Physical chemistry Books

Book SynopsisThis volume documents the proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Particles on Surfaces: Detection, Adhesion and Removal held in Providence, Rhode Island, June 24–26, 2002. The study of particles on surfaces is extremely crucial in a host of diverse technological areas, ranging from microelectronics to optics to biomedical. In a world of shrinking dimensions and with the tremendous interest in various nanotechnologies, the need to understand the physics of nanoparticles becomes quite patent. With the interest in and concern with nanoparticles comes the need for new and more sensitive metrological and analysis techniques to detect, quantitate, analyze and characterize very small particles on a host of substrates. This volume contains a total of 21 papers covering many ramifications of particles on surfaces. All manuscripts were rigorously peer-reviewed and all were revised and properly edited before inclusion in this volume. The book is divided into two parts: Particle Analysis/Characterization and General Cleaning-Related Topics and Particle Adhesion and Removal. The topics covered include: nature and characterization of small particles; surface and micro-analytical methods for particle identification; haze as a new method to monitor nano-sized particles; particle transport and adhesion in ion-beam sputter deposition process; particle deposition during immersion rinsing; ice-air blast cleaning; rectangular jets for surface decontamination; factors important in particle adhesion and removal; mechanics of nanoparticle adhesion; particle adhesion on nanoscale rough surfaces; various techniques for cleaning or removal of particles from different substrates including wet cleaning, use of modified SC-1 solutions, use of surfactants, ozonated DI water, ultrasonic, megasonic, laser, energetic clusters; and post-CMP cleaning. This volume, together with its predecessors, will be of immense value to anyone interested in the world of particles on surfaces, and will serve as a resource for information on contemporary R&D activity in this extremely technologically important area.Table of ContentsPreface; Part 1: Particle Analysis / Characterization and General Cleaning-Related Topics; The nature and characterization of small particles; Surface and micro-analytical methods for particle identification; The haze of a wafer: A new approach to monitor nano-sized Particles; Particle transport and adhesion in an ultra-clean ion-beam sputter deposition process; Particle deposition from a carry-over layer during immersion Rinsing; The use of surfactants to reduce particulate contamination on surfaces; The use of rectangular jets for surface decontamination; Ice-air blast cleaning: Case studies; Development of a technique for glass cleaning in the course of demanufacturing of electronic products; Part 2: Particle Adhesion and Removal Mechanics of nanoparticle adhesion — A continuum approach; A new thermodynamic theory of adhesion of particles on surfaces; Particle adhesion on nanoscale rough surfaces; Advanced wet cleaning of sub-micrometer sized particles; Modified SC-1 solutions for silicon wafer cleaning; Investigation of ozonated DI water in semiconductor wafer Cleaning; Possible post-CMP cleaning processes for STI ceria slurries; The ideal ultrasonic parameters for delicate parts cleaning; Effects of megasonics coupled with SC-1 process parameters on particle removal on 300-mm silicon wafers; Influences of various parameters on microparticles removal during laser surface cleaning; Particle removal with pulsed-laser induced plasma over an extended area of a silicon wafer; Particle removal by collisions with energetic clusters

