Physical chemistry Books

Book SynopsisP>Of related interest . . . THE COLLOIDAL DOMAIN Second Edition Where Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Technology Meet D. Fennell Evans and Håkan Wennerström Fully updated and revised, this new edition of the critically acclaimed book incorporates information on key developments in colloid science and technology in the twentieth century. It provides a unified treatment of colloid theory, methods, and applications to specific systems, complete with concept maps, new worked examples, and more than 250 illustrations. 1999 (0-471-24247-0) 672 pp. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERFACIAL ENGINEERING Robert J. Stokes and D. Fennell Evans This book emphasizes the importance of the intermolecular forces that hold materials together within a bulk phase or across an interface. It examines the fundamentals of the intermolecular interactions along with the properties, processing, and behavior of fluid interfacial systems. Solid surfaces and interfaTrade Review"...the whole volume is very satisfying to read." (Talanta, Vol 52, 2000) "...can certainly be recommended to anyone about to become involved in the area of colloid-polymer interactions." (Angewandte Chemie, 4th August 2000)Table of ContentsAPPLIED TECHNOLOGIES. Polyelectrolyte-Assisted Dewatering (R. Farinato, et al.). Polymer-Colloid Interactions in Pulp and Paper Manufacture (R. Pelton). Dual-Addition Schemes (G. Petzold). Role of Polymers in Particle Adhesion and Thin Particle Layers (M. Böhmer, et al.). FUNDAMENTALS OF COLLOID-POLYMER INTERACTION. Diffusion- Controlled Phenomena in Adsorbed Polymer Dynamics (M. Santore). Depletion-Induced Aggregation and Colloidal Phase Separation (A. Milling & B. Vincent). Polyelectrolyte Adsorption: Theory and Simulation (M. Muthukumar). Small-Angle Neutron Methods in Polymer Adsorption Studies (T. Cosgrove, et al.). METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING POLYMER ADSORPTION. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Surface Polymers (F. Blum). Radiochemical Methods for Polymer Adsorption (J. Schlenoff). Measurement of Colloidal Interactions Using the Atomic Force Microscope (P. Hartley). Surface Forces Apparatus: Studies of Polymers, Polyelectrolytes, and Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Mixtures at Interfaces (P. Claesson). Scanning Angle Reflectometry and Its Application to Polymer Adsorption and Coadsorption with Surfactants (R. Tilton). Total Internal Reflectance Fluorescence (M. Santore). Design and Applications of Oscillating Optical Tweezers for Direct Measurements of Colloidal Forces (H. Ou-Yang). Index.

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Book SynopsisChiral molecules come in "right-handed" or "left-handed" forms which look the same in 2D but are mirror images of each other. These molecules do not behave in the same way and react differently towards enzymes. Stereochemistry is the study of these molecules, and this text treats the subject.Trade Review"...research workers in this field will either wish to purchase this book or to have ready access to a copy" (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol 15, 2001)Table of ContentsSome Fundamental Concepts. 1,2-Stereoinduction. 1,3-Stereoinduction. Stereoinduction at Long Distances. Group Directed Reactions and Chelation Effects. Conformational Effects. Topographical and Template Effects. Steric, Electrostatic, and Stereoelectronic Effects. Thermodynamic Control and Kinetic Trapping. Index.

