Nanotechnology Books

Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of detonation nanodiamond particles produced by detonation of carbon-containing explosives, this book discusses the technology of synthesis and the effect of various technological parameters on the structure and physicochemical properties of nanodiamonds. It explores the possibilities of targeted chemical modification of the surface, describes methods of structural modification of nanodiamonds aimed at obtaining nanographite, analyzes the various methods employed in studies of nanodiamonds as a carbon nanostructure, and suggests and explores at length the potential of nanodiamond application in technology and medicine.Table of ContentsCarbon at the Nanoscale. Technology of Preparation of Detonation Nanodiamond. Methods of Characterization and Model of Nanodiamond Particle. Optical and Rheological Properties of Nanodiamond Suspensions. Raman and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of DND. Study of Detonation Nanodiamond by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Nanodiamonds. Magnetic and Structural Studies of Multilayered Nanographites Prepared from Detonation Nanodiamonds. Application of Detonation Nanodiamonds. Biomedical Application of Nanodiamonds: Problems and Perspectives.

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Book SynopsisZinc oxide (ZnO) in its nanostructured form is emerging as a promising material with great potential for the development of many smart electronic devices. This book presents up-to-date information about various synthesis methods to obtain device-quality ZnO nanostructures. It describes both high-temperature (over 100° C) and low-temperature (under 100° C) approaches to synthesizing ZnO nanostructures; device applications for technical and medical devices, light-emitting diodes, electrochemical sensors, nanogenerators, and photodynamic therapy; and the concept of self-powered devices and systems using ZnO nanostructures. The book emphasizes the utilization of non-conventional substrates such as plastic, paper, and textile as new platforms for developing electronics. Trade Review"ZnO is one of the most important piezoelectric and semiconductor materials, which has key applications in electronics, optoelectronics, energy science, and sensors. The newly invented fields of nanogenerators and piezotronics are largely based on ZnO nanostructures. This book covers the basics of ZnO and its potential applications in a range of fields. It can serve a large group of readers who are interested in ZnO nanostructures."Prof. Zhong Lin Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"This book represents a very comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the synthesis, properties, and key emerging applications of one of the most important nanomaterials. With authoritative contributions by recognized world-leading experts, it is destined to become a reference work for students wishing to learn about the subject for the first time or for scientists and engineers already working in the domain who wish to broaden and deepen their understanding."Dr. David J. Rogers, Nanovation, FranceTable of ContentsFabrication of ZnO nanostructures. Optical properties of and optical devices from ZnO-based nanostructures. Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on ZnO Nanomaterials. Nanobiology and nano-medical devices using zinc oxide nanostructures. ZnO nanostructures toxicity and phototoxicity characteristics towards biological samples. Zinc oxide nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization and their device applications on non-conventional substrates.

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Book SynopsisNanomaterials, their synthesis, and property studies have been an obsession with modern current physicists, chemist, and materials scientists for their vast array of technological implications and the remarkable way their properties are modified or enhanced when the size dimensions are reduced to the realm of nanometers. Although nanomaterials, for a lot of practical purposes have been in existence since the remotest past of civilization, it is only in the last few decades that the field has been gaining the attention that it deserves from the scientific and industrial fraternity. A lot of this has to do with the immense improvement we made in tools to study and characterize these materials.Metal oxides have been one of the well documented and hottest branches of nanomaterials revolution with oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, CuO, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, Co3O4, MnO2 and many more being an integral part to a variety of technological advancements and industrial applications. From green power issues like photovoltaic cells to rechargeable batteries, from drug delivery agents to antimicrobial and cosmetic products, from superconductor materials to semiconductors and insulators, metal oxides have been omnipresent in terms of both commercial prerogatives and research highlights. This book is solely devoted towards this special section of nanomaterials with an aim to partially access the science pertaining to the oxides of metals.Trade Review"Designed purposefully to provide with an overview of the present-day research on metal oxide nanomaterials to practitioners, graduate students and engineers, this book treats the subject using terms familiar to materials scientists and engineers. While the book has been compiled keeping in mind specialists working in the field of nanostructured metal oxides, it could be useful to all those interested in nanoscience."—Prof. C. N. R. Rao, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, India"This is a very opportune time to publish a book on this very alive topic of metal oxides. While it is a challenging task to cover all aspects of oxide nanomaterials in a single book, the authors of this monograph have made a serious effort and one can expect the readers to find this an engrossing and useful book."—Prof. Ramesh Chandra Budhani, CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, India"This book will serve as a valuable reference for students, scientists, engineers and specialists in both academia and industry concerned with the fundamental and technological/industrial applications of metal oxide nanostructures."—Prof. Anand Mohan, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India"This volume provides the reader with the tools to manufacture and characterise nanoparticulate metal oxides for a plethora of applications."—Dr. Simon J. Holland, Chairperson, International Organization for Standardization Committee on Nanotechnologies, ISO TC229Table of ContentsMetal Oxide Nanomaterials: An Overview. Pulsed Laser Deposition of Nanostructured Oxides for Emerging Applications. Metastable Phase Selection and Low Temperature Plasticity in Chemically Synthesized Amorphous Al2O3-ZrO2and Al2O3-Y2O3. Porous and Hollow Oxide Nanostructures: Synthesis, Stability and Applications. Doped Tin Oxide Nanomaterials for Chlorine and Hydrogen Gas Detection. Titanium Oxide Nano- and Submicron-structured Coating for Ti and Ti Related Bio-implants. Metal Oxide Nanostructured Films for Photovoltaic Applications. Nanostructured Materials as Nanoprobes for Bio-imaging Applications. Band Energy and Crystal Structure Employing Density Functional Theory. Paramagnetic Lattice Defects in Natural Crystalline Quartz. ZnO Nano-Particles: Defect Structure, Space-Charge Depletion Layer and Core-Shell Model.

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Book SynopsisSuccessful biofunctional surface engineering will determine the future of medical devices such as orthopedic implants, stents, catheters, vaccine scaffolds, wound dressings, and extracorporeal circulation devices. Moreover, the biosensor and diagnostic chip technology will evolve rapidly due to the growing medical need for personalized medicine. A major drawback in these technologies is the need for terminally sterilized products. However, novel and safe technologies, including coupling, stabilization, and protection of effector molecules, enable terminal sterilization without functional loss. This book provides a comprehensive overview on the state of the art and the future of biofunctional surface engineering and is of major interest for those working in the fields of medicine and medical devices.Trade Review"This book fills a gap in the literature by educating researchers in the field of surface engineering as well as medical device and biotech professionals in industry and academic institutions about the broad applications of biofunctional surfaces and the profound medical needs they serve. It represents a bridge between the fields of devices, biotech, and pharma where communication often times suffers from a lack of cross-border expertise and—like all profound innovation—meets initial resistance. In this context, the translation of biofunctional surfaces also suffers from a lack of beaten paths on the regulatory approval side. Biofunctional Surface Engineering is to be commended for bringing together profound surface engineering expertise with very practical advice on regulatory issues, i.e. on the translation of these novel technologies into marketed products and therapies. This is a very substantial book, for both young and senior scientists and industry professionals seeking inspiration and motivation from groundbreaking translational research that brings together biotech, drugs, and devices, a very fundamental trend in today’s life sciences."Dr. Georg MatheisNovalung GmbH, GermanyTable of ContentsRegulatory Issues. Sterilization of Combination Devices. Polyelectrolyte Monolayers (I). Polyelectrolyte Monolayers (II). Surface Modifications. Three Dimensional Characterization of Immobilized Biomolecules. Aptamers for Biofunctionalization of Stents. Coating of Implants with Antibiotics. Microneedles and Nanopatches for Vaccination. Microchips for Antibody Binding Analyses. Biofunctionalized Wound Dressings. Extracorporeal Device for Trapping Circulating Tumor Cells. Outlook.

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Book SynopsisBy exploiting the novel properties of quantum dots and nanoscale Aharonov–Bohm rings together with the electronic and magnetic properties of various semiconductor materials and graphene, researchers have conducted numerous theoretical and computational modeling studies and experimental tests that show promising behavior for spintronics applications. The book provides researchers investigating this cutting-edge field with detailed background descriptions of spin-based effects and devices and their theoretical analysis in nanoelectronic circuits.Table of ContentsSpin-Polarized Transport in Quantum Dots System with Rashba Spin-Orbit Interaction. Optical Properties of Spins in Coupled Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Triangular Triple Quantum Dots Driven by AC Magnetic Fields. Spin Polarized Transmission through Single and Double Aharanov-Bohm Rings with Embedded Quantum Dots. Atomistic Tight-Binding Simulation of Spin-Orbit Coupled Semiconductor Devices. Hybrid Spintronic/Straintronics: A Super Energy-Efficient Computing Paradigm Based on Interacting Multiferroic Nanomagnets. The magnetic Properties of Nanostructures Synthesized on Vicinal Surface. Magnetism and Spintronics in Graphene.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive understanding of the discovery of a new cellular structure the "porosome," which is the universal secretory machinery in cells; the protein assembly, biomineralization, and biomolecular interactions; the molecular evolution of protein structure; the use of magnetic nanoparticles for transformative application in medicine and therapy, and the new and novel imaging approach of electrical impedance spectroscopy in biology. It be used for college courses in nanomedicine, nano cell biology, advanced nanotechnology, and biotechnology at the undergraduate and graduate level.Trade Review"NanoCellBiology: Multimodal Imaging in Biology and Medicine, edited by Bhanu P. Jena and Douglas J. Taatjes, is a collection of chapters that describe examples of the use of AFM, electron microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, fluorescence/CD spectroscopy, and other imaging approaches for revealing important structures and their function in cells. A wonderful example is the subject of the first several chapters, which describe the discovery of the porosome. Discovered in the 1990s, first in pancreatic acinar cells, the porosome is now considered a universal secretory portal in cells. The remaining chapters add to this excellent collection of studies employing high-resolution imaging to examine, for example, amylin aggregation, mRNA nanomachines, DNA delivery nanosystems, and other interesting applications of nanocellbiology."Prof. James A. Spudich, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA"Bhanu P. Jena is a pioneer nanocell biologist, whose seminal discovery of a new cell structure called the ‘porosome,’ has provided a molecular understanding of the fractional release of intravesicular contents from cells during secretion. In this book, co-edited by Jena and Douglas J. Taatjes, experts in the field present examples of powerful imaging modalities that have been extremely valuable in elucidating a wide range of normal cellular events, as well as in studying disease progression, detection, and treatment. Chapters in the book provide a lucid explanation of the subject matter, with ample illustrations presented for clarity. This is a timely book, filled with useful resources—a must-read for both researchers and students in cell biology, physiology, biophysics, nanobiology, and nanomedicine."Prof. Walter F. Boron, Case Western Reserve University, USA"NanoCellBiology: Multimodal Imaging in Biology and Medicine is a delightful book co-edited by a pioneer in the subject, Bhanu P. Jena, whose discovery of a new cellular structure, the porosome, in 1996 resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of cell secretion and revolutionized our understanding of the unit of life—the cell. This book, edited by Bhanu P. Jena and Douglas J. Taatjes, introduces to the reader a number of exciting subjects within the field of nanoscience and nanomedicine, and the various tools and approaches to solve them for the benefit of science and humanity. I thoroughly enjoyed reading the book and highly recommend to both students in the pure sciences and medicine."Prof. Lloyd L. Anderson, Iowa State University, USATable of ContentsPorosomes -The Universal Secretory Portals In Cells: A Brief Essay. The Hair Cell Porosome: Molecular and Synaptic Implications. The Neuronal Porosome Complex in Mammalian Brain: A Study Using Electron Microscopy. Granule Size Distribution Suggests Mechanism: The Case for Granule Growth and Elimination as a Fusion Nano-Machine. Probing Protein Assembly, Biomineralization, and Biomolecular Interactions by Atomic Force Microscopy. High-Resolution Imaging of Amylin Aggregation and Internalization in Pancreatic Cells: Implications in Health and Diseaser. Repair of Nanodefects in a 2-Dimensional Crystal Anticoagulant Shield in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Novel Molecular Strategies Assessed by Atomic Force Microscopy. A novel approach to study molecular evolution: Detection of ancestral conformation hidden in present-day proteins using antibody as nanostructure probes. mRNA Nanomachines and Stress Reprogramming Following Brain Ischemia. Physical Properties and Biomedical Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of DNA Delivery Nano-systems. Impedance Spectroscopy for Characterization of Biological Functions. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of the major publications of the authors in the emerging area of chemotherapeutic engineering. It describes and demonstrates the concept, feasibility, safety and prospect of chemotherapeutic engineering through a full spectrum of proof-of-concept experiments from design, characterization, in vitro cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, to in vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and xenograft tumor model of the various nanocarriers, such as prodrugs, micelles, liposomes, and nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Concepts. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Feasibility. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Further Proof-of Concept Experimental Results. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Drug Targeting. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Multifunctional Nanoparticles. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Prodrugs. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Oral Chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Chemotherapeutic Engineering: Multimodal Imaging. Molecular biomaterials for Nanomedicine.

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Book SynopsisA peek into the literature on the environmental health implications of the rapidly developing nanotechnology industry shows that the potential problem of exposure to airborne nanoparticles has not been adequately addressed. The health and safety of nanotechnology workers are of concern because these groups run the greatest risk of exposure to elevated concentrations of nanomaterials. However, a gap exists between the currently available particle measurement methods and those appropriate for the assessment of nanoaerosol exposure.This book presents new ideas and methods to measure the surface area and local deposition of nanoparticles in the lungs and the true value of respirators. It proposes a nanoparticle dosimetric road map that can be used as a general strategy for the assessment of the dose, which is the most important physical cause of adverse effects on health in the case of nanoparticle exposure. The book suggests the use of 1 nm radioactive particles, called unattached activity of radon progeny, as a safe experimental tool for nanoparticle studies, including human studies. It discusses the problems related to the general strategy of risk assessment in nanoparticle exposure and concrete parameters related to dosage. The ideas presented in this book help close the gaps in our knowledge of aerosols in the nanometer range and improve our understanding of nanoparticle behavior in the air and in the human body.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Radon and Health. Radon progeny; Spectrometry, Theory, Measurement, Emanating Samples of Short-Lived Nuclei with Constant Activity. Unattached Activity of Radon Progeny. Measurement of the Activity in the Lung of Miners. Assessment of Nanoparticle Surface Area by Measuring Unattached Fraction of Radon Progeny. Unattached Radon Progeny as an Experimental Tool. Exposure and Dose: Health Effect Studies. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThe rapidly evolving field of nanomedicine refers to the clinical application of nanotechnologies. However, as with all new technologies, there are ethical, safety, and regulatory issues. This handbook, written by leading international experts, provides a meticulous overview of the state of the art of safety assessment of nanomaterials (nanotoxicology) in the context of their application in nanomedicine. The volume includes a historical perspective on the development of nanomedicine and its regulation, and a personal view of the future of (nano)medicine by Patrick Hunziker, president of the European Society of Nanomedicine. Ethical considerations in relation to nanomedicine are discussed. There are a series of chapters on organ-specific toxicities of nanomaterials, including pulmonary and cardiovascular toxicity, neurotoxicity, dermatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity, as well as a discussion on immunotoxicity and genotoxicity. The importance of a thorough characterization of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials is emphasized. The handbook also contains a critical discussion on the applicability of in vitro versus in vivo methods and models for nanosafety assessment, along with an introduction to mathematical modeling approaches with a view to a predictive toxicology of nanomaterials. The overall aim is to provide a comprehensive, science-based framework for safety assessment of current and future nanomedicines.Trade Review"The Handbook of Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials: From Toxicological Testing to Personalized Medicine provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of nanotoxicology and is a unique resource that fills up many knowledge gaps in the toxicity issue of nanomaterials in medical applications. The book is distinguished by up-to-date insights into creating a science-based framework for safety assessment of nanomedicines." —Prof. Yuliang Zhao, National Center for Nanosciences and Technology, ChinaTable of ContentsIntroduction of Condensed Matter Physics; Spin-state Crossover; Li Ion Battery; Huge Thermoelectric Power; Room-temperature Ferromagnetism; Partially Disordered Antiferromagnetic Transition; Superconductivity; Transport Properties Combined with Charge, Spin, and Orbital; Magnetoresistance and Spin Blocade; Intrinsic Inhomogeneity; Move/diffuse and Charge/discharge Effect.

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Book SynopsisNanocomposites have better adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability than nanoparticles. Therefore, they find diversified applications in many areas. Recently, various methods for heavy metal detection from water have been extensively studied. The adsorption of various pollutants such as heavy metal ions and dyes from the contaminated water with the help of nanocomposites has attracted significant attention.This book presents a comprehensive discussion on wastewater research. It covers a vast background of the recent literature. It describes the applications of nanocomposites in various areas, including environmental science. Particularly, it is highly useful to researchers involved in the environmental and water research on nanocomposites and their applications. The book covers a broad research area of chemistry, physics, materials science, polymer science and engineering, and nanotechnology to present an interdisciplinary approach and also throws light on the recent advances in the field.Trade Review"This unique book focuses on the role of nanoparticles and biopolymer-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment. The chapters are authored by prominent researchers across the world. The book will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists, academicians, research scholars, material engineers, and industries in this field."— Prof. Susheel Kalia, Bahra University, India"The book Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment is a credible and well-written book on this important topic. The discussion and conclusions associated with each chapter are appropriate and are written very clearly. This book is apparently novel and should be useful in this area for practitioners and educators. The book meets the stated objectives and describes the application of different nanocomposites in wastewater treatment, covering a broader research area of chemistry, physics, materials science, polymer science, engineering, and nanotechnology. Readers can gain knowledge about the preparation of nanocomposites, characterization techniques, and the role of the nanocomposites for applications such as water treatment, remediation, speciation, water research, medicine, and sensors. They can gain fundamental knowledge of recent advancements, approaches, and prospects in research and development of nanocomposites. Readers will also learn about the problems associated with wastewater, different treatment methods, and water treatment technology. This book is geared toward undergraduate and graduate (master’s and PhD) students and researchers, educators, or scholars working in the areas of water treatment, environmental sciences, and nanomaterials. Materials scientists and industry should also find it useful."— Vadose Zone JournalTable of ContentsChitosan Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Removal S. Malathi, S. C. G. Kiruba Daniel, S. Vaishnavi, M. Sivakumar, and S. BalasubramanianGum Polysaccharide Based Nano-composites for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents H. Mittal, B. S. Kaith, A. K. Mishra, and S. B. MishraA View on Cellulosic Nano-Composites for Treatment of Waste Water Saravana Bavan D. and Mohan Kumar G. C.Removal of heavy metals from water using PCL, EVA-Bentonite nanocomposites Derrick S. Dlamini, Ajay K. Mishra, and Bhekie B. MambaRole of Polymer Nano-composites in Waste Water Treatment B. S. Kaith, Saruchi, Vaneet Thakur, A. K. Mishra , S. Mishra, and H. MittalNanoparticles for the Water Purification Pankaj Attri, Rohit Bhatia, Bharti Arora, Jitender Gaur, Ruchita Pal, Arun Lal, Ankit Attri, and Eun Ha ChoiElectrochemical Ozone Production for Degradation of Organic Pollutants via Novel Electrodes Coated by Nanocomposite Materials Mahmoud Abbasi and Ali Reza SoleymaniCore–Shell Nanocomposites for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Water Sheenam Thatai, Parul Khurana, and Dinesh KumarDesigning Nanocomposite of Conducting polymer Based Membrane for Removal of Escherichia coli and total coliforms from waste water Hema Bhandari, Swati Varshney, Brij Mohan Bisht, V. K. Jain, and S. K. DhawanTitanium Dioxide–Based Materials for Photocatalytic Conversion of Water Pollutants S. A. C. Carabineiro, A. M. T. Silva, C. G. Silva, R. A. Segundo, G. Dražić, J. L. Figueiredo, and J. L. Faria

