Microbiology (non-medical) Books

Book SynopsisOur country’s cultural legacy is one of the world’s most diverse, drawing millions of visitors every year to our convents and monuments, and to our museums, libraries, concert halls and festivals. In addition, it is a dynamic trigger of economic activity and jobs. Among the various scientific branches, microbial biotechnology offers an innovative and precise approach to the complexity of problems that restorers face in their daily work. This book discusses a range of topics, including the biodiversity of microbial communities from various cultural heritage monuments, microbial biotechnological cleaning techniques, the role of bacterial fungal communities for the conservation of cultural heritage, and microbial enzymes and their potential applications as biorestoration agents. Written by internationally recognized experts, and providing up-to-date and detailed insights into microbial biotechnology approaches to cultural heritage monuments, the book is a valuable resource for biological scientists, especially microbiologists, microbial biotechnologists, biochemists and microbial biotechnologists.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Microbial Community Present on the Reverse Side of a Deteriorated Canvas.- Chapter 2. Microbial Biocleaning Technologies for Cultural Heritage: Current Status and Future Challenges.- Chapter 3. Role of Bacterial Communities to Prevent the Microbial Growth on Cultural Heritage.- Chapter 4. Entomogenous Fungi and the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage.- Chapter 5. Microorganisms and their Enzymes as Biorestoration Agents.- Chapter 6. Bioremediation of Cultural Heritage: Removal of Organic Substances.- Chapter 7. The Role Microorganisms for the Removal of Sulphates on Artistic Stoneworks.- Chapter 8. Microbiological Tools for Cultural Heritage Conservation.- Chapter 9. Biotechnology to Restoration and Conservation.- Chapter 10. Biocement: A novel approach in the restoration of construction materials.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook, which is the first volume in the series Microbial Zoonoses, provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis, treatment and control of zoonotic parasitic diseases. The book is divided into two sections; the first section discusses the classification of parasitic zoonoses and includes general information on the diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, prevention, and control of parasitic zoonoses. It also describes the biological features of these organisms, host-parasite interactions, and the disease spectrum, as well as the importance of public health control measures, such as surveillance, and prophylactic measures in controlling these diseases.The second section explores the important zoonotic diseases caused by ectoparasites, protozoan and helminths parasites. It also reviews the life cycle, pathogenesis, pathology, immunology and clinical manifestations, modern diagnostic methods, treatment regimen, prevention, control, and epidemiology of these parasites.Cutting across the disciplines, this book serves as a guide to postgraduate students, faculty members, public health experts, and medical administrators who are interested in the management of these parasitic zoonotic infections.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Parasite taxonomy, Classification of Zoonoses. - Chapter 2. Host Parasite Relationship and Spectrum of Clinical Manifestations. - Chapter 3. Parasitic Immunology. - Chapter 4. Parasite Genomics. - Chapter 5. Parasite Proteomics. - Chapter 6. Epidemiology of Parasitic Zoonoses. - Chapter 7. Diagnosis of Parasitic Zoonoses. - Chapter 8. Treatment and Management of Parasitic Zoonoses. - Chapter 9. Drug Resistance in Parasites. - Chapter 10. Zoonotic potential of Bioterrorism. - Chapter 11. Prevention, Surveillance, and Control of Parasitic Zoonoses. - Chapter 12. Toxoplasmosis. - Chapter 13. Giardiasis. - Chapter 14. Leishmaniasis. - Chapter 15. Trypanosomiasis. - Chapter 16. Malaria. - Chapter 17. Babesiosis. - Chapter 18. Cryptosporidiosis. - Chapter 19. Sarcocystosis. . - Chapter 20. Balantidiasis. - Chapter 21. Schistosomiasis. - Chapter 22. Fascioliasis. - Chapter 23. Fasciolopsiasis. - Chapter 24. Paragonomiasis. - Chapter 25. Echinostomiasis. - Chapter 26. Ophistorchiasis. - Chapter 27. Clonerchiasis. - Chapter 28. Heterophyes, Metagonimus, Dirocelium, Trogolotrema, and Watsonia infections. - Chapter 29. Diphyllobothriasis. - Chapter 30. Taeniasis. - Chapter 31. Echinococciasis. - Chapter 32. Sparganosis. - Chapter 33. Dipyllidiosis. - Chapter 34. Hymenolepsiasis. - Chapter 35. Coenurosis. - Chapter 36. Bertiella, Inermicapsifer, and Raillietinal infections. - Chapter 37. Trichinellosis. - Chapter 38. Dracunculiasis. - Chapter 39. Capillariasis. - Chapter 40. Strongyloidosis. - Chapter 41. Ancylostomiasis. - Chapter 42. Ascariasis. - Chapter 43. Dioctophymasis. - Chapter 44. Angiostrongylus and Trichostrongylus infections. - Chapter 45. Toxocariasis. - Chapter 46. Anisakiasis. - Chapter 47. Gnathostomiasis. - Chapter 48. Dirofilariasis. - Chapter 49. Thelaziasis. - Chapter 50. Gongylonemiasis. - Chapter 51. Termidens infections. - Chapter 52. Larva Migrans . - Chapter 53. Oesophagostomum and Mammomonogamus infections. - Chapter 54. Pentastomiasis. - Chapter 55. Scabies. - Chapter 56. Myiasis. - Chapter 57. Tungiasis. - Chapter 58. Ticks, Mites, Fleas. - Chapter 59. Allergenic Mites

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Book SynopsisThis text explores the adaptations parasites have evolved in their intimate interactions with their hosts. The author begins with the biology of parasites, before moving on to discuss genetic interactions between hosts and parasites, and ending with a section on the community ecology of parasites.

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Book SynopsisEminent expert in vaccine development John Rhodes offers an essential, up-to-the-minute primer on how scientists test and distribute vaccines.Trade Review"A great book for those wanting to know the background. Rhodes covers many fascinating details in immunology and the history of vaccine discoveries, as well as the basic science behind the development of COVID-19 vaccines, a topic which couldn't be more important."--Daniel M. Davis, author of The Beautiful Cure "Rhodes is undoubtedly the right person to offer this timely and excellent explanation of a very topical story of great public interest. He is not only a well-respected immunologist, but also has personal experience in vaccine development."--Eddy Liew, University of Glasgow "This concise book is wide-ranging in the topics covered; from the history of immunology and vaccinology to the early development of multiple COVID-19 vaccines. It explains many of the areas of vaccine development that are rarely discussed, leaving the public wondering what takes so long, and reminds us that vaccines are a wise investment for both our own health and that of the economy." --Sarah Gilbert, University of OxfordTable of ContentsPreface 1. Understand the Virus 2. Explore the Immune System 3. Discover a Vaccine 4. Develop Vaccines 5. Evaluate the Contenders 6. Don’t Count on the Magic Bullet 7. Overcome the Hurdles 8. Embrace Many Solutions Epilogue Acknowledgments Appendix: COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates Further Reading Index