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Book SynopsisTHIS BOOK HAS SIX TUTORIALS AND REVIEWS WRITTEN BY INVITED EXPERTS. FIVE CHAPTERS TEACH TOPICS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS AND MOLECULAR SIMULATIONS. THE SIXTH CHAPTER EXPLAINS HOW PROGRAMS FOR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE DRAWING WORK. AN EDITORIAL DISCUSSES SOME OF THE MOST WELL-KNOWN PERSONAGES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY. FROM REVIEWS OF THE SERIES Anyone who is doing or intends to do computational research on molecular structure and design should seriously consider purchasing this book for his or her personal library.-JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY. These reviews are becoming regarded as the standard reference among both specialists and novices in the expanding field of computational chemistry. -JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS AND MODELLING. [This book is] written for newcomers learning about molecular modeling techniques as well as for seasoned professionals who need to acquire expertise in areas outside their own.-JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCE.Table of ContentsCalculations on Open-Shell Molecules: A Beginner's Guide (T. Bally & W. Borden). Basis Set Superposition Errors: Theory and Practice (N. Kestner & J. Combariza). Quantum Monte Carlo: Atoms, Molecules, Clusters, Liquids, and Solids (J. Anderson). Molecular Models of Water: Derivation and Description (A. Wallqvist & R. Mountain). Simulation of pH-Dependent Properties of Proteins Using Mesoscopic Models (J. Briggs & J. Antosiewicz). Structure Diagram Generation (H. Helson). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis series provides the chemical physics community with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 111 continues to report recent advances with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally-recognized researchers.Table of ContentsHydrogen Bonds with Large Proton Polarizability and Proton TransferProcesses in Electrochemistry and Biology (G. Zundel). Phase Space Approach to Dissipative Molecular Dynamics (D. Kohen& D. Tannor). Microscopic Theories of the Rheology of Stable ColloidalDispersions (R. Lionberger & W. Russel). The Rational g Factor of Diatomic Molecules in State ?1Sigma?+ or0?+ (J. Ogilvie, et al.). A Comparative Study Electron- and Positron-Polyatomic MoleculeScattering (M. Kimura, et al.). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis text presents specific applications to supramolecular and stereospecific synthesis. It discusses aspects of peptide and protein chemistry as well as highlighting how the amide linkage participates in the design of enzyme inhibitors, cyclic peptides and antibacterial agents.Trade Review"It makes extremely interesting reading" (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 19 November 2001) "...will have a longer than average shelf life..."(European Peptide Society Newsletter, 1 January 2003) "...excellent chapters and provides plenty of useful background information on amide structure." (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, Vol. 42, 2003)Table of ContentsThe Electron Density Distribution of Amides and Related Compounds (C. Breneman & M. Martinov). Origin of the Amide Rotational Barrier (K. Wiberg). The Amide Linkage as a Ligand-Its Properties and the Role of Distortion (A. Greenberg). Studies in Amide Hydrolysis: The Acid, Base, and Water Reactions (R. Brown). The Thermochemistry of Amides (J. Liebman, et al.). Stereospecificity in the -Lactam (Aziridinone) Synthon (R. Hoffman). -Lactams: Cyclic Amides of Distinction (A. Bose, et al.). Sterically Hindered Twisted Amides (S. Yamada). Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Amides and Lactams (P. Rademacher). The Role of Amides in the Noncovalent Synthesis of Supramolecular Structures in Solution, at Interfaces, and in Solids (G. Palmore & J. MacDonald). -Lactam Antibacterial Agents: Computational Chemistry Investigations (D. Boyd). Three-Dimensional Design of Enzyme Inhibitors with Heterocyclic Amide Bond Mimics (R. Bohacek & W. Shakespeare). Ab Initio Conformational Analysis of Protein Subunits: A Case Study of the Serine Diamide Model (A. Perczel & I. Csizmadia). Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry of Amides, Peptides, and Proteins (C. Cassady). -Sheet Interactions Between Proteins (S. Maitra & J. Nowick). Head-to-Tail Cyclic Peptides and Cyclic Peptide Libraries (A. Spatola & P. Romanovskis). From Crystal Structures of Oligopeptides to Protein Folding. The Importance of Peptide Bond-Side Chain Hyperconjugation (A. Cieplak). Role of the Peptide Bond in Protein Structure and Folding (N. Kallenbach, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis series of volumes represents research relative to advances in chemical physics. Edited by Nobel Prize winner Ilya Prigogine, Volume 115 is a special topical stand-alone two-volume work in a series.Trade Review"...studies continue the series in which specialists provide a general description of the status and developments in...chemical physics..." (SciTech Book News, March 2001)Table of ContentsEnergy Landscapes: From Clusters to Biomolecules (D. Wales, et al.). Solid-Fluid Equilibrium: Insights from Simple Molecular Models (P. Monson & D. Kofke). Irreversible Motion on Macroscopic and Molecular Timescales and Chemical Dynamics in Liquids (S. Adelman & R. Ravi). Chemical Reactions and Reaction Efficiency in Compartmentalized Systems (J. Kozak). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisProvides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Continues to report recent advances with significant, up-to-date chapters. Contributing authors are internationally recognized researchers.Table of ContentsToward Ab Initio Theory of Long-Distance Electron Tunneling in Proteins: Tunneling Currents Approach (A. Stuchebrukhov). Magnetic Field Influence on Dynamics of Singlet-Triplet Conversion (V. Makarov & I. Khmelinskii). Classical and Quantum Magnetization Reversal Studies in Nanometer-Sized Particles and Clusters (W. Wernsdorfer). Dynamical Approach to Vibrational Relaxation (S. Okazaki). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of the series, which provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in each area of the discipline. This work continues to report advances with significant chapters by internationally recognized researchers.Trade Review"Editor Stuart Rice is carrying on the fine tradition of the 'Advances in Chemical Physics' series by assembling authoritative reviews spanning a diverse range of topics in modern physical chemistry." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, June 23, 2004)Table of ContentsNucleation in Polymer Crystallization (M. Muthukumar). Theory of Constrained Brownian Motion (David C. Morse). Superparamagnetism and Spin Glass Dynamics of Interacting Magnetic Nanoparticle Systems (Petra E. Jönsson). Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation and Reactive Scattering (Gabriel G. Balint-Kurti). The Momentum Density Perspective of the Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules (Ajit J. Thakkar). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent years have seen significant growth and interest in physicochemical hydrodynamics that have resulted in major advances. This book revises and updates the first edition. The new material includes problems and a solution manual for instructors. Consistent demand has led to the publication of the second edition in this paperback version.Table of ContentsPreface to the Paperback Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Acknowledgments for the First Edition. Introduction. Transport in Fluids. Equations of Change. Solutions of Uncharged Molecules. Solutions of Uncharged Macromolecules and Particles. Solutions of Electrolytes. Solutions of Charged Macromolecules and Particles. Suspension Stability and Particle Capture. Rheology and Concentrated Suspensions. Surface Tension. Appendix A. SI Units and Physical Constants. Appendix B. Symbols. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisAquatic Chemistry An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters Second Edition Edited by Werner Stumm and James J. Morgan This second edition of the renowned classic unites concepts, applications, and techniques with the growing amounts of data in the field. Expanded treatment is offered on steady-state and dynamic models employing mass-balance approaches and kinetic information. New chapters address such topics as: environmental aspects of aquatic chemistry; new material on organic compounds in natural water systems; the use of stable and radioactive isotopes in chemical and physical processes; the latest advances in marine chemistry; solid-solution interface; kinetic considerations of equilibria; metal-ligand interactions; and an expanded compilation of thermodynamic data for important reactions in natural water systems. 1981 (0 471-04831-3) Cloth 780 pp. (0 471-09173-1) Paper Chemical Processes in Lakes Edited by Werner Stumm This is a multidisciplinary analysis Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Kinetics of Chemical Transformation (A. Stone & J.Morgan). Catalysis in Aquatic Environments (M. Hoffmann). The Kinetics of Trace Metal Complexation: Implications for MetalReactivity in Natural Waters (J. Hering & F. Morel). Chemical Transformations of Organic Pollutants in the AquaticEnvironment (R. Schwarzenbach & P. Gschwend). Ab-Initio Quantum-Mechanical Calculations of Surface Reactions--ANew Era? (A. Lasaga & G. Gibbs). Redox Reactions of Metal Ions at Mineral Surfaces (B.Wehrli). Modeling of the Dissolution of Strained and Unstrained MultipleOxides: The Surface Speciation Approach (J. Schott). Dissolution of Oxide Minerals: Rates Depend on Surface Speciation(W. Stumm & E. Wieland). Photoredox Reactions at Hydrous Metal Oxide Surfaces: A SurfaceCoordination Chemistry Approach (B. Sulzberger). Rate and Mechanism of Dissolution of Carbonates in the SystemCaCo3-MgCO3 (R. Wollast). Kinetics of Colloid Chemical Processes in Aquatic Systems (C.O'Melia). Kinetics of Chemical Weathering: A Comparison of Laboratory andField Weathering Rates (J. Schnoor). Transport and Kinetics in Surficial Processes (A. Lerman). Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of a multi-volume reference work which explores the important methods of instrumental chemical analysis, measurement and control. The contributors offer descriptions of the value, potential and limitation of each respective technique.Table of ContentsSurface Tension and Its Measurement (A. Couper). Techniques for the Study of Adsorption from Solution (N. Kallay, etal.). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (A. de Lozanne). High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (W. Ho). Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (C. Greenlief & J.White). Molecular Beams: Probes of the Dynamics of Reactions on Surfaces(S. Ceyer, et al.). Laser-Induced Thermal Desorption (S. George). Index.

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Book SynopsisA celebrated classic in the field updated and expanded to includethe latest computerized calculation techniques In 1964, James N. Butler published a book in which he presentedsome simple graphical methods of performing acid-base, solubility,and complex formation equilibrium calculations. Today, both thebook and these methods have become standard for generations ofstudents and professionals in fields ranging from environmentalscience to analytical chemistry. Named a Citation Classic by theScience Citation Index in 1990, the book, Ionic Equilibrium,continues to be one of the most widely used texts on the subject.So why tamper with near-perfection by attempting a revision of thatclassic? The reason is simple-- the recent rapid development andwide availability of personal computers. In the revised Ionic Equilibrium, Dr. Butler updates his 1964 workby abandoning the slide rule and graph paper for the PCspreadsheet. He also expands the original coverage with extensivemateriTrade Review"This is by far the best textbook on chemical equilibrium I know. It is an absolute must for everybody using electrolyte solutions in his research..."(Jnl of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol 5, 2001)Table of ContentsBasic Principles. Activity Coefficients and pH. Strong Acids and Bases. Monoprotic Acids and Bases. Polyprotic Acids and Bases. Solubility. Complex Formation. Organic Complexes. Oxidation--Reduction Equilibria. Carbon Dioxide. pH in Brines. Automated Computation Methods (by David R. Cogley). Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides synthetic chemists with a method for rapid retrieval of information from the literature, listing material by reaction type rather than by author name or publication date. Each updated volume presents the latest synthetic methods for preparation of monofunctional and difunctional compounds. The organization is logical and easy to follow; sections are arranged according to the possible interconversions between the major functional groups. Enables synthetic chemists to keep abreast of recent developments and retrieve a specific piece of information quickly and easily.Table of ContentsPreparation of Alkynes. Preparation of Acid Derivatives and Anhydrides. Preparation of Alcohols. Preparation of Aldehydes. Preparation of Alkyls, Methylenes and Aryls. Preparation of Amides. Preparation of Amines. Preparation of Esters. Preparation of Ethers, Epoxides and Thioethers. Preparation of Halides and Sulfonates. Preparation of Hydrides. Preparation of Ketones. Preparation of Nitriles. Preparation of Alkenes. Preparation of Oxides. Preparation of Difunctional Compounds. Author Index.