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Book SynopsisWhile the sustainability of our world is being endangered or destroyed by the misguided activities of artificial human entities, real people have begun to expand their moral sympathies sufficiently to prioritize protecting our world’s interests. They have developed a new technology—nanotechnology—that has the potential to advance human society toward a period of long-term sustainability, termed "the Sustainocene." This book comprises chapters by experts in various fields of nanotechnology and in related areas of governance under the theme of how nanotechnology can assist in the creation of the Sustainocene. The book will appeal to anyone involved in nanotechnology, macromolecular science, public policy related to sustainability, renewable energy, and climate change. Trade Review"This is a book designed to challenge the reader. Its goal is to lay out the scientific and technological hurdles that need to be understood and mastered if we are to reach the ‘Sustainocene’—a unique period in human history when human civilisation is in some form of dynamic equilibrium with the natural environment. The individual chapters capture important technologies that may help us get to the Sustainocene, such as solar energy, nuclear power, and nanotechnology. This book also highlights the often forgotten point that these technological breakthroughs will necessarily demand huge legal, social, and cultural shifts across the globe. We need to start the conversation now if we are to maintain our fragile hold on the only planet we have. That conversation starts with this book."—Prof. Paul Mulvaney, University of Melbourne, Australia"This book offers a very unique perspective on nanotechnology, and its impact on energy infrastructure of future generations. Besides discussion on the recent progress made in the nano and energy technologies, it also provides a balanced and refreshing analysis of long-term societal impact of such technologies and the potential needs for regulation. It makes a clear statement that the challenges we are facing towards a sustainable future are not just technological and scientific, but also will be economic, environmental, and social." —Prof. Peidong Yang, University of California, USATable of ContentsForeword. Nanotechnology Towards the Sustainocene. The Cosmic Context of the Millennium Development Goals: Maximum Entropy and Sustainability. Nanophotonics for Light Trapping. Growth and Characterisation of GaAs Nanowires. The Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Titania Coated Silica Nanowires. Global Health and Environmental Implications of Mimicking Biological Ion Channels Using Nanotubes. Nanostructured Materials- Implications for Information Technology. Laser Trapping of Nanoparticle Agglomerates in Air. The Bhopal Disaster and Peroxide Bombs: Nanoscale Aspects of Oscillatory Thermal Instability. Fusion Power and Nano-science Challenges for Extreme Materials. Nanotechnology, Plasma, Hydrogen From Artificial Photosynthesis and Fuel Cells: Powering the Developing World To the Sustainocene. Nanotechnology-Based Artificial Photosynthesis: Promoting Animal and Ecosystem Rights in the Sustainocene. Security Regulation of Nanotechnology Towards the Sustainocene.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the fabrication and applications of cantilever beams with nanoscale dimensions. Nanometer-size mechanical structures show exceptional properties generated by their reduced dimensions. These properties enable new sensing concepts and transduction mechanisms that will allow the enhancement of the performance of devices to their fundamental limits. A number of scientists are conducting research in the area of nanocantilever beams. The book will particularly benefit researchers and help them consolidate their background in the field. The book aims to be an excellent scientific reference for an audience with diverse backgrounds and interests, including students, academic researchers, industry specialists, policymakers, and enthusiasts. Trade Review"Nanocantilever Beams: Modeling, Fabrication, and Applications presents a review of the state of the art in the nanocantilever beam technology. Owing to their high sensitivity and versatility in transduction methods, nanocantilever beams have been widely studied and applied for the detection of physical, chemical, and biological events. This book is an excellent scientific reference for practicing engineers, students, and researchers in mechanical, electrical, civil, and aerospace engineering as well as materials science. It contains 16 chapters that offer a broad range of information, including theory, design, fabrication, and applications, on diverse nanostructures such as nanocantilever beam, nanobridge, and nanomembane structures. The text also provides an important discussion and perspective on sensing applications in air, liquid, and vacuum. It is important in the field, particularly because there is currently no other book with similar topics focused on nanocantilever beams."—Prof. Jie (Jayne) Wu, University of Tennessee, USATable of ContentsPart 1: Fabrication techniques of nanocantilver beam. Nanocantilever beam fabrication techniques in silicon. Nanocantilever fabrication techniques in polymer and transduction techniques for nano-electro-mechanical-sensing. Part 2: Nonlinearity of nanocantilever beam resonators. Nonlinear dynamics and its applications in nanocantilevers. Intentional nonlinearity for design of micro/nanomechnical resonators. Part 3: Applications of Nanocantilever beams. Electromechanical properties and applications of carbon nanotube nanocantilevers. Membrane–type Surface Stress Sensor (MSS). Mechanical Properties Characterization of PZT Nanofibers. Micro-and Nanomechanical String Resonators. Optical transduction and actuation of subwavelength nanomechanical resonators. Cantilever resonanace detection using nanophotonic structure. Integrated silicon optmechanical transducers and their application in atomic force microscopy. Nanostuctures for gas sensing applications. Bimaterial nanocantilever beam calormeter for biological application. Advances and challenges to bring nanomechanical biosensors to biochemistry labs and clinical use. Nanocantilever beam as biological sensors. Micro/nano Mechanical Cantilever for Cancer Diagnosis.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook (55 chapters) provides a comprehensive roadmap of basic research in nanomedicine as well as clinical applications. However, unlike other texts in nanomedicine, it not only highlights current advances in diagnostics and therapeutics but also explores related issues like nomenclature, historical developments, regulatory aspects, nanosimilars and 3D nanofabrication. While bridging the gap between basic biomedical research, engineering, medicine and law, the handbook provides a thorough understanding of nano’s potential to address (i) medical problems from both the patient and health provider's perspective, and (ii) current applications and their potential in a healthcare setting.Trade Review"Dr. Bawa and his team have meticulously gathered the distilled experience of world-class researchers, clinicians and business leaders addressing the most salient issues confronted in product concept development and translation. Knowledge is power, particularly in nanomedicine translation, and this handbook is an essential guide that illustrates and clarifies our way to commercial success."—Gregory Lanza, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine and Oliver M. Langenberg Distinguished Professor, Washington University Medical School, USA"This is an outstanding, comprehensive volume that crosscuts disciplines and topics fitting individuals from a variety of fields looking to become knowledgeable in medical nanotech research and its translation from the bench to the bedside." —Shaker A. Mousa, PhD, MBA, Vice Provost and Professor of Pharmacology, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA"Masterful! This handbook will have a welcome place in the hands of students, educators, clinicians and experienced scientists alike. In a rapidly evolving arena, the authors have harnessed the field and its future by highlighting both current and future needs in diagnosis and therapies. Bravo!" —Howard E. Gendelman, MD, Margaret R. Larson Professor and Chair, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA"It is refreshing to see a handbook that does not merely focus on preclinical aspects or exaggerated projections of nanomedicine. Unlike other books, this handbook not only highlights current advances in diagnostics and therapies but also addresses critical issues like terminology, regulatory aspects and personalized medicine." —Gert Storm, PhD, Professor of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, The NetherlandsTable of ContentsSection I – Introduction and Beginnings. Section II – Nanoparticles, Nanodevices and Imaging. Section III – Clinical Applications of Nanotherapeutics.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains fascinating vignettes depicting future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here.Trade ReviewSynopsis: Collaboratively compiled and co-edited by environmental scientists Nora Savage and Anita Street, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" contains ten fascinating vignettes by experts in the field that depict future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume of science based extrapolations.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here. Critique: Thoroughly 'reader friendly' in tone, commentary, organization and presentation, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is an informative, thought-provoking, compelling read and will prove to be a critically important addition to both community and academic library collections. It should be noted for the personal reading lists of students and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the subject that "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is also available in a Kindle format. – Susan Bethany, Reviewer’s Bookshelf MagazineSynopsis: Collaboratively compiled and co-edited by environmental scientists Nora Savage and Anita Street, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" contains ten fascinating vignettes by experts in the field that depict future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume of science based extrapolations.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here. Critique: Thoroughly 'reader friendly' in tone, commentary, organization and presentation, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is an informative, thought-provoking, compelling read and will prove to be a critically important addition to both community and academic library collections. It should be noted for the personal reading lists of students and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the subject that "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is also available in a Kindle format. – Susan Bethany, Reviewer’s Bookshelf MagazineTable of ContentsIntroduction. Ahead of Time. Annual Meeting. California Dreamin’. Intelligence on Earth? Manipulations at the Nanoscale. Message to Earth. The Failed Life of Reverend Bayes. Arachnophobia. Are Ye Gods? The Path.

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Book SynopsisMillions of patients suffer from end-stage organ failure or tissue loss annually, and the only solution might be organ and/or tissue transplantation. To avoid poor biocompatibility–related problems and donor organ shortage, however, around 20 years ago a new, hybridized method combining cells and biomaterials was introduced as an alternative to whole-organ and tissue transplantation for diseased, failing, or malfunctioning organs—regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This handbook focuses on all aspects of intelligent scaffolds, from basic science to industry to clinical applications. Its 10 parts, illustrated throughout with excellent figures, cover stem cell engineering research, drug delivery systems, nanomaterials and nanodevices, and novel and natural biomaterials. The book can be used by advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of stem cell and tissue engineering and researchers in macromolecular science, ceramics, metals for biomaterials, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those interested in tissue engineering, stem cell engineering, and regenerative medicine.Table of ContentsBiomaterials and Manufacturing Methods for Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine: Update 2015. Biomineralized Matrices as Intelligent Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration. Bioceramic and Composite Scaffolds in Drug Delivery and Bone Tissue Engineering. Recent Developments in Materials Innovation in Bone Tissue Regeneration. Carbonate Apatite Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine. Mg-Based Biodegradable Metals for Scaffolds. Functional DNA Building Blocks and Their Hydrogel Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Recent Progress of Intelligent Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Polyanionic Hydrogels as Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering. Hyaluronic Acid–Based Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Tissue Engineering. Biologically Triggered Injectable Hydrogels as Intelligent Scaffolds. Cytocompatible and Reverse-Transformable Polymeric Hydrogel Matrices. "Smart" Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications. Cell-Encapsulating Polymeric Microgels for Tissue Repair. Injection Materials for the Larynx. Bionanocrystals in Tissue Engineering Strategies: Tools for Reinforcement, Nanopatterning, and/or Nanostructuring of Polymeric Scaffolds and Hydrogels. Porous Scaffolds Using Dual Electrospinning for in situ Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Biofunctionalization of Electrospun Fibers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds. 3D Printing of Tissue/Organ Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine. 3D Printing Technology Applied to Tissue Scaffolds. Nanomaterial-Assisted Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medical Therapy. Application of Nanodevices in Sensing and Regenerative Medicine. Micro-/Nanotech-Based Craniofacial Tissue Engineering. Carbon Nanotubes: A Kind of Novel Biomaterials for Scaffolds of Tissue Engineering. Bacteriophage Scaffolds for Functional Assembly of Molecules and Nanomaterials. Intelligent Scaffold–Mediated Enhancement of the Viability and Functionality of Transplanted Pancreatic Islets to Cure Diabetes Mellitus. Extracellular Matrix–Derived Biomaterials: Molecularly Defined Ingredients and Processing Techniques. Biological-Derived Biomaterials for Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation. Demineralized Dentin Matrix (DDM) Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Engineering. Biomimetic Scaffold Fabrication for Tissue Engineering. Scaffolds for Tracheal Regeneration. Bladder Tissue Engineering. Scaffold Applications for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering: Achievements and Future Development. Corneal Endothelium Regeneration: Basic Concepts. High-Throughput Screening of Extracellular Matrix–Based Biomaterials. Effect of Scaffolds with Bone Growth Factors on New Bone Formation. Drugs as Novel Biomaterials for Scaffolds. Biocompatible Surface Coatings for Silicone-Based Implants. Synthetic/PLGA Hybrid Scaffold for Tissue Regeneration: Update 2015. Biomedical Applications of Silk Fibroin. Tissue Fabrication and Regeneration by Cell Sheet Technology. Stem Cell Engineering Using Bioactive Molecules for Bone-Regenerative Medicine.

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Book SynopsisThe enormous advances in the immunologic aspects of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines in the past two decades has necessitated an authoritative and comprehensive reference source that can be relied upon by immunologists, biomedical researchers, clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, venture capitalists, and policy makers alike. This text provides a thorough understanding of immunology, therapeutic potential, clinical applications, adverse reactions, and approaches to overcoming immunotoxicity of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines. It also tackles critical, yet often overlooked topics such as immune aspects of nano-bio interactions, current FDA regulatory guidances, complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA), advances in nanovaccines, and immunogenicity testing of protein therapeutics. Trade Review"This outstanding volume represents a review of the various effects of biopharmaceuticals and nanomedicines on the immune system: immunotherapy, vaccines, and drug delivery; challenges and overcoming translational barriers stemming from immunotoxicity; strategies to designing more immunologically friendly formulations." —África González-Fernández, PhD, MD, Professor of Immunology and President of the Spanish Society of Immunology, University of Vigo, Spain "For those who are specialists, and for those interested in a broader understanding of biologics and nanomedicines, this is a superb book, with internationally accomplished contributors. It serves both as a reference and as a practical guide to the newest advances in these important fields. Highly recommended!"—Carl R. Alving, MD, Emeritus Senior Scientist, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA "A skillfully produced book that addresses an often-missed topic: immune aspects of biologicals and nanoscale therapeutics, with an emphasis on clinical relevance and applications." —Rajiv R. Mohan, PhD, Professor and Ruth M. Kraeuchi Missouri Endowed Chair Professor, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA"An indispensable masterpiece! It represents a rich source of information on interactions of biologics and nanodrugs with the immune system—all critical for medical applications. Volume 3, once again, achieves the series’ high standards."—László Rosivall, MD, PhD, DSc Med, Med habil., Széchenyi Prize Laureate and Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary "Hats off to Dr. Bawa for producing yet another impressive volume in terms of scope, timeliness, and relevance. With expert contributions from around the globe, this book addresses topics germane to researchers, clinicians, drug and biotherapeutic companies, regulators, policymakers, and patients." —Sara Brenner, MD, MPH, Associate Professor and Assistant Vice President, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York, USA"Marvelous! This timely book shows clearly that while an immune reaction to "nano-exposure" is usually unwanted, the same response also bears an immense potential." —Silke Krol, PhD, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," ItalyThe enormous advances in the immunologic aspects of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines in the past two decades has necessitated an authoritative and comprehensive reference source that can be relied upon by immunologists, biomedical researchers, clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, venture capitalists, and policy makers alike. This text provides a thorough understanding of immunology, therapeutic potential, clinical applications, adverse reactions, and approaches to overcoming immunotoxicity of biotherapeutics and nanomedicines. It also tackles critical, yet often overlooked topics such as immune aspects of nano-bio interactions, current FDA regulatory guidances, complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA), advances in nanovaccines, and immunogenicity testing of protein therapeutics. Table of ContentsList of Corresponding Authors, Foreword, My Life with Biologicals and Nanodrugs: A Twenty-Year Affair, 1. Current Immune Aspects of Biologics and Nanodrugs: An Overview, 2. Immunological Issues with Medicines of Nano Size: The Price of Dimension Paradox, 3. Immunotherapy and Vaccines, 4. Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation for ADC and Beyond, 5. Current Understanding of Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Immune System, 6. Auto-antibodies as Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis, 7. The Acceleated Blood Clearance Phenomenon of PEGylated Nanocarriers, 8. Anti-PEG Immunity Against PEGylated Therapeutics, 9. Complement Activation: Challenges to Nanomedicine Development, 10. Intravenous Immunoglobulin at the Borderline of Nanomedicines and Biologicals: Antithrombogenic Effect via Complement Attenuation, 11. Lessons Learned from the Porcine CARPA Model: Constant and Variable Responses to Different Nanomedicines and Administration Protocols, 12. Blood Cell Changes in Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Intertwining of Cellular and Humoral Interactions, 13. Rodent Models of Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Inducers, Symptoms, Inhibitors and Reaction Mechanisms, 14. Immune Reactions in the Delivery of RNA Interference-Based Therapeutics: Mechanisms and Opportunities, 15. Lipid Nanoparticle Induced Immunomodulatory Effects of siRNA, 16. Nanovaccines against Intracellular Pathogens Using Coxiella burnetii as a Model Organism, 17. Immunogenicity Assessment for Therapeutic Protein Products, 18. Assay Development and Validation for Immunogenicity Testing of Therapeutic Protein Products, 19. The “Sentinel”: A Conceptual Nanomedical Strategy for the Enhancement of the Human Immune System, 20. Immunotherapy for Gliomas and Other Intracranial Malignancies, 21. Engineering Nanoparticles to Overcome Barriers to Immunotherapy, 22. Metal-Based Nanoparticles and theImmune System: Activation, Inflammation, and Potential Applications, 23. Silica Nanoparticles Effects on Hemostasis, 24. Valproate-Induced Rodent Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Immunogenic Effects and Role of Microglia, 25. Accelerated Blood Clearance Phenomenon and Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Two Sides of the Same Coin, 26. Current and Rising Concepts in Immunotherapy: Biopharmaceuticals versus Nanomedicines, 27. Characterization of the Interaction between Nanomedicines and Biological Components: In vitro Evaluation, 28. Unwanted Immunogenicity: From Risk Assessment to Risk Management, 29. Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Nanoparticles in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials, 30. SGT-53: A Novel Nanomedicine Capable of Augmenting Cancer Immunotherapy, Index

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Book SynopsisNanomaterials have the potential to shift the paradigm for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially neoplasms, because of the intriguing behaviors associated with their unique size-/shape-influenced chemical, physical, and physiological features. Currently, there is a huge imbalance between the several nanoplatforms reported in the literature and the few ones approved for clinical applications. This disequilibrium affects, in particular, plasmonic nanomaterials, which present no approved platforms and few candidates in clinical trials. This trend can be reversed by promoting collaborations among scientists from different fields as well as by improving the multidisciplinary background of researchers interested in this area. This book is a collection of must-read peer-reviewed papers focusing on (i) the main behaviors of nanomaterials for nanomedicine, (ii) key features nanomaterials need for successful translation to the clinical setting, and (iii) market analysis of nanomaterials at the bedside or on the way. The main aim of this book is to offer a comprehensive point of view to students and researchers in order to promote the translation of new technologies to patients. It is a unique reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of nanotechnology and researchers in materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in cancer theranostics.Table of ContentsDetecting and Destroying Cancer Cells in More Than One Way with Noble Metals and Different Confinement Properties on the Nanoscale. Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Recent Progress in Cancer Thermal Therapy Using Gold Nanoparticles. Gold Nanomaterials at Work in Biomedicine. The Nanomedicines Alliance: An Industry Perspective on Nanomedicines. Nanomedicine(s) under the Microscope. Imaging Nano–Bio Interactions in the Kidney: Toward a Better Understanding of Nanoparticle Clearance. Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Metabolism of Nanomaterials in vivo: Blood Circulation and Organ Clearance.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of research articles and reviews covers the latest work in the design, delivery, dynamic abilities, and immune stimulation of RNA nanoparticles which have driven the utilization of their immunomodulatory properties. The unknown immune properties of nucleic acid nanoparticles have been a major hurdle in their adaptation until the works herein began assessing their structure-activity relationships. This collection chronologically follows the path of investigating the recognition of design components to implementing them into nucleic acid nanostructures. RNA nanotechnology is an emerging platform for therapeutics with increasing clinical relevance as this approach becomes more widely used and approved for the treatment of various diseases. The latest research aims to take advantage of RNA’s modular nature for the design of nanostructures which can interact with their environments to communicate programmed messages with intracellular pathways. In doing so, nanoparticles can be used to elicit or elude responses by the immune system as desired in conjunction with their therapeutic applications. Table of ContentsTherapeutic RNA Nanotechnology