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Book SynopsisPaul A. Offit shares hard-earned wisdom on the dos and don’ts of battling misinformation. From conspiracy theories linking vaccines to autism to Holocaust and climate-change denial. Bad Advice is a humorous guide to taking on quack experts and self-appointed activists and a must-read for any American disturbed by politicized attacks on science.Trade ReviewIn breezy and deceptively conversational prose that often winks with humor, Bad Advice breaks down complex scientific subjects that have been distorted through several cultural lenses. Offit takes to task actors, network news anchors, quack scientists, and even politicians who, unlike Jolie in her thoughtful article, have opined on scientific subjects in ways that misinform the public, on occasion to a potentially dangerous degree. * Washington Post *Bad advice about your health, firmly grounded in fact-free marketing, greed, and science denialism, is omnipresent in the new and old media these days. One of the few reliable sources of good advice is Dr. Paul A. Offit who, unlike all too many scientists and doctors, is ready to take on the hype and lies of celebrities, charlatans, ideologues, and money-grubbers with logic, evidence, and humor. Take my advice: Bad Advice is just what you need to navigate the murky waters of an unending stream of really bad information about your health. -- Arthur L. Caplan, Drs. William F. and Virginia Connolly Mitty Professor of Bioethics, New York University School of MedicineBad Advice gives us a front row seat to Offit’s role on the leading edge of the vaccine fight as he shows just how important communicating good science can be. The author's rare storytelling blend of equal parts humorous anecdotes and serious facts leads to an entertaining and captivating read that is hard to put down. -- Melissa Stockwell, MD, MPH, Columbia University Medical CenterPaul Offit is a pediatrician, a vaccine scientist, and one of our foremost explainers of science. In Bad Advice, he distills what he has learned—often the hard way—from standing up for science in the face of bogus theories, quack remedies, and the flat-out denial of empirical fact. Skillfully, Offit uses stories of his many missteps in the treacherous public arena to teach us how to confront pseudoscience effectively. In the process, without noticing, we learn fascinating lessons in the relevant science. A forcefully-written, indispensable book, particularly at the present moment. -- Geoffrey Kabat, cancer epidemiologist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and author of Getting Risk Right: Understanding the Science of Elusive Health RisksWith humor and a unique perspective, Offit takes us step by step through our culture’s missteps (and some of his own), relating stories of real science and the difficulties of communicating complicated concepts clearly to a skeptical and sometimes hostile public. Bad Advice shows us how we can succeed in the battle against pseudoscience, seductive gurus with simple messages, and snake oil-hawking celebrities. -- Adam Ratner, M.D., New York UniversityThe beauty of mass communication in our free society is also our curse. Information flows so quickly, from so many different sources, that one can’t help but be overwhelmed—and too frequently misled. No one has fought harder over the years to educate the public, and to puncture the dangerously false dogmas of pseudoscience, than Paul Offit. Bad Advice is a brilliant extension of his dictate, so aptly stated by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, that one is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts. Celebrities and politicians bear the brunt of Offit’s elegantly written, often hilarious, pinpoint assaults. But what makes this book truly special is its vision of how science can, and must, be defended against its despoilers. Bad Advice is, in every sense, an essential read. -- David Oshinsky, director of the Division of Medical Humanities at NYU School of MedicineBad Advice is a fun and educational book that will leave readers optimistic—as Offit himself is—that fact will ultimately prevail over fiction in the world of science and medicine. “Although science is under siege,” Offit writes toward the end of the book, “science advocates are fighting back.” -- Arlene Weintraub, author of Heal: The Vital Role of Dogs in the Search for Cancer Cures * New York Journal of Books *[Bad Advice] provides a sterling example of this stand in the name of empirical truth. * Publishers Weekly *A well-presented, knowledgeable, and surprisingly engaging look at the pitfalls of the information age. * Foreword Reviews *The author's droll account of attempts to inform the public about vaccines and even before a congressional hearing make for compelling reading....Recommended * Choice *Table of ContentsPrologue: On Being Naïve1. What Science Is—and What It Isn’t2. White Mice and Windowless Rooms3. An Alibi for Ignorance4. Feeding the Beast5. To Debate or Not to Debate6. Make ’Em Laugh7. Science Goes to the Movies8. The Emperor’s New Clothes9. Judgment Day10. The Nuclear Option11. Pharma Shill12. A Ray of HopeEpilogue: The End of the TourAcknowledgmentsAppendix: Blogs and PodcastsNotesSelected BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisLarry Mays' Hydrology is a comprehensive text stressing fundamentals of hydrologic process for both surface water hydrology and groundwater hydrology. The text makes use of internet resources, such as free modeling tools, to help solve more complicated and real-world problems more quickly, and motivate interest in the topics.Table of ContentsAbout the Author v Preface vii Chapter 1 Hydrology, Climate Change, and Sustainability 1 1.1 Introduction to Hydrologic Processes 1 1.1.1 What is Hydrology? 1 1.1.2 Why Study Hydrology? 1 1.1.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 3 1.1.4 Hydrologic Systems 4 1.1.5 Surface Water in the Hydrologic Cycle 5 1.1.6 Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cycle 5 1.1.7 Control Volume Approach for Hydrologic Processes 7 1.2 Climate Change Effects and the Hydrologic Cycle 8 1.2.1 The Climate System 8 1.2.2 What is Climate Change? 10 1.2.3 Climate Change Prediction 11 1.2.4 Hydrologic Effects of Climate Change 12 1.3 Anthropogenic Effects on the Hydrologic Cycle 16 1.3.1 Urbanization 16 1.3.2 Land and Water Management Effects on the Hydrologic Cycle 17 1.4 Water Resources Sustainability 18 1.5 Hydrologic Budgets 19 1.6 Hydrologic Data and Publication Sources 21 1.7 U.S. Geological Survey Publications 22 Problems 25 References 25 Chapter 2 Occurrence of Groundwater 27 2.1 Origin of Groundwater 27 2.2 Rock Properties Affecting Groundwater 27 2.2.1 Aquifers 27 2.2.2 Porosity 28 2.2.3 Soil Classification 31 2.2.4 Porosity and Representative Elementary Volume 33 2.2.5 Specific Surface 33 2.3 Vertical Distribution of Groundwater 36 2.4 Zone of Aeration 37 2.4.1 Soil Water Zone 37 2.4.2 Intermediate Vadose Zone 38 2.4.3 Capillary Zone 38 2.4.4 Measurement of Water Content 40 2.4.5 Available Water 40 2.5 Zone of Saturation 41 2.5.1 Specific Retention 41 2.5.2 Specific Yield 41 2.6 Geologic Formations as Aquifers 42 2.6.1 Alluvial Deposits 43 2.6.2 Limestone 43 2.6.3 Volcanic Rock 44 2.6.4 Sandstone 46 2.6.5 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 46 2.6.6 Clay 46 2.7 Types of Aquifers 46 2.7.1 Unconfined Aquifer 46 2.7.2 Confined Aquifers 46 2.7.3 Leaky Aquifer 48 2.7.4 Idealized Aquifer 48 2.8 Storage Coefficient 48 2.9 Groundwater Basins/Regional Groundwater Flow Systems 50 2.9.1 High Plains Aquifer 52 2.9.2 Gulf Coastal Plain Aquifer System 54 2.10 Springs 54 2.10.1 What Are Springs? 54 2.10.2 Edwards Aquifer—Discharge of Springs 61 2.11 Groundwater in the United States 63 Problems 70 References 71 Chapter 3 Groundwater Movement 75 3.1 Darcy’s Law 75 3.1.1 Experimental Verification 75 3.1.2 Darcy Velocity 78 3.1.3 Validity of Darcy’s Law 78 3.2 Permeability 79 3.2.1 Intrinsic Permeability 79 3.2.2 Hydraulic Conductivity 80 3.2.3 Transmissivity 80 3.2.4 Hydraulic Conductivity of Geologic Materials 81 3.3 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity 82 3.3.1 Formulas 82 3.3.2 Laboratory Methods 83 3.3.3 Tracer Tests 85 3.3.4 Auger Hole Tests 87 3.3.5 Pumping Tests of Wells 88 3.4 Anisotropic Aquifers 89 3.5 Groundwater Flow Rates 91 3.6 General Flow Equations 93 3.7 Unsaturated Flow 95 3.7.1 Flow Through Unsaturated Soils 96 3.7.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity 99 3.7.3 Vertical and Horizontal Flows 103 Problems 104 References 105 Chapter 4 Groundwater and Well Hydraulics 109 4.1 Steady Unidirectional Flow 109 4.1.1 Confined Aquifer 109 4.1.2 Unconfined Aquifer 110 4.1.3 Base Flow to a Stream 112 4.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well 115 4.2.1 Confined Aquifer 115 4.2.2 Unconfined Aquifer 120 4.2.3 Unconfined Aquifer with Uniform Recharge 122 4.3 Well in a Uniform Flow 124 4.4 Unsteady Radial Flow in a Confined Aquifer 126 4.4.1 Nonequilibrium Well Pumping Equation 126 4.4.2 Theis Method of Solution 127 4.4.3 Cooper–Jacob Method of Solution 129 4.4.4 Chow Method of Solution 132 4.4.5 Recovery Test 132 4.5 Unsteady Radial Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer 135 4.6 Unsteady Radial Flow in a Leaky Aquifer 140 4.7 Well Flow Near Aquifer Boundaries 143 4.7.1 Well Flow Near a Stream 143 4.7.2 Well Flow Near an Impermeable Boundary 148 4.7.3 Well Flow Near Other Boundaries 151 4.7.4 Location of Aquifer Boundary 153 4.8 Multiple Well Systems 154 4.9 Partially Penetrating Wells 158 4.10 Well Flow for Special Conditions 160 4.11 Slug Tests 161 4.11.1 Definition 161 4.11.2 Design Guidelines 161 4.11.3 Performance of Slug Tests 162 4.11.4 Methods for Analyzing Slug-Test Data 164 4.12 Slug Tests for Confined Formations 166 4.12.1 Cooper, Bredehoeft, and Papadopulos Method 166 4.12.2 Hvorslev Method 170 4.13 Slug Tests for Unconfined Formations 172 4.13.1 Bouwer and Rice Method 173 4.13.2 Dagan Method 179 Problems 182 References 189 Chapter 5 Artificial Recharge, Stormwater Infiltration, and Saltwater Intrusion Prevention 193 5.1 Artificial Recharge 193 5.1.1 Recharge Systems 193 5.1.2 Recharge Mounds 195 5.2 Stormwater Infiltration Basin Mound Development 203 5.2.1 Potential Flow Model for a Trench 204 5.2.2 Potential Flow Model for Circular Basin 205 5.2.3 Mound Growth 208 5.2.4 Mound Recession 209 5.3 Saline Water Intrusion in Aquifers 210 5.3.1 Occurrence of Saline Water Intrusion 210 5.3.2 Ghyben–Herzberg Relation Between Freshwater and Saline Water 211 5.3.3 Shape of the Freshwater–Saltwater Interface 213 5.3.4 Structure of the Freshwater–Saltwater Interface 216 5.3.5 Effect of Wells on Seawater Intrusion 219 5.3.6 Upconing of Saline Water 221 5.3.7 Control of Saline Water Intrusion 225 Problems 227 References 228 Chapter 6 Groundwater Flow Modeling 231 6.1 Introduction 231 6.1.1 Why Develop Groundwater Models? 231 6.1.2 Types of Groundwater Models 232 6.1.3 Steps in the Development of a Groundwater Model 232 6.2 Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow Model 233 6.2.1 Derivation of Finite Difference Equations 233 6.2.2 Simulation of Boundaries 239 6.2.3 Vertical Discretization 239 6.2.4 Hydraulic Conductance Equations 240 6.3 MODFLOW-2005 Description 243 6.3.1 Model Introduction 243 6.3.2 Space and Time Discretization 245 6.3.3 External Sources and Stresses 246 6.3.4 Hydraulic Conductance—Layer-Property Flow (LPF) Package 248 6.3.5 Solver Packages 251 6.3.6 Telescopic Mesh Refinement 252 6.4 Case Study: Using MODFLOW: Lake Five-O, Florida 256 6.4.1 Finite Difference Grid and Boundary Conditions 256 6.4.2 Model Calibration and Sensitivity Analysis 256 6.4.3 Model Results 260 6.5 Example Applications and Input of MODFLOW 261 Problems 270 References 271 Chapter 7 Hydrologic Processes 273 7.1 Introduction to Surface Water Hydrology 273 7.1.1 What is Surface Water Hydrology? 273 7.1.2 The Hydrologic Cycle 273 7.1.3 Hydrologic Systems 273 7.1.4 Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation 278 7.1.5 Hydrologic Budget 280 7.2 Precipitation (Rainfall) 281 7.2.1 Precipitation Formation and Types 281 7.2.2 Rainfall Variability 282 7.2.3 Disposal of Rainfall on a Watershed 283 7.2.4 Design Storms 286 7.2.5 Estimated Limiting Storms 301 7.3 Evaporation 304 7.3.1 Energy Balance Method 304 7.3.2 Aerodynamic Method 307 7.3.3 Combined Method 309 7.4 Infiltration 310 7.4.1 Unsaturated Flow 310 7.4.2 Green–Ampt Method 313 7.4.3 Other Infiltration Methods 319 Problems 321 References 324 Chapter 8 Surface Runoff 327 8.1 Drainage Basins and Storm Hydrographs 327 8.1.1 Drainage Basins and Runoff 327 8.2 Hydrologic Losses, Rainfall Excess, and Hydrograph Components 331 8.2.1 Hydrograph Components 333 8.2.2 F-Index Method 333 8.2.3 Rainfall-Runoff Analysis 335 8.3 Rainfall-Runoff Analysis Using Unit Hydrograph Approach 335 8.4 Synthetic Unit Hydrographs 338 8.4.1 Snyder’s Synthetic Unit Hydrograph 338 8.4.2 Clark Unit Hydrograph 339 8.5 S-Hydrographs 343 8.6 NRCS (SCS) Rainfall-Runoff Relation 345 8.7 Curve Number Estimation and Abstractions 347 8.7.1 Antecedent Moisture Conditions 347 8.7.2 Soil Group Classification 348 8.7.3 Curve Numbers 351 8.8 NRCS (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Procedure 354 8.8.1 Time of Concentration 355 8.8.2 Time to Peak 357 8.8.3 Peak Discharge 357 8.9 Kinematic Wave Overland Flow Runoff Model 358 8.10 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff Analysis 363 Problems 365 References 372 Chapter 9 Reservoir and Streamflow Routing 375 9.1 Routing 375 9.2 Hydrologic Reservoir Routing 376 9.3 Hydrologic River Routing 380 9.4 Hydraulic (Distributed) Routing 384 9.4.1 Unsteady Flow Equations: Continuity Equation 385 9.4.2 Momentum Equation 387 9.5 Kinematic Wave Model for Channels 390 9.5.1 Kinematic Wave Equations 390 9.5.2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Kinematic Wave Model for Overland Flow and Channel Routing 392 9.5.3 KINEROS2 Channel Flow Routing Model 393 9.5.4 Kinematic Wave Celerity 394 9.6 Muskingum–Cunge Model 395 9.7 Implicit Dynamic Wave Model 396 9.8 Distributed Routing in U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS 398 Problems 401 References 406 Chapter 10 Probability, Risk, and Uncertainty Analysis for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design 407 10.1 Probability Concepts 407 10.2 Commonly Used Probability Distributions 410 10.2.1 Normal Distribution 410 10.2.2 Log-Normal Distribution 410 10.2.3 Gumbel (Extreme Value Type I) Distribution 413 10.3 Hydrologic Design for Water Excess Management 414 10.3.1 Hydrologic Design Scale 414 10.3.2 Hydrologic Design Level (Return Period) 416 10.3.3 Hydrologic Risk 416 10.3.4 Hydrologic Data Series 417 10.4 Hydrologic Frequency Analysis 419 10.4.1 Frequency Factor Equation 419 10.4.2 Application of Log-Pearson III Distribution 420 10.4.3 Extreme Value Distribution 425 10.5 U.S. Water Resources Council Guidelines for Flood Flow Frequency Analysis 425 10.5.1 Procedure 426 10.5.2 Testing for Outliers 427 10.6 Analysis of Uncertainties 430 10.7 Risk Analysis: Composite Hydrologic and Hydraulic Risk 433 10.7.1 Reliability Computation by Direct Integration 434 10.7.2 Reliability Computation Using Safety Margin/Safety Factor 435 10.8 Computer Models for Flood-Flow Frequency Analysis 437 Problems 438 References 441 Chapter 11 Hydrologic Design and Floodplain Analysis 443 11.1 Hydrologic Design for Stormwater Management: Storm Sewers Design 443 11.1.1 Rational Method Design 443 11.1.2 Risk-Based Design of Storm Sewers 451 11.2 Hydrologic Design of Stormwater Detention 453 11.2.1 Why Detention? Effects of Urbanization 453 11.2.2 Sizing Detention 454 11.2.3 Detention Basin Routing 455 11.2.4 Preliminary Sizing of Detention: Modified Rational Method 456 11.2.5 Infiltration Basin Design 460 11.3 Floodplain Analysis 461 11.3.1 Floodplain Analysis Components 461 11.3.2 Floodplain Hydraulics 464 11.3.3 Water Surface Profile Computation 468 11.4 Flood-Control Alternatives 472 11.4.1 Structural Alternatives 473 11.4.2 Nonstructural Alternatives 477 11.4.3 Flood Damage and Net Benefit Estimation 478 11.5 Urban Flood Management: A Matter of Water Resources Sustainability 480 11.5.1 Urban Flood Management and Sustainability 480 11.5.2 Climate Change, Urbanization, and Integrated Management 481 11.5.3 Developing Countries and Flood Management 482 11.5.4 Developed Countries and Flood Disasters 482 11.6 Water Supply for Crop Water Requirements: Evapotranspiration Calculations 483 11.6.1 Combination Equation 483 11.6.2 FAO-56 Penman–Monteith Equation 484 11.6.3 Meteorological Data and Factors 485 11.6.4 Radiation Calculations 489 11.6.5 ASCE-EWRI Standardized Penman-Monteith Equation 493 11.7 Hydrologic Design for Water Supply 494 11.7.1 Surface Water Reservoir Systems 494 11.7.2 Storage—Firm Yield Analysis forWater Supply 495 11.7.3 Reservoir Simulation 503 Problems 505 References 508 Chapter 12 Hydrologic Measurement 511 12.1 Atmosphere-Land Interface 511 12.1.1 Wind, Humidity, and Solar Radiation 512 12.1.2 Precipitation 515 12.1.3 Evaporation 519 12.1.4 Weather/Climate Stations 521 12.1.5 Infiltration 522 12.2 Discharge Measurement 523 12.2.1 Weir 523 12.2.2 Flumes 527 12.3 Streamflow Measurement 528 12.3.1 Measuring Stage 528 12.3.2 Velocity-Area-Integration Method 531 12.3.3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 533 12.4 Groundwater Measurement 534 12.5 Automated Data Acquisition and Transmission Systems 536 12.6 Hydrologic Monitoring Systems 538 12.6.1 Urban Stormwater Systems 538 12.6.2 Flood Early-Warning Systems 541 Problems 541 References 542 Chapter 13 Hydrology of Specific Climates 543 13.1 Hydrology of Arid and Semiarid Climates 543 13.1.1 Physical Features 543 13.1.2 Hydrologic Processes 545 13.1.3 Rainfall Hyetographs for Arabian Gulf States 548 13.1.4 Design Rainfall Patterns for Arizona 549 13.1.5 Hydrology of Alluvial Fan Flooding 549 13.2 Hydrology of Cold Climates 555 13.2.1 Snowpack, Snow Water Equivalent, and Snowmelt Runoff 556 13.2.2 Snowmelt—Energy Budget Solutions 558 13.2.3 Snowmelt—Temperature Index Solutions 561 13.2.4 Models for Snowmelt Runoff 562 13.3 Hydrology of Humid Tropical Climates 562 13.3.1 ENSO: El Ni~no-Southern Oscillation 563 13.3.2 Rainfall for Drainage Design 565 13.3.3 Rainfall Interception—Vegetation Canopy 567 13.4 Introduction to Watershed Hydrology Models 569 13.4.1 What are Watershed Models? 570 13.4.2 Classification of Watershed Models 571 13.4.3 Distributed Model Spatial Configurations 572 13.4.4 Discussion of Selected Models 573 References 574 Appendix A Control Volume Approach for Hydrosystems 577 Continuity 580 Energy 581 Momentum 583 Appendix B NWS Precipitation Frequency Documents 585 Appendix C U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-HMS 589 Watershed and Meteorological Description 589 Example Application 591 References 597 Appendix D U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS 599 HEC-RAS Model Features 599 Cross-Sections 599 Cross-Section Description for Conveyance Calculation 600 Cross-Section Interpolation 600 Cross-Sections at Junctions 601 Bridge Description 601 Encroachment Methods Floodplain Analysis 602 Reference 606 Index

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Book SynopsisLaurens Baas Becking was a pioneer in the field of microbial ecology and the father of Geobiology. This is the first English translation of Baas Becking's Geobiologie: of Inleiding tot de Millieukunde published in Dutch in 1934. This book provides a fascinating view of how organisms have both adapted to and shaped their environment, from all types of settings ranging from lakes to the oceans, to acidic peats and salt ponds, drawing heavily on Baas Becking's own keen observations. Although written 80 years ago, Baas Becking's insights feel surprisingly modern and provide a unique insight into the fields of evolution of microbial ecology and geobiology. This book should appeal to anyone interested in microbial ecology, geobiology, biogeochemistry and the history of science. The translated text is accompanied by extensive footnotes and by an Editor's summary at the end of each chapter placing Baas Becking's writing in the context of modern developments in the field.Table of ContentsEditor’s Introduction, vii I Introduction, 1 II The Environment, 4 III Environmental Factors: Solar Radiation, 17 IV Environmental Factors: Temperature, 28 V Environmental Factors: The Chemical Environment, 38 VI Cycles, 59 VII Oligotrophic Water, 72 VIII Eutrophic Fresh Water, 82 IX Oceans, 92 X Brine, 103 Appendix, 127 References, 129 Index, 133

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Book SynopsisWith petroleum-related spills, explosions, and health issues in the headlines almost every day, the issue of remediation of petroleum and petroleum products is taking on increasing importance, for the survival of our environment, our planet, and our future.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction to Bioremediation 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Principles of Bioremediation 7 3. Bioremediation and Biodegradation 10 4. Mechanism of Biodegradation 15 5. Bioremediation Methods 22 6. Test Methods for Biodegradation 30 7. References 31 2. Petroleum Composition and Properties 39 1. Introduction 39 2. Composition 46 3. Properties 62 4. References 76 3. Refinery Products and By-Products 79 1. Introduction 79 2. Refinery Products 81 3. Refinery Chemicals 106 4. References 113 4. Composition and Properties of Gaseous Products 115 1. Introduction 115 2. Gaseous Products 118 3. Environmental Effects 129 4. Analysis 134 5. References 143 5. Composition and Properties of Liquid Products 147 1. Introduction 147 2. Naphtha 148 3. Fuel Oil 162 4. Wastewaters 177 5. References 180 6. Composition and Properties of Solid Products 183 1. Introduction 183 2. Residua and Asphalt 184 3. Coke 199 4. Sludge 208 5. References 210 7. Sample Collection and Preparation 213 1. Introduction 213 2. Petroleum Chemicals 215 3. Sample Collection and Preparation 218 4. Measurement 240 5. Accuracy 242 6. Precision 243 7. Method Validation 245 8. Quality Control and Quality Assurance 252 9. Method Detection Limit 256 10. References 256 8. Analytical Methods 259 1. Introduction 259 2. Chemical And Physical Properties 262 3. Petroleum Group Analyses 279 4. Other Analytical Methods 289 5. References 298 9. Biodegradation of Petroleum 305 1. Introduction 305 2. Biodegradation of Specific Constituents 307 3. Petroleum Biodegradation 319 4. Application to Spills 333 5. References 339 10. Biodegradation of Naphtha and Gasoline 361 1. Introduction 361 2. Identity and Origin 361 3. Remediation 363 4. BTEX and MTBE 377 5. References 382 11. Biodegradation of Kerosene and Diesel 385 1. Introduction 385 2. Identity and Origin of Kerosene and Diesel 385 3. Bioremediation 389 4. Jet Fuel 402 5. References 404 12. Biodegradation of Fuel Oil 413 1. Introduction 413 2. Identity and Origin of Fuel Oil 416 3. Biodegradation 421 4. References 427 13. Biodegradation of Lubricating Oil 431 1. Introduction 431 2. Identity and Origin of Lubricating Oil 434 3. Composition and Properties of Lubricating Oil 436 4. Biodegradation of Lubricating Oils 440 5. Bioremediation – The Challenge 452 6. Conclusion 453 7. References 453 14. Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt 463 1. Introduction 463 2. Identity and Origin of Residua and Asphalt 467 3. Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt 469 4. References 477 15. Bioremediation Methods 483 1. Land Ecosystems 486 2. Water Ecosystems 498 3. References 507 16. The Future of Bioremediation 515 1. Introduction 515 2. Status 517 3. Advantages and Disadvantages 524 4. Conclusion 526 5. References 528 Glossary 535 Conversion Factors 555 Index 559