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Book SynopsisThe newest volume in the authoritative Inorganic Syntheses book series provides users of inorganic substances with detailed and foolproof procedures for the preparation of important and timely inorganic and organometallic compounds that can be used in reactions to develop new materials, drug targets, and bio-inspired chemical entities.Table of ContentsNote to Contributors and Checkers xv Toxic Substances and Laboratory Hazards xvii Preface xix Chapter One DIVALENT MANGANESE, IRON, AND COBALT BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)AMIDO DERIVATIVES AND THEIR TETRAHYDROFURAN COMPLEXES 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}iron(II) dimer: [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 4 A. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}iron(II) dimer: [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 5 3. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}cobalt(II) dimer, [Co{N(SiMe3)2}2]2,and bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}(tetrahydrofuran)cobalt(II),Co{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF) 7 A. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}cobalt(II) dimer: [Co{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 . 8 B. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}(tetrahydrofuran)cobalt(II): Co{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF) 9 4. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}manganese(II) dimer, [Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2]2, and its THF complexes Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF) and Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)2 10 A. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}(tetrahydrofuran)manganese(II),Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF), and bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido} manganese(II) dimer, [Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 11 B. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}bis(tetrahydrofuran)manganese(II) 12 C. An alternative synthesis of Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF) and [Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 12 Chapter Two CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, GERMANIUM, TIN, AND LEAD BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)AMIDO DERIVATIVES AND 2,2,6,6- TETRAMETHYLPIPERIDIDO AND N-ISOPROPYLPHENYLAMIDO DERVATIVES OF POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM 15 1. Introduction 15 2. Potassium (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide), bis(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidido) (N,N,N’,N’ -tetramethylethylenediamine)calcium(II), potassium (N-isopropylanilido), and bis(N-isopropylanilido) Tris (tetrahydrofuran)calcium(II) 18 A. Potassium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide 19 B. Diiodotetrakis(tetrahydrofuran)calcium(II) 20 C. Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidido)(N,N,N’,N’- tetramethylethylenediamine)calcium(II) 20 D. Potassium N-{isopropyl(phenyl)amide} (Potassium N-isopropylanilide) 21 E. Bis{N-isopropyl(phenyl)amido}tris(tetrahydrofuran)calcium(II) 22 F. Bis[{bis(tetrahydrofuran)potassium}bis{μ-N(isopropyl)(phenyl) amido}]calcium(II) 22 3. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}calcium(II) dimer, [Ca{N(SiMe3)2}2]2, and bis {bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}strontium(II) dimer, [Sr{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 24 A. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}calcium(II) dimer, [Ca{N(SiMe3)2}2]2,and bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}strontium(II) dimer, [Sr{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 25 4. Divalent Group 14 metal bis(trimethylsilylamides), M{N(SiMe3)2}2 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) 26 A. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}germanium(II), Ge{N(SiMe3)2}2 27 B. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}tin(II), Sn{N(SiMe3)2}2 28 C. Bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amido}lead(II), Pb{N(SiMe3)2}2 29 Chapter Three COMPOUNDS WITH Zn–Zn AND Mg–Mg BONDS: DECAMETHYLDIZINCOCENE AND β-DIKETIMINATO COMPLEXES OF MAGNESIUM(I) AND (II) 33 1. Introduction 33 2. Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl zinc(I) dimer, {Zn(η5-C5Me5)}2 37 A. Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl potassium 38 B. Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)zinc(II) 38 C. Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dizinc(I) 39 3. β-diketiminato complexes of magnesium(I)/(II) 40 A. {2,4-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimido)pentyl}(diethylether) iodomagnesium(II), {HC(CMeNC6H3-2,6-Pri 2)2}MgI(OEt2) 41 B. {2,4-bis-(mesitylimido)pentyl}(diethylether) iodidomagnesium(II),{HC(CMeNC6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2}MgI(OEt2) 42 C. Bis{2,4-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimido)pentyl}dimagnesium(I) [{HC(CMeNC6H3-2,6-Pri 2)2}2Mg]2 43 D. Bis{2,4-bis-(mesitylimido)pentyl}dimagnesium(I), [{HC(CMeN(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)}Mg]2 44 Chapter Four STERICALLY CROWDED σ- AND π-BONDED METAL ARYL COMPLEXES 47 1. Introduction 47 2. Dimesityliron(II) dimer and dimesityldipyridineiron(II) (Mes = Mesityl = C6H2-2,4,6-Me3) 50 A. Tetramesityldiiron(II) dimer (FeMes2)2 (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) 51 B. Dimesityldi(pyridine)iron(II) FeMes2py2 (py = C5H5N) 54 3. Homoleptic, two-coordinate open-shell 2,6-dimesitylphenyl complexes of lithium, manganese, iron, and cobalt 56 A. 1-Iodo-2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)benzene, 2,6-dimesitylphenyl iodide 57 B. Bis{μ-2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl}dilithium, 2,6-dimesitylphenyllithium dimer 58 C. Bis{2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl}manganese(II), (bis(2,6-dimesitylphenyl)manganese(II)) 59 D. Bis{2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl}iron(II), bis(2,6-dimesitylphenyl)iron(II) 59 E. Bis{2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl}cobalt(II),bis(2,6-dimesitylphenyl)cobalt(II) 60 4. Monomeric group 14 diaryls bis{2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl} germanium(II), tin(II), or lead(II), M{C6H3-2,6-Mes2)2 and bis{2,6-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)phenyl}germanium(II), tin(II), or lead(II), M{C6H3-2,6-Dipp2}2 (M = Ge, Sn, or Pb; Mes = C6H2-2,4,6-Me3;Dipp = C6H3-2,6-Pri2) 61 5. m-terphenylgallium chloride complexes 65 A. {Bis(diethylether)lithium}{trichlorido(2,6-diphenyl)phenylgallate}, {Li(Et2O)2}{(C6H3-2,6-Ph2)GaCl3} 66 B. Chlorido{bis(2,6-dimesitylphenyl)}gallium, (2,6-Mes2C6H3)2GaCl 67 6. {(18-crown-6)bis(tetrahydrofuran)potassium}{bis(1,2,3,4-η4-anthracene)metallates} of cobalt(-I) and iron(-I),{K(18-crown-6)(THF)2} {M(η4-C14H10)2}, M= Co, Fe 67 A. {(18-crown-6)bis(tetrahydrofuran)potassium}{bis(1,2,3,4-η4-anthracene)cobaltate}, {K(18-crown-6)(THF)2}{Co(C14H10)2} 69 B. {(18-crown-6)bis(tetrahydrofuran)potassium}{bis(1,2,3,4-η4-anthracene)ferrate}, {K(18-crown-6)(THF)2}{Fe(C14H10)2} 70 7. {Bis(1,2-dimethoxyethane)potassium}{bis(1,2,3,4-η4-anthracene) cobaltate}, {K(DME)2}{Co(η4-C14H10)2} 72 8. Cyclopentadienyl and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl naphthalene ferrates 76 A. Bis(tetrahydrofuran)lithium cyclopentadienyl(1,2,3,4-η4-napthalene) ferrate, [{Li(thf)2}{CpFe(η4-C10H8)}] 78 B. (18-crown-6)potassium pentamethylcyclopentadienyl(1,2,3,4-η4- napthalene)ferrate, [K(18-crown-6){Cp∗Fe(η4-C10H8)}] 79 Chapter Five TERPHENYL LIGANDS AND COMPLEXES 85 1. Introduction 85 2. m-Terphenyl iodo and lithium reagents featuring 2,6-bis-(2,6- diisopropylphenyl) substitution patterns and an m-terphenyl lithium etherate featuring the 2,6-bis-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) substitution pattern 89 A. 1-bromo-2,6-diisopropylbenzene, 1-Br-2,6-Pri2C6H3;DippBr) 90 B. 1-iodo-2,6-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)benzene (IC6H3-2,6-Dipp2) 92 C. Bis{2,6-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)phenyl}dilithium,(LiC6H3-2,6-Dipp2)2 94 D. 2,6-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)phenyllithiumetherate 95 E. 2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenyllithiumetherate{(Et2O)LiC6H3-2,6-Trip2} 96 3. 2,6-dimesitylaniline (H2NC6H3-2,6-Mes2) and 2,6-bis(2,4,6- triisopropylphenyl)aniline (H2NC6H3-2,6-Trip2) 98 A. 2,6-dimesitylphenylazide, 2,6-Mes2C6H3N 99 B. 2,6-dimesitylaniline, 2,6-Mes2C6H3NH2 100 C. 2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)iodobenzene, 2,6-Trip2C6H3I 101 D. 2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)azidobenzene,2,6-Trip2C6H3N3 102 E. 2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)aniline, 2,6-Trip2C6H3NH2 103 4. Bis-2,6-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)aniline 105 A. 1-azido-bis-2,6-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)benzene,2,6-Dipp2H3C6N3 106 B. Bis-2,6-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)aniline, 2,6-Dipp2H3C6NH2 107 5. Bis-2,6-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenylformamide and isocyanide,Bis-2,6-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)phenylformamide and isocyanide 109 A. 2,6-dimesitylphenyl formamide {2,6-Mes2H3C6N(H)C(O)H} 110 B. 2,6-dimesitylphenyl isocyanide (2,6-Mes2H3C6NC) 111 C. 2,6-bis-(diisopropylphenyl)phenyl formamide{2,6-Dipp2H3C6N(H)C(O)H} 112 D. 2,6-bis-(diisopropylphenyl)phenyl isocyanide (2,6-Dipp2H3C6NC) 113 6. Synthesis of the terphenylthiols: 2,6-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)phenylthiol,2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenylthiol, and bis{2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenylthiolato}dilithium 116 A. 2,6-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)phenylthiol 117 B. 2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenylthiol 118 C. Bis{2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenylthiolato}dilithium 119 7. Sterically encumbered terphenols: 2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenol and 2,6-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)phenol 120 A. 2,6-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)phenol 121 B. Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenol 121 Chapter Six SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO WHITE PHOSPHORUS (P4) AND ARSENIC TRIPHOSPHIDE (AsP3) 123 1. Introduction 123 2. Facile preparation of white phosphorus from red phosphorus:Preparation A 125 3. Synthesis of white phosphorus (P4) from red phosphorus:Preparation B 127 4. Arsenic triphosphide, AsP3 130 A. Tris(2,6-diisopropylphenoxy)niobiumdichloride {Cl2Nb(ODipp)3} and Tris(2,6-diisopropylphenoxy)niobiumdichloride(tetrahydrofuran) {Cl2Nb(ODipp)3(THF)} 131 B. {Na(THF)3}{P3Nb(ODipp)3} 132 C. Arsenic Triphosphide AsP3 133 Chapter Seven SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO PHOSPHIDO AND ARSENIDO DERIVATIVES OF THE GROUP 13 METALS ALUMINUM, GALLIUM, AND INDIUM, TRIS(TERT-BUTYL)GALLIUM AND ITS REACTIONS WITH AMMONIA, AND THE ALUMINUM(I) SPECIES PENTAMETHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL ALUMINUM TETRAMER 135 1. Introduction 135 2. Dinuclear phosphido and arsenido derivatives of aluminum, gallium, and indium {Me2M(μ-EBut2)}2, M= Al, Ga, In; E = P, As 137 A. Preparation of {Me2M(μ-EBut2)}2 Complexes: M= Al,Ga, In; E = P, As 138 3. Tris(tert-butyl)gallane, its ammonia complex, and the amidobis(tert-butyl)gallane trimer tris(μ-amido)hexa(tert-butyl)trigallium 140 A. Tri-tert-butylgallane 141 B. Ammonia complex of tri-tert-butylgallane 142 C. Tris(μ-amido)hexa-tert-butyltrigallium: The trimer {But2Ga (μ-NH2)}3 143 4. Reductive elimination as a convenient pathway to tetrameric (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminum(I) {(AlCp∗)4} (Cp∗ = η5-C5Me5) 144 A. Potassium pentamethylcyclopentadienide KCp∗ 146 B. Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminumhydride (Cp∗2AlH) 146 C. Tetrameric (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminum(I){(AlCp∗)4} 147 5. A facile synthesis of tetrameric (ƞ5-pentamethylycycloclopentadienyl) aluminum(I) {Al(ƞ5-C5Me5)}4 147 A. (ƞ5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminumdichloride 149 B. Tetrameric (ƞ5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminum(I) (AlCp∗)4 149 6. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum(toluene): Al(C6F5)3(C7H8) 150 A. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum(toluene) 151 Chapter Eight SYNTHESIS OF SELECTED TRANSITION METAL AND MAIN GROUP COMPOUNDS WITH SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS 155 1. Introduction 155 2. Synthesis of gold(I) and gold(II) amidinate complexes 157 A. Synthesis of gold(I) amidinate complexes 158 B. Synthesis of gold(II) amidinate complexes 161 3. A nickel–iron thiolate and its hydride 166 A. (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)(1,3-propanedithiolato) nickel(II) 167 B. (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)nickel(I)(μ-1,3- propanedithiolato)tricarbonyliron(I) 168 C. (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)nickel(II)(μ-hydrido)(μ-1,3-propanedithiolato)tricarbonyliron(II) tetrafluoroborate 169 4. Dimethyl sulfoxide and organophosphine complexes of ruthenium(II) halides 171 A. cis-tetrakis(dimethylsulfoxide)ruthenium(II)dichloride 172 B. cis-bis{1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane}ruthenium(II) dichloride 174 C. Bis{1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane}chlororuthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate 174 D. trans-bis{1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane}ruthenium(II) dichloride 176 5. Synthesis of {CrIII(NCMe)6}(BF4)3 and {CrIII(NCMe)5F} (BF4)2•MeCN 177 A. Hexakis(acetonitrile)chromium(III) tetrafluoroborate, {CrIII(NCMe)6}(BF4)3 177 B. Pentakis(acetonitrile)fluorido chromium(III) tetrafluoroborate, {CrIIIF(NCMe)5}(BF4)2 178 6. (1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)oxalatoplatinum(II), oxaliplatin 179 7. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) 183 A. Synthesis of Pd2dba3·CHCl3 185 B. Purity determination and repurification of Pd2dba3 186 C. Stability 187 8. Tetraalkylammonium salts of tetra(fluoroaryl)borate anions 188 A. Tetraalkylammonium salts of [B(C6F5)4]− 189 B. Tetraalkylammonium salts of [B{C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2}4]− 191 9. Titanium tris(N-tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylanilide) 193 10. Tetrachlorido(tetramethylethylenediamine)tantalum(IV),TaCl4(TMEDA) 196 A. Tetrachlorido(tetramethylethyenediamine)tantalum(IV),TaCl4(TMEDA) 197 11. Synthesis of 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylcyclopenta-1,3-diene and its metal complexes Na{1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2} and Mg{η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2}2 199 A. Method A (Phase Transfer) 199 B. Method B (Grignard Procedure) 201 C. Sodium(1,2,4-tri-tert-butyl)cyclopentadienide 203 D. Magnesium(II)bis(1,2,4-tri-tert-butyl)cyclopentadienide 203 Cumulative Contributor Index 205 Cumulative Subject Index 215 Cumulative Formula Index 245

