Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisPaper is older than the printing press, and even in its unprinted state it was the great network medium behind the emergence of modern civilization. In the shape of bills, banknotes and accounting books it was indispensible to the economy. As forms and files it was essential to bureaucracy.Trade Review"Balanced and intelligent... Even those who are happy with e-books will be grateful to Muller's publishers for printing White Magic on good, thick, creamy paper and including, at the end, a dozen blank pages, all of which I have covered with untidy, handwritten notes, to make this mechanical mass-produced artifact intimately my own."—New York Review of Books "A richly sprawling history"—Times Literary Supplement "A panoramic literary-historical work reminiscent of Erich Auerbach's Mimesis"—The Washington Post "What a great read! It is a book to warm up the brain on a day of mental fog."—Inside Higher Education "Most of this erudite, engaging work is concerned with the rise of paper and its dominance as civilisation's archive and its role as a 'metaphorical resource': the origin of phrases such as 'a blank page'. As well as being a historical account of the way paper came to permeate every aspect of life, Muller mines European literature for the role paper has played in the stories we tell ourselves."—Sydney Morning Herald "Lothar Müller... tells an alternative history of paper. He argues, convincingly, that paper has been, and continues to be, integral to our civilisation and the modern world. Through a carefully structured sequence of illuminating vignettes, he brings together fascinating facts from across the globe and the centuries to reveal the long-running and fundamental impact of paper on human life, work and culture."—Times Higher Education "Müller's work leaves the reader admiring something that feels magical."—Publishers Weekly "...the tale that Lothar Müller spins in White Magic: The Age of Paper is one that brings paper—as both physical material and a playing field on which the human imagination can run wild—to vivid life. Incorporating a wealth of historical detail, technical information, and critical analysis, Müller makes his account lively and compelling, giving paper a personality and substance that is on par with any words that may appear on it. In his book, paper is not just the silent partner of the printing press. Instead, it is an extremely versatile substance—one whose uses and forms shape human thought and behavior in many ways."—The Nomadic Press "As paper increasingly fades into history, the story of its role and evolution is at risk of being lost, erasing the roadmap that brought us to the digital era. Lothar Müller's White Magic: The Age of Paper goes a long way to averting that fate, going back in time to record and describe in intricate detail how paper came to be, and what it came to be."—South China Morning Post "Consistently readable and highly entertaining, this witty and learned book deftly decouples paper's history from the story of printing to tell new and surprising tales about a medium that continues to pervade our daily life. You'll never look at a blank page in quite the same way again."—Catherine Robson, New York University "This is an absorbing history of paper, fascinating in its detail and magisterial in its scope. Muller writes with the authority of a scholar and the imagination of a poet, filling his book with curious but essential facts and astute perceptions. It is a delight to read."—Jeremy Adler, King's College London "Müller's history of paper is original, engaging and breathtakingly erudite. It explores paper in its materiality, but also as a source of inspiration which has shaped the history of knowledge and creativity. In tracing paper's vital role in the development of human civilisation, the author also argues for its continued importance in the digital age."—Carolin Duttlinger, Wadham College, Oxford "Lothar Müller set out dazzling new insights into the creation of our world, building on Harold Innis’ work on the long and complex emergence of paper. Unique in his White Magic is his subtle blending of cultural and media history with sociological understanding and literary reflexion."—Philippe Despoix, Center of Intermedial Research in Arts, Literatures and Technologies, Université de MontréalTable of ContentsThanks viii PROLOGUE The Microbe Experiment ix PART ONE The Diffusion of Paper in Europe 1 CHAPTER 1 Leaves from Samarkand 3 1.1 The Arab Intermediate Realm 3 1.2 Calligraphy and the Cairo Wastepaper Basket 10 1.3 In Scheherazade’s World 13 1.4 Timur and Suleika 17 CHAPTER 2 The Rustling Grows Louder 22 2.1 The European Paper Mill Boom 22 2.2 Paper, Scholars, and Playing Cards 26 2.3 The Rise of the File: Paper Kings, Chanceries, and Secretaries 31 2.4 The Merchant of Genoa and His Silent Partner 37 2.5 Ragpickers, Writers, and the Pulpit 46 CHAPTER 3 The Universal Substance 52 3.1 Marshall McLuhan and the Pantagruelion of Rabelais 52 3.2 Harold Innis, the Postal System, and Mephisto’s Scrap 61 3.3 The World in a Page: Watermarks, Formats, Colors 70 PART TWO Behind the Type Area 79 CHAPTER 1 The Printed and the Unprinted 81 1.1 The Pitfalls of a Formula: “From Script to Print” 81 1.2 The White Page 85 1.3 “Found among the Papers ...” 89 CHAPTER 2 Adventurers and Paper 94 2.1 Don Quixote, the Print Shop, and the Pen 94 2.2 Picaresque Paper: Simplicius Simplicissimus and the Schermesser 99 2.3 Robinson’s Journal, Ink, and Time 104 CHAPTER 3 Transparent Typography 108 3.1 The Epistolary Novel’s Mimicry of Letter Paper 108 3.2 Laurence Sterne, the Straight Line, and the Marbled Page 115 3.3 The Fragmentation of the Printed Page: Jean Paul, Lichtenberg, and Excerpts 119 PART THREE The Great Expansion 127 CHAPTER 1 The Demons of the Paper Machine 129 1.1 The Mechanization of Sheet-Making 129 1.2 The Loom of Time, the French Revolution, and Credit 140 1.3 Balzac, Journalism, and the Paper Scheme in Lost Illusions 152 1.4 The Secrets of the Scriveners: Charles Dickens and Mr. Nemo 163 1.5 Foolscap and Factory Workers: Herman Melville and the Paper Machine 168 CHAPTER 2 Newsprint and the Emergence of the Popular Press 180 2.1 The Boundless Resource Base 180 2.2 The Newspaper, the Price of Paper, and the Patrioteer 189 2.3 Émile Zola, the Petit Journal, and the Dreyfus Affair 196 CHAPTER 3 Illuminated Inner Worlds 201 3.1 Wilhelm Dilthey, Historism, and Literary Estates 201 3.2 Henry James, Edith Wharton, and the Autograph Hunt 207 3.3 Laterna Magica: Paper and Interiors 215 CHAPTER 4 The Inventory of Modernity 226 4.1 Typewriter Paper, Deckle Edges, and White Space 226 4.2 James Joyce, Newsprint, and Shears 236 4.3 William Gaddis, the Paperwork Crisis, and Punch Cards 242 4.4 Rainald Goetz, the Mystic Writing Pad, and the Smell of Paper 249 EPILOGUE The Analog and the Digital 253 Notes 265 Bibliography 274 Image Credits 292 Index of Names 293

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Book SynopsisPresents a range of decision aids for risk analysts and decision makers in industry, so that vital decisions can be made in a consistent, logical, and rigorous manner. Though primarily aimed at the process industry, this book is also useful to those who make similar decisions in other industries, including those in management science.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1. The Challenge of Acute Risk Decision Making. 1.2. Some Key Terms. 1.3. The Basic Risk Decision Process. 1.4. Issues in Selecting a Decision Aid. 1.5. References. Chapter 2. Key Concepts. 2.1. Purpose of Chapter. 2.2. Economic Evaluation Principles. 2.3. Decision Rules. 2.4. Externalities. 2.5. Value of Life. 2.6. Uncertainty. 2.7. Risk Analysis. 2.8. References. Chapter 3. Classification and Description of Recognized Decision Aids. 3.1. Purpose of Chapter. 3.2. Descriptions of Recognized Decision Aids. 3.3. Rationale for Choosing Decision Aids To Be Treated in Detail. 3.4. A Word about Decision Aids Based on the Theory of Fuzzy Sets. 3.5. Summary. 3.6. References. Chapter 4. Evaluating and Selecting Decision Aids. 4.1. Purpose of Chapter. 4.2. Selecting Decision Aids. 4.3. Describe the Problem. 4.4. Identify the Distinguishing Aspects of the Problem. 4.5. Decision Aid Characteristics. 4.6. Decision Aid Characterizations. 4.7. Identify the Problem Class and Candidate Decision Aids. 4.8. Select the Decision Aid(s). 4.9. Summary. 4.10. References. Chapter 5. Introduction to Case Studies. 5.1. Purpose of Chapter. 5.2. Case One: Underground Pipeline. 5.3. Case Two: Chlorine Rail Tank Car Loading Facility. 5.4. Case Three: Distillation Column. 5.5. A Road Map to the Case Studies. 5.6. References. Chapter 6. Voting Methods. 6.1. Purpose of Chapter. 6.2. Overview of Voting Methods. 6.3. Explanation of Voting Methods. 6.4. Case Study: Underground Pipeline. 6.5. Extensions of Voting Methods. 6.6. Implementation Needs. 6.7. Summary. 6.8. References. Chapter 7. Weighted Scoring Methods. 7.1. Purpose of Chapter. 7.2. Overview of Weighted Scoring Methods. 7.3. Explanation of Weighted Scoring Methods. 7.4. Case Study: Distillation Column. 7.5. Extensions of Weighted Scoring Methods. 7.6. Implementation Needs. 7.7. Summary. 7.8. References. Chapter 8. Cost-Benefit Analysis. 8.1. Purpose of Chapter. 8.2. Overview of Cost-Benefit Analysis. 8.3. Explanation of Cost-Benefit Analysis. 8.4. Case Study: Chlorine Lading Facility. 8.5. Extensions of Cost-Benefit Analysis. 8.6. Implementation Needs. 8.7. Summary. 8.8. References. Chapter 9. Mathematical Programming. 9.1. Purpose of Chapter. 9.2. Overview of Mathematical Programming. 9.3. Explanation of Mathematical Programming. 9.4. case Study: Underground Pipeline. 9.5. Extensions of Mathematical Programming. 9.6. Implementation Needs. 9.7. Summary. 9.8. References. Chapter 10. Payoff Matrix Analysis. 10.1. Purpose of Chapter. 10.2. Overview of Payoff Matrix Analysis. 10.3. Explanation of Payoff Matrix Analysis. 10.4. Case Study: Chlorine Loading Facility. 10.5. Extensions. 10.6. Implementation Needs. 10.7. Summary. 10.8. References. Chapter 11. Decision Analysis. 11.1. Purpose of Chapter. 11.2. Overview of Decision Analysis. 11.3. Explanation of Decision Analysis. 11.4. Case Study: Underground Pipeline. 11.5. Extensions of Decision Analysis. 11.6. Implementation Needs. 11.7. Summary. 11.8. References. Chapter 12. Multiattribute Utility Analysis. 12.1. Purpose of Chapter. 12.2. Overview of Multiattribute Utility Analysis. 12.3. Explanation of Multiattribute Utility Analysis. 12.4. Case Study: Distillation Column. 12.5. Extensions of Multiattribute Utility Analysis. 12.6. Implementation Needs. 12.7. Summary. 12.8. References. Chapter 13. review of Case Studies. 13.1. Purpose of Chapter. 13.2. Case One: Underground Pipeline. 13.3. Case Two: Chlorine Rail Tank Car Loading Facility. 13.4. Case Three: Distillation Column. Chapter 14. Implementing Improvements in Risk Decision Making. 14.1. Purpose of Chapter. 14.2. Keys to Implementation. 14.3. Summary. Chapter 15. Future Developments. 15.1. Purpose of Chapter. 15.2. The Field of Research on Decision making. 15.3. Specific Areas of Research. 15.4. References. Appendix A. Software. Appendix B. Training Programs. Appendix C. Topical Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisPuts together information on the design of post-release mitigation systems. This book presents engineering methods for minimizing the consequences of the release of toxic vapors, or ignition of flammable vapors. It emphasizes on planning and a systems approach, shows limitations of the methods discussed, and provides references.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to Postrelease Mitigation. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Scope of This Book. 1.3. Benefits of Postrelease mitigation Techniques. 1.4. How to Use This Guideline. 1.5. Guideline Organization and Content. 1.6. References. Chapter 2. Overview of release Scenarios and Post release. Mitigation. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Mitigation Categories. 2.3. Prerelease Mitigation Techniques. 2.3.1. Inherently Safer Design. 2.3.2. Physical Integrity of a Plant. 2.3.3. Process Integrity. 2.3.4. Emergency Relief Treatment Systems. 2.3.5. Emergency Process Abort Systems. 2.3.6. Emergency Isolation of Releases. 2.4. Release Scenarios and Consequences. 2.4.1. Types of Releases. 2.4.2. Liquid Releases. 2.4.3. Liquid Pool Formation. 2.4.4. Flashing, Mixed Liquid-Vapor Releases. 2.4.5. Behavior of Flashing, Mixed Liquid-Vapor Releases. 2.4.6. Gases/Vapors. 2.5. Consequences of a release. 2.5.1. Nature of Hazards. 2.5.2. Toxic and Flammable Dispersion. 2.5.3. Thermal Radiation. 2.5.4. Explosions. 2.5.5. Explosion Hazards. 2.6. Postrelease Mitigation Techniques. 2.6.1. Containment or Suppression to Limit Releases to the Air. 2.6.2. Countermeasures. 2.7. References. 3. Vaporization Reduction. 3.1. Introduction. 3.1.1. Why Reduce Vaporization Rates? 3.1.2. Methodology. 3.2. Refrigeration. 3.2.1. Effect of Refrigeration on Vaporization Rates. 3.2.2. System Issues. 3.2.3. Reactive Materials. 3.3. Covers. 3.3.1. Vapor Suppression Foams. 3.3.2. Dry Chemical Covers. 3.3.3. Other Covering Techniques. 3.4. Deliberate Ignition. 3.5. References. Chapter 4. Fluid Curtains. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Previous Work. 4.3. Absorption/Mass Transfer. 4.4. Air Dilution. 4.5. Defining Spray Requirements for Mitigation. 4.5.1. Water Curtain Design Example. 4.5.2. Spray Nozzles. 4.5.3. Water Supply Capacity, Pressurization, and Reliability. 4.5.4. Fixed Water-Spray Systems. 4.5.5. Monitor Nozzle and Hydrant Protection. 4.5.6. Environmental Considerations. 4.6. Vapor-Phase Dilution Systems. 4.6.1. Overview. 4.6.2. Steam Curtains. 4.6.3. Air Curtains. 4.6.4. Foam Scrubbing. 4.6.5. Dry Powder Curtains. 4.7. References. 5. Secondary Containment. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Diking. 5.2.1. Optimal Dike Geometry. 5.2.2. Materials for Dike Construction. 5.2.3. Provisions for Removal of Materials From a Dike. 5.2.4. Regulatory Requirements Regarding Diking. 5.2.5. Emergency Response Dikes. 5.3. Double-Wall Containment. 5.4. Enclosures. 5.5. Transfer Vessels. 5.6. Leak Plugging. 5.6.1. Patching. 5.6.2. Freezing. 5.7. Physical Vapor Barriers. 5.7.1. Overview. 5.7.2. Vapor Fences. 5.7.3. Vapor Boxes. 5.7.4. Applicability of Vapor Barrier Devices. 5.7.5. Effects of Process Equipment and Structures. 5.8. References. Chapter 6. Detection and Response. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Leak Detection. 6.2.1. Fixed-Point Detectors. 6.2.2. Sampling Systems. 6.2.3. Portable Detectors. 6.2.4. Detector System Response Times. 6.2.5. Detector Placement. 6.2.6. System Reliability. 6.3. Emergency Response. 6.3.1. Introduction. 6.3.2. Fundamentals of a Comprehensive Emergency Response Plan. 6.3.3. Emergency Response Training. 6.4. Community Relationships and Interactions. 6.5. Drills and Simulations. 6.5.1. Table-Top Exercises. 6.5.2. Plant-Wide Emergency Drills. 6.5.3. Full-Scale Emergency Simulations. 6.6. Temporary Havens. 6.6.1. Criteria for Use. 6.6.2. Design Criteria. 6.6.3. Capacity. 6.6.4. Communications and Other Equipment. 6.7. References. Chapter 7. Examples of Mitigation Effectiveness. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Consequence Modeling. 7.3. Basis for Examples. 7.4. Modeling Conditions. 7.5. Effect of Diking. 7.6. Use of Foam. 7.7. Mitigation by Refrigeration. 7.7.1. Pressure Storage of Ammonia. 7.7.2. Refrigerated/Ammonia Storage. 7.7.3. Refrigeration Combined with Diking. 7.8. Use of Water Sprays. 7.9. Mitigation System Selection. 7.10. References.

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Book SynopsisDeals with prevention, preparedness, response and recovery, which are the key components of emergency planning. This book first describes PSM (Process Safety Management), then goes on to consider the main features of a preparedness program, including recognizing credible incidents, planning strategy to deal with these incidents, and more.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. PART A. PREVENTION. 1. Prevention Through Process Safety Management. 1.1 Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety: Basic Elements. 1.2 The Role of Emergency Preparedness. References Cited. 2. Prevention And Mitigation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Principles of Prevention. 2.2.1 Process Hazard Recognition. 2.2.2 Inherently Safer Plants. 2.2.3 Process Design Modification. 2.3 Principles of Mitigation. 2.3.1 Plant Siting/Buffers. 2.3.2 Unit Siting in Plant Design. 2.3.3 Principles of Mitigating Chemical Releases. 2.3.4 Postrelease Mitigation Systems. 2.3.5 Principles of Mitigrating Fires and Explosions. References Cited. PART B. PREPAREDNESS. 3. Identification of Credible Incidents. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Defining Credible Incidents. 3.3 Screening Techniques to Identify Focus Areas. 3.3.1 NFPA Fire Hazard Indices. 3.3.2 Toxicity/Mobility/Quantity Index. 3.3.3 Chemical Process Risk Indices. 3.4 Techniques For Identifying Credible Incidents For Emergency Planning. 3.4.1 Informal “Expert” Review. 3.4.2 Hazard Review to Support Emergency Planning. 3.4.3 Using Process Hazard Analysis to Support Emergency Planning. 3.5 Prioritizing Emergency Planning Incidents for Consequence Assessment. 3.6 Assessing Consequences and Impacts. 3.6.1 Tools. 3.6.2 Criteria for Defining Sensitive Areas. 3.6.3 Unexpected Hazards. 3.6.4 Other Effects. 3.7 Criteria for Selecting Incidents for Emergency Planning. 3.8 Reviewing Mitigation Systems. References Cited. Appendix A, Emergency Planning Guidelines: ERPGs/EEPGs. 4. Conceptual Approach to Emergency Response. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Capability and Resource Assessment. 4.2.1 Trained Personnel. 4.2.2 On-Site Response Equipment. 4.2.3 Response Equipment Available Off-Site. 4.2.4 Facilities. 4.2.5 Specialized Supplies and Contractors. 4.3 Determine Concept of Emergency Operations. 4.3.1 Effective Use of Inside and Outside Response. 4.3.2 Organizing for Credible Incident. 4.3.3 Classification of Emergencies. 4.4 Regulatory Considerations. 4.5 The Effect of Change on Emergency Preparedness. References Cited. 5. Developing Response Tactics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Principles of Responding to Fires. 5.2.1 Plant Fire Response Organization. 5.2.2 Integration of On-Site Fire Brigades and Off-Site Departments. 5.2.3 Response Tactics. 5.3 Hazardous Materials. 5.3.1 Hazardous Materials Response Regulations. 5.3.2 Hazmat Initial Assessment and Size-Up. 5.3.3 Hazmat Reconnaissance. 5.3.4 Work Zones. 5.5.5 Hazmat Tactical Action Plan. 5.5.6 Continual Reassessments. 5.5.7 Termination. References Cited. 6. Physical Facilities and Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Facilities. 6.2.1 Short-Term Shelters and Safe Havens. 6.2.2 Emergency Operations Center (EOC). 6.2.3 Incident Scene Areas. 6.2.4 Media Information Center (MIC). 6.2.5 Control Rooms. 6.2.6 Medical Support Facilities. 6.2.7 Adequate Water Supplies. 6.3 Systems. 6.3.1 Detection/Early Warning Systems. 6.3.2 Communications System Design. 6.3.3 Community and Site Alerting and Notification Systems. 6.3.4 Computer Systems for Emergency Management. 6.3.5 Site Maps and Diagrams for Emergency Management. 6.3.6 Emergency Power Systems. 6.3.7 Weather Stations. References Cited. 7. Response Equipment and Supplies. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Fire Apparatus. 7.3 Extinguishing Agents. 7.3.1 Water 7.3.2 Foams. 7.3.3 Dry Chemicals. 7.3.4 Dry Powders. 7.3.5 Halon. 7.3.6 Carbon Dioxide. 7.3.7 Miscellaneous Agents. 7.4 Inhibitors, Neutralizers, Sorbents. 7.4.1 Inhibitors. 7.4.2 Neutralizers. 7.4.3 Sorbents. 7.5 Personal Protective Equipment. 7.5.1 Materials for Protective Clothing. 7.5.2 Considerations. 7.5.3 Flash Protection. 7.5.4 Thermal Protection. 7.5.5 Choosing Appropriate Levels of Protection. 7.5.6 Respiratory Protection. 7.6 Heavy Equipment. 7.7 Adequate Inventory and Alternate/Outside Sources of Supply. References Cited. Appendix A. Channel Industry Standards for Apparatus. 8. Developing a Workable Plan. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Review Existing Plans or Procedures. 8.2.1 Review Existing Emergency-Related Facility Plans. 8.2.2 Review Neighboring Facility Plans. 8.2.3 Review Community Plans. 8.3 Determining Appropriate Plan Type. 8.3.1 Plan Types. 8.3.2 Plans, Procedures, and Instructions. 8.3.3 Coordination and Commonalty. 8.4 Determining Content. 8.5 Preparedness. 8.5.1 Training. 8.5.2 Drills and Exercises. 8.5.3 Supplies and Equipment. 8.5.4 Community Awareness. 8.5.5 Medical Surveillance Program. 8.6 General Response Procedures. 8.6.1 Alerting and Warning. 8.6.2 Communications. 8.6.3 Management Functions. 8.6.4 Evacuation and Personnel Accountability. 8.6.5 Emergency Shutdown Procedures. 8.6.6 Security. 8.6.7 Mutual Aid. 8.6.8 Public Information/Media. 8.6.9 Special Notifications and Fatality Procedure. 8.6.10 Reporting Requirements. 8.7 Hazard-Specific Procedures. 8.7.1 Fire. 8.7.2 Chemical Release. 8.7.3 Medical and Rescue. 8.7.4 Hurricane. 8.7.5 Tornado and High Wind. 8.7.6 Freeze/Winter Storm. 8.7.7 Flood. 8.8 Writing the Plan. 8.9 Ensure Integration with Other Plans. 8.10 Plan Review and Maintenance. 8.11 Exercise Regularly/Critique to verify Planning Assumptions. 8.11.1 Planning an Exercise. 8.11.2 Exercising without Interfering with Plant Operations. References Cited. Appendix A. Regulations Applicable to Emergency Equipment and Supplies. Appendix B. Sample Emergency Procedures Format and Instruction. 9. Using Modeling for Emergency Planning. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Consequence Analysis. 9.3 Using Models for Developing Emergency Response Plans. 9.3.1 Input Data Needs. 9.3.2 Interpretation of Results. 9.4 Utilizing Appropriate Models. 9.5 Real-Time Emergency Response Modeling Systems. References Cited. 10. Training Requirements. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 General Requirements. 10.2.1 OSHA Emergency Training Requirements. 10.2.2 Basic Emergency Training. 10.2.3 Operating Personnel. 10.3 Emergency Response Personnel. 10.3.1 General. 10.3.2 Fire Brigade Training. 10.3.3 Hazardous Materials Response Training. 10.4 Support Personnel. 10.4.1 Media and Community Relations. 10.4.2 Medical. 10.4.3 Specialist Employees. 10.4.4 Security. 10.4.5 Skilled Support Personnel. References Cited. PART C. RESPONSE. 11. Key Response Functions. 11.1 Incident Command System. 11.1.1 Definition. 11.1.2 Characteristics of an ICS. 11.1.3 Considerations for ICS. 11.2 Strategy Development. 11.2.1 Assessment and Decision Making. 11.2.2 Evaluate Additional Resources Needs. 11.3 Determine Mitigation Tactics. 11.3.1 Evaluate Need for Off-Site Warnings. 11.4 Implement Tactical Plan and Evaluate. 11.5 Response Team Decontamination. 11.5.1 Types of Contamination. 11.5.2 Prevention of Contamination. 11.5.3 Decontamination Methods. 11.5.4 Determining Effectiveness. 11.5.5 Planning for Decontamination. 11.6 Medical Decontamination/Triage/Treatment. 11.7 Using Dispersion Modeling During Emergencies. 11.8 Termination. References Cited. Appendix A. Channel Industries Mutual Aid ICS Worksheet. 12. Support Functions, Systems, and Facilities. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Functions. 12.2.1 Internal Management and Technical Support. 12.2.2 Security. 12.2.3 Legal. 12.2.4 Outside Technical Support. 12.2.5 Reporting Requirements. 12.2.6 Public Relations. 12.3 Systems. 12.3.1 Mutual Aids. 12.3.2 Communications System Operation. References Cited. PART D. RECOVERY. 13. Managing Recovery. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Management During Recovery. 13.3 Scene Security and Safety. 13.4 Employee Assistance. 13.4.1 General. 13.4.2 Supervisors’ Role. 13.4.3 Human Resources Department. 13.4.4 Federal Assistance. 13.5 Damage Assessment. 13.6 Process Data collection. 13.7 Incident Investigation. 13.8 Restoring Safety and Emergency Systems. 13.9 Legal. 13.10 Insurance. 13.11 Public Information and Communication. 13.11.1 Business Relationships. References Cited. Appendix A. Sample Recovery Management Checklist. Appendix B. Sample Damage Assessment Checklist. 14. Cleanup of Facilities. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Types and Forms of Contamination. 14.2.1 Chemical Contamination. 14.2.2 Radioactive Contamination. 14.3 Preventing the Spread of Contamination. 14.4 Decontamination Methods. 14.4.1 Small-Scale Decontamination. 14.4.2 Large-Scale Decontamination of Facilities. 14.5Contractor Qualifications for Cleanup. 14.6 Determining the Effectiveness. General References. Bibliography. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive guide to the various methods by which roundwood and the products of roundwood are measured around the world. It presents and compares many different log scaling methods in terms of procedures and conversion ratios. Topics covered include grading logs, log manufacturing quality, statistical sampling methods and methods for determining log yard inventories and mill log usage volume. Detailed tables of data, covering characteristics, and log weight to volume ratios, are presented for the main commercial timber species of the world. The drivers of roundwood product recovery are also discussed and illustrated with numerous graphs and tables.Trade Review"The author has done an admirable job of systematically summarising a plethora of information on measuring roundwood. This comprehensive volume is sure to be invaluable to students and practitioners in forestry and forest products industries." Harold E Burkhart, Virginia Tech, USA "This book is for anyone connected with the forestry profession, but especially for the student and the practitioner who must assimilate the bewildering arroy of measures and conversions that form the core of the practice. The clearly illustrated examples will ease the job of assimilating the intricacies of forestry measurements and serve as an irreplaceable reference throughout a career." Henry Spelter, Economist, US Forest Service"Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Log scaling 3: Measuring log yard inventories and mill usage volume 4: Measuring log quality 5: Roundwood weight and general physical properties 6: Metrics of lumber recovery 7: Metrics of plywood/veneer recovery 8: Metrics of wood chips and other residue recovery from logs Annex 1: Measuring log volume Annex 2: Physical properties and weight to volume data Annex 3: Glossary

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Book SynopsisCeramography provides detailed instructions on how to saw, mount, grind, polish, etch, examine, interpret and measure ceramic microstructures. This new book includes an atlas of ceramic microstructures, quantitative microstructural example problems with solutions, properties and data tables specific to ceramic microstructures, more than 100 original photographs and illustrations, and numerous practical tips and tricks of the trade. An excellent reference guide for technicians in quality control and R&D, process engineers in ceramic manufacturing, and their counterparts in engineering firms, national laboratories, research institutes, and universities.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Ceramography in Materials Science. Crystallography. Laboratory Safety. Ceramographic Laboratory Design. Ceramic Fabrication. Ceramics Commercial Fabrication of Ceramics Laboratory Fabrication of Ceramics Sawing and Mounting. Sawing. Mounting. Edge Retention. Beveled Edge. Ceramographic Mounting Resins. Grinding and Polishing. Automatic Grinding. Automatic Polishing. Manual Grinding. Manual Polishing. Grinding and Polishing Accessories. Etching. Thermal Etching. Chemical Etching. Electrolytic Etching. Other Etching Methods. Overetched Ceramics. Petrographic Thin Section Preparation. Sawing. Mounting. Grinding. Optics and Microscopy. The Microscope. Köhler Illumination. Magnification and Resolution. Depth of Field. Differential Interference Contrast. Dark-Field Illumination. Oil Immersion. Stereomicroscopy. Crystal Optics. Petrography-Transmitted Light and Thin Sections. Replication and Field Ceramography. Sputter Coating. Scanning Electron Microscopy. Other Microscope Types. As-Fired Surface. Stereo Pairs. Acoustic Microscopy. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Micrography. Atlas of Ceramic Microstructures. Alumina. Borides. Carbides. Composites. Metallized Ceramics. Nitrides. Oxides. Silicon Carbide. Spinel. Zirconia. Quantitative Ceramography. Stereology. Grain Size. Grain Shape. Porosity and Second-Phase Content. Microindentation Hardness. Toughness. Qualitative Ceramography. Morphology. Phase Determination. Preferred Orientation. Fractography. Artifacts. Image Analysis. Algorithm. Critical Aspects. Measurements. Digital Images. Appendix A: ASTM Procedures Applicable to Ceramography. Headings in the ASTM Subject Index. Appendix B: Ceramographic Equipment Manufacturers. Appendix C: Abrasive Size Equivalents.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation from the 2015 Beneficiation of Phosphates Conference includes insights from dozens of internationally respected experts on key breakthroughs that will shape the industry in the years ahead. Topics include: recovery of rare earths from phosphate; Uranium recovery from phosphoric acid; and recovery of magnesium from high-dolomite phosphate rock.

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Book SynopsisThis series includes monographs, research results, and state-of-the-art reviews of conservation literature by Institute staff and others.

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Book SynopsisThe first edition of the Printing Ink Manual was published by the Society of British Printing Ink Manufacturers in 1961 to fill the need for an authorative textbook on printing technology, which would serve both as a training manual and a reliable reference book for everyday use.Trade Review`The Printing Ink Manual has clearly become an internationally recognised authority on all aspects of printing ink. The European ink industry will find the fifth edition essential to all involved in and practicing printing ink. Students, raw material suppliers, schools and printers will find it an important reference book.' H.A. Lentze, Secretary General European Confederation of Paint Printing Ink and Artists Colours Manufacturers Association (CEPE) `We think the Printing Ink Manual is a very special book and therefore welcome its fifth edition. We offer the Manual to all people who attend the NPIRI summer course. I have found it to be the best available book today.' James H. Sutphin, Executive Director National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers (NAPIM) `The Printing Ink Manual has already become established as the standard source of practical information for everyone engaged in the printing ink industry. The fifth edition builds on this unrivalled reputation and the Oil and Colour Chemists Association is pleased to endorse this book and recommend it to its members.' Chris Pacey-Day, General Secretary Oil and Colour Chemists Association (OCCA) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. The Nature of Printing Ink. 2. Printing Processes. 3. Colour and Colour Matching. 4. Raw Materials. 5. Letterpress Inks. 6. Lithographic Inks. 7. Dry Offset. Inks. 8. Gravure Inks. 9. Flexographic Inks. 10. Screen Inks. 11. Ultra-Violet and Electron-Beam Curing Systems. 12. Ink-Jet Inks. 13. Manufacture of Inks and Varnishes. 14. Rheology of Printing Inks. 15. Testing, Control and Quality Assurance. 16. Analysis of Printing Inks. 17. Health, Safety and the Environment.

