Molecular biology Books

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisBiophysical chemistry is one of the most interesting interdisciplinary research fields. Some of its different subjects have been intensively studied for decades. Now the field attracts not only scientists from chemistry, physics, and biology backgrounds but also those from medicine, pharmacy, and other sciences. We aimed to start this version of the book Biophysical Chemistry from advanced principles, as we include some of the most advanced subject matter, such as advanced topics in catalysis applications (first section) and therapeutic applications (second section). This led us to limit our selection to only chapters with high standards, therefore there are only six chapters, divided into two sections. We have assumed that the interested readers are familiar with the fundamentals of some advanced topics in mathematics such as integration, differentiation, and calculus and have some knowledge of organic and physical chemistry, biology, and pharmacy. We hope that the book will be valuable to graduate and postdoctoral students with the requisite background, and by some advanced researchers active in chemistry, biology, biochemistry, medicine, pharmacy, and other sciences.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a very important research field; specifically, it tries to decrease the gap between theoretical and clinical research. The tendency of world research is to gain a detailed insight into the living organs of animals and humans. However, we must not lose sight of the problems that these organs can present; for example, we need to understand their molecular and biochemical mechanisms, as well as new drug productions to counteract diseases. Very deep mechanisms can offer new therapeutic pathways in hematology and oncology, among other fields. However, at least 8-l0 years of further clinical studies are necessary to make a final decision regarding the real clinical importance of basic research. Ideally, an interdisciplinary efforts among basic and clinical researchers are necessary in common research fields. At the same time, genetic research is increasing dramatically (e.g. enzyme mutations). The primary aim of this book is to demonstrate how such research can be used in both fields. This book gathers knowledge from experts in basic and clinical science, biochemistry, pharmacology, molecular pharmacology, genetics, and other fields.

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Book SynopsisThis readily comprehensible book explains the identification of molecular targets via cellular assays, reporter genes or transgenic models, as well as surveying recent advances in the synthesis, separation and analysis of drugs. A special section is devoted to molecular genetics methods. With its examination of these novel methods and generous practical advice, this is essential reading for all pharmaceutical chemists, molecular biologists and medical researchers using molecular methods to study drugs and their action.Trade Review"...a welcome addition to the library of anyone seeking to build a multidisciplinary group" Applied Organometallic Chemistry, June 2004 "In all, the book touches on some of the trendiest subjects that interface to form the frontier of modern medicinal chemistry." Kevin G. Rice, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 26, 2004 "Molecular Biology in Medicinal Chemistry ist eine exzellente Einführung in einige wichtige Aspekte der pharmazeutischen Forschung und der Chemischen Biologie. Jeder Wissenschaftler, der sich für diese Gebiete interessiert, sollte über seine Bibliothek Zugriff auf dieses Buch haben." Rolf Breinbauer Angewandte Chemie "It is not the book "screening for beginners" but, thanks to the wide range of topics, every reader will find several very interesting chapters in it. The readership is addressed in the title: medicinal chemists in industry and academia. I, for my part, found far more in it than I expected." Boris Schmidt ChemBioChem 8/2004 "Das von Dingermann, Steinhilber und Folkers zusammengestellte Autorenteam beleuchtet in kompetenter und aufschlußreicher Weise den gegenwärtigen Stand und Stellenwert der molekularebiologischer Methoden und Techniken im Bereich der pharmazeutischen Chemie. ... Mit dem Themenblock Kinetik, Metabolismus und Toxikologie schließt das Buch ab. Diese hervorragende Zusammenstellung über den aktuellen Stand von Pharmacogenomics und Toxicogenomics sowie die umfassende und detaillierte Referenzliste setzt Maßstäbe und wäre allein schon Grund genug das Buch zu erwerben." Stefan Müller, Köln, Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research, 1/05Table of ContentsMOLECULAR TARGETS Cellular Assays in Drug Discovery Gene Knockout Models Reporter Gene Assay Systems for the Investigation of GPCRs From the Human Genome to New Drugs: The Potential of Orphan GPCRs SYNTHESIS Stereoselective Synthesis with the Help of Recombinant Enzymes Nucleic Acid Drugs ANALYSIS Recent Trends in Enantioseparation of Chiral Drugs Affinity Chromatography NMR-based Drug Discovery 13C- and 15N-Isotopic Labeling of Proteins Antibody Fragments as Crystallization Enhancers KINETICS, METABOLISM AND TOXICOLOGY Pharmacogenetics: The Effect of Inherited Genetic Variation on Drug Disposition and Drug Response Pharmacogenomics of Bioavaliability and Elimination Toxicogenomics: Integration of New Molecular Biological Tools in Toxicology