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Book SynopsisProviding the reader with an up to date digest of the most important research currently carried out in the field, Electrochemistry Volume 14 is compiled and written by leading experts from across the globe. Coverage includes chapters on the use of metal organic frameworks as a precursor for electrocatalytic centre supports to enhance the oxygen reduction process in low temperature fuel cell systems, electrocatalysis for ethanol electrooxidation in alkaline media, and new polymer electrolyte and electrocatalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells. This volume is a key reference for researchers providing a timely overview of this exciting and developing area.Trade ReviewIn Chapter 3, ‘Anodic Materials for Electrooxidation of Alcohols in Alkaline Media’, Sadia Kabir and Alexey Serov have produced a well-rounded overview on the topic that would be useful for people just starting in the field. This chapter does well in explaining the reasons for the benefits in electrochemical performance seen by combining Pt and Pd with different materials rather than just quoting the higher performance. In Chapter 4, ‘Newer Polymer Electrolytes and Electrocatalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells’, P. Sridhar, S. D. Bhat and A. K. Sahu have produced a good summary of recent advances in membranes and electrocatalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFC). The chapter is well structured with the material being broken down into proton conducting membranes, anion conducting membranes and catalysts for DAFC. Overall the chapter is a good review on the subject matter and would be useful reference material for people interested in this topic. This book gives a good feel for the type of areas in which electrochemistry can be used to develop the understanding of electrocatalysis and materials development. While this book does not give a detailed review of the literature for any specific field of study it does provide an interesting sample of papers across the field however it is successful in providing a glimpse into the key topics and themes currently receiving the most attention. -- John Blake, Johnson Matthey * Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (2), 181 *All of the chapters are very well written and illustrated with figures from the recent literature, and have extensive citations of the primary literature. Overall, as the series title suggests, this volume deals with highly specialised topics in electrochemistry. It provides a comprehensive examination of the material, so that the individual chapters will be valuable summaries of the state-of-the-art for anyone undertaking research in these areas. It will be a useful addition to research libraries and should be read by graduate students and professional researchers active in energy conversion projects. -- Damien W. M. Arrigan, Curtin University, Australia * Chromatographia, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3513-5 *Table of ContentsBorohydride Electro-oxidation on Metal Electrodes: Structure, Composition and Solvent Effects from DFT; Recent Progress in the Development of Anion Exchange Membranes for Electrochemical Devices; Anodic Materials for Electrooxidation of Alcohols in Alkaline Media; Newer Polymer Electrolytes and Electrocatalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells; Application of Metal Organic Framework (MOF) in the Electrocatalytic Process