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Book SynopsisREVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY Kenny B. Lipkowitz, Raima Larter, and Thomas R. Cundari This volume, like those prior to it, features chapters by experts in various fields of computational chemistry. TOPICS COVERED IN Volume 21 iNCLUDE AB INITIO QUANTUM SIMULATION IN SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR QUANTUM SIMILARITY; ENUMERATING MOLECULES; VARIABLE SELECTION; BIOMOLECULAR APPLICATIONS OF POISSON-BOLTZMANN METHODS; AND DATA SOURCES AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES FOR GENERATING MODELS OF GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS. FROM REVIEWS OF THE SERIES Reviews in Computational Chemistry remains the most valuable reference to methods and techniques in computational chemistry. --JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS AND MODELLING One cannot generally do better than to try to find an appropriate article in the highly successful Reviews in Computational Chemistry. The basic philosophy of the editors seems to be to help the authors produce chapters that Table of Contents1. Ab Initio Quantum Simulation in Solid State Chemistry 1 (Roberto Dovesi, Bartolomeo Civalleri, Roberto Orlando, Carla Roetti, and Victor R. Saunders). 2. Molecular Quantum Similarity: Theory and Applications (Patrick Bultinck, Xavier Gironés, and Ramon Carbó-Dorca). 3. Enumerating Molecules (Jean-Loup Faulon, Donald P. Visco, Jr., and Diana Roe). 4. Variable Selection—Spoilt for Choice? (David J. Livingstone and David W. Salt). 5. Biomolecular Applications of Poisson–Boltzmann Methods (Nathan A. Baker). 6. Data Sources and Computational Approaches for Generating Models of Gene Regulatory Networks (Baltazar D. Aguda, Georghe Craciun, and Rengul Cetin-Atalay). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisFocused on the undergraduate audience, Chemical Reaction Engineering provides students with complete coverage of the fundamentals, including in-depth coverage of chemical kinetics. By introducing heterogeneous chemistry early in the book, the text gives students the knowledge they need to solve real chemistry and industrial problems.Table of Contents1. Reactions and Reaction Rates 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 The Role of Chemical Reactions 1 1.1.2 Chemical Kinetics 2 1.1.3 Chemical Reactors 2 1.2 Stoichiometric Notation 3 1.3 Extent of Reaction and the Law of Definite Proportions 4 1.3.1 Stoichiometric Notation—Multiple Reactions 6 1.4 Definitions of Reaction Rate 8 1.4.1 Species-Dependent Definition 8 1.4.1.1 Single Fluid Phase 9 1.4.1.2 Multiple Phases 9 Heterogeneous Catalysis 9 Other Cases 10 1.4.1.3 Relationship between Reaction Rates of Various Species (Single Reaction) 10 1.4.1.4 Multiple Reactions 11 1.4.2 Species-Independent Definition 11 Summary of Important Concepts 12 Problems 12 2. Reaction Rates—Some Generalizations 16 2.1 Rate Equations 16 2.2 Five Generalizations 17 2.3 An Important Exception 33 Summary of Important Concepts 33 Problems 33 3. Ideal Reactors 36 3.1 Generalized Material Balance 36 3.2 Ideal Batch Reactor 38 3.3 Continuous Reactors 43 3.3.1 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 45 3.3.2 Ideal Continuous Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) 49 3.3.2.1 The Easy Way—Choose a Different Control Volume 51 3.3.2.2 The Hard Way—Do the Triple Integration 54 3.4 Graphical Interpretation of the Design Equations 54 Summary of Important Concepts 57 Problems 57 Appendix 3 Summary of Design Equations 60 4. Sizing and Analysis of Ideal Reactors 63 4.1 Homogeneous Reactions 63 4.1.1 Batch Reactors 63 4.1.1.1 Jumping Right In 63 4.1.1.2 General Discussion: Constant-Volume Systems 68 Describing the Progress of a Reaction 68 Solving the Design Equation 71 4.1.1.3 General Discussion: Variable-Volume Systems 74 4.1.2 Continuous Reactors 77 4.1.2.1 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 78 Constant-Density Systems 78 Variable-Density (Variable-Volume) Systems 80 4.1.2.2 Plug-Flow Reactors 82 Constant-Density (Constant-Volume) Systems 82 Variable-Density (Variable-Volume) Systems 84 4.1.2.3 Graphical Solution of the CSTR Design Equation 86 4.1.2.4 Biochemical Engineering Nomenclature 90 4.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions (Introduction to Transport Effects) 91 4.3 Systems of Continuous Reactors 97 4.3.1 Reactors in Series 98 4.3.1.1 CSTRs in Series 98 4.3.1.2 PFRs in Series 103 4.3.1.3 PFRs and CSTRs in Series 103 4.3.2 Reactors in Parallel 107 4.3.2.1 CSTRs in Parallel 107 4.3.2.2 PFRs in Parallel 109 4.3.3 Generalizations 110 4.4 Recycle 111 Summary of Important Concepts 114 Problems 114 Appendix 4 Solution to Example 4-10: Three Equal-Volume CSTRs in Series 122 5. Reaction Rate Fundamentals (Chemical Kinetics) 123 5.1 Elementary Reactions 123 5.1.1 Significance 123 5.1.2 Definition 125 5.1.3 Screening Criteria 126 5.2 Sequences of Elementary Reactions 129 5.2.1 Open Sequences 130 5.2.2 Closed Sequences 130 5.3 The Steady-State Approximation (SSA) 131 5.4 Use of the Steady-State Approximation 133 5.4.1 Kinetics and Mechanism 136 5.4.2 The Long-Chain Approximation 137 5.5 Closed Sequences with a Catalyst 138 5.6 The Rate-Limiting Step (RLS) Approximation 140 5.6.1 Vector Representation 141 5.6.2 Use of the RLS Approximation 142 5.6.3 Physical Interpretation of the Rate Equation 143 5.6.4 Irreversibility 145 5.7 Closing Comments 147 Summary of Important Concepts 147 Problems 148 6. Analysis and Correlation of Kinetic Data 154 6.1 Experimental Data from Ideal Reactors 154 6.1.1 Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 155 6.1.2 Plug-Flow Reactors 156 6.1.2.1 Differential Plug-Flow Reactors 156 6.1.2.2 Integral Plug-Flow Reactors 157 6.1.3 Batch Reactors 158 6.1.4 Differentiation of Data: An Illustration 159 6.2 The Differential Method of Data Analysis 162 6.2.1 Rate Equations Containing Only One Concentration 162 6.2.1.1 Testing a Rate Equation 162 6.2.1.2 Linearization of Langmuir–Hinshelwood/Michaelis–Menten Rate Equations 165 6.2.2 Rate Equations Containing More Than One Concentration 166 6.2.3 Testing the Arrhenius Relationship 169 6.2.4 Nonlinear Regression 171 6.3 The Integral Method of Data Analysis 173 6.3.1 Using the Integral Method 173 6.3.2 Linearization 176 6.3.3 Comparison of Methods for Data Analysis 177 6.4 Elementary Statistical Methods 178 6.4.1 Fructose Isomerization 178 6.4.1.1 First Hypothesis: First-Order Rate Equation 179 Residual Plots 179 Parity Plots 180 6.4.1.2 Second Hypothesis: Michaelis–Menten Rate Equation 181 Constants in the Rate Equation: Error Analysis 184 Non-Linear Least Squares 186 6.4.2 Rate Equations Containing More Than One Concentration (Reprise) 186 Summary of Important Concepts 187 Problems 188 Appendix 6-A Nonlinear Regression for AIBN Decomposition 197 Appendix 6-B Nonlinear Regression for AIBN Decomposition 198 Appendix 6-C Analysis of Michaelis–Menten Rate Equation via Lineweaver–Burke Plot Basic Calculations 199 7. Multiple Reactions 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yield 203 7.3 Classification of Reactions 208 7.3.1 Parallel Reactions 208 7.3.2 Independent Reactions 208 7.3.3 Series (Consecutive) Reactions 209 7.3.4 Mixed Series and Parallel Reactions 209 7.4 Reactor Design and Analysis 211 7.4.1 Overview 211 7.4.2 Series (Consecutive) Reactions 212 7.4.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 212 7.4.2.2 Time-Independent Analysis 214 7.4.2.3 Quantitative Analysis 215 7.4.2.4 Series Reactions in a CSTR 218 Material Balance on A 219 Material Balance on R 219 7.4.3 Parallel and Independent Reactions 220 7.4.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 220 Effect of Temperature 221 Effect of Reactant Concentrations 222 7.4.3.2 Quantitative Analysis 224 7.4.4 Mixed Series/Parallel Reactions 230 7.4.4.1 Qualitative Analysis 230 7.4.4.2 Quantitative Analysis 231 Summary of Important Concepts 232 Problems 232 Appendix 7-A Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations 241 7-A.1 Single, First-Order Ordinary Differential Equation 241 7-A.2 Simultaneous, First-Order, Ordinary Differential Equations 245 8. Use of the Energy Balance in Reactor Sizing and Analysis 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Macroscopic Energy Balances 252 8.2.1 Generalized Macroscopic Energy Balance 252 8.2.1.1 Single Reactors 252 8.2.1.2 Reactors in Series 254 8.2.2 Macroscopic Energy Balance for Flow Reactors (PFRs and CSTRs) 255 8.2.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance for Batch Reactors 255 8.3 Isothermal Reactors 257 8.4 Adiabatic Reactors 261 8.4.1 Exothermic Reactions 261 8.4.2 Endothermic Reactions 262 8.4.3 Adiabatic Temperature Change 264 8.4.4 Graphical Analysis of Equilibrium-Limited Adiabatic Reactors 266 8.4.5 Kinetically Limited Adiabatic Reactors (Batch and Plug Flow) 268 8.5 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (General Treatment) 271 8.5.1 Simultaneous Solution of the Design Equation and the Energy Balance 272 8.5.2 Multiple Steady States 276 8.5.3 Reactor Stability 277 8.5.4 Blowout and Hysteresis 279 8.5.4.1 Blowout 279 Extension 281 Discussion 282 8.5.4.2 Feed-Temperature Hysteresis 282 8.6 Nonisothermal, Nonadiabatic Batch, and Plug-Flow Reactors 284 8.6.1 General Remarks 284 8.6.2 Nonadiabatic Batch Reactors 284 8.7 Feed/Product (F/P) Heat Exchangers 285 8.7.1 Qualitative Considerations 285 8.7.2 Quantitative Analysis 286 8.7.2.1 Energy Balance—Reactor 288 8.7.2.2 Design Equation 288 8.7.2.3 Energy Balance—F/P Heat Exchanger 289 8.7.2.4 Overall Solution 291 8.7.2.5 Adjusting the Outlet Conversion 291 8.7.2.6 Multiple Steady States 292 8.8 Concluding Remarks 294 Summary of Important Concepts 295 Problems 296 Appendix 8-A Numerical Solution to Equation (8-26) 302 Appendix 8-B Calculation of G(T) and R(T) for ‘‘Blowout’’ Example 304 9. Heterogeneous Catalysis Revisited 305 9.1 Introduction 305 9.2 The Structure of Heterogeneous Catalysts 306 9.2.1 Overview 306 9.2.2 Characterization of Catalyst Structure 310 9.2.2.1 Basic Definitions 310 9.2.2.2 Model of Catalyst Structure 311 9.3 Internal Transport 311 9.3.1 General Approach—Single Reaction 311 9.3.2 An Illustration: First-Order, Irreversible Reaction in an Isothermal,Spherical Catalyst Particle 314 9.3.3 Extension to Other Reaction Orders and Particle Geometries 315 9.3.4 The Effective Diffusion Coefficient 318 9.3.4.1 Overview 318 9.3.4.2 Mechanisms of Diffusion 319 Configurational (Restricted) Diffusion 319 Knudsen Diffusion (Gases) 320 Bulk (Molecular) Diffusion 321 The Transition Region 323 Concentration Dependence 323 9.3.4.3 The Effect of Pore Size 325 Narrow Pore-Size Distribution 325 Broad Pore-Size Distribution 326 9.3.5 Use of the Effectiveness Factor in Reactor Design and Analysis 326 9.3.6 Diagnosing Internal Transport Limitations in Experimental Studies 328 9.3.6.1 Disguised Kinetics 328 Effect of Concentration 329 Effect of Temperature 329 Effect of Particle Size 330 9.3.6.2 The Weisz Modulus 331 9.3.6.3 Diagnostic Experiments 333 9.3.7 Internal Temperature Gradients 335 9.3.8 Reaction Selectivity 340 9.3.8.1 Parallel Reactions 340 9.3.8.2 Independent Reactions 342 9.3.8.3 Series Reactions 344 9.4 External Transport 346 9.4.1 General Analysis—Single Reaction 346 9.4.1.1 Quantitative Descriptions of Mass and Heat Transport 347 Mass Transfer 347 Heat Transfer 347 9.4.1.2 First-Order, Reaction in an Isothermal Catalyst Particle—The Concept of a Controlling Step 348 hkvlc=kc _ 1 349 hkvlc=kc _ 1 350 9.4.1.3 Effect of Temperature 353 9.4.1.4 Temperature Difference Between Bulk Fluid and Catalyst Surface 354 9.4.2 Diagnostic Experiments 356 9.4.2.1 Fixed-Bed Reactor 357 9.4.2.2 Other Reactors 361 9.4.3 Calculations of External Transport 362 9.4.3.1 Mass-Transfer Coefficients 362 9.4.3.2 Different Definitions of the Mass-Transfer Coefficient 365 9.4.3.3 Use of Correlations 366 9.4.4 Reaction Selectivity 368 9.5 Catalyst Design—Some Final Thoughts 368 Summary of Important Concepts 369 Problems 369 Appendix 9-A Solution to Equation (9-4c) 376 10. ‘Nonideal’ Reactors 378 10.1 What Can Make a Reactor ‘‘Nonideal’’? 378 10.1.1 What Makes PFRs and CSTRs ‘‘Ideal’’? 378 10.1.2 Nonideal Reactors: Some Examples 379 10.1.2.1 Tubular Reactor with Bypassing 379 10.1.2.2 Stirred Reactor with Incomplete Mixing 380 10.1.2.3 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactor (LFTR) 380 10.2 Diagnosing and Characterizing Nonideal Flow 381 10.2.1 Tracer Response Techniques 381 10.2.2 Tracer Response Curves for Ideal Reactors (Qualitative Discussion) 383 10.2.2.1 Ideal Plug-How Reactor 383 10.2.2.2 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 384 10.2.3 Tracer Response Curves for Nonideal Reactors 385 10.2.3.1 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactor 385 10.2.3.2 Tubular Reactor with Bypassing 385 10.2.3.3 Stirred Reactor with Incomplete Mixing 386 10.3 Residence Time Distributions 387 10.3.1 The Exit-Age Distribution Function, E(t) 387 10.3.2 Obtaining the Exit-Age Distribution from Tracer Response Curves 389 10.3.3 Other Residence Time Distribution Functions 391 10.3.3.1 Cumulative Exit-Age Distribution Function, F(t) 391 10.3.3.2 Relationship between F(t) and E(t) 392 10.3.3.3 Internal-Age Distribution Function, I(t) 392 10.3.4 Residence Time Distributions for Ideal Reactors 393 10.3.4.1 Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor 393 10.3.4.2 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 395 10.4 Estimating Reactor Performance from the Exit-Age Distribution—The Macrofluid Model 397 10.4.1 The Macrofluid Model 397 10.4.2 Predicting Reactor Behavior with the Macrofluid Model 398 10.4.3 Using the Macrofluid Model to Calculate Limits of Performance 403 10.5 Other Models for Nonideal Reactors 404 10.5.1 Moments of Residence Time Distributions 404 10.5.1.1 Definitions 404 10.5.1.2 The First Moment of E(t) 405 Average Residence Time 405 Reactor Diagnosis 406 10.5.1.3 The Second Moment of E(t)—Mixing 407 10.5.1.4 Moments for Vessels in Series 408 10.5.2 The Dispersion Model 412 10.5.2.1 Overview 412 10.5.2.2 The Reaction Rate Term 413 Homogeneous Reaction 413 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction 415 10.5.2.3 Solutions to the Dispersion Model 415 Rigorous 415 Approximate (Small Values of D/uL) 417 10.5.2.4 The Dispersion Number 417 Estimating D/uL from Correlations 417 Criterion for Negligible Dispersion 419 Measurement of D/uL 420 10.5.2.5 The Dispersion Model—Some Final Comments 422 10.5.3 CSTRs-In-Series (CIS) Model 422 10.5.3.1 Overview 422 10.5.3.2 Determining the Value of ‘‘N’’ 423 10.5.3.3 Calculating Reactor Performance 424 10.5.4 Compartment Models 426 10.5.4.1 Overview 426 10.5.4.2 Compartment Models Based on CSTRs and PFRs 427 Reactors in Parallel 427 Reactors in Series 429 10.5.4.3 Well-Mixed Stagnant Zones 431 10.6 Concluding Remarks 434 Summary of Important Concepts 435 Problems 435 Nomenclature 440 Index 446