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Book SynopsisCancer, which has become the second-most prevalent health issue globally, is essentially a malfunction of cell signaling. Understanding how the intricate signaling networks of cells and tissues allow cancer to thrive - and how they can be turned into potent weapons against it - is the key to managing cancer in the clinic and improving the outcome of cancer therapies. In their ground-breaking textbook, the authors provide a compelling story of how cancer works on the molecular level, and how targeted therapies using kinase inhibitors and other modulators of signaling pathways can contain and eventually cure it. The first part of the book gives an introduction into the cell and molecular biology of cancer, focusing on the key mechanisms of cancer formation. The second part of the book introduces the main signaling transduction mechanisms responsible for carcinogenesis and compares their function in healthy versus cancer cells. In contrast to the complexity of its topic, the text is easy to read. 32 specially prepared teaching videos on key concepts and pathways in cancer signaling are available online for users of the print edition and have been integrated into the text in the enhanced e-book edition.Table of ContentsPreface XV Acknowledgments XXI List of Abbreviations XXIII About the Companion Website XXIX 1 General Aspects of Signal Transduction and Cancer Therapy 1 1.1 General Principles of Signal Transduction 2 1.1.1 Biological Signals have to be Processed 2 1.1.2 What is a Signal Transduction Pathway? 2 1.1.3 Mechanisms of Direct Signal Transduction 4 1.1.4 The Interactome Gives Insight into the Signaling Network 5 1.1.5 Protein Domains for Protein–Protein Interaction and Signal Transduction 6 1.1.6 Functions of Mutated Proteins in Tumor Cells 8 1.2 Drugs against Cancer 10 1.2.1 Terms and Definitions 10 1.2.2 The Steps from a Normal Cell to a Tumor 10 1.2.3 Interference Levels ofTherapeutic Drugs 11 1.2.4 Drugs Attacking the Whole Cell 12 1.2.4.1 DNA Alkylating Drugs 13 1.2.5 Process-Blocking Drugs 14 1.2.5.1 Drugs Blocking Synthesis of DNA and RNA 14 1.2.5.2 Drugs Blocking the Synthesis of DNA and RNA Precursor Molecules 15 1.2.5.3 Drugs Blocking Dynamics of Microtubules 16 1.2.6 Innovative Molecule-Interfering Drugs 18 1.2.7 Fast-Dividing Normal Cells and Slowly Dividing Tumor Cells: Side Effects and Relapse 19 1.2.8 Drug Resistance 19 1.2.8.1 Drugs Circumventing Resistance 19 1.3 Outlook 20 2 Tumor Cell Heterogeneity and Resistance to Targeted Therapy 23 2.1 The Genetic Basis of Tumorigenesis 24 2.2 Clonal Heterogeneity 24 2.2.1 Clonal Origin of Tumors 24 2.2.2 Clonal Evolution 26 2.2.3 The Time Course of Clonal Evolution 30 2.2.4 Clonal Evolution and Resistance toTherapy 32 2.2.5 Targeting Essential Drivers (Driver Addiction) 34 2.2.6 Resistance by Alternative Pathway Activation 36 2.2.7 Overcoming Resistance by Combinatorial Therapies 36 2.3 Tumor Stem Cells and Tumor Cell Hierarchies 37 2.4 Epigenetics and Phenotypic Plasticity 40 2.5 Microenvironment 42 2.6 Outlook 43 3 Cell Cycle of Tumor Cells 47 3.1 Properties of Tumor Cells 48 3.1.1 Differences between Tumor Cells and Normal Cells In vitro 49 3.1.2 Regulation of Cell Number 49 3.2 The Cell Cycle 50 3.2.1 Checkpoints 51 3.2.2 Cyclins 52 3.2.3 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) 53 3.2.4 The Retinoblastoma-Associated Protein Rb as Regulator of the Cell Cycle 54 3.2.5 Inhibitors of CDKs 54 3.2.6 Checkpoints and DNA Integrity 55 3.2.7 The Repair Mechanism Depends on the Cell Cycle Phase 57 3.2.8 Tumor-Relevant Proteins in the Cell Cycle 57 3.3 The Cell Cycle as Therapeutic Target 58 3.3.1 Small Compounds Inhibiting Cell-Cycle-Dependent Kinases as Anticancer Drugs 59 3.4 Outlook 60 4 Cell Aging and Cell Death 63 4.1 A Cell’s Journey through Life 64 4.2 Cellular Aging and Senescence 64 4.2.1 Replicative Senescence 65 4.2.2 Shortening of Chromosomal Telomeres during Replication 67 4.2.3 Chromosomal Telomeres 67 4.2.4 Telomerase 69 4.2.5 Animal Models 72 4.2.6 Overcoming Replicative Senescence in Tumor Cells 72 4.2.7 Nonreplicative Senescence 73 4.3 Cell Death 74 4.4 Morphologies of Dying Cells 75 4.4.1 Morphology of Necrotic Cells 75 4.4.2 Morphologies of Apoptotic and Necroptotic Cells 75 4.4.3 Morphology of Autophagy 76 4.5 Necroptosis 76 4.6 Apoptosis in the Healthy Organism 79 4.6.1 The Four Phases of Apoptosis 80 4.6.2 Extrinsic Initiation 81 4.6.2.1 TNF Pathway 81 4.6.2.2 TNF Receptor Downstream Signaling 82 4.6.2.3 Caspases 82 4.6.3 Intrinsic Initiation 83 4.6.4 Execution Phase 84 4.6.5 Phagocytosis and Degradation 85 4.7 Apoptosis of Tumor Cells 85 4.8 Autophagy 86 4.8.1 Autophagy in Tumor Development 87 4.8.2 Regulation of Autophagy 89 4.9 Cell Death and Cell Aging as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Treatment 89 4.9.1 Induction of Apoptosis by Radiation 89 4.9.2 Induction of Apoptosis by Conventional Anticancer Drugs 90 4.9.3 Innovative Drugs Targeting Aging and Death Pathways 92 4.9.3.1 Targeting TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand) 92 4.9.3.2 Targeting Bcl-2 92 4.9.3.3 Simulating the Effects of cIAP Inhibitors 92 4.9.3.4 Targeting Autophagy Pathways 93 4.10 Senescence in Anticancer Therapy 93 4.11 Outlook 94 5 Growth Factors and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 97 5.1 Growth Factors 98 5.2 Protein Kinases 98 5.2.1 Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases 100 5.2.2 Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activation 102 5.2.3 The Family of EGF Receptors 103 5.2.4 The Family of PDGF Receptors 104 5.2.5 The Insulin Receptor Family and its Ligands 107 5.2.5.1 Prostate-Specific Antigen 107 5.2.6 Signaling from Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases 108 5.2.7 Association of PDGF and EGF Receptors with Cytoplasmic Proteins 109 5.2.7.1 Signaling from PDGF and EGF Receptors 112 5.2.8 Constitutive Activation of RTKs in Tumor Cells 113 5.3 Therapy of Tumors with Dysregulated Growth Factors and their Receptors 115 5.3.1 Targeting Growth Factors 115 5.3.2 Targeting EGF Receptors by Antibodies 116 5.3.3 Targeting EGF Receptors by Kinase Inhibitors 117 5.4 Outlook 117 6 The Philadelphia Chromosome and BCR-ABL1 119 6.1 Analysis of Chromosomes 120 6.2 Aberrant Chromosomes in Tumor Cells 121 6.3 The Philadelphia Chromosome 122 6.3.1 Molecular Diagnosis of the BCR-ABL1 Fusion Gene 125 6.4 The BCR-ABL1 Kinase Protein 125 6.4.1 Structural Aspects of BCR-ABL1 Kinase 126 6.4.2 Substrates and Effects of BCR-ABL1 Kinase 128 6.4.3 The BCR-ABL1 Kinase Inhibitor Imatinib 129 6.4.4 Imatinib in Treatment of Tumors Other than CML 130 6.4.5 Mechanism of Imatinib Action 130 6.4.6 Resistance against Imatinib 130 6.4.7 BCR-ABL1 Kinase