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Book SynopsisIt is vital to improve our understanding of how macromolecules such as peptides interact with membranes. These processes are involved in protein folding, cell signalling, biogenesis, morphogenesis, disease and medical therapy. Next-generation synthetic biology goals will require a clearer understanding of how to control reticulated membrane structures in order to fabricate the supramolecular structures necessary for advanced synthesis and behaviour. This volume will address several related aspects of peptide interactions with membranes. It will consider model theoretical and experimental systems in order to define the ‘reaction space’ that is possible and where appropriate with relevance to fundamental questions in cell biology, including how peptides and proteins behave within biological membranes. The topics covered include: Theoretical and experimental comparisons of simple peptide-membrane systems Theoretical and experimental studies of complex peptide-membrane systems Behaviour and interactions of proteins and peptides with and within membranes Peptide-membrane interactions and biotechnologyTable of ContentsTheoretical and experimental comparisons of simple peptide-membrane systems; Theoretical and experimental studies of complex peptide-membrane systems; Behaviour and interactions of proteins and peptides with and within membranes; Peptide-membrane interactions and biotechnology

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Book SynopsisThis volume brings together established and early-career scientists, postgraduate students and industrial researchers to provide cross-fertilisation of ideas and understanding between the distinct but adjacent communities working in this exciting field, as well as those in application areas who can benefit from and implement the results.

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Book SynopsisThis volume exlpores the prospects and directions in post-mean-field electronic structure theory. It discusses some of the main emerging paradigms for realistic electronic structure (in both molecular and materials settings), for more demanding electronic structure cases.

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Book SynopsisIn the first book to address this topic, readers are introduced to the concepts, challenges, steps forward and necessity for integration of the energy and chemistry sectors.

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Book SynopsisTechnical advances in probing surface chemistry with photoelectron spectroscopy under ambient pressures and at buried interfaces enables us to capture information on the chemical state under conditions close to real life applications. Meanwhile time-resolved XAS and XES provide the capability of capturing snapshots of the electronic structure of surface states in the femtosecond time regime allowing us to probe reaction pathways with unprecedented precision. There is also a transformation in access to these techniques. These new approaches are changing our understanding of surface chemistry in an extremely diverse range of applications, from device manufacture to in-vivo sensing to catalysis. It is very timely to consider this new knowledge emerging and explore the potential applications of these tools to other areas. Join international leaders in the field as they explore and exchange ideas about the key aspects of surface science, helping to develop the roadmap to shape the surface chemistry landscape for the years ahead. The topics covered include: In-situ methods: discoveries and challenges Buried interfaces Time resolved surface analysis (kinetic and molecular timescales) Future directionsTable of ContentsIn-situ methods: discoveries and challenges;Buried interfaces;Time resolved surface analysis (kinetic and molecular timescales);Future directions

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Book SynopsisFood Scientists have been teaching the subject in the same way for the past fifty years. This book therefore aims to modernise the coverage of the subject, bringing it in line with the recent and extensive developments in Materials Science; in particular, the field of supramolecular chemistry of food components has been generally overlooked in textbooks. Edible Nanostructures will summarise developments in the areas of protein aggregation and gelation, starch crystallography, emulsions, and fat crystal network nanostructure and microstructure, addressing their functionalities in food. Each chapter offers both the qualitative view and a basic quantitative treatment of the area, including basic models used to describe structure and its relationship to functionality, if they exist. This is the first book on nanostructures in foods, and is suitable as a textbook for undergraduate students in Chemistry, Physics and Food Science.Table of ContentsEdible Nanostructures: Introduction; Fat Nanostructures; Polysaccharide Nanostructures; Protein Nanostructures; Lipid Mesophase Nanostructures; Self-Assembled Fibrillar Networks of Low Molecular Weight Oleogelators; Nanoemulsions; Imaging Nanostructure; Computer Simulation Techniques for Modelling Statics and Dynamics of Nanoscale Structures;

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Book SynopsisThis book assimilates the principles of chemistry, physics, and materials science, thereby providing a fundamental understanding of sol-gel processing.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Hydrolysis and Condensation I: Nonsilicates. Hydrolysis and Condensation II: Silicates. Particulate Sols and Gels. Gelation. Aging of Gels. Theory of Deformation and Flow in Gels. Drying. Structural Evolution during Consolidation. Surface Chemistry and Chemical Modification. Sintering. Comparison of Gel-Derived and Conventional Ceramics. Film Formation. Applications. Index.

