Newtonian equations of motionfrom Lagrange theory6.6 Non-uniqueness of the Lagrangian6.7 Invariance of the Lagrangeequations of motion6.8 Motion with constraints6.9 Hamilton’s function6.10 Preservation of the Hamiltonianin time6.11 Conserved observables andsymmetries6.12 Space homogeneity6.13 Space isotropy6.14 Uniform passage of time6.15 Hamilton’s equations of motion6.16 Invariance under canonicaltransformations6.17 Time reversibility inHamiltonian theory6.18 Hamilton-Jacobi theory6.19 Illustrating with the harmonicoscillator6.20 Contact between quantum andclassical mechanics6.21 Poisson’s brackets6.22 Classical time propagatorII BASICS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS7 Wave-particle duality of matter7.1 Young’s experiment7.2 Interference of waves7.3 Photo-electron experiment7.4 Compton’s experiment7.5 Davisson-Germer’s experiment7.6 De Broglie’s hypothesis7.7 Bohr’s complementary principle8 Quantization of the energy8.1 Planck’s energy equation8.2 Blackbody radiation experiment8.3 Rayleigh-Jeans law8.4 Wien’s displacement law8.5 Ultraviolet catastrophe8.6 Planck’s law8.7 Franck-Hertz experiment8.8 Heisenberg’s uncertaintyprinciple8.9 Appendix: Planck’s radiationintensity law9 Quantization of the angularmomentum9.1 Orbital angular momentum andspin9.2 Characterizing a particle withspin9.3 Stern-Gerlach experiment9.4 Wave-particle duality and spinof a particle9.5 Fermions and bosons9.6 Pauli’s exclusion principle andHund’s rule9.7 Appendix: magnetic moment9.7.1 Electric current in a circularloop9.7.2 Magnetic g factor9.7.3 Magnetic energy and magneticwork9.7.4 Zeeman effect9.7.5 Electron spin9.7.6 Paschen-Back effect9.7.7 Applications of the spinresonance technique10 Postulates of quantum mechanics10.1 Reformulating the conceptualworld10.2 Postulates of quantum mechanics10.2.1 First postulate10.2.2 Second postulate10.2.3 Third postulate10.2.4 Fourth postulate10.2.5 Fifth postulate10.2.6 Sixth postulate10.3 Stationary states10.4 Superposition principle ofquantum states10.5 Bohr’s correspondence principle10.6 Selection rules10.7 Pauli’s principle in theelectronic wave function10.8 Wave function of the electronsin a molecule10.9 Variational principle of theenergy10.10 Appendix: proposing the waveequation for matter waves10.11 Appendix: expansion of a determinantalwave functionIII FIRST-PRINCIPLES MOLECULARDYNAMICS11 Dynamics of electrons and nuclei11.1 The electronic and nucleardynamics are coupled11.2 The molecular Hamiltonian11.3 Approximating the total wavefunction 20611.4 The time-dependent self-consistent field equations12 Classical limit of the nuclearmotion12.1 Polar form of the nuclear waveequation12.2 Continuity and Hamilton-Jacobiequations12.3 Conditions to describe the nuclearparticles classically12.4 Simplification of the nuclearpotential12.5 Parameterizing the potentialfunction12.6 Total energy of the molecularsystem12.7 Establishing the accuracy ofatomic forces12.8 Diffusion from the continuityequation12.9 Diffusion equation and particleflux12.10 Expansion of the electronicwave equation12.11 Expansion of the Newtonianequation of the nuclei12.12 Appendix: the Bohm’s quantumpotentialIV CLASSICAL MOLECULAR DYNAMICS13 Classical molecular dynamics13.1 Model interaction potentials13.2 Forcefields13.3 Atom types13.4 The united atom13.5 Bond elongation and compression13.6 Combination rules13.7 Bond angle vibration13.8 Plane bending13.9 Angle inversion13.10 Torsional motion13.11 Electrostatic interaction13.12 Van der Waals forces13.13 Interaction potentialfunctions of water13.14 Polarizability of atoms13.15 External fields and potentials13.16 Parameterization of forcefields13.17 Model potentials ofnon-biological systems13.18 Sutton-Chen potential function13.19 Gupta potential function13.20 Tersoff potential function13.21 Appendix: harmonic model ofthe dispersion energy14 Extended systems14.1 Fixed and flexible boundaries14.2 Periodic boundary conditions14.3 The P BC system is an opensystem14.4 Electrostatics in the P BC approach14.5 Ewald sum approach14.6 Using the Poisson equation14.7 Short-range interactions14.8 Dealing with the electrostaticself-interaction14.9 Long-range interactions14.10 Ewald electrostatic energy14.11 Smooth particle mesh Ewaldapproach14.12 Shifted potentials and forcesV TIME EVOLUTION OPERATORS15 Integrating the equations ofmotion15.1 The Liouville operator as atime propagator15.2 Discretizing the timepropagator15.3 Evolving positions and momenta15.4 Simplified time integrators15.5 Leapfrog algorithm15.6 Verlet algorithm15.7 Bond constraints

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Book SynopsisThis is the physical chemistry textbook for students with an affinity for computers! It offers basic and advanced knowledge for students in the second year of chemistry masters studies and beyond. In seven chapters, the book presents thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum mechanics and molecular structure (including an introduction to quantum chemical calculations), molecular symmetry and crystals. The application of physical-chemical knowledge and problem solving is demonstrated in a chapter on water, treating both the water molecule as well as water in condensed phases.Instead of a traditional textbook top-down approach, this book presents the subjects on the basis of examples, exploring and running computer programs (Mathematica®), discussing the results of molecular orbital calculations (performed using Gaussian) on small molecules and turning to suitable reference works to obtain thermodynamic data. Selected Mathematica® codes are explained at the end of each chapter and cross-referenced with the text, enabling students to plot functions, solve equations, fit data, normalize probability functions, manipulate matrices and test physical models. In addition, the book presents clear and step-by-step explanations and provides detailed and complete answers to all exercises. In this way, it creates an active learning environment that can prepare students for pursuing their own research projects further down the road.Students who are not yet familiar with Mathematica® or Gaussian will find a valuable introduction to computer-based problem solving in the molecular sciences. Other computer applications can alternatively be used. For every chapter learning goals are clearly listed in the beginning, so that readers can easily spot the highlights, and a glossary in the end of the chapter offers a quick look-up of important terms.Table of ContentsThermodynamics.- Chemical Kinetics.- Schrödinger Equation.- Molecular Symmetry.- Molecular Structure.- Crystals.- Water.- Appendix.- Solutions to the Exercises.

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Book SynopsisIdeal for beginners, this book explains the basics of modeling in a competent yet easily understandable way. Following complete sections on the modeling of small molecules, protein modeling and chemogenomics, completely worked-out examples show the way to the reader's first modeling experiment. This new, third edition features a new chapter on chemogenomics, reflecting the trend towards 'chemical biology', as well as the protein modeling example being completely rewritten for a better 'feel' of modeling complex biomolecules. The authors are experienced university teachers who regularly hold courses on molecular modeling, making this a tried-and-tested text for teachers. It is equally valuable for experts, since it is the only book to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the molecular modeling techniques and software currently available.Trade Review"Beginners as well as experts in the field of biochemistry, molecular biology, and drug development will find this book quite handy and useful. The third edition is justified given the rapid development of hardware and software tools and other advances in the applications of molecular modeling techniques." (Doody's, April 2009) "The authors are experienced university lecturers and as a result of their teaching practices the textbook provides teachers with a tried-and-tested learning material. The text is equally valuable to experts" (International Journal of Bioautomation, April 2009) "An excellent resource as an introduction to molecular modelling techniques … .I can particularly recommend this book to academics." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, September 2008)Table of ContentsIntroduction Small Molecules - Generation of 3D-Coordinates - Computational Tools for Geometry Optimization - Conformational Analysis - Determination of Molecular Interaction Potentials - Pharmacophore Identification - 3D QSAR Methods A Case Study for Small Molecule Modeling: Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists - Building a Pharmacophore Model - 3D QSAR Analysis Introduction to Comparative Protein Modeling - Where and How to get Information on Proteins - Terminology and Principles of Protein Structure - Comparative Protein Modeling - Optimization Procedures - Model Refinement - Molecular Dynamics - Validation of Protein Models - Properties of Proteins Virtual Screening and Docking - Preparation of the Partners - Docking Algorithms - Scoring Functions - Postfiltering Virtual Screening Results - Comparison of Different Docking and Scoring Methods - Examples of successful Virtual Screening Studies Scope and Limits of Molecular Docking - Docking in the Polar Active Site that Contains Water - Including Cofactor in Docking? (NEW) - Impact of Tautomerism on Docking (NEW) Chemogenomic Approaches to Rational Drug Design (NEW) - Description of Ligand and Target Spaces - Ligand-based Chemogenomic Approaches - Targed-based Chemogenomic Approaches - Target-Ligand Based Chemogenomic Approaches A Case Study for Protein Modeling: the Nuclear Hormone Receptor CAR as an Example for Comparative Modeling and the Analysis of Protein-Ligand Complexes (NEW) - The Biochemical and Pharmacological Description of the Problem - Comparative Modeling of the Human Nuclear Hormone Receptor CAR - Analysis of the Models that Emerged from MD Simulations - Analysis of CAR Mutants - Modeling of CAR-Ligand Complexes - The CAR X-Ray Structure Comes into Play - Virtual Screening for Novel CAR Activators

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Book SynopsisMaking a clear distinction is made between nano- and micro-mechanical testing for physical reasons, this monograph describes the basics and applications of the supermicroscopies AFM and SNOM, and of the nanomechanical testing on rough and technical natural surfaces in the submicron range down to a lateral resolution of a few nm. New or improved instrumentation, new physical laws and unforeseen new applications in all branches of natural sciences (around physics, chemistry, mineralogy, materials science, biology and medicine) and nanotechnology are covered as well as the sources for pitfalls and errors. It outlines the handling of natural and technical samples in relation to those of flat standard samples and emphasizes new special features. Pitfalls and sources of errors are clearly demonstrated as well as their efficient remedy when going from molecularly flat to rough surfaces. The academic or industrial scientist learns how to apply the principles for tackling their scientific or manufacturing tasks that include roughness far away from standard samples. Table of ContentsAtomic Force Microscopy.- Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy.- Nanoindentation.- Nanoscratching.