Inhibitors of the Second and the Third Generation 131 6.4.8 Allosteric Inhibitors of BCR-ABL1 132 6.5 Outlook 133 7 MAPK Signaling 135 7.1 The RAS Gene 136 7.2 The Ras Protein 136 7.2.1 The Ras Protein as a Molecular Switch 138 7.2.2 The GTPase Reaction inWild-Type and Mutant Ras Proteins 139 7.3 Neurofibromin: The Second RasGAP 143 7.4 Downstream Signaling of Ras 144 7.4.1 The BRaf Protein 145 7.4.2 The BRAF Gene 147 7.4.3 The MAPK Signaling Pathway 147 7.4.4 Mutations in Genes of the MAPK Pathway 148 7.5 Therapy of Tumors with Constitutively Active MAPK Pathway 149 7.5.1 Ras as aTherapeutic Target 150 7.5.1.1 Inhibiting Posttranslational Modification and Membrane Anchoring of Ras 150 7.5.1.2 Direct Targeting Mutant Ras 152 7.5.1.3 Preventing Ras/Raf Interaction 152 7.5.2 BRaf Inhibitors 152 7.5.2.1 Consequences of BRaf Inhibition by Vemurafenib 154 7.5.2.2 Resistance against BRaf Inhibitors Based on BRaf Dependent Mechanisms 154 7.5.2.3 Resistance against BRaf Inhibitors Based on BRaf Independent Mechanisms 155 7.5.2.4 Treatment of Vemurafenib-Resistant Tumors 155 7.6 Outlook 156 8 PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling 159 8.1 Discovery of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway 160 8.2 Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K) 161 8.3 Inositol Trisphosphate, Diacylglycerol, and Protein Kinase C (PKC) 163 8.3.1 Protein Kinase C (PKC) 163 8.3.2 Activation and Functions of PKC 165 8.4 AKT (Protein Kinase B) 165 8.5 mTOR 168 8.5.1 mTORC1: Inputs 170 8.5.2 mTORC2: Inputs 171 8.5.3 mTORC1: Outputs 171 8.5.4 mTORC2: Outputs 172 8.5.5 Feedback Controls 172 8.6 PTEN 172 8.7 Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Cancer 173 8.7.1 Sporadic Carcinomas 173 8.7.2 Hamartoma Syndromes 174 8.8 PKC in Cancer 175 8.9 Therapy 176 8.10 Outlook 178 9 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) 183 9.1 Responses of HIF to Hypoxia and Oncogenic Pathways 184 9.2 HIF Functional Domains 185 9.3 Regulation of HIF 186 9.3.1 Regulation of HIF under Normoxic Conditions 186 9.3.2 Regulation of HIF under Hypoxic Conditions 189 9.3.3 Oxygen-Independent Regulation of HIF 189 9.3.4 Context-Dependence of HIF Regulation 190 9.4 Regulation of HIF in Malignant Disease 191 9.4.1 Expression of HIF in Human Tumors 191 9.4.2 von Hippel–Lindau Disease 191 9.5 HIF Targets in Cancer 192 9.5.1 Target Genes of HIF1α and HIF2α 192 9.5.2 HIF Target Genes Affecting Tumor Growth 193 9.5.3 HIF Target Genes Affecting Metabolism 195 9.5.3.1 Glucose Uptake and Metabolism 195 9.5.3.2 HIF1α and theWarburg Effect 197 9.5.3.3 The Warburg Paradox 197 9.6 TCA Cycle Intermediates and Tumor Syndromes 200 9.7 Drugs Targeting HIFs 200 9.8 Outlook 202 10 NF-κB Pathways 205 10.1 NF-κB Signaling in Inflammation, Growth Control, and Cancer 206 10.2 The Core of NF-κB Signaling 207 10.3 Family of IκB Proteins 209 10.4 Canonical NF-κB Signaling from TNF Receptor 1 210 10.5 B-Cell Receptor Signaling 213 10.6 Other Receptors Activating the Canonical Pathway 214 10.7 Alternative NF-κB Pathway 214 10.8 Terminating the NF-κB Response 215 10.9 Ubiquitinylation in NF-κB Signaling 217 10.10 Transcriptional Regulation 219 10.11 Physiological Role of NF-κB Transcription Factors 221 10.12 Mutational Activation of NF-κB Pathways in Malignant Disease 222 10.12.1 B-Cell Lymphomas 222 10.12.2 Multiple Myeloma 223 10.12.3 Activation of NF-κB Pathways by Polycomb-Mediated Loss of microRNA-31 in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 225 10.12.4 Carcinomas 227 10.13 Cross Talk between Mutant KRas and NF-κB 227 10.14 Inflammation, NF-κB, and Cancer 228 10.15 Activation of Osteoclasts in Multiple Myeloma and Breast Cancer Metastases 230 10.16 Targeting NF-κB Pathways 232 10.16.1 B-Cell Malignancies 232 10.16.2 Carcinomas 233 10.16.3 Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 233 10.17 Outlook 233 11 Wnt Signaling 237 11.1 The History of Wnt 238 11.2 The Canonical Wnt Pathway 238 11.2.1 The Nonactivated Wnt Pathway 239 11.2.2 The Physiologically Activated Wnt Pathway 241 11.2.3 The Nonphysiologically Activated Wnt Pathway in the Absence of the Wnt Signal 242 11.3 TheWnt Network 243 11.4 Proteins of the Wnt Pathway with Diverse Functions 243 11.4.1 APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein) 243 11.4.2 β-Catenin 245 11.4.3 Axin 245 11.5 The Wnt Targetome 246 11.5.1 The Three Levels of the Wnt Targetome 247 11.5.2 Biological Effects of Wnt Target Genes 248 11.6 The Wnt Pathway as Therapeutic Target 250 11.6.1 Strategies to Identify Anti-Wnt Drugs 250 11.6.2 Molecules Interfering with the Wnt Pathway 253 11.7 Outlook 254 12 Notch Signaling 257 12.1 Introduction 258 12.2 Determination of Cell Fate Decisions 258 12.3 Notch Proteins and Notch Ligands 259 12.4 Notch Signaling 261 12.4.1 The Notch Signaling Pathway 261 12.4.2 Regulation of Notch Signaling by Posttranslational Modification 264 12.4.2.1 Ubiquitinylation 264 12.4.2.2 Glycosylation of Notch 265 12.5 Notch Signaling in Malignant Disease 266 12.5.1 Acute T-Cell Leukemia (T-ALL) 266 12.5.2 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 268 12.5.3 Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) 269 12.5.4 Breast Cancer 269 12.5.5 Cholangiocellular Carcinoma (CCC) 270 12.5.6 Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCCs) 271 12.5.7 Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 272 12.5.8 Angiogenesis 272 12.6 Drugs Targeting the Notch Pathway 273 12.7 Outlook 275 13 Hedgehog Signaling 277 13.1 Overview of Hedgehog Signaling 278 13.2 Hedgehog Ligands 279 13.3 The Primary Cilium 280 13.4 Patched (Ptch) and Smoothened (Smo) 283 13.5 Gli Transcription Factors 283 13.6 Signaling in the Absence of Hedgehog 284 13.7 Signaling after Binding of Hedgehog to Patched 284 13.8 Activation of the Canonical Hedgehog Pathway in Basal Cell Carcinoma and Medulloblastoma 285 13.9 Noncanonical Activation of Hedgehog-Responsive Genes 288 13.9.1 KRas 288 13.9.2 Atypical Protein Kinase-Lambda/Iota (aPKCι) 288 13.9.3 PI3-Kinase-AKT (PI3K-AKT) 289 13.9.4 mTOR 290 13.10 Paracrine Activation of Hedgehog Signaling 291 13.11 Pharmacological Inhibition of the Hedgehog Pathway 292 13.11.1 Inhibition of Hh Binding to Ptch 293 13.11.2 Inhibitors of Smoothened 293 13.11.3 Inhibition of Cilial Trafficking 294 13.11.4 Inhibition of Gli 294 13.11.5 Resistance against Direct Inhibitors of Smoothened 295 13.12 Outlook 296 14 TGFβ Signaling 299 14.1 The TGFβ Superfamily 300 14.2 Structure and Processing of TGFβ Superfamily Members 301 14.3 The TGFβ Signaling Pathway 302 14.4 Transcriptional Regulation by TGFβ Superfamily Members 305 14.5 Regulation of Stem Cells by TGFβ Superfamily Members 307 14.6 TGFβ Superfamily Members as Tumor Suppressors in Human Cancer 309 14.7 Active role of TGFβ in Tumor Progression 310 14.8 Drugs Interfering with TGFβ Signaling 312 14.9 TGF β Superfamily Members in Tumor Cachexia 313 14.10 Outlook 315 Nomenclature 316 Index 319