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book to present a topical overview of the research and development of microbial polyesters. Comprehensive and amply illustrated, it covers the * biosynthesis * structure * properties * applications of these biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastics. The book provides the reader with the necessary background to understand the nature and mechanism of biological polymerization. It unites aspects from both the biological and polymer sciences and is a typical modern example of the analysis of biological macromolecules.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 1.2 Microbial Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 1.3 Environmentally Degradable Polyesters References Chapter 2 Fermentation and Analysis of Microbial Polyesters 2.1 Fermentation Production 2.1.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 2.1.2 Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 2.2 Polymer Isolation 2.2.1 Solvent Extraction 2.2.2 Alkaline Hypochlorite Treatment 2.2.3 Enzyme Treatment 2.3 Analysis 2.3.1 Polyester Content of Cells 2.3.2 Composition of Copolymers 2.3.3 Molecular Weight References Chapter 3 Microorganisms and Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) 3.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Microorganisms 3.1.1 Functions of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 3.1.2 Structure of Native P(3HB) Granules 3.2 Biosynthesis of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) 3.2.1 Alcaligenes eutrophus 3.2.2 Pseudomonas oleovorans 3.2.3 Other Bacterial Strains 3.3 Molecular Structures of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) 3.3.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalerate) 3.3.2 Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates-co-3-hydroxy--chloroalkanoates) References Chapter 4 Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism 4.1 Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Synthesis 4.2 Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis 4.3 Enzymology of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis 4.3.1 3-Ketothiolase 4.3.2 Acetoacetyl-CoA Reductase 4.3.3 P(3HB) Synthase 4.4 Pathways of P(3-hydroxybutyrate) Degradation 4.5 Cyclic Nature of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism 4.5.1 Replacement of P(3HB) by P(3HB-co-3HV) 4.5.2 Replacement of P(3HB-co-3HV) by P(3HB) 4.5.3 Application to PHA Fermentation References Chapter 5 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) 5.1 Alcaligenes eutrophus and Carbon Substrates 5.2 Molecular Structure 5.3 Biosynthetic Pathway References Chapter 6 Structure and Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 6.1 Crystal Structure and Properties 6.1.1 Crystal Structure 6.1.2 Solid-State Properties 6.2 Solution Properties References Chapter 7 Solid-State Properties of Copolyesters 7.1 Composition and Physical Properties 7.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 7.1.2 Solid-State CP/MAS 13C-NMR Analysis 7.1.3 Mechanical Properties 7.2 Thermal Properties 7.2.1 Melting Temperatures 7.2.2 Glass-Transition Temperatures 7.2.3 Thermal Stability 7.3 Kinetics of Crystallization References Chapter 8 Biodegradation of Microbial Polyesters 8.1 Extracellular P(3HB) Depolymerase 8.1.1 Pseudomonas lemoignei 8.1.2 Alcaligenes faecalis 8.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Copolyesters 8.3 Simple Hydrolysis of Polyesters 8.4 Applications and Prospects 8.4.1 Environmentally Degradable Plastics 8.4.2 Medical Applications References Index

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Book SynopsisThe activated sludge process is the most versatile, commonly used wastewater treatment system in North America; however, many activated sludge processes frequently experience operational problems related to poor compaction or settleability of secondary solids and loss of secondary solids from the clarifier. This work covers this topic.Trade Review"...All in all it is an excellent example of applied and troubleshooting microbiology." (Microbiology Today, August 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. PART I: OVERVIEW. The Activated Sludge Process. Floc Formation. A Floc Formation Model. Interruption of Floc Formation. PART II: SETTLEABILITY PROBLEMS AND LOSS OF SOLIDS. Introduction. Undesired Filamentous Growth. Nutrient-Deficient Floc Particles. Denitrification. Sheared Floc Particles. Dispersed Floc Particles. Heavy Metals and Congealed Floc Particles. Low Dissolved Oxygen Concentration. Young Sludge Age. Floc Particles Lost Through Sludge Aging. Slug Discharge of Soluble cBOD. Viscous Bulking or Zoogloeal Growth. Increase in Percent MLVSS. Colloidal Floc Particles. Temperature. PART III: FOAM AND SCUM. Production and Accumulation of Foam and Scum. Identification of Foam. Controlling Foam Production and Accumulation. PART IV: SETTLEABILITY TESTING. Settleability Testing and Settling Rate. Settleability Testing: Microscopic Analyses. Appendix I: F/M, HRT, MCRT, MLVSS, Sludge Age, SVI. Appendix II: Microscopic Techniques. References. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Chemical Compounds and Elements. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThroughout the world, milk and milk products are indispensable components of the food chain. Not only do individual consumers use liquid milk for beverages and cooking, but food manufacturers use vast quantities of milk powder, concentrated milks, butter, and cream as raw materials for further processing.Trade Review“…a very valuable reference book covering basically all aspects relevant to the microbiology of milk and milk products” (Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 84, No., 12 September 2004)Table of ContentsMilk and Milk Processing. Microbiology of Raw Milk. Microbiology of Market Milks. Microbiology of Cream and Butter. Microbiology of Condensed and Dried Milk Powders. Microbiology of Frozen Milk Products. Starter Cultures: Practical Applications. Microbiology of Fermented Milks. Microbiology of Therapeutic Milks. Microbiology of Soft Cheeses. Microbiology of Hard-Pressed Cheeses. Maintaining a Clean Working Environment. Application of Process Control. Quality Control in the Dairy Industry.

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Book SynopsisNot only an invaluable reference to what is known about lichen bionts and their interactions but also a guide to future studies. Compares various aspects of lichen-forming bionts with those of other fungi, algae and cyanobacteria. Features in-depth descriptions of culture methods.Table of ContentsThe Mycobiont (Fungal Symbiont). The Photobiont (Photosynthetic Symbiont). Biont Interactions I--Development of Synthetic and NaturalLichens. Biont Interactions II--Carbohydrate Movement. Biont Interactions III--Physiology of Lichens. Lichens, Bionts, and Air Pollution. Molecular Biology of Lichens. Appendix. Literature Cited. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisYeasts are the world''s premier industrial micro-organisms. In addition to their wide exploitation in the production of foods, beverages and pharmaceuticals, yeasts also play significant roles as model eukaryotic cells in furthering our knowledge in the biological and biomedical sciences. In order for modern biotechnology to fully exploit the activities of yeasts, it is essential to appreciate aspects of yeast cell physiology. In recent years, however, our knowledge of yeast physiological phenomena has lagged behind that of yeast genetics and molecular biology. Yeast Physiology and Biotechnology redresses the balance by linking key aspects of yeast physiology with yeast biotechnology. Individual chapters provide broad and timely coverage of yeast cytology, nutrition, growth and metabolism - important aspects of yeast cell physiology which are pertinent to the practical uses of yeasts in industry. The final chapter reviews traditional, modern and emerging biotechnologies in which roles Table of ContentsIntroduction to Yeasts. Yeast Cytology. Yeast Nutrition. Yeast Growth. Yeast Metabolism. Yeast Technology. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text is for advanced undergraduates of microbiology and medical microbiology, presenting a comprehensive introduction to late-1990s molecular biology of the interactions between bacteria and eukaryotic cells, and their relevance to human diseases.Trade Review"A splendidly written book...""...the authors have achieved their goal and the book should be useful to students and researchers in many subject areas." --Microbiology Today, November 2000Table of ContentsBACKGROUND TO CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY. An Introduction to Cellular Microbiology. The Cellular Biology Underlying Prokaryotic-Eukaryotic Interactions. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Signalling Mechanisms. Molecular Techniques Defining Bacterial Virulence Mechanisms. PROKARYOTIC-EUKARYOTIC INTERACTIONS IN INFECTION. Bacterial Adhesion to Host Cells. Bacterial Invasion of Host Cells. Bacterial Protein Toxins: Agents of Disease and Probes of Eukaryotic Cell Behaviour. The Innate Immune Response and Bacterial Infections. Acquired Immunity in the Defence Against Bacteria. Future Developments in Cellular Microbiology. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntended for students at the undergraduate level, this book is split into two parts, the first of which explains why bacteria are classified and how they are named, while the second illustrates the applications of these methods.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Phenotypic Characters. Genotypic Characters. Similarity And Arrangement. Identification. Evolution And The Archaea. The Spirochaetes. Helical And Curved Bacteria. The Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria. The Gram-Negative, Facultatively And Strictly Anaerobic Bacteria. The Gram-Positive Rods. The Gram-Positive Cocci. The Mollicutes. The Actinomycetes. Further Reading. Index

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Geomicrobiology is a timely and comprehensive overview of how microbial life has affected Earth's environment through time. It shows how the ubiquity of microorganisms, their high chemical reactivity, and their metabolic diversity make them a significant factor controlling the chemical composition of our planet.Trade Review“I recommend the book to anyone who is interested in where particular microbes live, how they live and what effects they may exert on our planet Earth. Certainly I will be using the book when preparing my lectures.” (Geology Today, 1 May 2011) "This text is well illustrated with clear, informative and well-described diagrams and some splendid electron micrographs with convincing evidence for mineral deposition by bacterial action. A good index and up-to-date references make this a book that undergraduates of any biological discipline could use as an introductory text that would be useful throughout their course." Times Higher Education Supplement "A thorough and informative overview of the subject…comprehensively referenced throughout. …Dr Kohnhauser has done an excellent job in integrating the diverse aspects of geomicrobiology and making them accessible and interesting to...a wide range of readers." European Journal of Soil Science “The most comprehensive general book in geomicrobiology, showing the great advances made in geomicrobiology during the past few years … Packed with information.” Journal of Sedimentary Research "I would recommend this book to any upper undergraduate / graduate students who wish to study geomicrobiology, as well as to researchers in geomicrobiology who may find here either a nice way to fill possible gaps in their knowledge or a starting point for new research." Journal of Sedimentary ResearchTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Microbial properties and diversity. 2. Microbial metabolism. 3. Cell surface reactivity and metal sorption. 4. Biomineralization. 5. Microbial weathering. 6. Microbial zonation. 7. Early microbial life. References. Index

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Book SynopsisInspired by the pace of change in the taxonomy of the aerobic endospore-forming bacteria, the Bacillus 2000 symposium on which this book is based was held in Bruges, Belgium, in August 2000, and was supported by the Federation of European Microbiological Societies, the Belgian Society for Microbiology, and several commercial sponsors. Bringing taxonomists interested in Bacillus and its relatives together with people who work with these organisms in medicine, agriculture, and industry, allowed those attending to appreciate the overlaps and interactions of their areas of expertise, in the absence of any comprehensive treatment of the current systematics of the group. The meeting was a great success, and has resulted in the production of these proceedings, Applications and Systematics of Bacillus and Relatives, providing an up-to-date and comprehensive treatise on the classification, identification and applications of the aerobic endospore-forming bacteria; it is an essential refTrade Review"Rarely does a book of 19 chapters by 31 authors attain such high quality, wide interest and immediate relevance." Quarterly Review of Biology, June 2003 "Applications and Systematics of Bacillus and Relatives is indeed a source of current and compiled information on systematics and applications ... This will be a highly useful resource for academic, special, and public libraries." Mohan Ramaswamy, Kansas State University Library, E-Streams, April 2003Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword. 1. Whither Bacillus? (Berkeley). 2. From Phylogeny To Systematics: Dissection Of The Genus Bacillus (Stackebrandt & Swiderski). 3. Longstanding Taxonomic Enigmas Within The 'Bacillus Cereus Group' Are On The Verge Of Being Resolved By Far-Reaching Molecular Developments: Forecasts On The Possible Outcome By An Ad Hoc Team. (Turnbull, Jackson, Hill, Keim, Kolsto & Beecher). 4. Bacillus Cereus And Food Poisoning (Granum). 5. Thermophilic Bacillus Isolates From Antarctic Environments (Nicolaus, Lama & Gambacorta). 6. Bacilli Associated With Spoilage In Dairy Products And Other Foods (Heyndrickx & Scheldeman). 7. Moderately Halophilic And Halotolerant Species Of Bacillus And Related Genera (Arahal & Ventosa). 8. Bacillus Identification - Traditional Approaches (Fritze). 9. Modern Methods For Identification (Logan). 10. Nucleic Acid Analysis And SDS-PAGE Of Whole-Cell Proteins In Bacillus Taxonomy (De Vos). 11. Bacillus Thuringiensis Insecticides (Bishop). 12. Bt Crops: A Novel Insect Control Tool (Van Rie). 13. Bacillus Sphaericus And Its Insecticidal Toxins (Priest). 14. The Importance Of Bacillus Species In The Production Of Industrial Enzymes (Outtrop & Jorgensen). 15. Plant Growth Promotion By Bacillus And Relatives (Chanway). 16. Insertion Sequence Elements And Transposons In Bacillus (Mahillon). 17. Fingerprint Spectrometry Methods In Bacillus Systematics (Magee & Goodacre). 18. Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Analysis In The Systematics Of Bacillus And Related Genera (Kampfer). 19. Some Concluding Observations (Norris). Index

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Book SynopsisTheobald Smith (18591934) is widely considered to be America's first significant medical scientist and the world's leading comparative pathologist. This is the first book-length biography of Smith to appear in print, and is based primarily on personal papers and correspondence that have remained in the possession of his family until now.Trade ReviewThis dedication to microbiologist Smith provides a detailed account of a lifelong passion for using science to alleviate human suffering. Dolman and Wolfe meticulously investigate factors in Smith’s upbringing that led him to studying medicine… The authors recount Smith’s associations with notable scientists who led him to pursue medical studies emphasizing pathology. The list of colleagues who influenced Smith’s research reads like a who’s who of microbiology. Smith’s collaborations include other famous microbiologists who investigated infectious bacterial diseases of animal and humans. Each chapter presents Smith’s research according to the chronology of his life and concurrent developments in medicine and microbiology, and discusses his contributions to controlling tragic livestock diseases such as cattle fever, hog cholera, and swine plague. -- B. R. Shmaefsky * Choice *