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Book SynopsisWhenever a curved surface interacts with another surface, the principles of adhesion are at work. From the cells in your body to the dust on your glasses, intermolecular forces cause materials to attract one another. Elastic deformations resulting from these adhesive interactions store strain that can be liberated during particle detachment. Time dependent changes in adhesion can result from plastic deformation that both increases the real effective contact area and reduces the stored energy available to assist in particle removal.Table of ContentsPreface; Biological Applications of Particle Adhesion Concepts A Particle Adhesion Perspective on Metastasis; Adhesion of Cancer Cells to Endothelial Monolayers: A Study of Initial Attachment Versus Firm Adhesion; Cell-Cell Adhesion of Erythrocytes; Particle-induced Phagocytic Cell Responses Are Material Dependent: Foreign Body Giant Cells Vs. Osteoclasts from a Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Particle-implantation Model; The Body's Response to Deliberate Implants: Phagocytic Cell Responses to Large Substrata Vs. Small Particles; The Body's Response to Inadvertent Implants: Respirable Particles in Lung Tissues; Elastic and Viscoelastic Contributions to Understanding Particle Adhesion; Measurement of the Adhesion of a Viscoelastic Sphere to a Flat Non-Compliant Substrate; Surface Forces and the Adhesive Contact of Axisymmetric Elastic Bodies; Finite Element Modeling of Particle Adhesion: A Surface Energy Formalism; Creep Effects in Nanometer-scale Contacts to Viscoelastic Materials: A Status Report; Particle Surface Interactions That Influence Adhesion; Experiments and Engineering Models of Microparticle Impact and Deposition; The Adhesion of Irregularly-shaped 8|im Diameter Particles to Substrates: The Contributions of Electrostatic and van der Waals Interactions; Electrical Conductivity Through Particles; Copper-based Conductive Polymers: A New Concept in Conductive Resins; Exploring Particle Adhesion with Single Particle Experiments; Interactions Between Micron-sized Glass Particles and Poly(dimethyl siloxane) in the Absence and Presence of Applied Load; Atomic Force Microscope Techniques for Adhesion Measurements; Limitation of the Young-Dupré Equation in the Analysis of Adhesion Forces Involving Surfactant Solutions; Mechanical Detachment of Nanometer Particles Strongly Adhering to a Substrate: An Application of Corrosive Tribology; Advances in Controlling the Attachment and Removal of Groups of Particles; The Effect of Relative Humidity on Particle Adhesion and Removal; The Effect of Time and Humidity on Particle Adhesion and Removal; Recent Theoretical Results for Nonequilibrium Deposition of Submicron Particles; Aerosol Particle Removal and Re-entrainment in Turbulent Channel Flows-A Direct Numerical Simulation Approach

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an excellent overview on the most recent results on the industrial applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy attained on the fields of nanotechnology, metallurgy, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, applied mineralogy, energy production industry (coal, oil, nuclear, solar, etc.), computer industry, space technology, electronic and magnetic devices technology, ion implantation technology, including topics like characterization of novel construction materials, electronic components and magnetic materials, composite materials, colloids, amorphous and nanophase materials, small particles, coatings, interfaces, thin films and multilayers, catalysis, corrosion, tribology, surface modification, hydrogen storage, ball milling, radiation effects, electrochemistry, batteries, etc. From the various reports a broad overview emerges illustrating that the method can successfully be applied in a wide variety of topics. Previously published in the journal Hyperfine Interactions.Table of ContentsFrom the contents: 2D iron(II) spin crossover complex with 3,5-lutidine.- Spin state tuning in FeII 1D coordination polymers made of 1,2,4-triazol-4-yl-propanoic and butanoic acids.- Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy on corrosion products of NPP Industrial applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy.- Mössbauer studies of interactions between titanium atoms dissolved in iron Defect-fluorite oxides: Ln (Eu and Gd) Mössbauer study coupled with new defect-crystal-chemistry model.- Water cleaning ability and local structure of iron-containing soda-lime silicate glass.- Electrical conductivity and local structure of lithium tin iron vanadate glass 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy study of the 37 K superconductor.- Sm0.85Ba0.15FeAsO doped with fluorine.- Mössbauer spectroscopic study of FeII-doped sulphonated poly(ether-urethane)—styrene-acrylate copolymer.- Study of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles using Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution.- Mössbauer and XRD investigations of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with varying Mg/Fe ratios.- Magnetism and phase transformation of Cu-Fe composite oxides prepared by the sol-gel route.- Mössbauer study of gamma‴-iron nitride film.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is one of the growing areas of this century, also opening new horizons for tuning optical properties. This book introduces basic tuning schemes, including those on a single quantum object level, with an emphasis on surface and interface manipulation of semiconducting and metallic quantum dots. There are two opposing demands in current forefront applications of quantum dots as optical labels, namely high luminescence stability (suppression of luminescence intermittency) and controllable intermittency and bleaching on a single-particle level to facilitate super-resolution optical microscopy (for which Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, and William E. Moerner were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry). The book discusses these contradictory demands with respect to both an understanding of the basic processes and applications. The chapters are a combination of scholarly presentation and comprehensive review and include case studies from the authors’ research, including unpublished results. Special emphasis is on a detailed understanding of spectroscopic and dynamic properties of semiconducting quantum dots. The book is suitable for senior undergraduates and researchers in the fields of optical nanoscience, materials science, and nanotechnology.Trade ReviewThis book considers colloidal semiconductor quantum dots in detail while also addressing metallic quantum dots. With a view to achieving tunability, specific attention is given to interfaces and surfaces. The book has a wide dynamic range, including introductions to the basic properties of quantum dots as well as leading-edge experimental research results. The book is well illustrated and contains many references to the literature. One specific feature of the book is a new model for intermittency in photoluminescence (that is, blinking). The advances made in this respect offer new applications of blinking in sensing and super-resolution microscopy.−K. Alan Shore, Bangor University, U.K.Table of ContentsIntroduction to excitons in colloidal quantum dots and metal aggregates: Quantum size effects, spectra, and dynamics. Temperature dependence of exciton–phonon coupling. Principles of single quantum dot detection: Influence of surfaces and interfaces on excitons. Luminescence intermittency (blinking) and spectral diffusion. Relation between ensemble and single quantum dot properties. Surface-related quantum dot–dye nanoassembly formation. Foerster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Photoluminescence quenching and bleaching. Nanolithography and assembly of luminescent nanostructures. Applications of quantum dots.

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Book SynopsisAn account of the author's life with the atomic scientist Enrico Fermi, that covers Fermi's early childhood interest in science, and his rise in the Italian university system concurrent with the rise of fascism, his receipt of the Nobel Prize, their emigration to the United States in the 1930s, their experiences in America.