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Book SynopsisGrassland covers 26% of the world’s total land area. It produces feed for livestock; maintains soil fertility; protects and conserves soil and water resources; creates a habitat for wildlife; provides recreational space for sport and leisure and contributes to the general landscape. This book provides an up-to-date account of progress and potential in the genetic improvement of grassland to meet all needs. It encompasses work on a wide range of temperate and tropical grassland species (including grasses, clovers and other forage legumes) and will interest all those concerned with grassland use in livestock-based agriculture, recreation, environmental protection, bio-industry etc. Specifically, it demonstrates how recent advances in molecular techniques are being used to develop breeding objectives and strategies with key-note papers on: Objectives and benefits of molecular breeding, Linkage/physical mapping and map-based cloning, QTL analysis and trait dissection, Genomics, model species, gene discovery and functional analysis, Use of molecular markers and bioinformatics for breeding, Molecular genetics and breeding of endosymbiont and grass/legume associations, Transgenics, Genetic diversity, breeding systems and resources Future directions for research and breeding. State-of-the-art molecular techniques and resources are described that encompass a unique range of expertise in genetic mapping, trait dissection, comparative genomics, bioinformatics, gene discovery and risk assessment. Examples of work in progress or recently completed are provided from across the world. The book has broad educational value and will interest plant geneticists and breeders as well as grassland users and policy makers.Table of ContentsForeword 7; Keynote presentations 17; Objectives and benefits of molecular breeding in forage species 19; T. Lubberstedt; Introgression mapping in the grasses 31; I.P. King, J. King, I.P. Armstead, J.A. Harper, L.A. Roberts, H. Thomas, H.J. Ougham, R.N. Jones, A. Thomas, BJ Moore, L. Huang and I.S. Donnison; QTL analysis and trait dissection in ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) 43; T. Yamada and J.W. Forster; Translational genomics for alfalfa varietal improvement 55; G.D. May; Application of molecular technologies in forage plant breeding 63; K.F. Smith, J.W. Forster, M.P. Dobrowolski, N.O.I. Cogan, N.R. Bannan, E. van Zijll de Jong, M. Emmerling and G.C. Spangenberg; A computational pipeline for the development of comparative anchor tagged sequence (CATS) markers 73; L. Schauser, J. Fredslund, L. Heegaard Madsen, N. Sandal and J. Stougaard; Future directions in the molecular breeding of forage and turf 83; G.C. Spangenberg, J.W. Forster, D. Edwards, U. John, A. Mouradov, M. Emmerling, J. Batley, S. Felitti, N.O.I. Cogan, K.F. Smith and M.P. Dobrowolski; Application of molecular markers in genetic resources management of perennial ryegrass 99; R. van Treuren; Section 1: Objectives, benefits and targets of molecular breeding 111; Leaves of high yielding perennial ryegrass contain less aggregated Rubisco than S23 113; A. Kingston-Smith and P.W. Wilkins; Variability in quantity and composition of water soluble carbohydrates among Irish accessions and European varieties of perennial ryegrass 114; S. McGrath, S. Barth, A. Frohlich, M. Francioso, S.A. Lamorte and T.R. Hodkinson; Introgression breeding for improvement of winter hardiness in Lolium/Festuca complex using androgenenesis 115; T. Yamada, Y.D. Guo and Y. Mizukami; A new napier grass stunting disease in Kenya associated with phytoplasma 116; A.B. Orodho, S.I. Ajanga, P. Jones and P.O. Mudavadi; Studies of seed characteristics of ecotypes of lucerne, Bromus and Agropyron in response to Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani 117; M.A. Alizadeh; Genetic analysis of the interaction between the host perennial ryegrass and the crown rust pathogen (Puccinia coronata f.sp. lolii) 118; P.M. Dracatos, J.L. Dumsday, R.S. Olle, N.O.I. Cogan, M.P. Dobrowolski, K.F. Smith and J.W. Forster; Molecular characterisation of bacterial wilt resistance in Lolium multiflorum Lam. 119; B. Studer, B. Boller, F. Widmer, U.K. Posselt, E. Bauer and R. Kolliker; Discriminating stay-green grasses using hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics 120; J. Taylor, B. Moore, J.J. Rowland, H. Thomas and H. Ougham; Non-destructive assessment of quality and yield for grass-breeding 121; A.G.T. Schut, M.J.J. Pustjens, P. Wilkins, J. Meuleman, P. Reyns, A. Lovatt and G.W.A.M. van der Heijden; Root senescence in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) 122; K.J. Webb, E. Tuck and S. Heywood; Tropical vine legume-maize mixtures for enhanced silage in temperate climates 123; H. Riday. Section 2: Linkage/physical mapping and map-based cloning of genes 125; Development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and their use to assess genetic diversity in apomictic Guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) 127; M. Ebina, K. Kouki, S. Tsuruta, M. Takahara, M. Kobayashi, T. Yamamoto, K. Nakajima and H. Nakagawa 127; Construction of microsatellite-enriched libraries for tropical forage species and characterization of the repetitive sequences