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Book SynopsisThough we might not be able to see microbes, the consequences of their activities are readily apparent to our unaided senses. This book shows us how to examine, study, and appreciate microbes in the manner of a birdwatcher, by making sightings of microbial activities and thereby identifying particular microbes and understanding their behavior.Trade ReviewMarch of the Microbes is an impressive, entertaining tour of life's invisible realm. Combining history with new scientific discoveries, John Ingraham shows how microbes make their presence felt everywhere. You just have to know how to look for it. After reading this book, you will. -- Carl Zimmer, author of Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of LifeTraverse the eclectic landscapes of soil, champagne, a Yellowstone spring, Italian salad dressing, and even the human stomach with microbiologist John L. Ingraham as your guide. This remarkable tour will transform novices into keen microbe-watchers in a mere 300 pages--which sounds like a lot, until you realize how much ground there is to cover in humanity's relationship with our most minuscule "friends." For instance, it was microbes that transformed the entire face of our planet, via the "Oxygen Revolution" some 3 billion years ago. We have them to thank for literally every breath we take. This is but one example. With the Earth estimated to have a nonillion (that's one followed by 30 zeros) microbes in and around it, we might as well get to know our tiny neighbors. * Seed *From the mundane (a smelly fish, a child with earache) to the exotic (hydrothermal vents), Ingraham presents the microbes behind so much of the world around us. He drives home the point that without these overlooked life forms we wouldn't be here at all...Ingraham's fresh perspective makes it an engaging read. -- Jo Marchant * New Scientist *Though most people are only familiar with microbes that cause disease (germs, etc.), those "felonious" microbes actually constitute a tiny percent of all microbes, and just a single chapter in this fascinating survey of single-celled organisms and their role in shaping life on Earth...Among other processes, Ingraham explains how vaccines have been developed, frequently with the aid of other microbes; the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles which make life possible; and how microbes give us cheese, wine, and other foodstuffs (though some, like xanthan gum, readers may not want to know about). Ingraham also discusses recently-discovered microbes inhabiting extreme environments (hot, cold, salty, etc.) that promise to tell us much about the evolution of life on Earth and what life on other planets might look like. Ingraham's entertaining, breezy style makes even difficult topics accessible, and every chapter contains intriguing anecdotes about microbes in history (did the CIA try to poison Castro's cigars with botulinum toxin?). Highly readable, engrossing, and endlessly informative, this is a standout example of science writing for general audiences. * Publishers Weekly online (starred review) *In this engaging treatment, the microbiologist shows readers the invisible world through observations about its macroscopic manifestations in a range of environments, from the kitchen to the abyss of the sea...Ingraham describes some of their malicious cousins who blight crops, kill trees, and sicken humans. Ingraham's clarity, plus touches of humor, augments the appeal of this fine contribution to popularizing science. -- Gilbert Taylor * Booklist *John Ingraham has written the definitive field guide for microbe watching, a branch of natural history that, to the uninitiated, might seem oxymoronic. Microorganisms being, by definition, creatures too small to be seen by the unaided eye, one might wonder...why anyone would need a guide to seeing the unseeable. Read just a few pages, however, and the puzzle is solved. Sure, microbes are tiny, but they are so prolific that their effects on the world are both profound and highly visible--from the black mold on bathroom walls to the red tide that sporadically discolors and poisons long expanses of shoreline...He blends the deep knowledge of an academic with the passion of a microbe watcher extraordinaire--which makes this guide as entertaining as it is informative. -- Laurence A. Marschall * Natural History *Table of Contents* Foreword * The Microbial Landscape * Just Acquiring Metabolic Energy * Food and Drink * Living Together * Cycling Nitrogen * Cycling Sulfur * Cycling Carbon * Hostile Environments * Fungi, Hostile and Benign * Viruses * Felonious Bacteria * Shapers of Weather, Geology, and the Environment * Closer to Us * Survivors * Notes * Glossary * Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Onstott so beautifully conveys his excitement that laypeople and scientists alike will find [Deep Life] a worthwhile read."--Publishers Weekly "Deep Life tackles one of the most mysterious, sexiest questions in science today: Is there life beyond Earth? ... Onstott's argument is both profound--we can't understand life on other planets without understanding life on our own--and surprising, pleasing any amateur extraterrestrial beep hunter."--Sarah Sloat, Inverse "Extreme environments beneath Earth's surface could well be the crucible where life was forged, and studying the weird creatures that live in such locales could well shed light on how life could endure in Mars' deep crust or Europa's hidden ocean. Geoscientist Tullis C. Onstott brings you along on the hunt."--Alan Boyle, GeekWire "Life can thrive in the most inhospitable places. And finding out just how inhospitable has been the life's work of Tullis Onstott... While rooted in the earth, the study may also help in the quest to find life in the solar system and beyond. This amazing journey takes us from deep in a South African gold mine, to the ancient seabed below a desert floor to travel deep beneath the frozen Arctic tundra."--Cosmos MagazineTable of ContentsFOREWORD ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii ABBREVIATIONS xv INTRODUCTION 1 1 Triassic Park 12 2 The Treasure of Cerro Negro 56 3 Bikers, Bombs, and the Death-o-Meter 103 4 Microbes in Meteorites! 126 5 Life in Deepest, Darkest Africa 143 6 Hunting for Water and Carbon 172 7 The Subterranauts 198 8 A Lot of Breaks and One Lucky Strike 234 9 Life beneath the Ice 265 10 The Worm from Hell 333 EPILOGUE 357 APPENDIX A: Chronology of the Exploration of Subsurface Life 365 APPENDIX B: Chronology of the Meeting of the U.S. DOE's SSP Meetings 377 NOTES 381 REFERENCES 463 INDEX 473

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Book SynopsisThis text is a comprehensive guide to the highly varied mycoflora of Cape Cod. It contains accurate and up-to-date descriptions and over 150 colour illustrations that help the reader identify over 250 indigenous mushroom species.

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Book SynopsisThe first edition of this book, published in 1982 by the University of Queensland Press, established itself as the main introductory textbook on marine parasitology. The second edition has been revised to take account of recent advances and includes an additional chapter on the structure of marine parasite communities. There are also new sections on pollution, translocations of hosts and parasites, and on the effects of parasites on the aquaculture of marine fish, molluscs and crustacea. The chapters covering ecological, zoogeographical and economic aspects have also been significantly changed. Aimed particularly at students and research workers in parasitology and marine biology, the book will also be of interest to ecologists, biologists concerned with zoogeographical problems, and to aquaculturists, fish and fisheries biologists.Table of Contents1: The nature of parasitism 2: The types of marine parasites 3: The variety of hosts of marine parasites 4: Parasites of parasites 5: General adaptations of parasitic animals 6: Host-parasite interactions 7: The ecological niches of parasites 8: The structure of parasite communities 9: Characteristics of parasite faunas of different seas 10: Economic and hygienic importance of marine parasites 11: Future research

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Book SynopsisMost previous publications on the classification of tapeworms (cestodes) have been based on compilations from the literature and are now dated. Thus there is a real need for up-to-date keys based on the re-examination of specimens and on a re-evaluation of the characters employed in cestode taxonomy. This book fulfils this need and provides keys to enable specialists and non-specialists to identify cestodes to generic level. The keys are dichotomous and are based largely on morphological characters. The authors have re-examined many specimens, including type specimens where possible. As a result, the keys reflect new ideas and have lead to reappraisals of cestode taxonomy, particularly at family and generic level, with many reallocations and synonymies. The authors include 19 international authorities from the UK, USA, Australia, Brazil, France, Norway, Italy, Switzerland, Poland, Bulgaria and the Ukraine. The book includes approximately 1700 illustrations and is a standard work on tapTable of Contents1: Key to the orders of the cestoda, A Jones, R A Bray, and L F Khalil 2: Order Amphilinidea, D I Gibson 3: Order Gyrocotylidea, D I Gibson 4: Order Spathebothriidea, D I Gibson 5: Order Caryophyllidea, J S Mackiewicz 6: Order Diphyllidea, L F Khalil 7: Order Trypanorhyncha, R A Campbell and I Beveridge 8: Order Tetraphyllidea, L Euzet 9: Order Lecanicephalidea, L Euzet 10: Order Pseudophyllidea, R A Bray, A Jones and K I Anderson 11: Order Haplobothriidea, A Jones 12: Order Nippotaeniidea, R A Bray 13: Order Proteocephalidea, A A Rego 14: Order Tetrabothriidea, E P Hoberg 15: Order Cyclophyllidea. Key to families, A Jones, R A Bray and L F Khalil 16: Family Mesocestoididae, R L Rausch 17: Family Anoplocephalidae, I Beveridge 18: Family Catenotaeniidae, J C Quentin 19: Family Nematotaeniidae, M K Jones 20: Family Progynotaeniidae, L F Khalil 21: Family Acoleidae, L F Khalil 22: Family Dioecocestidae, A Jones 23: Family Amabiliidae, A Jones 24: Family Davaineidae, A Jones and R A Bray 25: Family Dilepididae, F V Bona 26: Family Dipylidiidae, A Jones 27: Family Paruterinidae, B B Georgiev and V V Kornyushin 28: Family Metadilepididae, V V Kornyushin and B B Georgiev 29: Family Hymenolepididae, B Czaplinski and C Vaucher 30: Family Taeniidae, R L Rausch 31: Lists of genera, A Jones, R A Bray and L F Khalil

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive monograph on periphyton, this book contains contributions by scientists from around the globe. Multi-disciplinary in nature, it covers both basic and applied aspects of periphyton, and is applicable worldwide in natural, extensive and intensive managed systems. Periphyton, as described in this book, refers to the entire complex of attached aquatic biota on submerged substrates, including associated non-attached organisms and detritus. Thus the periphyton community comprises bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, zooplankton and other invertebrates. Periphyton is important for various reasons: as a major contributor to carbon fixation and nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems; as an important source of food in aquatic systems; as an indicator of environmental change. It can also be managed to improve water quality in lakes and reservoirs; it can greatly increase aquaculture production; it can be used in waste water treatment. The book provides an international reviewTable of Contents1: Periphyton and Aquatic Production: An Introduction, M E Azim, SaitamaUniversity, Japan, M C M Beveridge, A A van Dam, The Netherlandsand M C J Verdegem, 2: Periphyton Structure, Diversity and Colonization, M E Azim and T Asaeda,Saitama University, Japan 3: Periphyton Dynamics and Influencing Factors, J E Vermaat, VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands 4: Periphyton in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Food Webs, R G Wetzel,University of North Carolina, USA 4: Periphyton in Freshwater Lakes and Wetlands, L G Goldsborough,University of Manitoba, Canada, R L McDougal, Ducks Unlimited Canada,Canada and A K North, Red River Basin Commission, CanadaEXPLOITATION 5: Utilization of Periphyton for Fish Production in Ponds: a Systems EcologyPerspective, A A van Dam and M C J Verdegem 6: Adaptations to Feeding in Herbivorous Fish (Cyprinidae and Cichlidae),F A Sibbing, Wageningen University, The Netherlands and F Witte, LeidenUniversity, The Netherlands 7: Traditional Brush Park Fisheries in Natural Waters, R L Welcomme,Imperial College of Science, Technology and Engineering, London, UK 8: Periphyton (Biofilms) as Biological Indicators in Managed AquaticEcosystems, S Sabater, University of Girona, Spain and W Admiraal,University of Amsterdam, The NetherlandsMANAGEMENT 9: Effect of Periphyton on Water Quality, A Milstein, Agriculture ResearchOrganization (ARO), Israel 10: Similarities between Microbial and Periphytic Biofilms in AquacultureSystems, M C J Verdegem, E H Eding, V Sereti, R N Munubi, R A Santacruz-Reyes, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, and A A van Dam 11: Periphyton-based Pond Polyculture, M E Azim and M A Wahab, BangladeshAgricultural University, Bangladesh 12: Research on Periphyton-based Aquaculture in India, P Keshavanath andB Gangadhar, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India 13: Periphyton-based Cage Aquaculture, S M H Huchette, University of Melbourne, Australia and M C M Beveridge 14: Utility of Added Substrates in Shrimp Culture, J H Tidwell,Kentucky State University, USA and D Bratvold, University of Georgia, USA 15: Importance of Periphyton in Abalone Culture, T Kawamura,University of Tokyo, Japan, R D Roberts, Cawthron Institute,New Zealand and H Takami, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute,Japan 14: Periphyton-based Aquaculture in Asia: Livelihoods and Sustainability,S W Bunting, M Karim, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK andM A Wahab 15: Periphyton Ecology, Exploitation and Management: Knowledge Gapsand Directions for Future Research, M C J Verdegem, A A van Dam,M E Azim and M C M Beveridge"

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Book SynopsisThe increasing use of integrated crop management, often requiring a reduction in the reliance upon chemical control, means that the need to rapidly identify pest nematodes has never been greater. This second edition of this standard reference work familiar to all plant nematologists is therefore even more useful than its predecessor published in 1986.The in-depth description of the life histories of the genera of the Tylenchida have been retained and brought up-to-date through the inclusion of all the research carried out between the publication of the last edition and this new edition. This expanded edition includes detailed diagnoses of well over 200 genera and familial and ordinal groups, and is well-illustrated with drawings of type or representative species. These, together with comprehensive lists of species and genera and their synonymies provide the foundation for the status and validation of each taxon within the Tylenchida. A considerable amount of information is provided regTable of Contents1: Introduction, historical review and techniques 2: Morphological characters and taxonomic methods 3: Order Tylenchida 4: Suborder Tylenchina 5: Infraorder Anguinata 6: Suborder Hoplolaimina 7: Superfamily Dolichodoroidea 8: Suborder Criconematina 9: Family Criconematidae 10: Suborder Hexatylina

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Book SynopsisFire blight is a major disease of apples, pears and certain woody ornamental plants. It is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. This organism was one of the first plant pathogenic bacteria to be extensively investigated, and has become a model for study by bacteriologists in the development of their subject. Written by leading research workers from the USA, Europe and New Zealand, this book is the first comprehensive volume for twenty years to address this subject.Table of Contents1: What is Fire Blight? Who is Erwinia amylovora? How to Control It? Joël L Vanneste, HortResearch, New Zealand Part I: The Disease 2: Epidemiology of Fire Blight, 3: Distribution and Economic Importance of Fire Blight, 4: Genetic Diversity and Host Range of Erwinia amylovora, 5: Migration of Erwinia amylovora in Host Plant Tissues, Part II: The Pathogen 6: Erwinia amylovora: General Characteristics, Biochemistry and Serology, 7: Exopolysaccharides of Erwinia amylovora: Structure, Biosynthesis, Regulation, Role in Pathogenicity of Amylovoran and Levan, 8: hrp Genes and Harpins of Erwinia amylovora: a Decade of Discovery, 9: Disease-specific Genes of Erwinia amylovora: Keys to Understanding Pathogenesis and Potential Targets for Disease Control, 10: Iron and Fire Blight: Role in Pathogenicity of Desferrioxamine E, the Main Siderophore of Erwinia amylovora, Part III: Control of Fire Blight 11: Chemical Control of Fire Blight, 12: The Development of Streptomycin-resistant Strains of Erwinia amylovora, 13: Breeding for Resistance to Fire Blight, 14: Transgenic Varieties and Rootstocks Resistant to Fire Blight, 15: Fire Blight Risk Assessment Systems and Models, 16: Biological Control of Fire Blight, 17: Integrated Orchard and Nursery Management for the Control of Fire Blight,

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Book SynopsisThis well illustrated book provides an historical and unified overview of a century and a half of research on the development, life cycles, transmission and evolution of the nematodes found in vertebrates throughout the world. This second, expanded edition includes relevant data from some 450 new references that have appeared from 1989 to 1999. The volume includes nematode parasites of humans, domestic animals and wildlife including fish. After an introductory chapter outlining general principles, the author systematically describes the biological characteristics of the 27 superfamilies of nematodes, followed by families, subfamilies, genera and species.Table of Contents1: Introduction PART I: CLASS SECERNENTEA 1: Order Rhabditida 2: Order Strongylida (The Bursate Nematodes) 3: Order Oxyurida 4: Order Ascaridida 5: Order Spirurida - Suborder Camallanina 6: Order Spirurida - Suborder SpirurinaPART II - CLASS ADENOPHOREA 7: Order Enoplida - Suborder Dioctophymatina 8: Order Enoplida - Suborder Trichinellina