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Book SynopsisThe range of courses requiring a good basic understanding of chemical kinetics is extensive, ranging from chemical engineers and pharmacists to biochemists and providing the fundamentals in chemistry. Due to the wide reaching nature of the subject readers often struggle to find a book which provides in-depth, comprehensive information without focusing on one specific subject too heavily. Here Dr Margaret Wright provides an essential introduction to the subject guiding the reader through the basics but then going on to provide a reference which professionals will continue to dip in to through their careers. Through extensive worked examples, Dr Wright, presents the theories as to why and how reactions occur, before examining the physical and chemical requirements for a reaction and the factors which can influence these. * Carefully structured, each chapter includes learning objectives, summary sections and problems. * Includes numerous applications to show relevance ofTrade Review"…no other undergraduate kinetics treatment provides such a comprehensive development of the various experimental approaches." (Journal of Chemical Education, January 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. 2. Experimental Procedures. 2.1 Detection, Identification and Estimation of Concentration of Species Present. 2.1.1 Chromatographic techniques: liquid-liquid and gas-liquid chromatography. 2.1.2 Mass spectrometry (MS). 2.1.3 Spectroscopic techniques. 2.1.4 Lasers. 2.1.5 Fluorescence. 2.1.6 Spin resonance methods: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). 2.1.7 Spin resonance methods: electron spin resonance (ESR). 2.1.8 Photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 2.2 Measuring the Rate of a Reaction. 2.2.1 Classification of reaction rates. 2.2.2 Factors affecting the rate of reaction. 2.2.3 Common experimental features for all reactions. 2.2.4 Methods of initiation. 2.3 Conventional Methods of Following a Reaction. 2.3.1 Chemical methods. 2.3.2 Physical methods. 2.4 Fast Reactions. 2.4.1 Continuous flow. 2.4.2 Stopped flow. 2.4.3 Accelerated flow. 2.4.4 Some features of flow methods. 2.5 Relaxation Methods. 2.5.1 Large perturbations. 2.5.2 Flash photolysis. 2.5.3 Laser photolysis. 2.5.4 Pulsed radiolysis. 2.5.5 Shock tubes. 2.5.6 Small perturbations: temperature, pressure and electric field jumps. 2.6 Periodic Relaxation Techniques: Ultrasonics. 2.7 Line Broadening in NMR and ESR Spectra. Further Reading. Further Problems. 3. The Kinetic Analysis of Experimental Data. 3.1 The Experimental Data. 3.2 Dependence of Rate on Concentration. 3.3 Meaning of the Rate Expression. 3.4 Units of the Rate Constant, k. 3.5 The Significance of the Rate Constant as Opposed to the Rate. 3.6 Determining the Order and Rate Constant from Experimental Data. 3.7 Systematic Ways of Finding the Order and Rate Constant from Rate/Concentration Data. 3.7.1 A straightforward graphical method. 3.7.2 log/log Graphical procedures. 3.7.3 A systematic numerical procedure. 3.8 Drawbacks of the Rate/Concentration Methods of Analysis. 3.9 Integrated Rate Expressions. 3.9.1 Half-lives. 3.10 First Order Reactions. 3.10.1 The half-life for a first order reaction. 3.10.2 An extra point about first order reactions. 3.11 Second Order Reactions. 3.11.1 The half-life for a second order reaction. 3.11.2 An extra point about second order reactions. 3.12 Zero Order Reaction. 3.12.1 The half-life for a zero order reaction. 3.13 Integrated Rate Expressions for Other Orders. 3.14 Main Features of Integrated Rate Equations. 3.15 Pseudo-order Reactions. 3.15.1 Application of pseudo-order techniques to rate/concentration data. 3.16 Determination of the Product Concentration at Various Times. 3.17 Expressing the Rate in Terms of Reactants or Products for Non-simple Stoichiometry. 3.18 The Kinetic Analysis for Complex Reactions. 3.18.1 Relatively simple reactions that are mathematically complex. 3.18.2 Analysis of the simple scheme A_! 3.18.3 Two conceivable situations. 3.19 The Steady State Assumption. 3.19.1 Using this assumption. 3.20 General Treatment for Solving Steady States. 3.21 Reversible Reactions. 3.21.1 Extension to other equilibria. 3.22 Pre-equilibria. 3.23 Dependence of Rate on Temperature. Further Reading. Further Problems. 4. Theories of Chemical Reactions. 4.1 Collision Theory. 4.1.1 Definition of a collision in simple collision theory. 4.1.2 Formulation of the total collision rate. 4.1.3 The p factor. 4.1.4 Reaction between like molecules. 4.2 Modified Collision Theory. 4.2.1 A new definition of a collision. 4.2.2 Reactive collisions. 4.2.3 Contour diagrams for scattering of products of a reaction. 4.2.4 Forward scattering: the stripping or grazing mechanism. 4.2.5 Backward scattering: the rebound mechanism. 4.2.6 Scattering diagrams for long-lived complexes. 4.3 Transition State Theory. 4.3.1 Transition state theory, configuration and potential energy. 4.3.2 Properties of the potential energy surface relevant to transition state theory. 4.3.3 An outline of arguments involved in the derivation of the rate equation. 4.3.4 Use of the statistical mechanical form of transition state theory. 4.3.5 Comparisons with collision theory and experimental data. 4.4 Thermodynamic Formulations of Transition State Theory. 4.4.1 Determination of thermodynamic functions for activation. 4.4.2 Comparison of collision theory, the partition function form and the thermodynamic form of transition state theory. 4.4.3 Typical approximate values of contributions entering the sign and magnitude of _S61/4_. 4.5 Unimolecular Theory. 4.5.1 Manipulation of experimental results. 4.5.2 Physical significance of the constancy or otherwise of k1, k_1 and k2. 4.5.3 Physical significance of the critical energy in unimolecular reactions. 4.5.4 Physical significance of the rate constants k1, k_1 and k2. 4.5.5 The simple model: that of Lindemann. 4.5.6 Quantifying the simple model. 4.5.7 A more complex model: that of Hinshelwood. 4.5.8 Quantifying Hinshelwood's theory. 4.5.9 Critique of Hinshelwood's theory. 4.5.10 An even more complex model: that of Kassel. 4.5.11 Critique of the Kassel theory. 4.5.12 Energy transfer in the activation step. 4.6 The Slater Theory. Further Reading. Further Problems. 5. Potential Energy Surfaces. 5.1 The Symmetrical Potential Energy Barrier. 5.2 The Early Barrier. 5.3 The Late Barrier. 5.4 Types of Elementary Reaction Studied. 5.5 General Features of Early Potential Energy Barriers for Exothermic Reactions. 5.6 General Features of Late Potential Energy Surfaces for Exothermic Reactions. 5.6.1 General features of late potential energy surfaces where the attacking atom is light. 5.6.2 General features of late potential energy surfaces for exothermic reactions where the attacking atom is heavy. 5.7 Endothermic Reactions. 5.8 Reactions with a Collision Complex and a Potential Energy Well Further Reading. Further Problems. 6. Complex Reactions in the Gas Phase. 6.1 Elementary and Complex Reactions. 6.2 Intermediates in Complex Reactions. 6.3 Experimental Data. 6.4 Mechanistic Analysis of Complex Non-chain Reactions. 6.5 Kinetic Analysis of a Postulated Mechanism: Use of the Steady State Treatment. 6.5.1 A further example where disentangling of the kinetic data is necessary. 6.6 Kinetically Equivalent Mechanisms. 6.7 A Comparison of Steady State Procedures and Equilibrium Conditions in the Reversible Reaction. 6.8 The Use of Photochemistry in Disentangling Complex Mechanisms. 6.8.1 Kinetic features of photochemistry. 6.8.2 The reaction of H2 with I2. 6.9 Chain Reactions. 6.9.1 Characteristic experimental features of chain reactions. 6.9.2 Identification of a chain reaction. 6.9.3 Deduction of a mechanism from experimental data. 6.9.4 The final stage: the steady state analysis. 6.10 Inorganic Chain Mechanisms. 6.10.1 The H2/Br2 reaction. 6.10.2 The steady state treatment for the H2/Br2 reaction. 6.10.3 Reaction without inhibition. 6.10.4 Determination of the individual rate constants. 6.11 Steady State Treatments and Possibility of Determination of All the Rate Constants. 6.11.1 Important points to note. 6.12 Stylized Mechanisms: A Typical Rice-Herzfeld Mechanism. 6.12.1 Dominant termination steps. 6.12.2 Relative rate constants for termination steps. 6.12.3 Relative rates of the termination steps. 6.12.4 Necessity for third bodies in termination. 6.12.5 The steady state treatment for chain reactions, illustrating the use of the long chain approximation. 6.12.6 Further problems on steady states and the Rice-Herzfeld mechanism. 6.13 Special Features of the Termination Reactions: Termination at the Surface. 6.13.1 A general mechanism based on the Rice-Herzfeld mechanism used previously. 6.14 Explosions. 6.14.1 Autocatalysis and autocatalytic explosions. 6.14.2 Thermal explosions. 6.14.3 Branched chain explosions. 6.14.4 A highly schematic and simplified mechanism for a branched chain reaction. 6.14.5 Kinetic criteria for non-explosive and explosive reaction. 6.14.6 A typical branched chain reaction showing explosion limits. 6.14.7 The dependence of rate on pressure and temperature. 6.15 Degenerate Branching or Cool Flames. 6.15.1 A schematic mechanism for hydrocarbon combustion. 6.15.2 Chemical interpretation of 'cool' flame behaviour. Further Reading. Further Problems. 7. Reactions in Solution. 7.1 The Solvent and its Effect on Reactions in Solution. 7.2 Collision Theory for Reactions in Solution. 7.2.1 The concepts of ideality and non-ideality. 7.3 Transition State Theory for Reactions in Solution. 7.3.1 Effect of non-ideality: the primary salt effect. 7.3.2 Dependence of _S61/4_ and _H61/4_ on ionic strength. 7.3.3 The effect of the solvent. 7.3.4 Extension to include the effect of non-ideality. 7.3.5 Deviations from predicted behaviour. 7.4 _S61/4_ and Pre-exponential A Factors. 7.4.1 A typical problem in graphical analysis. 7.4.2 Effect of the molecularity of the step for which _S61/4_ is found. 7.4.3 Effect of complexity of structure. 7.4.4 Effect of charges on reactions in solution. 7.4.5 Effect of charge and solvent on _S61/4_ for ion-ion reactions. 7.4.6 Effect of charge and solvent on _S61/4_ for ion-molecule reactions. 7.4.7 Effect of charge and solvent on _S61/4_ for molecule-molecule reactions. 7.4.8 Effects of changes in solvent on _S61/4_. 7.4.9 Changes in solvation pattern on activation, and the effect on A factors for reactions involving charges and charge-separated species in solution. 7.4.10 Reactions between ions in solution. 7.4.11 Reaction between an ion and a molecule. 7.4.12 Reactions between uncharged polar molecules. 7.5 _H61/4_ Values. 7.5.1 Effect of the molecularity of the step for which the _H61/4_ value is found. 7.5.2 Effect of complexity of structure. 7.5.3 Effect of charge and solvent on _H61/4_ for ion-ion and ion-molecule reactions. 7.5.4 Effect of the solvent on _H61/4_ for ion-ion and ion-molecule reactions. 7.5.5 Changes in solvation pattern on activation and the effect on _H61/4_. 7.6 Change in Volume on Activation, _V61/4_. 7.6.1 Effect of the molecularity of the step for which _V61/4_ is found. 7.6.2 Effect of complexity of structure. 7.6.3 Effect of charge on _V61/4_ for reactions between ions. 7.6.4 Reactions between an ion and an uncharged molecule. 7.6.5 Effect of solvent on _V61/4_. 7.6.6 Effect of change of solvation pattern on activation and its effect on _V61/4_. 7.7 Terms Contributing to Activation Parameters. 7.7.1 _S61/4_. 7.7.2 _V61/4_. 7.7.3 _H61/4_. Further Reading. Further Problems. 8. Examples of Reactions in Solution. 8.1 Reactions Where More than One Reaction Contributes to the Rate of Removal of Reactant. 8.1.1 A simple case. 8.1.2 A slightly more complex reaction where reaction occurs by two concurrent routes, and where both reactants are in equilibrium with each other. 8.1.3 Further disentangling of equilibria and rates, and the possibility of kinetically equivalent mechanisms. 8.1.4 Distinction between acid and base hydrolyses of esters. 8.2 More Complex Kinetic Situations Involving Reactants in Equilibrium with Each Other and Undergoing Reaction. 8.2.1 A further look at the base hydrolysis of glycine ethyl ester as an illustration of possible problems. 8.2.2 Decarboxylations of _-keto-monocarboxylic acids. 8.2.3 The decarboxylation of _-keto-dicarboxylic acids. 8.3 Metal Ion Catalysis. 8.4 Other Common Mechanisms. 8.4.1 The simplest mechanism. 8.4.2 Kinetic analysis of the simplest mechanism. 8.4.3 A slightly more complex scheme. 8.4.4 Standard procedure for determining the expression for kobs for the given mechanism. 8.5 Steady States in Solution Reactions. 8.5.1 Types of reaction for which a steady state treatment could be relevant. 8.5.2 A more detailed analysis of Worked Problem 6.5. 8.6 Enzyme Kinetics. Further Reading. Further Problems. Answers to Problems. List of Specific Reactions. Index.