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Book SynopsisIntended for industrial chemists and chemical engineers, this book offers a concise review of the concepts and techniques applicable to emulsions and dispersions. Its topics are arranged under the headings of particulates, interfaces, stability of dispersions and dispersed-phase systems.Table of ContentsPARTICULATES. Optical Properties--Light Scattering. Kinetic Properties--Rheology. Statistical Properties. Size and Surface Area. Processing Methods for Making Emulsions and Suspensions. INTERFACES. Capillarity of Pure Liquids. The Relation of Capillarity to Phase Diagrams. Surface-active Solutes. Physical Properties of Insoluble Monolayers. Aqueous Solutions of Surface-active Solutes. Surface Activity in Nonaqueous Media. Thermodynamics of Adsorption from Solution. STABILITY OF DISPERSIONS. Forces of Attraction. Forces of Repulsion. Stability of Systems. Kinetics of Coagulation. DISPERSED-PHASED SYSTEMS. Emulsions. Foams. Suspensions. References. Bibliography. Appendix A: Physical Constants. Appendix B: Units. Appendix C: Mathematical Formulas. Appendix D: Electrostatic and Induction Contributions to Intermolecular Potential Energy. Appendix E: Electric Properties of Representative Molecules. Appendix F: Lifetimes of Contributing to Colloid and Interface Science. Appendix G: Kendall Awardees. Appendix H: Electrostatic Units. Appendix J: Manufacturers of Instruments. Appendix K: Manufacturers of Processing Equipment. Index.