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides background theory and practical protocols for bioassays of bacteria, viruses, fungi, microsporidia and nematodes that can be used as biological control agents against insect pests of agricultural and medical importance. In addition, experimental design and statistics, computational modelling for bioassay analysis, and relevant legislation are described. With contributions from internationally recognised scientists from their respective fields, this book will be of particular value to researchers both experienced and inexperienced in this area.Table of Contents1: Bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis 2: Bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis products used against agricultural pests, A Navon, The Volcani Center, Israel 3: Bioassays of genetically engineered Bacillus thuringiensis plant products, SR Sims, Whitmire Micro-Gen, USA 4: Bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, O Skovmand, Laboratoire de Lutte Contre Les Insects Nuisible, France and N Becker, German Mosquito Control Association, Germany 5: Production of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides for experimental uses, S Braun, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 6: Bioassays of replicating bacteria against soil-dwelling insect pests, TA Jackson and DJ Saville, Agresearch, New Zealand 7: Bioassays of entomopathogenic viruses, KA Jones, University of Greenwich, UK 8: Bioassays of entomogenous fungi, TM Butt, University of Wales, UK and MS Goettel, Lethbridge Research Centre, Canada 9: Bioassays of microsporidia, JV Maddox, WM Brooks, North Carolina State University, USA and LF Solter, Illinois Natural History Survey & Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, USA 10: Bioassays of entomopathogenic nematodes, I Glazer, The Volcani Center, Israel and EE Lewis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 11: Statistical and computational analysis of bioassay data, R Marcus, The Volcani Center, Israel and DM Eaves, Simon Frazer University, Canada 12: Legislation affecting the collection, use and safe handling of entomopathogenic microbes and nematodes, D Smith, CABI Bioscience UK Centre (Egham), UK

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Book SynopsisThis major reference work contains essential information on arthropod-borne infections affecting humans and domesticated animals. The encyclopedia is a key reference source for anyone working in medical and veterinary science, and related fields. Features of The Encyclopedia of Arthropod-transmitted Infections are:150 entries, describing arboviral, viral, bacterial and rickettsial, spirochaetal, protozoal and filarial infections, and the vectors that transmit themInformation on disease distribution, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, transmission cycles, vector life-cycles, and treatment and control measures. Figures, tables and photographs illustrate the text. Following each entry is a selected bibliography, to aid further reading on the topicOver 80 different international authors, with expertise in medicine, veterinary science, parasitology, entomology, epidemiology, microbiology, and zoology have contributed to the encyclopedia.Table of Contents1: African horse sickness 2: Blackflies 3: Cat scratch disease 4: Epidemic haemorrhagic fever 5: Getah virus disease 6: Hepatozoonosis - canine 7: Louse-borne typhus 8: Malaria - avian 9: Malaria - human 10: Nairobi sheep disease 11: Omsk haemorrhagic fever 12: Powassan encephalitis 13: Q fever 14: Rickettsial pox 15: Stratford virus 16: Tataguine virus 17: Triatomine bugs 18: West Nile virus 19: Zika virus

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Book SynopsisThis second edition of the popular advanced student textbook (previously published as Worms and Disease: A Manual of Medical Helminthology) has been thoroughly updated and revised since it was first published in 1975. It includes contributions and a chapter by Prof. Derek Wakelin, University of Nottingham, UK. An authoritative handbook covering all human helminth infections with particular emphasis on diagnosis, treatment, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. Practical guidelines are given for estimating the clinical and public significance of helminthiases, vital in areas where the majority of inhabitants are infected with many helminths but only a few are sick.Table of Contents1: The Trematodes 2: The Cestodes 3: The Acanthocephalans 4: The Nematodes 5: Oher Groups 6: Immunology of Helminths 7: Epidemiological Aspects of Helminth Infections 8: Helminthological Techniques

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Book SynopsisThis book, in three volumes, presents a detailed revision of the systematics and taxonomy of the platyhelminth class Trematoda, subclasses Aspidogastrea and Digenea, with keys for the identification of these parasites at the superfamily, family, subfamily and generic levels.The trematodes are parasitic worms infecting all vertebrate groups and include families of significance to human and animal health, with considerable economic impact. Volume 1 covers the subclass Aspidogastrea and order Strigeida, while the second and third volumes will cover the orders Echinostomida and Plagiorchiida.Table of Contents1: Class Trematoda Rudolphi, 1808 2: Subclass Aspidogastrea Faust & Tang, 1936 3: Subclass Digenea Carus, 1863 4: Superfamily Azygioidea Liihe, 1909 5: Superfamily Bivesiculoidea Yamaguti, 1934 6: Superfamily BrachylaimoideaJoyeux & Foley, 1930 7: Family Brachylaimidae Joyeux & Foley, 1930 8: Family Hasstilesiidae Hall, 1916 9: Family Leucochloridiidae Poche, 1907 10: Family Leucochloridiomorphidae Yamaguti, 1958 11: Family Moreauiidae Johnston, 1915 12: Family Ovariopteridae Leonov, Spasskii & Kulikov, 1963 13: Family Panopistidae Yamaguti, 1958 14: Family Thapariellidae Srivastava 15: Superfamily Bucephaloidea Poche, 1907 16: Superfamily Clinostomoidea Lühe, 1901 17: Family Clinostomidae Lühe, 1901 18: Family Liolopidae Odhner, 1912 19: Superfamily Cyclocoeloidea Stossich, 1902 20: Family Cyclocoelidae Stossich, 1902 21: Family Eucotylidae Cohn, 1904 22: Family Typhlocoelidae Harrah, 1922 23: Superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 24: Family Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 25: Family Bolbocephalodidae Strand, 1935 26: Family Brauninidae Wolf, 1903 27: Family Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898 28: Family Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 29: Family Strigeidae Railliet, 1919 30: Superfamily Gymnophalloidea Odhner, 1905 31: Family Gymnophallidae Odhner, 1905 32: Family Botulisaccidae Yamaguti, 1971 33: Family Callodistomidae Odhner, 1910 34: Family Fellodistomidae Nicoll, 1909 35: Family Tandanicolidae Johnston, 1927 36: Superfamily Hemiuroidea Looss, 1899 37: Family Hemiuridae Looss, 1899 38: Family Accacoeliidae Odhner, 1911 39: Family Bathycotylidae Dollfus, 1932 40: Family Derogenidae Nicoll, 1910 41: Family Dictysarcidae Skrjabin & Guschanskaja, 1955 42: Family Hirudinellidae Dollfus, 1932 43: Family Isoparorchiidae Travassos, 1922 44: Family Lecithasteridae Odhner, 1905 45: Family Ptychogonimidae Dollfus, 1937 46: Family Sclerodistomidae Odhner, 1927 47: Family Sclerodistomoididae Gibson & Bray, 1979 48: Family Syncoeliidae Looss, 1899 49: Superfamily Schistosomatoidea Stiles & Hassall, 1898 50: Family Schistosomatidae Stiles & Hassall, 1898 51: Family Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 52: Family Spirorchiidae Stunkard, 1921 53: Superfamily Transversotrematoidea Witenberg, 1944

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Book SynopsisThis is the third of three volumes of Keys to the Trematoda, a series on the systematics and identification of the Class Trematoda. It covers five superfamilies with the Order Plagiorchiida and the family Didymozoidae, with the keys for their identification at the family, subfamily and generic levels. It also includes a key to all dignean superfamilies, including those treated in detail in volumes oneand two.Trade Review"Keys to the Trematoda will become the standard reference on the group for many years. Given the infrequency of appearance of such large works, this is likely to remain the definitive work for the first half of this century and to find a place on book-shelves all over the planet." David Blair, School of Tropical Biology, Australia "...we consider the Keys to represent a valuable contribution to taxonomic research on trematodes...Keys to the Trematoda will undoubtedly represent an indispensable source of basic information about the systematics of these helminths." Scholz & Horak, Folia Parasitologica, 2003 "The editors and the authors have succeeded in preparing a book which is valuable to experts, practising Parasitologists and beginners, and they should be congratulated on their great success" Zdzislaw Swiderski & Boyko B. Georgiev Acta Parasitologica, 2005, 50(4)"Table of Contents1: Introduction and Key to Superfamilies 2: Superfamily Opisthorchioidea Looss, 1899 3: Family Opisthorchiidae Looss, 1899 4: Family Cryptogonimidae Ward, 1917 5: Family Heterophyidae Leiper, 1909 6: Superfamily Monorchioidea Odhner, 1911 7: Family Monorchiidae Odhner, 1911 8: Family Lissorchiidae Magath, 1917 9: Superfamily Gorgoderoidea Looss, 1899 10: Family Gorgoderidae Looss, 1899 11: Family Anchitrematidae Mehra, 1935 12: Family Brachycoeliidae Looss, 1899 13: Family Braunotrematidae Yamaguti, 1958 14: Family Collyriclidae Ward, 1917 15: Family Cortrematidae Yamaguti, 1958 16: Family Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 17: Family Mesocoeliidae Dollfus, 1929 18: Family Orchipedidae Skrjabin, 1913 19: Family Paragonimidae Dollfus, 1939 20: Family Prouterinidae Foreyt, Schell & Beyer, 1996 21: Family Troglotrematidae Odhner, 1914 22: Superfamily Plagiorchioidea Lühe, 1901 23: Family Plagiorchiidae Luhe, 1901 24: Family Auridistomidae Stunkard, 1924 25: Family Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 26: Family Choanocotylidae Jue Sue & Platt, 1998 27: Family Dolichoperoididae Johnston & Angel, 1940 28: Family Echinoporidae Krasnolobova & Timofeeva, 1965 29: Family Encyclometridae Mehra, 1931 30: Family Gekkonotrematidae Yamaguti, 1971 31: Family Glypthelminthidae Cheng, 1959 32: Family Haematoloechidae Freitas & Lent, 1939 33: Family Leptophallidae Dayal, 1938 34: Family Macroderoididae McMullen, 1937 35: Family Meristocotylidae Fischthal & Kuntz, 1964 36: Family Mesotretidae Poche, 1926 37: Family Ocadiatrematidae Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981 38: Family Omphalometridae Looss, 1899 39: Family Opisthogonimidae Travassos, 1928 40: Family Orientocreadiidae Yamaguti, 1958 41: Family Reniferidae Pratt, 1902 42: Family Styphlotrematidae Baer, 1924 43: Family Telorchiidae Looss, 1899 44: Family Thrinascotrematidae Jue Sue & Platt, 1999 45: Family Urotrematidae Poche, 1926 46: Superfamily Microphalloidea Ward, 1901 47: Family Microphallidae Ward, 1901 48: Family Anenterotrematidae Yamaguti, 1958 49: Family Diplangidae Yamaguti, 1971 50: Family Eumegacetidae Travassos, 1922 51: Family Exotidendriidae Mehra, 1935 52: Family Faustulidae Poche, 1926 53: Family Gyrabascidae Macy, 1935 54: Family Lecithodendriidae Luhe, 1901 55: Family Leyogonimidae Dollfus, 1951 56: Family Pachypsolidae Yamaguti, 1958 57: Family Phaneropsolidae Mehra, 1935 58: Family Pleurogenidae Looss, 1899 59: Family Prosthogonimidae Luhe, 1909 60: Family Renicolidae Dollfus, 1939 61: Family Renschetrematidae Yamaguti, 1971 62: Family Stomylotrematidae Poche, 1926 63: Family Taiwantrematidae Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981 64: Family Zoogonidae Odhner, 1902 65: Family Didymozoidae Monticelli, 1888 66: Genera incertae sedis, genera inquirenda, nomina nuda, larval or collective names and recently erected genera

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Book SynopsisParasites have evolved numerous complex and fascinating ways of interacting with their hosts. The subject attracts the interest of numerous biologists from the perspective of ecology and behavioural biology, as well as from those concerned with more applied aspects of parasitology. However, until now there has been no recent book to synthesize this field.This book, written by leading authorities from the USA, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, provides the most comprehensive coverage of this important topic on the market.Table of ContentsPart I: Foraging for Hosts 1: Trematode transmission strategies, C Combes, Université Perpignan, France, P Bartoli, Campus Universitaire de Luminy, France and A Théron, Université Perpignan, France 2: Entomopathogenic nematode host-search strategies, J F Campbell and E E Lewis 3: Flexibility in host-search and patch-use strategies of insect parasitoids, L E M Vet, L Hemerik, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, M E Visser, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, The Netherlands and F L Wäckers, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Part II: Host Acceptance and Infection 4: Host discrimination by seed parasites, F J Messina, Utah State University, USA 5: Soil and plant interactions’ impact on plant-parasitic nematode host finding and recognition, A F Robinson, USDA-ARS, USA 6: Environmental control of nematode life cycles, M E Viney, University of Bristol, UK Part III: Interactions among parasites within host 7: The interactions between larval parasitoids and their hosts, M R Strand, University of Georgia, USA 8: Inter-specific interactions in trematode communities, K Lafferty, University of California, USA 9: Niche restriction and mate finding in vertebrate hosts, K Rohde, University of New England, Australia 10: Parasite sex determination, R E L Paul, Institut Pasteur, France Part IV: Parasite-Host Interactions 11: Interactions between intestinal nematodes and vertebrate hosts, M V K Sukhdeo, S C Sukhdeo and A D Bansemir, Rutgers University, USA 12: Parasite manipulation of host behaviour, R Poulin, University of Otago, New Zealand 13: Parasite manipulation of vector behaviour, J G C Hamilton and H Hurd, Keele University, UK 14: Parasite virulence, J Schall, University of Vermont, USA 15: The behavioural ecology of social parasitism in ants, R J Stuart, University of Florida, USA Part V: Synthesis 16: Parasite behavioural ecology in a field of diverse perspectives, E E Lewis, J F Campbell and M V K Sukhdeo

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Book SynopsisLyme borreliosis commonly known as lyme disease is now acknowledged as the most highly prevalent arthropod-borne human disease in northern temperate regions of the world. This book describes the basic characteristics of the disease, the biology of the pathogens in their vectors and vertebrate hosts, their ecology in different regions of the world and the global epidemiology of the disease. The final chapters address the prevention and control measures that have resulted from this knowledge.Table of ContentsI: History and Characteristics of Lyme Borreliosis 2: Ecological Research on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Terminology and Some Methodical Pitfalls 3: Molecular and Cellular Biology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 4: Vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 5: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Vertebrate Host 6: Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe 7: Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russia 8: Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Japan and East Asia 9: Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in North America 10: Epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis 11: Vaccination against Lyme Borreliosis 12: Environmental Management for Lyme Borreliosis Control