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Table of ContentsIntroduction History of Vehicle Electrification Basic Terminology Battery Pack Design Criteria and Selection Li-ion Cells Packaging and Material Selection Thermal Management Battery Management System Electronics The Future of Li-ion Batteries

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Table of ContentsPart 1: Green Chemistry Green Chemistry Assisted Synthesis of Natural and Synthetic Compounds as Anticancer Agents Antibacterial and Antimicrobial Coatings on Metal Substrate by Cold Spray Technique: Present and Future Perspectives Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Sustainable Carbocatalysts: Synthesis of Medicinally Important Heterocycles Sustainable and Green Technologies for Synthesis of Potential Drugs Targeted Towards Tropical Diseases Clay-Mediated Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules: Green and Sustainable Approaches The Role of Ionic Liquid in Medicinal Chemistry Synthesis of Medicinally Important Heterocycles Inside the Nanoreactors Built in Non-conventional Reaction Media Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites: Medicinal Aspects Part 2: Methods and Synthesis Use of Sustainable Organic Transformations in the Construction of Heterocyclic Scaffolds One-Pot Synthesis of Medicinally Active Compounds Organocatalytic Cycloaddition Reaction: A Gateway for Molecular Complexity Diverse Synthesis of Steroids Reactions in Water: Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds Solventless Reactions: Green and Sustainable Approaches in Medicinal Chemistry Thiosugars in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds Part 3: Medicinal Chemistry Implementing Green Chemistry for Synthesis of Cholesterol Lowering Statin Drugs Sustainable Release of Nanodrugs: A New Biosafe Approach Stimuli Responsive Sugar-Derived Hydrogels: A Modern Approach in Cancer Biology Green Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Anticancer Drugs Green Chemistry and Synthetic Approaches in the Development of Antidepressant and Antipsychotic agents Part 4: Natural Products Natural Spices in Medicinal Chemistry: Properties and Benefits Medicinal Plants and Their Compounds With Anticancer Properties Part 5: Microwave-Induced Chemistry Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Anti-tubercular Agents: A Novel Approach Microwave-Induced Synthesis of Steroids and Their Chemical Manipulations Microwave-Induced Synthesis as a Part of Green Chemistry Approach for Novel Anti-inflammatory agents Part 6: Computers in Drug Discovery Dipole Moment of Medicinally Active Compounds: A Sustainable Approach Computational Methods and Tools for Sustainable and Green Approaches in Drug Discovery

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the main principles and methods of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, a topic studied by both chemists and physicists. This book is written for graduate students and scientists who already have knowledge of basic equilibrium statistical mechanics and who are interested in the more complex field of time-dependent nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.Table of Contents1. Brownian Motion and Langevin equations ; 2. Fokker-Planck equations ; 3. Master equations ; 4. Reaction rates ; 5. Kinetic models ; 6. Quantum dynamics ; 7. Linear response theory ; 8. Projection operators ; 9. Nonlinear problems ; 10. The paradoxes of irreversibility ; Appendices

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Book SynopsisNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a technique widely used for structure determination by chemists and biochemists, is based on the detection of tiny radio signals emitted by the nucleus of an atom when immersed in a strong magnetic field. Every chemical substance gives rise to a recognizable NMR signature closely related to its molecular structure. This comprehensive account adopts an accessible, pictorial approach to teach the fundamental principles of high resolution NMR. Mathematical formalism is used sparingly, and everyday analogies are used to provide insight into the physical behaviour of nuclear spins. The first three chapters set out the basic tools for understanding the rest of the book. Each of the remaining chapters provides a self- contained reference to a specific theme, for example spin echoes, and traces the way it influences our understanding of high resolution NMR methodology. Spin Choreography provides a clear and an authoritative introduction to the funTable of Contents1. Energy levels ; 2. Vector model ; 3. Product operator formalism ; 4. Spin echoes ; 5. Soft radiofrequency pulses ; 6. Separating the wheat from the chaff ; 7. Broadband decoupling ; 8. Two-dimensional spectroscopy ; 9. Nuclear Overhauser effect ; 10. In defence of noise ; 11. Water ; 12. Measurement of coupling constants

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive discussion of the dynamical properties of simple liquids at a microscopic level. It presents experimental data and establishes a theoretical framework. This framework is then used as a basis for a modern version of kinetic theory and its applications.Trade ReviewThe result is a clear, carefully worded and pedagogically satisfactory text, which is practically self-contained for a reader with a basic knowledge of statistical and fluid mechanics. ....Balucani and Zoppi have produced a competent and clearly written text... * Jean-Pierre Hansen, Oxford University, UK, Physics World, May 1995 *...the book is a useful addition to the specialized literature, offering a comprehensive and diligent account of a limited area of research, at its current level of development. It should be useful to beginners for complementary reading after broader introductions to the liquid state of matter. * Libri Ricevuti E Recensioni, 1996 *Table of Contents1. The basic dynamical quantitites ; 2. The experimental side ; 3. General theoretical framework ; 4. Generalized kinetic theory ; 5. Single-particle properties ; 6. Collective properties ; Appendices ; Index

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Book SynopsisProcess development bridges the gap between the laboratory synthesis of an organic compound and its industrial manufacture on a large scale. This book uses real examples to show the range of problems which may be encountered in scaling up chemical syntheses and the ways in which they may be overcome.Trade Reviewexcellent..volume * Chemistry in Britain *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Scale up issues ; 2. Environmental and regulatory issyes ; 3. Fun with cephalosporins ; 4. Thromboxane antagonists ; 5. Homochiral thrombozane antagonists ; 6. H2 blockers ; 7. Development of a manufacturing route for cloprostenol sodium ; 8. Synthesis of a potentially anti-obesity agent ; 9. Reagents for large scale operation

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Book SynopsisAimed at the biochemistry undergraduates, this physical chemistry textbook covers a range of matters in a student-friendly manner, with a mix of information followed by worked examples that facilitate the absorption of the topics. It contains problems along with answers at the back of the book.Trade Review"Remarkably efficient [at] putting across conceptually difficult material ... Principles and Problems will continue to be essential reading for biochemistry undergraduates." The Biochemist, June 2002Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ; THE ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS ; THE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS ; ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE ; APPENDICES

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Book SynopsisThermodynamics of Chemical Processes is the only self-contained text to cover the thermodynamics of chemical processes at a level appropriate for undergraduates. Describing the basic principles which govern reactivity and phase equilibria in chemical systems, the text contains a number of worked examples and problems.Trade ReviewThe chapters are very readable and immediately accessible - the starting standard is very gentle. There are a lot of every day examples which allow the material to be linked to familiar phenomena. I felt all of the material I would expect to be there was included, with not too much superfluous. The maths was sufficient to understand the material, define the important parameters and introduce the necessary equations but was explained well enough and at a simple enough level to allow those without A level maths and just starting University level maths to access the material. * Dr Michael Seery, University of Edinburgh *One of the strengths of this book is the introduction of concepts based on specific examples. This makes it easier for the students to relate to these concepts. [Chapter 5] serves our course of second year Thermodynamics perfectly. It provides a slightly larger depth of detail than we teach, allowing the better students to read a little bit beyond the taught material without making it too demanding for the weaker students. * Dr N Hendrik Nahler, Heriot-Watt University *Table of Contents1: Preamble Energy in Chemical Systems 2: Enthalpy and Thermochemistry 3: Entropy in Chemistry 4: Free Energy and Equilibrium 5: Phase Changes and Solutions