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Book SynopsisWinner of the PROSE Award for Chemistry & Physics 2010 Acknowledging the very best in professional and scholarly publishing, the annual PROSE Awards recognise publishers'' and authors'' commitment to pioneering works of research and for contributing to the conception, production, and design of landmark works in their fields. Judged by peer publishers, librarians, and medical professionals, Wiley are pleased to congratulate Professor Ian Fleming, winner of the PROSE Award in Chemistry and Physics for Molecular Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions. Molecular orbital theory is used by chemists to describe the arrangement of electrons in chemical structures. It is also a theory capable of giving some insight into the forces involved in the making and breaking of chemical bondsthe chemical reactions that are often the focus of an organic chemist''s interest. Organic chemists with a serious interest in understanding and explaining their work usually express their Trade Review"Fleming uses nonquantitative molecular orbital theory to explain many common phenomena in organic chemistry. As such, this is a very powerful tool for students of advanced organic chemistry. Much of what is taken simply on faith or with some hand waving in sophomore organic chemistry can be readily explained with molecular orbital theory, which is usually considered too advanced for students at that level. Though this book could be used as theprimary textbook for a course solely on molecular orbitals in organic chemistry, it will more likely be used as a reference source for an advanced organic chemistry course for upper-level undergraduates or graduate students." (CHOICE, August 2010) "The new 'Fleming' is a must for every lecturer and every student of chemistry—a fantastic book. In this new form the textbook will last for another 30 years and remain as fresh as did its predecessor!" (Angewandte Chemie International Edition March 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Molecular Orbital Theory. 1.1 The Atomic Orbitals of a Hydrogen Atom. 1.2 Molecules made from Hydrogen Atoms. 1.3 C—H and C—C Bonds. 1.4 Conjugation—Hückel Theory. 1.5 Aromaticity. 1.6 Strained σ Bonds—Cyclopropanes and Cyclobutanes. 1.7 Heteronuclear Bonds, C—M, C—X and C=O. 1.8 The Tau Bond Model. 1.9 Spectroscopic Methods. 1.10 Exercises. 2 The Structures of Organic Molecules. 2.1 The Effects of π Conjugation. 2.2 σ Conjugation—Hyperconjugation. 2.3 The Configurations and Conformations of Molecules. 2.4 Other Noncovalent Interactions. 2.5 Exercises. 3 Chemical Reactions—How Far and How Fast. 3.1 Factors Affecting the Position of an Equilibrium. 3.2 The Principle of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB). 3.3 Transition Structures. 3.4 The Perturbation Theory of Reactivity. 3.5 The Salem-Klopman Equation. 3.6 Hard and Soft Nucleophiles and Electrophiles. 3.7 Other Factors Affecting Chemical Reactivity. 4 Ionic Reactions—Reactivity. 4.1 Single Electron Transfer (SET) in Ionic Reactions. 4.2 Nucleophilicity. 4.3 Ambident Nucleophiles. 4.4 Electrophilicity. 4.5 Ambident Electrophiles. 4.6 Carbenes. 4.7 Exercises. 5 Ionic Reactions—Stereochemistry. 5.1 The Stereochemistry of the Fundamental Organic Reactions. 5.2 Diastereoselectivity. 5.3 Exercises. 6 Thermal Pericyclic Reactions. 6.1 The Four Classes of Pericyclic Reactions. 6.2 Evidence for the Concertedness of Bond Making and Breaking. 6.3 Symmetry-Allowed and Symmetry-Forbidden Reactions. 6.4 Explanations for the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules. 6.5 Secondary Effects. 6.6 Exercises. 7 Radical Reactions. 7.1 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Radicals. 7.2 The Abstraction of Hydrogen and Halogen Atoms. 7.3 The Addition of Radicals to π Bonds 7.4 Synthetic Applications of the Chemoselectivity of Radicals. 7.5 Stereochemistry in some Radical Reactions. 7.6 Ambident Radicals. 7.7 Radical Coupling. 7.8 Exercises. 8 Photochemical Reactions. 8.1 Photochemical Reactions in General. 8.2 Photochemical Ionic Reactions. 8.3 Photochemical Pericyclic Reactions and Related Stepwise Reactions. 8.4 Photochemically Induced Radical Reactions. 8.5 Chemiluminescence. 8.6 Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of a classic text originally by Frost and Pearson, that describes the fundamental principles and established practices that apply to the study and the rates and mechanisms of homogeneous chemical reactions in the gas phase and in solution. Incorporates new advances made during the past 20 years in the study of individual molecular collisions by molecular-beam, laser applications to experimental kinetics, theoretical treatments of reaction rates and our understanding of the principles that govern rates of reaction in solution. Presents numerous examples of the deduction of mechanism from experiment, including intimate details such as stereochemistry and the dependence of reaction pathway on the exact energy states of reacting particles.Table of ContentsEmpirical Treatment of Reaction Rates. Experimental Methods and Treatment of Data. Elementary Processes: Molecular Collisions. Elementary Processes: Potential Energy Surfaces andTransition-State Theory. Simple Gas-Phase Reactions--Interplay of Theory andExperiment. Reactions in Solution. Complex Reactions. Homogeneous Catalysts. Chain Reactions. Photochemistry. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThe Advances in Chemical Physics series provides the chemical physics and physical chemistry fields with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Filled with cutting-edge research reported in a cohesive manner not found elsewhere in the literature, each volume of the Advances in Chemical Physics series serves as the perfect supplement to any advanced graduate class devoted to the study of chemical physics.Table of ContentsAtomic Force Microscopy of Polymer Films (M. Goh). Intrinsic Viscosity and the Polarizability of Particles Having aWide Range of Shapes (J. Douglas & E. Garboczi). The Phenomenological and Statistical Thermodynamics of NonuniformSystems (E. Wajnryb, et al.). Nonlinear Dielectric and Kerr Effect Relaxation in AlternatingFields (J. Dejardin & G. Debiais). Predicting Rare Events in Molecular Dynamics (J. Anderson). Theoretical Concepts in Molecular Photodissociation Dynamics (N.Henriksen). Chaos in Dissipative Systems: Understanding Atmospheric Physics (C.Nicolis & G. Nicolis). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe study of surfaces has experienced dramatic growth over the past decade. Now, the editors of the internationally celebrated series Advances in Chemical Physics have brought together in this self-contained, special topic volume contributions from leading researchers in the field treating some of the most crucial aspects of the experimental and theoretical study of surfaces. This work delves into such core issues as: * Kinetics and dynamics of hydrogen adsorption on silicon surfaces. * Potential energy surfaces of transition- metal-catalyzed chemical reactions. * High-resolution helium atom scattering as a proof of surface vibrations. * Ordering and phase transitions in adsorbed monolayers of diatomic molecules. * The influence of dimensionality on static and dynamic properties of a system. * New applications to fields as varied as catalysts and the passage of molecules through membranes. This valuable resource provides important insights into the currTable of ContentsKinetics and Dynamics of Hydrogen Adsorption and Desorption on Silicon Surfaces (D. Doren). Potential Energy Surfaces of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Chemical Reactions (D. Musaev and K. Morokuma). High-Resolution Helium Atom Scattering as a Probe of Surface Vibrations (S. Safron). Ordering and Phase Transitions in Adsorbed Monolayers of Diatomic Molecules (D. Marx and H. Wiechert). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents soil and water chemistry from the environmental point of view, reviewing all the fundamental principles of chemistry required for understanding the soil/water chemistry/quality and soil/water treatments of chemically polluted soils and waters.Table of ContentsWATER CHEMISTRY AND MINERAL SOLUBILITY. Physical Chemistry of Water and Some of Its Constituents. Solution/Mineral-Salt Chemistry. SOIL MINERALS AND SURFACE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. Soil Minerals and Their Surface Properties. Sorption and Exchange Reactions. ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND KINETICS. Redox Chemistry. Pyrite Oxidation Chemistry. Reaction Kinetics in Soil-Water Systems. SOIL DYNAMICS AND AGRICULTURAL-ORGANIC CHEMICALS. Organic Matter, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Synthetic Organics. COLLOIDS AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN SOILS. Soil Colloids and Water-Suspended Solids. Water and Solute Transport Processes. The Chemistry and Management of Salt-Affected Soils and Brackish Waters. LAND-DISTURBANCE POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL. Acid Drainage Prevention and Heavy Metal Removal Technologies. SOIL AND WATER: QUALITY AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES. Water Quality. Soil and Water Decontamination Technologies. Appendix. Suggested and Cited References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe estimation of the physicochemical properties (density, boiling point, melting point) of a compound is a vital tool in determining its applications, manufacturing, relations with the environment, and potential hazards to workers, users, and the environment.Table of ContentsOverview of Property Estimation Methods. Computable Molecular Descriptors. Density and Molar Volume. Refractive Index and Molar Refraction. Surface Tension and Parachor. Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity. Vapor Pressure. Enthalpy of Vaporization. Boiling Point. Melting Point. Aqueous Solubility. Air-Water Partition Coefficient. 1-Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient. Soil-Water Partition Coefficient. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a practical guide to producing slurries more efficiently, intelligently, and economically.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Iron Oxides. Crystal Structure. Cation Substitution. Crystal Morphology and Size. Surface Area and Porosity. Electronic, Electrical and Magnetic Properties. Characterization. Thermodynamics. Solubility. Surface Chemistry and Colloidal Stability. Adsorption of Ions and Molecules. Dissolution. Formation. Transformations. Rocks and Ores. Soils. Organisms. Products of Ion Metal Corrosion. Applications. Synthesis.

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Book SynopsisThe study of surfaces has experienced dramatic growth over the past decade. Now, the editors of the internationally celebrated series Advances in Chemical Physics have brought together in this self-contained, special topic volume contributions from leading researchers in the field treating some of the most crucial aspects of the experimental and theoretical study of surfaces. This work delves into such core issues as: * Kinetics and dynamics of hydrogen adsorption on silicon surfaces. * Potential energy surfaces of transition- metal-catalyzed chemical reactions. * High-resolution helium atom scattering as a proof of surface vibrations. * Ordering and phase transitions in adsorbed monolayers of diatomic molecules. * The influence of dimensionality on static and dynamic properties of a system. * New applications to fields as varied as catalysts and the passage of molecules through membranes. This valuable resource provides important insights into the currTable of ContentsKinetics and Dynamics of Hydrogen Adsorption and Desorption onSilicon Surfaces (D. Doren). Potential Energy Surfaces of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed ChemicalReactions (D. Musaev and K. Morokuma). High-Resolution Helium Atom Scattering as a Probe of SurfaceVibrations (S. Safron). Ordering and Phase Transitions in Adsorbed Monolayers of DiatomicMolecules (D. Marx and H. Wiechert). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis series provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. This volume continues to report advances with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally recognized researchers.Trade Review"...this volume follows the excellent tradition of the series and provides a very useful reference for researchers interested in keeping up with advances in the numerous facets of research in chemical physics." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 124, 2002)Table of ContentsUltrafast Dynamics and Spectroscopy of Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers (S. H. Lin, et al.). Polymer Melts at Solid Surfaces (Arun Yethiraj). Morphology of Surfaces in Mesoscopic Polymers, Surfactants, Electrons, or Reaction-Diffusion System: Methods, Simulations, and Measurements (Aleksij Aksimentiev, et al.). Infrared Lineshapes of Weak Hydrogen Bonds: Recent Quantum Developments (Oliver Henri-Rousseau, et al.). Two-Center Effects in Ionization by Ion-Impact in Heavy-particle Collisions (S. F. C. O'Rourke, et al.). Evolution Times of Probability Distributions and Averages--Exact Solutions of the Kramers' Problem (Askold N. Malakhov and Andrey L. Pankratov). Ab Initio Quantum Molecular Dynamics (Michal Ben-Nun and Todd J. Martinez). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers the advances in research related to chemical physics. This work provides a forum for critical evaluations of developments in each area of the discipline.Table of ContentsFinite-Size Scaling for Atomic and Molecular Systems 1By Sabre Kais and Pablo Serra A Discussion of some Problems Associated with the Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Open-Shell Molecules 101By John F. Stanton and Jurgen Gauss Control of Quantum Dynamics by Laser Pulses: Adiabatic Floquet Theory 147By S. Guerin and H. R. Jauslin Recent Advances in the Theory of Vibration-Rotation Hamiltonians 269By Janne Pesonen and Lauri Halonen Proton Transfer and Coherent Phenomena in Molecular Structures with Hydrogen Bonds 351By V. V. Krasnoholovets, P. M. Tomchuk, and S. P. Lukyanets Author Index 549 Subject Index 567