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Book SynopsisOffering a holistic view of the development of drug delivery systems, Advanced Drug Delivery presents the essential aspects necessary to understand and apply for effective drug delivery fundamentals, including practical issues, integration of pharmaceutics, and molecular biology.Trade Review“This book is a welcome addition to the range of study materials available at this level and can be unreservedly recommended to both aspiring and existing pharmaceutical professionals.” (ChemMedChem, 1 January 2015) “A suitable text for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, the book is logically divided into four sections: fundamentals, delivery approaches, disease applications, and future directions. Discussing design, in vitro studies, clinical evaluation, and regulatory approval, each chapter includes objectives and assessment questions.” (Newbooks.lib, 11 September 2014Table of ContentsPREFACE xi ABOUT THE AUTHORS xiii CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I INTRODUCTION AND BASICS OF ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY 1 1 Physiological Barriers in Advanced Drug Delivery: Gastrointestinal Barrier 3 D. Alexander Oh and Chi H. Lee 2 Solubility and Stability Aspects in Advanced Drug Delivery 21 Hoo-Kyun Choi, Robhash K. Subedi, and Chi H. Lee 3 The Role of Transporters and the Efflux System in Drug Delivery 47 Varun Khurana, Dhananjay Pal, Mukul Minocha, and Ashim K. Mitra 4 Biomaterial in Advanced Drug Delivery 75 Megha Barot, Mitesh Patel, Xiaoyan Yang, Wuchen Wang, and Chi H. Lee PART II STRATEGIES FOR ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY 103 5 Strategies of Drug Targeting 105 Ravi S. Shukla, Zhijin Chen, and Kun Cheng 6 Prodrug and Bioconjugation 123 Ramya Krishna Vadlapatla, Sujay Shah, Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi, and Ashim K. Mitra 7 Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems 141 Mitan R. Gokulgandhi, Ashaben Patel, Kishore Cholkar, Megha Barot, and Ashim K. Mitra 8 Stimuli-Responsive Target Strategies 157 Chi H. Lee 9 Implants 183 Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi, Ashaben Patel, Ramya Krishna Vadlapatla, Durga Paturi, and Ashim K. Mitra 10 Aptamers in Advanced Drug Delivery 201 Weiwei Gao, Omid C. Farokhzad, and Nazila Kamaly 11 Nanofiber 219 Megha Barot, Mitan R. Gokulgandhi, Animikh Ray, and Ashim K. Mitra 12 Biomimetic Self-Assembling Nanoparticles 231 Maxim G. Ryadnov 13 Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery 241 Mitesh Patel, Megha Barot, Jwala Renukuntla, and Ashim K. Mitra 14 Delivery of Nucleic Acids 257 Shaoying Wang, Bin Qin, and Kun Cheng 15 Delivery of Vaccines 275 Hari R. Desu, Rubi Mahato, and Laura A. Thoma PART III TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH OF ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY 297 16 Regulatory Considerations and Clinical Issues in Advanced Drug Delivery 299 Mei-Ling Chen 17 Advanced Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy 323 Wanyi Tai and Kun Cheng 18 Advanced Delivery in Cardiovascular Diseases 341 Gayathri Acharya, Wuchen Wang, Divya Teja Vavilala, Mridul Mukherji, and Chi H. Lee 19 Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery 365 Varun Khurana, Deep Kwatra, Vibhuti Agrahari, and Ashim K. Mitra 20 Advanced Drug Delivery Against STD 381 Chi H. Lee 21 Advanced Drug Delivery to the Brain 405 Nanda K. Mandava, Mitesh Patel, and Ashim K. Mitra PART IV FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY IN EMERGING RESEARCH AREAS 423 22 Cell-Based Therapeutics 425 Zhaoyang Ye, Yan Zhou, Haibo Cai, and Wen-Song Tan 23 Biomedical Applications and Tissue Engineering of Collagen 445 Chi H. Lee and Yugyung Lee 24 Molecular Imaging of Drug Delivery 469 Zheng-Rong Lu ANSWERS 489 INDEX 511

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Book SynopsisThis book will be of interest to all involved in the semiconductor industry. Offering a complete overview of the topic of lithography it will be of interest to practitioners, researchers and students. Chemists, Electrical Engineers, chip designers and manufacturers. Conferences: OSA, ISSCC, ISCS, EMC, ICASSP.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms and Abbreviations. Part I. Origins, Inventions, and the Evolution of Lithography. 1. Introduction to Lithography. 2. Invention of Lithography and Photolithography. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Invention of Lithography. 2.3 Invention of Photolithography. 2.4 Pioneers of Photography. 3. Optical and Chemical Origins of Lithography. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Key Developments that Enabled the Invention and Development of Lithography. 4. Evolution and Lithography. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Offset Lithography. 4.3 The Printed Circuit Board and the Development of the Electronics Industry. 4.4 The Transistor and Microelectronics Revolution. 4.5 The Integrated Circuit. 4.6 Other Notable Developments in Transistor Technology. 4.7 Overall Device Technology Trends. 4.8 Semiconductor Lithography. 4.9 X-ray Lithography. 4.10 Electron-Beam Lithography. 4.11 Ion-Beam Lithography. 4.12 Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography. 4.13 Soft Lithography. 4.14 Proximal Probe Lithography. 4.15 Atom Lithography. 4.16 Stereolithography. 4.17 Molecular Self-Assembly Lithography. Part II. Lithographic Chemicals. 5. Lithographic Chemicals. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Resists. 5.3 Antireflection Coatings. 5.4 Resist Developers and Rinses. 5.5 Resist Strippers and Cleaners. 5.6 Offset Lithographic Inks and Fountain Solutions. 6. Negative Resists. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Resins. 6.3 Types and Negative Resists. 6.4 General Considerations on the Chemistry of Cross-Linking. 6.5 Negative Resists Arising from Polymerization of Monomers. 6.6 General Considerations on the Chemistry of Photoinitiated. 6.7 General Considerations of Photoinitiated Condensation Polymerization. 6.8 General Considerations on the Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization Employed in Negative Resist Systems. 6.9 Practical Negative Resist Compositions Arising from Photopolymerization of Monomers in the Presence of Polyfunctional Components. 6.19 Lithographic Applications of Photopolymerization Negative Resists. 7. Positive Resists. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Types of Positive Resists. 7.3 Resist Materials for Multilayer Resist Systems. 8. General Considerations on the Radiation and Photochemistry of Resists. 8.1 Interaction of Radiation with Resists. 8.2 Excited State Complexes. 8.3 Energy Transfer. 8.4 Energy Migration in Resist Polymers. 8.5 Spectral Sensitization. 8.6 Sensitization by Energy Transfer. 8.7 Radiation Chemistry Versus Photochemistry of Resists. 8.8 Radiation Chemical Yield and Dosimetry. 8.9 Radiation Chemistry of Polymers. 8.10 Sensitive and Exposure Radiation. 8.11 Exposure Mechanisms of Resists and Exposure Radiation. 9. Antireflection Coatings and Reflectivity Control. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Antireflection Coating Strategies. 9.3 Bottom Antireflection Coatings. 9.4 Applications of Bottom Antireflection Coatings. 9.5 Organic versus Inorganic Bottom Antireflection Coating and Rework/Stripping Issues. 9.6 Bottom Antireflection Coating-Resist Interactions. 9.7 Theory of Bottom Antireflection Coatings. 9.8 Bottom Antireflection Coatings for High-NA Imaging. Part III. The Practice of Lithography. 10. Stone, Plate, and Offset Lithography. 10.1 Stone and Plate Lithography. 10.2 Offset Lithography. 10.3 The Offset Lithographic Press. 10.4 Components of an Offset Lithographic Press. 10.5 Types of Offset Lithographic Inks. 10.6 Fabrication of Lithographic Offset Plates. 10.7 The Offset Lithographic Process. 10.8 Waterless Offset Lithography. 11. The Semiconductor Lithographic Process. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Adhesion Promotion. 11.3 Resist Coating. 11.4 Characterizing Ultrathin Resist Processes. 11.5 Soft Bake/Prebake. 11.6 Alignment. 11.7 Exposure. 11.8 Postexposure Bake. 11.9 Monitoring Photoacid Generation in Thin Photoresist Films by Means of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. 11.10 Postexposure Bake Sensitivity. 11.11 Consequences of Acid Diffusion. 11.12 Development. 11.13 Dissolution Mechanism of Resist Polymers. 11.14 Dissolution Mechanism of Phenolic Resists. 11.15 Comparison of Dissolution Characteristics of Novolac and Poly(hydroxystyrene)-based Resists. 11.16 General Facts about the Dissolution Mechanism of DNQ/Novolac Resists. 11.17 Resist Development Issues. 11.8 Postdevelopment Bake and Resist Stabilization Treatments. 11.19 Measurement and Inspection. 11.20 Etching. 11.21 Rework/Stripping. 12. Lithographic Modeling. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Historical Background. 12.3 Structure of a Lithographic Model. 12.4 Basic Imaging Theory. 12.5 Accounting for Aberrations. 12.6 Aerial Image Formation Models. 12.7 Standing Wave Models. 12.8 Exposure Models. 12.9 Postexposure Bake Models. 12.10 Development Models. 12.11 Accuracy of Lithographic Models. 12.12 Applications/Uses of Lithographic Modeling. 13. Optical Lithography. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Elements of Optical Lithography. 13.3 UV Photochemistry in the Exposure Chamber. 13.4 Optical Materials for UV and Visible Light Lithographies. 13.5 Printing Modes. 13.6 General Considerations on Optics Relevant to Lithography. 13.7 Optical Lithographic Technologies and Their Performance. 14. X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Lithographies. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Proximity X-Ray Lithography. 14.3 Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography. 14.4 Optics Lifetime. 14.5 Contamination Processes. 14.6 Contamination Mitigation Strategies. 16.7 EUV Resists and Imaging Performance. 15. Charged Particle Lithography. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Electron-Beam Lithography. 15.3 Types of Electron-Beam Lithographies. 15.4 Electron Projection Lithography. 15.5 Ion-Beam Lithography. 16. Lithography in Integrated Circuit Device Fabrication. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Fabrication of a 90-nm CMOS Microprocessor. 17. Advanced Resist Processing and Resist Resolution Limit Issues. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Resist Systems. 17.3 Advanced Resist Processing Techniques. 17.4 Resolution Limits Issues of Resists. 17.5 Resist Materials Outlook for the 22-nm and Smaller Technology Nodes. 17.6 Resist Processing Outlook for the 22-nm and Smaller Technology Nodes. Afterword. Index.

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Book SynopsisMedical Coatings and Deposition Technologies is an important new addition to the libraries of medical device designers and manufacturers. Coatings enable the properties of the surface of a device to be controlled independently from the underlying bulk properties; they are often critical to the performance of the device and their use is rapidly growing. This book provides an introduction to many of the most important types of coatings used on modern medical devices as well as descriptions of the techniques by which they are applied and methods for testing their efficacy. Developers of new medical devices and those responsible for producing them will find it an important reference when deciding if a particular functionality can be provided by a coating and what limitations may apply in a given application. Written as a practical guide and containing many specific coating examples and a large number of references for further reading, the book will also be useful to students in materials science & engineering with an interest in medical devices. Chapters on antimicrobial coatings as well as coatings for biocompatibility, drug delivery, radiopacity and hardness are supported by chapters describing key liquid coating processes, plasma-based processes and chemical vapor deposition. Many types of coatings can be applied by more than one technique and the reader will learn the tradeoffs given the relevant design, manufacturing and economic constraints. The chapter on regulatory considerations provides important perspectives regarding the marketing of these coatings and medical devices.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Historical Perspectives on Biomedical Coatings in Medical Devices 3 M. Hendriks and P.T. Cahalan 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Improving Physical Properties of Biomaterials: Hydrophilic, Lubricious Coatings 7 1.3 Modulating Host-Biomaterial Interactions: Biologically Active Coatings 7 1.4 Bioinert Coatings Redressed: Nonfouling Coatings 15 1.5 Future Biomedical Coatings 16 References 18 Part 2 Coating Applications 27 2 Antimicrobial Coatings and Other Surface Modifications for Infection Prevention 29 Marc W. Mittelman and Nimisha Mukherjee 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Genesis of Device-Related Infections 35 2.3 Antimicrobial Coatings 38 2.4 Non-Eluting Antimicrobial Surfaces 49 2.5 Coating and Surface Modification Technologies 53 2.6 Regulatory Considerations 57 2.7 Future Challenges 58 References 61 3 Drug Delivery Coatings for Coronary Stents 75 Shrirang V. Ranade and Kishore Udipi 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Polymer Coatings for DES 81 3.3 Biostable (Non-Bioabsorbable) Polymers 86 3.4 Bioabsorbable Polymers 99 3.5 Concluding Remarks 103 References 104 4 Coatings for Radiopacity 115 Scott Schewe and David Glocker 4.1 Principles of Radiography 115 4.2 Use of Radiopaque Materials in Medical Devices 116 4.3 Radiopaque Fillers 117 4.4 Types of Radiopaque Fillers 117 4.5 Other Radiographic Materials and Coating Systems 121 4.6 Radiopaque Coatings by Physical Vapor Deposition 122 4.7 Challenges in Producing Radiopaque Coatings Using PVD 124 4.8 Gold Radiopaque Coatings 125 4.9 Tantalum Radiopaque Coatings 126 4.10 Summary 129 References 130 5 Biocompatibility and Medical Device Coatings 131 Joe McGonigle, Thomas J. Webster, and Garima Bhardwaj 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Challenges with Medical Devices 134 5.3 Examples of Products Coated to Improve Biocompatibility 148 5.4 Types of Biocompatible Coatings 157 5.5 Commercialization 170 5.6 Summary 172 References 172 6 Tribological Coatings for Biomedical Devices 181 Peter Martin 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Hard Thin Film Coatings for Implants 187 6.3 Binary Carbon-Based Thin Film Materials: Diamond, Hard Carbon and Amorphous Carbon 194 6.4 Progress of DLC, ta-C and a-C:H Films for Hip and Knee Implants 200 6.5 Wear-Resistant Coatings for Stents and Catheters 208 6.6 Wear-Resistant Coatings for Angioplasty Devices 210 6.7 Scalpel Blades and Surgical Instruments 211 6.8 Multifunctional, Nanostructured, Nanolaminate, and Nanocomposite Tribological Materials 211 References 222 Part 3 Coating and Surface Modification Methods 233 7 Dip Coating 235 Donald M. Copenhagen 7.1 Description and Basic Steps 235 7.2 Equipment and Coating Application 236 7.3 Coating Solution Containers 237 7.4 Coating Parameters and Controls 238 7.5 Role of Solution Viscosity 240 7.6 Coating Problems 241 7.7 Process Considerations 244 8 Inkjet Technology and Its Application in Biomedical Coating Bogdan V. Antohe, David B. Wallace, and Patrick W. Cooley 247 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 Inkjet Background 248 8.3 Equipment Used 260 8.4 Capabilities 268 8.5 Limitations and Ways around Them 280 8.6 Manufacturing Advantages and Future Directions 293 8.7 Conclusions 299 References 300 9 Direct Capillary Printing in Medical Device Manufacture 309 William J. Grande 9.1 Introduction 309 9.2 Fundamental Elements of Direct Capillary Printing 320 9.3 Practical Operational Considerations 337 9.4 Manufacturing Considerations 349 9.5 Medical Device Examples 352 9.6 Conclusions 367 Acknowledgments 369 References 369 10 Sol-Gel Coating Methods in Biomedical Systems 373 Bakul C. Dave 10.1 Introduction 374 10.2 Overview of Sol-Gel Coatings in Biomedical Systems 377 10.3 The Sol-Gel Process 381 10.4 Coating Methods and Processes 385 10.5 Factors influencing Coatings Characteristics/Performance 390 10.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 394 References 395 11 Chemical Vapor Deposition 403 Kenneth K. S. Lau 11.1 Introduction 403 11.2 Process Description 405 11.3 Process Mechanism 410 11.4 Technology Advances 414 11.5 Future Outlook 442 References 443 12 Introduction to Plasmas Used for Coating Processes 457 David A. Glocker 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 DC Glow Discharges 459 12.3 RF Glow Discharges 463 12.4 RF Diode Glow Discharges 464 12.5 Ionization in RF Diode Glow Discharges 466 12.6 Inductively Coupled RF Discharges 466 12.7 Mid-Frequency AC Discharges 468 12.8 Pulsed DC Discharges 469 12.9 Comparison of Plasma Properties 470 12.10 Plasma Species 470 12.11 Summary 471 References 472 13 Ion Implantation: Tribological Applications 473 Peter Martin 13.1 Introduction 473 13.2 Applications 474 13.3 Nanocrystalline Diamond 487 Reference 492 14 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition 495 Kenneth K. S. Lau 14.1 Introduction 495 14.2 Process Description 497 14.3 Plasma Effects on Materials Deposition 501 14.4 Future Outlook 520 References 521 15 Sputter Deposition and Sputtered Coatings for Biomedical Applications 531 David A. Glocker 15.1 Introduction 531 15.2 Overview of Sputter Coating 533 15.3 Characteristics of Sputtered Atoms 536 15.4 Sputtering Cathodes 539 15.5 Relationship between Process Parameters and Coating Properties 541 15.6 Biased Sputtering 544 15.7 Adhesion and Stress in Sputtered Coatings 545 15.8 Sputtering Electrically Insulating Materials 546 15.9 Recent Developments 549 15.10 Summary and Conclusions 549 References 550 16 Cathodic Arc Vapor Deposition 553 Gary Vergason 16.1 Introduction 553 16.2 Medical Uses of Cathodic Arc Titanium Nitride Coatings 556 16.3 Brief History and Commercial Advancement of Cathodic Arcs 557 16.4 Review of Arc Devices 559 16.5 Description of PVD Coating Manufacturing 561 16.6 Macroparticle Generation and Mitigation 567 16.7 Considerations for Coating Success 568 16.8 Materials Used in Biomedical PVD Coatings 576 References 576 Part 4 Functional Tests 581 17 Antimicrobial Coatings Efficacy Evaluation 583 Nimisha Mukherjee and Marc W. Mittelman 17.1 Introduction 583 17.2 In-Vitro Methods 584 17.3 In-Vivo (Animal) Methods 590 17.4 Equipment and Laboratory Resources 590 17.5 Human Clinical Trial Considerations 590 17.6 Regulatory Considerations 590 References 596 18 Mechanical Characterization of Biomaterials: Functional Tests for Hardness 605 Vincent Jardret 18.1 Introduction 605 18.2 Basic Principles of Hardness and Indentation Testing 607 18.3 Depth-Sensing Indentation Testing 611 18.4 Dynamic Indentation Testing: A More Advanced Hardness Measurement Technique for More Complex Material Behavior 617 18.5 Special Case of Coatings Configuration under Indentation Testing 626 18.6 Conclusions 628 References 629 19 Adhesion Measurement of Thin Films and Coatings: Relevance to Biomedical Applications 631 Wei-Sheng Lei, Kash Mittal, and Ajay Kumar 19.1 Introduction 631 19.2 Mechanical Test Methods of Adhesion Measurement 634 19.3 Summary and Remarks 654 Appendix 656 References 665 20 Functional Tests for Biocompatability 671 Joe McConigle and Thomas J. Webster 20.1 Introduction 671 20.2 Inflammation 672 20.3 Blood Compatibility 675 20.4 Wound Healing 685 20.5 Encapsulation 688 20.6 Tissue Integration 691 20.7 Vascularization 692 20.8 Toxicity 699 20.9 Infection 700 20.10 When to Move In Vivo? 701 References 702 21 Analytical Requirements for Drug Eluting Stents 707 Lori Alquier and Shrirang Ranade 21.1 Introduction 707 21.2 Instrumentation 708 21.3 API and Excipient Characterization 709 21.4 Analytical Methods 712 21.5 Conclusion 719 References 719 Part 5 Regulatory Overview 723 22 Regulations for Medical Devices and Coatings 725 Robert J. Klepinski 22.1 Introduction 725 22.2 Types of Regulated Products 726 22.3 Scope of Regulation 732 22.4 Marketing Clearance of Medical Devices 733 22.5 Comparison to EU Regulation 737 22.6 Good Manufacturing Practices 737 Part 6 Future of Coating Technologies 743 23 The Future of Biomedical Coatings Technologies 745 Shrirang Ranade and David Glocker 23.1 Introduction 745 23.2 The Continuing Evolution of Biomaterials 749 23.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 749 23.4 Coating Process Development 750 References 751

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Book SynopsisBrings together the best tested and proven stereoselective synthetic methods Both the chemical and pharmaceutical industries are increasingly dependent on stereoselective synthetic methods and strategies for the generation of new chiral drugs and natural products that offer specific 3-D structures. With the publication of Stereoselective Synthesis of Drugs and Natural Products, researchers can turn to this comprehensive two-volume work to guide them through all the core methods for the synthesis of chiral drugs and natural products. Stereoselective Synthesis of Drugs and Natural Products features contributions from an international team of synthetic chemists and pharmaceutical and natural product researchers. These authors have reviewed the tremendous body of literature in the field in order to compile a set of reliable, tested, and proven methods alongside step-by-step guidance. This practical resource not only explores synthetic methodology, but Trade Review“The work will also be very useful to those actively involved in the teaching of modern organic chemistry and synthetic methodologies, because it allows one to quickly compile several examples of applications of methods for a lecture and include details of the corresponding transition states without the need to obtain the original publications.” (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 1 May 2014) Table of ContentsPreface List of contributors List of symbols and abbreviations PART 1: GENERAL METHODS AND STRATEGIES Chapter 1: Principles, concepts and strategies of stereoselective synthesis Vasyl Andrushko and Natalia Andrushko Chapter 2: Chiral auxiliaries in drug synthesis Stanley Chang, Shira D. Halperin, Jarod Moore and Robert Britton Chapter 3: Solid-phase organic synthesis of drugs and natural products Peter J. H. Scott Chapter 4: Asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis Kohsuke Ohmatsu, Daisuke Uraguchi, and Takashi Ooi Chapter 5: Microwave-assisted stereoselective synthesis Yoann Coquerel, Evelina Colacino, Jean Rodriguez, Jean Martinez and Frédéric Lamaty Chapter 6: Application of micro reactor methodology for organic synthesis Paul Watts and Charlotte Wiles PART 2: STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS BY BOND FORMATION 2.1. STEREOSELECTIVE METHODS FOR C–C BOND FORMATION Chapter 7: Asymmetric α-alkylation of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids Mark C. Kohler, Sarah E. Wengryniuk, and Don M. Coltart Chapter 8: Asymmetric aldol reactions in the total syntheses of natural products Seijiro Hosokawa Chapter 9: Asymmetric Michael addition and related reactions Pengfei Li, Jun Wang and Fuk Yee Kwong Chapter 10: Construction of polypropionate fragments in natural product synthesis Maris Turks, Sylvain Laclef and Pierre Vogel Chapter 11: Organocatalytic conjugate addition in stereoselective synthesis Adrien Quintard and Alexandre Alexakis Chapter 12: Stereoselective Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction Pat Guiry and Gráinne Hargaden Chapter 13: Transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric C–C cross-couplings in stereoselective synthesis Vasiliki Sarli Chapter 14: Asymmetric hydroformylation, hydroxy- and alkoxycarbonylation for stereoselective synthesis Jamie T. Durrani and Matthew L. Clarke Chapter 15: Intramolecular oxycarbonylation in stereoselective synthesis Tibor Gracza Chapter 16: Stereoselective cycloaddition reactions Tae-Kyung Lee and Jung-Mo Ahn Chapter 17: Sigmatropic rearrangements in stereoselective synthesis Brinton Seashore-Ludlow and Peter Somfai Chapter 18: Ring contraction reactions in the total synthesis of biologically active natural products Luiz F. Silva Jr. Chapter 19: Electrocyclic reactions in stereoselective synthesis Marcus A. Tius Chapter 20: Transannular cyclization in natural product total synthesis Jiong Yang and Haoran Xue Chapter 21: Cascade reactions in stereoselective synthesis Bor-Cherng Hong and Nitin S. Dange Chapter 22: Sulfur dioxide: a powerful tool for the stereoselective construction of C-C bonds Pierre Vogel, Dean Markovic and Mâris Turks Chapter 23: Transition metal C-H activation: application to stereoselective synthesis of natural products and drugs Mickaël Jean and Pierre van de Weghe Chapter 24: Metathesis reactions in drug and natural product synthesis Akio Saito, Yuji Hanzawa Chapter 25: Radicals in stereoselective C-C bond formation Josep Bonjoch, Ben Bradshaw and Faïza Diaba Chapter 26: Trifluoromethyl (CF3) group insertion methods in stereoselective synthesis Tsutomu Konno Chapter 27: Stereoselective organocatalyzed C–C bond-forming reactions Kazuo Nagasawa and Koji Yasui Chapter 28: Enzyme-catalysed stereoselective C–C bond formation reactions in total syntheses Adeline Ranoux and Ulf Hanefeld 2.2. STEREOSELECTIVE METHODS FOR C–H BOND FORMATION Chapter 29: Stereoselective hydrogenation of C=C bonds: application to drug and natural product synthesis Natalia Andrushko and Vasyl Andrushko Chapter 30: Asymmetric hydrogenation of C=O and C=N bonds in stereoselective synthesis Natalia Andrushko and Vasyl Andrushko Chapter 31: Asymmetric protonation of carbanions and polar double bonds: application to total syntheses Thomas Poisson and Shu Kobayashi Chapter 32: Organocatalytic reduction in stereoselective synthesis Felix Kortmann and Adriaan Minnaard Chapter 33: Biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of C=O and activated C=C bonds in stereoselective synthesis Tomoko Matsuda, Rio Yamanaka and Kaoru Nakamura 2.3. STEREOSELECTIVE METHODS FOR C–O BOND FORMATION Chapter 34: Transition-metal-catalyzed stereoselective oxidations in drug and natural product synthesis Alessandro Scarso and Giorgio Strukul Chapter 35: Asymmetric epoxidation in stereoselective synthesis Zhicai Yang Chapter 36: Biocatalytic asymmetric oxidations in stereoselective synthesis Anett Schallmey, Pablo Dominguez de Maria and Paula Bracco Chapter 37: Ether transfer methodology: application to the synthesis of polyketide natural products Eric Stefan and Richard E. Taylor Chapter 38: Stereoselective formation of 2-deoxyglycosidic bonds in biologically active natural products Daisuke Takahashi and Kazunobu Toshima 2.4. STEREOSELECTIVE METHODS FOR C–N BOND FORMATION Chapter 39: Asymmetric hydroamination and reductive amination in total synthesis Manas K. Ghorai, Deo Prakash Tiwari and Aditya Bhattacharyya Chapter 40: Carboamination and alkylative cyclization with C-N bond formation in stereoselective syntheses Manas K. Ghorai, Sandipan Halder and Sauvik Samanta Chapter 41: Cycloadditions with stereoselective C-N bond formation in total syntheses Guillaume Vincent 2.5. STEREOSELECTIVE FORMATION OF OTHER C–HETEROATOM AND OTHER BONDS Chapter 42: Stereoselective halogenations Chong Kiat Tan, Yi Zhao, Jing Zhou and Ying-Yeung Yeung Chapter 43: Stereoselective synthesis of halogenated natural products Takehiko Yoshimitsu Chapter 44: Asymmetric fluorination methods: application in the stereoselective synthesis of fluorinated drugs Vincent Bizet and Dominique Cahard Chapter 45: Enzymatic halogenation in stereoselective synthesis Cormac D. Murphy and Benjamin R. Clark Chapter 46: Stereoselective carbon–sulfur (C–S) bond formation Kyungsoo Oh Chapter 47: Stereoselective methods for carbon-phosphorus (C–P) bond formation Marcin Kalek and Jacek Stawinski Chapter 48: Transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric sulfoxidation in drug and natural product synthesis Alessandro Scarso and Giorgio Strukul PART 3: METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND CHIRAL SEPARATION Chapter 49: NMR-Spectroscopy in drug and natural product analysis Stanisuaw Witkowski and Iwona Wawer Chapter 50: Determination of enantiomeric purity and absolute configuration by NMR spectroscopy Thomas J. Wenzel Chapter 51: Solid-state NMR spectroscopy in drug design and discovery David A. Middleton and Simon G. Patching Chapter 52: Capillary electrophoresis in chiral separations Ans Hendrickx, Debby Mangelings and Yvan Vander Heyden Chapter 53: Determination of absolute configuration using chiroptical methods Joao Marcos Batista, Jr. Chapter 54: Chiral chromatographic methods in the analysis and purification of enantiomers Arnau Novell and Cristina Minguillón Chapter 55: X-Ray crystallography and 1H NMR anisotropy methods for determination of absolute configurations Nobuyuki Harada Chapter 56: Crystallization based separation of enantiomers Yaling Wang and Alex Chen Chapter 57: Enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution in stereoselective synthesis Francisca Rebolledo, Javier González-Sabín, and Vicente Gotor Subject index