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Book SynopsisThis volume details techniques on the study of Isolation, characterization, and exploration of actinobacteria in industrial, food, agricultural, and environmental microbiology. Chapters cover a wide range of basic and advanced techniques associated with research on isolation, characterization and identification of actinobacteria in soil, sediment, estuarine, water, Saltpan, Mangroves, plants, lichens, sea weeds, sea grass, animals-crab, snail, shrimp.  Authoritative and cutting-edge, Methods in Actinobacteriology aims to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field. Table of Contents1. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Soil and Marine Sediment Samples Savitha, T., Ashraf Khalifa, and Sankaranarayanan A 2. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Water Sources Tamalika Chakraborty, Sumana Roy, Dipanjan Mandal, Jeenatara Begum, and Abhijit Sengupta 3. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Deep Sea AparanaKumari,K. V. and Bhaskara Rao 4. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Estuary Ashraf Khalifa and Sankaranarayanan A 5.Isolation of Actinobacteria from Sponges Neethu Kamarudheen and K.V. Bhaskara Rao 6. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Shrimp Shijila Rani A.S., Babu S., Anbukumaran A., Prakash P., Veeramani S., and Ambikapathy V. 7. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Coral Reef Babu S., Shijila Rani A.S., Anbukumaran A, Praksah, P., and Ambikapathy V. 8. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Earthworm Cast Anbukumaran, A.,Shijila Rani, A.S., Ambikapathy, V., Veeramani, S. Shanmgapriya, R. and Babu, S. 9. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Compost Samples Savitha T, Ashraf Khalifa, and Sankaranarayanan A 10. Isolation of Gut Actinobacteria from Fecal and Tissue Samples Priyanka Sarkar 11. Isolation of Gut Actinobacteria from Termites Malavika S., Sahana Kranthi, Shishira Rao H. S., Shreyanka S. Moily, and Martin Paul A 12. Isolation of Gut Actinobacteria from Fishes S. Thejaswini, Sruthy Jojy, Aditi Vijayan, and Martin Paul A 13. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Mangrove Plants Babu S., Anbukumaran A., Ambikapathy V., Veeramani S., Shijila Rani A.S., and Prakash, P 14. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Seaweeds Apsara S. Babu and K. V. Bhaskara Rao 15. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Hills Veerapagu M, Jeya KR, and Sankaranarayanan A 16. Isolation of Endophytic Actinobacteria from Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds of Higher Plants Jayanthi.D, Martin Paul.A, and Leena Sebastian 17. Isolation of Actinobacteria from Desert Soils Ashraf Khalifa and Sankaranarayanan, A. 18. Isolation of Epiphytic Actinobacteria from Rhizosphere of Spermatophytes Shravya.S, Meghana.S.J ,and Jayanthi.D 19. Isolation of Epiphytic Actinobacteria from Lichens Shabeena Banu M.S., Nargis Begum T., G. Vinothini, D.Dhanasekaran, and Thajuddin N. 20. Isolation of Endophytic Actinobacteria from Lichens Shabeena Banu M.S., Nargis Begum T., D. Dhanasekaran, and Thajuddin N. 21. Isolation of Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Actinobacteria Manigundan.K, B. Abirami, V. Gopikrishnan, M. Radhakrishnan, and P.V. Bhaskar 22. Isolation of Halophilic Actinobacteria from different habitats Martin Paul, A. and Jayanthi, D. 23. Isolation of Thermophilic Actinobacteria from Different Habitats Pranjali Chole, Lokesh Ravi, and Kannabiran Krishnan 24. Isolation of Stone Dwelling Actinobacteria Shabari Girish, Lokesh Ravi, and Kannabiran Krishnan 25. Cultivation Techniques of Rare Actinobacteria Ramasamy Vijayakumar, Durairaj Thirumurugan, Alagappan Cholarajan, and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja 26. Chemo-taxonomical Characterization of Actinobacteria Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh S.S. Raja 27. Application of Bioinformatic Tools for Phylogenetic Analysis Manigundan.K.,Jerrine Joseph, M. Radhakrishnan, Mary Shamya, and Wilson Aruni 28. Methods for Whole-genome Analysis of Actinobacteria through Bioinformatics Approaches Indrani Sarkar, Gargi Sen, and Arnab Sen 29. Nanopore Based Long Read Sequencing Technology to Obtain Highly Contiguous Whole Genome Sequence of Actinobacterial Genomes like Streptomyces sp.. Sankaranarayanan Gomathinayagam, Loganathan Karthik, and KodiveriMuthukaliannan Gothandam 30. Mining genomes of Actinobacteria Sushant Parab, Davide Corà, and Federico Bussolino 31. Comparative genomics of Actinobacteria Sushant Parab,Davide Corà, and Federico Bussolino 32. Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Analysis in Micromonospora Species Using Antismash: Secondary Metabolite Genome Mining Pipeline Manickasamy Mukesh Kumar, Narayanan Rajagopal, and Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai 33. Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Analysis in Actinobacterial Genera Streptomyces spp. Markéta Macho, Daniela Ewe, Vishal Ahuja, Jihen Thabet, Avik Banerjee, Kumar Saurav, and Subhasish Saha 34. PCR based Determination of Secondary Metabolite Genes in Actinobacterial Cultures K. Manigundan, B. Abirami, V. Gopikrishnan, Jerrine Joseph, and M. Radhakrishnan 35. Molecular Mass Determination of Bacteriocin by SDS-PAGE analysis Santhosh Arul M,.Jayashankar, and HaripriyaDayalan 36. MALDI-TOF Analysis of Actinobacterial Peptides with Respect to MASCOT Database Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Arumugam Kamaladevi, and Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian 37. Protocols for Preclinical Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Antimicrobial Compounds from Streptomyces sp.- Drug Likeliness Evaluation, ADME-Toxicity Investigation, Docking modes between the Ligand and the target Enzyme and Active Site Prediction Anirudh Sreenivas B.K, Akshaya B, Lokesh Ravi, and Kannabiran Krishnan 38. Energy-based Pharmacophore Hypothesis Combined with Molecular Simulation Protocol for The Screening Of Bioactive Compounds From the Class of Actinobacteria Thirunavukkarasu Muthu Kumar and KaruppasamyRamanathan 39. Receptor cavity-based approach combined with Autodock protocol for the screening of antiviral compounds from Streptomyces sp. K. Rohini, and V. Shanthi 40. Pharmacophore Based Hypothesis Combined with Molecular Docking Protocol for the Screening Of Anti-Cancer Compounds from Streptomyces sp. S. Saranyadevi, R. Priyanka and V. Shanthi 41. Methods of Identification and Validation of Drug Target Jerrine Joseph, M. Radhakrishnan, K. Manigundan,V. Gopikrishnan, Mary Shamya, and Wilson Aruni 42. Transcriptome profiles of Streptomyces sp. Sushant Parab, Davide Corà, and Federico Bussolino 43. Culture of Actinobacteria, Isolation, and Characterization of their Bioactive Compounds Charles SanthanarajuVairappan 44. Miniaturized Production of Bioactive Extracts from Actinobacteria B. Abirami, M. Radhakrishnan, K. Manigundan, Jerrine Joseph, V. Gopikrishnan, and R. Balagurunathan 45. Screening, Characterization, and Identification of Antibacterial Compounds From Actinobacteria Savitha, T., Ashraf Khalifa, and Sankaranarayanan A 46. Isolation, Identification, and Screening of Polyene Antifungal Compound Producing Streptomyces sampsonii MDCE7 from agroforestry soil Radhakrishnan Srinivasan and Varadharajan Mohan 47. Screening of Actinobacterial Cultures for Antimycobacterial Activity using Mycobacterium smegmatis Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 48. Screening of Actinobacterial Extracts/Compounds for Antimycobacterial Activity by Luciferase Reporter Phage (LRP) Assay Shuai Wei,Shucheng Liu, Ramachandran Chelliah, and Deog-Hwan Oh 49. Screening of Actinobacteria for Anti-TB Activity by MicroplateAlamarBlue Assay (MABA) Shuai Wei, Shucheng Liu, Ramachandran Chelliaha, nd Deog-Hwan Oh 50. Screening of Actinobacteria for anti-TB Activity by Agar Dilution Assay Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 51. Antiplasmodial activity of Halophilic Actinobacteria Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran and Saravanan Karthikeyan 52. An invitroAntiamoebic Activity of Actinobacteria KarthiyayiniBalakrishnan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai, Thirumurugan Ramasamy, and Muthuselvam Manickam 53. Screening for Antiviral Activity: MTT Assay Ramachandran Chelliah, Fazle Elahi, and Deog-Hwan Oh 54. Screening for Anticancer Activity: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) Assay Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 55. Screening for Anticancer Activity: Dual Staining Method Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 56. Screening for Anticancer Activity: Neutral Red Uptake Assay Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 57. Screening for Anticancer Activity: Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase Assay Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 58. Screening for Anticancer Activity: DNA Fragmentation Assay InamulHasan Madar, Ghazala Sultan, Ramachandran Chelliah, and Deog-Hwan Oh 59. Screening for Anticancer Activity: Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay InamulHasan Madar, Ghazala Sultan, Ramachandran Chelliah, and Deog-Hwan Oh 60. In vitro Evaluation of Antimitotic Properties Of Actinobacterial Extracts Using Onion Root Tip Assay Gopikrishnan. V., M. Radhakrishnan, K. Manigundan, T. Shanmugasundaram, and Jerrine Joseph 61. Screening for Antioxidant Activity: Diphenylpicrylhydrazine (DPPH) Assay Momna Rubab, Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 62. Screening for Antioxidant Activity: Nitric Oxide Scavenging Assay Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-MwineDaliri, and Deog-Hwan Oh 63. Screening for Antioxidant Activity: Metal Chelating Assay Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 64. Screening for Antioxidant Activity: Total Antioxidant Assay Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-MwineDaliri, and Deog-Hwan Oh 65. Screening for Antioxidant Activity: Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Assay Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-MwineDaliri, and Deog-Hwan Oh 66. In vitro Evaluation Of Actinobacterial Extracts For Anti Inflammatory Properties B. Abirami, K. Manigundan, Mary Shamya, Jerrine Joseph, S. Shanmugasundaram, and M. Radhakrishnan 67. Screening and production of anti freeze Proteins from Actinobacteria B. Abirami, M. Radhakrishnan, K. Manigundan, V. Gopikrishnan1, S.T. Somasundaram2, and P.V. Bhaskar 68. In vitro Evaluation of Actinobacterial Extracts for Immunomodulatory Properties B. Abirami, K. Manigundan, M. Radhakrishnan, V. Gopikrishnan, Jerrine Joseph, T. Shanmugasundaram, and T. Somasundaram 69. Screening of Actinobacteria for Enzyme Inhibitor Activity Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-MwineDaliri, and Deog-Hwan Oh 70. Screening of Actinobacteria for Quorum Sensing Inhibition Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-MwineDaliri, and Deog-Hwan Oh 71. Screening of Actinobacterial Extracts for Anti-biofilm Activity Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-MwineDaliri, and Deog-Hwan Oh 72. Screening of Actinobacteria for Microbial Induced Calcium Precipitation (MICP) K. Manigundan, B. Abirami, V. Gopikrishnan, and M. Radhakrishnan 73. Immobilization of Actinobacterial Cells – Sodium Alginate and Calcium Chloride Method Gopikrishnan, V., K. Manigundan, B. Abirami, and M. Radhakrishnan 74. Production of Actinobacteria Amylase by Fermentation in Solid State Using Residues Of Licuri Palm (Syagruscoronata) Milena Santos Aguiar, Rafael Resende Maldonado, Andrea Limoeiro Carvalho, and Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira 75. Production Of Lipase By Actinobacteria IsabelyFernanda Pizarro, HandrayFernandes de Souza, Janaínados Santos Ferreira, Rafael Resende Maldonad, and Eliana Setsuko Kamimura 76. Isolation And Cultivation Of Actinobacteria By Submerged Fermentation For The Production Of Keratinase Rafael Resende Maldonado, TaísRosângelaCorreia Souza, Simone Kubeneck, Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira, and Helen Treichel 77. Screening of Cellulase from Actinobacteria Varsha N Swamy, M A Haneen, and M.Jayashankar 78. Screening of Pectinase from Actinobacteria M A Haneen, M.Jayashankar, And Varsha N Swamy 79. Screening of Protease from Actinobacteria AshwithaGopal ,Varsha N Swamy,Santhosh Arul, and M.Jayashankar 80. Screening and analysis of Actinobacterial Bioherbicides For Weed Management Prem Anand K and Suthindhiran K 81. In vitro Assessment of Actinobacteria for Survivability Under Simulated Gastro-Intestinal Transit G.Vinothini, M.S. ShabeenaBanu, S. Seema, and D.Dhanasekaran q82. In vitro Assessment of Actinobacteria for Survivability Under Simulated Gastro-Intestinal Transit G.Vinothini, M.S. ShabeenaBanu, S. Seema, and D.Dhanasekaran 83. Screening of Actinobacterial Probiotics by Anti-Pathogenic Activity Test Peng Chen, Zhongkun Zhou, Yunhao Ma,Rentao Zhang, Mengze Sun 84. Screening and Analysis of Probiotic Actinobacteria in Poultry Farming Mônica Roberta Mazalli and Rafael Resende Maldonado 85. Vitamin B12 Producing Actinobacteria as Probiotics for Poultry Production Firdosh Shah and Mitesh Dwivedi 86. Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation of Phosphate Solubilizing Actinobacteria Shreya Desaiand NatarajanAmaresan 87. Estimation of Nitrogen Production by Actinobacteria Shreya Desaiand NatarajanAmaresan 88. Screening of Actinobacteria for Siderophore Production Caroline Mercy Andrew Swamidoss, Ramachandran Chelliah, and Deog-Hwan Oh 89. Isolation and Screening of Symbiotic Actinobacteria From Root Nodules of Actinorhizal plant Casuarina sp Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran and Saravanan Karthikeyan 90. Biocontrol Activity of Actinobacteria Against Plant Pathogens Shreya Desaiand NatarajanAmaresan 91. An In vitro nematicidalactivity ofactinobacteria- Juvenile mortality and Egg hatching inhibition Vijayakumar Vishnu Raja and DharumaduraiDhanasekaran 92. Estimation of Auxin Production by Actinobacteria Shreya Desaiand NatarajanAmaresan 93. Screening of Actinobacteria for Mosquitocidal Activity Caroline Mercy Andrew Swamidoss, Ramachandran Chelliah, and Deog-Hwan Oh 94. Extraction, Characterization, and Identification of Odorous Metabolites from Streptomyces Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran, Saravanan Karthikeyan, Saravanan Chandraleka, Govindhan Sivaranjani, and Selvanathan Latha 95. Screening of Actinobacteria for Biosurfactant Production Ramachandran Chelliah, Eric Banan-MwineDaliri, and Deog-Hwan Oh 96. Optimization and Characterization of Biosurfactant from Streptomyces Vishal Ahuja, Markéta Macho, Jihen Thabet, Avik Banerjee, Daniela Ewe, Subhasish Saha, and Kumar Saurav 97. Production of Vitamin B12from Streptomyces species Camil Rex M,Akshaya B, Lokesh Ravi, and Kannabiran Krishnan 98. Screening of Microbes for the Production of Pigment (Melanin) Ramachandran Chelliah and Deog-Hwan Oh 99. Exploration and Characterization ofMelanin Pigment Produced by Actinomycetes Puja Gupta, Madangchanok imchen, and Ranjith Kumavath 100. Isolation and Production of Prodigiosin Pigments from Streptomyces spp. Leena Sebastian, Martin Paul, A., and Jayanthi, D. 101. Aerobic and Anaerobic Decolourization of Textile Dyes Using Actinobacteria Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh S.S. Raja 102. Bioleaching of heavy metals from e-waste using actinobacteria Gopikrishnan, V., K. Manigundan, PR. Meganathan, and M. Radhakrishnan 103. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles From Actinobacteria Vimala. R.T.Va,Rajivgandhi. Gb,d,S. Sridharana,Jayapriya. Mc,Ramachandran. Gd, Chenthis Kanisha. Cd, Manoharan. Nd,Wen-Jun Lib 104. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles from Actinobacteria Vimala. R.T.V, Rajivgandhi. G, S. Sridharan, Jayapriya. M, Ramachandran. G, Chenthis Kanisha. C, Manoharan. N, Wen-Jun Li 105. Antimicrobial Activity of Extracellular Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles By Actinobacteria Vimala. R.T.V, Rajivgandhi. G, S. Sridharan, Jayapriya. M, Ramachandran. G, Chenthis Kanisha. C, Manoharan. N, and Wen-Jun Li 106. Antibiofilm Activity of Extracellular Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles By Actinobacteria Vimala. R.T.V, Rajivgandhi. G, S. Sridharan, Jayapriya. M, Ramachandran. G, Chenthis Kanisha. C, Manoharan. N, Wen-Jun Li 107. Cytotoxic Activity of Extracellular Green Synthesized Nanoparticles by Actinobacteria Vimala. R.T.V, Rajivgandhi. G, S. Sridharan, Jayapriya. M, Ramachandran. G, Chenthis Kanisha. C, Manoharan. N, and Wen-Jun Li 108. Sporicidal Activity of Extracellular Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles by Actinobacteria Vimala. R.T.V, Rajivgandhi. G, S. Sridharan, Jayapriya. M, Ramachandran. G, Chenthis Kanisha. C, Manoharan. N, and Wen-Jun Li