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Book SynopsisPresents the research relative to advances in chemical physics. This work provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in various area's of the discipline.Trade Review"...a worthy addition to the Advances in Chemical Physics series...a useful reference for a wide range of researchers..." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125, No. 21, 2003)Table of ContentsTransition Path Sampling (C. Dellago, et al.). Chemical Reaction Dynamics: Many-Body Chaos and Regularity (T. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Berry). Dynamics of Chemical Reactions and Chaos (M. Toda). A Stochastic Theory of Single Molecule Spectroscopy (Y. Jung, et al.). The Role of Self-Similarity in Renormalization Group Theory (A.R. Altenberger and J.S. Dahler). Electron-Correlated Approaches for the Calculation of NMR Chemical Shifts (J. Gauss and J.F. Stanton). Computational Chemistry of Acids (C.O. Silva and M.A.C. Nascimento). Cooperative Effects in Hydrogen Bonding (A. Karpfen). Solvent Effects in Nonadiabatic Electron-Transfer Reactions: Theoretical Aspects (A.V. Barzykin, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of the "Advances in Chemical Physics" series, which provides a forum for critical evaluations in every area of the discipline.Trade Review“...very useful to both students and researchers.... I would recommend this book to practicing chemical physicists and physical chemists as well as to those interested in intermolecular phenomena...useful to teachers of physical chemistry.” (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125)Table of ContentsIntermolecular Interaction: From Properties to Potentials and Back (Clifford E. Dykstra). Calculations of Nonlinear Optical Properties for the Solid State (Benoît Champagne and David Bishop). Bridging the Gap Between Long Time Trajectories and Reaction Pathways (Ron Elber, et al.). Itinerant Oscillator Models of Fluids (William T. Coffey, et al.). Statistical Mechanics of Static and Low-Velocity Kinetic Friction (Martin H. Müser, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisP>Of related interest . . . THE COLLOIDAL DOMAIN Second Edition Where Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Technology Meet D. Fennell Evans and Håkan Wennerström Fully updated and revised, this new edition of the critically acclaimed book incorporates information on key developments in colloid science and technology in the twentieth century. It provides a unified treatment of colloid theory, methods, and applications to specific systems, complete with concept maps, new worked examples, and more than 250 illustrations. 1999 (0-471-24247-0) 672 pp. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERFACIAL ENGINEERING Robert J. Stokes and D. Fennell Evans This book emphasizes the importance of the intermolecular forces that hold materials together within a bulk phase or across an interface. It examines the fundamentals of the intermolecular interactions along with the properties, processing, and behavior of fluid interfacial systems. Solid surfaces and interfaTrade Review"...the whole volume is very satisfying to read." (Talanta, Vol 52, 2000) "...can certainly be recommended to anyone about to become involved in the area of colloid-polymer interactions." (Angewandte Chemie, 4th August 2000)Table of ContentsAPPLIED TECHNOLOGIES. Polyelectrolyte-Assisted Dewatering (R. Farinato, et al.). Polymer-Colloid Interactions in Pulp and Paper Manufacture (R. Pelton). Dual-Addition Schemes (G. Petzold). Role of Polymers in Particle Adhesion and Thin Particle Layers (M. Böhmer, et al.). FUNDAMENTALS OF COLLOID-POLYMER INTERACTION. Diffusion- Controlled Phenomena in Adsorbed Polymer Dynamics (M. Santore). Depletion-Induced Aggregation and Colloidal Phase Separation (A. Milling & B. Vincent). Polyelectrolyte Adsorption: Theory and Simulation (M. Muthukumar). Small-Angle Neutron Methods in Polymer Adsorption Studies (T. Cosgrove, et al.). METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING POLYMER ADSORPTION. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Surface Polymers (F. Blum). Radiochemical Methods for Polymer Adsorption (J. Schlenoff). Measurement of Colloidal Interactions Using the Atomic Force Microscope (P. Hartley). Surface Forces Apparatus: Studies of Polymers, Polyelectrolytes, and Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Mixtures at Interfaces (P. Claesson). Scanning Angle Reflectometry and Its Application to Polymer Adsorption and Coadsorption with Surfactants (R. Tilton). Total Internal Reflectance Fluorescence (M. Santore). Design and Applications of Oscillating Optical Tweezers for Direct Measurements of Colloidal Forces (H. Ou-Yang). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of the experimental basis, theoretical background, and nature of the CH- Interaction. The "CH- Interaction" refers to a weak attractive force that originally was inferred from structural data obtained by spectroscopy. The characteristics of this weak force are compared to those of other hydrogen bonds.Table of ContentsEvidence and Methods of Detection. Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of CH- Interaction. Comparison with Other Types of Weak Molecular Interactions. Conformational Consequences. Chiroptical Properties. Selectivity in Organic Reactions. Crystal Structures of Clathrates. Inclusion Compounds. Interligand Interactions in Coordination Chemistry. Specific Interactions in Protein Structures. Summary and Prospects. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe volumes in this continuing series provide a compilation of current techniques and ideas in inorganic synthetic chemistry. Includes inorganic polymer syntheses and preparation of important inorganic solids, syntheses used in the development of pharmacologically active inorganic compounds, small-molecule coordination complexes, and related compounds. Also contains valuable information on transition organometallic compounds including species with metal-metal cluster molecules. All syntheses presented here have been tested.Table of ContentsChapter One BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. Tungsten Dichloride. 2. Zirconium Monochloride and Monobromide. 3. Lanthanum Triiodide (and Other Rare-Earth Metal Triiodides). 4. Lanthanum Diiodide. 5. Rare-Earth Sesquisulfides, Ln2S3. 6. Group IV Sulfides. 7. Titanium Disulfide. 8. Metathetical Precursor Route to Molybdenum Disulfide. 9. Lithium Nitride, Li3N. 10. Aluminum Nitride. 11. Electrochemical Syntheses of Binary Silver Oxides. 12. Trisodium Heptaphosphide and Trisodium Undecaphosphide. Chapter Two TERNARY COMPOUNDS. 13. Lead Ruthenium Oxide, Pb2[Ru2-xPb¯4+x]O6.5. 14. Calcium Manganese Oxide, Ca2Mn3O8. 15. Ternary Chlorides and Bromides of the Rare-Earth Elements. 16. Cesium Scandium(II) Trichloride. 17. A One-Dimensional Polychalcogenide, K4Ti3S14. 18. Synthesis of K4M3Te17 (M = Zr, Hf) and K3CuNb2Se12. 19. Synthesis of Ternary Chalcogenides in Molten Polychalcogenide Salts: alpha-KCuQ4, KAuS5, NaBiS2, KFeQ2 (Q = S, Se). Chapter Three CRYSTAL GROWTH. 20. Single Crystals of Transition-Metal Dioxides. 21. Molybdenum(IV) Oxide and Tungsten(IV) Oxide Single Crystals. 22. Niobium Monoxide. 23. Barium Titanate, BaTiO3. 24. Bismuth Titanate, Bi4Ti3O12. 25. Sodium Tungsten Bronzes. 26. Potassium Molybdenum Oxide "Blue Bronze": K0.30MoO3. 27. Growth and Characterization of Single Crystals of Zinc Ferrites, Fe3-xZnxO4. 28. Congruent Growth of Single-Crystal La2NiO4 and Other Layered Nickelates by Radiofrequency Skull Melting. 29. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Potassium Titanyl Arsenate. KTiOAsO4. 30. Synthesis of La2Ta3Se2O8 Single Crystals. Chapter Four INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS. 31. The Alkali Ternary Oxides, AxCoO2 and AxCrO2 (A = Na, K). 32. Tantalum Disulfide (TaS2) and Its Intercalation Compounds. 33. Ammonia Solvated and Neat Lithium-Titanium Disulfide Intercalates. 34. Intercalation Compounds with Organic pi-Donors: FeOCl(TTF)1/8.5, FeOCl(TSF)1/8.5, and FeOCl(Perylene)1/9. 35, Layered Intercalation Compounds. 36 . Lithum Insertion Compounds. Chaper Five OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. 37. Synthesis of Superconducting Oxides. 38. Synthesis of Tl2Ba2Can-1CunO2n+4 (n = 1,2,3), (Tl, M) Sr2CuO5+/-delta (M = Bi, Pb), and (Tl, Pb) Sr2CaCu2O7+/-delta. 39. Preparation of Ba4BiPb2TlO12, a 10.7 K Superconductor. 40. Barium Yttrium Copper Oxide Crystals. 41. Synthesis of the Perovskite Series LaCuO3-delta. 42. Lithium Niobium Oxide: LiNbO2 and Superconducting LixNbO2. Chapter Six MISCELLANEOUS SOLID-STATE COMPOUNDS. 43. Zeolite Molecular Sieves. 44. Substituted beta-Aluminas. 45. Vanadyl Phosphates and Organylphosphonates. 46. Quaternary Chlorides and Bromides of the Rare-Earth Elements: El pasolites A¯12B¯1RE¯111X6[r(A¯1) > r(B¯1)]. 47. Preparation of Ta2S2C. 48. Scandium Strontium Borate, Aluminum Strontium Yttrium Borate, and Lanthanum Magnesium Strontium Borate. 49. Preparation of ZrO2, ZnO, and ZnS Thin Films. Contributor Index. Subject Index. Formula Index. Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number Index.