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Book SynopsisThe new edition also includes an extensive collection of questions for the student, providing approximately 800 self-assessment questions and over 400 questions suitable for homework assignment.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition:“This book is intended to be used as a textbook for material science students studying the theory, operation, and application of the TEM. It is truly a book so thoughtfully written that … it will provide a solid foundation for those studying material science. It is richly illustrated with full-color figures and illustrations throughout the text. … There are an abundant number of references at the end of each chapter for further study … . This is an outstanding book … .” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 26 (4), July/August, 2010)“D.B. Williams and C.B. Carter have now prepared a new edition, splendidly produced by Springer with colour throughout. … This textbook is magnificent, written in a very readable style, immensely knowledgeable, drawing attention to difficulties and occasionally to unsolved problems. Any microscopist who has mastered … the book relevant to his projects will be well armed for battle. … Buy this book!” (P. W. Hawkes, Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 110, 2010)Table of ContentsBasics.- The Transmission Electron Microscope.- Scattering and Diffraction.- Elastic Scattering.- Inelastic Scattering and Beam Damage.- Electron Sources.- Lenses, Apertures, and Resolution.- How to ‘See’ Electrons.- Pumps and Holders.- The Instrument.- Specimen Preparation.- Diffraction.- Diffraction in TEM.- Thinking in Reciprocal Space.- Diffracted Beams.- Bloch Waves.- Dispersion Surfaces.- Diffraction from Crystals.- Diffraction from Small Volumes.- Obtaining and Indexing Parallel-Beam Diffraction Patterns.- Kikuchi Diffraction.- Obtaining CBED Patterns.- Using Convergent-Beam Techniques.- Imaging.- Amplitude Contrast.- Phase-Contrast Images.- Thickness and Bending Effects.- Planar Defects.- Imaging Strain Fields.- Weak-Beam Dark-Field Microscopy.- High-Resolution TEM.- Other Imaging Techniques.- Image Simulation.- Processing and Quantifying Images.- Spectrometry.- X-ray Spectrometry.- X-ray Spectra and Images.- Qualitative X-ray Analysis and Imaging.- Quantitative X-ray Analysis.- Spatial Resolution and Minimum Detection.- Electron Energy-Loss Spectrometers and Filters.- Low-Loss and No-Loss Spectra and Images.- High Energy-Loss Spectra and Images.- Fine Structure and Finer Details.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in nanotechnology offer great new promise in new multifunctional systems that experts predict to be a major economic force within the next decade. Ceramic materials enable new developments in such areas as electronics and displays, portable power systems and personnel protection.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Nanoparticle Colloidal Suspension Optimization and Freeze-Cast Forming (Kathy Lu and Chris S. Kessler). Synthesis, Characterization and Measurements of Electrical Properties of Alumina-Titania Nano-Composites (Vikas Somani and Samar J. Kalita). Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Barium Strontium Titanate Ceramics (Vikas Somani and Samar J. Kalita). Nanoparticle Hydroxyapatite Crystallization Control by using Polyelectrolytes (Mualla dner and dzlem Dogan). Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Carbide Nanofibers as Composite Reinforcing Materials (Hao Li, Abhishek Kothari, and Brian W. Sheldon). 3-D Microparticles of BaTiO, and Zn,SiO, via the Chemical (Sol-Gel, Acetate, or Hydrothermal) Conversion of Biological (Diatom) Templates (Ye Cai, Michael R. Weatherspoon, Eric Ernst, Michael S. Haluska, Robert L. Snyder, and Kenneth H. Sandhage) Polymer Fiber Assisted Processing of Ceramic Oxide Nano and Submicron Fibers (Satyajit Shukla, Erik Brinley, Hyoung J. Cho, and Sudipta Seal). Phase Development in the Catalytic System V205/Ti02 under Oxidizing Conditions (D. Habel, E. Feike, C. Schroder, H. Schubert, A. Hosch, J.,Stelzer, J. Caro, C. Hess, and A. Knop-Gericke). Synthesis and Characterization of Cubic Silicon Carbide (O-Sic) and Trigonal Silicon Nitride (a-Si,N,) Nanowires (K. Saulig-Wenger, M. Bechelany, D. Cornu, S. Bernard, F. Chassagneux, P. Miele, and T. Epicier). High Energy Milling Behavior of Alpha Silicon Carbide (M. Aparecida Pinheiro dos Santos and C. Albano da.Costa Neto). Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes for Engineering Applications (J. Hurst, D. Hull, and D. Gorican). Comparison of Electromagnetic Shielding in GFR-Nano Composites (W.-K. Jung, S.-H. Ahn, and M.-S. Won). Densification Behavior of Zirconia Ceramics Sintered Using High-Frequency Microwaves (M. Wolff, G. Falk, R. Clasen, G. Link, S. Takayama, and M. Thumm). Manufacturing of Doped Glasses Using Reactive Electrophoretic Deposition (REPD) (D. Jung, J. Tabellion, and R. Clasen). Shaping of Bulk Glasses and Ceramics with Nanosized Particles (J. Tabellion and R. Clasen). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisTechnology/Engineering/Mechanical A bestselling MEMS text...now better than ever. An engineering design approach to Microelectromechanical Systems, MEMS and Microsystems remains the only available text to cover both the electrical and the mechanical aspects of the technology. In the five years since the publication of the first edition, there have been significant changes in the science and technology of miniaturization, including microsystems technology and nanotechnology. In response to the increasing needs of engineers to acquire basic knowledge and experience in these areas, this popular text has been carefully updated, including an entirely new section on the introduction of nanoscale engineering. Following a brief introduction to the history and evolution of nanotechnology, the author covers the fundamentals in the engineering design of nanostructures, including fabrication techniques for producing nanoproducts, engineering design principlesTable of ContentsPreface xvii Preface To The First Edition xix Suggestions To Instructors xxiii 1 OVERVIEW OF MEMS AND MICROSYSTEMS 1 1.1 MEMS and Microsystems 1 1.2 Typical MEMS and Microsystems Products 7 1.2.1 Microgears 7 1.2.2 Micromotors 7 1.2.3 Microturbines 7 1.2.4 Micro-Optical Components 7 1.3 Evolution of Microfabrication 10 1.4 Microsystems and Microelectronics 11 1.5 Multidisciplinary Nature of Microsystems Design and Manufacture 13 1.6 Microsystems and Miniaturization 15 1.7 Application of Microsystems in Automotive Industry 21 1.7.1 Safety 22 1.7.2 Engine and Power Trains 24 1.7.3 Comfort and Convenience 24 1.7.4 Vehicle Diagnostics and Health Monitoring 24 1.7.5 Future Automotive Applications 26 1.8 Application of Microsystems in Other Industries 27 1.8.1 Application in Health Care Industry 27 1.8.2 Application in Aerospace Industry 28 1.8.3 Application in Industrial Products 29 1.8.4 Application in Consumer Products 29 1.8.5 Application in Telecommunications 30 1.9 Markets for Microsystems 30 Problems 32 2 WORKING PRINCIPLES OF MICROSYSTEMS 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Microsensors 35 2.2.1 Acoustic Wave Sensors 36 2.2.2 Biomedical and Biosensors 37 2.2.3 Chemical Sensors 40 2.2.4 Optical Sensors 42 2.2.5 Pressure Sensors 44 2.2.6 Thermal Sensors 50 2.3 Microactuation 53 2.3.1 Actuation Using Thermal Forces 53 2.3.2 Actuation Using Shape Memory Alloys 54 2.3.3 Actuation Using Piezoelectric Effect 54 2.3.4 Actuation Using Electrostatic Forces 55 2.4 MEMS with Microactuators 59 2.4.1 Microgrippers 59 2.4.2 Miniature Microphones 61 2.4.3 Micromotors 64 2.5 Microactuators with Mechanical Inertia 66 2.5.1 Microaccelerometers 66 2.5.2 Microgyroscopes 70 2.6 Microfluidics 72 2.6.1 Microvalves 74 2.6.2 Micropumps 75 2.6.3 Micro–Heat Pipes 75 Problems 77 3 ENGINEERING SCIENCE FOR MICROSYSTEMS DESIGN AND FABRICATION 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Atomic Structure of Matter 83 3.3 Ions and Ionization 86 3.4 Molecular Theory of Matter and Intermolecular Forces 87 3.5 Doping of Semiconductors 89 3.6 Diffusion Process 92 3.7 Plasma Physics 99 3.8 Electrochemistry 100 3.8.1 Electrolysis 101 3.8.2 Electrohydrodynamics 102 Problems 105 4 ENGINEERING MECHANICS FOR MICROSYSTEMS DESIGN 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Static Bending of Thin Plates 110 4.2.1 Bending of Circular Plates with Edge Fixed 112 4.2.2 Bending of Rectangular Plates with All Edges Fixed 114 4.2.3 Bending of Square Plates with Edges Fixed 116 4.3 Mechanical Vibration 119 4.3.1 General Formulation 119 4.3.2 Resonant Vibration 123 4.3.3 Microaccelerometers 125 4.3.4 Design Theory of Accelerometers 126 4.3.5 Damping Coefficients 134 4.3.6 Resonant Microsensors 144 4.4 Thermomechanics 150 4.4.1 Thermal Effects on Mechanical Strength of Materials 150 4.4.2 Creep Deformation 150 4.4.3 Thermal Stresses 152 4.5 Fracture Mechanics 165 4.5.1 Stress Intensity Factors 166 4.5.2 Fracture Toughness 167 4.5.3 Interfacial Fracture Mechanics 169 4.6 Thin-Film Mechanics 172 4.7 Overview of Finite Element Stress Analysis 173 4.7.1 The Principle 173 4.7.2 Engineering Applications 175 4.7.3 Input Information to FEA 175 4.7.4 Output from FEA 175 4.7.5 Graphical Output 176 4.7.6 General Remarks 176 Problems 178 5 THERMOFLUID ENGINEERING AND MICROSYSTEMS DESIGN 183 5.1 Introduction 183 5.2 Overview of Basics of Fluid Mechanics at Macro- and Mesoscales 184 5.2.1 Viscosity of Fluids 184 5.2.2 Streamlines and Stream Tubes 186 5.2.3 Control Volumes and Control Surfaces 187 5.2.4 Flow Patterns and Reynolds Number 187 5.3 Basic Equations in Continuum Fluid Dynamics 187 5.3.1 Continuity Equation 187 5.3.2 Momentum Equation 190 5.3.3 Equation of Motion 192 5.4 Laminar Fluid Flow in Circular Conduits 195 5.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics 198 5.6 Incompressible Fluid Flow in Microconduits 199 5.6.1 Surface Tension 199 5.6.2 Capillary Effect 201 5.6.3 Micropumping 203 5.7 Overview of Heat Conduction in Solids 204 5.7.1 General Principle of Heat Conduction 204 5.7.2 Fourier Law of Heat Conduction 205 5.7.3 Heat Conduction Equation 207 5.7.4 Newton’s Cooling Law 208 5.7.5 Solid–Fluid Interaction 209 5.7.6 Boundary Conditions 210 5.8 Heat Conduction in Multilayered Thin Films 215 5.9 Heat Conduction in Solids at Submicrometer Scale 220 Problems 221 6 SCALING LAWS IN MINIATURIZATION 227 6.1 Introduction to Scaling 227 6.2 Scaling in Geometry 228 6.3 Scaling in Rigid-Body Dynamics 230 6.3.1 Scaling in Dynamic Forces 230 6.3.2 Trimmer Force Scaling Vector 231 6.4 Scaling in Electrostatic Forces 233 6.5 Scaling of Electromagnetic Forces 235 6.6 Scaling in Electricity 237 6.7 Scaling in Fluid Mechanics 238 6.8 Scaling in Heat Transfer 242 6.8.1 Scaling in Heat Conduction 242 6.8.2 Scaling in Heat Convection 243 Problems 244 7 MATERIALS FOR MEMS AND MICROSYSTEMS 245 7.1 Introduction 245 7.2 Substrates and Wafers 245 7.3 Active Substrate Materials 247 7.4 Silicon as Substrate Material 247 7.4.1 Ideal Substrate for MEMS 247 7.4.2 Single-Crystal Silicon and Wafers 248 7.4.3 Crystal Structure 250 7.4.4 Miller Indices 253 7.4.5 Mechanical Properties of Silicon 256 7.5 Silicon Compounds 258 7.5.1 Silicon Dioxide 258 7.5.2 Silicon Carbide 259 7.5.3 Silicon Nitride 259 7.5.4 Polycrystalline Silicon 260 7.6 Silicon Piezoresistors 261 7.7 Gallium Arsenide 266 7.8 Quartz 267 7.9 Piezoelectric Crystals 268 7.10 Polymers 274 7.10.1 Polymers as Industrial Materials 274 7.10.2 Polymers for MEMS and Microsystems 275 7.10.3 Conductive Polymers 275 7.10.4 Langmuir–Blodgett Film 277 7.10.5 SU-8 Photoresists 278 7.11 Packaging Materials 280 Problems 281 8 MICROSYSTEMS FABRICATION PROCESSES 285 8.1 Introduction 285 8.2 Photolithography 285 8.2.1 Overview 286 8.2.2 Photoresists and Application 286 8.2.3 Light Sources 288 8.2.4 Photoresist Development 289 8.2.5 Photoresist Removal and Postbaking 289 8.3 Ion Implantation 289 8.4 Diffusion 292 8.5 Oxidation 295 8.5.1 Thermal Oxidation 295 8.5.2 Silicon Dioxide 296 8.5.3 Thermal Oxidation Rates 296 8.5.4 Oxide Thickness by Color 300 8.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition 301 8.6.1 Working Principle of CVD 301 8.6.2 Chemical Reactions in CVD 302 8.6.3 Rate of Deposition 303 8.6.4 Enhanced CVD 310 8.7 Physical Vapor Deposition: Sputtering 312 8.8 Deposition by Epitaxy 313 8.9 Etching 315 8.9.1 Chemical Etching 316 8.9.2 Plasma Etching 317 8.10 Summary of Microfabrication 317 Problems 318 9 OVERVIEW OF MICROMANUFACTURING 323 9.1 Introduction 323 9.2 Bulk Micromanufacturing 324 9.2.1 Overview of Etching 324 9.2.2 Isotropic and Anisotropic Etching 325 9.2.3 Wet Etchants 326 9.2.4 Etch Stop 328 9.2.5 Dry Etching 329 9.2.6 Comparison of Wet versus Dry Etching 333 9.3 Surface Micromachining 333 9.3.1 Description 333 9.3.2 Process 335 9.3.3 Mechanical Problems Associated with Surface Micromachining 336 9.4 LIGA Process 338 9.4.1 Description 339 9.4.2 Materials for Substrates and Photoresists 340 9.4.3 Electroplating 341 9.4.4 SLIGA Process 342 9.5 Summary of Micromanufacturing 343 9.5.1 Bulk Micromanufacturing 343 9.5.2 Surface Micromachining 343 9.5.3 LIGA Process 343 Problems 344 10 MICROSYSTEMS DESIGN 349 10.1 Introduction 349 10.2 Design Considerations 350 10.2.1 Design Constraints 351 10.2.2 Selection of Materials 352 10.2.3 Selection of Manufacturing Processes 354 10.2.4 Selection of Signal Transduction 355 10.2.5 Electromechanical System 358 10.2.6 Packaging 358 10.3 Process Design 358 10.3.1 Photolithography 359 10.3.2 Thin-Film Fabrications 360 10.3.3 Geometry Shaping 362 10.4 Mechanical Design 362 10.4.1 Geometry of MEMS Components 362 10.4.2 Thermomechanical Loading 362 10.4.3 Thermomechanical Stress Analysis 363 10.4.4 Dynamic Analysis 364 10.4.5 Interfacial Fracture Analysis 369 10.5 Mechanical Design Using Finite Element Method 369 10.5.1 Finite Element Formulation 370 10.5.2 Simulation of Microfabrication Processes 375 10.6 Design of Silicon Die of a Micropressure Sensor 378 10.7 Design of Microfluidic Network Systems 382 10.7.1 Fluid Resistance in Microchannels 383 10.7.2 Capillary Electrophoresis Network Systems 386 10.7.3 Mathematical Modeling of Capillary Electrophoresis Network Systems 388 10.7.4 Design Case: Capillary Electrophoresis Network System 389 10.7.5 Capillary Electrophoresis in Curved Channels 392 10.7.6 Issues in Design of CE Processes 394 10.8 Computer-Aided Design 395 10.8.1 Why CAD? 395 10.8.2 What Is in a CAD Package for Microsystems? 395 10.8.3 How to Choose a CAD Package 398 10.8.4 Design Case Using CAD 398 Problems 402 11 ASSEMBLY, PACKAGING, AND TESTING OF MICROSYSTEMS 407 11.1 Introduction 407 11.2 Overview of Microassembly 409 11.3 High Costs of Microassembly 410 11.4 Microassembly Processes 411 11.5 Major Technical Problems in Microassembly 413 11.5.1 Tolerances in Microassembly 414 11.5.2 Tools and Fixtures 417 11.5.3 Contact Problems in Microassembly Tools 417 11.6 Microassembly Work Cells 419 11.7 Challenging Issues in Microassembly 421 11.8 Overview of Microsystems Packaging 422 11.9 General Considerations in Packaging Design 424 11.10 Three Levels of Microsystems Packaging 424 11.10.1 Die-Level Packaging 424 11.10.2 Device-Level Packaging 425 11.10.3 System-Level Packaging 427 11.11 Interfaces in Microsystems Packaging 427 11.12 Essential Packaging Technologies 428 11.13 Die Preparation 429 11.14 Surface Bonding 429 11.14.1 Adhesives 430 11.14.2 Eutectic Bonding 431 11.14.3 Anodic Bonding 432 11.14.4 Silicon Fusion Bonding 434 11.14.5 Overview of Surface Bonding Techniques 434 11.14.6 Silicon-on-Insulator: Special Surface Bonding Techniques 435 11.15 Wire Bonding 437 11.16 Sealing and Encapsulation 439 11.16.1 Integrated Encapsulation Processes 440 11.16.2 Sealing by Wafer Bonding 441 11.16.3 Vacuum Sealing and Encapsulation 442 11.17 Three-Dimensional Packaging 443 11.18 Selection of Packaging Materials 444 11.19 Signal Mapping and Transduction 447 11.19.1 Typical Electrical Signals in Microsystems 447 11.19.2 Measurement of Resistance 447 11.19.3 Signal Mapping and Transduction in Pressure Sensors 448 11.19.4 Capacitance Measurements 450 11.20 Design Case on Pressure Sensor Packaging 451 11.21 Reliability in MEMS Packaging 455 11.22 Testing for Reliability 456 Problems 458 12 INTRODUCTION TO NANOSCALE ENGINEERING 465 12.1 Introduction 465 12.2 Micro- and Nanoscale Technologies 467 12.3 General Principle of Nanofabrication 468 12.4 Nanoproducts 471 12.5 Application of Nanoproducts 474 12.6 Quantum Physics 478 12.7 Molecular Dynamics 479 12.8 Fluid Flow in Submicrometer- and Nanoscales 482 12.8.1 Rarefied Gas 482 12.8.2 Knudsen and Mach Numbers 482 12.8.3 Modeling of Micro- and Nanoscale Gas Flow 483 12.9 Heat Conduction at Nanoscale 486 12.9.1 Heat Transmission at Submicrometer- and Nanoscale 486 12.9.2 Thermal Conductivity of Thin Films 489 12.9.3 Heat Conduction Equation for Thin Films 490 12.10 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 491 12.11 Challenges in Nanoscale Engineering 497 12.11.1 Nanopatterning in Nanofabrication 498 12.11.2 Nanoassembly 500 12.11.3 New Materials for Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) 500 12.11.4 Analytical Modeling 501 12.11.5 Testing 502 12.12 Social Impacts of Nanoscale Engineering 502 Problems 503 References 509 Appendix 1 Recommended Units For Thermophysical Quantities 523 Appendix 2 Conversion Of Units 525 Index 527

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative examination of the present and potential impact of nanoscale science and technology on modern life Because truly transformative technologies have far-reaching consequences, they always generate controversy. Establishing an effective process for identifying and understanding the broad implications of nanotechnology will advance its acceptance and success, impact the decisions of policymakers and regulatory agencies, and facilitate the development of judicious policy approaches to new technology options. Nanoscale: Issues and Perspectives for the Nano Century addresses the emerging ethical, legal, policy, business, and social issues. A compilation of provocative treatises, this reference: Covers an area of increasing research and funding Organizes topics in four sections: Policy and Perspectives; Nano Law and Regulation; Nanomedicine, Ethics, and the Human Condition; and Nano and Society: The NELSI Imperative Presents diffTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. PART 1: POLICY AND PESPECTIVES. 1. The View from Congress: A Roundtable on Nanopolicy (U.S. Congressman Mike Honda, U.S. Congressman Brad Sherman, U.S. Congressman David Weldon, and Marty Spitzer). 2. Nanotechnology and the Two Faces of Risk from a Reinsurance Perspective (Annabelle Hett). 3. Ethics, Policy, and the Nanotechnology Initiative: The Transatlantic Debate on "Converging Technologies" (Nigel M. de S. Cameron). 4. Scientific Promise: Reflections on Nano-Hype (M. Ellen Mitchell). 5. Beyond Human Nature: The Debate Over Nanotechnological Enhancement (James Hughes). 6. Nanotechnology Jumps the Gun: Nanoparticles in Consumer Products (Brent Blackwelder). 7. Nanotechnology: Maximizing Benefits, Minimizing Downsides (Jacob Heller and Christine Peterson). 8. Reasoning About the Future of Nanotechnology (Ruthanna Gordon). 9. Nanotechnology and Society: A Call for Rational Dialogue (Jerry C. Collins). 10. Technological Revolutions: Ethics and Policy in the Dark (Nick Bostrom). PART 2: NANO LAW AND REGULATION. 11. Regulating Nanotechnology: A Vicious Circle (Sonia E. Miller). 12. The European Approach to Nanoregulation (Trudy A. Phelps). 13. The Potential Environmental Hazards of Nanotechnology and the Applicability of Existing Law (George A. Kimbrell). 14. Nanotechnology and the Intellectual Property Landscape (Julie A. Burger, Marianne R. Timm, and Lori B. Andrews). 15. Patenting Trends in Nanotechnology (Jessica K. Fender). PART 3: NANOMEDICINE, ETHICS, AND THE HUMAN CONDITION. 16. Toward Nanoethics? (Nigel M. de S. Cameron). 17. Anticipating the Impact of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Healthcare (Debra Bennett-Woods). 18. Doing Small Things Well: Translating Nanotechnology into Nanomedicine (William P. Cheshire, Jr.). 19. Nanotechnology and the Future of Medicine (C. Christopher Hook). PART 4: NANO AND SOCIETY: THE NELSI IMPERATIVE. 20. The NELSI Landscape (Michele Mekel and Nigel M. de S. Cameron). 21. The Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University and the Prospects for Anticipatory Governance (David H. Guston). 22. The International Council on Nanotechnology: A New Model of Engagement (Kristen M. Kulinowski). 23. From the Lab to the Marketplace: Managing Nanotechnology Responsibly (Vivian Weil). 24. Nanotechnology and the Global Future: Points to Consider for Policymakers (Nigel M. de S. Cameron). Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA Step-by-step guide to the synthesis and characterization of metal-polymer nanocomposites Polymer nanocomposites, polymers that are reinforced with nano-sized particles, provide enhanced mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties. Continued research and development of new polymer nanocomposites promises to provide enhanced materials to a broad range of industries, such as plastics, aerospace, automotive, electronics, packaging, and biomedical devices. Structured as a practical laboratory manual, this book enables readers to expertly synthesize and characterize metal-polymer nanocomposites by clearly setting forth the principles and techniques. Nanocomposites: In Situ Synthesis of Polymer-Embedded Nanostructures features contributions from an international team of materials science and nanotechnology experts. Chapters reflect the authors'' critical review of the literature as well as their own laboratory experience working with polymer nanocoTable of ContentsPreface vii Contributors xiii 1 Metal-polymer nanocomposites by supercritical fluid processing 1 T. Hasell 2 In Situ Synthesis of Polymer-Embedded Nanostructures 45 W. R. Caseri 3 Preparation and characterization of metal–polymer nanocomposites 73 L. Nicolais and G. Carotenuto 4 Macromolecular metal carboxylates as precursors of metallopolymer nanocomposites 97 G. I. Dzhardimalieva and A. D. Pomogailo 5 In-Situ Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Polymeric Nanocomposites 115 H. SadAbadi, S. Badilescu, M. Packirisamy, and R. Wüthrich 6 Chemistry Inside a Polymer Thin Film: In Situ Soft Chemical Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Applications 129 E. Hariprasad and T. P. Radhakrishnan 7 Photoinduced generation of noble metal nanoparticles into polymer matrices and methods for the characterization of the derived nanocomposite films 145 A. Pucci and G. Ruggeri 8 Intermatrix synthesis and characterization of polymer-stabilized functional metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 165 A. Alonso, G.-L. Davies, A. Satti, J. Macanás, Y.K. Gun’ko, M. Muñoz, and D.N. Muraviev 9 Preparation and characterization of antimicrobial silver/polystyrene nanocomposites 195 G. Carotenuto, M. Palomba, L. Cristino, M.A. Di Grazia, S. De Nicola, and F. Nicolais 10 N anomaterial characterization by X-ray scattering techniques 209 C. Giannini, D. Siliqi, and D. Altamura Index 223