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Book SynopsisThe last ten years have seen a relentless drive to reduce the cost of motors and generators. Responding to this need, this revised and updated edition covers all aspects in the design, deterioration, testing, and repair of the electrical insulation used in all motors and generators greater than fractional horsepower size.Trade Review“This book is incredibly useful for engineers diagnosing problems in rotating machines. . . Engineers, researchers, developers, and manufacturers of insulation systems for rotating electrical machines will benefit greatly from this book.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 January 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xix Chapter 1 Rotating Machine Insulation Systems 1 1.1 Types of Rotating Machines 1 1.1.1 AC Motors 2 1.1.2 Synchronous Generators 4 1.1.3 Induction Generators 6 1.1.4 Permanent Magnet (PM) Synchronous Motors and Generators 7 1.1.5 Classification by Cooling 7 1.2 Winding Components 9 1.2.1 Stator Winding 9 1.2.2 Insulated Rotor Windings 10 1.2.3 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Rotor Windings 11 1.3 Types of Stator Winding Construction 11 1.3.1 Random-Wound Stators 12 1.3.2 Form-Wound Stators—Coil Type 12 1.3.3 Form-Wound Stators—Roebel Bar Type 13 1.4 Form-Wound Stator Winding Insulation System Features 14 1.4.1 Strand Insulation 14 1.4.2 Turn Insulation 17 1.4.3 Groundwall Insulation 19 1.4.4 Groundwall Partial Discharge Suppression 21 1.4.5 Groundwall Stress Relief Coatings for Conventional Stators 24 1.4.6 Surface Stress Relief Coatings for Inverter-Fed Stators 27 1.4.7 Conductor Shields 29 1.4.8 Mechanical Support in the Slot 30 1.4.9 Mechanical Support in the End winding 32 1.4.10 Transposition Insulation 34 1.5 Random-Wound Stator Winding Insulation System Features 36 1.5.1 Partial Discharge Suppression in Inverter-Fed Random Windings 37 1.6 Rotor Winding Insulation System Components 38 1.6.1 Salient Pole Rotor 40 1.6.2 Round Rotors 41 1.6.3 Induction Machine Wound Rotors 43 References 45 Chapter 2 Evaluating Insulation Materials and Systems 47 2.1 Aging Stresses 49 2.1.1 Thermal Stress 49 2.1.2 Electrical Stress 50 2.1.3 Ambient Stress (Factors) 52 2.1.4 Mechanical Stress 53 2.1.5 Radiation Stress 54 2.1.6 Multiple Stresses 54 2.2 Principles of Accelerated Aging Tests 54 2.2.1 Candidate and Reference Materials/Systems 55 2.2.2 Statistical Variation 55 2.2.3 Failure Indicators 61 2.3 Thermal Endurance Tests 62 2.3.1 Basic Principles 62 2.3.2 Thermal Identification and Classification 63 2.3.3 Insulating Material Thermal Aging Test Standards 64 2.3.4 Insulation System Thermal Aging Test Standards 64 2.3.5 Future Trends 67 2.4 Electrical Endurance Tests 67 2.4.1 Proprietary Tests for Form-Wound Coils 68 2.4.2 Standardized AC Voltage Endurance Test Methods for Form-Wound Coils/Bars 69 2.4.3 Voltage Endurance Tests for Inverter-Fed Windings 70 2.5 Thermal Cycling Tests 71 2.5.1 IEEE Thermal Cycling Test 72 2.5.2 IEC Thermal Cycling Test 73 2.6 Nuclear Environmental Qualification Tests 74 2.6.1 Environmental Qualification (EQ) by Testing 75 2.6.2 Environmental Qualification by Analysis 76 2.6.3 Environmental Qualification by a Combination of Testing and Analysis 77 2.7 Multifactor Stress Testing 77 2.8 Material Property Tests 78 References 80 Chapter 3 Historical Development of Insulation Materials And Systems 83 3.1 Natural Materials for Form-Wound Stator Coils 84 3.2 Early Synthetics for Form-Wound Stator Coils 86 3.3 Plastic Films and Non-Wovens 89 3.4 Liquid Synthetic Resins 90 3.4.1 Polyesters 90 3.4.2 Epoxides (Epoxy Resins) 92 3.5 Mica 95 3.5.1 Mica Splittings 95 3.5.2 Mica Paper 96 3.5.3 Mica Backing Materials 98 3.6 Glass Fibers 99 3.7 Laminates 100 3.8 Evolution of Wire and Strand Insulations 101 3.9 Manufacture of Random-Wound Stator Coils 102 3.10 Manufacture of Form-Wound Coils and Bars 103 3.10.1 Early Systems 103 3.10.2 Asphaltic Mica Systems 103 3.10.3 Individual Coil and Bar Thermoset Systems 104 3.10.4 Global VPI Systems 105 3.11 Wire Transposition Insulation 106 3.12 Methods of Taping Stator Groundwall Insulation 107 3.13 Insulating Liners, Separators, and Sleeving 109 3.13.1 Random-Wound Stators 109 3.13.2 Rotors 110 References 110 Chapter 4 Stator Winding Insulation Systems in Current Use 111 4.1 Consolidation of Major Manufacturers 114 4.2 Description of Major Trademarked Form-Wound Stator Insulation Systems 115 References 129 Chapter 5 Rotor Winding Insulation Systems 133 5.1 Rotor Slot and Turn Insulation 134 5.2 Collector Insulation 136 5.3 End Winding Insulation and Blocking 136 5.4 Retaining Ring Insulation 137 5.5 Direct-Cooled Rotor Insulation 138 5.6 Wound Rotors 139 5.7 Superconducting Sychronous Rotors 140 References 141 Chapter 6 Rotor and Stator Laminated Cores 143 6.1 Magnetic Materials 143 6.1.1 Magnetic Fields 143 6.1.2 Ferromagnetism 143 6.1.3 Magnetization Saturation Curve 144 6.1.4 Ferromagnetic Materials 144 6.1.5 Permeability 145 6.1.6 Hysteresis Loss 145 6.1.7 Eddy Current Loss 146 6.1.8 Other Factors Affecting Core Loss 146 6.1.9 Effect of Direction of the Grain 148 6.1.10 Effect of Temperature 148 6.1.11 Effect of Heat Treatment 148 6.1.12 Effect of Impurities and Alloying Elements 148 6.1.13 Silicon/Aluminum Steels 149 6.2 Mill-Applied Insulation 149 6.3 Lamination Punching and Laser Cutting 150 6.4 Annealing and Burr Removal 151 6.5 Enameling or Film Coatings 151 6.6 Stator and Rotor Core Construction 152 6.6.1 Stator Core Construction: General 152 6.6.2 Hydrogenerator and Large Motor Stator Core Assembly and Support 153 6.6.3 Turbogenerator Stator Core Assembly and Support 154 6.6.4 Smaller Motor and Generator Stator Cores 155 6.6.5 Rotor Core Construction 155 References 157 Chapter 7 General Principles of Winding Failure, Repair and Rewinding 159 7.1 Failure Processes 159 7.1.1 Relative Failure Rates of Components 161 7.1.2 Factors Affecting Failure Mechanism Predominance 162 7.2 Factors Affecting Repair Decisions 164 7.3 Rapid Repair of Localized Stator Winding Damage 165 7.4 Cutting out Stator Coils After Failure 166 7.5 Bar/Coil Replacement and Half Coil Splice 167 7.6 Rewinding 168 References 169 Chapter 8 Stator Failure Mechanisms and Repair 171 8.1 Thermal Deterioration 171 8.1.1 General Process 171 8.1.2 Root Causes 174 8.1.3 Symptoms 175 8.1.4 Remedies 176 8.2 Thermal Cycling 176 8.2.1 General Process 177 8.2.2 Root Causes 180 8.2.3 Symptoms 180 8.2.4 Remedies 181 8.3 Inadequate Resin Impregnation or Dipping 181 8.3.1 General Process 182 8.3.2 Root Causes 183 8.3.3 Symptoms 184 8.3.4 Remedies 184 8.4 Loose Coils in the Slot 185 8.4.1 General Process 185 8.4.2 Root Causes 186 8.4.3 Symptoms 189 8.4.4 Remedies 190 8.5 Semiconductive Coating Failure 190 8.5.1 General Process 190 8.5.2 Root Causes 191 8.5.3 Symptoms 192 8.5.4 Remedies 193 8.6 Semiconductive/Grading Coating Overlap Failure 194 8.6.1 General Process 194 8.6.2 Root Causes 195 8.6.3 Symptoms 196 8.6.4 Remedies 196 8.7 High Intensity Slot Discharge 197 8.7.1 General Process 198 8.7.2 Root Causes 198 8.7.3 Symptoms 199 8.7.4 Repairs 199 8.8 Vibration Sparking (Spark Erosion) 199 8.8.1 General Process 199 8.8.2 Root Cause 201 8.8.3 Symptoms 201 8.8.4 Repair 202 8.9 Transient Voltage Surges 202 8.9.1 General Process 203 8.9.2 Root Causes 204 8.9.3 Symptoms 204 8.9.4 Remedies 206 8.10 Repetitive Voltage Surges Due to Drives 207 8.10.1 General Process 207 8.10.2 Root Cause 209 8.10.3 Symptoms 209 8.10.4 Remedies 210 8.11 Contamination (Electrical Tracking) 211 8.11.1 General Process 211 8.11.2 Root Causes 214 8.11.3 Symptoms 214 8.11.4 Remedies 214 8.12 Abrasive Particles 216 8.12.1 General Process 216 8.12.2 Root Causes 216 8.12.3 Symptoms and Remedies 216 8.13 Chemical Attack 217 8.13.1 General Process 217 8.13.2 Root Causes 218 8.13.3 Symptoms 218 8.13.4 Remedies 219 8.14 Inadequate End Winding Spacing 219 8.14.1 General Process 220 8.14.2 Root Causes 222 8.14.3 Symptoms 222 8.14.4 Remedies 222 8.15 End Winding Vibration 224 8.15.1 General Process 224 8.15.2 Root Causes 225 8.15.3 Symptoms 226 8.15.4 Remedies 227 8.16 Stator Coolant Water Leaks 228 8.16.1 General Process 228 8.16.2 Root Causes 229 8.16.3 Symptoms 230 8.16.4 Remedies 230 8.17 Poor Electrical Connections 231 8.17.1 General Process 231 8.17.2 Root Causes 232 8.17.3 Symptoms 232 8.17.4 Remedies 233 References 233 Chapter 9 Round Rotor Winding Failure Mechanisms and Repair 235 9.1 Thermal Deterioration 235 9.1.1 General Process 236 9.1.2 Root Cause 236 9.1.3 Symptoms 237 9.2 Thermal Cycling 237 9.2.1 General Process 238 9.2.2 Root Cause 238 9.2.3 Symptoms 240 9.3 Abrasion Due to Imbalance or Turning Gear Operation (Copper Dusting) 241 9.3.1 General Process 242 9.3.2 Root Causes 243 9.3.3 Symptoms 244 9.4 Pollution (Tracking) 244 9.4.1 General Process 244 9.4.2 Root Causes 245 9.4.3 Common Symptoms 245 9.5 Repetitive Voltage Surges 245 9.5.1 General Process 246 9.5.2 Root Causes 246 9.5.3 Common Symptoms 247 9.6 Centrifugal Force 247 9.6.1 General Process 247 9.6.2 Root Causes 247 9.6.3 Common Symptoms 248 9.7 Operating Without Field Current 249 9.7.1 Loss of Field During Operation 249 9.7.2 Inadvertent Closure of Generator Breaker 249 9.7.3 Root Causes 250 9.7.4 Common Symptoms 250 9.8 Remedies 250 References 252 Chapter 10 Salient Pole Rotor Winding Failure Mechanisms And Repair 253 10.1 Thermal Deterioration 253 10.1.1 General Process 253 10.1.2 Root Causes 254 10.1.3 Common Symptoms 254 10.2 Thermal Cycling 255 10.2.1 General Process 255 10.2.2 Root Causes 255 10.2.3 Common Symptoms 256 10.3 Pollution (Tracking and Moisture Absorption) 256 10.3.1 General Process 257 10.3.2 Root Causes 257 10.3.3 Common Symptoms 258 10.4 Abrasive Particles 258 10.4.1 General Process 258 10.4.2 Root Causes 258 10.4.3 Common Symptom 259 10.5 Centrifugal Force 259 10.5.1 General Process 259 10.5.2 Root Causes 259 10.5.3 Common Symptoms 259 10.6 Repetitive Voltage Surges 260 10.6.1 General Process 260 10.6.2 Root Causes 260 10.6.3 Common Symptoms 261 10.7 Salient Pole Repair 261 References 263 Chapter 11 Wound Rotor Winding Failure Mechanisms and Repair 265 11.1 Voltage Surges 266 11.1.1 General Process 266 11.1.2 Root Causes 267 11.1.3 Common Symptoms 267 11.2 Unbalanced Stator Voltages 267 11.2.1 General Process 267 11.2.2 Root Causes 268 11.2.3 Common Symptoms 268 11.3 High Resistance Connections-Bar Lap and Wave Windings 268 11.3.1 General Process 268 11.3.2 Root Causes 268 11.3.3 Common Symptoms 268 11.4 End Winding Banding Failures 269 11.4.1 General Process 269 11.4.2 Root Causes 269 11.4.3 Common Symptoms 269 11.5 Slip Ring Insulation Shorting and Grounding 270 11.5.1 General Process 270 11.5.2 Root Causes 270 11.6 Wound Rotor Winding Repair 271 11.6.1 Failed Windings 271 11.6.2 Contaminated Windings and Slip Ring Insulation 271 11.6.3 Failed Connections in Bar-Type Windings 271 11.6.4 Damaged End Winding Banding 271 11.6.5 Failed or Contaminated Slip Ring Insulation 272 References 272 Chapter 12 Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor Winding Failure Mechanisms and Repair 273 12.1 Thermal 273 12.1.1 General Process 274 12.1.2 Root Causes 274 12.1.3 Common Symptoms 275 12.2 Cyclic Mechanical Stressing 275 12.2.1 General Process 276 12.2.2 Root Causes 277 12.2.3 Common Symptoms 278 12.3 Poor Design/Manufacture 278 12.3.1 General Process and Root Causes 279 12.3.2 Common Symptoms 281 12.4 Repairs 283 References 284 Chapter 13 Core Lamination Insulation Failure and Repair 285 13.1 Thermal Deterioration 285 13.1.1 General Process 286 13.1.2 Root Causes 286 13.1.3 Common Symptoms 289 13.2 Electrical Degradation 290 13.2.1 General Process 290 13.2.2 Root Causes 291 13.2.3 Common Symptoms 294 13.3 Mechanical Degradation 295 13.3.1 General Process 295 13.3.2 Root Causes 296 13.3.3 Symptoms 301 13.4 Failures Due to Manufacturing Defects 303 13.4.1 General Process 303 13.4.2 Root Causes 304 13.4.3 Symptoms 304 13.5 Core Repairs 305 13.5.1 Loose Cores 305 13.5.2 Core Insulation Shorting 306 13.5.3 Core Damage Due to Winding Electrical Faults 307 13.5.4 False Tooth 308 13.5.5 Cracked Through-Bolt Insulation 308 13.5.6 Split Core Repairs 308 References 309 Chapter 14 General Principles of Testing and Monitoring 311 14.1 Purpose of Testing and Monitoring 311 14.1.1 Assessing Winding Condition and Remaining Winding Life 311 14.1.2 Prioritizing Maintenance 312 14.1.3 Commissioning and Warranty Testing 312 14.1.4 Determining Root Cause of Failure 313 14.2 Off-Line Testing Versus On-Line Monitoring 313 14.3 Role of Visual Inspections 314 14.4 Expert Systems to Convert Data Into Information 315 References 316 Chapter 15 Off-line Rotor and Stator Winding Tests 317 15.1 Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index 317 15.1.1 Purpose and Theory 320 15.1.2 Test Method 322 15.1.3 Interpretation 324 References 385 Chapter 16 In-service Monitoring of Stator and Rotor Windings 389 16.1 Thermal Monitoring 390 16.1.1 Stator Winding Point Sensors 390 16.1.2 Rotor Winding Sensors 392 16.1.3 Data Acquisition and Interpretation 393 16.1.4 Thermography 394 References 435 Chapter 17 Core Testing 439 17.1 Knife 439 17.1.1 Purpose and Theory 439 17.1.2 Test Method 440 17.1.3 Interpretation 440 References 461 Chapter 18 New Machine Winding and Rewind Specifications 463 18.1 Objective of Stator and Rotor Winding Specifications 464 18.2 Trade-Offs Between Detailed and General Specifications 464 18.3 General Items for Specifications 465 References 486 Chapter 19 Acceptance and Site Testing of New Windings 487 19.1 Stator Winding Insulation System Prequalification Tests 487 19.1.1 Dissipation Factor Tip-Up 488 19.1.2 Partial Discharge Test for Conventional Windings 488 19.1.3 Partial Discharge Test for Inverter Fed Windings 489 19.1.4 Impulse (Surge) 490 References 506 Chapter 20 Maintenance Strategies 509 20.1 Maintenance and Inspection Options 509 20.1.1 Breakdown or Corrective Maintenance 510 20.1.2 Time-Based or Preventative Maintenance 510 Reference 525 Appendix A Insulation Material Tables 527 Appendix B Insulation System Tables 553 Index 629

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Book SynopsisExplains how to perform and analyze the results of the latest physicochemical methods With this book as their guide, readers have access to all the current information needed to thoroughly investigate and accurately determine a compound''s pharmaceutical properties and their effects on drug absorption. The book emphasizes oral absorption, explaining all the physicochemical methods used today to analyze drug candidates. Moreover, the author provides expert guidance to help readers analyze the results of their studies in order to select the most promising drug candidates. This Second Edition has been thoroughly updated and revised, incorporating all the latest research findings, methods, and resources, including: Descriptions and applications of new PAMPA models, drawing on more than thirty papers published by the author''s research group Two new chapters examining permeability and Caco-2/MDCK and permeability and the blood-brain barriTable of ContentsPreface xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxvii List of Abbreviations xxxi Nomenclature xxxv Commercial Trademarks xli 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Bulldozer Searching for a Needle in the Haystack? 1 1.2 As the Paradigm Turns 4 1.3 Screen for the Target or ADME First? 5 1.4 ADME and Multimechanism Screens 6 1.5 ADME and the Medicinal Chemist 7 1.6 The “Absorption” in ADME 8 1.7 It Is Not Just a Number It Is a Multimechanism 9 References 9 2 Transport Model 12 2.1 Permeability–Solubility–Charge State and pH-Partition Hypothesis 12 2.2 Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) 17 2.3 pH Microclimate 22 2.4 Intracellular pH Environment 23 2.5 Tight Junction Complex 23 2.6 Structure of Octanol 23 2.7 Biopharmaceutics Classification System 25 References 26 3 pKa Determination 31 3.1 Charge State and the pKa 32 3.2 Methods of Choice for the Determination of the pKa 34 3.3 Titration with a Glass-Membrane pH Electrode 34 3.4 Equilibrium Equations and the Ionization Constant 38 3.5 “Pure Solvent” Activity Scale 41 3.6 Ionic Strength and Debye–Hückel/Davies Equation 41 3.7 “Constant Ionic Medium” Activity Scale 43 3.8 Temperature Dependence of pKa Values 47 3.9 Electrode Calibration and Standardization 55 3.10 Bjerrum Plot: Most Useful Graphical Tool in pKa Analysis 66 3.11 Cosolvent Methods for pKa Determination of Practically Insoluble Substances 78 3.12 Other Methods for pKa Measurement 96 3.13 pKa Microconstants 102 3.14 pKa Compilations 107 3.15 pKa Prediction Programs 107 3.16 Database of pKa (25°C and 37°C) 107 Appendix 3.1 Quick Start: Determination of the pKa of Codeine 127 Appendix 3.2 Tutorial for Measurements with Glass-Membrane pH Electrode 130 Appendix 3.3 pH Convention Adopted by IUPAC and Supported by NIST 137 Appendix 3.4 Liquid-Junction Potentials (LJP) 140 Appendix 3.5 pKa Refi nement by Weighted Nonlinear Regression 146 Appendix 3.6 Molality to Molarity Conversion 157 References 158 4 Octanol–Water Partitioning 174 4.1 Overton–Hansch Model 175 4.2 Tetrad of Equilibria 175 4.3 Conditional Constants 177 4.4 log P Data Sources 178 4.5 log D Lipophilicity Profile 178 4.6 Ion-Pair Partitioning 183 4.7 Micro-log P 187 4.8 Methods for log P Determination 188 4.9 Dyrssen Dual-Phase Titration log P Method 189 4.10 Ionic Strength Dependence of log P 194 4.11 Temperature Dependence of log P 194 4.12 Calculated versus Measured log P of Research Compounds 194 4.13 log D versus pH Case Study: Procaine Structural Analogs 196 4.14 Database of Octanol–Water log PN log PI and log D7.4 201 References 209 5 Liposome–Water Partitioning 220 5.1 Biomimetic Lipophilicity 221 5.2 Tetrad of Equilibria and Surface Ion-Pairing (SIP) 221 5.3 Data Sources 222 5.4 Location of Drugs Partitioned into Bilayers 222 5.5 Thermodynamics of Partitioning: Entropy- or Enthalpy-Driven? 223 5.6 Electrostatic and Hydrogen Bonding in a Low Dielectric Medium 224 5.7 Water Wires H+/OH− Currents and Permeability of Amino Acids and Peptides 227 5.8 Preparation Methods: MLV SUV FAT LUV ET 228 5.9 Experimental Methods 229 5.10 Prediction of log PMEM from log POCT 229 5.11 log DMEM diff log PMEM and Prediction of log PSI M P EM from log PI OCT 233 5.12 Three Indices of Lipophilicity: Liposomes IAM and Octanol 238 5.13 Getting It Wrong from One-Point log DMEM Measurement 239 5.14 Partitioning into Charged Liposomes 240 5.15 pKa MEM Shifts in Charged Liposomes and Micelles 240 5.16 Prediction of Absorption from Liposome Partition Studies? 241 5.17 Database of log PMEM and log PSI M P EM 242 References 245 6 Solubility 251 6.1 It’s Not Just a Number 252 6.2 Why Is Solubility Measurement Difficult? 252 6.3 Mathematical Models for Solubility–pH Profiles 255 6.4 Experimental Methods 270 6.5 Correction for the DMSO Effect by the “Δ-Shift” Method 287 6.6 Case Studies (Solubility–pH Profi les) 289 6.7 Limits of Detection—Precision versus Accuracy 306 6.8 Data Sources and the “Ionizable-Drug Problem” 308 6.9 Database of log S0 308 References 310 7 Permeability—PAMPA 319 7.1 Permeability in the Gastrointestinal Tract 320 7.2 Historical Developments in Permeability Models 323 7.3 Rise of PAMPA—A Useful Tool in Early Drug Discovery 336 7.4 PAMPA-HDM -DOPC -DS Models Compared 343 7.5 Modeling Biological Membranes 354 7.6 Permeability–pH Relationship and the Mitigating Effect of the Aqueous Boundary Layer 362 7.7 pKa FLUX-Optimized Design (pOD) 386 7.8 Cosolvent PAMPA 389 7.9 UV versus LC/MS Detection 397 7.10 Assay Time Points 400 7.11 Buffer Effects 402 7.12 Apparent Filter Porosity 404 7.13 PAMPA Errors: Intra-Plate and Inter-Plate Reproducibility 407 7.14 Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA) and PAMPA 409 7.15 Permeation of Permanently Charged Molecules 416 7.16 Permeation of Zwitterions/Ampholytes—In Combo PAMPA 424 7.17 PAMPA in Formulation: Solubilizing Excipient Effects 433 7.18 Database of Double-Sink PAMPA log P0 log Pm 6.5 and log Pm 7.4 448 Appendix 7.1 Quick Start: Double-Sink PAMPA of Metoprolol 460 Appendix 7.2 Permeability Equations 465 Appendix 7.3 PAMPA Paramembrane Water Channels 481 References 484 8 Permeability: Caco-2/MDCK 499 8.1 Permeability in the Gastrointestinal Tract 500 8.2 Cell-Based In Vitro Permeability Model 505 8.3 In Situ Human Jejunum Permeability (HJP) Model 514 8.4 Passive Intrinsic Permeability Coefficients of Caco-2 and MDCK Compared 515 8.5 Theory (Stage 1): Paracellular Leakiness and Size Exclusion in Caco-2 MDCK and 2/4/A1 Cell Lines 516 8.6 Theory (Stage 2): Regression Method for In Vitro Cellular Permeability 524 8.7 Case Studies of Cell-Based Permeability as a Function of pH 525 8.8 Human Jejunal Permeability Predicted Directly from Caco-2/MDCK 533 8.9 Caco-2/MDCK Database and Its In Combo PAMPA Prediction 550 References 563 9 Permeability: Blood–Brain Barrier 575 9.1 The Blood–Brain Barrier: A Key Element for Drug Access to the Central Nervous System 576 9.2 The Blood–Brain Barrier 576 9.3 Noncellular BBB Models 580 9.4 In Vitro BBB Cell-Based Models 586 9.5 In Vivo BBB Models 589 9.6 Paradigm Shift 592 9.7 In Silico BBB Models 608 9.8 Biophysical Analysis of In Vitro Endothelial Cell Models 608 9.9 In Situ Brain Perfusion Analysis of Flow 618 9.10 In Combo PAMPA–BBB Model for Passive BBB Permeability 631 References 663 10 Summary and Some Simple Approximations 681 Index 685

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Book SynopsisThis book contains 29 papers from the Clean Energy: Fuel Cells, Batteries, Renewables; Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing II; and Materials Solutions for the Nuclear Renaissance symposia held during the 2010 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T''10) meeting, October 17-21, 2010, Houston, Texas. Topics include Batteries; Corrosion and Materials Degradation; Fuel Cells & Electrochemistry; Fossil Energy Materials; Solar Energy; Waste Minimization; Green Manufacturing and Materials Processing; Immobilization of Nuclear Wastes; Irradiation and Corrosion Effects; and Materials Performance in Extreme Environments.Table of ContentsPreface ix CLEAN ENERGY: MATERIALS, PROCESSING, AND MANUFACTURING. Slag Characterization for the Development of New and Improved Service Life Materials in Gasifiers using Flexible Carbon Feedstock 3 James Bennett, Seetharaman Sridhar, Jinichiro Nakano, Kyei-Sing Kwong, Tom Lam, Tetsuya Kaneko, Laura Fernandez, Piyamanee Komolwit, Hugh Thomas, and Rick Krabbe Characterization of Electrochemical Cycling Induced Graphite Electrode Damage in Lithium-Ion Cells 17 Sandeep Bhattacharya, A. Reza Riahi, and Ahmet T. Alpas Titanium-Dioxide-Coated Silica Microspheres for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 27 Devender and Ajay Dangi Effect of Titanium and Iron Additions on the Transport Properties of Manganese Cobalt Spinel Oxide 33 Jeffrey W. Fergus, Kangli Wang, and Yingjia Liu Effect of Hydrogen on Bending Fatigue Life for Materials used in Hydrogen Containment Systems 39 Patrick Ferro Investigation of Secondary Phases Formation Due to PH3 Interaction with SOFC Anode 51 Huang Guo, Gulfam Iqbal, and Bruce Kang PEN Structure Thermal Stress Analysis for Planar-SOFC Configurations under Practical Temperature Field 61 Gulfam Iqbal, Suryanarayana Raju Pakalapati, Francisco Elizalde-Blancas, Huang Guo, Ismail Celik, and Bruce Kang Electroless Coating of Nickel on Electrospun 8YSZ Nanofibers 69 Luping Li, Peigen Zhang, and S.M. Guo Effect of Surface Condition on Spallation Behavior of Oxide Scale on SS 441 Substrate used in SOFC 81 Wenning Liu, Xin Sun, Elizabeth Stephens, and Moe Khaleel Effect of Fuel Impurity on Structural Integrity of Ni-YSZ Anode of SOFCs 87 Wenning Liu, Xin Sun, Olga Marina, Larry Pederson, and Moe Khaleel Strategies to Improve the Reliability of Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Respect to Anode Reoxidation 101 Manuel Ettler, Norbert H. Menzler, Georg Mauer, Frank Tietz, Hans Peter Buchkremer, and Detlev Stöver Mixed Composite Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cell Applications 111 Uma Thanganathan Carbonate Fuel Cell Materials and Endurance Results 119 C. Yuh, A. Hilmi, G. Xu, L. Chen, A. Franco, and M. Farooque MATERIALS SOLUTIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR RENAISSANCE. Characterization of Core Sample Collected from the Saltstone Disposal Facility 135 A.D. Cozzi and A.J. Duncan Incorporation of Mono Sodium Titanate and Crystalline Silicotitanate Feeds in High Level Nuclear Waste Glass 149 K. M. Fox, F. C. Johnson, and T. B. Edwards Radiation Resistance of Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide 161 Laura Jamison, Peng Xu, Kumar Sridharan, and Todd Allen Performance of a Carbon Steel Container in a Canadian Used Nuclear Fuel Deep Geological Repository 169 Gloria M. Kwong, Steve Wang, and Roger C. Newman Development of Ceramic Waste Forms for an Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle 183 A. L. Billings, K. S. Brinkman, K. M. Fox and J. C. Marra, M. Tang, and K. E. Sickafus Determination of Stokes Shape Factor for Single Particles and Agglomerates 195 J. Matyáa, M. Schaible, and J. D. Vienna Glassy and Glass Composite Nuclear Wasteforms 203 Michael I. Ojovan and William E. Lee Advances In Materials Corrosion Research in the Yucca Mountain Project 217 Raul B. Rebak Creep Studies of Modified 9Cr-1 Mo Steel for Very High Temperature Reactor Pressure Vessel Applications 231 Triratna Shrestha, Mehdi Basirat, Indrajit Charit, Gabriel Potirniche, and Karl Rink Developing the Plutonium Disposition Option: Ceramic Processing Concerns 241 Jonathan Squire, Ewan R. Maddrell, Neil C Hyatt, and Martin C. Stennett Pore Structure Analysis of Nuclear Graphites IG-110 and NBG-18 251 G. Q. Zheng, P. Xu, K. Sridharan, and T. R. Allen GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING. Modified Powder Processing as a Green Method for Ferrite Synthesis 263 Audrey Vecoven and Allen W. Apblett Novel Method for Waste Analysis using a Highly Luminescent (II) Octaphosphite Complex as a Heavy Metal Detector 279 NisaT. Satumtira, AN Mahdy, Mohamed Chehbouni, Oussama ElBjeirami, and Mohammad A. Omary Geopolymer Products from Jordan for Sustainability of the Environment 289 Hani Khoury, Yousif Abu Salhah, Islam AI Dabsheh, Faten Slaty, Mazen Alshaaer, Hubert Rahier, Muayad Esaifan, and Jan Wastiels Leaching of Calcium Ion (Ca2+) from Calcium Silicate 301 Vandana Mehrotra Green Energy and Green Materials Production Activity and Related Patents 313 J. A. Sekhar, M. C. Connelly, and J. D. Dismukes Micro Patterning of Dielectric Materials by using Stereo-Lithography as Green Process 329 Soshu Kirihara, Naoki Komori, Toshiki Niki, and Masaru Kaneko Author Index 337

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Book SynopsisThis book is the second of two follow-on volumes to the author's bestseller, Principles of Combustion, Second Edition published in 2005. This text focuses on applications, with coverage not available elsewhere, including solid propellants, burning behavior, and chemical boundary layer flows.Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Solid Propellants and Their Combustion Characteristics 1 1.1 Background of Solid Propellant Combustion, 4 1.1.1 Definition of Solid Propellants, 4 1.1.2 Desirable Characteristics of Solid Propellants, 4 1.1.3 Calculation of Oxygen Balance, 5 1.1.4 Homogeneous Propellants, 6 1.1.4.1 Decomposition Characteristics of NC, 6 1.1.5 Heterogeneous Propellants (or Composite Propellants), 7 1.1.6 Major Types of Ingredients in Solid Propellants, 8 1.1.6.1 Description of Oxidizer Ingredients, 10 1.1.6.2 Description of Fuel Binders, 12 1.1.6.3 Curing and Cross-Linking Agents, 14 1.1.6.4 Aging, 15 1.1.7 Applications of Solid Propellants, 16 1.1.7.1 Hazard Classifications of Solid Propellants, 16 1.1.8 Material Characterization of Propellants, 16 1.1.8.1 Propellant Density Calculation, 16 1.1.8.2 Propellant Mass Fraction, 17 1.1.8.3 Viscoelastic Behavior of Solid Propellants, 17 1.1.9 Thermal Profile in a Burning Solid Propellant, 18 1.1.9.1 Surface and Subsurface Temperature Measurements of Solid Propellants, 18 1.1.9.2 Interfacial Energy Flux Balance at the Solid Propellant Surface, 20 1.1.9.3 Energy Equation for the Gas Phase, 21 1.1.9.4 Burning Rate of Solid Propellants, 23 1.1.9.5 Temperature Sensitivity of Burning Rate, 25 1.1.9.6 Measurement of Propellant Burning Rate by Using a Strand Burner, 26 1.1.9.7 Measurement of Propellant Burning Rate by Using a Small-Scale Motor, 37 1.1.9.8 Burning Rate Temperature Sensitivity of Neat Ingredients, 41 1.2 Solid-Propellant Rocket and Gun Performance Parameters, 43 1.2.1 Performance Parameters of a Solid Rocket Motor, 44 1.2.1.1 Thrust of a Solid Rocket Motor, 44 1.2.1.2 Specific Impulse of a Solid Rocket Motor, 48 1.2.1.3 Density-Specific Impulse, 56 1.2.1.4 Effective Vacuum Exhaust Velocity, 58 1.2.1.5 Characteristic Velocity C ∗, 58 1.2.1.6 Pressure Sensitivity of Burning Rate, 59 1.2.1.7 Thrust Coefficient Efficiency, 60 1.2.1.8 Effect of Pressure Exponent on Stable/Unstable Burning in Solid Rocket Motor, 60 1.2.2 Performance Parameters of Solid-Propellant Gun Systems, 61 1.2.2.1 Energy Balance Equation, 64 1.2.2.2 Efficiencies of Gun Propulsion Systems, 67 1.2.2.3 Heat of Explosion (Ho ex), 69 1.2.2.4 Relative Quickness, Relative Force, and Deviations in Muzzle Velocity, 70 1.2.2.5 Dynamic Vivacity, 71 2 Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Nitramines 72 2.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nitramines, 76 2.2 Polymorphic Forms of Nitramines, 78 2.2.1 Polymorphic Forms of HMX, 80 2.2.2 Polymorphic Forms of RDX, 82 2.3 Thermal Decomposition of RDX, 88 2.3.1 Explanation of Opposite Trends on α- and β-RDX Decomposition with Increasing Pressure, 90 2.3.2 Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of RDX, 92 2.3.2.1 Homolytic N–N Bond Cleavage, 92 2.3.2.2 Concerted Ring Opening Mechanism of RDX, 94 2.3.2.3 Successive HONO Elimination Mechanism of RDX, 96 2.3.2.4 Analysis of Three Decomposition Mechanisms, 104 2.3.3 Formation of Foam Layer Near RDX Burning Surface, 106 2.4 Gas-Phase Reactions of RDX, 109 2.4.1 Development of Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanism for RDX Combustion, 111 2.5 Modeling of RDX Monopropellant Combustion with Surface Reactions, 125 2.5.1 Processes in Foam-Layer Region, 126 2.5.2 Reactions Considered in the Foam Layer, 128 2.5.3 Evaporation and Condensation Consideration for RDX, 128 2.5.4 Boundary Conditions, 130 2.5.5 Numerical Methods Used for RDX Combustion Model with Foam Layer, 131 2.5.6 Predicted Flame Structure, 132 3 Burning Behavior of Homogeneous Solid Propellants 143 3.1 Common Ingredients in Homogeneous Propellants, 147 3.2 Combustion Wave Structure of a Double-Base Propellant, 148 3.3 Burning Rate Behavior of a Double-Base Propellant, 149 3.4 Burning Rate Behavior of Catalyzed Nitrate-Ester Propellants, 155 3.5 Thermal Wave Structure and Pyrolysis Law of Homogeneous Propellants, 158 3.5.1 Dark Zone Residence Time Correlation, 166 3.6 Modeling and Prediction of Homogeneous Propellant Combustion Behavior, 167 3.6.1 Multi-Ingredient Model of Miller and Anderson, 171 3.6.1.1 NC: A Special Case Ingredient, 172 3.6.1.2 Comparison of Calculated Propellant Burning Rates with the Experimental Data, 175 3.7 Transient Burning Characterization of Homogeneous Solid Propellant, 187 3.7.1 What is Dynamic Burning?, 188 3.7.2 Theoretical Models for Dynamic Burning, 190 3.7.2.1 dp/dt Approach, 193 3.7.2.2 Flame Description Approach, 194 3.7.2.3 Zel’dovich Approach, 194 3.7.2.4 Characterization of Dynamic Burning of JA2 Propellant Using the Zel’dovich Approach, 196 3.7.2.5 Experimental Measurement of Dynamic Burning Rate of JA2 Propellant, 201 3.7.2.6 Novozhilov Stability Parameters, 202 3.7.2.7 Novozhilov Stability Parameters for JA2 Propellant, 203 3.7.2.8 Some Problems Associated with Dynamic Burning Characterization, 205 3.7.2.9 Factors Influencing Dynamic Burning, 207 Chapter Problems, 208 4 Chemically Reacting Boundary-Layer Flows 209 4.1 Introduction, 210 4.1.1 Applications of Reacting Boundary-Layer Flows, 211 4.1.2 High-Temperature Experimental Facilities Used in Investigation, 211 4.1.3 Theoretical Approaches and Boundary-Layer Flow Classifications, 212 4.1.4 Historical Survey, 212 4.2 Governing Equations for Two-Dimensional Reacting Boundary-Layer Flows, 216 4.3 Boundary Conditions, 221 4.4 Chemical Kinetics, 224 4.4.1 Homogeneous Chemical Reactions, 224 4.4.2 Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions, 226 4.5 Laminar Boundary-Layer Flows with Surface Reactions, 229 4.5.1 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions, 229 4.5.2 Transformation to (ξ, η) Coordinates, 229 4.5.3 Conditions for Decoupling of Governing Equations and Self-Similar Solutions, 232 4.5.4 Damk¨ohler Number for Surface Reactions, 233 4.5.5 Surface Combustion of Graphite Near the Stagnation Region, 234 4.6 Laminar Boundary-Layer Flows With Gas-Phase Reactions, 239 4.6.1 Governing Equations and Coordinate Transformation, 239 4.6.2 Damk¨ohler Number for Gas-Phase Reactions, 240 4.6.3 Extension to Axisymmetric Cases, 242 4.7 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flows with Chemical Reactions, 243 4.7.1 Introduction, 243 4.7.2 Boundary-Layer Integral Matrix Procedure of Evans, 243 4.7.2.1 General Conservation Equations, 243 4.7.2.2 Molecular Transport Properties, 247 4.7.2.3 Turbulent Transport Properties, 251 4.7.2.4 Equation of State, 256 4.7.2.5 Integral Matrix Solution Procedure, 256 4.7.2.6 Limitations of the BLIMP Analysis, 257 4.7.3 Marching-Integration Procedure of Patankar and Spalding, 257 4.7.3.1 Description of the Physical Model, 258 4.7.3.2 Conservation Equations for the Viscous Region, 258 4.7.3.3 Modeling of the Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions, 259 4.7.3.4 Governing Equations for the Inviscid Region, 260 4.7.3.5 Boundary Conditions, 261 4.7.3.6 Near-Wall Treatment of ˜k and ˜ε, 262 4.7.3.7 Coordinate Transformation and Solution Procedure of Patankar and Spalding, 263 4.7.3.8 Comparison of Theoretical Results with Experimental Data, 266 4.7.4 Metal Erosion by Hot Reactive Gases, 272 4.7.5 Thermochemical Erosion of Graphite Nozzles of Solid Rocket Motors, 281 4.7.5.1 Graphite Nozzle Erosion Minimization Model and Code, 283 4.7.5.2 Governing Equations, 286 4.7.5.3 Heterogeneous Reaction Kinetics, 290 4.7.5.4 Results from the GNEM Code, 293 4.7.5.5 Nozzle Erosion Rate by Other Metallized Propellant Products, 312 4.7.6 Turbulent Wall Fires, 316 4.7.6.1 Development of the Ahmad-Faeth Correlation, 321 5 Ignition and Combustion of Single Energetic Solid Particles 330 5.1 Why Energetic Particles Are Attractive for Combustion Enhancement in Propulsion, 335 5.2 Metal Combustion Classification, 336 5.3 Metal Particle Combustion Regimes, 341 5.4 Ignition of Boron Particles, 344 5.5 Experimental Studies, 351 5.5.1 Gasification of Boron Oxides, 352 5.5.2 Chemical Kinetics Measurement, 353 5.5.3 Boron Ignition Combustion in a Controlled Hot Gas Environment, 354 5.6 Theoretical Studies of Boron Ignition and Combustion, 362 5.6.1 First-Stage Combustion Models, 362 5.6.2 Second-Stage Combustion Models, 365 5.6.3 Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms, 365 5.6.4 Methods for Enhancement of Boron Ignition, 367 5.6.5 Verification of Diffusion Mechanism of Boron Particle Combustion, 369 5.6.6 Chemical Identification of the Boron Oxide Layer, 371 5.7 Theoretical Model Development of Boron Particle Combustion, 372 5.7.1 First-Stage Combustion Model, 372 5.7.2 Second-Stage Combustion Model, 377 5.7.3 Comparison of Predicted and Measured Combustion Times, 381 5.8 Ignition and Combustion of Boron Particles in Fluorine-Containing Environments, 384 5.8.1 Multidiffusion Flat-Flame Burner, 385 5.8.2 Test Conditions, 387 5.8.3 Experimental Results and Discussions, 388 5.8.4 Surface Reaction of (BO)n with HF(g), 393 5.8.5 Surface Reaction of (BO)n with F(g), 394 5.8.6 Governing Equations During the First-Stage Combustion of Boron Particles, 395 5.8.7 Model for the “Clean” Boron Consumption Process (Second-Stage Combustion), 396 5.8.7.1 Chemical Kinetics During Second-Stage Combustion, 397 5.8.7.2 Consideration of Both Kinetics- and Diffusion-Controlled Second-Stage Combustion, 402 5.8.7.3 Governing Equations During the Second-Stage Combustion of Boron Particles, 403 5.8.8 Numerical Solution, 403 5.8.8.1 Comparison with Experimental Data in Oxygen-Containing (Nonfluorine) Environments, 404 5.8.8.2 Comparison with Experimental Data and Model Predictions in Fluorine-Containing Environments, 405 5.9 Combustion of a Single Aluminum Particle, 410 5.9.1 Background, 413 5.9.2 Physical Model, 414 5.9.3 Aluminum-Combustion Mechanism, 417 5.9.4 Condensation Aspect of Model of Beckstead et al. (2005), 419 5.9.5 General Mathematical Model, 422 5.9.6 Boundary Conditions, 424 5.9.7 Dn Law in Aluminum Combustion, 429 5.10 Ignition of Aluminum Particle in a Controlled Postflame Zone, 437 5.11 Physical Concepts of Aluminum Agglomerate Formation, 439 5.11.1 Evolution Process of Condensed-Phase Combustion Products, 440 5.12 Combustion Behavior for Fine and Ultrafine Aluminum Particles, 443 5.12.1 10 μm Aluminum Particle—Early Transitional Structure, 444 5.12.2 100 nm Aluminum Particle—Late Transitional Structure, 446 5.13 Potential Use of Energetic Nanosize Powders for Combustion and Rocket Propulsion, 447 Chapter Problems, 452 Project No. 1, 452 Project No. 2, 454 6 Combustion of Solid Particles in Multiphase Flows 456 6.1 Void Fraction and Specific Particle Surface Area, 462 6.2 Mathematical Formulation, 463 6.2.1 Formulation of the Heat Equation for a Single Particle, 469 6.3 Method of Characteristics Formulation, 472 6.3.1 Linearization of the Characteristic Equations, 476 6.4 Ignition Cartridge Results, 477 6.5 Governing Equations for the Mortar Tube, 484 6.5.1 Initial Conditions, 488 6.5.1.1 Initial Condition for Velocity, 488 6.5.1.2 Initial Condition for Porosity, 488 6.5.1.3 Initial Condition for Temperature and Pressure, 488 6.5.2 Boundary Conditions, 488 6.5.2.1 On the Surface of Ignition Cartridge in Vent-Hole Region, 489 6.5.2.2 In the Fin Region, 489 6.5.2.3 The z -direction Boundary Conditions, 489 6.5.3 Numerical Methods for Mortar Region Model, 490 6.6 Predictions of Mortar Performance and Model Validation, 491 6.7 Approximate Riemann Solver: Roe-Pike Method, 496 6.8 Roe’s Method, 499 6.9 Roe-Pike Method, 501 6.10 Entropy Condition and Entropy Fix, 502 6.11 Flux Limiter, 503 6.12 Higher Order Correction, 504 6.13 Three-Dimensional Wave Propagation, 504 Appendix A: Useful Vector and Tensor Operations 507 Appendix B: Constants and Conversion Factors Often Used in Combustion 534 Appendix C: Naming of Hydrocarbons 538 Appendix D: Particle Size–U.S. Sieve Size and Tyler Screen Mesh Equivalents 541 Bibliography 544 Index 571