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Book SynopsisOne in a series of volumes covering a broad range of techniques, this volume focuses on chiroptical spectroscopy, dipole moments, static magnetic techniques, ESR, NMR in liquids, GC, HPLC, size-exclusion chromatography and field-flow fractionation.Table of ContentsChiroptical Spectroscopy (A. Drake). Determination of Dipole Moments in Ground and Excited States (W.Baumann). Static Magnetic Techniques and Applications (L. Mulay & I.Mulay). Electron Spin Resonance (T. McKiney & I. Goldberg). New NMR Experiments in Liquids (G. Gray & J. Shoolery). Gas Chromatography (R. Keller). Size-Exclusion Chromatography (E. Patton). Field-Flow Fractionation (J. Giddings & K. Caldwell). Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides synthetic chemists with a method for rapid retrieval of information from the literature, listing material by reaction type rather than by author name or publication date. Each updated volume presents the latest synthetic methods for preparation of monofunctional and difunctional compounds. The organization is logical and easy to follow; sections are arranged according to the possible interconversions between the major functional groups. Enables synthetic chemists to keep abreast of recent developments and retrieve a specific piece of information quickly and easily.Table of ContentsAbbreviations. Index, Monofunctional Compounds. Index, Difunctional Compounds. Preparation of Acetylenes. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids, Acid Halides, andAnhydrides. Preparation of Alcohols and Phenols. Preparation of Aldehydes. Preparation of Alkyls, Methylenes, and Aryls. Preparation of Amides. Preparation of Amines. Preparation of Esters. Preparation of Ethers and Epoxides. Preparation of Halides and Sulfonates. Preparation of Hydrides. Preparation of Ketones. Preparation of Nitriles. Preparation of Olefins. Preparation of Difunctional Compounds.