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses many advances in optical physics and is intended mainly for experimentalists. The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with free atoms is introduced using classical or semi-classical calculations wherever possible. Topics discussed include the spontaneous emission of radiation, and atomic beam magnetic resonance experiments.Trade ReviewThe academic worth of this book is already well established...the book certainly offers substantial added value to the novice. The book is a handy reference for all. * The Higher Education Academy *Corney's book has much to offer. * Physics Today *The book will be of great value: to undergraduates, to beginning graduate students, even to atomic theorists. * Nature *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Review of Classical Electrodynamics ; 3. Review of Quantum Mechanics ; 4. The Spontaneous Emission of Radiation ; 5. Selection Rules for Electric Dipole Transitions ; 6. Measurement of Radiative Lifetimes of Atoms and Molecules ; 7. Forbidden Transitions and Metastable Atoms ; 8. The Width and Shape of Spectral Lines ; 9. The Absorption and Stimulated Emission of Radiation ; 10. Radiative Transfer and the Formation of Spectral Lines ; 11. Population Inversion Mechanisms in Gas Lasers ; 12. Resonant Modes of Optical Cavities ; 13. Saturation Characteristics and the Single-Frequency Operation of Gas Lasers ; 14. Turnable Dye Lasers and Atomic Spectroscopy ; 15. The Hanle Effect and the Theory of Resonance Flourescence Experiments ; 16. Optical Double Resonance Experiments ; 17. Optical Pumping Experiments ; 18. The Hyperfine Structure of Atoms and its Investigation by Magnetic Resonance Methods ; Appendix

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Book SynopsisBrownian diffusion is the motion of one or more solute molecules in a sea of very many, much smaller solvent molecules. Its importance today owes mainly to cellular chemistry, since Brownian diffusion is one of the ways in which key reactant molecules move about inside a living cell. This book focuses on the four simplest models of Brownian diffusion: the classical Fickian model, the Einstein model, the discrete-stochastic (cell-jumping) model, and the Langevin model. The authors carefully develop the theories underlying these models, assess their relative advantages, and clarify their conditions of applicability. Special attention is given to the stochastic simulation of diffusion, and to showing how simulation can complement theory and experiment. Two self-contained tutorial chapters, one on the mathematics of random variables and the other on the mathematics of continuous Markov processes (stochastic differential equations), make the book accessible to researchers from a broad spectrum of technical backgrounds.Trade ReviewIn a lively tutorial style, the authors discuss some of the most widely used mathematical formulations of diffusion. They have endeavored to organize and present the subject matter from a purely logical perspective. They emphasize the basic physical assumptions and the conditions for the validity of each of the mathematical formalisms. No subtlety is bypassed, and no limitation of the theory is swept under the carpet. * Debashish Chowdhury, Physics today *In a lively tutorial style, the authors discuss some of the most widely used mathematical formulations of diffusion. They have endeavored to organize and present the subject matter "from a purely logical perspective". They emphasize the basic physical assumptions and the conditions for the validity of each of the mathematical formalisms. No subtlety is bypassed, and no limitation of the theory is swept under the carpet. * Physics Today *Table of Contents1. The Fickian theory of diffusion ; 2. A review of random variable theory ; 3. Einstein's theory of diffusion ; 4. Implications and limitations of the Einstein theory of diffusion ; 5. The discrete-stochastic approach ; 6. Master equations and simulation algorithms for the discrete-stochastic approach ; 7. Continuous Markov process theory ; 8. Langevin's theory of diffusion ; 9. Implications of Langevin's theory ; 10. Diffusion in an external force field ; 11. The first-passage time approach

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Book SynopsisThe renowned Oxford Chemistry Primer series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today''s students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers. The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research. Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance of the chemistry being described to current research and industry. The learning features provided, including questions at the end of every chapter and online multiple-choice questions, encourage active learning and promote understanding. Furthermore, frequent diagrams, margin notes, further reading, and glossary definitions all help to enhance a student''s understanding of these essential areas of chemistry. Foundations of Molecular Structure Determination covers a range of common spectroscopic and dTable of Contents1. Overview, energy levels and the electromagnetic spectrum ; 2. Rotational and vibrational spectroscopy ; 3. Electronic (ultraviolet-visible) absorption spectroscopy ; 4. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; 5. Mass spectrometry ; 6. X-ray diffraction and related methods

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Book SynopsisIn an engaging tour of the science and history of cheese, Michael Tunick explores the art of cheese making, the science that lies underneath the deliciousness, and the history behind how humanity came up with one of its most varied and versatile of foods.Dr. Tunick spends his everyday deep within the halls of the science of cheese, as a researcher who creates new dairy products, primarily, cheeses. He takes us from the very beginning, some 8000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, and shows us the accidental discovery of cheese when milk separated into curds and whey. This stroke of luck would lead to a very mild, and something akin to cottage, cheese-deemed delicious enough by our traveling cheese maker that he or she did it again another day.Today we know of more than 2,000 varieties of cheese from Gorgonzola, first noted in year 879, to Roquefort in 1070 to Cheddar in 1500. But Tunick delves deeper into the subject to provide a wide-ranging overview that begins with cows and milk and Trade ReviewMany books tell us about the cheeses of the world, but here the author introduces the reader to the chemistry and biology involved in cheese formation. I recommend this book to any cheese-eater who has wondered about the cause of their latest taste-sensation. * Simon Cotton, Chemistry and Industry *The book is full of fascinating data. * Colin Berry, The Oldie *A charming and informative book that will have you seeking out cheese shops with informed enthusiasm. * Christine Evans-Pughe, Engineering & Technology *Tunick comes very close to perfection. * Hans Bouma, NVOX *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. IN THE BEGINNING Milk ; 2. CURDS AND WHEY Cheesemaking ; 3. YOU'RE NOT GETTING OLDER, YOU'RE GETTING BETTER Ripening ; 4. DOES THIS CHEESE MAKE ME LOOK FAT? Nutrition ; 5. STICK IT UP YOUR NOSE, AND OTHER ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES ; 6. CHEESE IT - THE COPS! Laws and Regulations ; 7. DO TRY THIS AT HOME ; 8. THE CHEESE STANDS ALONE ; References ; Acknowledgments ; Index