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Book SynopsisUniversities worldwide are establishing biomanufacturing centers, and demand is growing for a workforce trained in this discipline. Downstream Recovery and Purification is an affordable, accessible desk reference on biomanufacturing for professionals, instructors, and students.Trade Review“The reference should be valuable to industry professionals as well as to advanced students of biomanufacturing, biochemical engineering, biopharmaceutical facility design, biochemistry, industrial microbiology, gene expression technology, and cell culture technology.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xi PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Bioprocess Design, Computer-Aided 5 Victor Papavasileiou, Charles Siletti, Alexandros Koulouris, and Demetri Petrides PART II DOWNSTREAM RECOVERY OF CELLS AND PROTEIN CAPTURE 25 2 Cell Separation, Centrifugation 27 Hans Axelsson 3 Cell Disruption, Micromechanical Properties 49 Ingo Kampen and Arno Kwade 4 Cell Separation, Yeast Flocculation 65 Eduardo V. Soares 5 Cell Wall Disruption and Lysis 81 F. A. P. Garcia 6 Expanded Bed Chromatography, Surface Energetics of Biomass Deposition 95 Marcelo Fernandez Lahore, Oscar Aguilar, Rami Reddy Vennapusa and Muhammad Aasin 7 Filter Aids 107 Tony Hunt 8 Protein Adsorption, Expanded Bed 115 Siddartha Ghose PART III PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN DOWNSTREAM PURIFICATION 127 9 Scaledown of Biopharmaceutical Purification Operations 129 Anurag S. Rathore and Varsha S. Joshi 10 Adsorption in Simulated Moving Beds (SMB) 147 Cesar C. Santana, Ivanildo J. Silva Jr., Diana C. S. Azevedo, and Amaro G. Barreto Jr. 11 Adsorption of Proteins with Synthetic Materials 179 Joseph McGuire and Omkar Joshi 12 Affinity Fusions for Protein Purification 191 Susanne Gräslund and Martin Hammarström 13 Bioseparation, Magnetic Particle Adsorbents 201 Urs Alexander Peuker, Owen Thomas, Timothy John Hobley, Mathias Franzreb, Sonja Berensmeier, Maria Shäfer, and Birgit Hickstein 14 High Throughput Technologies in Bioprocess Development 221 Trent Carrier, Eva Heldin, Mattias Ahnfelt, Eggert Brekkan, Richard Hassett, Steve Peppers, Gustav Rodrigo, Greg Van Slyke, and David (Xiqaojian) Zhao 15 Large-Scale Protein Purification, Self-Cleaving Aggregation Tags 257 Iraj Ghazi and David W. Wood 16 Lipopolysaccharide, LPS removal, Depyrogenation 269 Pérola O. Magalhães and Adalberto Pessoa Jr. 17 Porous Media in Biotechnology 277 Manuel Mota, Alexander Yelshin, and Inna Yelshina 18 Protein Aggregation and Precipitation, Measurement and Control 293 Catherine H. Schein PART IV EQUIPMENT DESIGN FOR DOWNSTREAM RECOVERY AND PROTEIN PURIFICATION 325 19 Cleaning and Sanitation in Downstream Processes 327 Gail Sofer, Craig Robinson, Joanthan Yourkin, Tina Pitarresi, and Darcy Birse 20 Clean-in-place 343 Phil J. Bremer and Richard Brent Seale 21 Large Scale Chromatography Columns, Modeling Flow Distribution 353 Zhiwu Fang 22 Pumps, Industrial 373 Bob Stover and Ed Domanico PART V DOWNSTREAM cGMP OPERATIONS 389 23 Affinity Chromatography of Plasma Proteins 391 Mirjana Radosevich and Thierry Burnouf 24 Antibody Purification, Monoclonal and Polyclonal 405 James J. Reilly and Michiel E. Ultee 25 Chromatographic Purification of Virus Particles 415 Pete Gagnon 26 Chromatography, Hydrophobic Interactions 437 Per Karsnäs 27 Chromatography, Radar Flow 449 Tingyue Gu 28 Drying, Biological Materials 465 Chung Lim Law and Arun S. Mujumdar 29 Freeze-Drying, Pharmaceuticals 485 Jinsong Liu 30 Freezing, Biopharmaceutical 505 Philippe Lam and Jamie Moore 31 Membrane Chromatography 521 John Pieracci and Jörg Thömmes 32 Membrane Separations 545 Manohar Kalyanpur 33 Plasmid Purification 557 H .S. C. Barbosa and J. C. Marcos 34 Protein Chromatography, Manufacturing Scale 571 Joseph Bertolini 35 Protein Crystallization, Kinetics 579 Gianluca Di Profio, Efrem Curcio, and Enrico Drioli 36 Protein Purification, Aqueous Liquid Extraction 603 Maria-Regina Kula and Klaus Selber 37 Protein Ultrafiltration 617 Robert van Reis and Andrew L. Zydney 38 Virus Retentive Filters 641 George Miesegaes, Scott Lute, Hazel Aranha, and Kurt Brorson PART VI BIOPHARMACEUTICAL FACILITY VALIDATION 655 39 Biopharmaceutical Facility Design and Validation 657 Jeffrey N. Odum 40 Closed Systems in Bioprocessing 677 Jeffrey Odum 41 Facility Design for Single Use (SU) Downstream Materials 685 Robert Z. Maigetter, Tom Piombino, Christian Wood, Tom Gervais, Claudio Thomasin, Bryan Shingle, Dave A. Wareheim, and David Clark 42 eGMPs for Production Rooms 715 Claude Arlois, Jean Didelez, Patrick Florent, and Guy Godeau 43 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 731 Dennis Dobie 44 Sterilization-in-Place (SIP) 747 P. T. Noble PART VII FDA cGMP REGULATORY COMPLIANCE 757 45 Pharmaceutical Bioburden Testing 759 Nathaniel G. Hentz, PhD 46 Chromatography, Industrial Scale Validation 775 Sandy Weinberg and Carl A. Rockburne 47 GMPs and GLSPs 795 Beth H. Junker 48 Quality by Design (QBD) 815 Rakhi B. Shah, Jun T. Park, Erik K. Read, Mansoor A. Khan, and Kurt Brorson 49 Regulatory Requirements, European Community 829 Gary Walsh Index 843

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Book SynopsisFrank discussions of opportunities and challenges point the way to new, more effective drug delivery systems Interest in nanomedicine has grown tremendously, fueled by the expectation that continued research will lead to the safe, efficient, and cost-effective delivery of drugs or imaging agents to human tissues and organs. The field, however, has faced several challenges attempting to translate novel ideas into clinical benefits. With contributions from an international team of leading nanomedicine researchers, this book provides a practical assessment of the possibilities and the challenges of modern nanomedicine that will enable the development of clinically effective nanoparticulate drug delivery products and systems. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems focuses on the rationales and preclinical evaluation of new nanoparticulate drug carriers that have yet to be thoroughly reviewed in the literature. The first chapter sets the stage with a genTable of ContentsPreface vii Contributors ix 1 Tumor-Targeted Nanoparticles: State-of-the-Art and Remaining Challenges 1 Gaurav Bajaj and Yoon Yeo 2 Applications of Ligand-Engineered Nanomedicines 21 Gayong Shim, Joo Yeon Park, Lee Dong Roh, Yu-Kyoung Oh, and Sangbin Lee 3 Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Nucleic Acids 51 Yuhua Wang and Leaf Huang 4 Photosensitive Liposomes as Potential Targeted Therapeutic Agents 81 David H. Thompson, Pochi Shum, Oleg V. Gerasimov, and Marquita Qualls 5 Multifunctional Dendritic Nanocarriers: The Architecture and Applications in Targeted Drug Delivery 101 Ryan M. Pearson, Jin Woo Bae, and Seungpyo Hong 6 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 129 Heebeom Koo, Kuiwon Choi, Ick Chan Kwon, and Kwangmeyung Kim 7 Polymer–Drug Nanoconjugates 151 Rong Tong, Li Tang, Nathan P. Gabrielson, Qian Yin, and Jianjun Cheng 8 Nanocrystals Production, Characterization, and Application for Cancer Therapy 183 Christin P. Hollis and Tonglei Li 9 Clearance of Nanoparticles During Circulation 209 Seung-Young Lee and Ji-Xin Cheng 10 Drug Delivery Strategies for Combating Multiple Drug Resistance 241 Joseph W. Nichols and You Han Bae 11 Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles: Implications for Therapeutic Efficacy of the Encapsulated Drug 261 Lin Niu and Jayanth Panyam 12 Toxicological Assessment of Nanomedicine 281 Hayley Nehoff, Sebastien Taurin, and Khaled Greish Index 307

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of oil spill remediation from the perspectives of policy makers, scientists, and engineers, generally focusing on colloid chemistry phenomena and solutions involved in oil spills and their cleanup. First book to address oil spill remediation from the perspective of physicochemical and colloidal science Discusses current and emerging detergents used in clean-ups Includes chapters from leading scientists, researchers, engineers, and policy makers Presents new insights into the possible impact of oil spills on ecosystems as well as preventive measuresTable of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Contributors xi 1 Science-Based Decision Making on the Use of Dispersants in the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 1 Albert D. Venosa, Paul T. Anastas, Mace G. Barron, Robyn N. Conmy, Marc S. Greenberg, and Gregory J. Wilson 2 Understanding and Properly Interpreting the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Blowout 19 Sean S. Anderson, Charles H. Peterson, Gary Cherr, Richard Ambrose, Shelly Anghera, Steve Bay, Michael J. Blum, Rob Condon, Thomas Dean, William (Monty) Graham, Michael Guzy, Stephanie Hampton, Samantha Joye, John Lambrinos, Bruce Mate, Douglas Meffert, Sean Powers, Ponisseril Somasundaran, Robert Spies, Caz Taylor, and Ronald Tjeerdema by Nceas Gulf Oil Spill Ecotox Working Group 3 Remediation and Restoration of Northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ecosystems Following the Deepwater Horizon Event 59 Michael J. Blum, Brittany M. Bernik, Thomas Azwell, and Eric M.V. Hoek 4 Challenges in and Approaches to Modeling the Complexities of Deepwater Oil and Gas Release 89 Rupesh K. Reddy, A. Rao, Z. Yu, C. Wu, K. Nandakumar, L. Thibodeaux, and Kalliat T. Valsaraj 5 Oil Films: Some Basic Concepts 127 Johan Sjöblom and Sébastien Simon 6 Remediating Oilfield Waste and Spills 161 Raymond S. Farinato 7 Multipronged Approach for Oil Spill Remediation 175 Partha Patra and Ponisseril Somasundaran 8 Packed-Bed Capillary Microscopy on BP-Oil-Spill Oil in Porous Media 189 Peixi Zhu, Qing Wang, Yuly A. Jaimes-Lizcano, and Kyriakos Papadopoulos 9 Jameson Cell Technology for Organics Recovery 221 Graeme J. Jameson 10 Development of Gelling Agent for Spilled Oils 231 Kazutami Sakamoto 11 Microstructures of Capped Ethylene Oxide Oligomers in Water and n-Hexane 247 Mangesh I. Chaudhari and Lawrence R. Pratt 12 Some Colloidal Fundamentals in Oil Spill Remediation: The Water/Surfactant/Hydrocarbon Combination 259 S. E. Friberg, H. Hasinovic, and Pi Belobrov 13 Physicochemical Properties of Heavy Oil–Water Interface in the Context of Oil Removal from Seawater by Froth Flotation 279 Louxiang Wang, Meghan Curran, Meijiao Deng, Qingxia Liu, Zhenghe Xu, and Jacob Masliyah 14 Measurement of Interfacial Tension in Hydrocarbon/Water/Dispersant Systems at Deepwater Conditions 295 Mohamed A. Abdelrahim and Dandina N. Rao 15 Surfactant Technologies for Remediation of Oil Spills 317 Edgar J. Acosta and Suniya Quraishi 16 Role of Structural Forces in Cleaning Soiled Surfaces 359 Darsh Wasan, Alex Nikolov, and Gopi Sethumadhavan Index 371

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Book SynopsisWith contributed papers from the 2011 Materials Science and Technology symposia, this is a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues involved in the processing, properties, and applications of biomaterials science.Table of ContentsPreface ix Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of 45S5 Bioglass® 1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering E. A. Aguilar-Reyes, C. A. Leon-Patino, B. Jacinto-Diaz, and L.-P. Lefebvre Next-Generation Rotary Endodontic Instruments Fabricated from 11 Special Nickel-Titanium Alloy William A. Brantley, Jie Liu, Fengyuan Zheng, Scott R. Schricker, John M. Nusstein, William AT. Clark, Libor Kovarik, Masahiro lijima, and Satish B. Alapati Preparation of Nanophase Hydroxyapatite via Self Propagating High 19 Temperature Synthesis Sophie C. Cox and Kajal K. Mallick Low Temperature Sintering of Ti-6AI-4V for Orthopedic Implant 35 Applications Kyle Crosby and Leon Shaw Cytotoxicity Evaluation of 63S Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles by 47 Microcalorimetry A. Doostmohammadi, A. Monshi, M. H. Fathi, O. Braissant, and A. U. Daniels Biological Aspects of Chemically Bonded Ca-Aluminate Based 55 Biomaterials Leif Hermansson Titanium Alloys with Changeable Young's Modulus For Preventing 65 Stress Shielding and Springback Mitsuo Niinomi, Masaaki Nakai, Junko Hieda, Xiaoli Zhao, and Xfeng Zhao Bioactive Glass in Bone Tissue Engineering 73 Mohamed N. Rahaman, Xin Liu, B. Sonny Bai, Delbert E. Day, Lianxiang Bi, and Lynda F. Bonewald Sintering of Hydroxyapatite 83 Monica Sawicki, Kyle Crosby, Ling Li, and Leon Shaw In Vivo Evaluation of 13-93 Bioactive Glass Scaffolds Made by 91 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) M. Velez, S. Jung, K. C. R. Kolan, M. C. Leu, D. E. Day, and T-M.G. Chu Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructural Properties of 101 Bioceramic Bone Scaffolds Juan Vivanco, Aldo Araneda, and Heidi-Lynn Ploeg Application of Polymer-Based Microfluidic Devices for the Selection 111 and Manipulation of Low-Abundant Biological Cells Malgorzata A. Witek, Udara Dharmasiri, Samuel K. Njoroge, Morayo G. Adebiyi, Joyce W. Kamande, Mateusz L. Hupert, Francis Barany, and Steven A. Soper Laser Processed Tantalum for Implants 123 Amit Bandyopadhyay, Solaiman Tarafder, Vamsi Krishna Balla, and Susmita Bose The Role of Bacterial Attachment to Metal Substrate and Its Effects 131 on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) in Transporting Hydrocarbon Pipelines Faisal M. AlAbbas, Anthony Kakpovbia, David L Olson, Brajendra Mishra, and John R. Spear Electrophoretic Deposition of Soft Coatings for Orthopaedic 145 Applications Sigrid Seuss, Alejandra Chavez, Tomohiko Yoshioka, Jannik Stein, and Aldo R. Boccaccini Glutamic Acid-Biphasic Calcium Phosphates: In Vitro Bone 153 Cell-Material Interactions Solaiman Tarafder, Ian McLean, and Susmita Bose Detonation Spraying of Ti02-Ag: Controlling the Phase Composition 161 and Microstructure of the Coatings Dina V. Dudina, Sergey B. Zlobin, Vladimir Yu. Ulianitsky, Oleg I. Lomovsky, Natalia V. Bulina, Ivan A. Bataev, and Vladimir A. Bataev Si02 and SrO Doped ß-TCP: Influence of Dopants on Mechanical 171 and Biological Properties Gary Fielding, Johanna Feuerstein, Amit Bandyopadhyay, and Susmita Bose Inhibition of Low-Temperature Degradation and Biocompatibility on 183 Surface of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia by Electric Polarization Naohiro Horiuchi, Norio Wada, Miho Nakamura, Akiko Nagai, and Kimihiro Yamashita Biomaterials for Therapeutic Gene Delivery 191 Eric N. James, Bret D. Ulery, and Lakshmi S. Nair Sol-Gel Synthesized Bio-Active Nanoporous Sodium Zirconate 213 Coating on 316L Stainless Steel for Biomedical Application K. Bavya Devi and N. Rajendran Influences of Sr, Zn and Mg Dopants on Osteoclast Differentiation 227 and Resorption Mangal Roy, Gary Fielding, and Susmita Bose A Comparitive Study of Cell Behaviors of Hydroxyapatite and 239 Ti-6AI-4V Ling Li, Kyle Crosby, Monica Sawicki, Leon L. Shaw, and Yong Wang Comparative Studies of Cold and Thermal Sprayed Hydroxyapatite 249 Coatings for Biomedical Applications—A Review Ravinder Pal Singh and Niraj Bala Injectable Biomimetic Hydrogels with Carbon Nanofibers and Novel 261 Self Assembled Chemistries for Myocardial Applications Xiangling Meng, David Stout, Linlin Sun, Hicham Fenniri, and Thomas Webster A Quantitative Method to Assess Iron Contamination Removal from 269 a Non-Ferrous Metal Surface after Passivation Sophie X. Yang, Lakshmi Sharma, and Bernice Aboud Author Index 277

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Book SynopsisWith contributed papers from the 2011 Materials Science and Technology symposia, this is a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues in advances in materials science for environmental and energy technologies. Logically organized and carefully selected, the articles cover the themes of the symposia: Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing; Materials Science Challenges for Nuclear Applications; Materials for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Cleanup; Energy Conversion/Fuel Cells; and Energy Storage: Materials, Systems and Applications.Table of ContentsPreface ix GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING Mesoporous Materials For Sorption of Actinides 3 Allen W. Apblett and Zeid Al-Othman Environmentally Friendly Tin Oxide Coating through Aqueous 13 Solution Process Yoshitake Masuda, Tatsuki Ohji, and Kazumi Kato Investigation of the Morphological Change into the Fabrication of 25 ZnO Microtubes and Microrods by a Simple Liquid Process using Zn Layered Hydroxide Precursor Seiji Yamashita, M. Fuji, C. Takai, and T. Shirai Fabrication of Solid Electrolyte Dendrites through Novel Smart 33 Processing Soshu Kirihara, Satoko Tasaki, Hiroya Abe, Katsuya Noritake, and Naoki Komori Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Extruded a-p 41 Duplex Phase Brass Cu-40Zn-Ti Alloy H. Atsumi, H. Imai, S. Li, K. Kondoh, Y. Kousaka, and A. Kojima The Characteristics of High Strength and Lead-Free Machinable 47 a-p Duplex Phase Brass Cu-40Zn-Cr-Fe-Sn-Bi Alloy H. Atsumi, H. Imai, S. Li, K. Kondoh, Y. Kousaka, and A. Kojima Preparation of Biomass Char for Ironmaking and Its Reactivity 55 Hu Zhengwen, Zhang Jianliang, Zhang Xu, Fan Zhengyun, and Li Jing Intelligent Energy Saving System in Hot Strip Mill 65 H. Imanari, K. Ohara, K. Kitagoh, Y. Sakiyama, and F. Williams Hot Gas Cleaning with Gas-Solid Reactions and Related Materials 77 for Advanced Clean Power Generation from Coal Hiromi Shirai and Hisao Makino Polyalkylene Carbonate Polymers—A Sustainable Material Alternative 89 to Traditional Petrochemical Based Plastics P. Ferraro MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP Characterizing the Defect Population Introduced by Radiation 99 Damage* Paul S. Follansbee Radiation Shielding Simulation for Wollastonite-Based Chemically 113 Bonded Phosphate Ceramics J. Pleitt, H. A. Colorado, and C. H. Castano Empirical Model for Formulation of Crystal-Tolerant HLW Glasses 121 J. Matyas, A. Huckleberry, C. A. Rodriguez, J. D. Vienna, and A. A. Kruger ENERGY CONVERSION/FUEL CELLS Novel SOFC Processing Techniques Employing Printed Materials 129 P. Khatri-Chhetri, A. Datar, and D. Cormier Manganese Cobalt Spinel Oxide Based Coatings for SOFC 141 Interconnects Jeffrey W. Fergus, Yingjia Liu, and Yu Zhao C02 Conversion into C/CO Using ODF Electrodes with SOEC 147 Bruce Kang, Huang Guo, and Gulfam Iqbal Heterofoam: New Concepts and Tools for Heterogeneous Functional 155 Material Design K. L. Reifsnider, F. Rabbi, R. Raihan, Q. Liu, P. Majumdar, Y. Du, and J. M. Adkins Study on Heteropolyacids/Ti/Zr Mixed Inorganic Composites for Fuel 165 Cell Electrolytes Uma Thanganathan ENERGY STORAGE: MATERIALS, SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS Fatigue Testing of Hydrogen-Exposed Austenitic Stainless Steel in 175 an Undergraduate Materials Laboratory Patrick Ferro, John Wallace, Adam Nekimken, Travis Dreyfoos, Tyler Spilker, and Elliot Marshall LiMnxFe-,_x P04 Glass and Glass-Ceramics for Lithium Ion Battery 187 Tsuyoshi Honma and Takayuki Komatsu The Absorption of Hydrogen on Low Pressure Hydride Materials 197 Gregg A. Morgan, Jr. and Paul S. Korinko Polymethylated Phenanthrenes as a Liquid Media for Hydrogen 209 Storage Mikhail Redko Author Index 221

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Book SynopsisIn the wake of rapid advances in genetic technologies, new products continue to be developed to help improve human health and quality of life.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Part I Case Study 1 1 Bacillus and the Story of Protein Secretion and Production 3Giulia Barbieri, Anthony Calabria, Gopal Chotani, and Eugenio Ferrari 1.1 Bacillus as a Production Host: Introduction and Historical Account 3 1.2 The Building of a Production Strain: Genetic Tools for B. subtilis Manipulation 5 1.2.1 Promoters 5 1.2.2 Vectors for Building a Production Strain 6 1.2.3 B. subtilis Competent Cell Transformation 7 1.2.4 Protoplasts-Mediated Manipulations 9 1.2.5 Genetics by Electroporation 9 1.3 B. subtilis Secretion Systemand Heterologous Protein Production 9 1.3.1 Bacillus Fermentation and Recovery of Industrial Enzyme 11 1.3.2 Fermentation Stoichiometry 12 1.3.3 Fermentor Kinetics and Outputs 14 1.3.4 Downstream Processing 17 1.4 Summary 21 References 21 2 New Expression Systems for GPCRs 29Dimitra Gialama, Fragiskos N. Kolisis, and Georgios Skretas 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Recombinant GPCR Production – Traditional Approaches for Achieving High-Level Production 39 2.3 Engineered Expression Systems for GPCR Production 42 2.3.1 Bacteria 42 2.3.2 Yeasts 48 2.3.3 Insect Cells 51 2.3.4 Mammalian Cells 54 2.3.5 Transgenic Animals 54 2.3.6 Cell-Free Systems 56 2.4 Conclusion 57 References 58 3 Glycosylation 71Maureen Spearman, Erika Lattová, Hélène Perreault, andMichael Butler 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Types of Glycosylation 72 3.2.1 N-linked Glycans 72 3.2.2 O-linked Glycans 74 3.3 Factors Affecting Glycosylation 76 3.3.1 Nutrient Depletion 76 3.3.2 Fed-batch Cultures and Supplements 79 3.3.3 Specific Culture Supplements 80 3.3.4 Ammonia 82 3.3.5 pH 82 3.3.6 Oxygen 83 3.3.7 Host Cell Systems 83 3.3.8 Other Factors 85 3.4 Modification of Glycosylation 86 3.4.1 siRNA and Gene Knockout/Knockin 86 3.4.2 Glycoprotein Processing Inhibitors and In Vitro Modification of Glycans 88 3.5 Glycosylation Analysis 89 3.5.1 Release of Glycans from Glycoproteins 90 3.5.2 Derivatization of Glycans 91 3.6 Methods of Analysis 91 3.6.1 Lectin Arrays 91 3.6.2 Liquid Chromatography 93 3.6.2.1 HILIC Analysis 93 3.6.2.2 Reversed Phase (RP) and Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) Chromatography 95 3.6.2.3 Weak Anion Exchange (WAX) HPLC Analysis 96 3.6.2.4 High pH Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD) 96 3.6.3 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 97 3.6.4 Fluorophore-assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis (FACE) and CGE-LIF 99 3.6.5 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 100 3.6.5.1 Ionization 100 3.6.5.2 Derivatization Techniques Used for MS Analysis of Glycans 102 3.6.5.3 Fragmentation of Carbohydrates 103 3.7 Conclusion 109 References 109 Part II Bioreactors 131 4 Bioreactors for StemCell and Mammalian Cell Cultivation 133Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer, Sara M. Badenes, Cláudia L. da Silva, and JoaquimM. S. Cabral 4.1 Overview of (Mammalian and Stem) Cell Culture Engineering 133 4.1.1 Cell Products for Therapeutics 134 4.1.2 Cell as a Product: Stem Cells 136 4.2 Bioprocess Characterization 140 4.2.1 Cell Cultivation Methods 140 4.2.2 Cell Metabolism 141 4.2.3 Culture Medium Design 143 4.2.4 Culture Parameters 144 4.2.5 Culture Modes 145 4.3 Cell Culture Systems 147 4.3.1 Static Culture Systems 147 4.3.2 Roller Bottles 150 4.3.3 Spinner Flask 150 4.3.4 Airlift Bioreactor 151 4.3.5 Fixed/Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor 152 4.3.6 Wave Bioreactor 152 4.3.7 Rotating-Wall Vessel Bioreactor 154 4.3.8 Stirred Tank Bioreactor 155 4.3.8.1 Agitation/Shear Stress 156 4.4 Cell Culture Modeling 157 4.5 Case Studies 159 4.5.1 Antibody Production in Bioreactor Systems 159 4.5.2 mESC Expansion on Microcarriers in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor 161 4.6 Concluding Remarks 162 List of Symbols 163 References 164 5 Model-Based Technologies Enabling Optimal Bioreactor Performance 175Rimvydas Simutis, Marco Jenzsch, and Andreas Lübbert 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Basics 176 5.2.1 Balances 176 5.2.2 Model Identification 177 5.2.3 Model-Based Process Optimization 178 5.3 Examples 180 5.3.1 Model-Based State Estimation 180 5.3.1.1 Static Model Approach 180 5.3.1.2 Dynamic Alternatives 183 5.3.2 Optimizing Open Loop-Controlled Cultivations 184 5.3.2.1 Robust Cultivation Profiles 184 5.3.2.2 Evolutionary Modeling Approach 188 5.3.3 Optimization by Model-Aided Feedback Control 190 5.3.3.1 Improving the Basic Control 190 5.3.3.2 Optimizing the Amount of Soluble Product 190 5.3.4 CO2-Removal in Large-Scale Cell Cultures 194 5.4 Conclusion 197 References 198 6 Monitoring and Control of Bioreactor: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances 201James Gomes, Viki Chopda, and Anurag S. Rathore 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2 Challenges in Bioprocess Control 202 6.2.1 Process Dynamics and Modeling 202 6.2.2 Limits of Hardware and Software andTheir Integration 203 6.2.3 Regulatory Aspects 204 6.3 Basic Elements of Bioprocess Control 205 6.3.1 Bioprocess Monitoring 205 6.3.2 Parameter Estimators 205 6.3.3 Bioprocess Modeling 206 6.4 Current Practices in Bioprocess Control 208 6.4.1 PID Control 208 6.4.2 Model-Based Control 209 6.4.3 Adaptive Control 211 6.4.4 Nonlinear Control 214 6.5 Intelligent Control Systems 217 6.5.1 Fuzzy Control 217 6.5.2 Neural Control 219 6.5.3 Statistical Process Control 222 6.5.4 Integrated and Plant-Wide Bioprocess Control 224 6.5.5 Metabolic Control 225 6.6 Summary 226 6.7 Future Perspectives 227 Acknowledgments 227 References 227 Part III Host Strain Technologies 239 7 Metabolic Engineering for Biocatalyst Robustness to Organic Inhibitors 241Liam Royce and Laura R. Jarboe 7.1 Introduction 241 7.2 Mechanisms of Inhibition 243 7.3 Mechanisms of Tolerance 245 7.4 Membrane Engineering 246 7.5 Evolutionary and Metagenomic Strategies for Increasing Tolerance 251 7.6 Reverse Engineering of Improved Strains 254 7.7 Concluding Remarks 255 Acknowledgments 255 References 255 Index 267