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Book SynopsisIsolation of Bacteriophages for Clinically Relevant Bacteria.- Observation of Bacteriophage Ultrastructure by Cryo-electron Microscopy.- Bacteriophage Taxonomy: A Continually Evolving Discipline.- Guidelines to Compose an Ideal Bacteriophage Cocktail.- Rapid Bench to Bedside Therapeutic Bacteriophage Production.- Bacteriophage Production in Compliance with Regulatory Requirements.- Nano/micro formulations for bacteriophage delivery.- Phage-Host Interaction Analysis using Flow Cytometry.- Bacteriophage control of infectious biofilms.- Studying bacteriophage efficacy using a zebrafish model.- Use of Galleria mellonella as an animal model for studying the antimicrobial activity of bacteriophages with potential use in phage therapy.- Interaction of Bacteriophages with the Immune System: Induction of Bacteriophage-specific Antibodies.- Bacteriophage Treatment of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers.- A Review of Phage Therapy for BonTable of Contents

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Book SynopsisManaging risk when working with Orbiviruses with a special emphasis on Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.- Recognition of Field Signs, Necropsy Procedures and Evaluation of Macroscopic Lesions of Cervids Infected with Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus.- Virus Isolation of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus in Cell Culture.- Purification of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (and other Orbiviruses) particles from infected mammalian or insect cells.- Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labelled EHDV infected cell cultures.- Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Titration.- Virus neutralisation test for detecting and quantifying serum neutralising antibodies to epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (serotypes 1, 2, and 4-8).- Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Assay.- Detection of EHDV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).- Real-time RT-PCR for the diagnosis of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.- Real-time RT-PCR assays for typing of

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Book SynopsisPoxvirus Epidemiology.- Mpox Specimen Collection, Storage, Preparation, and Laboratory Diagnostics by PCR.- A Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Measuring Poxvirus Replication and Cell Binding.- Orthopoxvirus Genome Sequencing, Assembly, and Analysis.- Bioinformatics for the Structural Genomics of Poxviruses.- Construction and Isolation of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus by Homologous Recombination Using Fluorescent Protein Markers.- Rapid Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses Using CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing.- Cas9-Mediated Poxvirus Recombinant Recovery (CASPRR) for Fast Recovery of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses.- Use of a Poxvirus K3 Ortholog as a Positive Selection Marker for Construction of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus with Modified Host Range.- Orthopoxvirus Purification for High Containment Laboratories.- Evaluation of Vaccinia Virus Infection in Mice Using Two-Reporter Recombinant Virus.- Bioluminescence Imaging to Study Recombinant Orthopoxvirus Infection in Animal Models.- Methods t

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Book SynopsisMismatch of Supply and Demand: Marburg Virus Disease Outbreaks Need Countermeasures but Will Not Provide Opportunity for Clinical Trials.- Marburg Virus Medical Countermeasures.- Isolation and Propagation of Marburg viruses.- Validation of Marburg Virus Inactivation by AVL Buffer.- Generation, Recovery, and Propagation of a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing the Marburg Virus Glycoprotein.- Visualizing the Internalization of Marburg Virus-Like Particles into Living Cells.- Proximity Proteomics to Profile Ebola Virus Protein Interactome in its Functional Context.- Monoclonal Antibody Production Against Filoviruses from Immunized Mice.- Marburg Virus Minigenome Assays.- Transcription- and Replication-Competent Virus-Like Particle Systems for Marburg Virus.- Generation of Biologically Contained Marburg Virus.- Recovery of Recombinant Marburg Virus by Reverse Genetics.- In Vivo Investigation of Filovirus Glycoprotein-Mediated Infection in a BSL2 Setting.- Evaluating

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Book SynopsisExplores the utility and potential of extremophiles in sustainability and biotechnology Many extremophilic bio-products are already used as life-saving drugs. Until recently, however, the difficulty of working with these microbes has discouraged efforts to develop extremophilic microbes as potential drug reservoirs of the future. Recent technological advances have opened the door to exploring these organisms anew as sources of products that might prove useful in clinical and environmental biotechnology and drug development. Extremophiles features outstanding articles by expert scientists who shed light on broad-ranging areas of progress in the development of smart therapeutics for multiple disease types and products for industrial use. It bridges technological gaps, focusing on critical aspects of extremolytes and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis that are relevant to human health and bioenergy, including value-added products of commercial signTable of ContentsContributors xv Introduction xix 1 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF EXTREMOPHILES 1 Debamitra Chakravorty, Ashwinee Kumar Shreshtha, V. R. Sarath Babu, and Sanjukta Patra 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Molecular Evolution of Thermophiles 2 1.3 Molecular Evolution of Psychrophiles 4 1.4 Molecular Evolution of Halophiles 6 1.5 Molecular Evolution of Alkaliphiles 7 1.6 Molecular Evolution of Acidophiles 8 1.7 Molecular Evolution of Barophiles 10 1.8 Engineering Extremophiles 12 1.9 Case Studies 17 1.10 Implications of Engineered Extremophiles on Ecology, Environment, and Health 20 1.11 Conclusions and Recommendations 20 2 ATTAINING EXTREMOPHILES AND EXTREMOLYTES: METHODOLOGIES AND LIMITATIONS 29 Debamitra Chakravorty and Sanjukta Patra 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Extremophiles: Types and Diversity 30 2.3 Extremolytes 54 2.4 Conclusions 64 3 STRATEGIES FOR THE ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF HALOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS 75 Aharon Oren 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Thalassohaline and Athalassohaline Hypersaline Environments 76 3.3 Case Studies 79 3.4 The Upper Salinity Limits of Different Types of Energy Generation 85 3.5 Final Comments 88 4 HALOPHILIC PROPERTIES AND THEIR MANIPULATION AND APPLICATION 95 Tsutomu Arakawa, Hiroko Tokunaga, Matsujiro Ishibashi, and Masao Tokunaga 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Industrial Applications of Halophilic Organisms and Their Proteins 96 4.3 Extreme and Moderate Halophiles and Their Proteins 98 4.4 Generation of Low-Salt Stable Extreme-Halophilic Proteins 99 4.5 Interconversion of Halophilic and Nonhalophilic Proteins 105 4.6 Soluble Expression of Recombinant Proteins 110 4.7 Natively Unfolded Proteins 113 4.8 Organic Solvent Tolerance 113 5 FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA 123 Ximena C. Abrevaya 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 General Features 124 5.3 Applications of Halophilic Archaea 130 5.4 Concluding Remarks 143 6 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLD-ADAPTED BACTERIA 159 Laura Garcia-Descalzo, Alberto Alcazar, Fernando Baquero, and Cristina Cid 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Cold Environments 162 6.3 Exopolysaccharides 163 6.4 Lipids 164 6.5 Proteins 164 6.6 Biotechnological Applications of Cold-Adapted Enzymes 168 6.7 Biodegradation and Bioremediation in Cold Environments 169 6.8 Conclusions 172 7 ECOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS, PARTICULARLY ANAEROBIC HERMOPHILES 175 Francesco Canganella 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Thermophiles 176 7.3 Acidophiles 187 7.4 Alkaliphiles 191 7.5 Halophiles 193 7.6 Piezophiles 194 8 THE ROLE OF EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR BIOPRODUCTS IN FOOD PROCESSING AND PRODUCTION 205 Jane A. Irwin 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Enzymes from Extremophiles in Food Processing 206 8.3 Alkaliphiles, Acidophiles, and Piezophiles 217 8.4 Extremophiles in Food Spoilage and Contamination 218 8.5 Extremophiles as Pathogens of Food Species 221 8.6 Conclusions 222 9 EXTREMOPHILES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO BIOFUEL RESEARCH 233 M.P. Taylor, R. Bauer, S. Mackay, M. Tuffin, and D.A. Cowan 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Extremophiles and Fuels 235 9.3 Exploiting Extremophilic Enzymes in Biomass Conversion to Biofuel 241 9.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 249 10 SUSTAINABLE ROLE OF THERMOPHILES IN THE SECOND GENERATION OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION 267 Anuj K. Chandel, Ellen C. Giese, Om V. Singh, and Silvio Silverio da Silva 10.1 Introduction 267 10.2 Thermophilic Cellulases for Deconstruction of the Plant Cell Wall 269 10.3 Ethanol Production at Elevated Temperatures 274 10.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges 281 10.5 Conclusions 283 11 ECOFRIENDLY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF EXTREMOPHILIC ENZYMES IN TEXTILE SUBSTRATES 291 Bipin J. Agrawal and Sandhya Mishra 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 Biopolymeric Fibers 292 11.3 Extremophilic Enzymes and Their Use in the Textile Industry 293 11.4 Utilization of Extremophilic Enzymes in Textile Wet Processing 297 11.5 Finishing with Extremophilic Enzymes 306 11.6 Role of Enzymes in Textile After-Care 311 11.7 Role of Enzymes in Effluent Treatment of Textiles 314 11.8 Conclusions 315 12 THE USE OF EXTREMOPHILIC MICROORGANISMS IN THE INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY OF METALS 319 Carlos A. Jerez 12.1 Introduction 319 12.2 Biomining Extremophiles and Their Industrial Applications 320 12.3 Molecular Studies in Acidophilic Biomining Microorganisms 322 12.4 Microbial Resistance to Acid and Metals 324 13 BACTERIAL POLYMERS PRODUCED BY EXTREMOPHILES: BIOSYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES 335 Nicolaus Barbara, Anzelmo Gianluca, and Poli Annarita 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 EPS Produced by Extremophilic Bacteria 336 13.3 Examples of Proposed EPS Biosynthesis from Extremophiles 345 13.4 Physicochemical Investigations for Potential Applications 349 14 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 357 Ignacio J. Molina, Carmen Ruiz-Ruiz, Emilia Quesada, and Victoria B´ejar 14.1 Introduction 357 14.2 Chemical Composition and Structure of EPSs 358 14.3 Physical Properties of EPSs 358 14.4 Biological Functions of EPSs 359 14.5 Exopolysaccharides Deriving from Extremophilic Organisms 359 14.6 Clinical Applications of EPSs 359 14.7 Exopolysaccharides of Halophilic Microorganisms 361 14.8 Concluding Remarks 362 15 BIOSYNTHESIS OF EXTREMOLYTES: RADIATION RESISTANCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 367 Erin Copeland, Nicholas Choy, Prashant Gabani, and Om V. Singh 15.1 Introduction 367 15.2 Biotechnological Implications of Extremolytes 369 15.3 Fermentative Production of Extremolytes 371 15.4 Commercialization of Extremolytes and Extremozymes 380 15.5 Product Recovery 382 15.6 Conclusions 383 16 SMART THERAPEUTICS FROM EXTREMOPHILES: UNEXPLORED APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES 389 Raj Kumar and Ajeet Singh 16.1 Introduction 389 16.2 Extremolytes as Protein Protectants 391 16.3 Extremolytes as Cell Protectants 391 16.4 Novel Therapeutics in the Developmental Stage 393 16.5 Homeland Security and Military Medicine 394 16.6 Technological Gaps in Therapeutic Product Development Using Extremophiles 396 16.7 Conclusions 397 Acknowledgment 398 References 398 Index 403

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Book SynopsisA quick, concise reference to pathogenic microorganisms and the diseases they cause, this book is divided into specific groups of pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses, and prions.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xiii 1 Introduction 1 Koch’s Postulate 2 Terminology 3 Major Categories of Pathogenic Microorganisms 4 Transmission of Infectious Disease (Mode of Dissemination) 5 Universal Precautions 6 2 Host-Microbe Interactions 9 Resident Microbiota 9 Host Defenses 11 3 Antibiotics and Other Chemotherapeutic Agents 17 Classification of Antibiotics 17 Summary of the Mechanisms of Action 24 4 Antiseptics and Disinfectants 25 Physical Control of Microorganisms 25 Chemical Control of Microorganisms 27 5 Gram-Positive Cocci 31 Bacterial Taxonomy (An Overview) 31 Clinically Important Gram-Positive Cocci 32 Gram-Positive Cocci Related to Streptococcus Species 38 6 Gram-Positive Bacilli 41 Clostridium Species 41 Lactobacillus Species 46 Bacillus Species 46 Listeria Species 49 7 Gram-Positive Bacteria with Rudimentary Filaments 53 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 53 Mycobacterium Species 54 8 Gram-Negative Cocci 61 Neisseria Species 61 Moraxella catarrhalis 64 Haemophilus influenzae 65 An Overview of Gram-Negative Bacteria 67 9 Gram-Negative Bacilli 69 Specimen Collection 69 Media and Laboratory Diagnosis 69 Enterobacteriaceae 71 Glucose Nonfermenters 78 Uncommon Nonfermentative Taxa 81 10 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria 83 Brucella melitensis 83 Bordetella pertussis 85 Francisella tularensis 86 Pasteurella Species 87 Vibrio cholerae 88 Aeromonas Species 90 Campylobacter Species 90 Legionella Species 92 Gardnerella vaginalis 93 Chlamydia Species 94 Rickettsia rickettsii 95 Bacteroides Species 96 Calymmatobacterium granulomatis 96 Cardiobacterium hominis 96 Streptobacillus moniliformis 96 Spirillum minus 97 11 Spirochetes and Bacteria without a Cell Wall 99 Spirochetes 99 Bacteria without a Cell Wall 103 12 Actinomycetes 107 Anaerobic Actinomycetes 108 Aerobic Actinomycetes 108 Thermophilic Actinomycetes 112 13 Introduction to Pathogenic Fungi and Superficial Mycoses 113 Yeast-Like Fungi 113 Molds or Filamentous Fungi 114 Dimorphic Fungi 114 Superficial Mycoses 115 Mucocutaneous Mycoses 121 14 Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycoses 125 Subcutaneous Mycoses 125 Systemic Mycoses 127 Diseases Caused by Dimorphic Fungi 127 Diseases Caused by Yeast-Like Fungi 135 Diseases Caused by Filamentous Fungi 138 Diseases Caused by Miscellaneous Filamentous Fungi 143 15 Unicellular Parasites 145 Laboratory Methods in Parasitology 145 Diseases Caused by Lumen-Dwelling Protozoa 146 Blood- and Tissue-Dwelling Protozoa 149 16 Multicellular Parasites 155 Lumen-Dwelling Helminths 155 Blood- and Tissue-Dwelling Helminths 161 17 Viruses and Prions 165 Laboratory Diagnosis 166 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses 166 Single-Stranded DNA Viruses 171 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 171 Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 171 Prions 179 Bibliography and Suggested Reading 181 Index 185