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Book SynopsisAs the subtitle indicates, the overriding intention of the authors has been to provide a practical guide to the design of electrolytic plant. Since this is a practical guide rather than a textbook, we have included a large number of worked examples on the principle that a good worked example is worth many paragraphs of text.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Electrochemical Engineering. Aspects of Mass and Heat Transfer and the Energetics of Electrolytic Cell Systems. Rate Processes and Reaction Models. Reactor Models. Electrolytic Reactor Design, Selection, and Scale Up. Cost Estimation, Profit Appraisal, Process Modelling and Optimization. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe study of capillarity is in the midst of a veritable explosion. What is offered here is not a comprehensive review of the latest research but rather a compendium of principles designed for the undergraduate student and for readers interested in the physics underlying these phenomena.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: Choice Review by P. R. Douville, emeritus, Central Connecticut State University "You are an intelligent spider sitting on your web. Early morning light forms tiny rainbows as it passes through the beads of dew strung along the filaments composing your hard-earned handiwork. Why beads? What happened to the water in between each drop? To answer this question, our eight-legged intellectual must first gain an understanding of how liquids such as water actually wet surfaces and why such liquids fail to wet other surfaces. The problem encompasses such subjects as liquids rising up capillary tubes, paint spreading on solid surfaces or liquids spreading on other liquids, the fascinating subject of bubble formation and stability, and why water streams down some surfaces and forms droplets on other surfaces. De Gennes (Collège ((College) de France; Institute Curie), Brochard-Wyart (Institut Curie), and Quéré (Quere) (Collège ((College) de France) have written an excellent treatise on these phenomena that opens with a very poetic introduction relating esoteric concepts to everyday observations, and includes chapter references, historical sketches, and a very good discussion of each problem at chapter beginnings. For readers with backgrounds in mathematics, physics, and chemistry, although it is not beyond advanced undergraduates in the sciences and technological fields. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical program students." "This book is designed as an elementary introduction to the conceptual framework used in research on wetting/dewetting processes and related capillary phenomena. … a simple and inspiring style of writing allows the authors to ‘convey the sense of curiosity and joy’ that unites researchers in this area … . The range of topics covered and a host of physical ideas and principles the authors describe as guidelines in the field are likely to make this book interesting to a wide audience … ." (Dr. Y. D. Shikhmurzaev, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 46 (1), 2005) "Capillarity refers to the study of surface phenomena involving at least one liquid phase. … This book brings together (almost) everything which is known in a single volume. In view of the fact that the history of capillarity covers several centuries, this is a real ‘tour de force’. … It contains a wealth of practical information about a very large variety of surface phenomena. … This book should be of interest to a large variety of scientists (not only physicists)." (Marc Baus, Physicalia, Vol. 57 (3), 2005) "Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves is a translation of the earlier French Gouttes, Bulles, Perles et Ondes … . It has been wonderfully translated by Axel Reisinger. The English is fully fluent and idiomatic … . The book can be read with pleasure and profit by the uninitiated, but it is also a valuable - and even an indispensable reference work for the expert. … contains a whole bookshelf of information – all of it useful and much of it fascinating." (Benjamin Widom, Physics Today, December, 2004) "De Gennes (Collège ((College) de France; Institute Curie), Brochard-Wyart (Institut Curie), and Quéré (Quere) (Collège (College) de France) have written an excellent treatise … with a very poetic introduction relating esoteric concepts to everyday observations, and includes chapter references, historical sketches, and a very good discussion of each problem at chapter beginnings. … Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals: two-year technical program students." (P. R. Douville, CHOICE, May, 2004) "The whole book is in the same spirit, which is very enjoyable … . Thus it contains many illuminating examples and sketches … . it will also act as a reference for those working in the field. In conclusion, the intended readers of this book, whether they be soft matter students or scientists or simply the curious, should find therein not just a very good source of information but also an impressive collection of exciting and simple explanations of very complex phenomena." (Dr. Roberto Cerbino, Europhysics News, Vol. 37 (1), 2006)Table of ContentsCapillarity: Unconstrained Interfaces / Capillarity and Gravity / Hysteresis and Elasticity of Triple Lines / Wetting and Long-Range Forces b/ Hydrodynamics of Interfaces -- Thin Films, Waves, and Ripples / Dynamics of the Triple Line / Dewetting / Surfactants / Special Interfaces / Transport Phenomena