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Book SynopsisAn excellent, unique, and up-to-date reference book on polyoxymethylene, its compounds, and nanocomposites, specifically dealing with synthesis, characterization, processing, morphology, and applications Polyoxymethylene Handbook: Structure, Properties, Applications, and Their Nanocomposites summarizes many of the state-of-the-art technological and research accomplishments in the area of polyoxymethylene (POM). It discusses in length the polymerization and manufacture of polyoxymethylene and various types of additives, as well as the structure and crystallization behavior of POM and its thermal, physical, mechanical, flame retardant, chemical, electrical, and optical properties. The environmental impact of POM is also addressed. The 15 chapters in the handbook are written by prominent researchers from industry, academia, and government/private research laboratories across the globe. Because so few books have ever been published on polyoxymethylene, the haTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Polyoxymethylene: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1 Sigrid Luft l and Visakh. P.M. 1.1 Scope 2 1.2 History 2 1.3 Commercial Significance 7 References 13 2 Polymerization and Manufacture of Polyoxymethylene 21 Johannes Karl Fink 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Monomers 22 2.3 Comonomers 25 2.4 Polymerization and Fabrication 28 2.5 Special Additives 44 References 46 3 Polyoxymethylene Additives 53 Emmanuel Richaud 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Antioxidants 54 3.3 Compounds Reacting with Secondary Reaction Products 59 3.4 UV Stabilization 60 3.5 Impact Modifier 65 3.6 Nucleating Agent 67 3.7 Pigments and Dyes 72 3.8 Flame Retardants 75 3.9 Antistatic Agents 79 3.10 Lubricating Agents 80 3.11 Fillers 82 3.12 Processing Aids 90 References 91 Appendix 3.1: List of Stabilizers 100 4 Polyoxymethylene Processing 107 Kinga Pielichowska 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Injection Molding 109 4.3 Melt Extrusion 116 4.4 Solid-State Extrusion 118 4.5 Extrusion Assisted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 120 4.6 Blow Molding 121 4.7 Others Methods 123 4.8 Highly Oriented Products 132 4.9 Recycling of Production Waste 136 4.10 Finishing and Machining of POM 138 4.11 Conclusions 141 References 142 5 Polyoxymethylene Applications 153 Lidia Tokarz, Slawomir Pawlowski and Michal Kedzierski 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Automotive Industry, Mechanical Engineering 156 5.3 Electrical and Electronic Industry, Fancy Goods 157 5.4 Medical Applications 158 5.5 Future Trends 160 References 160 6 Structure and Morphology of Polyoxymethylene 163 Maria Raimo 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Crystalline Structure of POM: Orthorhombic and Hexagonal Phases 165 6.3 Crystal Structure Determination 170 6.4 Morphology of Orthorhombic and Hexagonal POM 173 6.5 Morphology of Rubber-Modified POM 179 6.6 Structure-Properties Relationships 181 References 186 7 Crystal Structure and Crystallization Behavior of POM and its Microscopically-Viewed Relation with the Physical and Thermal Properties on the Basis of X-ray Scattering, Vibrational Spectroscopy and Lattice Dynamical Theory 193 Kohji Tashiro 7.1 Introduction 194 7.2 Crystal Structure Analysis of POM 195 7.3 Vibrational Spectra of POM 204 7.4 Structural Evolution in Isothermal Crystallization 207 7.5 Microscopically-Viewed Mechanical Property of POM 216 7.6 Conclusions 223 Acknowledgements 224 References 224 8 Physical Properties of Polyoxymethylene 227 Johannes Karl Fink 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Density 228 8.3 Hardness 230 8.4 Heat Capacity 231 8.5 Melt Flow 231 8.6 Water Absorption 235 8.7 Gas Permeability 236 8.8 Specific Absorption 238 References 239 9 POM Mechanical Properties 241 Fahmi Bedoui and Bruno Fayolle 9.1 Short Term Properties 242 9.2 Long-Term Properties 249 9.3 Conclusion 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 253 10 Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polyoxymethylene 257 Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki and Sigrid Luft l 10.1 Glass Transition and Melting Temperature 257 10.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 260 10.3 Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat 260 10.4 HDT and Vicat 261 10.5 Thermo-Oxidative Degradation Behavior and Aging 261 10.6 Testing of Long-Term Heat Aging 266 10.7 Flammability 267 10.8 Hot Sterilization 270 References 271 11 Chemical Resistance of Polyoxymethylene 277 Sigrid Luft l and Emmanuel Richaud 11.1 Intoduction 277 11.2 Degradation and Oxidation Mechanisms in POM 278 11.3 Resistance to Chemicals 283 References 295 12 The Electrical Response of Polyoxymethylene (POM) 301 D.A. Wasylyshyn 12.1 Introduction 301 12.2 Interactions between POM and Electromagnetic Waves 302 12.3 Interactions between POM and Arc Plasma 313 References 318 13 Electrical and Optical Properties of Polyoxymethylene 321 Natamai Subramanian Muralisrinivasan 13.1 Introduction 321 13.2 Electrical Properties 322 13.3 Optical Properties 327 References 329 14 Nanocomposites of Polyoxymethylene 331 Agnieszka Leszczyñska and Krzysztof Pielichowski 14.1 Introduction 331 14.2 Preparation and Structure of POM Nanocomposites with Different Nanoadditives 332 14.3 Properties of Polyoxymethylene-Based Nanocomposites 347 14.4 POM Blends as Matrices in Nanocomposite Materials 376 14.5 POM Nanostructures - Electrospun POM Nanofibers 381 14.6 Applications of POM-Based Nanocomposites and Future Trends 385 14.7 Conclusions 386 List of acronyms 387 References 388 15 Future, Environmental Impact and Suppliers 399 Takashi Iwamoto and Junzo Masamoto 15.1 Introduction 400 15.2 Developments and Specialty Resins 400 15.3 Safety (Regulation and Approvals) 421 15.4 Environmental Impact 424 15.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades 426 15.6 Future 426 References 432 Index 435

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Book SynopsisThis book serves as a manual of research techniques for electrochemically active biofilm research. Using examples from real biofilm research to illustrate the techniques used for electrochemically active biofilms, this book is of most use to researchers and educators studying microbial fuel cell and bioelectrochemical systems. The book emphasizes the theoretical principles of bioelectrochemistry, experimental procedures and tools useful in quantifying electron transfer processes in biofilms, and mathematical modeling of electron transfer in biofilms. It is divided into three sections: Biofilms: Microbiology and microbioelectrochemistry - Focuses on the microbiologic aspect of electrochemically active biofilms and details the key points of biofilm preparation and electrochemical measurement Electrochemical techniques to study electron transfer processes - Focuses on electrochemical characterization and data interpretation, highlighting key factors in the experimTable of ContentsLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii PREFACE xi 1 Introduction to Electrochemically Active Biofilms 1Jerome T. Babauta and Haluk Beyenal 2 Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Culturing Geobacter Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells and Other Bioelectrochemical Systems 37Allison M. Speers and Gemma Reguera 3 Microbial Community Characterization on Polarized Electrode Surfaces 61John M. Regan and Hengjing Yan 4 Characterization of Electrode-Associated Biomass and Microbial Communities 83Orianna Bretschger, Shino Suzuki, Shun’ichi Ishii, Crystal Snowden, and Lisa McDonald 5 Biofilm Electrochemistry 121Jerome T. Babauta and Haluk Beyenal 6 Theory of Redox Conduction and The Measurement of Electron Transport Rates Through Electrochemically Active Biofilms 177Darryl A. Boyd, Jeffrey S. Erickson, Jared N. Roy, Rachel M. Snider, Sarah M. Strycharz-Glaven, and Leonard M. Tender 7 Electronic Conductivity in Living Biofilms: Physical Meaning, Mechanisms, and Measurement Methods 211Nikhil S. Malvankar and Derek R. Lovley 8 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as A Powerful Analytical Tool for The Study of Microbial Electrochemical Cells 249Rachel A. Yoho, Sudeep C. Popat, Francisco Fabregat-Santiago, Sixto Giménez, Annemiek Ter Heijne, and César I. Torres 9 Mathematical Modeling of Extracellular Electron Transfer in Biofilms 281Ryan Renslow, Jerome Babauta, Andrew Kuprat, Jim Schenk, Cornelius Ivory, Jim Fredrickson, and Haluk Beyenal 10 Applications of Bioelectrochemical Energy Harvesting in The Marine Environment 345Clare E. Reimers 11 Large-Scale Benthic Microbial Fuel Cell Construction, Deployment, and Operation 367Jeff Kagan, Lewis Hsu, and Bart Chadwick INDEX 00

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Book SynopsisWith a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION 1 1 Overview and Prospects of Polymer Morphology 3 Jerold M. Schultz 1.1 Introductory Remarks 3 1.2 Experimental Avenues of Morphological Research 4 1.2.1 Morphological Characterization: The Enabling of in situ Measurements 4 1.2.2 Morphology–Property Investigation 5 1.2.3 Morphology Development 7 1.3 Modeling and Simulation 8 1.3.1 Self-Generated Fields 9 1.4 Wishful Thinking 11 1.5 Summary 11 References 12 2 X-ray Diffraction from Polymers 14 N. Sanjeeva Murthy 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Basic Principles 14 2.3 Instrumentation 16 2.4 Structure Determination 17 2.4.1 Lattice Dimensions 17 2.4.2 Molecular Modeling 18 2.4.3 Rietveld Method 18 2.4.4 Pair Distribution Functions 18 2.5 Phase Analysis 19 2.5.1 Crystallinity Determination 20 2.5.2 Composition Analysis 21 2.6 Crystallite Size and Disorder 21 2.7 Orientation Analysis 22 2.7.1 Crystalline Orientation 22 2.7.2 Uniaxial Orientation 22 2.7.3 Biaxial Orientation 24 2.7.4 Amorphous Orientation 25 2.8 Small-Angle Scattering 25 2.8.1 Central Diffuse Scattering 26 2.8.2 Discrete Reflections from Lamellar Structures 27 2.8.3 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Solvent Diffusion 29 2.9 Specialized Measurements 30 2.9.1 In situ Experiments 30 2.9.2 Microbeam Diffraction 31 2.9.3 Grazing Incidence Diffraction 32 2.10 Summary 33 References 33 3 Electron Microscopy of Polymers 37 Goerg H. Michler and Werner Lebek 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Microscopic Techniques 37 3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 37 3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 42 3.2.3 Comparison of Different Microscopic Techniques 45 3.2.4 Image Processing and Image Analysis 46 3.3 Sample Preparation 47 3.4 In situ Microscopy 50 References 52 4 Characterization of Polymer Morphology by Scattering Techniques 54 Jean-Michel Guenet 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 A Short Theoretical Presentation 55 4.2.1 General Expressions 55 4.2.2 The Form Factor 56 4.3 Experimental Aspects 60 4.3.1 The Contrast Factor 60 4.3.2 Experimental Setup 61 4.4 Typical Results 62 4.4.1 Neutrons Experiments: A Contrast Variation Story 62 4.4.2 X-Ray Experiments: A Time-Resolved Story 67 4.5 Concluding Remarks 69 References 69 5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Polymers 72 Alejandro J. Müller and Rose Mary Michell 5.1 Introduction to Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Basic Principles and Types of DSC Equipment 72 5.2 Detection of First-Order and Second-Order Transitions by DSC. Applications of Standard DSC Experiments to the Determination of the Glass Transition Temperature and the Melting Temperature of Polymeric Materials 74 5.3 Self-Nucleation 75 5.3.1 Quantification of the Nucleation Efficiency 77 5.4 Thermal Fractionation 78 5.5 Multiphasic Materials: Polymer Blends and Block Copolymers. Fractionated Crystallization and Confinement Effects 81 5.5.1 Blends and Fractionated Crystallization 81 5.5.2 Copolymers 85 5.5.3 Copolymers Versus Blends 87 5.5.4 The Crystallization of Polymers and Copolymers within Nanoporous Templates 88 5.6 Self-Nucleation and the Efficiency Scale to Evaluate Nucleation Power 91 5.6.1 Supernucleation 93 5.7 Determination of Overall Isothermal Crystallization by DSC 95 5.8 Conclusions 95 Acknowledgment 95 References 95 6 Imaging Polymer Morphology using Atomic Force Microscopy 100 Holger Schönherr 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Fundamental AFM Techniques 101 6.2.1 Contact Mode AFM 101 6.2.2 Intermittent Contact (Tapping) Mode AFM 104 6.2.3 Further Dynamic AFM Modes 105 6.3 Imaging of Polymer Morphology 107 6.3.1 Single Polymer Chains 107 6.3.2 Crystal Structures 107 6.3.3 Lamellar Crystals 109 6.3.4 Spherulites 109 6.3.5 Multiphase Systems 109 6.3.6 Polymeric Nanostructures 111 6.4 Property Mapping 113 6.4.1 Nanomechanical Properties 113 6.4.2 Scanning Thermal Microscopy 115 References 115 7 FTIR Imaging of Polymeric Materials 118 S. G. Kazarian and K. L. A. Chan 7.1 Introduction 118 7.2 Principles of FTIR Imaging 118 7.3 Sampling Methods 120 7.3.1 Transmission Mode 120 7.3.2 Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Mode 121 7.4 Spatial Resolution 122 7.4.1 Transmission FTIR Imaging 123 7.4.2 ATR–FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging 123 7.5 Recent Applications 124 7.5.1 Polymer Blends 124 7.5.2 Polymer Processes 125 7.5.3 Polarized FTIR Imaging for Orientation Studies 126 7.6 Conclusions 127 References 128 8 NMR Analysis of Morphology and Structure of Polymers 131 Takeshi Yamanobe and Hiroki Uehara 8.1 Introduction 131 8.2 Basic Concepts in NMR 131 8.2.1 Principles of NMR 131 8.2.2 Analysis of the Free Induction Decay (FID) 132 8.3 Morphology and Relaxation Behavior of Polyethylene 134 8.3.1 Morphology and Molecular Mobility 134 8.3.2 Lamellar Thickening by Annealing 134 8.3.3 Entanglement in the Amorphous Phase 136 8.4 Morphology and Structure of the Nascent Powders 137 8.4.1 Etching by Fuming Nitric Acid 137 8.4.2 Structural Change by Annealing 138 8.4.3 Nascent Isotactic Polypropylene Powder 139 8.5 Kinetics of Dynamic Process of Polymers 141 8.5.1 Melt Drawing of Polyethylene 141 8.5.2 Crystallization Mechanism of Nylon 46 143 8.5.3 Degree of Curing of Novolac Resins 145 8.6 Conclusions 146 References 146 PART II MORPHOLOGY PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING 151 9 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering for Morphological Analysis of Semicrystalline Polymers 153 Anne Seidlitz and Thomas Thurn-Albrecht 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 Small-angle X-ray Scattering 153 9.2.1 Typical Experimental Setup 153 9.2.2 Basic Formalism Describing the Relation between Real-Space Structure and Scattering Intensity in a SAXS Experiment 154 9.2.3 Methods of Analysis Used for SAXS on Semicrystalline Polymers 155 9.3 Concluding Remarks 162 Appendix: Calculation of the Model Function KÞ ′′ sim(s) 163 References 163 10 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers and Block Copolymers 165 Shuichi Nojima and Hironori Marubayashi 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers 165 10.2.1 Crystal Structure 165 10.2.2 Lamellar Morphology 167 10.2.3 Spherulite Structure 168 10.2.4 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers Confined in Isolated Nanodomains 168 10.2.5 Crystalline Morphology of Polymer Blends 169 10.3 Crystalline Morphology of Block Copolymers 171 10.3.1 Crystalline Morphology of Weakly Segregated Block Copolymers 172 10.3.2 Crystalline Morphology of Block Copolymers with Glassy Amorphous Blocks 173 10.3.3 Crystalline Morphology of Strongly Segregated Block Copolymers 174 10.3.4 Crystalline Morphology of Double Crystalline Block Copolymers 175 10.4 Concluding Remarks 176 References 176 11 Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers 181 Alejandro J. Müller Rose Mary Michell and Arnaldo T. Lorenzo 11.1 Introduction 181 11.2 Crystallization Process 182 11.3 Crystallization Kinetics 182 11.3.1 The Avrami Equation [31] 183 11.3.2 Nucleation and Crystal Growth: Lauritzen–Hofmann Theory 188 11.4 Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics–Morphology Relationship 191 11.4.1 Linear PS-b-PCL versus Miktoarm (PS2)-b-(PCL2) Block Copolymers 191 11.4.2 Crystallization Kinetics and Morphology of PLLA-b-PCL Diblock Copolymers 194 11.4.3 Nucleation and Crystallization Kinetics of Double Crystalline Polyethylene/Polyamide (PE/PA) Blends 196 11.4.4 Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(𝜀-Caprolactone)/Carbon Nanotubes (PCL/CNTs) Blends 200 11.5 Conclusions 201 Acknowledgments 201 References 201 12 Surface-induced Polymer Crystallization 204 Xiaoli Sun and Shouke Yan 12.1 Introduction 204 12.2 Influence of Foreign Surface on the Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers 205 12.3 Influence of Foreign Surface on the Crystal Structure and Morphology of Polymers 205 12.3.1 Crystallization of Thin Polymer Films on Amorphous Foreign Surface 205 12.3.2 Crystallization of Polymer Thin Films on Crystalline Foreign Surface with Special Crystallographic Interaction 209 12.4 Bulk Crystallization of Polymers in Contact with a Foreign Surface 226 12.5 Summary 234 References 235 13 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Polymer Crystallization 242 Wenbing Hu and Liyun Zha 13.1 Introduction 242 13.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Crystallization 242 13.3 Crystal Nucleation 247 13.4 Crystal Growth 251 13.5 Crystal Annealing 254 13.6 Summary 255 References 256 14 Self-Assembly and Morphology in Block Copolymer Systems with Specific Interactions 259 Anbazhagan Palanisamy and Qipeng Guo 14.1 Introduction 259 14.2 Block Copolymer Systems with Hydrogen Bonding Interaction in Solid State 260 14.2.1 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 260 14.2.2 Diblock/Triblock Copolymer Systems 264 14.3 Block Copolymer Systems with Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction in Solution 268 14.3.1 Single-Component Block Copolymer Systems 268 14.3.2 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 269 14.3.3 Diblock/Diblock Copolymer Systems 271 14.3.4 Triblock Copolymer Systems 275 14.4 Block Copolymer Systems with Ionic Interaction 275 14.4.1 Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Systems 275 14.4.2 Diblock/Triblock Copolymer Systems 276 14.5 Block Copolymer Blends via Metal–Ligand Coordination Bonds 278 14.6 Concluding Remarks 278 References 279 15 Dynamics Simulations of Microphase Separation in Block Copolymers 283 Xuehao He Xuejin Li Peng Chen and Haojun Liang 15.1 Introduction 283 15.2 Polymer Model and Simulation Algorithm 284 15.2.1 Monte Carlo Method 284 15.2.2 Dissipative Particle Dynamics Method 285 15.2.3 Polymeric Self-Consistent Field Theory 286 15.3 Dynamics of Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers 287 15.3.1 Phase Separation of Linear Block Copolymers 287 15.3.2 Self-Assembly of Star Block Copolymers in Melt 287 15.3.3 Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers in Constrained Systems 289 15.3.4 Micellization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer in Solution 292 15.4 Outlook 294 References 295 16 Morphology Control of Polymer thin Films 299 Jiangang Liu Xinhong Yu Longjian Xue and Yanchun Han 16.1 Wetting 299 16.1.1 Dewetting Mechanisms 300 16.1.2 Dewetting Dynamics 301 16.1.3 Rim Instability 303 16.1.4 Factors Affecting the Stability of Polymer Thin Films 303 16.2 Thin Film of Polymer Blend 304 16.2.1 Fundamentals of Polymer Blends 305 16.2.2 Phase Separation in Thin Polymer Films 306 16.3 The Introduction of Polymer Blend Film in Solar Cells 307 16.3.1 Establish Interpenetrating Network Structure by Controlling Phase Separation 308 16.3.2 Control the Domain Size and Purify of the Domains 310 16.3.3 Adjust the Diffused Structure at the Interface Between Donor and Acceptor 312 16.3.4 Construct the Relationship Between Film Morphology and Device Performance 312 16.4 Summary and Outlook 313 References 313 17 Polymer Surface Topography and Nanomechanical Mapping 317 Hao Liu So Fujinami Dong Wang Ken Nakajima and Toshio Nishi 17.1 Introduction 317 17.2 Contact Mechanics 317 17.2.1 Hertzian Theory (Repulsion between Elastic Bodies) 318 17.2.2 Bradley Model (Interaction between Rigid Bodies) 318 17.2.3 Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) Model 318 17.2.4 Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) Model 319 17.2.5 The JKR–DMT transition and Maugis–Dugdale (MD) Model 319 17.2.6 Adhesion Map 320 17.3 Application of Contact Mechanics to Experimental Data 321 17.3.1 Consideration of Contact Models 321 17.3.2 Force–Distance Curve Conversion 321 17.3.3 Analysis of Load–Indentation Curves 322 17.3.4 Nanomechanical Mapping 322 17.4 Application Examples 323 17.4.1 Effect of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Block Copolymers 323 17.4.2 Measuring the Deformation of Both Ductile and Fragile Polymers 325 17.4.3 Nanorheological AFM on Rubbers 328 17.5 Conclusion 331 References 331 18 Polymer Morphology and Deformation Behavior 335 Masanori Hara 18.1 Introduction 335 18.2 Deformation Behavior of Amorphous Polymers 336 18.2.1 Deformation Behavior of Thin Films 336 18.2.2 Deformation Behavior of Bulk Polymers 338 18.3 Deformation Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymers 339 18.3.1 Deformation of Unoriented Semicrystalline Polymers 341 18.3.2 Strain Hardening and Network Density 341 18.4 Deformation Behavior of Block Copolymers 342 18.4.1 Block Copolymers Based on S and B 343 18.4.2 Block Copolymers Based on E and C (CHE) 345 18.5 Conclusions and Outlook 345 References 346 19 Morphology Development in Immiscible Polymer Blends 348 Ruth Cardinaels and Paula Moldenaers 19.1 Introduction 348 19.2 Morphology Development in Bulk Flow 350 19.2.1 Droplet–Matrix Structures 350 19.2.2 Fibrillar Structures 359 19.2.3 Cocontinuous Structures 361 19.3 Recent Advances in Polymer Blends 363 19.3.1 Immiscible Blends in Confined Flow 363 19.3.2 Blend Compatibilization by Nanoparticles 364 19.4 Conclusions 367 Acknowledgments 368 References 368 20 Processing Structure and Morphology in Polymer Nanocomposites 374 Duraccio Donatella Clara Silvestre Sossio Cimmino Antonella Marra and Marilena Pezzuto 20.1 Overview 374 20.2 Nanoparticles with One Dimension Less Than 100 nm (Layered Silicates) 375 20.3 Nanoparticles with Two Dimensions Less Than 100 nm (Carbon Nanotubes) 377 20.4 Nanoparticles with Three Dimensions Less Than 100 nm (Metal Metal Oxide) 380 20.5 Preparative Methods 382 20.5.1 Solution Processing 382 20.5.2 In situ Polymerization 383 20.5.3 Melt Processing 384 20.5.4 In situ Sol–Gel Technology 384 20.6 Structure and Morphology of Polymer Nanocomposites 385 20.7 Concluding Remarks 388 References 388 21 Morphology and Gas Barrier Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 397 Abbas Ghanbari Marie-Claude Heuzey Pierre J. Carreau and Minh-Tan Ton-That 21.1 Introduction 397 21.2 Structure of Layered Silicates 397 21.3 Morphologies of Polymer-Layered Silicate Composites 398 21.4 Nanocomposite Preparation Methods 398 21.5 Challenges of Thermal Degradation in Melt Intercalation 400 21.6 Methods for Improving Gas Barrier Properties of Polymers 403 21.7 Polyamide Nanocomposites 405 21.8 Polyolefin Nanocomposites 405 21.9 Pet Nanocomposites 406 21.10 Polylactide Nanocomposites 413 21.11 Conclusions and Perspectives 414 References 415 22 Features on the Development and Stability of Phase Morphology in Complex Multicomponent Polymeric Systems: Main Focus on Processing Aspects 418 Charef Harrats Maria-Beatrice Coltelli and Gabriel Groeninckx 22.1 Introduction 418 22.2 Phase Morphology Development in Polymer Blends 419 22.2.1 Droplet-in-Matrix (Dispersed) Phase Morphology 419 22.2.2 Co-continuous Phase Morphology 419 22.2.3 Phase Morphology in Ternary Blends 420 22.3 Melt Processing of Polymer Blends 423 22.3.1 Morphology Buildup during Processing 423 22.3.2 Effects of Processing Parameters on Phase Morphology 424 22.4 Chemistry Involved in Polymer Blends 426 22.4.1 Effect of the Compatibilizer on Phase Morphology 426 22.4.2 Formation in situ of the Compatibilizer 427 22.4.3 Case of Reactive Ternary Blends 429 22.4.4 Stability of Phase Morphology in Reactively Compatibilized Blends 431 22.4.5 Organoclay-Promoted Phase Morphology 433 22.4.6 Conclusions 435 References 436 INDEX 439

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Book SynopsisElectrochemical Power Sources (EPS) provides in a concise way the operational features, major types, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Covers improvements of existing EPSs and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work Provides outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries Covers the most typical battery types, fuel cells and supercapacitors; such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, silver-zinc batteries and modern lithium batteriesTrade Review“Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors” is an excellent introductory text to electrochemical energy devices which covers material considerations, historical developments of the technology and future prospects, spanning fundamental mechanisms to engineering challenges at a high level perspective. The supercapacitor section in particular goes into much more detail of the materials. This text would be most useful for students studying an introduction to electrochemistry course.” (Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 1 October 2015)Table of ContentsForeword xv Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix Symbols xxi Abbrevations xxiii Introduction xxv Part I Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes 1 1 General Aspects 3 1.1 Definition 3 1.2 Current-Producing Chemical Reaction 3 1.3 Classification 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Aspects 6 1.5 Historical Development 8 1.6 Nomenclature 9 Reviews and Monographs 10 2 Main Battery Types 11 2.1 Electrochemical Systems 11 2.2 Leclanché (Zinc–Carbon) Batteries 12 2.3 The Zinc Electrode in Alkaline Solutions 14 2.4 Alkaline Manganese–Zinc Batteries 14 2.5 Lead Acid Batteries 17 2.6 Alkaline Nickel Storage Batteries 20 2.7 Silver–Zinc Batteries 23 References 24 Monographs and Reviews 25 3 Performance 27 3.1 Electrical Characteristics of Batteries 27 3.2 Electrical Characteristics of Storage Batteries 30 3.3 Comparative Characteristics 30 3.4 Operational Characteristics 31 References 32 4 Miscellaneous Batteries 33 4.1 Mercury–Zinc Batteries 33 4.2 Compound Batteries 34 4.3 Batteries with Water as Reactant 37 4.4 Standard Cells 38 4.5 Reserve Batteries 39 Reference 41 Reviews and Monographs 41 5 Design and Technology 43 5.1 Balance in Batteries 43 5.2 Scale Factors 44 5.3 Separators 44 5.4 Sealing 46 5.5 Ohmic Losses 47 5.6 Thermal Processes in Batteries 48 6 Applications of Batteries 51 6.1 Automotive Equipment Starter and Auxiliary Batteries 51 6.2 Traction Batteries 52 6.3 Stationary Batteries 53 6.4 Domestic and Portable Systems 53 6.5 Special Applications 54 7 Operational Problems 55 7.1 Discharge and Maintenance of Primary Batteries 55 7.2 Maintenance of Storage Batteries 56 7.3 General Aspects of Battery Maintenance 60 8 Outlook for Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte 63 References 64 Part II Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolytes 65 9 Different Kinds of Electrolytes 67 9.1 Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions 68 9.2 Ionically Conducting Molten Salts 69 9.3 Ionically Conducting Solid Electrolytes 70 References 72 10 Insertion Compounds 73 Monographs and Reviews 76 11 Primary Lithium Batteries 77 11.1 General Information: Brief History 77 11.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Primary Power Sources 79 11.3 Design of Primary Lithium Cells 81 11.4 Fundamentals of the Technology of Manufacturing of Lithium Primary Cells 82 11.5 Electric Characteristics of Lithium Cells 82 11.6 Operational Characteristics of Lithium Cells 83 11.7 Features of Primary Lithium Cells of Different Electrochemical Systems 84 Monographs 89 12 Lithium Ion Batteries 91 12.1 General Information: Brief History 91 12.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries 93 12.3 Design and Technology of Lithium Ion Batteries 96 12.4 Electric Characteristics, Performance, and Other Characteristics of Lithium Ion Batteries 98 12.5 Prospects of Development of Lithium Ion Batteries 99 Monographs 101 13 Lithium Ion Batteries: What Next? 103 13.1 Lithium–Air Batteries 103 13.2 Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 106 13.3 Sodium Ion Batteries 108 Reviews 110 14 Solid-State Batteries 111 14.1 Low-Temperature Miniature Batteries with Solid Electrolytes 111 14.2 Sulfur–Sodium Storage Batteries 112 Monographs and Reviews 115 15 Batteries with Molten Salt Electrolytes 117 15.1 Storage Batteries 117 15.2 Reserve-Type Thermal Batteries 120 References 122 Part III Fuel Cells 123 16 General Aspects 125 16.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 125 16.2 Schematic Layout of Fuel-Cell Units 128 16.3 Types of Fuel Cells 131 16.4 Layout of a Real Fuel Cell: The Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cell with Liquid Electrolyte 132 16.5 Basic Parameters of Fuel Cells 134 Reference 140 Monographs 140 17 The Development of Fuel Cells 141 17.1 The Period prior to 1894 141 17.2 The Period from 1894 to 1960 143 17.3 The Period from 1960 to the 1990s 144 17.4 The Period after the 1990s 148 References 149 Monographs and Reviews 150 18 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 151 18.1 The History of PEMFC 151 18.2 Standard PEMFC Version of the 1990s 154 18.3 Operating Conditions of PEMFC 156 18.4 Special Features of PEMFC Operation 157 18.5 Platinum Catalyst Poisoning by Traces of Co in the Hydrogen 159 18.6 Commercial Activities in Relation to PEMFC 161 18.7 Future Development of PEMFCs 162 18.8 Elevated-Temperature PEMFCs (ET-PEMFCs) 167 References 170 Reviews 170 19 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells with Gaseous, Liquid, And/Or Solid Reagents 171 19.1 Current-Producing Reactions and Thermodynamic Parameters 172 19.2 Anodic Oxidation of Methanol 172 19.3 Use of Platinum–Ruthenium Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation 173 19.4 Milestones in DMFC Development 173 19.5 Membrane Penetration by Methanol (Methanol Crossover) 174 19.6 Varieties of DMFC 176 19.7 Special Operating Features of DMFC 178 19.8 Practical Prototypes of DMFC and Their Features 180 19.9 The Problems to be Solved in Future DMFC 181 19.10 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFC) 183 Reference 188 Reviews 188 20 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 191 20.1 Special Features of High-Temperature Fuel Cells 191 20.2 The Structure of Hydrogen–Oxygen MCFC 192 20.3 MCFC with Internal Fuel Reforming 194 20.4 The Development of MCFC Work 195 20.5 The Lifetime of MCFCs 196 References 198 Reviews and Monographs 198 21 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 199 21.1 Schematic Design of a Conventional SOFC 200 21.2 Tubular SOFCs 201 21.3 Planar SOFCs 202 21.4 Varieties of SOFCs 205 21.5 The Utilization of Natural Fuels in SOFCs 206 21.6 Interim-Temperature SOFCs (ITSOFCs) 208 21.7 Low-Temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFC) 211 21.8 Factors Influencing the Lifetime of SOFCs 211 References 212 Monographs and Reviews 212 22 Other Types of Fuel Cells 213 22.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 213 22.2 Redox Flow Fuel Cells 218 22.3 Biological Fuel Cells 221 22.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs) 224 References 227 Monographs 227 23 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 229 23.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen AFCs 230 23.2 Problems in the AFC Field 233 23.3 The Present State and Future Prospects of AFC Work 235 23.4 Anion-Exchange (Hydroxyl Ion Conducting) Membranes 236 23.5 Methanol Fuel Cell with an Invariant Alkaline Electrolyte 237 References 237 Monograph 237 24 Applications of Fuel Cells 239 24.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 239 24.2 Small Stationary Power Units 242 24.3 Fuel Cells for Transport Applications 243 24.4 Portables 248 24.5 Military Applications 250 References 250 25 Outlook for Fuel Cells 251 25.1 Alternating Periods of Hope and Disappointment—Forever? 252 25.2 Development of Electrocatalysis 252 25.3 “Ideal Fuel Cells” Do Exist 253 25.4 Expected Future Situation with Fuel Cells 255 Reference 256 Monographs 256 Part IV Supercapacitors 257 26 General Aspects 259 26.1 Electrolytic Capacitors 259 References 261 27 Electrochemical Supercapacitors with Carbon Electrodes 263 27.1 Introduction 263 27.2 Main Properties of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 264 27.3 EDLC Energy Density and Power Density 267 27.4 Fundamentals of EDLC Macrokinetics 271 27.5 Porous Structure and Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Properties of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 272 27.6 Effect of Ratio of Ion and Molecule Sizes and Pore Sizes 275 27.7 Effect of Functional Groups on EDLC Characteristics 277 27.8 Electrolytes Used in EDLC 279 27.9 Impedance of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 283 27.10 Nanoporous Carbons Obtained Using Various Techniques 286 27.11 High-Frequency Carbon Supercapacitors 303 27.12 Self-Discharge of Carbon Electrodes and Supercapacitors 306 27.13 Processes of EDLC Degradation (AGING) 311 References 313 Monograph and Reviews 313 28 Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Supercapacitors 315 28.1 Electrodes Based on Inorganic Salts of Transition Metals 315 28.2 Electrodes Based on Electron-Conducting Polymers (ECPs) 322 28.3 Redox Capacitors Based on Organic Monomers 333 28.4 Lithium-Cation-Exchange Capacitors 335 References 337 Monograph and Reviews 337 29 Hybrid (Asymmetric) Supercapacitors (HSCs) 339 29.1 HSCs of MeOx/C Types 339 29.2 HSCs of ECP/C Type 343 References 344 Review 344 30 Comparison of Characteristics of Supercapacitors and Other Electrochemical Devices. Characteristics of Commercial Supercapacitors 345 Reference 350 Reviews 350 31 Prospects of Electrochemical Supercapacitors 351 32 Electrochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion 355 32.1 Photoelectrochemical Phenomena 355 32.2 Photoelectrochemical Devices 356 32.3 Photoexcitation of Metals (Electron Photoemission into Solutions) 356 32.4 Behavior of Illuminated Semiconductors 357 32.5 Semiconductor Solar Batteries (SC-SB) 358 32.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) 360 References 363 Reviews and Monographs 363 Author Index 365 Subject Index 369