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Book SynopsisLactic acid bacteria (LAB) have historically been used as starter cultures for the production of fermented foods, especially dairy products. Over recent years, new areas have had a strong impact on LAB studies: the application of ?omics? tools; the study of complex microbial ecosystems, the discovery of new LAB species, and the use of LAB as powerhouses in the food and medical industries. This second edition of Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Novel Applications addresses the major advances in the fields over the last five years. Thoroughly revised and updated, the book includes new chapters. Among them: The current status of LAB systematics; The role of LAB in the human intestinal microbiome and the intestinal tract of animals and its impact on the health and disease state of the host; The involvement of LAB in fruit and vegetable fermentations; The production of nutraceuticals and aroma compounds by LAB; and Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xviii1. Updates on Metabolism in Lactic Acid Bacteria in Light of “Omic” Technologies 1Magdalena Kowalczyk, Baltasar Mayo, María Fernández, and Tamara Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk1.1. Sugar Metabolism 11.1.1. Practical Aspects of Sugar Catabolism 31.2. Citrate Metabolism and Formation of Aroma Compounds 41.2.1. Citrate Transport 41.2.2. Conversion of Citrate into Pyruvate and Production of Aroma Compounds 61.2.3. Conversion of Citrate into Succinate 61.2.4. Bioenergetics of Citrate Metabolism 61.3. The Proteolytic System of Lactic Acid Bacteria 61.3.1. Protein Degradation 71.3.2. Peptidases 81.3.3. Technological Applications of the Proteolytic System 101.3.4. Amino Acid Catabolism 101.4. LAB Metabolism in Light of Genomics Comparative Genomics and Metagenomics 121.5. Novel Aspects of Metabolism Regulation in the Post]genomic Age 121.6. Functional Genomics and Metabolism 161.6.1. Transcriptomics Proteomics and Metabolomics 161.6.2. Global Phenotypic Characterization of Microbial Cells 171.7. Systems Biology of LAB 17Acknowledgments 18References 182. Systematics of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Current Status 25Giovanna E. Felis, Elisa Salvetti, and Sandra Torriani2.1. Families and Genera of Lactic Acid Bacteria 252.2. A Focus on the Family Lactobacillaceae 272.3. Taxonomic Tools in the Genomic Era 29References 303. Genomic Evolution of Lactic Acid Bacteria: From Single Gene Function to the Pan]genome 32Grace L. Douglas, M. Andrea Azcarate-Peri,l and Todd R. Klaenhammer3.1. The Genomics Revolution 323.2. Genomic Adaptations of LAB to the Environment 333.2.1. LAB Evolution in the Dairy Environment 333.2.2. LAB Evolution in Vegetable and Meat Fermentations 343.2.3. Fast]evolving LAB 353.2.4. LAB in the GI Tract 353.3. “Probiotic Islands”? 363.4. Stress Resistance and Quorum Sensing Mechanisms 393.5. The Impact of Genome Sequencing on Characterization Taxonomy and Pan]genome Development of Lactic Acid Bacteria 403.6. Functional Genomic Studies to Unveil Novel LAB Utilities 453.7. Conclusions 47References 474. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Comparative Genomic Analyses of Transport Systems 55Graciela L. Lorca, Taylor A. Twiddy, and Milton H. Saier Jr.4.1. Introduction 554.2. Channel]forming Proteins 564.3. The Major Facilitator Superfamily 594.4. Other Large Superfamilies of Secondary Carriers 604.5. ABC Transporters 644.6. Heavy Metal Transporters 654.7. P-type ATPases in Prokaryotes 684.8. The Prokaryote-specific Phosphotransferase System (PTS) 684.9. Multidrug Resistance Pumps 714.10. Nutrient Transport in LAB 714.11. Conclusions and Perspectives 72Note 73Acknowledgments 73References 735. Novel Developments in Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria 80Ingolf F. Nes, Christina Gabrielsen, Dag A. Brede, and Dzung B. Diep5.1. Introduction 805.2. Characteristics and Classification of Bacteriocins 805.2.1. Class Ia: Lantibiotics 815.2.2. Class II: The Non-lantibiotics 815.3. Mode of Action 845.4. Bacteriocin Resistance 865.5. Applications 885.5.1. Opportunities and Hurdles in Application of Bacteriocins 885.5.2. Application of Bacteriocins in Medical-related and Personal Hygiene Products 885.5.3. Bacteriocin]producing Probiotics 905.6. Future Perspectives 92References 936. Bacteriophages of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Biotechnological Tools 100Beatriz Martínez, Pilar García, Ana Rodríguez, Mariana Piuri, and Raúl R. Raya6.1. Introduction 1006.2. Bacteriophages of Lactic Acid Bacteria 1016.2.1. Classification of Lactococcal Phages 1036.3. Antiphage Strategies 1036.3.1. Natural Mechanisms of Phage Resistance 1036.3.2. Genetically Engineered Antiphage Systems 1056.4. Phage-Based Molecular Tools 1066.4.1. Phage Integrases and Integration Vectors 1066.4.2. CRISPR Applications 1086.4.3. Recombineering 1106.5. LAB Phages as Biocontrol Tools 1136.6. Conclusions 113References 1137. Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Human Intestinal Microbiome 120François P. Douillard and Willem M. de Vos7.1. Introduction 1207.2. Ecology of the Human Intestinal Tract 1217.2.1. The Human Microbiome in the Upper and Lower Intestinal Tract 1217.2.2. Lactic Acid Bacteria Associated with the Human Intestine 1227.2.3. Metagenomic Studies of the Intestine in Relation to LAB 1237.3. A Case Study: The Lactobacillus rhamnosus Species 1247.3.1. Genomic Diversity of Lact. rhamnosus and Intestinal Adaptation 1247.3.2. Lact. rhamnosus Metabolism and Adaptation to the Intestine 1267.3.3. Host Interaction Factors in Lact. rhamnosus 1277.3.4. The Lact. rhamnosus Species: Autochthonous or Allochthonous in the Human Intestine? 1277.4. Concluding Perspectives and Future Directions 129Acknowledgments 130References 1308. Probiotics and Functional Foods in Immunosupressed Hosts 134Ivanna Novotny Nuñez, Martin Manuel, Palomar Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Carolina Maldonado Galdeano, and Gabriela Perdigón8.1. Introduction 1348.2. Probiotic Fermented Milk in a Malnutrition Model 1358.3. Probiotic Administration in Stress Process 1388.4. Conclusions 140Acknowledgments 141References 1419. Lactic Acid Bacteria in Animal Production and Health 144Damien Bouchard, Sergine Even, and Yves Le Loir9.1. Introduction 1449.2. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics 1459.3. Classifications and Regulatory Criteria of Probiotics in Animal Health 1469.4. Probiotic LAB and Animal Production Sectors 1479.4.1. Probiotics in Ruminants 1479.4.2. Probiotics in Pigs 1509.4.3. Probiotics in Poultry 1529.5. Conclusions 154References 15410. Proteomics for Studying Probiotic Traits 159Rosa Anna Siciliano and Maria Fiorella Mazzeo10.1. Introduction 15910.2. Mass Spectrometric Methodologies in Proteomics 16010.2.1. The Classical Approach: 2-DE Separation and Protein Identification by Mass Spectrometry 16010.2.2. Gel-Free Proteomic Approaches 16010.3. Proteomics for Studying Molecular Mechanisms of Probiotic Action 16110.3.1. Adaptation Mechanisms to the GIT Environment 16110.3.2. Adhesion Mechanisms to the Host Mucosa 16210.3.3. Molecular Mechanisms of Probiotic Immunomodulatory Effects 16410.3.4. Probiotics and Prebiotics 16410.4. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 165References 16611. Engineering Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria for Mucosal Delivery of Health Molecules 170Thibault Allain, Camille Aubry, Jane M. Natividad, Jean-Marc Chatel, Philippe Langella, and Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán11.1. Introduction 17011.2. Lactococcus lactis: A Pioneer Bacterium 17111.3. Lactobacillus spp. as a Delivery Vector 17111.4. Bifidobacteria as a New Live Delivery Vehicle 17111.5. Engineering Genetic Tools for Protein and DNA Delivery 17211.5.1. Cloning Vectors 17211.5.2. Expression Systems 17311.6. Therapeutic Applications 17611.6.1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 17611.6.2. Anti-protease Enzyme-producing LAB: The Tole of Elafin 17611.6.3. Antioxidant Enzyme-producing Lactococci and Lactobacilli 17711.7. Allergy 17811.7.1. Use of LAB in Food Allergy 17811.7.2. Allergic Airways Diseases 17911.8. Autoimmune Diseases 18011.8.1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 18011.8.2. Celiac Disease 18011.9. Infectious Diseases 18111.9.1. Mucosal Delivery of Bacterial Antigens 18111.9.2. Mucosal Delivery of Viral Antigens 18111.9.3. Parasitic Diseases 183References 18412. Lactic Acid Bacteria for Dairy Fermentations: Specialized Starter Cultures to Improve Dairy Products 191Domenico Carminati, Giorgio Giraffa, Miriam Zago, Mariángeles Briggiler Marcó, Daniela Guglielmotti, Ana Binetti, and Jorge Reinheimer12.1. Introduction 19112.2. Adjunct Cultures 19112.2.1. Ripening Cultures 19212.2.2. Protective Cultures 19312.2.3. Probiotic Cultures 19512.2.4. Exopolysaccharide-producing Starters 19612.3. Phage-Resistant Starters 19912.4. New Sources of Starter Strains 20112.5. Conclusions 202References 20313. Lactobacillus sakei in Meat Fermentation 209Marie-Christine Champomier-Vergès and Monique Zagorec13.1. Introduction 20913.2. Genomics and Diversity of the Species Lactobacillus sakei 21013.3. Post-genomic Vision of Meat Fitness Traits of Lactobacillus sakei 21213.3.1. Energy Sources 21213.3.2. Stress Response 21313.4. Conclusions 214References 21414. Vegetable and Fruit Fermentation by Lactic Acid Bacteria 216Raffaella Di Cagno, Pasquale Filannino, and Marco Gobbetti14.1. Introduction 21614.2. Lactic Acid Bacteria Microbiota of Raw Vegetables and Fruits 21614.3. Fermentation of Vegetable Products 21814.3.1. Spontaneous Fermentation 21814.3.2. The Autochthonous Starters 21814.4. Main Fermented Vegetable Products 22114.4.1. Sauerkrauts 22114.4.2. Kimchi 22214.4.3. Pickled Cucumbers 22314.5. Physiology and Biochemistry of LAB during Vegetable and Fruit Fermentation 22314.5.1. Metabolic Adaptation by LAB during Plant Fermentation 22414.6. Food Phenolic Compounds: Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Responses 22414.6.1. Effect of Phenolics on the Growth and Viability of LAB 22414.6.2. Metabolism of Phenolics by LAB 22614.7. Health-promoting Properties of Fermented Vegetables and Fruits 22614.8. Alternative Sources of Novel Probiotics Candidates 22614.9. Vehicles for Delivering Probiotics 22814.10. Conclusions 229References 22915. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Malolactic Fermentation in Wine 231Aline Lonvaud-Funel15.1. Introduction 23115.2. The Lactic Acid Bacteria of Wine 23115.2.1. Origin 23115.2.2. Species 23215.2.3. Identification 23215.2.4. Typing at Strain Level 23315.2.5. Detection of Specific Strains 23315.3. The Oenococcus Oeni Species 23315.4. Evolution of Lactic Acid Bacteria during Winemaking 23415.4.1. Interactions between Wine Microorganisms 23515.4.2. Environmental Factors 23615.5. Lactic Acid Bacteria Metabolism and its Impact on Wine Quality 23715.5.1. Sugars 23715.5.2. Carboxylic Acids 23715.5.3. Amino Acids 24015.5.4. Other Metabolisms with Sensorial Impact 24115.6. Controlling the Malolactic Fermentation 24215.7. Conclusions 243References 24416. The Functional Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Cocoa Bean Fermentation 248Luc De Vuyst and Stefan Weckx16.1. Introduction 24816.2. Cocoa Crop Cultivation and Harvest 24916.3. The Cocoa Pulp or Fermentation Substrate 25016.4. Fresh Unfermented Cocoa Beans 25116.5. Cocoa Bean Fermentation 25216.5.1. Rationale 25216.5.2. Farming Practices 25316.6. Succession of Microorganisms during Cocoa Bean Fermentation 25616.6.1. The Spontaneous Three-phase Cocoa Bean Fermentation Process 25616.6.2. Yeast Fermentation 25716.6.3. LAB Fermentation 26016.6.4. AAB Fermentation 26416.7. Biochemical Changes in the Cocoa Beans during Fermentation and Drying 26616.8. Optimal Fermentation Course and End of Fermentation 26816.9. Further Processing of Fermented Cocoa Beans 26916.9.1. Drying of Fermented Cocoa Beans 26916.9.2. Roasting of Fermented Dry Cocoa Beans 27016.10. Use of Starter Cultures for Cocoa Bean Fermentation 27116.10.1. Rationale 27116.10.2. Experimental Use of Cocoa Bean Starter Cultures 27116.11. Concluding Remarks 273References 27317. B-Group Vitamins Production by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria 279Jean Guy LeBlanc, Jonathan Emiliano Laiño, Marianela Juárez del Valle, Graciela Savoy de Giori, Fernando Sesma, and María Pía Taranto17.1. Introduction 27917.2. B-Group Vitamins 28017.2.1. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 ) 28117.2.2. Folates (Vitamin B9) 28417.3. Probiotics In Situ 28617.3.1. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 28817.3.2. Cobalamin Biosynthesis by Lactobacillus reuteri 28917.4. Conclusions 291Acknowledgments 292References 29218. Nutraceutics and High Value Metabolites Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria 297Elvira M. Hebert, Graciela Savoy de Giori, and Fernanda Mozzi18.1. Introduction 29718.2. Nutraceutics 29818.2.1. Low-calorie Sugars 29818.2.2. Short-Chain Fatty Acids 30018.2.3. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) 30118.2.4. Bioactive Peptides 30118.2.5. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 30318.2.6. Vitamins 30518.3. Exopolysaccharides 30618.4. Commodity Chemicals 30718.5. Conclusions 308References 30819. Production of Flavor Compounds by Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fermented Foods 314Anne Thierry, Tomislav Pogačic, Magalie Weber, and Sylvie Lortal19.1. Introduction 31419.2. Flavor and Aroma Compounds 31519.2.1. Volatile Compounds: Diversity Analytical Methods 31519.2.2. Contribution of Volatile Aroma Compounds to Flavor 31619.2.3. Origin of Aroma Compounds 31619.3. LAB of Fermented Foods and their Role in Flavor Formation 31619.3.1. Biochemical Processes of Flavor Compound Formation in Food and Potential of LAB 32419.3.2. Flavor Compounds Produced from Carbohydrate Fermentation by LAB 32419.3.3. Flavor Compounds from Amino Acid Conversion by LAB 32619.3.4. Flavor Compounds from Lipids in LAB 32719.3.5. Synthesis of Esters 32819.3.6. Interspecies and Intraspecies Variations of Aroma Compound Production 32819.4. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Modulating the Contribution of LAB to Flavor Formation 33119.4.1. General Scheme of Flavor Formation in Fermented Foods In Situ 33119.4.2. Factors Modulating the Expression of the Flavor-related Activities of LAB 33219.4.3. Factors Determining the Real Contribution of LAB to Food Flavor 33319.5. Conclusions and Research Perspectives 333References 33420. Lactic Acid Bacteria Biofilms: From their Formation to their Health and Biotechnological Potential 341Jean-Christophe Piard and Romain Briandet20.1. Lactic Acid Bacteria Biofilms are Ubiquitous in a Wide Variety of Environments from Nature to Domesticated Settings 34120.2. Biofilm Life Cycle and Bacterial Factors Involved in LAB Biofilm Lifestyle 34620.3. Health and Biotechnological Potential of LAB Biofilms and Underlying Mechanisms 35220.4. Conclusions 354Acknowledgments 355References 355Index 362

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