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Book SynopsisBrings the latest advances in nanotechnology and biology to computing This pioneering book demonstrates how nanotechnology can create even faster, denser computing architectures and algorithms. Furthermore, it draws from the latest advances in biology with a focus on bio-inspired computing at the nanoscale, bringing to light several new and innovative applications such as nanoscale implantable biomedical devices and neural networks. Bio-Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing features an expert team of interdisciplinary authors who offer readers the benefit of their own breakthroughs in integrated computing as well as a thorough investigation and analyses of the literature. Carefully edited, the book begins with an introductory chapter providing a general overview of the field. It ends with a chapter setting forth the common themes that tie the chapters together as well as a forecast of emerging avenues of research. Among the important topics addressed in the bookTable of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Contributors xiii 1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1 Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip 2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31 Alireza Nojeh 3 Quantum Computing 67 John H. Reif 4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111 Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien 5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155 Alexander D. Wissner-Gross 6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175 S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov 7 Spin-wave Architectures 203 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang 8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243 Shiva Navab 10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263 Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla 11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295 James M. Tour and Lin Zhong 12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327 Mario Ruben 13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349 John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean 14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen 15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391 Robert A. Freitas, Jr. 16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429 Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai 17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455 Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng 18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483 Tulin Mangir 19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535 Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing Yip Index 547

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces novel concepts in the area of bioanalysis based on nanomaterials, opening new opportunities for basic research and new tools for real bioanalytical applications. Each chapter provides a theoretical overview of a different topic and includes an annex that describes the most interesting aspect related to the bioanalytical system.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. SERIES PREFACE. PREFACE. PART I CARBON NANOTUBES. 1. Carbon Nanotube–Based Sensors and Biosensors (Richard G. Compton, Gregory G. Wildgoose, and Elicia L. S. Wong). 1.1. Introduction to the Structure of Carbon Nanotubes. 1.2. Electroanalysis Using CNT-Modified Electrodes. 1.3. Advantageous Application of CNTs in Sensors: pH Sensing. 1.4. Carbon Nanotube–Based Biosensors. 1.5. Using CNTs in Biosensor Production for Medical Diagnostics and Environmental Applications. References. 2. Isotropic Display of Biomolecules on CNT-Arrayed Nanostructures (Mark R. Contarino, Gary Withey, and Irwin Chaiken). 2.1. Introduction: CNT Arrays for Biosensing. 2.2. Functionalization of CNTs: Controlling Display Through Covalent Attachment. 2.3. Self-Assembling Interfaces: Anchor-Probe Approach. 2.4. Molecular Wiring of Redox Enzymes. 2.5. Multiplexing Biomolecules on Nanoscale CNT Arrays. 2.6. Conclusions. References. 3. Interaction of DNA with CNTs: Properties and Prospects for Electronic Sequencing (Sheng Meng and Efthimios Kaxiras). 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Structural Properties of Combined DNA–CNT Systems. 3.3. Electronic Structure. 3.4. Optical Properties. 3.5. Biosensing and Sequencing of DNA Using CNTs. 3.6. Summary. References. PART II NANOPARTICLES. 4. Improved Electrochemistry of Biomolecules Using Nanomaterials (Jianxiu Wang, Andrew J. Wain, Xu Zhu, and Feimeng Zhou). 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. CNT-Based Electrochemical Biosensors. 4.3. Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensors. 4.4. Quantum Dot–Based Electrochemical Biosensors. 4.5. Conclusions and Outlook. References. 5. The Metal Nanoparticle Plasmon Band as a Powerful Tool for Chemo- and Biosensing (Audrey Moores and Pascal Le Floch). 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. The SPB: An Optical Property of Metal NPs. 5.3. Plasmon Band Variation Upon Aggregation of Nanoparticles. 5.4. Plasmon Band Variation on the Environment or Ligand Alteration. 5.5. Metal Nanoparticles as Labels. 5.6. Conclusions. References. 6. Gold Nanoparticles: A Versatile Label for Affinity Electrochemical Biosensors (Adriano Ambrosi, Alfredo de la Escosura-Mun˜ iz, Maria Teresa Castaneda, and Arben Merkoci). 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Synthesis of AuNPs. 6.3. Characterization of AuNPs. 6.4. AuNPs as Detecting Labels for Affinity Biosensors. 6.5. Conclusions. References. 7. Quantum Dots for the Development of Optical Biosensors Based on Fluorescence (W. Russ Algar and Ulrich J. Krull). 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Quantum Dots. 7.3. Basic Photophysics and Quantum Confinement. 7.4. Quantum Dot Surface Chemistry and Bioconjugation. 7.5. Bioanalytical Applications of Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Labels. 7.6. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Quantum Dot Biosensing. 7.7. Summary. References. 8. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery and Biosensing Systems: An Example (Almudena Mun˜oz Javier, Pablo del Pino, Stefan Kudera, and Wolfgang J. Parak). 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Functional Colloidal Nanoparticles. 8.3. Polyelectrolyte Capsules as a Functional Carrier System. 8.4. Uptake of Capsules by Cells. 8.5. Delivery and Sensing with Polyelectrolyte Capsules. 8.6. Conclusions. References. 9. Luminescent Quantum Dot FRET-Based Probes in Cellular and Biological Assays (Lifang Shi, Nitsa Rosenzweig, and Zeev Rosenzweig). 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Luminescent Quantum Dots. 9.3. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. 9.4. Quantum Dot FRET-Based Protease Probes. 9.5. Summary and Conclusions. References. 10. Quantum Dot–Polymer Bead Composites for Biological Sensing Applications (Jonathan M. Behrendt and Andrew J. Sutherland). 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Quantum Dot–Composite Construction. 10.3. Applications of QD Composites. 10.4. Future Directions. References. 11. Quantum Dot Applications in Biomolecule Assays (Ying Xu, Pingang He, and Yuzhi Fang). 11.1. Introduction to QDs and Their Applications. 11.2. Preparation of QDs for Conjugation with Biomolecules and Cells. 11.3. Special Optoelectronic Properties in the Bioemployment of QDs. 11.4. Employment of QDs as Biosensing Indicators. References. 12. Nanoparticles and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy–Based Biosensing (Arben Merkoc¸i, Roza Allabashi, and Alfredo de la Escosura-Muniz). 12.1. ICP-MS and Application Possibilities. 12.2. Detection of Metal Ions. 12.3. Detection of Nanoparticles. 12.4. Analysis of Metal-Containing Biomolecules. 12.5. Bioanalysis Based on Labeling with Metal Nanoparticles. 12.6. Conclusions. References. PART III NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACES. 13. Integration Between Template-Based Nanostructured Surfaces and Biosensors (Walter Vastarella, Jan Maly, Mihaela Ilie, and Roberto Pilloton). 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Nanosphere Lithography. 13.3. Nanoelectrodes Ensemble for Biosensing Devices. 13.4. Concluding Remarks. References. 14. Nanostructured Affinity Surfaces for MALDI-TOF-MS–Based Protein Profiling and Biomarker Discovery (R. M. Vallant, M. Rainer, M. Najam-Ul-Haq, R. Bakry, C. Petter, N. Heigl, G. K. Bonn, and C. W. Huck). 14.1. Proteomics and Biomarkers. 14.2. MALDI in Theory and Practice. 14.3. Carbon Nanomaterials. 14.4. Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanomaterials. References. PART IV NANOPORES. 15. Biosensing with Nanopores (Ivan Vlassiouk and Sergei Smirnov). 15.1. Nanoporous Materials in Sensing. 15.2. Nanochannel and Nanopore Fabrication. 15.3. Surface Modification Chemistry 15.4. Nonelectrical Nanoporous Biosensors. 15.5. Electrical Nanoporous Biosensors. 15.6. Summary. References. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis volume features papers from the Controlled Processing of Nanoparticle Structures and Composites symposia held during the 2008 Materials Science and Technology conference (MS&T08). It provides a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues in controlled processing of nanoparticle structures and composites. Logically organized and carefully selected articles give insight into controlled processing of nanoparticle structures and composites, covering topics such as nanoparticle-based bulk material templating, the structure of nanoparticulate aggregates of titania as a function of shear, and the role of lattice vibrations in a nanoscale electronic device.Table of ContentsIntroduction Nanoparticle-Based Bulk Material TemplatingKathy Lu and Chase Hammond Controlling the Processing Parameters for Consolidation of Nanopowders into Bulk Nanostructured Material 11A. Sadek and H. G. Salem Large-Scale (>1GM) Synthesis of Single Grain Two-Phase BaTi03-Mno,5Zno,5Fe204 Nano-Composites with Controlled Shapes 23Yaodong Yang, Shashank Priya, Jie-Fang Li, and D. Viehland Properties of Alumina Dielectrics via Ink Jet Process 31Eunhae Koo, Yoo-Hwan Son, Hyunwoo Jang, Hyotae Kim, YoungjoonYoon, and Jong Hee Kim Formation of Electrodeposited Ni-AI203 Composite Coatings 37R. K. Saha, T. I. Khan, L. B. Glenesk, and I. U. Haq Characterization of Structures Grown Hydrothermally on Titanium Metal for Solar Application 45Judith D. Sorge and Dunbar P. Birnie, III Role of Lattice Vibrations in a Nanoscale Electronic Device 51Karel Knil Modification of Quartz Fabric with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Multifunctional Polymer Composites 59A. N. Rider, E. S-Y. Yeo, N. Brack, B. W. Halstead, and P. J. Pigram Fabrication of Silicon-Based Ceramic Synthesized from Mesoporous Carbon-Silica Nanocomposites 71Kun Wang and Vi-Bing Cheng Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Nanostructured Ti02-AI203 Photocatalytic System 79M. L. Garcia-Benjume, I. Espitia-Cabrera, and M. E. Contreras-Garcia Monodispersed Ultrafine Zeolite Crystal Particles by Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis 91Michael Z. Hu, Lubna Khatri, and Michael T. Harris The Structure of Nanoparticulate Aggregates of Titania as a Function of Shear 111M. Jitianu, C. Rohn, and R. A. Haber Hierarchical Assembly of Hybrid Nanoapatites: Implications for Oral Drug Delivery and Implant-Biological Interfaces 123Rajendra Kasinath, Allen Braizer, Kithva Hariram Prakash, and Laurie Gower Ni-B Nanolayer Evolution on Boron Carbide Particle Surfaces at High Temperatures 133Kathy Lu and Xiaojing Zhu Author Index 143

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Book SynopsisExplores the latest applications arising from the intersection of nanotechnology and microfluidics In the past two decades, microfluidics research has seen phenomenal growth, with many new and emerging applications in fields ranging from chemistry, physics, and biology to engineering. With the emergence of nanotechnology, microfluidics is currently undergoing dramatic changes, embracing the rising field of nanofluidics. This volume reviews the latest devices and applications stemming from the merging of nanotechnology with microfludics in such areas as drug discovery, bio-sensing, catalysis, electrophoresis, enzymatic reactions, and nanomaterial synthesis. Each of the ten chapters is written by a leading pioneer at the intersection of nanotechnology and microfluidics. Readers not only learn about new applications, but also discover which futuristic devices and applications are likely to be developed. Topics explored in this volume include: New lab-on-a-chip Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Microfluidics for Nanoneuroscience (Pamela G. Gross and Emil P. Kartalov). 2 Nanoporous Membranes-Based Microfluidic Biosensors (Shalini Prasad, Yamini Yadav, Manish Bothara, Vindhya Kunduru, and Sriram Muthukumar). 3 Nanoparticle-Based Microfluidic Biosensors (Giovanna Marrazza). 4 Microfluidic Enzymatic Reactors Using Nanoparticles (Chunhui Deng and Yan Li). 5 Microfluidic Devices for Nanodrug Delivery (Clement Kleinstreuer and Jie Li). 6 Microchip and Capillary Electrophoresis Using Nanoparticles (Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky and Yoon-Bo Shim) 7 Pillars and Pillar Arrays Integrated in Microfluidic Channels: Fabrication Methods and Applications in Molecular and Cell Biology (Jian Shi and Yong Chen). 8 Nanocatalysis in Microreactor for Fuels (Shihuai Zhao and Debasish Kuila). 9 Microfluidic Synthesis of Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide Nanoparticles (Ali Abou-Hassan, Olivier Sandre, and Valerie Cabuil). 10 Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis in Microreactors (Peter Mike Günther, Andrea Knauer, and Johann Michael Kohler). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid growth of miniaturisation to meet the demand for increasingly smart devices is driving global investment in a wide range of industries such as IT, electronics, energy, biotechnology and materials science. Nanotechnology: Global Strategies, Industry Trends and Applications, written by experts from Asia, Europe and the USA, gives a comprehensive and important global perspective on nanotechnology. The book is divided into 3 parts: National Nanotechnology Initiatives in Asia, Europe and the USAexplores the current status of nanotechnology in China, Korea, Europe and the USA. Investing in Nanotechnology provides practical information about the opportunities and risks involved in nanotechnology and predictions for future growth. Frontiers of Nanotechnology discusses future applications of the technology and the real-world issues surrounding these. Outlining developing trends, emerging opportunities,Trade Review"…a valuable…reference." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, September/October 2006)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword (Hiroyuki Yoshikawa). Introduction: Movements in Nanotechnology (Jurgen Schulte). Part One: National Nanotechnology Initiatives in Asia, Europe and the US. 1. Scientific Development and Industrial Application of Nanotechnology in China (Hongchen Gu and Jurgen Schulte). 2. Current Status of Nanotechnology in Korea and Research into Carbon Nanotubes (Jo-Won Lee and Wonbong Choi). 3. Nanotechnology in Europe (Ottilia Saxl). 4. The Vision and Strategy of the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (M. C. Roco). Part Two: Investing in Nanotechnolgy. 5. Growth through Nanotechnology Opportunities and Risks (Jurgen Schulte). 6. Need for a New Type of Venture Capital (Po Chi Wu). Part Three: Frontiers of Nanotechnology. 7. Frontier Nanotechnology for the Next Generation (Tsuneo Nakahara and Takahiro Imai). 8. Next-Generation Applications for Polymeric Nanofibres (Teik-Cheng Lim and Seeram Ramakrishna). 9. Nanotechnology Applications in Textiles (David Soane, David Offord and William Ware). 10. Measurement Standards for Nanometrology (Isao Kojima and Tetsuya Baba). Index.

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Book SynopsisAs the ability to produce nanomaterials advances, it becomes more important to understand how the energy of the atoms in these materials is affected by their reduced dimensions.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS IN NANOSCALE MATERIALS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanosphere: Surface Energy is Equivalent to Gibbs–Thomson Potential 3 1.3 Nanosphere: Lower Melting Point 6 1.4 Nanosphere: Fewer Homogeneous Nucleation and its Effect on Phase Diagram 10 1.5 Nanosphere: Kirkendall Effect and Instability of Hollow Nanospheres 13 1.6 Nanosphere: Inverse Kirkendall Effect in Hollow Nano Alloy Spheres 17 1.7 Nanosphere: Combining Kirkendall Effect and Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Concentric Bilayer Hollow Nanosphere 18 1.8 Nano Hole: Instability of a Donut-Type Nano Hole in a Membrane 19 1.9 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metal and Silicon Nanowires 21 1.10 Nanowire: Nanogap in Silicon Nanowires 22 1.11 Nanowire: Lithiation in Silicon Nanowires 26 1.12 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metallic Nanowires 27 1.13 Nano Thin Film: Explosive Reaction in Periodic Multilayered Nano Thin Films 28 1.14 Nano Microstructure in Bulk Samples: Nanotwins 30 1.15 Nano Microstructure on the Surface of a Bulk Sample: Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) of Steel 32 References 33 Problems 35 CHAPTER 2 LINEAR AND NONLINEAR DIFFUSION 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Linear Diffusion 38 2.2.1 Atomic Flux 39 2.2.2 Fick’s First Law of Diffusion 40 2.2.3 Chemical Potential 43 2.2.4 Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion 45 2.2.5 Flux Divergence 47 2.2.6 Tracer Diffusion 49 2.2.7 Diffusivity 51 2.2.8 Experimental Measurement of the Parameters in Diffusivity 53 2.3 Nonlinear Diffusion 57 2.3.1 Nonlinear Effect due to Kinetic Consideration 58 2.3.2 Nonlinear Effect due to Thermodynamic Consideration 59 2.3.3 Combining Thermodynamic and Kinetic Nonlinear Effects 62 References 63 Problems 64 CHAPTER 3 KIRKENDALL EFFECT AND INVERSE KIRKENDALL EFFECT 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Kirkendall Effect 69 3.2.1 Darken’s Analysis of Kirkendall Shift and Marker Motion 72 3.2.2 Boltzmann and Matano Analysis of Interdiffusion Coefficient 76 3.2.3 Activity and Intrinsic Diffusivity 80 3.2.4 Kirkendall (Frenkel) Voiding Without Lattice Shift 84 3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect 84 3.3.1 Physical Meaning of Inverse Kirkendall Effect 86 3.3.2 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on the Instability of an Alloy Nanoshell 88 3.3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Segregation in a Regular Solution Nanoshell 90 3.4 Interaction Between Kirkendall Effect and Gibbs–Thomson Effect in the Formation of a Spherical Compound Nanoshell 93 References 97 Problems 97 CHAPTER 4 RIPENING AMONG NANOPRECIPITATES 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Ham’s Model of Growth of a Spherical Precipitate (Cr is Constant) 101 4.3 Mean-Field Consideration 103 4.4 Gibbs–Thomson Potential 105 4.5 Growth and Dissolution of a Spherical Nanoprecipitate in a Mean Field 106 4.6 LSW Theory of Kinetics of Particle Ripening 108 4.7 Continuity Equation in Size Space 113 4.8 Size Distribution Function in Conservative Ripening 114 4.9 Further Developments of LSW Theory 115 References 115 Problems 116 CHAPTER 5 SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION 118 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Implication of Diffusion Equation in Homogenization and Decomposition 121 5.3 Spinodal Decomposition 123 5.3.1 Concentration Gradient in an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution 123 5.3.2 Energy of Mixing to Form a Homogeneous Solid Solution 124 5.3.3 Energy of Mixing to Form an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution 126 5.3.4 Chemical Potential in Inhomogeneous Solution 129 5.3.5 Coherent Strain Energy 131 5.3.6 Solution of the Diffusion Equation 134 References 136 Problems 136 CHAPTER 6 NUCLEATION EVENTS IN BULK MATERIALS, THIN FILMS, AND NANOWIRES 138 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Nucleation 140 6.2.1 Thermodynamics of Nucleation 140 6.2.2 Kinetics of Nucleation 143 6.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation in Grain Boundaries of Bulk Materials 148 6.3.1 Morphology of Grain Boundary Precipitates 150 6.3.2 Introducing an Epitaxial Interface to Heterogeneous Nucleation 151 6.3.3 Replacive Mechanism of a Grain Boundary 154 6.4 No Homogeneous Nucleation in Epitaxial Growth of Si Thin Film on Si Wafer 156 6.5 Repeating Homogeneous Nucleation of Silicide in Nanowires of Si 160 6.5.1 Point Contact Reactions in Nanowires 161 6.5.2 Homogeneous Nucleation of Epitaxial Silicide in Nanowires of Si 164 References 168 Problems 168 CHAPTER 7 CONTACT REACTIONS ON Si; PLANE, LINE, AND POINT CONTACT REACTIONS 170 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Bulk Cases 175 7.2.1 Kidson’s Analysis of Diffusion-Controlled Planar Growth 175 7.2.2 Steady State Approximation in Layered Growth of Multiple Phases 178 7.2.3 Marker Analysis 179 7.2.4 Interdiffusion Coefficient in Intermetallic Compound 182 7.2.5 Wagner Diffusivity 186 7.3 Thin Film Cases 187 7.3.1 Diffusion-Controlled and Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth 187 7.3.2 Kinetics of Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth 188 7.3.3 Kinetics of Competitive Growth of Two-Layered Phases 193 7.3.4 First Phase in Silicide Formation 194 7.4 Nanowire Cases 196 7.4.1 Point Contact Reactions 197 7.4.2 Line Contact Reactions 202 7.4.3 Planar Contact Reactions 208 References 208 Problems 209 CHAPTER 8 GRAIN GROWTH IN MICRO AND NANOSCALE 211 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 How to Generate a Polycrystalline Microstructure 213 8.3 Computer Simulation of Grain Growth 216 8.3.1 Atomistic Simulation Based on Monte Carlo Method 216 8.3.2 Phenomenological Simulations 217 8.4 Statistical Distribution Functions of Grain Size 219 8.5 Deterministic (Dynamic) Approach to Grain Growth 221 8.6 Coupling Between Grain Growth of a Central Grain and the Rest of Grains 225 8.7 Decoupling the Grain Growth of a Central Grain from the Rest of Grains in the Normalized Size Space 226 8.8 Grain Growth in 2D Case in the Normalized Size Space 229 8.9 Grain Rotation 231 8.9.1 Grain Rotation in Anisotropic Thin Films Under Electromigration 232 References 237 Problems 238 CHAPTER 9 SELF-SUSTAINED REACTIONS IN NANOSCALE MULTILAYERED THIN FILMS 240 9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 The Selection of a Pair of Metallic Thin Films for SHS 243 9.3 A Simple Model of Single-Phase Growth in Self-Sustained Reaction 245 9.4 A Simple Estimate of Flame Velocity in Steady State Heat Transfer 250 9.5 Comparison in Phase Formation by Annealing and by Explosive Reaction in Al/Ni 251 9.6 Self-Explosive Silicidation Reactions 251 References 255 Problems 256 CHAPTER 10 FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF NANOTWINS IN COPPER 258 10.1 Introduction 258 10.2 Formation of Nanotwins in Cu 260 10.2.1 First Principle Calculation of Energy of Formation of Nanotwins 260 10.2.2 In Situ Measurement of Stress Evolution for Nanotwin Formation During Pulse Electrodeposition of Cu 264 10.2.3 Formation of Nanotwin Cu in Through-Silicon Vias 266 10.3 Formation and Transformation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu 269 10.3.1 Formation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu 270 10.3.2 Unidirectional Growth of Cu–Sn Intermetallic Compound on Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu 270 10.3.3 Transformation of ⟨111⟩ Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu to ⟨100⟩ Oriented Single Crystal of Cu 274 10.4 Potential Applications of Nanotwinned Cu 276 10.4.1 To Reduce Electromigration in Interconnect Technology 276 10.4.2 To Eliminate Kirkendall Voids in Microbump Packaging Technology 277 References 278 Problems 278 APPENDIX A LAPLACE PRESSURE IN NONSPHERICAL NANOPARTICLE 280 APPENDIX B INTERDIFFUSION COEFFICIENT Þ D = CBMG′′ 282 APPENDIX C NONEQUILIBRIUM VACANCIES AND CROSS-EFFECTS ON INTERDIFFUSION IN A PSEUDO-TERNARY ALLOY 285 APPENDIX D INTERACTION BETWEEN KIRKENDALL EFFECT AND GIBBS–THOMSON EFFECT IN THE FORMATION OF A SPHERICAL COMPOUND NANOSHELL 289 INDEX 293