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively describes the development and practice of DNA-encoded library synthesis technology. Together, the chapters detail an approach to drug discovery that offers an attractive addition to the portfolio of existing hit generation technologies such as high-throughput screening, structure-based drug discovery and fragment-based screening. The book: Provides a valuable guide for understanding and applying DNA-encoded combinatorial chemistry Helps chemists generate and screen novel chemical libraries of large size and quality Bridges interdisciplinary areas of DNA-encoded combinatorial chemistry synthetic and analytical chemistry, molecular biology, informatics, and biochemistry Shows medicinal and pharmaceutical chemists how to efficiently broaden available chemical space for drug discovery Provides expert and up-to-date summary of reported literature for DNA-encoded and DNA-directed chemistry technologyTable of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Introductory Comments xi Contributors xxiii 1 Just enough knowledge… 1Agnieszka Kowalczyk 2 A brief history of the development of combinatorial chemistry and the emerging need for DNA-encoded chemistry 19Robert A. Goodnow, Jr. 3 A brief history of DNA-encoded chemistry 45Anthony D. Keefe 4 DNA-Compatible Chemistry 67Kin-Chun Luk and Alexander Lee Satz 5 Foundations of a DNA-encoded library (DEL) 99Alexander Lee Satz 6 Exercises in the Synthesis of DNA-encoded Libraries 123Steffen P. Creaser and Raksha A. Acharya 7 The DNA Tag: A Chemical gene designed for DNA-encoded libraries 153Andrew W. Fraley 8 Analytical challenges for DNA-encoded library systems 171George L. Perkins and G. John Langley 9 Informatics: Functionality and architecture for DNA-encoded library production and screening 201John A. Feinberg and Zhengwei Peng 10 Theoretical considerations of the application of DNA-encoded libraries to drug discovery 213Charles Wartchow 11 Begin with the End in Mind: The hit-to-lead process 231John Proudfoot 12 Enumeration and Visualization of Large Combinatorial Chemical Libraries 247Sung-Sau So 13 Screening Large Compound Collections 281Stephen P. Hale 14 Reported applications of DNA-encoded library chemistry 319Johannes Ottl 15 Dual-Pharmacophore DNA-encoded Chemical Libraries 349Jörg Scheuermann and Dario Neri 16 Hit Identification and Hit Follow-up 357Yixin Zhang 17 Using DNA to Program Chemical Synthesis, Discover New Reactions, and Detect Ligand Binding 377Lynn M. McGregor and David R. Liu 18 The changing feasibility and economics of chemical diversity exploration with DNA-encoded combinatorial approaches 417Robert A. Goodnow, Jr. 19 Keeping the promise? An outlook on DNA chemical library technology 427Samu Melkko and Johannes Ottl Index 435

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Book SynopsisA contemporary compilation of recent achievements in organometallic chemistry The prestigious International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry (ICOMC) was launched in 1963, providing a forum for researchers from around the world to share their findings and explore new paths to advance our knowledge and application of organometallic chemistry. The 25th ICOMC, held in Lisbon in 2012, gathered more than 1,200 participants from 54 countries. This volume celebrates the 25th Silver Edition and the 50th Gold Year of the ICOMC. Featuring contributions from invited 25th ICOMC speakers, Advances in Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis highlights recent achievements and new and emerging areas of research in the field. Its seven sections cover: Activation and Functionalization of Carbon Single Bonds and Small Molecules Organometallic Synthesis and Catalysis Organometallic Polymerization Catalysis Organometallic Polymers aTrade Review“The book is written in good scientific English and should be easily understood by a graduate-level scientist who has some familiarity with the topics.” (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 1 May 2015) Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I ACTIVATION AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBON SINGLE BONDS AND OF SMALL MOLECULES 1 1 Organometallic Complexes as Catalysts in Oxidation of C—H Compounds 3 Georgiy B. Shul’pin 2 Toward Functionalization of Alkanes Under Environmentally Benign Conditions 15 Armando J. L. Pombeiro 3 Self-assembled Multicopper Complexes and Coordination Polymers for Oxidation and Hydrocarboxylation of Alkanes 27 Alexander M. Kirillov, Marina V. Kirillova, and Armando J. L. Pombeiro 4 Activation of C—O and C—F Bonds by Pincer-iridium Complexes 39 Jason Hackenberg, Karsten Krogh-Jespersen, and Alan S. Goldman 5 Functionalization of sp2 and sp3 Carbon Centers Catalysed by Polyoxometalates and Metalloporphyrins 59 M´ario M. Q. Sim˜oes, Isabel C. M. S. Santos, Maria Gra¸ca P. M. S. Neves, Ana M. V. Cavaleiro, and Jos´e A. S. Cavaleiro 6 Quasi-borinium Cation Based on Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide): Its Lewis Acidity and C—H and C—X Bond Activation 73 V. I. Bregadze, I. B. Sivaev, I. D. Kosenko, I. A. Lobanova, Z. A. Starikova, and I. A. Godovikov 7 Transition-metal-promoted Functionalization of Carboranes 81 Zaozao Qiu and Zuowei Xie 8 Weak Interactions and M—H Bond Activation 97 Elena Shubina, Natalia Belkova, Oleg Filippov, and Lina Epstein PART II ORGANOMETALLIC SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 111 9 Complexes with Protic N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NR,NH-NHC) Ligands 113 F. Ekkehardt Hahn 10 Cyclopentadienyl-functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Iron and Nickel: Catalysts for Reductions 133 Beatriz Royo 11 Palladium-(acyclic diaminocarbene) Species as Alternative to Palladium-(nitrogen heterocyclic carbenes) in Cross-coupling Catalysis 145 Vadim P. Boyarskiy, Konstantin V. Luzyanin, and Vadim Yu. Kukushkin 12 Synthesis of Metallocenes Via Metathesis in Metal Coordination Spheres 157 Antoni Pietrzykowski and W©©odzimierz Buchowicz 13 Metal-mediated [2 + 3] Dipolar Cycloaddition to Substrates with CN Triple Bond: Recent Advances 171 Konstantin V. Luzyanin and Maxim L. Kznetsov 14 Coordination Chemistry of Oxazoline/Thiazoline-based P,N Ligands 185 Shuanming Zhang, Roberto Pattacini, and Pierre Braunstein 15 “Click” Copper Catalyzed Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) in Aqueous Medium 199 Joaqu´©¥n Garc´©¥a-A´lvarez and Jose´ Gimeno 16 Organogold Catalysis: Homogeneous Gold-catalyzed Transformations for a Golden Jubilee 207 Fabien Gagosz 17 Vanadium(IV) Complexes Derived from Aromatic o-Hydroxyaldehydes and Tyrosine Derivatives: Catalytic Evaluation in Sulfoxidations 227 Jo˜ao Costa Pessoa, Isabel Correia, and Pedro Ad˜ao 18 Microwave-assisted Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds 233 Yauhen Yu. Karabach, Maximilian N. Kopylovich, Kamran T. Mahmudov, and Armando J. L. Pombeiro 19 Oxidation of Glycerol with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Metal Complexes 247 Dalmo Mandelli, Wagner A. Carvalho, Lidia S. Shul’pina, Alexander M. Kirillov, Marina V. Kirillova, Armando J. L. Pombeiro, and Georgiy B. Shul’pin 20 Involvement of an Acetato Ligand in the Reductive Elimination Step of the Rhodium-catalyzed Methanol Carbonylation 259 Duc Hanh Nguyen, Nicolas Lassauque, Thomas Davin, Laurent Maron, Carole Le Berre, Philippe Serp, and Philippe Kalck 21 Half-sandwich Rhodium(III), Iridium(III), and Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Ancillary Pyrazole-based Ligands 269 Claudio Pettinari, Riccardo Pettinari, Corrado Di Nicola, and Fabio Marchetti 22 Carbon-scorpionate Complexes in Oxidation Catalysis 285 Lu´©¥sa M. D. R. S. Martins and Armando J. L. Pombeiro 23 Toward Chemoselective Bioconjugative Desulfitative Catalysis 295 Lanny S. Liebeskind and Ethel C. Garnier-Amblard 24 Sulfoxide Redox Chemistry with Molybdenum Catalysts 305 Maria Jos´e Calhorda and Luis F. Veiros 25 A New Family of Zirconium Complexes Anchored by Dianionic Cyclam-based Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Applications 315 Ana M. Martins, Rui F. Munh´a, Luis G. Alves, and Shanmuga Bharathi 26 Metal-organo Multicatalysis: An Emerging Concept 325 Alexandre F. Trindade, Jo˜ao N. Rosa, F´abio M. F. Santos, and Pedro M. P. Gois PART III ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERIZATION CATALYSIS 343 27 Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerisations and Copolymerisations by Means of Rare Earths Organometallic Catalysts for the Synthesis of Tailor-made Polymers 345 Marc Visseaux, Thomas Chenal, and Philippe Zinck 28 Charge-neutral and Cationic Complexes of Large Alkaline Earths for Ring-opening Polymerization and Fine Chemicals Catalysis 359 Jean-Fran¸cois Carpentier, Bo Liu, and Yann Sarazin PART IV ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS AND MATERIALS 379 29 Organometallic Polymers 381 Manuel Serrano-Ruiz, Franco Scalambra, and Antonio Romerosa 30 From Serendipity to Porosity: Synthesis and Reactivity of Coordination Polymers Based on Copper Trinuclear Triangular Motifs 407 Luciano Pandolfo 31 Organometallic Nanoparticles 421 Patricia Lara, Karine Philippot, Lise-Marie Lacroix, S´ebastien Lachaize, Nikos Liakakos, Katerina Soulantica, and Bruno Chaudret 32 Organometallic Compounds in the Synthesis of New Materials: Old Ligands, New Tricks 437 Piotr Sobota and ¨©ukasz John 33 The Role of Organometallic Complexes in the Synthesis of Shaped Carbon Materials 445 Neil J. Coville and Edward N. Nxumalo 34 Metal Catalysis in Fullerene Chemistry 459 Salvatore Filippone, Enrique E. Maroto, A´ngel Mart´©¥n-Domenech, and Nazario Mart´©¥n 35 Organometallic Complexes of Sumanene 473 Toru Amaya and Toshikazu Hirao 36 Advances in Luminescent Tetracoordinate Organoboron Compounds 485 D. Suresh and Pedro T. Gomes 37 Mechanochemistry: A Tool in the Synthesis of Catalysts, Metallodrugs, and Metallopharmaceuticals 493 Vˆania Andr´e, Clara S. B. Gomes, and M. Teresa Duarte PART V ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 501 38 Organometallic Complexes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) 503 Delele W. Ayele, Wei-Nein Su, John Rick, Hung-Ming Chen, Chun-Jern Pan, Nibret G. Akalework, and Bing-Joe Hwang 39 Synthetic Photosynthesis for the Conversion of Large Volumes of Carbon Dioxide into Energy-Rich Molecules: Saving Fossil Fuels by Recycling Carbon 513 Michele Aresta and Angela Dibenedetto 40 Ionic Liquids for Hydrogen Storage: Opportunities for Organometallic Chemistry 529 Martin H. G. Prechtl and Sebastian Sahler PART VI BIOORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 543 41 Metal Carbonyls for CO-based Therapies: Challenges and Successes 545 Carlos C. Rom˜ao and Helena L. A. Vieira 42 The Ferrocifen Family as Potent and Selective Antitumor Compounds: Mechanisms of Action 563 G´erard Jaouen and Siden Top 43 On the Track to Cancer Therapy: Paving New Ways With Ruthenium Organometallics 581 Tˆania S. Morais and M. Helena Garcia 44 Organometallic Chemistry of Rhenium and Technetium Fueled by Biomedical Applications 589 Ant´onio Paulo, Goreti Ribeiro Morais, and Isabel Santos 45 Metal-based Indolobenzazepines and Indoloquinolines: From Moderate cdk Inhibitors to Potential Antitumor Drugs 605 Michael F. Primik, Lukas K. Filak, and Vladimir B. Arion 46 Metal-based Chelates and Nanosystems as MRI Contrast Agents 619 Sara Figueiredo and Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes PART VII ORGANOMETALLIC ELECTROCHEMISTRY 631 47 Electrochemistry and Supramolecular Interactions of “Ferrocifen” Anticancer Drugs with Cyclodextrins and Lipid Bilayers: An Electrochemical Overview 633 Olivier Buriez, Eric Labb´e, and Christian Amatore 48 Electrochemistry of Fischer Aminocarbene Complexes: Effects of Structure on Redox Properties, Electron Distribution, and Reaction Mechanisms 653 Ji¢§r´©¥ Ludv´©¥k and Irena Hoskovcov´a 49 Electron Transfer-induced Coordination Changes in Organometallic Complexes with Non-innocent Hemilabile Ligands 667 Wolfgang Kaim, Martina Bubrin, and Ralph H¨ubner 50 Redox Potential–Structure Relationships and Parameterization in Characterization and Identification of Organometallic Compounds 677 M. F´atima C. Guedes da Silva and Armando J. L. Pombeiro 51 Endohedral Metallofullerenes Today: More and More Versatile Ships in Multiform Bottles—Electrochemistry of X-Ray Characterized Monometallofullerenes 691 Fabrizia Fabrizi de Biani and Piero Zanello POSTSCRIPT: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ICOMC CONFERENCES 703 Ekkehardt Hahn INDEX 707

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Book SynopsisProvides detailed methods to reduce or eliminate damage caused by corrosion. This book explains the human and environmental costs of corrosion, its causes and various types of corrosion. It summarizes the costs of corrosion in different industries, including bridges, mining, petroleum refining, chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction and Forms of Corrosion 1 1.1 General or Uniform or Quasi-Uniform Corrosion 1 1.2 Galvanic Corrosion 4 1.2.1 Factors involved in Galvanic Corrosion 8 1.2.2 Galvanic Series and Corrosion 9 1.2.3 The Nature of the Metal/Solution Interface 10 1.2.4 Polarization of the Galvanic Cell 10 1.2.5 Testing of Galvanic Corrosion 13 1.3 Stray Current Corrosion 13 1.4 Localized Corrosion 14 1.4.1 Pitting Corrosion 15 1.4.2 Poultice Corrosion 17 1.4.3 Crevice Corrosion 17 1.4.4 Filiform Corrosion 18 1.4.5 Breakdown of Passivation 19 1.4.6 Coatings and Localized Corrosion 20 1.4.7 Electrochemical Studies of Localized Corrosion 20 1.4.8 Potentiostatic Methods 22 1.4.9 Prevention of Localized Corrosion 22 1.4.10 Corrosion Tests 23 1.4.11 Changes in Mechanical Properties 23 1.4.12 Electrochemical Techniques for the Study of Localized Corrosion 24 1.4.13 Electrochemical Impedance and Localized Corrosion 24 1.4.14 The SRET 25 1.5 Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion 25 1.5.1 The Influence of Metallurgical Properties in Aqueous Media 25 1.6 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) 36 1.6.1 Growth and Metabolism 36 1.6.2 Environments 37 1.6.3 Biological Corrosion in Freshwater Environments 37 1.6.4 Biological Corrosion in Marine Environments 37 1.6.5 Industries Affected 38 1.6.6 Role of Some Microbiological Species in Corrosion 38 1.6.7 Attack by Organisms Other than SRB 39 1.6.8 Production of Biofilms 40 1.6.9 Production of Sulfides 41 1.6.10 Formation of Organic and Inorganic Acids 41 1.6.11 Gases from Organisms 41 1.6.12 MIC of Materials 41 1.6.13 Wood and Polymers 41 1.6.14 Hydrocarbons 42 1.6.15 Types of Corrosion of Metals and Alloys 42 1.6.16 Microbiological Impacts and Testing 43 1.6.17 Recognition of Microbiological Corrosion 43 1.7 Mechanically Assisted Corrosion 44 1.7.1 Corrosion and Wear 44 1.7.2 Abrasion 45 1.7.3 Wear Impact 45 1.7.4 Corrosion Effects 46 1.7.5 Wear Damage Mechanisms 46 1.7.6 Adhesive Wear 46 1.7.7 Abrasive Wear 47 1.7.8 Fatigue Wear 47 1.7.9 Impact Wear 47 1.7.10 Chemical or Corrosive Wear 48 1.7.11 Oxidative Wear 49 1.7.12 Electric-Arc-Induced Wear 50 1.7.13 Erosion–Corrosion 50 1.7.14 Impingement 51 1.7.15 Effect of Turbulence 52 1.7.16 Galvanic Effect 52 1.7.17 Water Droplet Impingement Erosion 52 1.7.18 Cavitation 53 1.7.19 Cavitation Erosion 53 1.7.20 Impacting Bubbles 54 1.7.21 Prevention 55 1.7.22 Fretting Corrosion 55 1.7.23 Mechanism of Fretting Corrosion 56 1.7.24 Modeling Fretting Corrosion 57 1.7.25 Fretting CF 58 1.7.26 Prevention of Fretting Wear 58 1.7.27 Testing 59 1.7.28 Measurement of Wear and Corrosion 59 1.7.29 Galling Stress 59 1.7.30 CF 59 1.7.31 Morphology of CF Ruptures 60 1.7.32 Important Factors of CF 61 1.7.33 Stresses 61 1.7.34 Stress Ratio 62 1.7.35 Material Factors 62 1.7.36 Mechanism of CF 63 1.7.37 Crack Initiation 64 1.7.38 Crack Propagation 65 1.7.39 Prevention of CF 66 1.8 Environmentally Induced Cracking (EIC) 67 1.8.1 Testing of CF 67 1.8.2 Types of Tests 68 1.8.3 Sampling in CF Tests 68 1.8.4 SCC 69 1.8.5 Morphology 70 1.8.6 Some Key Factors of SCC 71 1.8.7 Material Properties in SCC 72 1.8.8 Potential–pH Diagram and SCC 72 1.8.9 Active–Passive Behavior and Susceptible Zone of Potentials 73 1.8.10 Electrode Potential and its Effect on Crack Growth 74 1.8.11 Prevention of Hydrogen Damage 87 References 89 2 Corrosion Costs 95 2.1 Introduction 95 2.2 Data Collection and Economic Analysis 96 2.2.1 The Uhlig Report (United States of America 1949) 96 2.2.2 The Hoar Report (United Kingdom 1970) 96 2.2.3 Report of the Committee on Corrosion and Protection (Japan 1977) 100 2.2.4 The Battelle-NBS Report (United States, 1978) 102 2.2.5 The Economics of Corrosion in Australia 108 2.2.6 Kuwait (1995) 114 2.2.7 Costs of Corrosion in Other Countries 115 2.3 Tribology 123 2.3.1 Economies of Wear and Corrosion in the Canadian Industry 123 2.3.2 Strategies Against Wear and Friction 124 References 126 3 Corrosion Causes 127 3.1 Introduction 127 3.2 Corrosion in Conventional Concrete Bridges 127 3.3 Corrosion of Prestressed Concrete Bridges 127 3.4 Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete 128 3.5 Mechanism of Corrosion and Assessment Techniques in Concrete 128 3.5.1 Chloride Ingress and the Corrosion Threshold 128 3.5.2 Carbonation of Concrete and Corrosion 129 3.5.3 Conventional Reinforced Concrete 130 3.6 Steel Bridges 133 3.7 Cable and Suspension Bridges 133 3.8 Corrosion of Underground Pipelines 135 3.8.1 Types of Corrosion of Underground Pipelines 136 3.8.2 Replacement/Rehabilitation 140 3.8.3 Pipeline Integrity Management Programs 141 3.8.4 In-line Inspections 141 3.8.5 Aging Coating 141 3.8.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking 141 3.8.7 Corrosion-Related Failures 142 3.9 Waterways and Ports 143 3.9.1 Areas of Major Corrosion Impact 143 3.9.2 Fresh Water 144 3.10 Hazardous Materials Storage 145 3.10.1 Aboveground Storage Tanks 145 3.10.2 Underground Fuel Storage Tanks 148 3.11 Corrosion Problems in Airports 148 3.12 Railroads 149 3.13 Gas Distribution 150 3.13.1 Pipe Failures 151 3.14 Drinking Water and Sewer Systems 152 3.14.1 External Corrosion in Water Systems 153 3.15 Electrical Utilities 154 3.15.1 Fossil Fuel Steam Supply Systems 154 3.15.2 Hydraulic Plants 156 3.15.3 Areas of Major Corrosion Impact on Electric Utility Systems 157 3.16 Telecommunications 157 3.16.1 Shelters 158 3.17 Motor Vehicles 160 3.17.1 Corrosion Causes 160 3.18 Ships 161 3.19 Aircraft 162 3.19.1 Corrosion Modes 162 3.20 Railroad Cars 164 3.21 Hazardous Materials Transport 167 3.22 Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 170 3.23 Corrosion in the Mining Industry 172 3.23.1 Wire Rope 173 3.24 Petroleum Refining 174 3.24.1 Areas of Major Corrosion Impact 175 3.24.2 Water-Related Corrosion 175 3.24.3 Processing-Related Corrosion 175 3.24.4 Naphthenic Acid Corrosion 175 3.24.5 Corrosion-Related Failure in Refineries 176 3.25 Chemical Petrochemical and Pharmaceutical Industries 177 3.26 Pulp and Paper Industry 179 3.27 Agricultural Production 181 3.28 The Food Processing Sector 182 3.29 Electronics 183 3.30 Corrosion Problems in Home Appliances 186 3.30.1 High-Efficiency Furnaces 187 3.30.2 Air Conditioners 187 3.31 Corrosion Problems in the US Dept. of Defense 188 3.31.1 Weapon Systems 188 3.31.2 Army 189 3.31.3 Vehicles 189 3.31.4 Case Study of HMMWV 190 3.31.5 Helicopters 192 3.31.6 Air Force 193 3.31.7 KC-135 Stratotanker 193 3.31.8 Navy 195 3.31.9 Submarines 196 3.31.10 Aircraft 197 3.32 Nuclear Waste Storage 197 3.32.1 Transition from Interim Storage to Permanent Storage 198 3.32.2 Cask Design for Permanent Storage 199 3.32.3 Effect of Location on Corrosion of Nuclear Storage Containers 199 References 200 4 Corrosion Control and Prevention 205 4.1 Introduction 205 4.2 Protective Coatings 205 4.2.1 Organic Coatings 206 4.2.2 Metallic Coatings 212 4.3 Metals and Alloys 214 4.4 Corrosion Inhibitors 216 4.4.1 Petroleum Production Transportation and Refining 217 4.4.2 Pulp and Paper 218 4.4.3 Iron and Steel 218 4.4.4 Additives 218 4.4.5 Deicers 219 4.5 Engineering Composites and Plastics 219 4.5.1 Composites 219 4.5.2 Polyethylene 220 4.5.3 Fluoropolymers 221 4.6 Cathodic and Anodic Protection 221 4.7 Services 222 4.8 Research and Development 223 4.9 Corrosion Control of Bridges 223 4.9.1 Reinforced Concrete Bridges 223 4.9.2 Steel Bridges 237 4.10 Mitigating Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Underwater Tunnels (36) 244 4.11 Corrosion of Underground Gas and Liquid Transmission Pipelines 244 4.11.1 Stray Current Corrosion 245 4.11.2 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) 245 4.11.3 Mitigation of External Corrosion 247 4.11.4 Operations and Maintenance 248 4.11.5 Cost of Operation and Maintenance (Corrosion Control) 250 4.11.6 Aging Coating 251 4.11.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 251 4.12 Gas Distribution 254 4.12.1 Pipe Failures 255 4.12.2 Plastic Pipe 255 4.13 Waterways and Ports 255 4.14 Hazardous Materials Storage 257 4.14.1 Nuclear Waste Storage 257 4.15 Corrosion Control of Storage Tanks 260 4.15.1 Aboveground Storage Tanks–Internal Coatings 260 4.15.2 Aboveground Storage Tanks–External Coatings 262 4.15.3 Aboveground Storage Tanks–Cathodic Protection 262 4.15.4 Underground Storage Tanks–Corrosion Control 262 4.15.5 Underground Storage Tanks–Cathodic Protection 263 4.15.6 Polymer Tanks 263 4.16 Airports 263 4.17 Railroads 264 4.17.1 Corrosion of Railroad Cars 264 4.18 Drinking Water and Sewer Systems 265 4.18.1 Corrosion Control in the Water Supply 265 4.18.2 Corrosion Control in Water Treatment Facilities 265 4.18.3 Corrosion Inhibitors pH Control and Alkalinity Adjusters 266 4.18.4 Corrosion Control in Water Storage Systems 268 4.18.5 Corrosion Control in Water Transmission Systems 269 4.18.6 Corrosion Control in Water Distribution Systems 271 4.18.7 Corrosion Control in Sewage Water Systems 273 4.18.8 Optimized Management by Combining Corrosion Control Methods 273 4.19 Electric Utilities 275 4.20 Telecommunications 275 4.21 Motor Vehicles 277 4.22 Ships 281 4.22.1 Design 281 4.23 Corrosion Control in Aircraft 286 4.23.1 Material Selection 287 4.23.2 Coating Selection 287 4.23.3 Drainage 287 4.23.4 Sealants 288 4.24 Hazardous Materials Transport (HAZMAT) 288 4.25 Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 289 4.26 Corrosion and its Prevention in the Mining Industry 292 4.27 Petroleum Refining 293 4.28 Corrosion Control in the Chemical Petrochemical and Pharmaceutical Industries 295 4.28.1 Corrosion-Resistant Alloys 296 4.28.2 Piping Design Factors 297 4.28.3 Construction Stage Checks 298 4.28.4 Remedial Action and Diagnostic Analysis 300 4.29 Pulp and Paper Industrial Sector 300 4.29.1 Equipment Design 300 4.29.2 Process Design and Corrosion Inhibitors 301 4.29.3 Weight Loss Coupons 301 4.29.4 Inspection and Preventive Maintenance 301 4.30 Agricultural Production 302 4.30.1 Keeping Equipment Clean/Dry 302 4.30.2 Material Selection 302 4.30.3 External Coatings/Paint 303 4.30.4 Internal Linings 303 4.30.5 Cathodic Protection 303 4.31 Food Processing 303 4.32 Corrosion Forms in the Electronics Industry 304 4.32.1 Cathodic Corrosion 304 4.32.2 Pore-Creep in Electrical Contacts and Metallic Joints 305 4.32.3 Fretting Corrosion of Separate Connectors with Tin Finishes 305 4.32.4 Galvanic Corrosion 305 4.32.5 Micropitting on Aluminum 305 4.32.6 Corrosion of Aluminum in Chlorinated Media 306 4.32.7 Solder Corrosion 306 4.32.8 Corrosion of Magnetic and Magneto-Optic Devices 306 4.33 Home Appliances 306 4.33.1 Corrosion Control by Sacrificial Anodes 306 4.33.2 Corrosion Control by Corrosion-Resistant Materials 307 4.33.3 Corrosion Control by Coatings and Paint 308 4.34 Defense 308 4.34.1 Army 308 4.34.2 Navy 311 4.34.3 Air Force 311 4.35 Preventive Strategies 312 References 313 5 Consequences of Corrosion 317 5.1 Introduction 317 5.2 Corrosion Studies 317 5.2.1 The Battelle-NBS Study 317 5.3 Corrosion Damage Defects and Failures 325 5.3.1 Point Defects 326 5.3.2 Line Defects 327 5.3.3 Planar and Surface Defects 327 5.3.4 Bulk Defects 327 5.3.5 Fault 327 5.3.6 Connector Corrosion 327 5.3.7 Failure 328 5.4 Age-Reliability Characteristics 389 5.5 Historical Implications of Corrosion 390 5.6 Social Implications of Corrosion 392 5.7 The Nuclear Industry 392 5.8 Fossil Fuel Energy Systems 393 5.9 The Aerospace Industry 393 5.10 The Electrical and Electronics Industry 393 5.11 The Marine and Offshore Industry 394 5.12 The Automobile Industry 395 5.13 Bridges 395 5.14 Biomedical Engineering 397 5.15 The Defense Industry 397 5.16 Corrosion and Environmental Implications 397 References 398 Index 403