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Book SynopsisOne of the most outstanding contributions of NMR to chemistry concerns the information which can be obtained at the molecular level as a result of the time-dependence of NMR spectra. The importance of this information is well illustrated by the large number of applications which have resulted from research in this field. To date, however, both the theory and its applications have only been available in widely scattered articles in the literature. Dynamics of Solutions and Fluid Mixtures by NMR is the first single volume giving a comprehensive coverage of time-dependent effects in NMR, and of the information which can be obtained by investigation of these phenomena. The ten chapters, all written by acknowledged experts in their respective fields, are arranged in a logical progression. The first three chapters give an overview of NMR spectroscopy and the fundamental aspects of molecular dynamics. Topics covered in later chapters include specific relaxation mechanisms, the use of field grTable of ContentsTimescales in NMR: Relaxation Phenomena in Relation with MolecularReorientation (D. Canet & J. Robert). Timescales in NMR: Nuclear Site Exchange and Dynamic NMR(J.-J. Delpuech). Nuclear Paramagnetic Spin Relaxation Theory: Paramagnetic SpinProbes in Homogeneous and Microheterogeneous Solutions (P.Westlund). Quadrupolar Probes in Solution (J. Grandjean & P.Laszlo). Solvent Exchange on Metal Ions: A Variable Pressure NMR Approach(U. Frey, et al.). Applications of Field Gradients in NMR (D. Canet & M.Decorps). Surfactant Solutions: Aggregation Phenomena and Microheterogeneity(B. Lindman, et al.). Polymers and Biopolymers in the Liquid State (M.Krajewski-Bertrand, et al.). Liquid-Like Molecules in Rigid Matrices and in Soft Matter (J.Cohen-Addad, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisDue to its interdisciplinary nature, crystallography is of major importance to a wide range of scientific disciplines including physics, chemistry, molecular biology, materials science and mineralogy. However, information is currently divided amongst traditional physics, chemistry and materials science books.Table of ContentsGeometrical Crystallography. Symmetry. Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals. Tensor Properties of Crystals. Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems provides the scientific community with a critical evaluation of the state of the art on physicochemical structures and reactions in environmental systems, as well as on the analytical techniques required to study and monitor these systems.Table of ContentsAtmospheric Aerosol Size Distribution (R. Jaenicke). Atmospheric Aerosol Sampling (D. Mark). Inorganic Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols (M. Claes, et al.). Speciation Techniques for Fine Atmospheric Aerosols (R. Tanner). Structural Heterogeneity within Airborne Particles (J. Injuk, et al.). Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Tropospheric Aerosols (A. Wexler & S. Potukuchi). Dioxins, Dibenzofurans and PCBs in Atmospheric Aerosols (S. Harrad). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Particles (D. Smith & R. Harrison). Carbonaceous Combustion Aerosols (H. Cachier). Primary Biological Aerosol Particles: Their Significance, Sources, Sampling Methods and Size Distribution in the Atmosphere (S. Mathias-Maser). Formation of Aerosol Particles from Biogenic Precursors (C. Hewitt & B. Davison). Source Inventories for Atmospheric Trace Metals (J. Pacyna). Dry Deposition of Particles (M. Zufall & C. Davidson). Wet Processes Affecting Atmospheric Aerosols (S. Jennings). Condensed Water Aerosols (J. Heintzenberg). Influence of Atmospheric Aerosols upon the Global Radiation Balance (H. Horvath). Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent advances in both experimental techniques and theoretical methodologies have meant that increasingly sophisticated studies concerning the formation, structures, energetics and reaction dynamics of state- or energy-selected molecular ions can now be performed. In order to better serve the ion chemistry and physics community, each volume of this series is dedicated to reviewing a specific topic, emphasizing new experimental and theoretical developments in the study of ions. The Wiley Series in Ion Chemistry and Physics will help stimulate new research directions and point to future opportunities in the field of ion chemistry and physics. This volume, the fifth in the series, concentrates on the important area of organic ions. Our understanding of these ions has been significantly improved over the last decade due to both theoretical and experimental advances, and it is now routinely possible to calculate organic ion structures by ab initio molecular orbital methods with very high pTable of ContentsIntroduction and Applications of ab initio Methods (P. Botschwina& S. Schmatz). Photoionization, Photoelectron and Photodissocation Studies:Combining Experiment and Theory (C. Ng). The Calculation of Unimolecular Decay Rates with RRKM and ab initioMethods (T. Baer). Non-Adiabatic Processes in Ionic Dissociation Dynamics (J.Lorquet). Structure and Reactivity of Selected Distonic Radical Cations (R.Smith, et al.). Potential Energy Surfaces for Ion-Molecule Reactions (M.Gordon). Unimolecular and Bimolecular Chemistry of Gas Phase Ion (N.Nibbering, et al.). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe precipitation of metal oxides from aqueous solutions creates nanoparticles with interesting solid state properties, thus building a bridge between solution chemistry and solid state chemistry.Trade Review"To remedy a...gap in university curricula in teaching the physics and chemistry behind the synthesis of such solutions, Jolivet introduces the mechanism of oxide formation..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsINORGANIC CONDENSATION. Water and Cations in Aqueous Solution. Condensation and Precipitation in Aqueous Solution. Olation: Polycations and Solid Phases. Oxolation Polyanions and Solid Phases. Complexation and Condensation. SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF OXIDES. Oxide-Solution Interface. Modeling of the Oxide-Solution Interface. Stability of Colloidal Dispersions. Interface Reactions and Adsorption. Index.

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Book SynopsisPeroxy radicals are formed in biological systems, the atmosphere and agueous waste and are important intermediates in the breakdown both of organic molecules and several inorganic species. The implications of their chemistry are far reaching and of great importance. Until now their has been no one volume which bring together all aspects of peroxy radical chemistry - from their formation, to their wide and varied chemistry in the aqueous environment, biological systems, solid matrices, polymeric systems and the atmosphere. Peroxy radicals react with CFCs and HFCs in the atmosphere, resulting in the further destruction of the ozone layer - a point which is of topical interest.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Formation of Peroxyl Radicals in Solution (Z. Alfassi). Methods of Preparing Organic Peroxy Radicals for Laboratory Studies (O. Nielsen & T. Wallington). The Thermochemistry of Peroxides and Polyoxides, and their Free Radicals (S. Benson & N. Cohen). Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Peroxy Radicals in the Gas Phase (O. Nielsen & T. Wallington). Kinetic Studies of Organic Peroxyl Radicals in Aqueous Solutions and Mixed Solvents (Z. Alfassi, et al.). Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Peroxyl Radicals in Solid Matrices (C. Rhodes). Organic Peroxy Radicals in Polymeric Systems (Y. Hori). Peroxy Radicals and the Atmosphere (T. Wallington & O. Nielsen). Peroxyl Radicals in the Treatment of Waste Solutions (N. Getoff). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe octanol-water partition coefficient is a laboratory-measured property of a substance. It provides a thermodynamic measure of the tendency of the substance to prefer a non-aqueous or oily milieu rather than water (i.e. its hydrophilic/lipophilic balance). Partition coefficients are used extensively in medicinal chemistry, drug design, ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry. The partition coefficient is recognized by governmental and international agencies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OECD) as a physical property of organic pollutants equal in importance to vapour pressure, water solubility and toxicity. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients is a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the thermodynamics of partitioning and of the octanol-water pair. In addition, all current methods of measurement are reviewed, strengths and weaknesses are noted and recommendations for particular applications are given. Current methods of calculation of partition coefficients are similarlyTable of ContentsThermodynamics and Extrathermodynamics of Partitioning. Experimental Methods of Measurement. Discussion of Measurement Methods. Methods of Calculating Partition Coefficients. Discussion on Log Kow Predictive Methods. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text contains information on over 250 solvents. It answers key questions including; What hazards are connected with the use of a specific solvent? How can the molecular order of a solvent be described? Is water a unique solvent? Which solvent should be selected for my application?Table of ContentsSolvent Effects. Physical Properties of Solvents. Chemical Properties of Solvents. Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Viologens Physicochemical Properties, Synthesis and Applications of the Salts of 4,4''-Bipyridine Paul M. S. Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Viologens are salts of 4,4''-bipyridine and are used in such fields as herbicides, electrochromism, solar energy conversion, molecular electronics and supramolecular chemistry. The Viologens is a comprehensive overview of the nature and physicochemical properties of the viologens and details the science behind the applications. Following a broad, discursive and self contained introduction to viologen chemistry, subsequent chapters develop the theory and present a detailed review of the most important properties and concepts in this field. A chapter on viologen synthesis is also included. This book is aimed at researchers in physical and organic chemistry, physics, materials science, biology and environmental engineering.Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview. Synthesis of Viologens. Spectroscopic Properties of Viologen Species. The Structure of Bipyridilium Species. The Dication: Charge-transfer Equilibria. The Radical Cation: Dimer Formation. The Di-Reduced Bipyridilium Species: The Comproportionation Reaction. Adsorption of the Viologens. Electrochemistry and Electron-transfer Reactions. Photochemistry of the Viologens and Solar-energy Conversion. Electron Mediation, Herbicidal Activity and Toxicity. Electrochromism in Viologen-based Systems. Solid-state Conductivity and use of Viologens in Molecular Electronics. Supramolecular and Self Assembly Chemistry of the Viologens. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisPastry chef David Lebovitz is known for creating desserts with bold and high-impact flavor, not fussy, complicated presentations. Lucky for us, this translates into showstopping sweets that bakers of all skill levels can master. In Ready for Dessert, elegant finales such as Gâteau Victoire, Black Currant Tea Crème Brûlée, and Anise-Orange Ice Cream Profiteroles with Chocolate Sauce are as easy to prepare as comfort foods such as Plum-Blueberry Upside-Down Cake, Creamy Rice Pudding, and Cheesecake Brownies.With his unique brand of humor?and a fondness for desserts with ?screaming chocolate intensity??David serves up a tantalizing array of more than 170 recipes for cakes, pies, tarts, crisps, cobblers, custards, soufflés, puddings, ice creams, sherbets, sorbets, cookies, candies, dessert sauces, fruit preserves, and even homemade liqueurs. David reveals his three favorites: a deeply spiced Fresh Ginger Cake; the bracing and beautiful Champagne Gelée with Kumquats, Grapefruits, and Blood Oranges; and his chunky and chewy Chocolate Chip Cookies. His trademark friendly guidance, as well as suggestions, storage advice, flavor variations, and tips will help ensure success every time. Accompanied with stunning photos by award-winning photographer Maren Caruso, this new compilation of David?s best recipes to date will inspire you to pull out your sugar bin and get baking or churn up a batch of homemade ice cream. So if you?re ready for dessert (and who isn?t?), you?ll be happy to have this collection of sweet indulgences on your kitchen shelf?and your guests will be overjoyed, too.