found in Brachiaria brizantha 128; L. Jungmann, C.B. do Valle, P.R. Laborda, R.M.S. Resende, L. Jank and A.P. de Souza; Isolation of SSR markers from Zoysiagrass 129; H. Cai, N. Yuyama and M. Inoue; Development of SSR markers for variety identification in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 130; M. Inoue, N. Yuyama and H. Cai; Development of EST-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 131; M. Hirata, Y. Miura, T. Takamizo and M. Fujimori; Development of a microsatellite library in Lolium perenne 132; J. King, I.P. King, D. Thorogood, L. Roberts, K. Skot and K. Elborough; Tall fescue expressed sequence tag and simple sequence repeats: important resources for grass species 133; M.C. Saha, J.C. Zwonitzer, K. Chekhovskiy and M.A.R. Mian; Development of EST and AFLP markers linked to a gene for resistance to ryegrass blast (Pyricularia sp.) in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 134; Y. Miura, C. Ding, R. Ozaki, M. Hirata, M. Fujimori, H. Cai and K. Mizuno; Construction and exploitation of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) 135; K. Farrar, A.M. Thomas, M.O. Humphreys and I.S. Donnison; Characterisation of perennial ryegrass parental inbred lines for generating recombinant inbred lines for fine mapping and gene cloning 136; U.C.M. Anhalt, S. Barth, T. Schwarzacher and J.S. Heslop-Harrison; A high-density SSR linkage map of red clover and its transferability to other legumes 137; S. Isobe, S. Sato, E. Asamizu, I. Klimenko, N.N. Kozlov, K. Okumura and S. Tabata; Estimation of the coefficient of double-reduction in autotetraploid lucerne 138; R. Ayadi, P. Barre, C. Huyghe and B. Julier; A core AFLP map of aposporic tetraploid Paspalum notatum (Bahiagrass) 139; J.P.A. Ortiz, J. Stein, E.J. Martinez, S.C. Pessino and C.L. Quarin; Repulsion-phase linkage analysis of tetraploid creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) 140; S.E. Warnke, N. Chakraborty and G. Jung; Towards a genetic map in creeping bentgrass based on SSRs, AFLPs and RFLPs 141; H. Zhao and S. Bughrara; Integration of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) genetic maps using gene-associated SNPs 142; A.C. Vecchies, R.C. Ponting, M.C. Drayton, N.O.I. Cogan, K.F. Smith, G.C. Spangenberg and J.W. Forster; Construction and comparison of genetic linkage maps of four F1 populations of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 143; M. Vandewalle; Section 3: QTL analysis and trait dissection 145; QTLs for morphogenetic traits in Medicago truncatula 147; B. Julier, T. Huguet, J.M. Prosperi, P. Barre, G. Cardinet and C. Huyghe; A Medicago truncatula population segregating for aluminum tolerance 148; M. Sledge, B. Narasimhamoorthy and G. Jiang; Genetic mapping in tetraploid alfalfa: Results and prospects 149; E.C. Brummer, J.G. Robins, B. Alarcon Zuniga and D. Luth; Quantitative trait locus analysis of morphogenetic and developmental traits in an SSR- and AFLP-based genetic map of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) 150; M.T Abberton, N.O.I. Cogan, K.F. Smith, G. Kearney, A.H. Marshall, A. Williams, T.P.T. Michaelson-Yeates, C. Bowen, E.S. Jones, A.C. Vecchies and J.W. Forster. Changes in gene expression during acclimation to cold temperatures in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) 151; M. Lowe, R.P. Collins and M.T. Abberton; QTL analysis of mineral content and grass tetany potential in Leymus wildryes 152; S.R. Larson and H.F. Mayland; QTL analysis of mineral content in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 153; N.O.I. Cogan, A.C. Vecchies, T. Yamada, K.F. Smith and J.W. Forster; A glucanase gene cosegregates with a QTL for crown rust resistance in L. perenne 154; H. Muylle, J. Baert, E. Van Bockstaele and I. Roldan-Ruiz; Mapping water-soluble carbohydrate content in perennial ryegrass 155; L. Turner, J. Gallagher, I. Armstead, A. Cairns and M. Humphreys; Quantitative trait loci for vegetative traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 156; A.M. Sartie, H.S. Easton, M.J. Faville and C. Matthew; Approaches for associating molecular polymorphisms with phenotypic traits based on linkage disequilibrium in natural populations of Lolium perenne 157; L. Skot, J. Humphreys, I.P. Armstead, M.O. Humphreys, J.A. Gallagher and I.D. Thomas; Identification of quantitative trait loci for flowering time in a field-grown Lolium perenne x Lolium multiflorum mapping population 158; R.N. Brown, R.E. Barker, S.E. Warnke, L.A. Brilman, M.A.R. Mian, S.C. Sim and G. Jung; Crown rust resistance of Italian ryegrass cultivar 'Axis' to an isolate from Japan 159; T. Kiyoshi, M. Hirata, T. Takamizo, H. Sato, Y. Mano and M. Fujimori; Locating, and utilising Festuca pratensis genes for winter hardiness for the future development of more persistent high quality Lolium cultivars 160; M.W. Humphreys, D. Gasior, A. Kosmala, O.A. Rognli, Z. Zwierzykowski and M. Rapacz; QTL analysis of vernalisation requirement and heading traits in Festuca pratensis Huds. 161; A. Ergon, C. Fang, O. Jorgensen, T.S. Aamlid and O.A. Rognli; Consistency of QTL for dollar spot resistance between greenhouse and field inoculations, multiple locations, and different population sizes in creeping bentgrass 162; N. Chakraborty, J. Bae, J. Curley, S. Warnke, M. Casler, S. Bughrara and G. Jung; Section 4: Genomics, model species, gene discovery and functional analysis 163; Structural and functional genomic research in model legume plants: The National BioResource Project (NBRP) in Japan 165; S. Tsuruta, M. Hashiguchi and R Akashi; Identification of putative AtTT2 R2R3-MYB transcription factor orthologues in tanniferous tissues of L. corniculatus var. japonicus cv Gifu 166; D.N Bryant, P. Bailey, P. Morris, M. Robbins, C. Martin and T. Wang; Foliar expression of candidate genes involved in condensed tannin biosynthesis in white clover (Trifolium repens) 167; S.N. Panter, J. Simmonds, A. Winkworth, A. Mouradov and G.C. Spangenberg; Discovery, isolation and characterisation of promoters in white clover (Trifolium repens) 168; C.M. Labandera, Y.H. Lin, E. Ludlow, M. Emmerling, U. John, P.W. Sale, C. Pallaghy