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Book SynopsisThis series provides the chemical physics community with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 111 continues to report recent advances with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally-recognized researchers.Table of ContentsHydrogen Bonds with Large Proton Polarizability and Proton TransferProcesses in Electrochemistry and Biology (G. Zundel). Phase Space Approach to Dissipative Molecular Dynamics (D. Kohen& D. Tannor). Microscopic Theories of the Rheology of Stable ColloidalDispersions (R. Lionberger & W. Russel). The Rational g Factor of Diatomic Molecules in State ?1Sigma?+ or0?+ (J. Ogilvie, et al.). A Comparative Study Electron- and Positron-Polyatomic MoleculeScattering (M. Kimura, et al.). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in laser technology over the last 10-15 years have stimulated study of the active control of quantum molecular dynamics. Lasers may used to generate external fields of varying intensity, phases, and spectral content, which then are used to alter the molecular dynamics of a system so as to generate more of a particular product.Trade Review"...this text reflects the fact that all the central themes of this theory have since been experimentally validated." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "...an outstanding contribution that will be of value to both experimentalists and theoreticians..." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 123, No. 41, 2001)Table of ContentsHow Much Control is Attainable? Pulse Timing Control of Molecular Dynamics. Multiple-Path Interference Control of Molecular Dynamics. STIRAP Control of Molecular Dynamics. Optimal Field Control of Molecular Dynamics I. Optimal Field Control of Molecular Dynamics II. Generic Aspects of the Control of Dynamics. Reduced Space Analyses. Some Other Control Methods. End Notes. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis text presents specific applications to supramolecular and stereospecific synthesis. It discusses aspects of peptide and protein chemistry as well as highlighting how the amide linkage participates in the design of enzyme inhibitors, cyclic peptides and antibacterial agents.Trade Review"It makes extremely interesting reading" (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 19 November 2001) "...will have a longer than average shelf life..."(European Peptide Society Newsletter, 1 January 2003) "...excellent chapters and provides plenty of useful background information on amide structure." (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, Vol. 42, 2003)Table of ContentsThe Electron Density Distribution of Amides and Related Compounds (C. Breneman & M. Martinov). Origin of the Amide Rotational Barrier (K. Wiberg). The Amide Linkage as a Ligand-Its Properties and the Role of Distortion (A. Greenberg). Studies in Amide Hydrolysis: The Acid, Base, and Water Reactions (R. Brown). The Thermochemistry of Amides (J. Liebman, et al.). Stereospecificity in the -Lactam (Aziridinone) Synthon (R. Hoffman). -Lactams: Cyclic Amides of Distinction (A. Bose, et al.). Sterically Hindered Twisted Amides (S. Yamada). Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Amides and Lactams (P. Rademacher). The Role of Amides in the Noncovalent Synthesis of Supramolecular Structures in Solution, at Interfaces, and in Solids (G. Palmore & J. MacDonald). -Lactam Antibacterial Agents: Computational Chemistry Investigations (D. Boyd). Three-Dimensional Design of Enzyme Inhibitors with Heterocyclic Amide Bond Mimics (R. Bohacek & W. Shakespeare). Ab Initio Conformational Analysis of Protein Subunits: A Case Study of the Serine Diamide Model (A. Perczel & I. Csizmadia). Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry of Amides, Peptides, and Proteins (C. Cassady). -Sheet Interactions Between Proteins (S. Maitra & J. Nowick). Head-to-Tail Cyclic Peptides and Cyclic Peptide Libraries (A. Spatola & P. Romanovskis). From Crystal Structures of Oligopeptides to Protein Folding. The Importance of Peptide Bond-Side Chain Hyperconjugation (A. Cieplak). Role of the Peptide Bond in Protein Structure and Folding (N. Kallenbach, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent years have seen significant growth and interest in physicochemical hydrodynamics that have resulted in major advances. This book revises and updates the first edition. The new material includes problems and a solution manual for instructors. Consistent demand has led to the publication of the second edition in this paperback version.Table of ContentsPreface to the Paperback Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Acknowledgments for the First Edition. Introduction. Transport in Fluids. Equations of Change. Solutions of Uncharged Molecules. Solutions of Uncharged Macromolecules and Particles. Solutions of Electrolytes. Solutions of Charged Macromolecules and Particles. Suspension Stability and Particle Capture. Rheology and Concentrated Suspensions. Surface Tension. Appendix A. SI Units and Physical Constants. Appendix B. Symbols. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis authoritative and comprehensive volume presents the essence of catalytic chemistry, describing the structure of catalysts, the technology in which they are used and the chemical transformations that occur during reaction. Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation is a key technique used in the large--scale production of organic chemicals.Trade Review"...a clearly written, nicely illustrated, well-referenced book." (Chemistry in Britain, September 2000) "Highly recommended..." (Focus on Catalyst, February 2001) "...the author has accomplished an aggressive goal...The book is well written and will be appreciated by both the newcomer and expert in the field." (Cattech Vol. 6, No. 2, 2002)Table of ContentsPreface 1 General Introduction 1.1 Presentation of Material 1.2 The Role and Importance of Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation Processes in the Chemical Industry References to Chapter 1 2 Introduction to Heterogeneous Catalysis 2.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Structure of Heterogeneous Catalysts 2.2 The Five Basic Steps in Heterogeneous Catalysis 2.3 Testing of Heterogeneous Catalysts 2.4 Diffusion 2.5 Adsorption at the Gas-Solid Interface 2.6 Kinetics of Oxidation Reactions 2.7 Characterization of Oxidation Catalysts References to Chapter 2 3 General Principles of Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation 3.1 Generic Features of Catalytic Oxidation Reactions 3.2 The Mode of Activation of the Hydrocarbon and Discriminating Capacity of Active Sites in Oxidation Catalysis 3.3 Types of Active Oxygen Species Involved in Oxidation Catalysis 3.4 Structural Features of Oxidation Catalysts References to Chapter 3 4 Propene Oxidation to Acrolein: Allylic Oxidation over Catalysts with Highly Mobile Oxygen Anions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Composition of Multicomponent Bismuth Molybdate Catalysts for Propene Oxidation 4.3 The Surface Allyl Species 4.4 Source of Oxygen Inserted into Propene to Form Acrolein 4.5 Oxygen Transport within Bismuth Molybdate Catalysts 4.6 The Overall Reaction Mechanism References to Chapter 4 5 Oxidation Activation of Alkanes: Oxidation of n-butane to Maleic Arthydride 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Technologies for the Production of Maleic Anhydride 5.3 The Preparation, Structure and Performance of Vanadium Phosphorus Oxide Catalysts 5.4 Activation of n-butane 5.5 The Nature of the Active Site and the Reaction Mechanism 5.6 Conclusions References to Chapter 5 6 Epoxidation of Alkenes: Reactivity of Electrophilie Oxygen Species 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Technology for Ethylene Oxide Production 6.3 Catalyst Composition, Structure and Performance 6.4 Reaction Kinetics and Network 6.5 The Nature of the Oxygen Species on and under the Silver Surface 6.6 Reactivity of Oxygen Species on Silver References to Chapter 6 7 Catalytic Combustion 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Environmental Applications of Catalytic Combustion 7.3 Principles of Catalytic Combustion 7.4 Choice of Materials for the Construction of Combustion Catalysts 7.5 Poisoning of Combustion Catalysts 7.6 Reactivity of the Substrate 7.7 Kinetics of Catalytic Combustion Reactions 7.8 Nature of the Active Species of Working Precious Metal Catalysts References to Chapter 7 8 Activation and Insertion of Nitrogen into Organic Compounds 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Technology for Propene Ammoxidation 8.3 Catalysts Used in Ammoxidation 8.4 The Ammoxidation Reaction Network 8.5 Mechanism of Nitrogen Insertion in Ammoxidation 8.6 Nitrogen Insertion in Ammoxidation References to Chapter 8 9 Catalytic Oxidation Reactions Involving Chlorine: Oxychlorination and the Oxidative Destruction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Vinyl Chloride by Oxychlorination 9.3 Technology for Vinyl Chloride Production 9.4 Oxychlorination Catalyst Composition, Preparation and Characterization 9.5 The Mechanism of Oxychlorination 9.6 Destruction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Oxidation 9.7 By-product Formation during the Catalytic Oxidation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 9.8 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins and the Environment References to Chapter 9 10 Oxidation Reactions Catalysed by Zeolites and Structured Mesoporous Materials 10.1 Zeolites 10.2 Redox Molecular Sieves 10.3 Structured Mesoporous Silicates in Oxidation Reactions References to Chapter 10 Index

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Book SynopsisAquatic Chemistry An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters Second Edition Edited by Werner Stumm and James J. Morgan This second edition of the renowned classic unites concepts, applications, and techniques with the growing amounts of data in the field. Expanded treatment is offered on steady-state and dynamic models employing mass-balance approaches and kinetic information. New chapters address such topics as: environmental aspects of aquatic chemistry; new material on organic compounds in natural water systems; the use of stable and radioactive isotopes in chemical and physical processes; the latest advances in marine chemistry; solid-solution interface; kinetic considerations of equilibria; metal-ligand interactions; and an expanded compilation of thermodynamic data for important reactions in natural water systems. 1981 (0 471-04831-3) Cloth 780 pp. (0 471-09173-1) Paper Chemical Processes in Lakes Edited by Werner Stumm This is a multidisciplinary analysis Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Kinetics of Chemical Transformation (A. Stone & J.Morgan). Catalysis in Aquatic Environments (M. Hoffmann). The Kinetics of Trace Metal Complexation: Implications for MetalReactivity in Natural Waters (J. Hering & F. Morel). Chemical Transformations of Organic Pollutants in the AquaticEnvironment (R. Schwarzenbach & P. Gschwend). Ab-Initio Quantum-Mechanical Calculations of Surface Reactions--ANew Era? (A. Lasaga & G. Gibbs). Redox Reactions of Metal Ions at Mineral Surfaces (B.Wehrli). Modeling of the Dissolution of Strained and Unstrained MultipleOxides: The Surface Speciation Approach (J. Schott). Dissolution of Oxide Minerals: Rates Depend on Surface Speciation(W. Stumm & E. Wieland). Photoredox Reactions at Hydrous Metal Oxide Surfaces: A SurfaceCoordination Chemistry Approach (B. Sulzberger). Rate and Mechanism of Dissolution of Carbonates in the SystemCaCo3-MgCO3 (R. Wollast). Kinetics of Colloid Chemical Processes in Aquatic Systems (C.O'Melia). Kinetics of Chemical Weathering: A Comparison of Laboratory andField Weathering Rates (J. Schnoor). Transport and Kinetics in Surficial Processes (A. Lerman). Index.

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Book SynopsisOne of a series of subvolumes on physical chemistry, this work examines interfaces involving solid, liquid or gaseous surfaces. The techniques discussed range from experimental to those commonly used in surface studies.Table of ContentsSurface Crystallography by Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (G. Somorjai & M. Van Hove). Analysis of Surfaces by Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Related Techniques (L. Kazmerski). The Analysis of Surfaces by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (N. Turner). Low-Energy Ion Scattering and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopies (A. Miller, et al.). X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (Surface Extended and Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure) at Surfaces (D. Norman). Monolayer Assemblies (H. Kuhn & D. Mobius). Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques to the In Situ Study of Electrochemical Interfaces (D. Scherson & E. Yeager). Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (E. Brandt & T. Cotton). Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of a multi-volume reference work which explores the important methods of instrumental chemical analysis, measurement and control. The contributors offer descriptions of the value, potential and limitation of each respective technique.Table of ContentsSurface Tension and Its Measurement (A. Couper). Techniques for the Study of Adsorption from Solution (N. Kallay, etal.). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (A. de Lozanne). High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (W. Ho). Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (C. Greenlief & J.White). Molecular Beams: Probes of the Dynamics of Reactions on Surfaces(S. Ceyer, et al.). Laser-Induced Thermal Desorption (S. George). Index.

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Book SynopsisA celebrated classic in the field updated and expanded to includethe latest computerized calculation techniques In 1964, James N. Butler published a book in which he presentedsome simple graphical methods of performing acid-base, solubility,and complex formation equilibrium calculations. Today, both thebook and these methods have become standard for generations ofstudents and professionals in fields ranging from environmentalscience to analytical chemistry. Named a Citation Classic by theScience Citation Index in 1990, the book, Ionic Equilibrium,continues to be one of the most widely used texts on the subject.So why tamper with near-perfection by attempting a revision of thatclassic? The reason is simple-- the recent rapid development andwide availability of personal computers. In the revised Ionic Equilibrium, Dr. Butler updates his 1964 workby abandoning the slide rule and graph paper for the PCspreadsheet. He also expands the original coverage with extensivemateriTrade Review"This is by far the best textbook on chemical equilibrium I know. It is an absolute must for everybody using electrolyte solutions in his research..."(Jnl of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol 5, 2001)Table of ContentsBasic Principles. Activity Coefficients and pH. Strong Acids and Bases. Monoprotic Acids and Bases. Polyprotic Acids and Bases. Solubility. Complex Formation. Organic Complexes. Oxidation--Reduction Equilibria. Carbon Dioxide. pH in Brines. Automated Computation Methods (by David R. Cogley). Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides synthetic chemists with a method for rapid retrieval of information from the literature, listing material by reaction type rather than by author name or publication date. Each updated volume presents the latest synthetic methods for preparation of monofunctional and difunctional compounds. The organization is logical and easy to follow; sections are arranged according to the possible interconversions between the major functional groups. Enables synthetic chemists to keep abreast of recent developments and retrieve a specific piece of information quickly and easily.Table of ContentsPreparation of Alkynes. Preparation of Acid Derivatives and Anhydrides. Preparation of Alcohols. Preparation of Aldehydes. Preparation of Alkyls, Methylenes and Aryls. Preparation of Amides. Preparation of Amines. Preparation of Esters. Preparation of Ethers, Epoxides and Thioethers. Preparation of Halides and Sulfonates. Preparation of Hydrides. Preparation of Ketones. Preparation of Nitriles. Preparation of Alkenes. Preparation of Oxides. Preparation of Difunctional Compounds. Author Index.