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Book SynopsisStudents at all levels find considerable difficulty in applying their knowledge of organic chemistry to the solution of problems, often relying on memory alone. This book takes a unique approach to show that a general problem-solving strategy is applicable to many of the common reactions. Using a novel ''at-a-glance'' layout, the left-hand page provides a stepwise procedure for working through the reaction mechanisms, with helpful hints about the underlying chemistry, and the facing page contains a fully worked-through answer.Table of ContentsA Note from the author. Introduction. List of Abbreviations. 1. Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination. 2. Alkene and Alkyne Chemistry. 3. Nucleophilic Additions to Carbonyl Groups. 4. Enolate Chemistry. 5. Aromatic Chemistry. 6. Rearrangements. Index

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Book SynopsisAmong the many intense light sources, excimer lasers have a unique set of properties that place them at the forefront of tooling for material processing.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Excimer Lasers: Current Status and Future Development; U. Rebhan, et al. 2. Compact Phototriggered Switchless Lasers and Very Large X-Ray Preionized Excimer Lasers: Innovative Technologies and New Excimer Lasers; M. Stehle. 3. Maintenance Issues of Excimer Lasers in a Production or Industrial Research Environment; G. Ogura. 4. Pulsed-Laser Ablation; D. Bäuerle, et al. 5. Photophysical Ablation of Organic Polymers; B. Luk'yanchuk, et al. 6. Dynamics of the Vapor Plume in Laser Materials Ablation; E. Stangl, et al. 7. Surface and Three-Dimensional Processing by Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition; O. Lehmann, et al. 8. Chemical Vapour Deposition of Crystalline and Amorphous Carbon, Silicon and Germanium Films; P. Hess. 9. Laser Excitation and Detection of Surface Acoustic Wave Pulses; P. Hess. 10. Gas and Adsorbed-Phase UV Photochemistry of Tetramethyltin (TMT) Probed by In-Situ Optical Diagnostics and Surface-Sensitive Techniques; E. Borsella, et al. 11. Materials Analysis Based on Quantitative Laser Ionization; H. Schroeder, et al. 12. Time-Resolved Diagnostics of Excimer Laser-Generated Ablation Plasmas Used for Pulsed Laser Deposition; D.B. Geohegan. 13. Excimer Laser Induced Permanent Electrical Conductivity and Nanostructures in Polymers; R. Sauerbrey, H.M. Phillips. 14. Photoablation and Surface Modification of Polymers with the Excimer Laser Radiation; S. Lazare, et al. 15. Process of Generating 3d-Microstructures with Excimer Lasers; H.K. Tonshoff, J. Mommsen. 16. Non-Coherent Structure Formation onUV-Laser Irradiated Polymers; E. Arenholz, et al. 17. An Innovative High Repetition Rate Shot Per Shot Acquisition System and its Application to a New Kind of Tropospheric LIDAR Measurement; D. Durieux, et al. 18. Detection of Heavy Metals in Environmental Samples Using Laser Spark Analysis; H. Schroeder, et al. 19. Applications of Excimer Laser Based Remote Sensing Systems to Problems Related to Water Pollution; R. Fantoni, et al. 20. Applications of Lasers in Microelectronics and Micromechanics; D.J. Ehrlich. 21. Excimer Laser for in situ Processing in Microelectronics; M. Meunier, et al. 22. Soft X-Ray Radiation from Excimer-Driven Laser-Plasma Sources; Application to Submicron Lithography; F. Bijkerk, A.P. Shevelko. 23. Excimer Laser Beam Interaction with Metals and Ceramics. Part I: Fundamental Aspects; K. Schutte, H.W. Bergmann. 24. Excimer Laser Beam Interaction with Metals and Ceramics. Part II: Materials Aspects and Applications; H.W. Bergmann, K. Schutte. 25. Pulsed Excimer Laser Crystallization and Doping for the Fabrication of Poly-Si and SiGe TFTs; E. Fogarassy, et al. 26. Excimer Laser Surface Treatment of a S.G. Cast Iron: Possible Application for the Running-In Part of the Automotive Motors; D. Pantelis, et al. 27. Transient Structural Modifications of Sintered Commercial Aluminum Nitride Ceramics Resulting from Low Fluence Excimer Laser Irradiation; A. Jadin, et al. 28. How to Implement New Technology on a Production Line: Via-Hole Drilling with KrF-laser as an Example; F. Bachmann. 29. Coronary Angioplasty with Excimer Laser; S. Avrillier. 30. Corneal Opt