and G.C. Spangenberg; Application of molecular markers derived from Medicago truncatula in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) 169; C. Jones and M.T. Abberton; Gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in white clover (T. repens L.) 170; M.C. Drayton, R.C. Ponting, A.C. Vecchies, T.C. Wilkinson, J. George, N.O.I. Cogan, N.R. Bannan, K.F. Smith, G.C. Spangenberg and J.W. Forster; A molecular study of alfalfa megasporogenesis 171; D. Rosellini, S. Capomaccio and F. Veronesi; The efficacy of GeneThresher[registered] methylation filtering technology in the plant kingdom 172; U. Warek, J.A. Bedell, M.A. Budiman, A.N. Nunberg, R.W. Citek, D. Robbins, N. Lakey and P.D. Rabinowicz; Screening of perennial grasses and a mutant maize collection by Fourier-Transformed InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy for improved biofuel traits 173; S.C. Thain, P. Morris, S. Hawkins, C. Morris and I.S. Donnison. A proposal for an international transcriptome initiative for forage and turf: microarray tools for expression profiling in ryegrass, clover and grass endophytes 174; T. Webster, N. Nguyen, C. Rhodes, S. Felitti, R. Chapman, D. Edwards and G.C. Spangenberg; Isolation and characterisation of genes encoding malate synthesis and transport determinants in the aluminium-tolerant Australian weeping-grass (Microlaena stipoides) 175; R.M. Polotnianka, E. Ribarev, L. Mackin, K.A. Sivakumaran, G.D. Nugent, U.P. John and G.C. Spangenberg; Novel genotypes of the subtropical grass Eragrostis curvula for the analysis of apomixis (diplospory) 176; S. Cardone, P. Polci, J.P. Selva, M. Mecchia, S. Pessino, P. Voigt, G.C. Spangenberg and V. Echenique; Discovery and functional categorisation of expressed sequence tags from flowers of Eragrostis curvula genotypes showing different ploidy levels and reproductive modes 177; V. Echenique, S. Felitti, N. Paniego, L. Martelotto, S. Pessino, D. Zanazzi, P. Fernandez, M. Diaz, P. Polci and G.C. Spangenberg; A comprehensive analysis of gene expression and genomic alterations in a newly formed autotetraploid of Paspalum notatum 178; L.G. Martelotto, J.P.A. Ortiz, F. Espinoza, C.L. Quarin and S.C. Pessino; Gene discovery and molecular dissection of fructan metabolism in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 179; J. Chalmers, A. Lidgett, X. Johnson, K. Terdich, N. Cummings, Y.Y. Cao, K. Fulgueras, M. Emmerling, T. Sawbridge, E.K. Ong, A. Mouradov and G.C. Spangenberg; Gene discovery and molecular dissection of lignin biosynthesis in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 180; A. Lidgett, M. Emmerling, R. Heath, R. McInnes, D. Lynch, A. Bartkowski, K. Fulgueras, T. Sawbridge, E.K. Ong, K.F. Smith, A. Mouradov and G.C. Spangenberg; An in silico DNA sequence comparison of the perennial ryegrass and rice genomes 181; M.J. Faville; The identification of genetic synteny between Lolium perenne chromosome 7 and rice chromosome 6 genomic regions that have major effects on heading-date 182; I.P. Armstead, L.B. Turner, L. Skot, I.S. Donnison, M.O. Humphreys and I.P. King; Towards understanding photoperiodic response in grasses 183; M. Gagic, I. Kardailsky, N. Forester, B. Veit and J. Putterill; Controlled flowering project for Lolium perenne at Agresearch: an overview 184; I. Karadailsky, B. Veit, N. Forester, M. Gagic, K. Richardson, M. Faville and G. Bryan; The investigation of flowering control in late/rare flowering Lolium perenne 185; S. Byrne, I. Donnison, L.J. Mur and E. Guiney; Isolation of candidate genes involved in cold temperature response in Festuca pratensis Huds., using suppression subtractive hybridisation and microarray approaches 186; H. Rudi, V. Alm, L. Opseth, A. Larsen and O.A. Rognli; Isolation and characterization of a CBF gene from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 187; Y. Xiong and S. Fei; Isolation and characterisation of genes encoding ice recrystallisation inhibition proteins (IRIPs) in the cryophilic antarctic hair-grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and the temperate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 188; U.P. John, R.M. Polotnianka, K.A. Sivakumaran, L. Mackin, M.J. Kuiper, J.P. Talbot, O. Chew, G.D. Nugent, N.O.I. Cogan, M.C. Drayton, J.W. Forster, G.E. Schrauf and G.C. Spangenberg; Development of genetic markers for drought tolerance in Festuca-Lolium complexes 189; J.P. Wang and S.S. Bughrara; Monitoring of gene expression profiles and identification of candidate genes involved in drought tolerance in Festuca mairei with cDNA-AFLP 190; J.P. Wang and S.S. Bughrara; Section 5: Use of molecular markers and bioinformatics in breeding 191; Towards a comparative map of white clover (Trifolium repens) and barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) 193; M. Febrer, G. Jenkins, M. Abberton and D. Milbourne; Use of cross-species amplification markers for pollen-mediated gene flow determination in Trifolium polymorphum Poiret 194; M. Dalla Rizza, D. Real, R. Reyno and K. Quesenberry; Clover ASTRA: a web-based resource for Trifolium EST analysis 195; G.C. Spangenberg, T. Sawbridge, E.K. Ong, C.G. Love, T.A. Erwin, E.G. Logan and D. Edwards. SNP discovery and haplotypic variation in full-length herbage quality genes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 196; R.C. Ponting, M.C. Drayton, N.O.I. Cogan, G.C. Spangenberg, K.F. Smith and J.W. Forster; Development and use of a tool for automated alignments of genes in the rice BAC's GenBank card against other species 197; P. Barre, G. Darrieutort, J. Auzanneau and B. Julier; Screening genes for association with loci for nitrogen-use efficiency in perennial ryegrass by pyrosequencing[trademark] 198; O. Dolstra, D. Dees, J.