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Book SynopsisContributions in this volume examine the role of hydrocarbons in several areas of chemistry, including the multicenter bonding of hydrocarbons relative to the chemistry of main group elements, organometallics, cluster chemistry, carbocations and hydrocarbon chemistry.Table of ContentsMy Thirty Years in Hydrocarbon Cages: From Adamantane toDodecahedrane (P. Schleyer). Catalytic Routes to Adamantane and Its Homologues (M. McKervey& J. Rooney). The Superacid Route to 1-Adamantyl Cation (T. Sorensen & S.Whitworth). Carbocations and Electrophilic Reactions of Cage Hydrocarbons (G.Olah). Fragmentation and Transannular Cyclization Routes to CageHydrocarbons (A. Yurchenko). Bridgehead Reactivity in Solvolysis Reactions (P. Muller & J.Mareda). Stabilization of Cage Compounds through Steric Hindrance bytert-Butyl Groups (G. Maier, et al.). Homologues of Barrelene, Bullvalene, and Benzene: Concepts,Questions, and Results (A. de Meijere). The [n]Peristylane-Polyhedrane Connection (L. Paquette). The Pagodane Route to Dodecahedrane (W. Fessner & H.Prinzbach). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisFocused on the undergraduate audience, Chemical Reaction Engineering provides students with complete coverage of the fundamentals, including in-depth coverage of chemical kinetics. By introducing heterogeneous chemistry early in the book, the text gives students the knowledge they need to solve real chemistry and industrial problems.Table of Contents1. Reactions and Reaction Rates 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 The Role of Chemical Reactions 1 1.1.2 Chemical Kinetics 2 1.1.3 Chemical Reactors 2 1.2 Stoichiometric Notation 3 1.3 Extent of Reaction and the Law of Definite Proportions 4 1.3.1 Stoichiometric Notation—Multiple Reactions 6 1.4 Definitions of Reaction Rate 8 1.4.1 Species-Dependent Definition 8 1.4.1.1 Single Fluid Phase 9 1.4.1.2 Multiple Phases 9 Heterogeneous Catalysis 9 Other Cases 10 1.4.1.3 Relationship between Reaction Rates of Various Species (Single Reaction) 10 1.4.1.4 Multiple Reactions 11 1.4.2 Species-Independent Definition 11 Summary of Important Concepts 12 Problems 12 2. Reaction Rates—Some Generalizations 16 2.1 Rate Equations 16 2.2 Five Generalizations 17 2.3 An Important Exception 33 Summary of Important Concepts 33 Problems 33 3. Ideal Reactors 36 3.1 Generalized Material Balance 36 3.2 Ideal Batch Reactor 38 3.3 Continuous Reactors 43 3.3.1 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 45 3.3.2 Ideal Continuous Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) 49 3.3.2.1 The Easy Way—Choose a Different Control Volume 51 3.3.2.2 The Hard Way—Do the Triple Integration 54 3.4 Graphical Interpretation of the Design Equations 54 Summary of Important Concepts 57 Problems 57 Appendix 3 Summary of Design Equations 60 4. Sizing and Analysis of Ideal Reactors 63 4.1 Homogeneous Reactions 63 4.1.1 Batch Reactors 63 4.1.1.1 Jumping Right In 63 4.1.1.2 General Discussion: Constant-Volume Systems 68 Describing the Progress of a Reaction 68 Solving the Design Equation 71 4.1.1.3 General Discussion: Variable-Volume Systems 74 4.1.2 Continuous Reactors 77 4.1.2.1 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 78 Constant-Density Systems 78 Variable-Density (Variable-Volume) Systems 80 4.1.2.2 Plug-Flow Reactors 82 Constant-Density (Constant-Volume) Systems 82 Variable-Density (Variable-Volume) Systems 84 4.1.2.3 Graphical Solution of the CSTR Design Equation 86 4.1.2.4 Biochemical Engineering Nomenclature 90 4.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions (Introduction to Transport Effects) 91 4.3 Systems of Continuous Reactors 97 4.3.1 Reactors in Series 98 4.3.1.1 CSTRs in Series 98 4.3.1.2 PFRs in Series 103 4.3.1.3 PFRs and CSTRs in Series 103 4.3.2 Reactors in Parallel 107 4.3.2.1 CSTRs in Parallel 107 4.3.2.2 PFRs in Parallel 109 4.3.3 Generalizations 110 4.4 Recycle 111 Summary of Important Concepts 114 Problems 114 Appendix 4 Solution to Example 4-10: Three Equal-Volume CSTRs in Series 122 5. Reaction Rate Fundamentals (Chemical Kinetics) 123 5.1 Elementary Reactions 123 5.1.1 Significance 123 5.1.2 Definition 125 5.1.3 Screening Criteria 126 5.2 Sequences of Elementary Reactions 129 5.2.1 Open Sequences 130 5.2.2 Closed Sequences 130 5.3 The Steady-State Approximation (SSA) 131 5.4 Use of the Steady-State Approximation 133 5.4.1 Kinetics and Mechanism 136 5.4.2 The Long-Chain Approximation 137 5.5 Closed Sequences with a Catalyst 138 5.6 The Rate-Limiting Step (RLS) Approximation 140 5.6.1 Vector Representation 141 5.6.2 Use of the RLS Approximation 142 5.6.3 Physical Interpretation of the Rate Equation 143 5.6.4 Irreversibility 145 5.7 Closing Comments 147 Summary of Important Concepts 147 Problems 148 6. Analysis and Correlation of Kinetic Data 154 6.1 Experimental Data from Ideal Reactors 154 6.1.1 Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 155 6.1.2 Plug-Flow Reactors 156 6.1.2.1 Differential Plug-Flow Reactors 156 6.1.2.2 Integral Plug-Flow Reactors 157 6.1.3 Batch Reactors 158 6.1.4 Differentiation of Data: An Illustration 159 6.2 The Differential Method of Data Analysis 162 6.2.1 Rate Equations Containing Only One Concentration 162 6.2.1.1 Testing a Rate Equation 162 6.2.1.2 Linearization of Langmuir–Hinshelwood/Michaelis–Menten Rate Equations 165 6.2.2 Rate Equations Containing More Than One Concentration 166 6.2.3 Testing the Arrhenius Relationship 169 6.2.4 Nonlinear Regression 171 6.3 The Integral Method of Data Analysis 173 6.3.1 Using the Integral Method 173 6.3.2 Linearization 176 6.3.3 Comparison of Methods for Data Analysis 177 6.4 Elementary Statistical Methods 178 6.4.1 Fructose Isomerization 178 6.4.1.1 First Hypothesis: First-Order Rate Equation 179 Residual Plots 179 Parity Plots 180 6.4.1.2 Second Hypothesis: Michaelis–Menten Rate Equation 181 Constants in the Rate Equation: Error Analysis 184 Non-Linear Least Squares 186 6.4.2 Rate Equations Containing More Than One Concentration (Reprise) 186 Summary of Important Concepts 187 Problems 188 Appendix 6-A Nonlinear Regression for AIBN Decomposition 197 Appendix 6-B Nonlinear Regression for AIBN Decomposition 198 Appendix 6-C Analysis of Michaelis–Menten Rate Equation via Lineweaver–Burke Plot Basic Calculations 199 7. Multiple Reactions 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yield 203 7.3 Classification of Reactions 208 7.3.1 Parallel Reactions 208 7.3.2 Independent Reactions 208 7.3.3 Series (Consecutive) Reactions 209 7.3.4 Mixed Series and Parallel Reactions 209 7.4 Reactor Design and Analysis 211 7.4.1 Overview 211 7.4.2 Series (Consecutive) Reactions 212 7.4.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 212 7.4.2.2 Time-Independent Analysis 214 7.4.2.3 Quantitative Analysis 215 7.4.2.4 Series Reactions in a CSTR 218 Material Balance on A 219 Material Balance on R 219 7.4.3 Parallel and Independent Reactions 220 7.4.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 220 Effect of Temperature 221 Effect of Reactant Concentrations 222 7.4.3.2 Quantitative Analysis 224 7.4.4 Mixed Series/Parallel Reactions 230 7.4.4.1 Qualitative Analysis 230 7.4.4.2 Quantitative Analysis 231 Summary of Important Concepts 232 Problems 232 Appendix 7-A Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations 241 7-A.1 Single, First-Order Ordinary Differential Equation 241 7-A.2 Simultaneous, First-Order, Ordinary Differential Equations 245 8. Use of the Energy Balance in Reactor Sizing and Analysis 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Macroscopic Energy Balances 252 8.2.1 Generalized Macroscopic Energy Balance 252 8.2.1.1 Single Reactors 252 8.2.1.2 Reactors in Series 254 8.2.2 Macroscopic Energy Balance for Flow Reactors (PFRs and CSTRs) 255 8.2.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance for Batch Reactors 255 8.3 Isothermal Reactors 257 8.4 Adiabatic Reactors 261 8.4.1 Exothermic Reactions 261 8.4.2 Endothermic Reactions 262 8.4.3 Adiabatic Temperature Change 264 8.4.4 Graphical Analysis of Equilibrium-Limited Adiabatic Reactors 266 8.4.5 Kinetically Limited Adiabatic Reactors (Batch and Plug Flow) 268 8.5 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (General Treatment) 271 8.5.1 Simultaneous Solution of the Design Equation and the Energy Balance 272 8.5.2 Multiple Steady States 276 8.5.3 Reactor Stability 277 8.5.4 Blowout and Hysteresis 279 8.5.4.1 Blowout 279 Extension 281 Discussion 282 8.5.4.2 Feed-Temperature Hysteresis 282 8.6 Nonisothermal, Nonadiabatic Batch, and Plug-Flow Reactors 284 8.6.1 General Remarks 284 8.6.2 Nonadiabatic Batch Reactors 284 8.7 Feed/Product (F/P) Heat Exchangers 285 8.7.1 Qualitative Considerations 285 8.7.2 Quantitative Analysis 286 8.7.2.1 Energy Balance—Reactor 288 8.7.2.2 Design Equation 288 8.7.2.3 Energy Balance—F/P Heat Exchanger 289 8.7.2.4 Overall Solution 291 8.7.2.5 Adjusting the Outlet Conversion 291 8.7.2.6 Multiple Steady States 292 8.8 Concluding Remarks 294 Summary of Important Concepts 295 Problems 296 Appendix 8-A Numerical Solution to Equation (8-26) 302 Appendix 8-B Calculation of G(T) and R(T) for ‘‘Blowout’’ Example 304 9. Heterogeneous Catalysis Revisited 305 9.1 Introduction 305 9.2 The Structure of Heterogeneous Catalysts 306 9.2.1 Overview 306 9.2.2 Characterization of Catalyst Structure 310 9.2.2.1 Basic Definitions 310 9.2.2.2 Model of Catalyst Structure 311 9.3 Internal Transport 311 9.3.1 General Approach—Single Reaction 311 9.3.2 An Illustration: First-Order, Irreversible Reaction in an Isothermal,Spherical Catalyst Particle 314 9.3.3 Extension to Other Reaction Orders and Particle Geometries 315 9.3.4 The Effective Diffusion Coefficient 318 9.3.4.1 Overview 318 9.3.4.2 Mechanisms of Diffusion 319 Configurational (Restricted) Diffusion 319 Knudsen Diffusion (Gases) 320 Bulk (Molecular) Diffusion 321 The Transition Region 323 Concentration Dependence 323 9.3.4.3 The Effect of Pore Size 325 Narrow Pore-Size Distribution 325 Broad Pore-Size Distribution 326 9.3.5 Use of the Effectiveness Factor in Reactor Design and Analysis 326 9.3.6 Diagnosing Internal Transport Limitations in Experimental Studies 328 9.3.6.1 Disguised Kinetics 328 Effect of Concentration 329 Effect of Temperature 329 Effect of Particle Size 330 9.3.6.2 The Weisz Modulus 331 9.3.6.3 Diagnostic Experiments 333 9.3.7 Internal Temperature Gradients 335 9.3.8 Reaction Selectivity 340 9.3.8.1 Parallel Reactions 340 9.3.8.2 Independent Reactions 342 9.3.8.3 Series Reactions 344 9.4 External Transport 346 9.4.1 General Analysis—Single Reaction 346 9.4.1.1 Quantitative Descriptions of Mass and Heat Transport 347 Mass Transfer 347 Heat Transfer 347 9.4.1.2 First-Order, Reaction in an Isothermal Catalyst Particle—The Concept of a Controlling Step 348 hkvlc=kc _ 1 349 hkvlc=kc _ 1 350 9.4.1.3 Effect of Temperature 353 9.4.1.4 Temperature Difference Between Bulk Fluid and Catalyst Surface 354 9.4.2 Diagnostic Experiments 356 9.4.2.1 Fixed-Bed Reactor 357 9.4.2.2 Other Reactors 361 9.4.3 Calculations of External Transport 362 9.4.3.1 Mass-Transfer Coefficients 362 9.4.3.2 Different Definitions of the Mass-Transfer Coefficient 365 9.4.3.3 Use of Correlations 366 9.4.4 Reaction Selectivity 368 9.5 Catalyst Design—Some Final Thoughts 368 Summary of Important Concepts 369 Problems 369 Appendix 9-A Solution to Equation (9-4c) 376 10. ‘Nonideal’ Reactors 378 10.1 What Can Make a Reactor ‘‘Nonideal’’? 378 10.1.1 What Makes PFRs and CSTRs ‘‘Ideal’’? 378 10.1.2 Nonideal Reactors: Some Examples 379 10.1.2.1 Tubular Reactor with Bypassing 379 10.1.2.2 Stirred Reactor with Incomplete Mixing 380 10.1.2.3 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactor (LFTR) 380 10.2 Diagnosing and Characterizing Nonideal Flow 381 10.2.1 Tracer Response Techniques 381 10.2.2 Tracer Response Curves for Ideal Reactors (Qualitative Discussion) 383 10.2.2.1 Ideal Plug-How Reactor 383 10.2.2.2 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 384 10.2.3 Tracer Response Curves for Nonideal Reactors 385 10.2.3.1 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactor 385 10.2.3.2 Tubular Reactor with Bypassing 385 10.2.3.3 Stirred Reactor with Incomplete Mixing 386 10.3 Residence Time Distributions 387 10.3.1 The Exit-Age Distribution Function, E(t) 387 10.3.2 Obtaining the Exit-Age Distribution from Tracer Response Curves 389 10.3.3 Other Residence Time Distribution Functions 391 10.3.3.1 Cumulative Exit-Age Distribution Function, F(t) 391 10.3.3.2 Relationship between F(t) and E(t) 392 10.3.3.3 Internal-Age Distribution Function, I(t) 392 10.3.4 Residence Time Distributions for Ideal Reactors 393 10.3.4.1 Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor 393 10.3.4.2 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 395 10.4 Estimating Reactor Performance from the Exit-Age Distribution—The Macrofluid Model 397 10.4.1 The Macrofluid Model 397 10.4.2 Predicting Reactor Behavior with the Macrofluid Model 398 10.4.3 Using the Macrofluid Model to Calculate Limits of Performance 403 10.5 Other Models for Nonideal Reactors 404 10.5.1 Moments of Residence Time Distributions 404 10.5.1.1 Definitions 404 10.5.1.2 The First Moment of E(t) 405 Average Residence Time 405 Reactor Diagnosis 406 10.5.1.3 The Second Moment of E(t)—Mixing 407 10.5.1.4 Moments for Vessels in Series 408 10.5.2 The Dispersion Model 412 10.5.2.1 Overview 412 10.5.2.2 The Reaction Rate Term 413 Homogeneous Reaction 413 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction 415 10.5.2.3 Solutions to the Dispersion Model 415 Rigorous 415 Approximate (Small Values of D/uL) 417 10.5.2.4 The Dispersion Number 417 Estimating D/uL from Correlations 417 Criterion for Negligible Dispersion 419 Measurement of D/uL 420 10.5.2.5 The Dispersion Model—Some Final Comments 422 10.5.3 CSTRs-In-Series (CIS) Model 422 10.5.3.1 Overview 422 10.5.3.2 Determining the Value of ‘‘N’’ 423 10.5.3.3 Calculating Reactor Performance 424 10.5.4 Compartment Models 426 10.5.4.1 Overview 426 10.5.4.2 Compartment Models Based on CSTRs and PFRs 427 Reactors in Parallel 427 Reactors in Series 429 10.5.4.3 Well-Mixed Stagnant Zones 431 10.6 Concluding Remarks 434 Summary of Important Concepts 435 Problems 435 Nomenclature 440 Index 446