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Book SynopsisSkillfully introducing the basic concepts of nanomaterials and devices fabricated from these nanomaterials, Introduction to Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Devices applies traditional physics concepts to explain new phenomena encountered in cutting-edge research fields, such as plasmon-photon interaction, in nanotechnology and nanoscience.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Fundamental Constants xvii 1 Growth of Bulk, Thin Films, and Nanomaterials 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Growth of Bulk Semiconductors, 5 1.2.1 Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) Method, 5 1.2.2 Horizontal Bridgman Method, 11 1.2.3 Float-Zone Growth Method, 14 1.2.4 Lely Growth Method, 16 1.3 Growth of Semiconductor Thin Films, 18 1.3.1 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy Method, 19 1.3.2 Vapor-Phase Epitaxy Method, 20 1.3.3 Hydride Vapor-Phase Epitaxial Growth of Thick GaN Layers, 22 1.3.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique, 25 1.3.5 Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth Technique, 27 1.4 Fabrication and Growth of Semiconductor Nanomaterials, 46 1.4.1 Nucleation, 47 1.4.2 Fabrications of Quantum Dots, 55 1.4.3 Epitaxial Growth of Self-Assembly Quantum Dots, 56 1.5 Colloidal Growth of Nanocrystals, 61 1.6 Summary, 63 Problems, 64 Bibliography, 67 2 Application of Quantum Mechanics to Nanomaterial Structures 68 2.1 Introduction, 68 2.2 The de Broglie Relation, 71 2.3 Wave Functions and Schr¨odinger Equation, 72 2.4 Dirac Notation, 74 2.4.1 Action of a Linear Operator on a Bra, 77 2.4.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of an Operator, 78 2.4.3 The Dirac δ-Function, 78 2.4.4 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform in Quantum Mechanics, 81 2.5 Variational Method, 82 2.6 Stationary States of a Particle in a Potential Step, 83 2.7 Potential Barrier with a Finite Height, 88 2.8 Potential Well with an Infinite Depth, 92 2.9 Finite Depth Potential Well, 94 2.10 Unbound Motion of a Particle (E > V0) in a Potential Well With a Finite Depth, 98 2.11 Triangular Potential Well, 100 2.12 Delta Function Potentials, 103 2.13 Transmission in Finite Double Barrier Potential Wells, 108 2.14 Envelope Function Approximation, 112 2.15 Periodic Potential, 117 2.15.1 Bloch’s Theorem, 119 2.15.2 The Kronig–Penney Model, 119 2.15.3 One-Electron Approximation in a Periodic Dirac δ-Function, 123 2.15.4 Superlattices, 126 2.16 Effective Mass, 130 2.17 Summary, 131 Problems, 132 Bibliography, 134 3 Density of States in Semiconductor Materials 135 3.1 Introduction, 135 3.2 Distribution Functions, 138 3.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann Statistic, 139 3.4 Fermi–Dirac Statistics, 142 3.5 Bose–Einstein Statistics, 145 3.6 Density of States, 146 3.7 Density of States of Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots, 152 3.7.1 Quantum Wells, 152 3.7.2 Quantum Wires, 155 3.7.3 Quantum Dots, 158 3.8 Density of States of Other Systems, 159 3.8.1 Superlattices, 160 3.8.2 Density of States of Bulk Electrons in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, 161 3.8.3 Density of States in the Presence of an Electric Field, 163 3.9 Summary, 168 Problems, 168 Bibliography, 170 4 Optical Properties 171 4.1 Fundamentals, 172 4.2 Lorentz and Drude Models, 176 4.3 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Direct Band Gap Semiconductors, 179 4.4 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors, 185 4.5 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Quantum Wells, 186 4.6 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Type II Superlattices, 189 4.7 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 191 4.8 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in GaN/AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells, 196 4.9 Electronic Transitions in Multiple Quantum Dots, 197 4.10 Selection Rules, 201 4.10.1 Electron–Photon Coupling of Intersubband Transitions in Multiple Quantum Wells, 201 4.10.2 Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 202 4.10.3 Interband Transition, 202 4.11 Excitons, 204 4.11.1 Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors, 205 4.11.2 Excitons in Quantum Wells, 211 4.11.3 Excitons in Quantum Dots, 213 4.12 Cyclotron Resonance, 214 4.13 Photoluminescence, 220 4.14 Basic Concepts of Photoconductivity, 225 4.15 Summary, 229 Problems, 230 Bibliography, 232 5 Electrical and Transport Properties 233 5.1 Introduction, 233 5.2 The Hall Effect, 237 5.3 Quantum Hall and Shubnikov-de Haas Effects, 241 5.3.1 Shubnikov-de Haas Effect, 243 5.3.2 Quantum Hall Effect, 246 5.4 Charge Carrier Transport in Bulk Semiconductors, 249 5.4.1 Drift Current Density, 249 5.4.2 Diffusion Current Density, 254 5.4.3 Generation and Recombination, 257 5.4.4 Continuity Equation, 259 5.5 Boltzmann Transport Equation, 264 5.6 Derivation of Transport Coefficients Using the Boltzmann Transport Equation, 268 5.6.1 Electrical Conductivity and Mobility in n-type Semiconductors, 270 5.6.2 Hall Coefficient, RH, 273 5.7 Scattering Mechanisms in Bulk Semiconductors, 274 5.7.1 Scattering from an Ionized Impurity, 276 5.7.2 Scattering from a Neutral Impurity, 277 5.7.3 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Deformation Potential, 277 5.7.4 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Piezoelectric Potential, 278 5.7.5 Optical Phonon Scattering: Polar and Nonpolar, 278 5.7.6 Scattering from Short-Range Potentials, 279 5.7.7 Scattering from Dipoles, 281 5.8 Scattering in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas, 281 5.8.1 Scattering by Remote Ionized Impurities, 283 5.8.2 Scattering by Interface Roughness, 285 5.8.3 Electron–Electron Scattering, 286 5.9 Coherence and Mesoscopic Systems, 287 5.10 Summary, 293 Problems, 294 Bibliography, 297 6 Electronic Devices 298 6.1 Introduction, 298 6.2 Schottky Diode, 301 6.3 Metal–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MESFETs), 305 6.4 Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET), 314 6.5 Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 318 6.6 GaN/AlGaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 322 6.7 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs), 325 6.8 Tunneling Electron Transistors, 328 6.9 The p–n Junction Tunneling Diode, 329 6.10 Resonant Tunneling Diodes, 334 6.11 Coulomb Blockade, 338 6.12 Single-Electron Transistor, 340 6.13 Summary, 353 Problems, 354 Bibliography, 357 7 Optoelectronic Devices 359 7.1 Introduction, 359 7.2 Infrared Quantum Detectors, 361 7.2.1 Figures of Merit, 361 7.2.2 Noise in Photodetectors, 366 7.2.3 Multiple Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs), 369 7.2.4 Infrared Photodetectors Based on Multiple Quantum Dots, 380 7.3 Light-Emitting Diodes, 387 7.4 Semiconductor Lasers, 392 7.4.1 Basic Principles, 392 7.4.2 Semiconductor Heterojunction Lasers, 399 7.4.3 Quantum Well Edge-Emitting Lasers, 403 7.4.4 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, 406 7.4.5 Quantum Cascade Lasers, 409 7.4.6 Quantum Dots Lasers, 412 7.5 Summary, 416 Problems, 418 Bibliography, 419 Appendix A Derivation of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 420 Appendix B Perturbation 424 Bibliography, 428 Appendix C Angular Momentum 429 Appendix D Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation 431 Bibliography, 436 Appendix E Parabolic Potential Well 437 Bibliography, 441 Appendix F Transmission Coefficient in Superlattices 442 Appendix G Lattice Vibrations and Phonons 445 Bibliography, 455 Appendix H Tunneling Through Potential Barriers 456 Bibliography, 461 Index 463

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Book SynopsisSome of the most exciting developments in the optics and processing of nanostructured materials can be found in applied science and engineering. The topics covered in this book are at the cutting edge of research.Trade Review"...written by leading scientists in their own field." (Measurement Science & Technology, September 2001)Table of ContentsPhotonic Crystals (M. Sigalas, et al.). "Holey" Silica Fibers (J. Knight, et al.). Near-Field Optics of Nanostructured Surfaces (S. Bozhevolnyi). Near-Field Optics of Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials (B. Hanewinkel, et al.). Localization of Light in Three-Dimensional Disordered Dielectrics (M. Rusek & A. Orlowski). Field Distribution, Anderson Localization, and Optical Phenomena in Random Metal-Dielectric Films (A. Sarychev & V. Shalaev). Optical Nonlinearities in Metal Colloidal Solutions (V. Safonov, et al.). Local Fields' Localization and Chaos and Nonlinear-Optical Enhancement in Clusters and Composites (M. Stockman). Some Theoretical and Numerical Approaches to the Optics of Fractal Smoke (V. Markel, et al.). Optics and Structure of Carbonaceous Soot Aggregates (E. Mikhailov, et al.). Optoelectronic Properties of Quantum Wires (A. Balandin, et al.). Quantum Dots: Physics and Applications (K. Wang & A. Balandin). Index.

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Book SynopsisDevices enormously smaller than before will remodel engineering,chemistry, medicine, and computer technology. How can we understandmachines that are so small? Nanosystems covers it all: powerand strength, friction and wear, thermal noise and quantumuncertainty. This is the book for starting the next century ofengineering. - Marvin Minsky MIT Science magazine calls Eric Drexler Mr. Nanotechnology.For years, Drexler has stirred controversy by declaring thatmolecular nanotechnology will bring a sweeping technologicalrevolution - delivering tremendous advances in miniaturization,materials, computers, and manufacturing of all kinds. Now, he''swritten a detailed, top-to-bottom analysis of molecular machinery -how to design it, how to analyze it, and how to build it.Nanosystems is the first scientifically detailed description ofdevelopments that will revolutionize most of the industrialprocesses and products currently in use. This groundbreaking work draws on physics and cheTable of ContentsPHYSICAL PRINCIPLES. Classical Magnitudes and Scaling Laws. Potential Energy Surfaces. Molecular Dynamics. Positional Uncertainty. Transitions, Errors, and Damage. Energy Dissipation. Mechanosynthesis. COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS. Nanoscale Structural Components. Mobile Interfaces and Moving Parts. Intermediate Subsystems. Nanomechanical Computational Systems. Molecular Sorting, Processing, and Assembly. Molecular Manufacturing Systems. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES. Macromolecular Engineering. Paths to Molecular Manufacturing. Appendices. Afterword. Symbols, Units, and Constants. Glossary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn overview of current research and developments in ultrasensitive bioanalysis New platforms of ultrasensitive analysis of biomolecules and single living cells using multiplexing, single nanoparticle sensing, nano-fluidics, and single-molecule detection are advancing every scientific discipline at an unprecedented pace.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Chapter 1. Is One Enough (Andrew C. Beveridge, James H. Jett, and Richard A. Keller)? Chapter 2. Dissecting Cellular Activity from Single Genes to Single mRNAs (Xavier Darzacq, Robert H. Singer, and Yaron Shav-Tal). Chapter 3. Probing Membrane Transport of Single Live Cells Using Single Molecule Detection and Single Nanoparticle Assay (Xiao-Hong Nancy Xu, Yujun Song, and Prakash D. Nallathamby). Chapter 4. Nanoparticle Probes for Ultrasensitive Biological Detection and Imaging (Amit Agrawal, Tushar Sathe, and Shuming Nie). Chapter 5. Tailoring Nanoparticles for the Recognition of Biomacromolecule Surfaces (Mrinmoy De, Rochelle R. Arvizo, Ayush Verma and Vincent M. Rotello). Chapter 6. Nanoscale Chemical Analysis of Individual Subcellular Compartments (Gina S. Fiorini and Daniel T. Chiu). Chapter 7. Ultra-sensitive Time-resolved Near-IR Fluorescence for Multiplexed Bioanalysis (Li Zhu and Steven A. Soper). Chapter 8. Ultra-Sensitive Microarray Detection of DNA using Enzymatically Amplified SPR Imaging (Hye Jin Lee, Alastair W. Wark and Robert M. Corn). Chapter 9. Ultrasensitive Analysis of Metal Ions and Small Molecules in Living Cells (Richard B. Thompson). Chapter 10. Electrochemistry Inside and Outside Single Nerve Cells (Daniel J. Eves and Andrew G. Ewing). Chapter 11. New Bioanalytical Applications of Electrochemiluminescence (Yanbing Zu and Xiao-Hong Nancy Xu). Chapter 12. Single Cell Measurements with Mass Spectrometry (Eric B. Monroe, John C. Jurchen, Stanislav Rubakhin, and Jonathan V. Sweedler). Chapter 13. Outlooks of Ultrasensitive Detection in Bioanalysis (Xiao-Hong Nancy Xu).

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Book SynopsisNo Small Matter uses dazzling images and evocative descriptions to reveal the virtually invisible realities and possibilities of nanoscience. It considers both the benefits and the risks of nano/microtechnologyfrom the potential of quantum computers and single-molecule genomic sequencers to the concerns about self-replicating nanosystems.Trade ReviewHoly cow! It’s exceptionally rare that science is rendered in such lucid, thoughtful, charming fashion. But I am not sure I’ve ever encountered a beautiful book as important as this one, or vice-versa. ‘Awesome’ is an overused phrase these days, but No Small Matter is exactly, totally, gratifyingly that. -- Kurt Andersen, host of PRI’s Studio 360Reorienting our eye to the nanoscale is No Small Matter. This coffee-table book juxtaposes images and ideas to encapsulate the significance of size and shape… Exploring where art meets science, the authors search for promising paths to make small-scale science more intuitive… Frankel and Whitesides’s book adds gravitas and nuance to the popularization of nanotechnology, articulating its interest and vast opportunities. -- Jeremy Baumberg * Nature *It is hard to grasp what we cannot see, even harder when not even a microscope can see it. With unmatched clarity and arresting elegance, Frankel and Whitesides have designed a narrative and visual voyage into the nanouniverse, revealing its basic constructs without sacrificing its magic. -- Paola Antonelli, Senior Curator of Architecture and Design, MoMA: The Museum of Modern ArtWhitesides, a professor at Harvard University, is one of the most productive chemists in the world and arguably one of the most inventive. He brings this spirit to the book, an entertaining jaunt through the world of the micro- and nanoscale. The short essays, each dripping with enthusiasm for the topic, are roughly themed around the importance of scientific endeavour on this scale to such areas as medicine, modern computing and the quantum world. It’s not just the text that playfully explores some of the stranger aspects of the invisible world. Frankel’s photography can be equally creative, most obviously in a photo of a quantum apple with a shadow that appears to belong to a cube. The pictures are a mix of traditional photography, CGI and images produced using various microscopic techniques, and are dazzling in the best coffee-table tradition. The text is just as vibrant, which makes cover-to-cover reading a slightly exhausting experience—but worth it when it rewards the reader with such gems as why young children at a party behave like cellular molecules, or how Beethoven had much in common with plants. -- Colin Barras * New Scientist *A book that’s elegant in appearance, elegant in its images of the nanoworld and elegant in prose. -- Robert Fulford * National Post *Seemingly invisible objects such as viruses and molecules are imaged in rich detail through high-powered microscopes and photography. * Science News *No Small Matter: Science on the Nanoscale by Felice C. Frankel and George M. Whitesides shows a world that is beyond our senses and reality. Through text, beautiful pictures, and illustrations, No Small Matter shows the small and (some of) the large things that we are ignorant about or take for granted. -- Edmond Woychowsky * TechRepublic *No Small Matter conveys science on the nanoscale through a remarkable series of photographs… This is a brilliant book that will help a wide readership to appreciate the wonders of the very small. -- Andrew Briggs * Times Higher Education *[Frankel and Whitesides] present a game, insightful attempt to illustrate reality at the very smallest scales, where lengths are measured in billionths of a meter… Frankel’s intricate work reveals a world of unexpected textures and landscapes… This visual and intellectual treat is best absorbed at leisure, with ample time for pondering the new relationships each topic reveals. * Publishers Weekly *As modern science has explored the deepest foundations of the physical world, its discoveries have become ever harder to make sense of, ever more remote from everyday life. Yet these same discoveries have transformed our everyday lives, and continue to do so. Felice Frankel and George Whitesides are masters at the art of envisioning the invisible. In this beautiful and beautifully written book, they open our minds’ eyes to the thrillingly enigmatic world that we inhabit, embody, and create. -- Harold McGee, author of On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"A Financial Times Best Summer Book""A Financial Times Best Book of the Year: Science""Wide-ranging investigation into efforts by scientists to create digitised “twins” of human beings that promise a future of predictive medicine, but also ethical challenges." * Financial Times *"Virtual You is the most comprehensive and comprehensible account so far of the way in which the revolution in computing and data is starting to transform human biology and medicine."---Clive Cookson, Financial Times"[An] immensely thought-provoking book."---Nick Smith, Engineering and Technology"Virtual You‘s scope is as epic as its vision, taking us through medical history from Vesalius to Venter, and from the Antikythera mechanism to supercomputers and beyond. This means the concepts come at you thick and fast, although as a non-mathematician, I found the explanations refreshingly clear."---Claire Ainsworth, New Scientist"Computer simulations are coming to play a leading role in many fields of science. Science writer Highfield and computer scientist Coveney show in vivid examples how medical researchers are creating digital twins of individual patients and then using these virtual humans to guide treatments for a wide range of diseases."---Clive Cookson, Financial Times

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Book SynopsisDiscover a new generation of organic nanomaterials and their applications Recent developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology have given rise to a new generation of functional organic nanomaterials with controlled morphology and well-defined properties, which enable a broad range of useful applications. This book explores some of the most important of these organic nanomaterials, describing how they are synthesized and characterized. Moreover, the book explains how researchers have incorporated organic nanomaterials into devices for real-world applications. Featuring contributions from an international team of leading nanoscientists, Organic Nanomaterials is divided into five parts: Part One introduces the fundamentals of nanomaterials and self-assembled nanostructures Part Two examines carbon nanostructures?from fullerenes to carbon nanotubes to graphene?reporting on properties, theoretical studies, and applications<Table of ContentsPreface vii Contributors ix 1 A Proposed Taxonomy and Classification Strategy for Well-Defined, Soft-Matter Nanoscale Building Blocks 1Jørn B. Christensen and Donald A. Tomalia 2 On the Role of Hydrogen-Bonding in the Nanoscale Organization of π-Conjugated Materials 33Albertus P. H. J. Schenning and David González-Rodríguez 3 Chiral Organic Nanomaterials 59David B. Amabilino 4 Biochemical Nanomaterials based on Poly(ε-caprolactone) 79Irakli Javakhishvili and Søren Hvilsted 5 Self-Assembled Porphyrin Nanostructures and their Potential Applications 103John A. Shelnutt and Craig J. Medforth 6 Nanostructures and Electron-Transfer Functions of Nonplanar Porphyrins 131Shunichi Fukuzumi and Takahiko Kojima 7 Tweezers and Macrocycles for the Molecular Recognition of Fullerenes 147David Canevet, Emilio M. Pérez, and Nazario Martín 8 Covalent, Donor–Acceptor Ensembles based on Phthalocyanines and Carbon Nanostructures 163Giovanni Bottari, Maxence Urbani, and Tomás Torres 9 Photoinduced Electron Transfer of Supramolecular Carbon Nanotube Materials Decorated with Photoactive Sensitizers 187Francis D’Souza, Atula S. D. Sandanayaka, and Osamu Ito 10 Interfacing Porphyrins/Phthalocyanines with Carbon Nanotubes 205Juergen Bartelmeß and Dirk M. Guldi 11 Organic Synthesis of Endohedral Fullerenes Encapsulating Helium, Dihydrogen, and Water 225Michihisa Murata, Yasujiro Murata, and Koichi Komatsu 12 Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Endohedral Metallofullerenes as Promising Carbon Nanomaterials 241Michio Yamada, Xing Lu, Lai Feng, Satoru Sato, Yuta Takano, Shigeru Nagase, and Takeshi Akasaka 13 An Update on Electrochemical Characterization and Potential Applications of Carbon Materials 259Fang-Fang Li, Adrián Villalta-Cerdas, Lourdes E. Echegoyen, and Luis Echegoyen 14 Solvating Insoluble Carbon Nanostructures by Molecular Dynamics 311Matteo Calvaresi and Francesco Zerbetto 15 Inorganic Capsules: Redox-Active Guests in Metal Cages 331Andrew Macdonell and Leroy Cronin 16 Stimuli-Responsive Monolayers 347Francesca A. Scaramuzzo, Mario Barteri, Pascal Jonkheijm, and Jurriaan Huskens 17 Self-Assembled Monolayers as Model Biosurfaces 369Anna Laromaine and Charles R. Mace 18 Low-Dimensionality Effects in Organic Field Effect Transistors 397Stefano Casalini, Tobias Cramer, Francesca Leonardi, Massimiliano Cavallini, and Fabio Biscarini 19 The Growth of Organic Nanomaterials by Molecular Self-Assembly at Solid Surfaces 421José M. Gallego, Roberto Otero, and Rodolfo Miranda 20 Biofunctionalized Surfaces 447Marisela Vélez 21 Carbon Nanotube Derivatives as Anticancer Drug Delivery Systems 469Chiara Fabbro, Tatiana Da Ros, and Maurizio Prato 22 Porous Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 487Henning Lülf, André Devaux, Eko Adi Prasetyanto, and Luisa De Cola 23 Dicationic Gemini Nanoparticle Design for Gene Therapy 509Mahmoud Elsabahy, Ildiko Badea, Ronald Verrall, McDonald Donkuru, and Marianna Foldvari 24 Sensing Hg(II) Ions in Water: From Molecules to Nanostructured Molecular Materials 529Imma Ratera, Alberto Tárraga, Pedro Molina, and Jaume Veciana 25 Organic Nanomaterials for Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells 549Pavel A. Troshin and Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci 26 Mesoscopic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 579Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, Jaejung Ko, and Michael Grӓtzel Index 599