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Book SynopsisI Introduction.- I. 1 Separation processes.- I. 2 Introduction to membrane processes.- I. 3 History.- I. 4 Definition of a membrane.- I. 5 Membrane processes.- I. 6 Solved problems.- I. 7 Unsolved problems.- I. 8 Literature.- II Materials and material properties.- II. 1 Introduction.- II. 2 Polymers.- II. 3 Stereoisomerism.- II. 4 Chain flexibility.- II. 5 Molecular weight.- II. 6 Chain interactions.- II. 7 State of the polymer.- II. 8 Effect of polymeric structure on Tg.- II. 9 Glass transition temperature depression.- II. 10 Thermal and chemical stability.- II. 11 Mechanical properties.- II. 12 Elastomers.- II. 13 Thermoplastic elastomers.- II. 14 Polyelectrolytes.- II. 15 Polymer blends.- II. 16 Membrane polymers.- II. 17 Inorganic membranes.- II. 18 Biological membranes.- II. 19 Solved problems.- II. 20 Unsolved problems.- II. 21 Literature.- III Preparation of synthetic membranes.- III. 1 Introduction.- III. 2 Preparation of synthetic membranes.- III. 3 Phase inversion membranes.-Table of ContentsI: Introduction. II: Materials and Material Properties. III. Preparation of Synthetic Membranes. IV: Characterisation of Membranes. V: Transport in Membranes. VI: Membrane Processes. VII: Polarisation Phenomena and Membrane Fouling. VIII: Module and Process Design. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Answers to Exercises: Solved Problems. Answers to Exercises: Unsolved Problems. List of Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisProceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Syntheses, Optical Properties and Applications of Near-Infrared (NIR) Dyes in High Technology Fields, Trest, Czech Republic, September 24-27, 1997Table of ContentsPreface. Advances in Methodology. Recent Developments in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Three-Photon Excitation, Two-Color Two-Photon Excitation, Light Quenching and Development of Long-Lifetime Probes for Biophysics and Clinical Chemistry; J.R. Lakowicz, et al. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Instrumentation for DNA Analysis; L. Middendorf, et al. Highlights in Biochemistry and Biophysics. Ultrasensitive Detection and Identification of Biomolecules with Diode Lasers - from DYES to DNA; M. Sauer, et al. Incorporation of Dye in Resting and Stimulated Leukocytes; D. Frackowiak, et al. Application of Red Fluorescent Probes for the Measurement of Individual Cell Cytoplasmic pH Values; J. Slavik. Molecular Probes Based on Cyanine Dyes for Nucleic Acid Research; T.G. Deligeorgiev. New NIR Dyes: Synthesis, Spectral Properties and Applications in DNA Analyses; N. Narayanan, et al. Frontiers in Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology. Luminescent Probes for NIR Sensing Applications; E. Terpetschnig, O.S. Wolfbeis. NIR Fluorophores in Practical Analytical Chemistry; A.R. Swamy, et al. Long Wavelength Emitting Fluorescence Probes for Metal Ions; K. Rurack, et al. Advances in High Technology Applications. NIR Dyes for Information Recording, from Origin to Update; M. Matsuoka. Tuning of Color by Different Alignment of Dye Molecules; L. Dähne, E. Biller. Spectral Sensitization of Silver Halides in NIR Region; B.I. Shapiro. Optical Properties and Applications of Near Infrared Dyes in Polymeric Media; O.V. Przhonska. Insolubilisation and Fluorescence, Induced by Laser Diode Irradiation of IR-Dyes Embedded in Polymer Films. Thermally Induced Latex Coalescence and Acid Generation; C.D. Catry, et al. NIRPhotosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy; E.A. Lukyanets. New Chromophores. Molecular Engineering of NIR Dyes; S. Daehne, M.L. Dekhtyar. New NIR Dyes Based on the Cyclopentadienylium Chromophore and Related Compounds; R. Gompper, et al. New Cyanine Dyes Absorbing in the NIR Region; A.I. Tolmachev, et al. Near-Infrared Cyanine Dyes: A New Approach to an Old Problem; Yu.L. Bricks, N.N. Romanov. Adventures in Search of New Dyes Absorbing in the Red or Near Infrared Region; H. Hartmann. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisA detailed treatment of information relating to fluid-oxide interfaces. It outlines methods for quantifying adsorption and desorption of polymeric and non-polymeric solutes at the gas- and solution-oxide interfaces. It also analyzes novel properties of oxide membranes and the synthesis and dissolution of oxide solids.Table of ContentsThe liquid-metal oxide interface: equilibrium adsorption of non-polymeric molecules; adsorption kinetics of non-polymeric molecules; equilibrium adsorption of polymeric molecules; adsorption kinetics of polymeric molecules; activity and electrostatics; surface complex formation; surface and adsorption bond characterization; dissolution of metal oxides; clay surfaces; non-aqueous liquid-metal oxide interface; graft polymerization on oxide surfaces; polymerization in hemimicelles of oxide surfaces; metal oxide membranes. The vapour-metal oxide interface: adsorption - statistical mechanics (vibrational interactions); adsorption - thermodynamic (uniform interpretations); metal oxide catalysts; metal oxide aerogels.

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Book SynopsisDescribes preparation techniques of protein-based surfactants (PBS) in the laboratory by a variety of chemical and enzymatic means, production by using different types of amino acids, and marketplace applications of PBS in medical and personal care products, detergents, cosmetics, antimicrobial agents, and foods.Table of ContentsAn overview of the basis, technology, and surface phenomena of protein-based surfactants; natural raw materials and enzymatic modification of agricultural by-products for protein-based surfactants; protein interaction at interfaces; amino acid surfactants - chemistry, synthesis and properties; enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of protein-based surfactants - amphoteric surfactants; arginine lipopeptide surfactants with antimicrobial activity; essentially fluorinated synthetic surfactants based on amino acids or oligopeptides; interactions of amino acid-based surfactants with other compounds; potential applications of protein-based surfactants; current market developments and trends in amino acid- and protein-based surfactants.

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Book SynopsisAn examination of the theoretical foundations of the kinetics and thermodynamics of solid-liquid interfaces, as well as state-of-the-art industrial applications, this book presents information on surface and colloidal chemical processes and evaluates vital analytical tools such as atomic force microscopy, surface force apparatus measurements, and photon correlation spectroscopy.Trade Review". . .provides a valuable resource for researchers involved in classical investigations of adorption of low-molecular-weight entities on inorganic surfaces and accompanying theories and empirical models."---Journal of the American Chemical SocietyTable of ContentsEquilibria in electrolyte solutions; the significance of interfacial water structure in colloidal systems - dynamic aspects; thermodynamics of adsorption at heterogenous solid/liquid interfaces; surface complexation model for solid/liquid interfaces; enthalpy of surface charging; interpretation of interfacial equilibria on the basis of adsorption and electrokinetic data; electrical interfacial layer in nonaqueous solvents; immersion phenomena; ionic adsorption/desorption kinetics; quantitative analysis of protein adsorption kinetics; microcalorimetric studies of biomaterials at interface; kinetics and mechanisms of crystal growth in aqueous systems; dissolution of calcium hydroxyapatite; interfacial chemistry of dissolving metal oxide particles - dissolution by organic acids; ion transport and electrical conductivity in heterogenous systems - the case of microemulsions; electrical behaviour of inorganic thin films in electrolyte media; thermosensitive gels; vapour adsorption isotherms of medium-sized alcohols on various solids and the behaviour of adsorbed molecules; interactions at colloidal soil and sediment interfaces; application of surfactants in liquid printing inks.

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