-D. Driesprong and E.N. van Loo; Gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 199; J.W. Forster, N.O.I. Cogan, A.C. Vecchies, R.C. Ponting, M.C. Drayton, J. George, J.L. Dumsday, G.C. Spangenberg and K.F. Smith; Development and testing of novel chloroplast markers for perennial ryegrass from de novo sequencing and in silico sequences 200; S. McGrath, T.R. Hodkinson and S. Barth; Ryegrass ASTRA: a web-based resource for Lolium EST analysis 201; G.C. Spangenberg, T. Sawbridge, E.K. Ong, C.G. Love, T.A. Erwin, E.G. Logan and D. Edwards; Positive effect of increased AFLP diversity among parental plants on yield of polycross progenies in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 202; R. Kolliker, B. Boller and F. Widmer; Genomic constitution of Festulolium varieties 203; D. Kopecky, V. Cernoch, R. Capka and J. Dolezel; Genetic changes over breeding generations of Festulolium 204; M. Ghesquiere, P. Barre and L. Barrot; Phenotypic variation within local populations of meadow fescue shows significant associations with allele frequencies at AFLP loci 205; S. Fjellheim, A.B. Blomlie, P. Marum and O.A. Rognli; Marker-assisted selection for fibre concentration in smooth bromegrass 206; C. Stendal, M.D. Casler and G. Jung; Endophyte ASTRA: a web-based resource for Neotyphodium and Epichloe EST analysis 207; K. Shields, M. Ramsperger, S.A. Felitti, C.G. Love, T.A. Erwin, D. Singh, E.G. Logan, D. Edwards and G.C. Spangenberg; Section 6: Genetics and breeding for symbiosis 209; Genetic variation in the perennial ryegrass fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii 211; E. van Zijll de Jong, N.R. Bannan, A.V. Stewart, K.F.M. Reed, M.P. Dobrowolski, K.F. Smith, G.C. Spangenberg and J.W. Forster; Isolation and characterisation of novel BTB domain protein encoding genes from fungal grass endophytes 212; M. Ramsperger, S.A. Felitti, D. Edwards and G.C. Spangenberg; Genetic analysis of the interaction between perennial ryegrass and the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii 213; E. van Zijll de Jong, A.C. Vecchies, M.P. Dobrowolski, N.O.I. Cogan, K.F. Smith, G.C. Spangenberg and J.W. Forster; Microarray-based transcriptome analysis of the interaction between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii 214; S.A. Felitti, P. Tian, T. Webster, D. Edwards and G.C. Spangenberg; A high-throughput gene silencing approach for studying the interaction between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii 215; S.A. Felitti, P. Tian, D. Edwards and G.C. Spangenberg; Metabolome analysis of the interaction between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii 216; P. Tian, S.A. Felitti, M.P. Dobrowolski, K.F. Smith, D. Edwards, R. Hall, J. Kopka and G.C. Spangenberg; Endophyte effects on antioxidants and membrane leakage in tall fescue during drought 217; C.P. West, R.D. Carson, C.A. Guerber and B. de los Reyes. Section 7: Transgenics for research and breeding including risk assessment 219; Role of the BANYULS(BAN) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana in transgenic Alfalfa expression of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins 221; S.M. Hesamzadeh Hejazi, S. Arcioni and F. Paolocci; Development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) transgenic plants expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin and their evaluation against alfalfa caterpillar (Colias lesbia) 222; F. Ardila, M.C. Gomez, M.J. Dieguez, E.M. Pagano, M. Turica, R. Lecuona, V. Arolfo, D. Basigalup, C. Vazquez Rovere, E. Hopp, P. Franzone and R.D. Rios; Increased cuticular wax accumulation and enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa by overexpression of a transcription factor gene 223; Z.-Y. Wang, J.-Y. Zhang, C. Broeckling, E. Blancaflor, M. Sledge and L. Sumner; Molecular breeding of white clover for transgenic resistance to Alfalfa mosaic virus and natural resistance to Clover yellow vein virus 224; P. Chu, G. Zhao and G.C. Spangenberg; Molecular breeding of transgenic virus-immune white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars 225; M. Emmerling, P. Chu, K.F. Smith, C. Binnion, M. Ponnampalam, P. Measham, Z.Y. Lin, N. Bannan, T. Wilkinson and G.C. Spangenberg; Polyphenolic phenomena: transgenic analysis of some of the factors that regulate the cell-specific accumulation of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in forage crops 226; M.P. Robbins, G. Allison, D. Bryant and P. Morris; Minimising bloat through development of white clover (T. repens) with high levels of condensed tannins 227; M.T. O'Donoghue, C. Spillane and E. Guiney; Production and analysis of transgenic white clover (Trifolium repens) plants over-expressing organic acid biosynthetic genes 228; C.M. Labandera, S. Panter, A. Winkworth, J. Simmonds, A. Mouradov, U. John, P.W. Sale and G.C. Spangenberg; LXR[trademark] white clover: development of transgenic white clover (Trifolium repens) with delayed leaf senescence 229; Y.H. Lin, J. Chalmers, E. Ludlow, C. Pallaghy, G. Schrauf, Pablo Rush, A.M. Garcia, A. Mouradov and G.C. Spangenberg; Genetic transformation of rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) by particle bombardment 230; J. Matsumoto, S. Tsuruta, T. Gondo and R. Akashi; Modulation of the gibberellin content in transgenic turf-type bahiagrass for improved turf characteristics and reduced mowing requirements 231; F. Altpeter, M. Agharkar and H. Zhang; Inducible over-expression of the CBF3 abiotic stress regulon in transgenic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) 232; V.A. James and F. Altpeter; Genetic engineering for breeding for drought resistance and salt tolerance in Agropyron spp. (wheatgrass) 233; M. Fugui, Y. Jinfeng and H. Xiuwen; A novel genotype independent protocol for in vitro plant regeneration from mature seed derived callus of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 234; S. Chennareddy, R.V. Sairam and S.L. Goldman; Efficient in vitro regeneration system from seed derived callus of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) 235; S. Chennareddy, R.V. Sairam and S.L. Goldman; Nylon mesh as an improved support for bombarded calli or cell suspensions 236; S.J. Dalton, P. Robson, M. Buanafina, A.J.E. Bettany, E. Timms, D. Wiffen and P. Morris; A comparison of hygromycin and paromomycin selection strategies in the genetic transformation of seven Lolium, Festuca, Poa, and Agrostis species 237; S.J. Dalton, P. Robson, M. Buanafina, A.J.E. Bettany, E. Timms and P. Morris; Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 238; H. Sato, M. Fujimori, Y. Mano, T. Kiyoshi and T. Takamizo. Manipulating the phenolic acid content and digestibility of forage grasses by targeted expression of fungal cell wall degrading enzymes 239; M.M. de O. Buanafina, P. Morris, T. Langdon, S. Dalton, B. Hauck and H. Porter; Improving forage quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) by genetic manipulation of lignin biosynthesis 240; Z.