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Book SynopsisThe functional materials with the most promising outlook have the ability to precisely adjust the biological phenomenon in a controlled mode.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part I: Biomedical Materials 1. Application of the Collagen as Biomaterials 3 Kwangwoo Nam and Akio Kishida 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Structural Aspect of Native Tissue 5 1.3 Processing of Collagen Matrix 8 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 14 2. Biological and Medical Significance of Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 19 Sergey V. Dorozhkin 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 General Information on ?Nano? 21 2.3 Micron- and Submicron-Sized Calcium Orthophosphates versus the Nanodimensional Ones 23 2.4 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates in Calcified Tissues of Mammals 26 2.5 The Structure of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites 28 2.6 Synthesis of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 34 2.7 Biomedical Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 47 2.8 Other Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 58 2.9 Summary and Perspectives 58 2.10 Conclusions 61 3. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Thin Film: From Conventional To Advanced Biomedical and Bioanalytical Applications 101 Wing Cheung MAK 3.1 State-of-the-art LbL Technology 101 3.2 Principle of Biomaterials Based Lbl Architecture 102 3.3 LbL Thin Film for Biomaterials and Biomedical Implantations 103 3.4 LbL Thin Film for Biosensors and Bioassays 105 3.5 LbL Thin Film Architecture on Colloidal Materials 107 3.6 LbL Thin Film for Drug Encapsulation and Delivery 108 3.7 LbL Thin Film Based Micro/Nanoreactor 110 4. Polycaprolactone based Nanobiomaterials 115 Narendra K. Singh and Pralay Maiti 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Preparation of Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites 118 4.3 Characterization of Poly(caprolactone) Nanocomposites 119 4.4 Properties 123 4.5 Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery Application 141 4.6 Conclusion 150 Acknowledgement 150 5. Bone Substitute Materials in Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery ? Properties and Use in Clinic 157 Esther M.M. Van Lieshout 5.1 Introduction 158 5.2 Types of Bone Grafts 159 5.3 Bone Substitute Materials 161 5.4 Combinations with Osteogenic and Osteoinductive Materials 171 5.5 Discussion and Conclusion 173 6. Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191 Mehrdad Hamidi, Hajar Ashrafi and Amir Azadi 6.1 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191 6.2 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan 193 6.3 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Alginate 194 6.4 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol) 195 6.5 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(ethylene Oxide) and Poly(ethyleneimine) 196 6.6 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Pyrrolidone) 198 6.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide 198 6.8 Smart Hydrogel Nanoparticles 199 6.9 Self-assembled Hydrogel Nanoparticles 200 6.10 Surface Functionalization 201 6.11 Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 205 Part II: Diagnostic Devices 7. Utility and Potential Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine 215 Ravindra P. Singh, Jeong -Woo Choi, Ashutosh Tiwari and Avinash Chand Pandey 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 Nanoparticle Coatings 218 7.3 Cyclic Peptides 220 7.4 Dendrimers 221 7.5 Fullerenes/Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene 227 7.6 Functional Drug Carriers 229 7.7 MRI Scanning Nanoparticles 233 7.8 Nanoemulsions 235 7.9 Nanofibers 236 7.10 Nanoshells 239 7.11 Quantum Dots 240 7.12 Nanoimaging 248 7.13 Inorganic Nanoparticles 248 7.14 Conclusion 250 8. Gold Nanoparticle-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Medical Applications 261 Ülkü Anik 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 262 8.3 Conclusion 272 9. Impedimetric DNA Sensing Employing Nanomaterials 277 Manel del Valle and Alessandra Bonanni 9.1 Introduction 277 9.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Genosensing 280 9.3 Nanostructured Carbon Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 286 9.4 Nanostructured Gold Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 290 9.5 Quantum Dots for Impedimetric Genosensing 293 9.6 Impedimetric Genosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis 293 9.7 Conclusions (Past, Present and Future Perspectives) 294 10. Bionanocomposite Matrices in Electrochemical Biosensors 301 Ashutosh Tiwari, Atul Tiwari 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Fabricationof SiO2-CHIT/CNTs Bionanocomposites 303 10.3 Preparation of Bioelectrodes 304 10.4 Characterizations 305 10.5 Electrocatalytic Properties 307 10.6 Photometric Response 315 10.7 Conclusions 316 11. Biosilica? Nanocomposites - Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Engineering and Sensing Applications 321 Nikos Chaniotakis, Raluca Buiculescu 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Silica Polymerization Process 323 11.3 Biocatalytic Formation of Silica 325 11.4 Biosilica Nanotechnology 327 11.5 Applications 328 11.6 Conclusions 334 12. Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Highly Sensitive and Selective Medical Devices 337 Bhim Bali Prasad and Mahavir Prasad Tiwari 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 Molecular Imprinted Polymer Technology 340 12.3 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterials 360 12.4 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Sensing Devices 362 12.5 Conclusion 379 13. Immunosensors for Diagnosis of Cardiac Injury 391 Swapneel R. Deshpande, Aswathi Anto Antony, Ashutosh Tiwari, Emilia Wiechec, Ulf Dahlström, Anthony P.F. Turner 13.1 Immunosensor 391 13.2 Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Biomarkers 392 13.3 Immunosensors for Troponin 399 13.4 Conclusions 404 Part III: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14. Ground-Breaking Changes in Mimetic and Novel Nanostructured Composites for Intelligent-, Adaptive- and In vivo-responsive Drug Delivery Therapies 411 Dipak K. Sarker 14. 1 Introduction 411 14.2 Obstacles to the Clinician 420 14.3 Hurdles for the Pharmaceuticist 428 14.4 Nanostructures 431 14.5 Surface Coating 435 14.7 Formulation Conditions and Parameters 439 14.8 Delivery Systems 440 14.9 Evaluation 443 14.10 Conclusions 447 15. Progress of Nanobiomaterials for Theranostic Systems 451 Dipendra Gyawali, Michael Palmer, Richard T. Tran and Jian Yang 15.1 Introduction 451 15.2 Design Concerns for Theranostic Nanosystems 456 15.3 Designing a Smart and Functional Theranostic System 459 15.4 Materials for Theranostic System 462 15.5 Theranostic Systems and Applications 474 15.6 Future Outlook 481 16. Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 493 Mousa Jafari, Bahram Zargar, M. Soltani, D. Nedra Karunaratne, Brian Ingalls, P. Chen 16.1 Introduction 493 16.2 Peptides for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy 494 16.3 Lipid Carriers 499 16.4 Polymeric Carriers 506 16.5 Bactria Mediated Cancer Therapy 514 16.6 Conclusion 519 Part IV: Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration 531 17. The Evolution of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction and the Role of Nonobiotecnology in the Development of Intelligent Abdominal Wall Mesh 533 Cherif Boutros, Hany F. Sobhi and Nader Hanna 17.1 The Complex Structure of the Abdominal Wall 534 17.2 Need for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 535 17.3 Failure of Primary Repair 535 17.4 Limitations of the Synthetic Meshes 536 17.5 Introduction of Biomaterials To Overcome Synthetic Mesh Limitations 537 17.6 Ideal Material for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 538 17.7 Role of Bionanotechnology in Providing the 17.7 Future Directions 542 18. Poly(Polyol Sebacate)-based Elastomeric Nanobiomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering 545 Qizhi Chen 18.1 Introduction 545 18.2 Poly(polyol sebacate) Elastomers 547 18.3 Elastomeric Nanocomposites 562 18.4 Summary 569 19. Electrospun Nanomatrix for Tissue Regeneration 577 Debasish Mondal and Ashutosh Tiwari 19.1 Introduction 577 19.2 Electrosun Nanomatrix 578 19.3 Polymeric Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 580 19.4 Biocompatibility of the Nanomatrix 581 19.5 Electrospun Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 583 19.6 Status and Prognosis 592 20. Conducting Polymer Composites for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 597 Yashpal Sharma, Ashutosh Tiwari and Hisatoshi Kobayashi 20.1 Introduction 598 20.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 599 20.4 Application of Conducting Polymer in Tissue Engineering 600 20.5 Polypyrrole 600 20.6 Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) 602 20.7 Polyaniline 603 20.8 Carbon Nanotube 605 20.9 Future Prospects and Conclusions 607 21. Cell Patterning Technologies for Tissue Engineering 611 Azadeh Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 21.1 Introduction 611 21.2 Patterned Co-culture Techniques 612 21.3 Applications of Co-cultures in Tissue Engineering 618 21.4 Concluding Remarks 619 Acknowledgements 619 References 620 Index 000

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the latest advances in stem cells and tissue engineering using micro and nanotechnologies.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xv 1 Stem Cells and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 1 1.1 A Brief History of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 1 1.2 Introduction to Stem Cells, 3 1.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Strategies, 5 1.4 Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, 8 1.5 Conclusions, 19 2 Nanofiber Technology for Controlling Stem Cell Functions and Tissue Engineering 27 2.1 Introduction, 27 2.2 Fabrication of Nanofibrous Scaffolds by Electrospinning, 30 2.3 Stem Cells: Type, Origin, and Functionality, 32 2.4 Stem Cell–Nanofiber Interactions in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, 35 2.5 Conclusions, 44 3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Approaches to Developing Gradient Biomaterials Suitable for Interface Tissue Engineering 52 3.1 Introduction, 52 3.2 Classification of Gradient Biomaterials, 54 3.3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Techniques for Fabricating Gradient Biomaterials, 59 3.4 Conclusions, 70 4 Microengineered Polymer- and Ceramic-Based Biomaterial Scaffolds: A Topical Review on Design, Processing, and Biocompatibility Properties 80 4.1 Introduction, 80 4.2 Dense Hydroxyapatite Versus Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffold, 85 4.3 Property Requirement of Porous Scaffold, 86 4.4 Design Criteria and Critical Issues with Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering, 88 4.5 An Exculpation of Porous Scaffolds, 90 4.6 Overview of Various Processing Techniques of Porous Scaffold, 92 4.7 Overview of Physicomechanical Properties Evaluation of Porous Scaffold, 95 4.8 Overview of Biocompatibility Properties: Evaluation of Porous Scaffolds, 104 4.9 Outstanding Issues, 107 4.10 Conclusions, 109 5 Synthetic Enroutes to Engineer Electrospun Scaffolds for Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration 119 5.1 Introduction, 119 5.2 Synthetic Enroutes, 125 5.3 Novel Nanofibrous Strategies for Stem Cell Regeneration and Differentiation, 131 5.4 Conclusions, 135 6 Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Scaffolding Tissue Engineering Approach for Bone Regeneration 142 6.1 Introduction, 142 6.2 Clinic Needs in Bone Regeneration Fields, 143 6.3 Bone Regeneration Strategies and Techniques, 144 6.4 Future Direction and Concluding Remarks, 151 7 Characterization of the Adhesive Interactions Between Cells and Biomaterials 159 7.1 Introduction, 159 7.2 Adhesion Receptors in Native Tissue, 160 7.3 Optimization of Cellular Adhesion Through Biomaterial Modification, 166 7.4 Measurement of Cell Adhesion, 170 7.5 Conclusions, 174 8 Microfluidic Formation of Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules for Tissue Engineering 183 8.1 Introduction, 183 8.2 Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules, 184 8.3 Cell Assay Systems Using Microfluidic Devices, 189 8.4 Implantable Applications, 191 8.5 Tissue Engineering, 194 8.6 Summary, 198 9 Micro- and Nanospheres for Tissue Engineering 202 9.1 Introduction, 202 9.2 Materials Classification of Micro- and Nanospheres, 204 9.3 Applications of Micro- and Nanospheres in Tissue Engineering, 205 9.4 Conclusions, 212 10 Micro- and Nanotechnologies to Engineer Bone Regeneration 220 10.1 Introduction, 220 10.2 Nano-Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Scaffolds, 221 10.3 Biodegradable Polymeric Scaffolds and Nanocomposites, 225 10.4 Silk Fibers and Scaffolds, 227 10.5 Summary, 231 11 Micro- and Nanotechnology for Vascular Tissue Engineering 236 11.1 Introduction, 236 11.2 Conventional Vascular Grafts, 237 11.3 Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts, 237 11.4 Micro- and Nanotopography in Vascular Tissue Engineering, 238 11.5 Micro- and Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Vascular Tissue Engineering, 241 11.6 Microvascular Tissue Engineering, 246 11.7 Conclusions, 253 12 Application of Stem Cells in Ischemic Heart Disease 261 12.1 Introduction, 261 12.2 Adult Skeletal Myoblast Cells, 267 12.3 Adult Bone Marrow–Derived Stem Cells, 269 12.4 Type of Stem Cells Used to Treat Cardiac Diseases, 273 12.5 Application, 277 12.6 Other Developing Technologies in Cell Engineering, 282 Acknowledgments, 293 References, 293 Index 303

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Book SynopsisThis reference/text addresses concepts and synthetic techniques for the preparation of polymers for state-of-the-art usein biomedicine, synthetic biology, and bionanotechnology.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What makes Polymers so Interesting? 1 1.2 Macromolecular Engineering and Nanostructure Formation 4 1.3 Specific Needs in Bionanotechnology and Biomedicine 5 Reference 6 2 Terminology 7 2.1 Polymer Architectures 7 2.2 Multifunctionality 11 2.3 Bioconjugates 12 2.4 Biocompatibility 12 2.5 Biodegradation 14 2.6 Bioactivity 14 2.7 Multivalency 15 2.8 Bionanotechnology 17 References 18 3 Preparation Methods and Tools 19 3.1 General Aspects of Polymer Synthesis 19 3.1.1 Chain Growth Polymerizations 20 3.1.2 Step Growth Polymerizations 23 3.1.3 Modification of Polymers 25 3.2 Controlled Polymer Synthesis 25 3.2.1 Anionic Polymerization 26 3.2.2 Cationic Polymerization 30 3.2.3 Controlled Radical Polymerization 34 3.2.4 Metal‐Catalyzed Polymerization 37 3.2.5 Chain Growth Condensation Polymerization 41 3.3 Effective Polymer Analogous Reactions 43 3.4 Pegylation 47 3.5 Bioconjugation 51 3.5.1 Polynucleotide Conjugates 53 3.5.2 Protein Conjugates 55 3.5.3 Polysaccharide Conjugates 57 3.6 Enzymatic Polymer Synthesis 59 3.7 Solid Phase Synthesis and Biotechnological Approaches 63 3.7.1 Solid Phase Synthesis 63 3.7.2 Biotechnology Approaches in the Synthesis of Biopolymers 75 3.8 Hydrogels and Hydrogel Scaffolds 81 3.8.1 Hydrogels 81 3.8.2 Hydrogels as Scaffold Materials 84 3.9 Surface Modification and Film Preparation 92 3.9.1 Self‐Assembled Monolayers 93 3.9.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Films 95 3.9.3 Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition 96 3.9.4 Immobilization by Chemical Binding to Substrates 97 3.9.5 Low‐Pressure Plasma 99 3.9.6 Electron Beam Treatment 101 3.10 Microengineering of Polymers and Polymeric Surfaces 102 References 107 4 Analytical Methods 113 4.1 Molecular Structure and Molar Mass Determination of Polymers and Biohybrids 113 4.1.1 Structural Characterization 114 4.1.2 Determination of Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution 132 4.2 Characterization of Aggregates and Assemblies 137 4.2.1 Dynamic Light Scattering 138 4.2.2 Pulsed Field Gradient and Electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 139 4.2.3 Field‐Flow Fractionation 142 4.2.4 UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Spectroscopy 144 4.2.5 Electron Microscopy 145 4.3 Characterization of Hydrogel Networks 147 4.3.1 Network Structure of Hydrogels 148 4.3.2 Swelling Degree 148 4.3.3 Mechanical Properties 150 4.3.4 Deriving Microscopic Network Parameters from Macroscopic Hydrogel Properties 153 4.4 Surface Characterization 154 4.4.1 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 154 4.4.2 Contact Angle Measurements by Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis 157 4.4.3 Electrokinetic Measurements 158 4.4.4 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 159 4.4.5 Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring 160 4.4.6 Surface Plasmon Resonance 161 4.4.7 Scanning Force Techniques 162 4.4.8 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy 164 4.5 Biophysical Characterization and Biocompatibility 166 4.5.1 Biophysical Characterization 167 4.5.2 Biocompatibility 175 References 183 5 Multifunctional Polymer Architectures 187 5.1 Multifunctional (Block) Copolymers 187 5.1.1 Multifunctionality through Copolymerization 187 5.1.2 Multifunctionality by Polymer Analogous Reactions 189 5.1.3 Spatially Defined Multifunctionality by Phase Separation and Self‐Assembly of Segmented Copolymers 190 5.2 Dendritic Polymers 196 5.2.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers 198 5.2.2 Properties and Applications 200 5.3 Glycopolymers 203 5.3.1 Linear Glycopolymers 205 5.3.2 Globular Glycomacromolecules 207 5.4 Peptide‐Based Structures 212 5.4.1 Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Peptide Molecules 214 5.4.2 General Design Concepts for Peptide‐Based Structural Materials 215 5.4.3 Noncanonical Amino Acids in Peptide/Protein Engineering 217 5.4.4 Peptide‐Based Materials Inspired by Naturally Occurring Structural Proteins 217 5.4.5 Polypeptide Materials Based on other Naturally Occurring or De Novo Designed Self‐Assembling Domains such as Coiled Coils 221 5.4.6 Self‐Assembly of Short Peptide Derivates and Peptide‐Based Amphiphilic Molecules 222 5.5 Biohybrid Hydrogels 224 5.5.1 Composition Basic Principles and Formation of Biohybrids 225 5.5.2 Polynucleotide Biohybrids 228 5.5.3 Polypeptide or Protein Biohybrids 231 5.5.4 Polysaccharide Biohybrids 232 References 235 6 Functional Materials and Applied Systems 241 6.1 Organic Nanoparticles and Aggregates for Drug and Gene Delivery 241 6.1.1 Polymeric Micelles Polymersomes and Nanocapsules 241 6.1.2 Polymeric Beads and Micro/Nanogels Based on Dendritic Structures 254 6.1.3 Polyplexes for Gene Delivery 263 6.2 Polymer Therapeutics and Targeting Approaches 264 6.2.1 Current Status of Polymer Therapeutics 264 6.2.2 Implications and Rationale for Effective Delivery Systems 266 6.2.3 Cellular Uptake and Targeting 267 6.3 Multi‐ and Polyvalent Polymeric Architectures 271 6.3.1 Polyvalent Interactions on Biological Interfaces 272 6.3.2 Prospects for Multivalent Drugs 277 6.4 Bioresponsive Networks 280 6.4.1 Active Principle 280 6.4.2 Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Coagulation 281 6.4.3 Insulin Release in Response to Glucose Concentration 282 6.4.4 Urate‐Responsive Release of Urate Oxidase 283 6.4.5 Cell‐Responsive Degradation of Hydrogel Networks 284 6.5 Biofunctional Surfaces 284 6.5.1 Concepts and Aims of Biofunctional Material Surfaces 284 6.5.2 Biofunctional Surfaces for the Prevention of Biofouling 287 6.5.3 Anticoagulant Coatings for Blood‐Contacting Devices 292 References 295 Abbreviations 303 Index 309