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Book SynopsisAnalysis and Modelling of Non-Steady Flow in Pipe and Channel Networks deals with flows in pipes and channel networks from the standpoints of hydraulics and modelling techniques and methods. These engineering problems occur in the course of the design and construction of hydroenergy plants, water-supply and other systems. In this book, the author presents his experience in solving these problems from the early 1970s to the present day. During this period new methods of solving hydraulic problems have evolved, due to the development of computers and numerical methods. This book is accompanied by a website which hosts the author''s software package, Simpip (an abbreviation of simulation of pipe flow) for solving non-steady pipe flow using the finite element method. The program also covers flows in channels. The book presents the numerical core of the SimpipCore program (written in Fortran). Key features: Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Hydraulic Networks 1 1.1 Finite element technique 1 1.1.1 Functional approximations 1 1.1.2 Discretization, finite element mesh 3 1.1.3 Approximate solution of differential equations 6 1.2 Unified hydraulic networks 21 1.3 Equation system 23 1.3.1 Elemental equations 23 1.3.2 Nodal equations 24 1.3.3 Fundamental system 25 1.4 Boundary conditions 28 1.4.1 Natural boundary conditions 28 1.4.2 Essential boundary conditions 30 1.5 Finite element matrix and vector 30 Reference 36 Further reading 36 2 Modelling of Incompressible Fluid Flow 37 2.1 Steady flow of an incompressible fluid 37 2.1.1 Equation of steady flow in pipes 37 2.1.2 Subroutine SteadyPipeMtx 40 2.1.3 Algorithms and procedures 42 2.1.4 Frontal procedure 45 2.1.5 Frontal solution of steady problem 51 2.1.6 Steady test example 57 2.2 Gradually varied flow in time 59 2.2.1 Time-dependent variability 59 2.2.2 Quasi non-steady model 60 2.2.3 Subroutine QuasiUnsteadyPipeMtx 61 2.2.4 Frontal solution of unsteady problem 63 2.2.5 Quasi-unsteady test example 65 2.3 Unsteady flow of an incompressible fluid 65 2.3.1 Dynamic equation 65 2.3.2 Subroutine RgdUnsteadyPipeMtx 68 2.3.3 Incompressible fluid acceleration 69 2.3.4 Acceleration test 72 2.3.5 Rigid test example 72 References 75 Further Reading 75 3 Natural Boundary Condition Objects 77 3.1 Tank object 77 3.1.1 Tank dimensioning 77 3.1.2 Tank model 79 3.1.3 Tank test examples 83 3.2 Storage 90 3.2.1 Storage equation 90 3.2.2 Fundamental system vector and matrix updating 91 3.3 Surge tank 91 3.3.1 Surge tank role in the hydropower plant 91 3.3.2 Surge tank types 94 3.3.3 Equations of oscillations in the supply system 99 3.3.4 Cylindrical surge tank 101 3.3.5 Model of a simple surge tank with upper and lower chamber 108 3.3.6 Differential surge tank model 112 3.3.7 Example 117 3.4 Vessel 121 3.4.1 Simple vessel 121 3.4.2 Vessel with air valves 124 3.4.3 Vessel model 126 3.4.4 Example 127 3.5 Air valves 128 3.5.1 Air valve positioning 128 3.5.2 Air valve model 133 3.6 Outlets 135 3.6.1 Discharge curves 135 3.6.2 Outlet model 137 Reference 138 Further reading 138 4 Water Hammer – Classic Theory 141 4.1 Description of the phenomenon 141 4.1.1 Travel of a surge wave following the sudden halt of a locomotive 141 4.1.2 Pressure wave propagation after sudden valve closure 141 4.1.3 Pressure increase due to a sudden flow arrest – the Joukowsky water hammer 143 4.2 Water hammer celerity 143 4.2.1 Relative movement of the coordinate system 143 4.2.2 Differential pressure and velocity changes at the water hammer front 145 4.2.3 Water hammer celerity in circular pipes 147 4.3 Water hammer phases 149 4.3.1 Sudden Flow Stop, Velocity Change V0 → 0 151 4.3.2 Sudden Pipe Filling, Velocity Change 0 → V0 154 4.3.3 Sudden Filling of Blind Pipe, Velocity Change 0 → V0 156 4.3.4 Sudden valve opening 159 4.3.5 Sudden forced inflow 161 4.4 Under-pressure and column separation 164 4.5 Influence of extreme friction 167 4.6 Gradual velocity changes 171 4.6.1 Gradual valve closing 171 4.6.2 Linear flow arrest 174 4.7 Influence of outflow area change 176 4.7.1 Graphic solution 178 4.7.2 Modified graphical procedure 179 4.8 Real closure laws 180 4.9 Water hammer propagation through branches 181 4.10 Complex pipelines 183 4.11 Wave kinematics 183 4.11.1 Wave functions 183 4.11.2 General solution 187 Reference 187 Further reading 187 5 Equations of Non-steady Flow in Pipes 189 5.1 Equation of state 189 5.1.1 p,T phase diagram 189 5.1.2 p,V phase diagram 190 5.2 Flow of an ideal fluid in a streamtube 195 5.2.1 Flow kinematics along a streamtube 195 5.2.2 Flow dynamics along a streamtube 198 5.3 The real flow velocity profile 202 5.3.1 Reynolds number, flow regimes 202 5.3.2 Velocity profile in the developed boundary layer 203 5.3.3 Calculations at the cross-section 204 5.4 Control volume 205 5.5 Mass conservation, equation of continuity 206 5.5.1 Integral form 206 5.5.2 Differential form 207 5.5.3 Elastic liquid 207 5.5.4 Compressible liquid 209 5.6 Energy conservation law, the dynamic equation 209 5.6.1 Total energy of the control volume 209 5.6.2 Rate of change of internal energy 210 5.6.3 Rate of change of potential energy 210 5.6.4 Rate of change of kinetic energy 210 5.6.5 Power of normal forces 211 5.6.6 Power of resistance forces 212 5.6.7 Dynamic equation 212 5.6.8 Flow resistances, the dynamic equation discussion 213 5.7 Flow models 215 5.7.1 Steady flow 215 5.7.2 Non-steady flow 217 5.8 Characteristic equations 220 5.8.1 Elastic liquid 220 5.8.2 Compressible fluid 223 5.9 Analytical solutions 225 5.9.1 Linearization of equations – wave equations 225 5.9.2 Riemann general solution 226 5.9.3 Some analytical solutions of water hammer 227 Reference 229 Further reading 229 6 Modelling of Non-steady Flow of Compressible Liquid in Pipes 231 6.1 Solution by the method of characteristics 231 6.1.1 Characteristic equations 231 6.1.2 Integration of characteristic equations, wave functions 232 6.1.3 Integration of Characteristic Equations, Variables H, V 234 6.1.4 The water hammer is the pipe with no resistance 235 6.1.5 Water hammers in pipes with friction 243 6.2 Subroutine UnsteadyPipeMtx 251 6.2.1 Subroutine FemUnsteadyPipeMtx 252 6.2.2 Subroutine ChtxUnsteadyPipeMtx 255 6.3 Comparison tests 261 6.3.1 Test example 261 6.3.2 Conclusion 263 Further reading 264 7 Valves and Joints 265 7.1 Valves 265 7.1.1 Local energy head losses at valves 265 7.1.2 Valve status 267 7.1.3 Steady flow modelling 267 7.1.4 Non-steady flow modelling 269 7.2 Joints 279 7.2.1 Energy head losses at joints 279 7.2.2 Steady flow modelling 279 7.2.3 Non-steady flow modelling 282 7.3 Test example 288 Reference 290 Further reading 290 8 Pumping Units 291 8.1 Introduction 291 8.2 Euler’s equations of turbo engines 291 8.3 Normal characteristics of the pump 295 8.4 Dimensionless pump characteristics 301 8.5 Pump specific speed 303 8.6 Complete characteristics of turbo engine 305 8.6.1 Normal and abnormal operation 305 8.6.2 Presentation of turbo engine characteristics depending on the direction of rotation 305 8.6.3 Knapp circle diagram 305 8.6.4 Suter curves 308 8.7 Drive engines 310 8.7.1 Asynchronous or induction motor 310 8.7.2 Adjustment of rotational speed by frequency variation 311 8.7.3 Pumping unit operation 312 8.8 Numerical model of pumping units 314 8.8.1 Normal pump operation 314 8.8.2 Reconstruction of complete characteristics from normal characteristics 318 8.8.3 Reconstruction of a hypothetic pumping unit 321 8.8.4 Reconstruction of the electric motor torque curve 322 8.9 Pumping element matrices 323 8.9.1 Steady flow modelling 323 8.9.2 Unsteady flow modelling 327 8.10 Examples of transient operation stage modelling 333 8.10.1 Test example (A) 334 8.10.2 Test example (B) 336 8.10.3 Test example (C) 339 8.10.4 Test example (D) 341 8.11 Analysis of operation and types of protection against pressure excesses 345 8.11.1 Normal and accidental operation 345 8.11.2 Layout 345 8.11.3 Supply pipeline, suction basin 346 8.11.4 Pressure pipeline and pumping station 348 8.11.5 Booster station 350 8.12 Something about protection of sewage pressure pipelines 353 8.13 Pumping units in a pressurized system with no tank 355 8.13.1 Introduction 355 8.13.2 Pumping unit regulation by pressure switches 355 8.13.3 Hydrophor regulation 358 8.13.4 Pumping unit regulation by variable rotational speed 360 Reference 362 Further reading 362 9 Open Channel Flow 363 9.1 Introduction 363 9.2 Steady flow in a mildly sloping channel 363 9.3 Uniform flow in a mildly sloping channel 365 9.3.1 Uniform flow velocity in open channel 365 9.3.2 Conveyance, discharge curve 368 9.3.3 Specific energy in a cross-section: Froude number 372 9.3.4 Uniform flow programming solution 377 9.4 Non-uniform gradually varied flow 378 9.4.1 Non-uniform flow characteristics 378 9.4.2 Water level differential equation 380 9.4.3 Water level shapes in prismatic channels 382 9.4.4 Transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow, hydraulic jump 383 9.4.5 Water level shapes in a non-prismatic channel 391 9.4.6 Gradually varied flow programming solutions 395 9.5 Sudden changes in cross-sections 398 9.6 Steady flow modelling 401 9.6.1 Channel stretch discretization 401 9.6.2 Initialization of channel stretches 402 9.6.3 Subroutine SubCriticalSteadyChannelMtx 404 9.6.4 Subroutine SuperCriticalSteadyChannelMtx 406 9.7 Wave kinematics in channels 407 9.7.1 Propagation of positive and negative waves 407 9.7.2 Velocity of the wave of finite amplitude 407 9.7.3 Elementary wave celerity 409 9.7.4 Shape of positive and negative waves 411 9.7.5 Standing wave – hydraulic jump 412 9.7.6 Wave propagation through transitional stretches 413 9.8 Equations of non-steady flow in open channels 414 9.8.1 Continuity equation 414 9.8.2 Dynamic equation 416 9.8.3 Law of momentum conservation 417 9.9 Equation of characteristics 422 9.9.1 Transformation of non-steady flow equations 422 9.9.2 Procedure of transformation into characteristics 423 9.10 Initial and boundary conditions 424 9.11 Non-steady flow modelling 425 9.11.1 Integration along characteristics 425 9.11.2 Matrix and vector of the channel finite element 427 9.11.3 Test examples 431 References 434 Further reading 435 10 Numerical Modelling in Karst 437 10.1 Underground karst flows 437 10.1.1 Introduction 437 10.1.2 Investigation works in karst catchment 437 10.1.3 The main development forms of karst phenomena in the Dinaric area 438 10.1.4 The size of the catchment 443 10.2 Conveyance of the karst channel system 446 10.2.1 Transformation of rainfall into spring hydrographs 446 10.2.2 Linear filtration law 447 10.2.3 Turbulent filtration law 449 10.2.4 Complex flow, channel flow, and filtration 451 10.3 Modelling of karst channel flows 453 10.3.1 Karst channel finite elements 453 10.3.2 Subroutine SteadyKanalMtx 454 10.3.3 Subroutine UnsteadyKanalMtx 456 10.3.4 Tests 458 10.4 Method of catchment discretization 463 10.4.1 Discretization of karst catchment channel system without diffuse flow 463 10.4.2 Equation of the underground accumulation of a karst sub-catchment 466 10.5 Rainfall transformation 468 10.5.1 Uniform input hydrograph 468 10.5.2 Rainfall at the catchment 473 10.6 Discretization of karst catchment with diffuse and channel flow 474 References 477 Further reading 477 11 Convective-dispersive Flows 479 11.1 Introduction 479 11.2 A reminder of continuum mechanics 479 11.3 Hydrodynamic dispersion 483 11.4 Equations of convective-dispersive heat transfer 485 11.5 Exact solutions of convective-dispersive equation 487 11.5.1 Convective equation 487 11.5.2 Convective-dispersive equation 488 11.5.3 Transformation of the convective-dispersive equation 490 11.6 Numerical modelling in a hydraulic network 490 11.6.1 The selection of solution basis, shape functions 490 11.6.2 Elemental equations: equation integration on the finite element 492 11.6.3 Nodal equations 495 11.6.4 Boundary conditions 495 11.6.5 Matrix and vector of finite element 496 11.6.6 Numeric solution test 497 11.6.7 Heat exchange of water table 499 11.6.8 Equilibrium temperature and linearization 500 11.6.9 Temperature disturbance caused by artificial sources 501 References 503 Further reading 503 12 Hydraulic Vibrations in Networks 505 12.1 Introduction 505 12.2 Vibration equations of a pipe element 506 12.3 Harmonic solution for the pipe element 508 12.4 Harmonic solutions in the network 509 12.5 Vibration source modelling 512 12.6 Hints to implementation in SimpipCore 512 12.7 Illustrative examples 515 Reference 518 Further reading 518 Index 519

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Book SynopsisOffering an overview of principles and techniques, this book covers all major categories of self-assembled polymers properties, processes, and design. Each chapter focuses on morphology, applications, and advanced concepts to illustrate the advantages of polymer self-assembly across industrial and academic research. Provides an organized, comprehensive overview of polymer self-assembly, its fundamentals, principles, and applicationsIncludes chapters on block copolymers, amphiphilic polymers, supramolecular polymers, rotaxenes, polymer gels, dendrimers, and small molecules in polymer matrices Focuses on novel applications, block copolymer assembly to nanotechnology, photonics and metamaterials, molecular machines and artificial muscle, gels that can be applied to polymer science, materials science, and nanotechnologyExamines state-of-the-art concepts, like lithographic patterning and foldaxaneDiscusses challenges and future outlook of a popular and emeTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymer Tacticity 1 1.2 Big versus Small 5 1.3 Entanglement 5 1.4 Excluded Volume 8 1.5 Free Volume 10 1.6 Self‐Assembly 10 1.7 Polymer Self‐Assembly 12 References 13 2 Molecular Forces 17 2.1 Van der Waals Interaction 17 2.2 Hydrogen Bond 21 2.3 C─H…π Interaction 27 2.4 Halogen Bond 29 2.5 Other Hydrogen Bonds 30 2.6 Coulombic Interaction 31 References 33 3 Features of Self‐Assembly 37 3.1 Self‐Sorting—Small Molecules 37 3.2 Polymer Self‐Sorting 43 3.3 Concentration‐Dependent Association 48 3.4 Polymer–Guest Molecule Recognition 49 3.5 Sergeant–Soldier Phenomenon 55 3.6 Majority Rules 61 3.7 Chain Folding 65 3.8 Foldamers 79 3.9 Single Chain Polymer Crystals and Nanoparticles 91 References 99 Further Reading 104 4 Supramolecular Macromolecules and Polymers 105 4.1 Supramolecular Macromolecules 105 4.2 Supramolecular Polymers 110 4.3 Modular Supramolecules 123 4.4 Solvent Influence 127 4.5 Comb Polymers 140 References 149 Further Reading 152 5 Block Copolymers 153 5.1 Theoretical Aspects 153 5.2 Diblock Copolymers 158 5.3 Organic/Inorganic Diblocks 165 5.4 Blends of Diblock Copolymers 170 5.5 Diblock/Homopolymer Blends 172 5.6 BCP/Small‐Molecular Supramolecular Association 175 5.7 Triblock Copolymers 177 5.8 Some Applications of Gyroid Morphology 190 5.9 Graphoepitaxy 201 5.10 Porous Structures 211 5.11 Crystalline Block Copolymers 223 5.12 Nanotechnology 223 References 225 Further Reading 230 6 Rotaxanes and Polyrotaxanes 231 6.1 Definitions and Early Work 231 6.2 Cyclodextrins for Inclusion 237 6.3 Selective Threading 244 6.4 Micelles of Double‐Hydrophilic Block Copolymers via Rotaxane Formation 249 6.5 Homopolymer Micelles 252 6.6 Linear and Cyclic PDMS 253 6.7 Abrasion Resistance 254 6.8 Beyond Linear Polymers and α‐, β‐, and γ‐CDs 256 6.9 Insulated Molecular Wires 258 6.10 Molecular Switches and Machines 260 6.11 Supramolecular Oligomeric and Polymeric Rotaxanes 268 6.12 Rotaxane and Polyrotaxane‐Based Muscles 270 References 277 Further Reading 280 7 Polymer Gels 281 7.1 One‐Dimensional Growth 281 7.2 Definitions and Classifications 283 7.3 Gels with Noncrystallizable Polymers 285 7.4 Gels with Crystallizable Polymers 295 7.5 Add a Sergeant to the Soldiers to Cause Gelation 300 7.6 π‐Interaction‐Mediated Gelation 308 7.7 Polymer Compatibilized Small Molecule/Polymer Gels 316 7.8 Monomer Self‐Assembly and Polymer Gels 318 7.9 Poor Man’s Rheology 321 References 324 8 Small‐Molecule Self‐Assembly in Polymer Matrices 329 8.1 Phase Separation in Charge Transport Polymer Layers 329 8.2 Glass Transition and Diffusion of Small Molecules 331 8.3 Subsurface Self‐Assembly of Small Molecules in Polymer Matrices 333 8.4 Solvent Effect on Self‐Assembly of Small Molecules in Polymer Matrices 338 8.5 Polymer‐Compatibilized Small‐Molecule Assembly in Polymer Matrices 343 8.6 Polymerization‐Induced Phase Separation and Reaction‐Induced Phase Separation 344 8.7 PIPS for LC Displays 345 8.8 PIPS with Supramolecular Assembly 347 8.9 PIPS for Porous Structures 347 8.10 Surfactant/Polymer Assembly 350 References 356 Index 359

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Book SynopsisPolymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific needs by varying the atomic composition of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to impart specific activities. In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both an engineering and a nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the envTable of ContentsPreface xi1 Polymers and Food Packaging: A Short Overview 1Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri, Giuseppe Cirillo and Francesca Iemma1.1 Introduction 1References 62 Polymers for Food Shelf-Life Extension 9M. G. Volpe, M. Di Stasio, M. Paolucci and S. Moccia2.1 Shelf-Life Concept 92.2 Shelf-Life Definitions 112.3 Measuring Shelf Life 212.4 Extending Shelf Life by Means of Food Packaging 292.5 The Role of Packaging 322.6 Innovative Polymers for Food Packaging Applications 362.7 Future Trends in Food Packaging 60References 613 Transfer Phenomena in Food/Packaging System 67Elmira Arab-Tehrany and Laura Sanchez Gonzalez3.1 Introduction 673.2 Food-Packaging Interaction 693.3 Mass Transport Processes 703.4 Effects of Different Parameters on Partition Coefficient 753.5 Model Migrants 763.6 Instrumental Analyses 773.7 Conclusion 83References 844 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Biopolymers in Food Science 95Hima Puthussery, Rishika Prasad, Katarzyna Gorazda and Ipsita Roy4.1 Introduction 954.2 Material Properties of Bioplastics Relevant to Food Packaging 984.3 Materials 1014.4 Future Prospects 121References 1225 Modification Strategies of Proteins for Food Packaging Applications 127Agustin González, Miriam Cristina Strumia and Cecilia Inés Alvarez Igarzabal5.1 Biopolymers as Packaging Materials 1285.2 Protein-Based Materials for Packaging 1315.3 SPI as a Base Material for Packaging 1365.4 Conclusion 140References 1406 Films Based on Starches 147Olivia Lopez, Maria Alejandra Garcia and Noemi Zaritzky6.1 Introduction: General Aspects of Films Based on Native and Modified Starches 1486.2 Characterization of Biodegradable Films Obtained by Casting from Different Native Starches and Acetylated Corn Starch 1516.3 Development of Active Starch Films Containing an Antimicrobial Agent (Potassium Sorbate) 1826.4 Advances in Starch Films Production Using Non-Casting Methods: Thermocompression and Blown Extrusion 1846.5 Future Trends 196References 1977 Polysaccharides as Valuable Materials in Food Packaging 211Alberto Jiménez, María José Fabra, Pau Talens and Amparo Chiralt7.1 Introduction 2127.2 Polysaccharides Used in Biodegradable Food Packaging 2137.3 Formation and Main Characteristics of Polysaccharide-Based Films 2187.4 Physicochemical Properties of Polysaccharide-Based Materials 2217.5 Functionalization of Polysaccharide Materials 2307.6 Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Materials in Food Packaging 237References 2418 Food Packaging for High Pressure Processing 253Pablo Juliano, Tobias Richter and Roman Buckow8.1 High Pressure Processing of Foods 2548.2 Commercial HPP Applications and Packaging Formats 2568.3 Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) for HPP 2598.4 Active Packaging Materials for HPP 2688.5 Challenges Encountered after HPP 2698.6 Laminate Selection for HPP at Low Temperature 2708.7 Laminate Selection for HPP at High Temperature 2738.8 Final Remarks 2769 Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymers for Food Packaging 281Sreejarani Kesavan Pillai and Suprakas Sinha Ray9.1 Introduction 2829.2 Classification and Terminology of Inorganic-Organic Hybrids 2849.3 General Preparation Strategies for Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymers 2879.4 Characteristics of Polymer-Based Food Packaging Materials 2929.5 Hybrid Polymers in Packaging Applications 2989.6 Current Status and Future Prospects 308References 31010 Antimicrobial Active Polymers in Food Packaging 323María José Galotto, Abel Guarda and Carolina López de Discastillo 32310.1 Introduction to Food Packaging 32310.2 Antimicrobial Agents 32710.3 Antimicrobial Construction and Release System 34110.4 Conclusions 34511 Recycling of Food Packaging Materials 355Marek Kozlowski11.1 Introduction 35511.2 European Policy on Packaging Waste and Raw Materials 35711.3 Packaging 36111.4 Recovery Systems 36711.5 Bioplastics 39011.6 Polymer Nanocomposites 39311.7 Polymer Blends 396References 39712 Food Applications of Active and Intelligent Packaging: Legal Issues and Safety Concerns 401Donatella Restuccia, Francesco Puoci, Ortensia I. Parisi and Nevio Picci12.1 Introduction 40212.2 AP and IP: Main Characteristics and Applications 40412.3 Legal Issues 41412.4 Dossier Submission and EFSA Safety Assessment 42012.5 Conclusions 425References 426Index 431

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Book SynopsisPolymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific needs by varying the atomic composition of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to impart specific activities. In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both an engineering and a nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the envTable of ContentsPreface xiii1 Functional Polymers for Food Processing 1Giuseppe Cirillo, Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri and Francesca Iemma1.1 Introduction 11.2 Food Preparation 21.3 Food Processing: Rheology 51.4 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 5References 62 Polyacrylamide Addition to Soils: Impacts on Soil Structure and Stability 9Guy J. Levy and David N. Warrington2.1 Introduction 92.2 Polyacrylamide (PAM) Properties and Interactions with Soil 102.3 Polymer Effects on Aggregate Stability 142.4 PAM Effects on Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity 162.5 PAM Effects on Infiltration, Runoff and Erosion 192.6 Concluding Comments 25References 263 Functional Polymeric Membrane in Agriculture 33Yuichi Mori3.1 Introduction 333.2 Principle of Imec 343.3 Imec System 373.4 Plant Cultivation by Imec System 393.5 Comparison between Imec and Hydroponics 403.6 Current Domestic State of Imec Growth 423.7 Imec Vegetables besides Tomato 433.8 Imec Changes Barren Land to Farming Land 433.9 Current State of Overseas Growth of Imec 45References 454 Enzymes Used in Animal Feed: Leading Technologies and Forthcoming Developments 47Daniel Menezes-Blackburn and Ralf Greiner4.1 Introduction: General Outline and Value Drivers 484.2 Feed Digestive Enzymes 494.3 Actual and Potential Feed Enzyme Market 594.4 Advances in Feed Enzyme Technology 604.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 63Acknowledgments 63References 635 Interaction of Biomolecules with Synthetic Polymers during Food Processing 75K. Narsaiah5.1 Introduction 755.2 Basic Biomolecules in Food and Their Interactions with Synthetic Polymers 765.3 Membranes for Food Processing 785.4 Chromatography for Food Processing 915.5 Analogy of Ultrafiltration and Size Exclusion Chromatography 925.6 Future Perspectives of Membranes and Chromatography 93References 946 Rheological Properties of Non-starch Polysaccharides in Food Science 99Anna Ptaszek, Pawel Ptaszek and Marcin Lukasiewicz6.1 Non-starch Hydrocolloids 996.2 Rheological Properties of Non-starch Hydrocolloid Systems 108References 1297 Polysaccharides as Bioactive Components of Functional Food 133Patricia Peso-Echarri, Carlos Alberto González-Bermúdez, Gaspar Ros-Berruezo, Carmen Martinez-Graciá and Carmen Frontela-Saseta7.1 Introduction 1347.2 Functional Foods 1357.3 Polysaccharides from Seaweed 1377.4 Functional Activity of Polysaccharides 1417.5 Conclusions 150References 1508 Milk Proteins: Functionality and Use in Food Industry 159Seval Andiç and Gökhan Boran8.1 Introduction 1598.2 Milk Proteins 1618.3 Milk Protein Products 1638.4 Functional Properties of Milk Proteins 1668.5 Conclusions 174References 1759 Bioactive Peptides from Meat Proteins as Functional Food Components 181Jianping Wu, Forough Jahandideh, Wenlin Yu and Kaustav Majumder9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Generation of Bioactive Peptides in Meat 1839.3 Meat-Derived Bioactive Proteins and Peptides 1849.4 Conclusion 196References 19710 Antioxidant Polymers: Engineered Materials as Food Preservatives and Functional Foods 209Manuela Curcio and Nevio Picci10.1 Introduction 20910.2 Antioxidant Polymers as Food Additives 21110.3 Antioxidant Polymers as Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods 21510.4 Conclusion 223References 22311 Biopolymers for Administration and Gastrointestinal Delivery of Functional Food Ingredients and Probiotic Bacteria 231Kasipathy Kailasapathy11.1 Introduction 23111.2 Characteristics of the Gastrointestinal Tract 23311.3 Bioencapsulation Techniques for Administration and Gastrointestinal Delivery 23711.4 Polymeric Materials for Microencapsulation 24711.5 Biopolymers in the Encapsulation of Nonmicrobial Functional Food Ingredients 25011.6 Biopolymers in the Encapsulation of Functional Microbes (Probiotics) for Administration and Gastrointestinal Delivery 25511.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 258References 25912 Cyclodextrin as a Food Additive in Food Processing 267Katia Martina and Giancarlo Cravotto12.1 Introduction 26812.2 Inclusion Complex Formation 27012.3 Covalent Polymer Networks Containing Cyclodextrins 27112.4 Regulatory Issues for CDs as Food Additives and Use in Food Processing 27112.5 Applications of CD in Food 27212.6 Cholesterol Sequestration 27312.7 Taste Modifiers 27412.8 Product Stability and Food Preservatives - Improving Shelf Life 27712.9 Nutraceutical Carriers - Functional Foods 27712.10 Packaging 27812.11 Conclusion 281References 28213 Enzymes and Inhibitors in Food and Health 289Nana Akyaa Ackaah-Gyasi, Priyanki Patel, Julie Ducharme, Hui Yin Fan and Benjamin K. Simpson13.1 Introduction 29013.2 Traditional Methods of Producing Enzymes 29413.3 Biotechnological Methods for Producing Enzyme 29913.4 Enzymes in Food Processing 30913.5 Endogenous Enzyme Inhibitors from Food Materials 31313.6 Concluding Remarks 320References 321Index 329

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Book SynopsisThe search for alternative energy sources to offset diminishing resources of easy and cost-effective fossil fuels has become a global initiative. Fuel generated from biomass is a leading competitor in this arena.Trade Review"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (Choice, 1 June 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xvii List of Contributors xix 1 Introduction to Biofuels 1 Pramod Kumar and Vikash Babu 1.1 Global Scenario of Biofuel Production and Economy 4 References 7 2 Advances in Biofuel Production 11 M.D. Berni, I.L. Dorileo, J.M. Prado, T. Forster-Carneiro and M.A.A. Meireles 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Advances in the Production of First, Second and Third Generation Biofuels 16 2.3 Future Trends of Biofuels Development 44 2.3 Conclusions 54 Acknowledgements 55 References 55 3 Processing of Biofuels 59 Divya Gupta, Ajeet Singh, Ashwani Sharma and Anshul Nigam 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Biodiesel from Algae 61 3.3 Cellulosic Ethanol 72 3.4 Syngas 78 3.5 Conclusion 80 References 80 4 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85 Virendra Kumar, Purnima Dhall, Rita Kumar and Anil Kumar 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Bioethanol Production Process 90 4.3 Genetic Engineering for Bioethanol Production 109 4.4 Future Perspective 111 References 112 5 Recent Progress on Microbial Metabolic Engineering for the Conversion of Lignocellulose Waste for Biofuel Production 119 Shubhangini Sharma, Reena, Anil Kumar and Pallavi Mittal 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2 Role of Genetic and Metabolic Engineering in Biofuel Production 122 5.3 Problems with Different Biofuels and Areas of Improvement 124 5.4 General Process of Metabolic Engineering 127 5.5 Metabolic Engineering in Different Microorganisms 133 5.6 Conclusion 141 References 142 6 Microbial Production of Biofuels 147 Panwar AS, Jugran J and Joshi GK 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Types of Biofuels Produced Through Microorganisms 149 6.3 Future Prospects and Conclusion 163 References 165 7 Microalgae in Biofuel Production-Current Status and Future Prospects 167 Navneet Singh Chaudhary 7.1 Introduction 168 7.2 Microalgae in Biofuel Production 170 7.3 Comparison of Cyanobacteria with Microalgae in Biofuel Production 171 7.4 Applications of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae in Biofuel Production 172 7.5 Selection of Microalgae for Biofuel Production 177 7.6 Cultivation of Microalgae for Production of Biofuel and Co-Products 179 7.7 Harvesting and Drying of Microalgae 181 7.8 Processing, Extraction and Separation of Microalgae 182 7.9 Biofuels and Co-Products from Microalgae 184 7.10 Challenges and Hurdles in Biofuel Production 192 7.11 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Microalgae for Biofuel–Bioenergy Production 198 7.12 Conclusion and Future Prospectus 204 References 206 8 Bioethanol Production Processes 211 Mohammad J. Taherzadeh, Patrik R. Lennartsson, Oliver Teichert and Håkan Nordholm 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Global Market for Bioethanol and Future Prospects 212 8.3 Overall Process of Bioethanol Production 213 8.4 Production of Sugars from Raw Materials 213 8.5 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials 218 8.6 Sugar Solution from Lignocellulosic Materials 220 8.7 Basic Concepts of Fermentation 225 8.8 Conversion of Simple Sugars to Ethanol 225 8.9 Biochemical Basis for Ethanol Production from Hexoses 226 8.10 Biochemical Basis for Ethanol Production from Pentoses 228 8.11 Microorganisms Related to Ethanol Fermentation 229 8.12 Fermentation Processes 233 8.13 Ethanol Recovery 242 8.14 Distillation 243 8.15 Alternative Processes for Ethanol Recovery and Purification 245 8.16 Ethanol Dehydration 246 8.17 Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles 247 8.18 Sustainability of Bioethanol Production 248 8.19 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 249 References 249 9 Production of Butanol: A Biofuel 255 Sapna Jain, Mukesh Kumar Yadav and Ajay Kumar 9.1 Introduction 256 9.2 Butanol and its Properties 257 9.3 Butanol as Fuel 257 9.4 Industrial applications of Butanol and its Derivatives 260 9.5 Methods for Production of Butanol 261 9.6 In situ Separation Techniques for Butanol 273 9.7 Future Prospects 279 References 280 10 Production of Biodiesel from Various Sources 285 Komal Saxena, Avinash Kumar Sharma, Lalit Agrawal and Ashish Deep Gupta 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Sources/Feedstocks for the Production of Biodiesel 286 10.3 Various Processes of Biodiesel Production 290 10.4 Determination of Yield, Process Optimization and Biodiesel Standardization 302 10.5 Conclusion 304 References 304 11 Bio-Hydrogen Production: Current Scenarios and Future Prospects 309 Sumita Srivastav, Prashant Anthwal, Tribhuwan Chandra and Ashish Thapliyal 11.1 Introduction 310 11.2 Conventional Methods of Hydrogen Production 310 11.3 Hydrogen from Renewables Sources 312 11.4 Methods of Hydrogen Production through Bio-Routes involving Biochemical Processes 315 11.5 Recent Advancement in Production of Bio-Hydrogen 319 11.6 Status of Biohydrogen Production 329 11.7 Conclusions 329 References 331 12 Biomethane Production 333 Ruchika Goyal, Vikash Babu and Girijesh Kumar Patel 12.1 Introduction 334 12.2 Features of Biomethane 337 12.3 Global Scenario of Biomethane 339 12.4 Biomethane Production – Waste to Fuel Technology 341 12.5 Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading 343 12.6 Conclusions 354 References 354 Index 357

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive book to focus on ultra-high temperature ceramic materials in more than 20 years Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics are a family of compounds that display an unusual combination of properties, including extremely high melting temperatures (>3000C), high hardness, and good chemical stability and strength at high temperatures. Typical UHTC materials are the carbides, nitrides, and borides of transition metals, but the Group IV compounds (Ti, Zr, Hf) plus TaC are generally considered to be the main focus of research due to the superior melting temperatures and stable high-melting temperature oxide that forms in situ. Rather than focusing on the latest scientific results, Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications broadly and critically combines the historical aspects and the state-of-the-art on the processing, densification, properties, and performance of boride and carbide ceramics. In reviewing the historicTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Contributors List xi 1 Introduction 1William G. Fahrenholtz, Eric J. Wuchina, William E. Lee, and Yanchun Zhou 2 A Historical Perspective on Research Related to Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics 6William G. Fahrenholtz 3 Reactive Processes for Diboride-Based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics 33Guo-Jun Zhang, Hai-Tao Liu, Wen-Wen Wu, Ji Zou, De-Wei Ni, Wei-Ming Guo, Ji-Xuan Liu, and Xin-Gang Wang 4 First-Principles Investigation on the Chemical Bonding and Intrinsic Elastic Properties of Transition Metal Diborides TMB2 (TM=Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and Y) 60Yanchun Zhou, Jiemin Wang, Zhen Li, Xun Zhan, and Jingyang Wang 5 Near-Net-Shaping of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics 83Carolina Tallon and George V. Franks 6 Sintering and Densification MECHANISMS of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics 112Diletta Sciti, Laura Silvestroni, Valentina Medri, and Frédéric Monteverde 7 U HTC Composites for Hypersonic Applications 144Anish Paul, Jon Binner, and Bala Vaidhyanathan 8 Mechanical Properties of Zirconium-Diboride Based UHTCs 167Eric W. Neuman and Greg E. Hilmas 9 Thermal Conductivity of ZrB2 and HfB2 197Gregory J. K. Harrington and Greg E. Hilmas 10 Deformation and Hardness of UHTCs as a Function of Temperature 236J. Wang and L. J. Vandeperre 11 Modeling and Evaluating the Environmental Degradation of UHTCs under Hypersonic Flow 267Triplicane A. Parthasarathy, Michael K. Cinibulk and Mark Opeka 12 Tantalum Carbides: Their Microstructures and Deformation Behavior 291Gregory B. Thompson and Christopher R. Weinberger 13 Titanium Diboride 316Brahma Raju Golla, Twisampati Bhandari, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, and Bikramjit Basu 14 Th e Group IV Carbides and Nitrides 361Eric J. Wuchina and Mark Opeka 15 Nuclear Applications for Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics and MAX Phases 391William E. Lee, Edoardo Giorgi, Robert Harrison, Alexandre Maître, and Olivier Rapaud16 UHTC-Based Hot Structures: Characterization, Design, and On-Ground/In-Flight Testing 416Davide Alfano, Roberto Gardi, Luigi Scatteia, and Antonio Del Vecchio Index 437