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Book SynopsisOne of the most outstanding contributions of NMR to chemistry concerns the information which can be obtained at the molecular level as a result of the time-dependence of NMR spectra. The importance of this information is well illustrated by the large number of applications which have resulted from research in this field. To date, however, both the theory and its applications have only been available in widely scattered articles in the literature. Dynamics of Solutions and Fluid Mixtures by NMR is the first single volume giving a comprehensive coverage of time-dependent effects in NMR, and of the information which can be obtained by investigation of these phenomena. The ten chapters, all written by acknowledged experts in their respective fields, are arranged in a logical progression. The first three chapters give an overview of NMR spectroscopy and the fundamental aspects of molecular dynamics. Topics covered in later chapters include specific relaxation mechanisms, the use of field grTable of ContentsTimescales in NMR: Relaxation Phenomena in Relation with MolecularReorientation (D. Canet & J. Robert). Timescales in NMR: Nuclear Site Exchange and Dynamic NMR(J.-J. Delpuech). Nuclear Paramagnetic Spin Relaxation Theory: Paramagnetic SpinProbes in Homogeneous and Microheterogeneous Solutions (P.Westlund). Quadrupolar Probes in Solution (J. Grandjean & P.Laszlo). Solvent Exchange on Metal Ions: A Variable Pressure NMR Approach(U. Frey, et al.). Applications of Field Gradients in NMR (D. Canet & M.Decorps). Surfactant Solutions: Aggregation Phenomena and Microheterogeneity(B. Lindman, et al.). Polymers and Biopolymers in the Liquid State (M.Krajewski-Bertrand, et al.). Liquid-Like Molecules in Rigid Matrices and in Soft Matter (J.Cohen-Addad, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisDue to its interdisciplinary nature, crystallography is of major importance to a wide range of scientific disciplines including physics, chemistry, molecular biology, materials science and mineralogy. However, information is currently divided amongst traditional physics, chemistry and materials science books.Table of ContentsGeometrical Crystallography. Symmetry. Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals. Tensor Properties of Crystals. Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems provides the scientific community with a critical evaluation of the state of the art on physicochemical structures and reactions in environmental systems, as well as on the analytical techniques required to study and monitor these systems.Table of ContentsAtmospheric Aerosol Size Distribution (R. Jaenicke). Atmospheric Aerosol Sampling (D. Mark). Inorganic Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols (M. Claes, et al.). Speciation Techniques for Fine Atmospheric Aerosols (R. Tanner). Structural Heterogeneity within Airborne Particles (J. Injuk, et al.). Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Tropospheric Aerosols (A. Wexler & S. Potukuchi). Dioxins, Dibenzofurans and PCBs in Atmospheric Aerosols (S. Harrad). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Particles (D. Smith & R. Harrison). Carbonaceous Combustion Aerosols (H. Cachier). Primary Biological Aerosol Particles: Their Significance, Sources, Sampling Methods and Size Distribution in the Atmosphere (S. Mathias-Maser). Formation of Aerosol Particles from Biogenic Precursors (C. Hewitt & B. Davison). Source Inventories for Atmospheric Trace Metals (J. Pacyna). Dry Deposition of Particles (M. Zufall & C. Davidson). Wet Processes Affecting Atmospheric Aerosols (S. Jennings). Condensed Water Aerosols (J. Heintzenberg). Influence of Atmospheric Aerosols upon the Global Radiation Balance (H. Horvath). Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent advances in both experimental techniques and theoretical methodologies have meant that increasingly sophisticated studies concerning the formation, structures, energetics and reaction dynamics of state- or energy-selected molecular ions can now be performed. In order to better serve the ion chemistry and physics community, each volume of this series is dedicated to reviewing a specific topic, emphasizing new experimental and theoretical developments in the study of ions. The Wiley Series in Ion Chemistry and Physics will help stimulate new research directions and point to future opportunities in the field of ion chemistry and physics. This volume, the fifth in the series, concentrates on the important area of organic ions. Our understanding of these ions has been significantly improved over the last decade due to both theoretical and experimental advances, and it is now routinely possible to calculate organic ion structures by ab initio molecular orbital methods with very high pTable of ContentsIntroduction and Applications of ab initio Methods (P. Botschwina& S. Schmatz). Photoionization, Photoelectron and Photodissocation Studies:Combining Experiment and Theory (C. Ng). The Calculation of Unimolecular Decay Rates with RRKM and ab initioMethods (T. Baer). Non-Adiabatic Processes in Ionic Dissociation Dynamics (J.Lorquet). Structure and Reactivity of Selected Distonic Radical Cations (R.Smith, et al.). Potential Energy Surfaces for Ion-Molecule Reactions (M.Gordon). Unimolecular and Bimolecular Chemistry of Gas Phase Ion (N.Nibbering, et al.). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe precipitation of metal oxides from aqueous solutions creates nanoparticles with interesting solid state properties, thus building a bridge between solution chemistry and solid state chemistry.Trade Review"To remedy a...gap in university curricula in teaching the physics and chemistry behind the synthesis of such solutions, Jolivet introduces the mechanism of oxide formation..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsINORGANIC CONDENSATION. Water and Cations in Aqueous Solution. Condensation and Precipitation in Aqueous Solution. Olation: Polycations and Solid Phases. Oxolation Polyanions and Solid Phases. Complexation and Condensation. SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF OXIDES. Oxide-Solution Interface. Modeling of the Oxide-Solution Interface. Stability of Colloidal Dispersions. Interface Reactions and Adsorption. Index.

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