-Y. Wang, L. Chen, C.-K. Auh, A. Hopkins and P. Dowling; Crown rust resistance in transgenic Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) expressing a rice chitinase gene and crosses with cytoplasmic male sterile hybrid ryegrass 241; W. Takahashi, M. Fujimori, Y. Miura, T. Komatsu, S. Sugita, A. Arakawa, Y. Nishizawa, H. Sato, Y. Mano, T. Hibi and T. Takamizo; Discovery, isolation and characterisation of promoters from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 242; A. Lidgett, N. Petrovska, J. Chalmers, N. Cummings and G.C. Spangenberg; Development and field evaluation of transgenic ryegrass (Lolium spp.) with down-regulation of main pollen allergens 243; N. Petrovska, A. Mouradov, Z.Y. Wang, K.F. Smith and G.C. Spangenberg; Shutting the stable door after the horse has bolted? Risk assessment and regulation for transgenic forages 244; C.J. Pollock; Assessing the risk posed by transgenic virus-resistant Trifolium repens to native grasslands in Southeast Australia 245; R.C. Godfree, P.W.G. Chu and A.G. Young; Pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified herbicide resistant creeping bentgrass 246; L.S. Watrud, E.H. Lee, A. Fairbrother, C. Burdick, J.R. Reichman, M. Bollman, M. Storm, G. King and P.K. van de Water; Use of cellular automata modelling approaches to understand potential impacts of GM grasses on grassland communities 247; R. Colasanti, R. Hunt and L.S. Watrud; Section 8: Genetic diversity, genetic resources and breeding systems 249; The importance of exotic forage germplasm in feeding New Zealand's livestock 251; J. Lancashire; Application of molecular diversity in a forage grass breeding program 252; A.A. Hopkins and M.C. Saha; Databases for managing genetic resources collections and mapping populations of forage and related species 253; I. Thomas, H. Ougham and D. Peltier; The use of molecular markers in genetic variability analysis of a collection of Dactylis glomerata L. 254; R. Costa, G. Pereira, C. Vicente and M.M. Tavares de Sousa; Genetic diversity in colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris L.) revealed by EcoRI/MseI and PstI/MseI AFLP markers 256; H. Zhao and S. Bughrara; Genetic diversity in zoysiagrass ecotypes based on morphological characteristics and SSR markers 257; M. Hashiguchi, S. Tsuruta, T. Matsuo, M. Ebina, M. Kobayashi, H. Akamine and R. Akashi; Utilization of SSR to distinguish alfalfa cultivars 258; G.R. Bauchan, C. He and Z-L. Xia; Genetic diversity among alfalfa cultivars using SSR markers 259; S. Flajoulot, J. Ronfort, P. Baudouin, T. Huguet, P. Barre, C. Huyghe and B. Julier; Evaluation of genetic diversity in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) through measurement of simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism 260; J. George, E. van Zijll de Jong, T.C. Wilkinson, M.P. Dobrowolksi, N.O.I. Cogan, K.F. Smith and J.W. Forster; Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Swiss red clover landraces 261; D. Herrmann, B. Boller, F. Widmer and R. Kolliker; Improving the utilisation of germplasm of Trifolium spumosum L. by the development of a core collection using ecogeographical and molecular techniques 262; K. Ghamkhar, R. Snowball and S.J. Bennett. Molecular characterization and tissue culture regeneration ability of the USA Arachis pintoi (Krap. and Greg.) germplasm collection 263; M.A. Carvalho, K.H. Quesenberry and M. Gallo-Meagher; Genetic and molecular characterization of temperate and tropical forage maize inbred lines 264; B. Alarcon-Zuniga, E. Valadez-Moctezuma, T. Cervantes-Martinez, T. Cervantes-Santana and M. Mendoza; Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis in section Pnigma of the genus Bromus L. 265; M. Tuna, O. Barzani, K.P. Vogel and A. Golan-Goldhirsh; Genetic characterization of prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl.) natural populations 266; R. Sellaro, E.M. Pagano, B. Rosso, P. Rimieri and R.D. Rios; Analysis of Bromus inermis populations using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers to identify duplicate accessions 267; V.L. Bradley and T.J. Kisha; Characterisation of naturalised populations of Thinopyrum ponticum Podp through indexes obtained under saline stress 268; S.M. Pistorale, A.N. Andres and O. Bazzigalupi; Genetic structure of Mongolian Wheatgrass (Agroypron mongolicum Keng) in Inner Mongolia of China 269; Y. Jinfeng, Z. Mengli and X. Xinmin; RFLP analyses of chloroplast DNA of the crested wheatgrasses 270; K.P. Vogel, D.J. Lee and C.A. Caha; Tracing the origins of Timothy species (Phleum sp.) 271; A.V. Stewart, A. Joachimiak and N. Ellison; Genetic diversity and heterosis in perennial ryegrass 272; U.K. Posselt; Population genetics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): differentiation of pasture and turf cultivars 273; M.P. Dobrowolski, N.R. Bannan, R.C. Ponting, J.W. Forster and K.F. Smith; Analysis of genetic changes in single-variety ryegrass swards 274; C. Straub, G. Boutet and C. Huyghe; Genetic variability between adapted populations of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) in Argentina 275; A. Andres. B. Rosso, J. De Battista and M. Acuna; Does AFLP diversity reflect consanguinity within meadow fescue breeding material? 276; B. Boller and R. Kolliker; Genetic diversity in Festuca species as shown by AFLP 277; X.Q. Zhang and S.S. Bughrara; Analyses of genetic change in grass-clover based systems over time 278; A. Ghesquiere, K. Mehdikhanlov, M. Malengier and J. De Riek; Keyword index 279; Author index 283.

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