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Book SynopsisThe first book written on this important topic, Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductor Nanostructures and Their Applications in Renewable Energy provides an in-depth examination of the properties and synthesis of a class of nanomaterials essential to renewable energy manufacturing.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1: Renewable Energy Conversion Systems 1 1 Introduction: An Overview of Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures for Renewable Energy Applications 3 Ahsanulhaq Qurashi 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures 7 1.3 Growth of Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures 8 1.4 Applications of Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures 16 1.5 Summary and Future Perspective 18 References 18 2 Renewable Energy and Materials 23 Muhammad Asif 2.1 Global Energy Scenario 23 2.2 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Energy Future 25 2.3 Importance of Materials Role in Renewable Energy 27 References 30 3 Sustainable Feed Stock and Energy Futures 33 H. Idriss 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Discussion 34 References 41 Part 2: Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures 43 4 Metal-Selenide Nanostructures: Growth and Properties 45 Ramin Yousefi 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Growth and Properties of Different Groups of Metal-Selenide Nanostructures 48 4.3 Metal Selenides from III?VI Semiconductors 57 4.4 Metal Selenides from IV?VI Semiconductors 61 4.5 Metal Selenides from V?VI Semiconductors 66 4.6 Metal Selenides from Transition Metal (TM) 69 4.7 Ternary Metal-Selenide Compounds 75 4.8 Summary and Future Outlook 78 Acknowledgment 79 References 79 5 Growth Mechanism and Surface Functionalization of Metal Chalcogenides Nanostructures 83 Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Jugal Kishore Sahoo, Faegheh Hoshyargar, and Wolfgang Tremel 5.1 Introduction 84 5.2 Synthetic Methods for Layered Metal Chalcogenides 89 5.3 Surface Functionalization of Layered Metal Dichalcogenide Nanostructures 102 5.4 Applications of Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerenes 110 References 113 6 Optical and Structural Properties of Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductor Nanostructures 123 Ihsan-ul-Haq Toor and Shafique Khan 6.1 Optical Properties of Metal Chalcogenides Semiconductor Nanostructures 124 6.2 Structural Properties and Defects of Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductor Nanostructures 133 References 142 7 Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Nanostructures 147 Y. Al-Douri, Abdulwahab S. Z. Lahewil, U. Hashim, and N. M. Ahmed 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Nanomaterials 150 7.3 II-VI Semiconductors 152 7.4 Sol-Gel Process 155 7.5 Structural and Surface Characterization of Nanostructured CdS 156 7.6 Optical Properties 159 7.7 Conclusion 161 Acknowledgments 162 References 162 Part 3: Applications of Metal Chalcogenides Nanostructures 165 8 Metal Sulfide Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation by Water Splitting under Illumination of Solar Light 167 Dr. Zhonghai Zhang 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting on Single Metal Sulfide 169 8.3 Photocatalytic Water Splitting on Multi-metal Sulfide 173 8.4 Metal Sulfides Solid-Solution Photocatalysts 180 8.5 Summary and Future Outlook 184 References 184 9 Metal Chalcogenide Hierarchical Nanostructures for Energy Conversion Devices 189 Ramin Yousefi, Farid Jamali-Sheini, and Ali Khorsand Zak 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Main Characteristics of Cd-Chalcogenide Nanocrystals (CdE; E = S, Se, Te) 192 9.3 Different Methods to Grow Cd-Chalcogenide Nanocrystals 192 9.4 Solar Energy Conversion 212 9.5 Cd-Chalcogenide Nanocrystals as Solar Energy Conversion 219 9.6 Summary and Future Outlook 230 References 230 10 Metal Chalcogenide Quantum Dots for Hybrid Solar Cell Applications 233 Mir Waqas Alam and Ahsanulhaq Qurashi 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Chemical Synthesis of Quantum Dots 235 10.3 Quantum Dots Solar cell 238 10.4 Summary and Future Prospects 243 References 243 11 Solar Cell Application of Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductor Nanostructures 247 Hongjun Wu 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Chalcogenide-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells 248 11.3 CdTe-Based Solar Cells 249 11.4 Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS)-Based Solar Cells 251 11.5 Metal Chalcogenides-Based Quantum-Dots-Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSCs) 253 11.6 Hybrid Metal Chalcogenides Nanostructure-Conductive Polymer Composite Solar Cells 257 11.7 Conclusions 261 References 262 12 Chalcogenide-Based Nanodevices for Renewable Energy 269 Y. Al-Douri 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Renewable Energy 272 12.3 Nanodevices 274 12.4 Density Functional Theory 277 12.5 Analytical Studies 278 12.6 Conclusion 284 Acknowledgments 285 References 285 13 Metal Tellurides Nanostructures for Thermoelectric Applications 289 Salman B. Inayat 13.1 Introduction 290 13.2 Thermoelectric Microdevice Fabricated by a MEMS-Like Electrochemical Process 290 13.3 Bi2Te3-Based Flexible Micro Thermoelectric Generator 292 13.4 High-Thermoelectric Performance of Nanostructured Bismuth Antimony Telluride Bulk Alloys 293 13.5 Nano-manufactured Thermoelectric Glass Windows for Energy Efficient Building Technologies 294 13.6 Conclusion 296 References 297

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Book SynopsisWith contributed papers from the 2011 Materials Science and Technology symposia, this is a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues in advances in the synthesis, processing, and applications of nanostructures. Logically organized and carefully selected, the articles cover the themes of the symposia: Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry; Controlled Synthesis Processing and Applications of Structural and Functional Nanomaterials; and Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Noble Metal Nanostructures. A must for academics in mechanical and chemical engineering, materials and or ceramics, and chemistry.Table of ContentsPreface vii CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS, PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNTIONAL NANOMATERIALS Effect of Annealing and Transition Metal Doping on Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of ZnO Nanomaterial 3 Navendu Goswami Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene Encapsulated Palladium Nanoparticles 17 Junchi Wu and Nitin Chopra Well Adhered, Nanocrystalline, Photoactive, Ti02, Thin Films Dip-Coated On Corona-Treated Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) by Modified Sol-Gel Processing at ~95°C and Drying at ~130°C 31 H.C. Pham, D.A.H. Hanaor, Ü.M. Cox, and C.C. Sorrell Large-Scale Synthesis of MoS2-Polymer Derived SiCN Composite Nanosheets 45 R. Bhandavat, L. David, U. Barrera, and G. Singh Synthesis of Ti02/Sn02 Bifunctional Nanocomposites 53 Huaming Yang and Chengli Huo Fabrication of Porous Mullite by Freeze Casting and Sintering of Alumina-Silica Nanoparticles 57 Wenle Li, Margaret Anderson, Kathy Lu, and John Y. Walz Low Temperature Sintering of a Gadolinium-Doped Ceria for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 65 Pasquale F. Lavorato, and Leon L. Shaw NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE, AND INDUSTRY Current Status and Prospects of Nanotechnology in Arab States 79 Bassam Alfeeli, Ghada Al-Naqi, and Abeer Al-Qattan Finite Element Modeling for Mode Reduction in Bundled Sapphire Photonic Crystal Fibers 93 Neal T. Pfeiffenberger and Gary R. Pickrell p-Type Silicon Optical Fiber 103 Brian Scott, Ke Wang, Adam Floyd, and Gary Pickrell Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Aluminate and Fe203 Nanocomposite Electrode for Solar Driven Water Splitting to Produce Hydrogen 109 Sudhakar Shet, Kwang-Soon Ahn, Yanfa Yan, Heli Wang, Nuggehalli Ravindra, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Influence of Substrate Temperature and RF Power on the Formation of ZnO Nanorods for Solar Driven Hydrogen Production 115 Sudhakar Shet, Heli Wang, Yanfa Yan, Nuggehalli Ravindra, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Porous Material Fabrication using Ice Particles as a Pore Forming Agent 121 Samantha Smith and Gary Pickrell Random-Hole Optical Fiber Sensors and Their Sensing Applications 129 Ke Wang, Brian Scott, Neal Pfeiffenberger, and Gary Pickrell Wetting Properties of Silicon Incorporated DLC Films on Aluminum Substrate 135 Tae Gyu Kim, Van Cao Nguyen, Hye Sung Kim, Soon-Jik Hong, and Ri-ichi Murakami Nanoporous Ag Prepared by Electrochemical Dealloying of Melt-Spun Cu-Ag-Si Alloys 141 Guijing Li, FeiFei Lu, Linping Zhang, Zhanbo Sun, Xiaoping Song, Bingjun Ding, and Zhimao Yang Effect of Film Thickness on Electrical and Optical Properties of ZnO/Ag Dual Layer Film 149 Hiromi Yabe, Eri Akita, Pangpang Wang, Daisuke Yonekura, Ri-ichi Murakami, and Xiaoping Song Author Index 157

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Book SynopsisToday, nano- and microencapsulation are increasingly being utilized in the pharmaceutical, textile, agricultural and food industries. Microencapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets of a food are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules.Trade Review“This book will help food companies to develop new nanotechnology for major problems such as the development of functional coatings to enhance the long-term suitability of food products.” (South African Food Science and Technology magazine, 1 February 2015)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Overview of Nano- and Microencapsulation for Foods 1 Hae-Soo Kwak 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nano- or microencapsulation as a rich source of delivery of functional components 3 1.3 Wall materials used for encapsulation 3 1.4 Techniques used for the production of nano- or microencapsulation of foods 4 1.5 Characterization of nano- or microencapsulated functional particles 5 1.6 Fortification of foods through nano- or microcapsules 6 1.7 Nano- or microencapsulation technologies: industrial perspectives and applications in the food market 6 1.8 Overview of the book 8 Acknowledgments 12 References 12 Part I Concepts and rationales of nano- and microencapsulation for foods 15 2 Theories and Concepts of Nano Materials, Nano- and microencapsulation 17 Jingyuan Wen, Guanyu Chen, and Raid G. Alany 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Materials used for nanoparticles, nano- and microencapsulation 19 2.2.1 Polymers 19 2.3 Nano- and microencapsulation techniques 20 2.3.1 Chemical methods 20 2.3.2 Physico-chemical methods 23 2.3.3 Other methods 25 2.3.4 Factors influencing optimization 28 2.4 Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications 30 2.4.1 Various delivery routes for nano- and microencapsulation systems 30 2.5 Food ingredients and nutraceutical applications 35 2.5.1 Background and definitions 35 2.5.2 Nanomaterials, nano- and microencapsulation in nutraceuticals 36 2.6 Conclusion 37 References 38 3 Rationales of Nano- and Microencapsulation for Food Ingredients 43 Sundaram Gunasekaran and Sanghoon Ko 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Factors affecting the quality loss of food ingredients 45 3.2.1 Oxygen 45 3.2.2 Light 47 3.2.3 Temperature 48 3.2.4 Adverse interaction 49 3.2.5 Taste masking 50 3.3 Case studies of food ingredient protection through nano- and microencapsulation 50 3.3.1 Vitamins 51 3.3.2 Enzymes 52 3.3.3 Minerals 53 3.3.4 Phytochemicals 54 3.3.5 Lipids 55 3.3.6 Probiotics 55 3.3.7 Flavors 56 3.4 Conclusion 57 References 58 4 Methodologies Used for the Characterization of Nano- and Microcapsules 65 Minh-Hiep Nguyen, Nurul Fadhilah Kamalul Aripin, Xi G. Chen, and Hyun-Jin Park 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Methodologies used for the characterization of nano- and microcapsules 67 4.2.1 Particle size and particle size distribution 67 4.2.2 Zeta potential measurement 75 4.2.3 Morphology 77 4.2.4 Membrane flexibility 80 4.2.5 Stability 82 4.2.6 Encapsulation efficiency 83 4.3 Conclusion 88 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 5 Advanced Approaches of Nano- and Microencapsulation for Food Ingredients 95 Mi-Jung Choi and Hae-Soo Kwak 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Nanoencapsulation based on the microencapsulation technology 96 5.3 Classification of the encapsulation system 97 5.3.1 Nanoparticle or microparticle 97 5.3.2 Structural encapsulation systems 100 5.4 Preparation methods for the encapsulation system 106 5.4.1 Emulsification 106 5.4.2 Precipitation 107 5.4.3 Desolvation 108 5.4.4 Ionic gelation 109 5.5 Application of the encapsulation system in food ingredients 109 5.6 Conclusion 110 References 111 Part II Nano- and microencapsulations of food ingredients 117 6 Nano- and Microencapsulation of Phytochemicals 119 Sung Je Lee and Marie Wong 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Classification of phytochemicals 120 6.2.1 Flavonoids 120 6.2.2 Carotenoids 124 6.2.3 Betalains 126 6.2.4 Phytosterols 127 6.2.5 Organosulfurs and glucosinolates 128 6.3 Stability and solubility of phytochemicals 129 6.4 Microencapsulation of phytochemicals 130 6.4.1 Spray-drying 131 6.4.2 Freeze-drying 135 6.4.3 Liposomes 136 6.4.4 Coacervation 138 6.4.5 Molecular inclusion complexes 141 6.5 Nanoencapsulation 146 6.5.1 Nanoemulsions 147 6.5.2 Nanoparticles 148 6.5.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) 150 6.5.4 Nanoparticles through supercritical anti-solvent precipitation 152 6.6 Conclusion 153 References 153 7 Microencapsulation for Gastrointestinal Delivery of Probiotic Bacteria 167 Kasipathy Kailasapathy 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 The gastrointestinal (GI) tract 169 7.2.1 Microbiota of the adult GI tract 169 7.2.2 Characteristics of the GI tract for probiotic delivery 170 7.3 Encapsulation technologies for probiotics 173 7.4 Techniques for probiotic encapsulation 175 7.4.1 Microencapsulation (ME) in gel particles using polymers 175 7.4.2 The extrusion technique 175 7.4.3 The emulsion technique 177 7.4.4 Spray-drying, spray-coating and spray-chilling technologies 179 7.4.5 Microencapsulation technologies for nutraceuticals incorporating probiotics 182 7.5 Controlled release of probiotic bacteria 182 7.6 Potential applications of encapsulated probiotics 183 7.6.1 Yoghurt 184 7.6.2 Cheese 185 7.6.3 Frozen desserts 186 7.6.4 Unfermented milks 186 7.6.5 Powdered formulations 187 7.6.6 Meat products 187 7.6.7 Plant-based (vegetarian) probiotic products 188 7.7 Future trends and marketing perspectives 189 References 191 8 Nano-Structured Minerals and Trace Elements for Food and Nutrition Applications 199 Florentine M. Hilty and Michael B. Zimmermann 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Special characteristics of nanoparticles 200 8.3 Nano-structured entities in natural foods 202 8.4 Nano-structured minerals in nutritional applications 202 8.4.1 Iron 202 8.4.2 Zinc 207 8.4.3 Calcium 209 8.4.4 Magnesium 210 8.4.5 Selenium 211 8.4.6 Copper 211 8.5 Uptake of nano-structured minerals 212 8.6 Conclusion 213 References 214 9 Nano- and Microencapsulation of Vitamins 223 Ashok R. Patel and Bhesh Bhandari 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Vitamins for food and nutraceutical applications 224 9.2.1 Vitamins: nutritional requirement and biological functions 224 9.2.2 Vitamins: formulation challenges and stability issues 224 9.3 Colloidal encapsulation (nano and micro) in foods: principles of use 227 9.3.1 Solid-in-liquid dispersions 229 9.3.2 Liquid-in-liquid dispersions 232 9.3.3 Dispersions of self-assembled colloids 234 9.3.4 Encapsulation in dry matrices 238 9.3.5 Molecular encapsulation of vitamins in cyclodextrins 239 9.4 Conclusion and future trends 240 References 241 10 Nano- and Microencapsulation of Flavor in Food Systems 249 Kyuya Nakagawa 10.1 Introduction 249 10.2 Flavor stabilization in food nano- and microstructures 250 10.2.1 Application of encapsulated flavors 250 10.2.2 Interactions between flavor compounds and carrier matrices 251 10.2.3 Flavor retention in colloidal systems 251 10.2.4 Flavor retention in food gel 252 10.2.5 Flavor inclusion in starch nanostructure 253 10.3 Flavor retention and release in an encapsulated system 254 10.3.1 Mass transfer at the liquid–gas interface 254 10.3.2 Mass transfer at a solid–gas interface 258 10.4 Nano- and microstructure processing 259 10.4.1 Spray-drying 260 10.4.2 Freeze-drying 262 10.4.3 Complex coacervation 264 10.5 Conclusion 266 Acknowledgements 267 References 267 11 Application of Nanomaterials, Nano- and Microencapsulation to Milk and Dairy Products 273 Hae-Soo Kwak, Mohammad Al Mijan, and Palanivel Ganesan 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 Milk 274 11.2.1 Microencapsulation of functional ingredients 274 11.2.2 Microencapsulation of vitamins 278 11.2.3 Microencapsulation of iron 279 11.2.4 Microencapsulation of lactase 281 11.2.5 Nanofunctional ingredients 285 11.2.6 Nanocalcium 287 11.3 Yogurt 287 11.3.1 Microencapsulation of functional ingredients 287 11.3.2 Microencapsulation of iron 288 11.3.3 Nanofunctional ingredients 289 11.4 Cheese 291 11.4.1 Microencapsulation for accelerated cheese ripening 291 11.4.2 Microencapsulation of iron 292 11.4.3 Nanopowdered functional ingredients 292 11.5 Others 293 11.5.1 Microencapsulation of iron 293 11.6 Conclusion 293 References 294 12 Application of Nano- and Microencapsulated Materials to Food Packaging 301 Loong-Tak Lim 12.1 Introduction 301 12.2 Nanocomposite technologies 302 12.2.1 Layered silicate nanocomposites 302 12.2.2 Mineral oxide and organic nanocrystal composites 305 12.2.3 Material properties’ enhancement of biodegradable/compostable polymers 306 12.3 Intelligent and active packaging based on nano- and microencapsulation technologies 307 12.3.1 Product quality and shelf-life indicators 308 12.3.2 Nano- and microencapsulated antimicrobial composites 312 12.3.3 TiO2 ethylene scavenger for shelf-life extension of fruits and vegetables 317 12.4 Conclusion 318 References 319 Part III Bioactivity, toxicity, and regulation of nanomaterial, nano- and microencapsulated ingredients 325 13 Controlled Release of Food Ingredients 327 Sanghoon Ko and Sundaram Gunasekaran 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Fracturation 328 13.3 Diffusion 329 13.4 Dissolution 331 13.5 Biodegradation 333 13.6 External and internal triggering 334 13.6.1 Thermosensitive 335 13.6.2 Acoustic sensitive 336 13.6.3 Light-sensitive 337 13.6.4 pH-sensitive 338 13.6.5 Chemical-sensitive 339 13.6.6 Enzyme-sensitive 339 13.6.7 Other stimuli 340 13.7 Conclusion 340 References 340 14 Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Nanomaterial, Nano- and Microencapsulated Ingredients in Foods 345 Soo-Jin Choi 14.1 Introduction 345 14.2 Bioavailability of nano- and microencapsulated phytochemicals 347 14.3 Bioavailability of other nano- and microencapsulated nutraceuticals 352 14.4 Bioavailability of nano- and microencapsulated bioactive components 355 14.5 Conclusion 357 References 358 15 Potential Toxicity of Food Ingredients Loaded in Nano- and Microparticles 363 Guanyu Chen, Soon-Mi Shim, and Jingyuan Wen 15.1 Introduction 363 15.2 Factors influence the toxicity of nano- and microparticles 365 15.2.1 Size of the nano- and microparticles 366 15.2.2 Shape of the nano- and microparticles 367 15.2.3 Solubility of the nano- and microparticles 367 15.2.4 Chemical composition of the nano- and microparticles 367 15.3 Behavior and health risk of nano- and microparticles in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract 370 15.3.1 Absorption 370 15.3.2 Distribution 371 15.3.3 Excretion/elimination 371 15.4 Toxicity studies of nano- and microparticles 371 15.4.1 Oral exposure studies for toxicity 371 15.4.2 In vitro studies for toxicity 372 15.4.3 Lack of an analytical method model to evaluate the safety of micro- and nanoparticles 373 15.5 Risk assessment of micro- and nanomaterials in food applications 374 15.5.1 Risk assessment 375 15.6 Conclusion 377 References 377 16 Current Regulation of Nanomaterials Used as Food Ingredients 383 Hyun-Kyung Kim, Jong-Gu Lee, and Si-Young Lee 16.1 Introduction 383 16.2 The European Union (EU) 384 16.2.1 Definition 384 16.2.2 The EFSA Guidance 385 16.2.3 Regulation 386 16.3 The United Kingdom (UK) 388 16.4 France 389 16.5 The United States of America (USA) 389 16.6 Canada 391 16.7 Korea 392 16.8 Australia and New Zealand 393 References 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisThe Second Edition features new problems that engage readers in contemporary reactor design Highly praised by instructors, students, and chemical engineers, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics & Reactor Design has been extensively revised and updated in this Second Edition. The text continues to offer a solid background in chemical reaction kinetics as well as in material and energy balances, preparing readers with the foundation necessary for success in the design of chemical reactors. Moreover, it reflects not only the basic engineering science, but also the mathematical tools used by today's engineers to solve problems associated with the design of chemical reactors. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics & Reactor Design enables readers to progressively build their knowledge and skills by applying the laws of conservation of mass and energy to increasingly more difficult challenges in reactor design. The first oneTable of ContentsPreface ix Preface to the First Edition xi 1. Stoichiometric Coefficients and Reaction Progress Variables 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Basic Stoichiometric Concepts 2 Literature Citation 3 2. Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 4 2.0 Introduction 4 2.1 Chemical Potentials and Standard States 4 2.2 Energy Effects Associated with Chemical Reactions 5 2.3 Sources of Thermochemical Data 7 2.4 The Equilibrium Constant and its Relation to ΔG0 7 2.5 Effects of Temperature and Pressure Changes on the Equilibrium Constant 8 2.6 Determination of Equilibrium Compositions 9 2.7 Effects of Reaction Conditions on Equilibrium Yields 11 2.8 Heterogeneous Reactions 12 2.9 Equilibrium Treatment of Simultaneous Reactions 12 2.10 Supplementary Reading References 15 Literature Citations 15 Problems 15 3. Basic Concepts in Chemical Kinetics: Determination of the Reaction Rate Expression 22 3.0 Introduction 22 3.1 Mathematical Characterization of Simple Reaction Systems 25 3.2 Experimental Aspects of Kinetic Studies 29 3.3 Techniques for the Interpretation of Kinetic Data 34 Literature Citations 53 Problems 54 4. Basic Concepts in Chemical Kinetics: Molecular Interpretations of Kinetic Phenomena 72 4.0 Introduction 72 4.1 Reaction Mechanisms 73 4.2 Chain Reactions 83 4.3 Molecular Theories of Chemical Kinetics 93 Literature Citations 103 Problems 104 5. Chemical Systems Involving Multiple Reactions 117 5.0 Introduction 117 5.1 Reversible Reactions 117 5.2 Parallel or Competitive Reactions 125 5.3 Series or Consecutive Reactions: Irreversible Series Reactions 133 5.4 Complex Reactions 137 Literature Citations 142 Problems 142 6. Elements of Heterogeneous Catalysis 152 6.0 Introduction 152 6.1 Adsorption Phenomena 153 6.2 Adsorption Isotherms 156 6.3 Reaction Rate Expressions for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 160 6.4 Physical Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 170 6.5 Catalyst Preparation, Fabrication, and Activation 174 6.6 Poisoning and Deactivation of Catalysts 177 Literature Citations 178 Problems 179 7. Liquid Phase Reactions 189 7.0 Introduction 189 7.1 Electrostatic Effects in Liquid Solution 191 7.2 Pressure Effects on Reactions in Liquid Solution 192 7.3 Homogeneous Catalysis in Liquid Solution 193 7.4 Correlation Methods for Kinetic Data: Linear Free Energy Relations 202 Literature Citations 207 Problems 207 8. Basic Concepts in Reactor Design and Ideal Reactor Models 216 8.0 Introduction 216 8.1 Design Analysis for Batch Reactors 225 8.2 Design of Tubular Reactors 228 8.3 Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactors 234 8.4 Reactor Networks Composed of Combinations of Ideal Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactors and Plug Flow Reactors 254 8.5 Summary of Fundamental Design Relations: Comparison of Isothermal Stirred-Tank and Plug Flow Reactors 256 8.6 Semibatch or Semiflow Reactors 256 Literature Citations 259 Problems 259 9. Selectivity and Optimization Considerations in the Design of Isothermal Reactors 273 9.0 Introduction 273 9.1 Competitive (Parallel) Reactions 274 9.2 Consecutive (Series) Reactions: A →k1→ B →k2→ C →k3→ D 278 9.3 Competitive Consecutive Reactions 283 9.4 Reactor Design for Autocatalytic Reactions 290 Literature Citations 294 Problems 294 10. Temperature and Energy Effects in Chemical Reactors 305 10.0 Introduction 305 10.1 The Energy Balance as Applied to Chemical Reactors 305 10.2 The Ideal Well-Stirred Batch Reactor 307 10.3 The Ideal Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor 311 10.4 Temperature and Energy Considerations in Tubular Reactors 314 10.5 Autothermal Operation of Reactors 317 10.6 Stable Operating Conditions in Stirred Tank Reactors 320 10.7 Selection of Optimum Reactor Temperature Profiles: Thermodynamic and Selectivity Considerations 324 Literature Citations 327 Problems 328 11. Deviations from Ideal Flow Conditions 337 11.0 Introduction 337 11.1 Residence Time Distribution Functions, F(t) and dF(t) 337 11.2 Conversion Levels in Nonideal Flow Reactors 352 11.3 General Comments and Rules of Thumb 358 Literature Citations 359 Problems 359 12. Reactor Design for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 371 12.0 Introduction 371 12.1 Commercially Significant Types of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors 371 12.2 Mass Transport Processes within Porous Catalysts 376 12.3 Diffusion and Reaction in Porous Catalysts 380 12.4 Mass Transfer Between the Bulk Fluid and External Surfaces of Solid Catalysts 406 12.5 Heat Transfer Between the Bulk Fluid and External Surfaces of Solid Catalysts 413 12.6 Global Reaction Rates 416 12.7 Design of Fixed Bed Reactors 418 12.8 Design of Fluidized Bed Catalytic Reactors 437 Literature Citations 439 Problems 441 13. Basic and Applied Aspects of Biochemical Transformations and Bioreactors 451 13.0 Introduction 451 13.1 Growth Cycles of Microorganisms: Batch Operation of Bioreactors 452 13.2 Principles and Special Considerations for Bioreactor Design 472 13.3 Commercial Scale Applications of Bioreactors in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 495 Literature Citations 516 Problems 517 Appendix A. Fugacity Coefficient Chart 527 Appendix B. Nomenclature 528 Appendix C. Supplementary References 535 Author Index 537 Subject Index 545