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Book SynopsisA Optical Crystallography.- 1 The polarizing microscope.- 2 Orthoscopic observations.- 3 Observations under conoscopic light.- B Optical Mineralogy.- 1 Opaque minerals and substances.- 2 Optically isotropic (also pseudocubic) minerals and amorphous substances.- 3 Optically uniaxial minerals.- 4 Biaxial crystals.- C Appendices.- 1 Tables for the microscopic identification of rock-forming minerals.- 2 Diagrams for the classification of magmatic rocks.- 3 Diagrams of mineral and rock structures.Table of ContentsA Optical Crystallography.- 1 The polarizing microscope.- 1.1 Microscope components and their function.- 1.2 Accessory equipment.- 1.3 Adjustment of the microscope.- 1.3.1 Centring the condensing lens.- 1.3.2 Centring the objective.- 2 Orthoscopic observations.- 2.1 Observations with one polarizer.- 2.1.1 Light impervious (opaque) minerals and substances.- 2.1.2 Transparent minerals and substances.- 2.1.2.1 Characteristic crystal shapes.- 2.1.2.2 Cleavage.- 2.1.2.3 Colour and pleochroism.- 2.1.2.4 Refractive index: relief, chagrin, and the Becke line.- 2.2 Observations under crossed polars.- 2.2.1 Passage of light through isotropic media.- 2.2.2 Passage of light through anisotropic media.- 2.2.2.1 Birefringence and polarization.- 2.2.2.2 The indicatrix model.- 2.2.2.3 Optical character of elongation.- 2.2.2.4 Parallel, symmetric and oblique extinction.- 2.2.2.5 Twinning.- 3 Observations under conoscopic light.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Conoscopic examination of optically uniaxial crystals.- 3.2.1 Conoscopic images of uniaxial crystals in different orientations.- 3.2.2 Determination of the optical character of uniaxial crystals.- 3.3 Determination of the optical character of biaxial minerals in the conoscopic light path.- 3.3.1 Conoscopic images of biaxial minerals in different orientations.- 3.3.2 Identification of the optical character of biaxial crystals.- 3.3.3 Estimation of the optic axial angle 2V.- 3.3.4 Determination of optic axial angles 2V in oblique section.- Summary 1: Mineral identification with the polarizing microscope.- Summary 2: Protocol of mineral identification in thin section.- B Optical Mineralogy.- 1 Opaque minerals and substances.- 1.1 Magnetite.- 1.2 Ilmenite.- 1.3 Hematite.- 1.4 Pyrite.- 1.5 Pyrrhotite.- 1.6 Graphite.- 1.7 Carbonaceous substances.- 2 Optically isotropic (also pseudocubic) minerals and amorphous substances.- 2.1 Perovskite.- 2.2 Spinel group.- 2.3 Pyrochlore and koppite.- 2.4 Garnet group.- 2.4.1 Pyrope.- 2.4.2 Almandine.- 2.4.3 Grossularite.- 2.4.4 Melanite.- 2.5 Leucite.- 2.6 Sodalite group.- 2.7 Analcite.- 2.8 Cristobalite.- 2.9 Fluorite.- 2.10 Amorphous minerals, glass and cryptocrystalline material.- 2.10.1 Limonite.- 2.10.2 Opal.- 2.10.3 Rock-glass.- 3 Optically uniaxial minerals.- 3.1 Minerals which are optically uniaxial positive.- 3.1.1 Rutile.- 3.1.2 Cassiterite.- 3.1.3 Zircon.- 3.1.4 Xenotime.- 3.1.5 Melilite group.- 3.1.6 SiO2 group.- 3.1.6.1 Quartz.- 3.1.6.2 Chalcedony.- 3.1.6.3 Tridymite.- 3.1.7 Chabazite.- 3.2 Minerals with uniaxial negative character.- 3.2.1 Anatase.- 3.2.2 Trigonal carbonate group.- 3.2.2.1 Calcite.- 3.2.2.2 Dolomite.- 3.2.2.3 Magnesite.- 3.2.2.4 Siderite.- 3.2.3 Corundum.- 3.2.4 Vesuvianite.- 3.2.5 Tourmaline.- 3.2.6 Apatite.- 3.2.7 Beryl.- 3.2.8 Nepheline.- 3.2.9 Scapolite group.- 3.2.10 Apophyllite.- 3.2.11 Cancrinite.- 4 Biaxial crystals.- 4.1 Olivine group.- 4.2 Pyroxene group.- 4.2.1 Orthopyroxene group: enstatite, bronzite, hypersthene.- 4.2.2 Clinopyroxenes.- 4.2.2.1 Diopside group.- 4.2.2.2 Augite group.- 4.2.2.3 Titanaugite.- 4.2.2.4 Pigeonite.- 4.2.2.5 Aegirine-augite series.- 4.2.2.6 Jadeite.- 4.2.2.7 Omphacite.- Determination of the maximum extinction angle for pyroxenes and amphiboles.- 4.3 Amphibole group.- 4.3.1 Actinolite group.- 4.3.2 Green (‘common’) hornblende.- 4.3.3 Brown hornblende.- 4.3.4 Glaucophane and crossite.- 4.3.5 Arfvedsonite and riebeckite.- 4.4 Mica group.- 4.4.1 Muscovite.- 4.4.2 Phengite.- 4.4.3 Lithionite series.- 4.4.3.1 Lepidolite.- 4.4.3.2 Zinnwaldite.- 4.4.4 Biotite series.- 4.4.4.1 Phlogopite.- 4.4.4.2 Biotite s.s..- 4.4.5 Oxybiotite.- 4.4.6 Titanbiotite.- 4.5 Stilpnomelane.- 4.6 Glauconite and celadonite.- 4.7 Talc.- 4.8 Chlorite group.- 4.8.1 Orthochlorite.- 4.8.2 Leptochlorite.- 4.9 Serpentine group.- 4.9.1 Antigorite.- 4.9.2 Chrysotile.- 4.10 Feldspar family.- 4.10.1 Alkali feldspars.- 4.10.1.1 Sanidine.- 4.10.1.2 Orthoclase.- 4.10.1.3 Anorthoclase.- 4.10.1.4 Microcline.- 4.10.2 Plagioclase series.- 4.11 Zeolite family.- 4.11.1 Fibrous zeolites.- 4.11.1.1 Natrolite.- 4.11.1.2 Mesolite.- 4.11.1.3 Thomsonite.- 4.11.1.4 Scolecite.- 4.11.1.5 Mordenite.- 4.11.1.6 Laumontite.- 4.11.2 Flaky zeolites.- 4.11.2.1 Heulandite.- 4.11.2.2 Stilbite.- 4.11.2.3 Epistilbite.- 4.11.3 Cubic zeolites.- 4.11.3.1 Phillipsite.- 4.11.3.2 Harmotome.- 4.12 Aenigmatite (cossyrite).- 4.13 Sphene (titanite).- 4.14 Topaz.- 4.15 Cordierite.- 4.16 Al2SiO5 group.- 4.16.1 Andalusite.- 4.16.2 Sillimanite.- 4.16.3 Kyanite.- 4.17 Staurolite.- 4.18 Wollastonite.- 4.19 Chloritoid.- 4.20 Epidote zoisite group.- 4.20.1 Zoisite.- 4.20.2 Epidote.- 4.20.3 Clinozoisite.- 4.20.4 Orthite (allanite).- 4.21 Pumpellyite.- 4.22 Lawsonite.- 4.23 Anhydrite.- 4.24 Gypsum.- 4.25 Aragonite.- 4.26 Barite.- 4.27 Goethite.- 4.28 Prehnite.- C Appendices.- 1 Tables for the microscopic identification of rock-forming minerals.- 2 Diagrams for the classification of magmatic rocks.- 3 Diagrams of mineral and rock structures.

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Table of Contents1. Energy sources: an introduction2. Petroleum3. Natural gas4. Coal5. Nuclear Fission6. Nuclear fusion7. Batteries8. Fuel cells9. Supercapacitors10. Photovoltaics11. Photoelectrochemical cells12. Hydrogen Production and storage13. Biochemical energy conversions14. Wind energy15. Ocean energy16. Other Renewable forms of energy

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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