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with a one-stop entry into the chemistry of varied hybrids and applications, from a molecular synthetic standpoint Describes introduction and effect of organic structures on specific support components (carbon-based materials, proteins, metals, and polymers). Chapters cover hot topics including nanodiamonds, nanocrystals, metal-organic frameworks, peptide bioconjugates, and chemoselective protein modification Describes analytical techniques, with pros and cons, to validate synthetic strategies Edited by internationally-recognized chemists from different backgrounds (synthetic polymer chemistry, inorganic surfaces and particles, and synthetic organic chemistry) to pull together diverse perspectives and approachesTable of ContentsPreface vii Contributors ix 1 COVALENT ORGANIC FUNCTIONALIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES 1 Cécilia Ménard-Moyon 2 FUNCTIONALIZED GRAPHENES 36 Iban Azcarate, David Lachkar, Emmanuel Lacôte, Jennifer Lesage de la Haye, and Anne-Laure Vallet 3 NANODIAMONDS: EMERGENCE OF FUNCTIONALIZED DIAMONDOIDS AND THEIR UNIQUE APPLICATIONS 69 Maria A. Gunawan, Paul Kahl, Didier Poinsot, Bruno Domenichini, Peter R. Schreiner, Andrey A. Fokin, and Jean-Cyrille Hierso 4 TITANIA-BASED HYBRID MATERIALS: FROM MOLECULAR PRECURSORS TO THE CONTROLLED DESIGN OF HIERARCHICAL HYBRID MATERIALS 114 Laurence Rozes, Loïc D’Arras, Chloé Hoffman, François Potier, Niki Halttunen, and Lionel Nicole 5 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE SURFACES 168 Marc Petit and Julien Monot 6 FUNCTIONAL METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY 200 Flavien L. Morel, Xiaoying Xu, Marco Ranocchiari, and Jeroen A. van Bokhoven 7 SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF COLLOIDAL SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS: ORGANIC, INORGANIC, AND HYBRID 233 Richard Brutchey, Zeger Hens, and Maksym V. Kovalenko 8 COVALENT ORGANIC FUNCTIONALIZATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 272 Michel Arthur and Mélanie Etheve-Quelquejeu 9 CHEMOSELECTIVE PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS FOR THE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF VIRAL CAPSIDS 299 Divya Agrawal and Christian P. R. Hackenberger 10 CYCLODEXTRINS–METAL HYBRIDS 349 Maxime Guitet, Mickaël Ménand, and Matthieu Sollogoub 11 POST-FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLYMERS VIA ORTHOGONAL LIGATION CHEMISTRY 395 Anja S. Goldmann, M. Glassner, Andrew J. Inglis, and Christopher Barner-Kowollik 12 POLYMER–PROTEIN/PEPTIDE BIOCONJUGATES 466 Paul Wilson, Julien Nicolas, and David M. Haddleton 13 HYBRID MATERIALS BUILT FROM (PHOSPHORUS) DENDRIMERS 503 Anne-Marie Caminade, Beatrice Delavaux-Nicot, and Jean-Pierre Majoral Index

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Book SynopsisThis book covers all aspects of the different classes of nanomaterials from synthesis to application. It investigates in detail the use and feasibility of developing nanocomposites with these nanomaterials as reinforcements. The book encompasses synthesis and properties of cellulose nanofibers, bacterial nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes / nanofibers, graphene, nanodiamonds, nanoclays, inorganic nanomaterials and their nanocomposites for high-end applications such as electronic devices, energy storage, structural and packaging. The book also provides insight into various modification techniques for improving the functionality of nanomaterials apart from their compatibility with the base matrix.Table of ContentsPart I: Nanomaterials 1 Cellulose Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 3 Mahuya Das and Rupa Bhattacharyya 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Synthesis of Cellulose Nanofibers 4 1.3 Properties of Cellulose Nanofibers 14 1.4 Applications of Nanocellulose Fibers 28 1.5 Conclusion 32 References 33 2 Bacterial Nanocellulose: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 39 M.L. Foresti, P. Cerrutti and A. Vazquez 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Bacterial Nanocellulose Synthesis 41 2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose Properties 49 2.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose Applications 52 2.5 Conclusions 57 References 58 3 Carbon Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 63 Tanmoy Rath 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Carbon Nanofiber Structure and Defects 65 3.3 Synthesis 67 3.4 Growth Mechanism of CNFs 773.5 Properties 78 3.6 Applications 82 3.7 Conclusion 84 References 85 4 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 89 Raghunandan Sharma Poonam Benjwal and Kamal K. Kar 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Carbon Nanostructures 91 4.3 Structure: Chirality 97 4.4 Synthesis 99 4.5 Characterizations 103 4.6 Properties 108 4.7 Applications 112 4.8 Conclusions 131 Acknowledgement 132 References 1325 Graphene: Synthesis, Properties and Application 139 Subash Chandra Sahu, Aneeya K. Samantara, Jagdeep Mohanta, Bikash Kumar Jena and Satyabrata Si 5.1 Introduction 140 5.2 History of Graphene 142 5.3 Natural Occurrence 143 5.4 Carbon Allotropes 144 5.5 Molecular Structure and Chemistry of Graphene 147 5.6 Properties of Graphene 147 5.7 Synthesis of Graphene 153 5.8 Biomedical Application of Graphene 155 5.9 Graphene in Energy 166 5.10 Graphene in Electronics 174 5.11 Graphene in Catalysis 177 5.12 Graphene Composites 177 5.13 Conclusion and Perspective 179 Acknowledgement 180 References 181 6 Nanoclays: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 195 Biswabandita Kar and Dibyaranjan Rout 6.1 Introduction 195 6.2 Structure and Properties of Nanoclays 196Contents ix 6.3 Synthesis of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites 203 6.4 Applications of Nanoclays 206 6.5 Conclusion 211 References 212 7 Applications for Nanocellulose in Polyolefins-Based Composites 215 Alcides Lopes Leao, Bibin Mathew Cherian, Suresh Narine, Mohini Sain, Sivoney Souza and Sabu Thomas 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 Flexural Strength 224 References 227 8 Recent Progress in Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanomaterials and Electronically Conducting Polymers 229 Jayesh Cherusseri and Kamal K. Kar 8.1 Introduction 230 8.2 Electronically Conducting Polymers 230 8.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 233 8.4 Why Nanocomposites? 235 8.5 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanocomposites 236 8.6 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites 240 8.7 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 243 8.8 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites 246 8.9 Applications 249 8.10 Conclusions 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 253 Part II: Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles 9 Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles 259 M. Balasubramanian, and P. Jawahar 9.1 Introduction 260 9.2 Processing of Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites (CPN) 273 9.3 Particulate-Polymer Nanocomposites Processing 283 9.4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites 292 9.5 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 301 9.6 Application of Nanocomposites 336 References 342xii Contents 10 Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials: Nanodiamonds, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 347 F. Navarro-Pardo, A.L. Martínez-Hernández and C. Velasco-Santos 10.1 Introduction 348 10.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials 349 10.3 Functionalization 351 10.4 Methods of Nanocomposite Preparation 358 10.5 Properties 360 10.6 Concluding Remarks 386 References 386 Part III: Green Nanocomposites 11 Green Nanocomposites from Renewable Resource-Based Biodegradable Polymers and Environmentally Friendly Blends 403 P. J. Jandas, S. Mohanty and S. K. Nayak 11.1 Introduction 404 11.2 Organically Modified Layered Silicates Reinforced Biodegradable Nanocomposites: New Era of Polymer Composites 407 11.3 Environmentally Friendly Polymer Blends from Renewable Resources 425 11.4 Applications and Prototype Development 436 11.5 Future Perspectives 436 11.6 Conclusion 437 References 438 Part IV: Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites 12 Nanocomposites for Device Applications 445 Sreevalsa VG 12.1 Introduction 446 12.2 Nonvolatile Memory Devices 447 12.3 Fabrication of Nonvolatile Memory Devices Utilizing Graphene Materials Embedded in a Polymer Matrix 451 12.4 Electric-Field-Induced Resistive Switching 452 12.5 Nanocomposite Solar Cells 455 12.6 Thin-Film Capacitors for Computer Chips 457 12.7 Solid Polymer Electrolyes for Batteries 457 12.8 Automotive Engine Parts and Fuel Tanks 458 12.9 Oxygen and Gas Barriers 459 12.10 Printing Technologies 459 12.11 Capacitors 461 12.12 Inductors 461 12.13 Optical Waveguides 462 12.14 Low-K and Low-Loss Composites 463 12.15 ZnO-Based Nanocomposites 463xiv Contents 12.16 Functional Polymer Nanocomposites 464 12.17 Plasmonics 464 12.18 Polymer Nanocomposites 465 12.19 Magnetically Active Nanocomposites 475 12.20 Nanocomposites of Nature 479 References 479 13 Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Applications 483 Sutapa Ghosh and Naresh Chilaka 13.1 Introduction 483 13.2 Energy Storage Mechanism in Supercapacitor and Batteries 485 13.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 488 13.4 Characterization of Nanocomposites: Structure, Electrical, Chemical Composition and Surface Area 491 13.5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Application 494 13.6 Future of Graphene and Conducting Polymer Nancomposites 499 13.7 Conclusions and Future Research Initiatives 500 References 501 14 Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications 505 M. Mollo and C. Bernal 14.1 Introduction 506 14.2 Nanocomposite Fibers 510 14.3 Nano-Enhanced Conventional Composites 512 14.4 Nano-Enhanced All-Polymer Composites 513 14.5 Single Polymer Nanocomposites 514 14.6 Summary, Conclusions and Future Trends 515Contents xv References 517 15 Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 519 Mahuya Das 15.1 Introduction 519 15.2 Nanoreinforcements in Food Packaging Materials 523 15.3 Polymer Matrix for Nanocomposite 538 15.4 Recent Trends in Packaging Developed by Application of Nanocomposites 541 15.5 Application of Nanocomposites as Nanosensor for Smart/Intelligent Packaging 551 15.6 Conclusion 556 References 557 Index 573

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Book SynopsisThis book describes a broad area of nanomedicine which involves mainly applications, diseases, and diagnostics. The comprehensive coverage provides researchers, academics, and health specialists with a great tool, that includes techniques applicable to various uses.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Nanomedicine 1 1 High-technology Therapy Using Biomolecules or Synthetic Compounds for HIV Inhibition 3 Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Pascaline Fontehand Ajay K.Mishra 1.1 Gene Therapy Including RNAHigh-Technology Against HIV 4 1.2 Metals and HIV Therapy 16 1.3 Conclusions 26 References 27 2 Emerging Nanomedicine Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration 39 Author Lineis Missing 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Emerging NanomedicineApproaches 42 References 54 3 Synthesis of Poly(Methacrylate) Encapsulated Magnetite Nanoparticles via Phosphonic Acid Anchoring Chemistry and Its Applications Toward Biomedicine 63 B. Kothandapaniand Ajay K. Mishra 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles 73 3.3 Application in Biomedical Fields 82 3.4 Conclusions 84 References 85 4 Potentiometric PVC Membrane Sensors and Their Analytical Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Environmental Samples at Micro- and Nano-level 87 Gamal Abel-Hafiz Mostafa 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Ion Selective Electrode 88 4.3 Glass Membrane Electrode 89 4.4 Characteristics of ISE 90 4.5 Preparation of PVC Membrane 94 4.6 Method of Preparation of the Liquid Membrane ISEs 96 4.7 Application of Ion Selective Electrodes in Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis Using 97 4.8 Conclusion 123 References 127 5 Bioceramics: Silica-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Medical Applications 135 Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B. Mishra 5.1 Introduction 136 5.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials 141 5.3 Tissue Engineering 146 5.4 Other Organic-Inorganic Bioceramics for Medical Applications 150 5.5 Conclusion 156 5.6 Considerations and Future Directions 157 Acknowledgement 157 References 158 6 Recent Advances of Multifunctional Nanomedicines 163 Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest 164 6.3 Target-specificPharmacotherapy: Need for Nanocarrier Delivery Systems 165 6.4 Engineering of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems 166 6.5 Applications of Pharmaceutical Nanotools 180 6.6 Nanotoxicity 181 6.7 Future prospects 182 6.8 Conclusion 183 References 184 7 Nanomedicinal Approaches for Diabetes Management 189 Prashant Kumar Raiand Ajay Kumar Mishra 7.1 Introduction: The Motivation behind the Chapter 189 7.2 Type of Diabetes 191 7.3 Treatments for Diabetes 192 7.4 Why the Interest in Nanomedicine Research? 193 7.5 The Vision of Nanotechnology and its Clinical Applications for Diabetes 194 7.6 Summary 195 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 8 Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine 197 Narayan Chandra Mishra and Sharmistha Mitra (Majumder) 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Preparation of Nanofibers 199 8.3 RecentAdvances onApplication of Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine 201 8.4 Conclusions 222 References 222 Part 2: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 227 9 Multifunctional Nano/Micro Polymer Capsules as Potential 229 Haider Sami, J. Jaishree, Ashok Kumar and Sri Sivakumar 9.1 Introduction 230 9.2 Synthesis of Polymer Capsules 232 9.3 Properties of Multilayered Polymer Capsules 237 9.4 Loading of Therapeutics 239 9.5 Stimuli-responsive Polymer Capsules 242 9.6 Multifunctional Hybrid Capsules 255 9.7 Targeted Polymer Capsules 267 9.8 BiomedicalApplications 268 9.9 Outlook and Future Prospects 274 References 274 10 Nanophosphors-Nanogold Immunoconjugates in Isolation of Biomembranes and in Drug Delivery 285 Dwijendra Gupta, Dhruv Kumar, Manish Dwivedi, Vijay Tripathi, Pratibha Phadke-Gupta and Surya Pratap Singh 10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Nanoparticle Technology 287 10.3 The Versatility of Nanoparticles in Biological Sciences 288 10.4 Materials and Methods 293 10.5 Nanotags for Bio-labeling and Targeting: Nanophosphors or Quantum Dots 297 10.6 AFM Study of CdS and BSATagged ZnS-Mn Nanoparticles 302 10.7 Nano-Conjugates in Drug Delivery 304 10.8 Nanoparticle-mediated Drug Delivery and Nanotherapeutics 305 10.9 The Limitations of QDs 306 10.10 Summary 307 Acknowledgements 308 References 309 11 Cyclodextrin-based Nanoengineered Drug Delivery System 313 Jaya Lakkakula and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause 11.1 Introduction 314 11.2 Inclusion Complex Formation 316 11.3 Phase Solubility Relationships 318 11.4 Effect of Cyclodextrin on Drug Formulation 321 11.5 Cyclodextrin-based Drug Delivery 324 11.6 Cyclodextrins in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) 331 11.7 Conclusion 335 Acknowledgements 335 References 338 12 Medicinal Patches and Drug Nanoencapsulation 343 María H. Lissarrague, Hernan Garate, Melisa E. Lamanna, Norma B. D’Accorso and Silvia N.Goyanes 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Overview of Passive Skin Permeation (Passive Patches) 344 12.3 Recent Development on Skin Permeation 357 12.4 Drug Encapsulation 361 12.5 Triggered Release 369 12.6 Conclusions 374 References 374 13 Dendrimers: AClass of Polymer in the Nanotechnology for the Drug Delivery 379 Sunil K.Singh and Vivek K. Sharma 13.1 Introduction 379 13.2 Historical Origin of Dendrimers 380 13.3 Structure of Dendrimers 381 13.4 Terms Used in Dendrimer Chemistry 383 13.5 Types of Dendrimers 385 13.6 Application of Dendrimers 392 13.7 Dendrimers in Oral Drug Delivery 394 13.8 Dendrimers in Transdermal Drug Delivery 396 13.9 Dendrimers in Ocular Drug Delivery 398 13.10 Dendrimers inAnticancer Drug Delivery 399 13.11 Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 401 13.12 Conclusion 411 References 411 14 Designing Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 417 Munishwar N. Gupta and Joyeeta Mukherjee 14.1 Introduction 417 14.2 Sizes, Shapes andAdvantages of Nanomaterials 418 14.3 Bioconjugation Strategies 421 14.4 Carbon Nanotubes 429 14.5 Drug Targeting 434 14.6 Future Perspectives 436 Acknowledgements 437 References 437 15 Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 443 Alicia Sawdon and Ching-An Peng 15.1 Introduction 443 15.2 Composition, Formation and Characterization of Polymeric Micelles 444 15.3 Polymeric Micelles for Cancer Chemotherapy 450 15.4 Targeting Schemes 457 15.5 Polymeric Micelles for Diagnostics and Imaging 465 15.6 Conclusions 467 References 467 16 Nanoparticles-based Carriers for Gene Therapy and Drug Delivery 477 Marketa Ryvolova, Jana Drbohlavova, Kristyna Smerkova, Jana Chomoucka, Pavlina Sobrova,Vojtech Adam, PavelKopel, Jaromir Hubalek and Rene Kizek 16.1 Introduction 478 16.2 Targeted Delivery 478 16.3 Conclusion 494 References 494

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