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Book SynopsisContains contributed 38 papers from the following seven symposia held during the 2012 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T'12) meeting: Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites Solution Based Processing for Ceramic Materials Novel Sintering Processes and News in the Conventional Sintering and Grain Growth Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry Dielectric Ceramic Materials and Electronic Devices Controlled Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Structure and Functional Nanomaterials Table of ContentsPreface ix CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES Development of Continuous SiC Fiber Reinforced HfB2-SiC Composites for Aerospace Applications 3Clifford J. Leslie, Emmanuel E. Boakye, Kristin A. Keller, and Michael K. Cinibulk Effect of Primary Grain Size of SrZr03/Zr02 Nano-Dispersed Composite Abrasive on Glass Polishing Properties 13Takayuki Honma, Koichi Kawahara, Seiichi Suda, and Masasuke Takata Thermal Effect Studies on Flexural Strength of SiCf/C/SiC Composites for Typical Aero Engine Application 21Vijay Petley, Shweta Verma, Shankar, S.N. Ashritha, S. N. Narendra Babu, and S. Ramachandra Effect of Phase Architecture on the Thermal Expansion Behavior of Interpenetrating Metal/Ceramic Composites 33Siddhartha Roy, Pascal Albrecht, Lars Przybilla, Kay Andre Weidenmann, Martin Heilmaier, and Alexander Wanner High Temperature Interactions in Platinum/Alumina System 45Ali Karbasi, Ali Hadjikhani, Rostislav Hrubiak, Andriy Durygin, and Kinzy Jones Fracture Mechanics of Recycled PET-Based Composite Materials Reinforced with Zinc Particles 55Jessica J. Osorio-Ramos, Elizabeth Refugio- Garcia, Victor Cortes-Suarez, and Enrique Rocha-Rangel INNOVATIVE PROCESSING Fabrication of GaSb Optical Fibers 65Brian L. Scott and Gary R. Pickrell Characterization and Synthesis of Samarium-Doped Ceria Solid Solutions 71Aliye Arabaci Influence of Precursors Stoichiometry on SHS Synthesis of Ti3AIC2 Powders 79L. Chlubny and J. Lis Chemical Vapor Deposition and Characterization of Thick Silicon Carbide Tubes for Nuclear Applications 87P. Drieux, G. Chollon, A. Allemand, and S. Jacques Uniform Microwave Plasma Pyrolysis for the Production of Metastable Nanomaterials 99Kamal Hadidi, Makhlouf Redjdal, Eric H. Jordan, Olivia A. Graeve, and Colby M. Brunet Characterization of the Conductive Layer Formed During u-Electric Discharge Machining of Non-Conductive Ceramics 105Nirdesh Ojha, Tim Hosel, Claas Muller, and Holger Reinecke Forming Mullite-Ceramics Reinforced with ZrO2-t Starting from Mullite-ZrO2-t and Kyanite-AI2O3-ZrO2-t Mixtures 111Elizabeth Refugio-Garcia, Jessica Osorio-Ramos, Jose G. Miranda-Hernandez, Jose A. Rodriguez-Garcia, and Enrique Rocha-Rangel Impact of Nanoparticle-Microstructure on Cosmeceuticals UV Protection, Transparency and Good Texture 119Yasumasa Takao Piezoelectric Thick-Film Structures for High-Frequency Applications Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition 131Danjela Kuscer, Andre-Pierre Abelard, Marija Kosec, and Franck Levassort Low Temperature Growth of Oxide Thin Films by Photo-Induced Chemical Solution Deposition 143Tetsuo Tsuchiya, Tomohiko Nakajima, and Kentaro Shinoda The Effect of Active Species during TiN Thin Film Deposition by the Cathodic Cage Plasma Process 149Natalia de Freitas Daudt, Julio Cesar Pereira Barbosa, Danilo Cavalcante Braz, Marina de Oliveira Cardoso Macedo, Marcelo Barbalho Pereira, and Clodomiro Alves Junior Cathode Ray Tube Glasses in Glass Ceramics 159M. Reben and J. Wasylak Application of Alum from Kankara Kaolinite in Catalysis: A Preliminary Report 167L.C. Edomwonyi-Otu, B.O. Aderemi, A.S. Ahmed, N.J. Coville, and M. Maaza Grain Boundary Resistivity in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 175Jun Wang and Hans Conrad Multiscale Thermal Processes in High Voltage Consolidation of Powders 189Evgeny G. Grigoryev and Eugene A. Olevsky NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology Development in Arab States 199Bassam Alfeeli and Ma'moun Al-Rawashdeh Viscosity of Ethylene Glycol + Water Based Al203 Nanofluids with Addition of SDBS Dispersant 211Babak LotfizadehDehkordi, Salim. N. Kazi, and Mohd Hamdi Clustering Theory Evaluation for Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Titania Nanofluid 219Azadeh Ghadimi and Hendrik Simon Cornells Metselaar An Environmentally-Benign Electrochemical Method for Formation of a Chitosan-Based Coating on Stainless Steel as a Substrate for Deposition of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 229Gary P. Halada, Prashant Jha, Michael Cuiffo, James Ging, and Kweku Acquah Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Nickel/Zinc Oxide Particles by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis 239llayda Koc, Burcak Ebin, and Sebahattin Gurmen Iron-Nickel-Cobalt (Fe-Ni-Co) Alloy Particles Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis and Hydrogen Reduction (USP-HR) Method 247Cigdem Toparli, Burcak Ebin, and Sebahattin Gurmen ELECTRONIC AND FUNCTIONAL CERAMICS Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinilidene Fluoride (PVDF) Cerium Doped 257Evaristo Alexandre Falcao, Lais Weber Aguiar, Eriton Rodrigo Botero, Anderson Rodrigues Lima Caires, Nelson Luis Domingues, Claudio Teodoro de Carvalho, and Andrelson Wellinghton Rinaldi Effect of Poling Field on Elastic Constants in Piezoelectric Ceramics 267Toshio Ogawa, Keisuke Ishii, Tsubasa Matsumoto, and Takayuki Nishina Energy Harvesting Utilized Resonance Phenomena of Piezoelectric Unimorph 277Toshio Ogawa, Hiroshi Aoshima, Masahito Hikida, and Hiroshi Akaishi Internal Strain and Dielectric Losses by Compositional Ordering on the Microwave Dielectrics Pseudo-Tungstenbronze Ba6.3xR8+2XTi18054 (R=Rare Earth) Solid Solutions 283Hitoshi Ohsato Characteristics of BaTi03/(Ba,Sr)Ti03 Superlattices Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Deposition 293N. Ortega, Ashok Kumar, J. F. Scott, and Ram S. Katiyar Novel Devices using Oxide Semiconductors in Fe-Ti-0 Family 301R. K. Pandey, William A. Stapleton, Anup K. Bandyopadhyay, Ivan Sutanto, and Amanda A. Scantlin Fabrication and Improvement of the Properties of Mn-Doped Bismuth Ferrite-Barium Titanate Thin Films 313Yuya Ito, Makoto Moriya, Wataru Sakamoto, and Toshinobu Yogo Correlating the Crystal Structure and the Phase Transitions with the Dielectric Properties of KyBa1-xGa2-xGe2+xO8 Solid Solutions 321Marjeta Macek Krzmanc, Qin Ni, and Danilo Suvorov The Effect of A-Site Vacancies on Cell Volume and Tolerance Factor of Perovskites 331Rick Ubic, Kevin Tolman, Kokfoong Chan, Nicole Lundy, Steven Letourneau, and Waltraud Kriven Sintering Effects on Microstructure and Electrical Properties of CaCu3Ti4012 Ceramics 337S. Markovic, M. Lukic, C. Jovalekic, S.D. Skapin, D. Suvorov, and D. Uskokovic Crystal Chemistry and Phase Diagrams of Three Thermoelectric Alkaline-Earth Cobaltate (Ca-M-Co-O, M=Sr, Zn and La) Systems 349W. Wong-Ng Author Index 363

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Book SynopsisExpert insight and guidance on integrating safety into design to significantly reduce risks to people, systems, property, and communities Safe designrefers to the integration of hazard identification and risk assessment methods early in thedesignprocess so as to eliminate or minimize the risks of catastrophic failure throughout the life of a system, process, product, or service. This bookprovides engineers, designers, scientists and governmental officialswith the knowledge and tools needed to seamlessly incorporate safety intothe design of civil, industrial, and agricultural installations, as well as transportation systems, so as to minimize the risk of accidents and injuries. The methodology described in Safety in Design originates from the continuous safeguarding techniques first developed in the chemical industry and can successfully be applied to a range of industrial and civil settings. While the author focuses mainly on the aspects of safe design, he also addresses procedures which have a proven track record of preventing and alleviating the impacts of accidents with existing designs. He shares lessons learned from his nearly half-century of experience in the field and provides accounts of mishaps which could have been prevented, or significantly mitigated, based on data collected from approximately seventy incidents that have occurred in various countries. Describes the application of safe design in an array of fields, including the chemical industry, transportation, farming, the building trade, and leisure Reviews the history of intrinsic process safeguarding, which was first used in the chemical industry to minimize the risk of human error or instrumentation failure Describes dozens of preventable incidents to illustrate the critical role safe design can play Provides expert guidance and valuable tools for seamlessly weaving safety into every phase of the design process Safety in Design is an indispensable working resource for chemical, civil, mechanical, risk, and safety engineers, as well as professional R&D scientists, and process safety professionals. It is also a useful reference for insurers who deal with catastrophic loss potentials, and for government personnel who regulate or monitor industrial plants and procedures, traffic systems, and more.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Intrinsic Continuous Process Safeguarding 1 1.3 The Flixborough Accident in the United Kingdom in 1974 2 1.4 The Seveso Emission in Italy in 1976 3 1.5 The Bhopal Emission in India in 1984 5 1.6 Concluding Remarks 5 2 Procedural, Active, and Passive Safety 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Definitions 8 2.3 Four Failures of Emergency Power Units 8 2.3.1 Introduction 8 2.3.2 Twenteborg Hospital at Almelo in The Netherlands in 2002 8 2.3.3 Westfries Gasthuis (Hospital) at Hoorn in The Netherlands in 2003 9 2.3.4 ZGT Hengelo Hospital at Hengelo (O) in The Netherlands in 2011 9 2.3.5 Chemical Plant 10 2.3.6 Additional Remarks 10 2.4 The Failure of the Blowout Preventer (BOP) at the Gulf Oil Explosion in 2010 10 2.5 The Safeguarding of Formula One Races 13 2.6 Dust Explosion Relief Venting 14 3 Safety Improvements over the Years 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Transport 17 3.2.1 Road Transport in The Netherlands 17 3.2.2 Unidirectional Road Traffic in Tunnels 18 3.2.3 Rail Transport in The Netherlands 19 3.2.4 Chlorine Transport by Rail 20 3.2.5 Sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 20 3.2.6 Oil Tankers with Double Hull 21 3.2.7 Two Comet Accidents in 1954 22 3.2.8 Helium Gas for Zeppelins – Zeppelin Crash in 1937 26 3.3 Industry 26 3.3.1 Cotton Spinning Plants 26 3.3.2 Akzo Nobel Extracts Salt Without Subsidence 27 3.3.3 Two New Cocoa Warehouses at Amsterdam in 2011 28 3.3.4 Flame Retardants 29 3.3.5 Clamp-on Ultrasonic Flow Measurement 30 3.4 Society 32 3.4.1 Inundation of Part of The Netherlands in 1953 32 3.4.2 Replacement of Coal Gas by Natural Gas in The Netherlands 34 3.4.3 CFCs 35 3.4.4 Dioxin in Feed 36 3.4.5 Street Motor Races in The Netherlands 36 3.4.6 An Unexpected Effect: Squatters Wear Moped Safety Helmets 37 4 Safety Aspects Need Attention 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Transport 40 4.2.1 Bus on Natural Gas Afire at Wassenaar in The Netherlands in 2012 40 4.2.2 Light Trucks with Trailers are Dangerous 42 4.2.3 Car Refrigerants 44 4.2.4 The Eschede Train Accident in Germany in 1998 45 4.2.5 Burning Battery in Boeing 787 Dreamline in 2013 47 4.2.6 Ferry Service on the North Sea Canal in The Netherlands 50 4.3 Society 52 4.3.1 Earthquakes Related to the Production of Natural Gas in the Northern Part of The Netherlands 52 4.3.2 Fire at Chemie-Pack at Moerdijk in The Netherlands in 2011 56 4.3.3 Inflammable Building Insulation Material 59 4.3.4 Rolling Shutters 60 5 Make Accidents and Incidents Virtually Impossible 62 5.1 Introduction 62 5.2 Transport 62 5.2.1 Bus Accident near Barcelona in 2009 62 5.2.2 Bus Accident in Hungary in 2003 63 5.2.3 Two TrainTruck and Trailer Collisions at Gronau in Germany in 2011 and 2013 64 5.2.4 Derailment at Wetteren in Belgium in 2013 66 5.2.5 Derailment at Santiago di Compostela in Spain in 2013 67 5.2.6 Derailment at Port Richmond, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA in 2015 67 5.2.7 Sinking of the Baltic Ace in the North Sea in 2012 68 5.2.8 Aerotoxic Syndrome 69 5.3 Society 71 5.3.1 Death in a Container for Used Clothes at Hannover in Germany in 2012 71 5.3.2 Death in a Restaurant at Zutphen in The Netherlands in 2014 71 5.3.3 Traffic Accident at Raard in The Netherlands in 2013 72 5.3.4 Accident at a Soccer Match at Eindhoven in The Netherlands in 2013 72 5.3.5 A Gust of Wind at Delden in The Netherlands in 2013 73 5.3.6 Boy Falls into Water Basin at Hengelo (O) in The Netherlands in 2013 74 5.3.7 Damaged Cow Teats at Losser in The Netherlands in 2009 75 6 Design with Ample Margins 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Transport 78 6.2.1 Coach Accident in the Sierre Tunnel in Switzerland in 2012 78 6.2.2 Accident with a Bus at Almelo in The Netherlands in 2003 79 6.2.3 Accident in a Cable Railway at Kaprun in Austria in 2000 79 6.2.4 Flashing Red Lights for Rail Transport 80 6.2.5 Luge Accident at Whistler in Canada in 2010 81 6.2.6 Concorde Accident at Paris in 2000 81 6.2.7 Space Shuttle Challenger Accident in 1986 84 6.2.8 Space Shuttle Columbia Accident in 2003 86 6.2.9 Air France Flight AF 447 Accident in 2009 87 6.2.10 Turkish Airways Flight TK1951 Accident Near Amsterdam in 2009 89 6.3 Society 91 6.3.1 Mine Accident at Lengede in Germany in 1963 91 6.3.2 Collapse of Terminal 2E of Roissy Airport at Paris in 2004 92 6.3.3 Escape of a Gorilla in a Zoological Garden at Rotterdam in The Netherlands in 2007 95 7 The Risks of Enclosed Spaces 98 7.1 Introduction 98 7.2 Transport 99 Lethal accident aboard the Dutch ship Lady Irina in 2013 7.3 Industry 104 Lethal accident during maintenance of a phosphorus furnace at Flushing in The Netherlands in 2009 7.4 Society 111 7.4.1 Fire in a Nightclub at West Warwick, Rhode Island in the United States in 2013 111 7.4.2 Slurry Silo at Makkinga in The Netherlands in 2013 112 8 Examples from the Chemical Industry 121 8.1 Introduction 121 8.2 Runaway Reaction at T2 Laboratories at Jacksonville, Florida in the United States in 2007 122 8.3 Reactions with Epoxides 124 8.4 Explosions at Shell Moerdijk at Moerdijk in The Netherlands in 2014 125 8.5 DSM Melamine Plant Explosion at Geleen in The Netherlands in 2003 131 8.6 Dryer Explosion in a Dow Plant at King’s Lynn, Norfolk in the United Kingdom in 1976 136 9 Gas Explosions 140 9.1 Introduction 140 9.2 Flashing Inflammable Liquids 141 9.3 Mexico City in 1984 143 9.4 Nijmegen in The Netherlands in 1978 147 9.5 Los Alfaques in Spain in 1978 151 9.6 Viareggio in Italy in 2009 153 9.7 A Narrow Escape at Tilburg in The Netherlands in 2015 154 9.8 Diemen in The Netherlands in 2014 160 10 Nuclear Power Stations 167 10.1 Introduction 167 10.1.1 General 167 10.1.2 Physics 168 10.2 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) 170 10.2.1 Introduction 170 10.2.2 PWR 172 10.2.3 BWR 174 10.3 Three Mile Island (TMI) 175 10.4 Fukushima Unit 1 180 10.5 High‐Temperature Gas‐Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) 186 10.5.1 Introduction 186 10.5.2 Safety Aspects of HTGRs 189 10.5.3 PBR 190 10.5.4 Prismatic Block Reactor 196 10.5.5 Comparison Between PBR and Prismatic Block Reactor 198 10.6 Comparison Between Light Water Reactors (LWRs, i.e. PWRs and BWRs) and HTGRs 199 Index 203

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains14 contributed papers from the following 2012 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T'12) symposia: Next Generation Biomaterials Surface Properties of Biomaterials Table of ContentsPreface vii Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Reinforced Ti-6AI-4V Composites for Load-Bearing Implants 1Jeffrey Wu, Stan Dittrick, Pavlo Rudenko, Susmita Bose, and Amit Bandyopadhyay Characterization of Next-Generation Nickel-Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instruments 11William A. Brantley, Jie Liu, Scott R. Schricker, Fengyuan Zheng, John M. Nusstein, Masahiro lijima, William A.T. Clark, and Satish B. Alapati Effect of Cold Work and Aging on a Cobalt-Nickel Based Alloy 19S. Cai, A. T. W. Barrow, R. Yang, and L. E. Kay Surface Coating of Poly-D-L-Lactide/Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds for Dexamethasone-Releasing Function and Wettability Enhancement 29Ling Chen, Chak Yin Tang, Harry Siu-lung Ku, Da Zhu Chen, and Chi Pong Tsui Mechanical Behavior in Compression and Flexure of Bioactive Glass (13-93) Scaffolds Prepared by Robotic Deposition 37Xin Liu, Mohamed N. Rahaman, and Greg E. Hilmas Phase Stability and Young's Modulus of Ti-Cr-Sn-Zr Alloys 47Yonosuke Murayama, Hiromasa Sakashita, Daichi Abe, Hisamichi Kimura, and Akihiko Chiba Sol-Gel Preparation of Silica-Based Nano-Fibers for Biomedical Applications 55Song Chen, Hiroki Yoshihara, Nobutaka Hanagata, Yuki Shirosaki, Mark Blevins, Yuri Nakamura, Satoshi Hayakawa, Artemis Stamboulis, and Akiyoshi Osaka Bioactive Rosette Nanotube Composites for Cartilage Applications 63Linlin Sun, Usha D. Hemraz, Hicham Fenniri, and Thomas J. Webster Optical Properties of Dental Bioceramics Evaluated by Kubelka-Munk Model 71Humberto Naoyuki Yoshimura, Marcelo Mendes Pinto, Erick de Lima, and Paulo Francisco Cesar Frequency Effect on Electrochemical Characteristics of MAO Coated Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid 81Jing Zhang, Jiayang Liu, Yi Zhang, Weijie Zhang, Zaixin Feng, and Chengyun Ning Influence of Tantalum and Tungsten Doping on Polarizability and Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics 93Jharana Dhal, Susmita Bose, and Amit Bandyopadhyay Quantitative Evaluation of the Hydrophilic Properties of Polarized Hydroxyapatite 103Akiko Nagai, Naohiro Horiuchi, Kosuke Nozaki, Miho Nakamura, and Kimihiro Yamashita Mechanisms of Platelet Activation by Biomaterials and Fluid Shear Flow 113Sri R. Madabhushi and Sriram Neelamegham Processing and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium 125A. Thirugnanam, T. S. Sampath Kumar, and Uday Chakkingal Controlling Biological Functionaiization of Surfaces by Engineered Peptides 137Marketa Hnilova, Deniz Tanil Yucesoy, Mehmet Sarikaya, and Candan Tamerler Author Index 151

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Book SynopsisThese proceedings contains a collection of 24 papers from five 2012 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T 12) symposia.Table of ContentsPreface ix MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP Boron and Lead Based Chemically Bonded Phosphates Ceramics for Nuclear Waste and Radiation Shielding Applications 3 Henry A. Colorado, Jason Pleitt, Jenn-M. Yang, and Carlos H. Castano Advanced Ceramic Wasteforms for the Immobilisation of Radwastes 11 M.C. Stennett, L.D. Casey, C.L. Corkhill, C.L Freeman, A.S. Gandy, P.G. Heath, I.J. Pinnock, D.P. Reid, and N.C. Hyatt Migration of Iodine Solidified in Ettringite into Compacted Bentonite 23 Kazuya Idemitsu, Yoshihiko Matsuki, Masanao Kishimoto, Yaohiro Inagaki, Tatsumi Arima, Yoshiko Haruguchi, Yu Yamashita, and Michitaka Sasoh Radioactive Demonstrations of Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (FBSR) with Hanford Low Activity Wastes 35 C. M. Jantzen, C. L Crawford, P. R. Burket, C. J. Bannochie, W. G. Daniel, C. A. Nash, A. D. Cozzi, and C. C. Herman Advances in JHCM HLW Vitrification Technology at VSL through Scaled Melter Testing 47 Keith S. Matlack and Ian L. Pegg Impact of Particle Agglomeration on Accumulation Rates in the Glass Discharge Riser of HLW Melter 59 J. Matyäs, D. P. Jansik, A. T. Owen, CA. Rodriguez, J. B. Lang, and A. A. Kruger Systematic Development of Alkaline-Earth Borosilicate Glasses for Caesium Loaded Ion Exchange Resin Vitrification 69 O. J. McGann, P. A. Bingham, and N. C. Hyatt Effect of Temperature on the Crevice Corrosion Susceptibility of Passivating Nickel Based Alloys 81 Edgar C. Hornus, C. Mabel Giordano, Martin A. Rodriguez, Ricardo M. Carranza, and Raul B. Rebak Determining the Thermal Conductivity of a Melter Feed 91 Jarrett Rice, Richard Pokorny, Michael Schweiger, and Pavel Hrma Electrochemical Properties of Lanthanum Chloride-Containing Molten LiCI-KCI for Nuclear Waste Separation Studies 103 S. O. Martin, J. C. Sager, K. Sridharan, M. Mohammadian, and T. R. Allen Radionuclide Behaviour and Geochemistry in Boom Clay within the Framework of Geological Disposal of High-Level Waste 113 S. Salah, C. Bruggeman, N. Maes, D., Liu P., L. Wang, and P. Van Iseghem GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING Reclaiming Fibrous Material in Manufacturing Processes 129 Kevin D. Baker Directional Drivers of Sustainable Manufacturing: The Impact of Sustainable Building Codes and Standards on the Manufacturers of Materials 135 Amy A. Costello and Marsha S. Bischel Developing Thermal Processes with Energy Efficiency in Mind 147 Brian Fuller, Bruce Dover, and Tom Mroz Joining of Silicon Nitride Ceramics by Local Heating Technique—Strength and Microstructure 155 Mikinori Hotta, Naoki Kondo, Hideki Kita, and Tatsuki Ohji Development of Thermal Spraying and Patterning Techniques by using Thixotropic Slurries Including Metals and Ceramics Particles 163 Soshu Kirihara, Yusuke Itakura, Satoko Tasaki, and Yusuke Itakura Novel Joining Method for Alumina by Surface Modification and Reduction Reaction 169 Ken'ichiro Kita and Naoki Kondo Ionic Liquids used as Cleaning Solvent Replacements 181 Melissa Klingenberg, Janelle Yerty, Elizabeth Berman, and Natasha Voevodin Evaluation of PYCAL 94 as an Environmentally Friendly Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Butyral for use in Tape Casting 191 Richard E. Mistier, Ernest Bianchi, and William McNamee MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS Conduction Plane Geometry Factors for the ß''-Alumina Structure 201 Emma Kennedy and Dunbar P. Birnie, III Phase Change Materials and Their Impact on the Thermal Performance of Buildings 209 Marsha S. Bischel and William H. Frantz Hydrogen-Exposed Welded Specimens in Bending and Rotational Bending Fatigue 221 Patrick Ferro, Reza Miresmaeili, Rana Mitra, Jason Ross, Will Tiedemann, Casey Hebert, Taylor Goade, Duncan Howard, and Keith Davidson 3-D Tin-Carbon Fiber Paper Electrodes for Electrochemically Converting C02 to Formate/Formic Acid 231 Shan Guan, Arun Agarwal, Edward Rode, Davion Hill, and Narasi Sridhar Analysis of the Theory of Frequent Charge Collapses in a 25500KVA Hermetic Calcium Carbide Furnace 245 Hui Sun, Jian-Iiang Zhang, Zheng-jian Liu, Ye-xiao Chen, Ke-xin Jiao, Feng-guang Li Corrosion Behavior of AISI 304L Stainless Steel for Applications in Nuclear Waste Reprocessing Equipment 257 Negin Jahangiri, A. G. Raraz, J. E. Indacochea, and S. McDeavitt Author Index 267

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Book SynopsisContains a collection of papers from the below symposia held during the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PacRim10), June 2-7,2013, in Coronado, California 2012: Advances in Electroceramics Microwave Materials and Their Applications Oxide Materials for Nonvolatile Memory Technology and ApplicationsTable of ContentsPreface vii ADVANCES IN ELECTROCERAMICS Pyroelectric Performances of Relaxor-Based Ferroelectric Single Crystals and their Applications in Infrared Detectors 3 Long Li, Haosu Luo, Xiangyong Zhao, Xiaobing Li, Bo Ren, Qing Xu, and Wenning Di Formation of Tough Foundation Layer for Electrical Plating on Insulator using Aerosol Deposition Method of Cu-Al203 Mixed Powder 17 Naoki Seto, Shingo Hirose, Hiroki Tsuda and Jun Akedo Formation and Electromagnetic Properties of 0.1 BTO/0.9NZFO Ceramic Composite with High Density Prepared by Three-Step Sintering Method 23 Bin Xiao, Juncong Wang, Ning Ma, and Piyi Du MICROWAVE MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Thin Glass Characterization in the Radio Frequency Range 37 Alfred Ebberg, Jürgen Meggers, Kai Rathjen, Gerhard Fotheringham, Ivan Ndip, Florian Ohnimus, Christian Tschoban, Isa Pieper, Andreas Kilian, Sebastian Methfessel, Martin Letz, and Ulrich Fotheringham Formation of Silver Nano Particles in Percolative Ag-PbTi03 Composite Dielectric Thin Film 51 Tao Hu, Zongrong Wang, Liwen Tang, Ning Ma, and Piyi Du Software for Calculating Permittivity of Resonators: HakCol & ErCalc 65 Rick Ubic Effects of MgO Additive on Structural, Dielectric Properties and Breakdown Strength of Mg2Ti04 Ceramics Doped with ZnO-B203 Glass 17 Xiaohong Wang, Mengjie Wang, Zhaoqiang Li, and Wenzhong Lu Design of Microwave Dielectrics Based on Crystallography 87 Hitoshi Ohsato OXIDE MATERIALS FOR NONVOLATILE MEMORY TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Stable Resistive Switching Characteristics of Al203 Layers Inserted in Hf02 Based RRAM Devices 103 Chun-Yang Huang, Jheng-Hong Jieng, and Tseung-Yuen Tseng Improvement of Resistive Switching Properties of Ti/Zr02/Pt with Embedded Germanium 111 Chun-An Lin, Debashis Panda, and Tseung-Yuen Tseng Nonvolatile Memories Using Single Electron Tunneling Effects in Si Quantum Dots Inside Tunnel Silicon Oxide 117 Ryuji Ohba Resistive Switching and Rectification Characteristics with CoO/Zr02 Double Layers 123 Tsung-Ling Tsai, Jia-Woei Wu, and Tseng-Yuen Tseng Research Of Nano-Scaled Transition Metal Oxide Resistive Non-Volatile Memory (R-RAM) 129 ChiaHua Ho, Cho-Lun Hsu, Chun-Chi Chen, Ming-Taou Lee, Hsin-Hau Huang, Kai-Shin Li, Lu-Mei Lu, Tung-Yen Lai, Wen-Cheng Chiu, Bo-Wei Wu, MeiYi Li, Min-Cheng Chen, Cheng-San Wu, Yi-Ping Hsieh, and Fu-Liang Yang Author Index 137

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Book SynopsisThe book focusses on the recent technical research accomplishments in the area of polyethylene-based blends, composites and nanocomposites by looking at the various aspects of processing, morphology, properties and applications.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Polyethylene-Based Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1Visakh. P. M., and Maria Jose Martinez Morlanes 1.1 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for Orthopaedic Devices: Structure/Property Relationships 2 1.2 Stabilization of Irradiated Polyethylene by Introduction of Antioxidants (Vitamin E) 4 1.3 Polyethylene-Based Conducting Polymer Blends and Composites 5 1.4 Polyethylene Composites with Lignocellulosic Material: A Brief Overview 7 1.5 LDH as Nanofillers of Nanocomposite Materials Based on Polyethylene 8 1.6 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene and its Reinforcement/Oxidative Stability with Carbon Nanotubes in Medical Devices 10 1.7 Montmorillonite Polyethylene Nanocomposites 11 1.8 Characterization Methods for Polyethylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 12 2 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for Orthopaedic Devices: Structure/Property Relationships 21Maurice N Collins, Declan Barron and Colin Birkinshaw 2.1 Introduction - HDPE and UHMWPE 22 2.2 Chemical Structure 23 2.3 Crystallinity and Melting Behaviour 24 2.4 Molecular weight 31 2.5 Mechanical Properties 32 2.6 Sterilisation by Gamma Rays 34 2.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 36 3 Stabilization of Irradiated Polyethylene by Introduction of Antioxidants (Vitamin E) 41Emmanuel Richaud 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Types of Antioxidants 42 3.3 Stabilization by Vitamin E 51 3.4 Analysis of the Content of Vitamin E 74 3.5 Conclusions 80 4 Polyethylene-Based Conducting Polymer Blends and Composites 93Sudip Ray, Ashveen Nand and Paul A. Kilmartin 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Preparation 95 4.3 Characterization 99 4.4 Properties 106 4.5 Applications 110 4.6 Concluding Remarks 111 5 Polyethylene Composites with Lignocellulosic Material 117Emanuel M. Fernandes, Joao F. Mano, and Rui L. Reis 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Materials 119 5.3 Coupling Agents and Fibre Chemical Treatments 126 5.4 Composites Processing and Properties 132 5.5 Industrial Applications of Polyethylene with Lignocellulosic Fibres 142 5.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 145 6 Layered Double Hydroxides as Nanofillers of Composites and Nanocomposite Materials Based on Polyethylene 163V. Rives, F. M. Labajos and M. Herrero 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Composites and Nanocomposites with Lamellar Fillers 164 6.3 Layered Double Hydroxides: Structure, Properties and Uses 165 6.4 Polyethylene as a Base of Blend Materials 175 6.5 Strategies of Preparation: Synthesis of Composites and Nanocomposites using Modified LDHs 177 6.6 Preparation of LDH-PE Materials 178 6.7 Characterisation of LDH-PE Materials 181 6.8 Properties of LDH-PE Materials 183 6.9 Uses of LDH-PE Materials 191 6.10 Conclusions and Current Trends of Development of LDH-PE Materials 192 7 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene and its Reinforcement with Carbon Nanotubes in Medical Devices 201R.M. Guedes, S.Kanagaraj, P.S.R. Sreekanth, Monica Oliveira, and M. Fonseca 7.1 Introduction 202 7.2 UHMWPE for Total Joint Arthroplasty 204 7.3 Biocompatibility of CNTs and UHMWPE-CNT Nanocomposites 207 7.4 Manufacturing Processes of UHMWPE-CNT Nanocomposites 209 7.5 Tribological Behaviour of UHMWPE and UHMWPE-CNT Nanocomposites 216 7.6 Aging of UHMWPE and UHMWPE-CNT Nanocomposites 221 7.7 Characterization of Irradiated UHMWPE and UHMWPEMWCNTs Nanocomposites 224 7.8 Viscoelastic Behavior and Dynamic Characterization using DMA 232 7.9 Conclusion 242 8 Montmorillonite Polyethylene Nanocomposites 257Veronica Marchante and Maribel Beltran 8.1 Introduction 258 8.2 Montmorillonite 258 8.3 Formulations and Processing Methods of OMt PE CPN 267 8.4 Properties of OMt PE CPN 270 8.5 Applications of Clay Polymer Nanocomposites 275 8.6 Future Trends and Challenges 276 9 Characterization Methods for Polyethylene-based Composites and Nanocomposites 281Visakh. P. M., and Maria Jose Martinez Morlanes 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 Processing PE Composites 282 9.3 Characterization 282 9.4 Conclusions 292 References 293 Index 299

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Book SynopsisThe book provides a unique overview on laser techniques and applications for the purpose of improving adhesion by altering surface chemistry and topography/morphology of the substrate.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Laser Surface Treatment/Modification to Enhance Adhesion 1 Nd:YAG Laser Surface Treatment of Various Materials to Enhance Adhesion 3 A. Buchman, M. Rotel and H. Dodiuk-Kenig 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Methodology 13 1.3 Experimental 13 1.4 Results 17 1.5 Conclusions 49 References 51 2 Effects of Excimer Laser Treatment on Self-Adhesion Strength of Some Commodity (PS, PP) and Engineering (ABS) Plastics 55 Erol Sancaktar, Hui Lu and Nongnard Sunthonpagasit 2.1 Introduction 56 2.2 Background and Literature Survey 56 2.3 Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastics 65 2.4 Experimental Procedures 71 2.5 Results and Discussion 74 2.6 Summary and Conclusions 94 References 97 3 Laser Surface Pre-Treatment of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) for Adhesive Bonding 103 F. Fischer, S. Kreling and K. Dilger 3.1 Introduction 103 3.2 State-of-Research 105 3.3 Materials and Methods 110 3.4 Laser Sources and Principles 112 3.5 Results 121 3.6 Summary 134 References 135 4 Laser Surface Modification of Fibers for Improving Fiber/Resin Interfacial Interactions in Composites 139 Anil N. Netravali 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Excimer Laser Treatment of UHMWPE Fibers 143 4.3 Excimer Laser Treatment of Vectran Fibers 154 4.4 Excimer Laser Treatment of Aramid Fibers 159 4.5 Excimer Laser Treatment of Cellulose Fibers 160 4.6 Summary 161 References 162 5 Laser Surface Modification in Dentistry: Effect on the Adhesion of Restorative Materials 167 Regina Guenka Palma-Dibb, Juliana Jendiroba Faraoni-Romano and Walter Raucci-Neto 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Dental Structures 173 5.3 Adhesion of Restorative Materials 180 5.4 Laser Light Interaction with the Dental Substrate 186 5.5 Dental Structure Ablation and Influence on Bond Strength of Restorative Materials 190 5.6 Summary and Prospects 196 References 196 Part 2: Other Effects/Applications of Laser Surface Treatment 6 Fundamentals of Laser-Polymer Interactions and their Relevance to Polymer Metallization 205 Piotr Rytlewski 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Impact of Laser Radiation on a Polymeric Material 208 6.3 Laser Selection Criteria 215 6.4 Surface Modification of Polymeric Materials Below Ablation Threshold 220 6.5 Surface Modification of Polymeric Materials Above Ablation Threshold 233 6.6 Application of Lasers to Polymer Metallization 241 6.7 Summary 251 Acknowledgement 252 References 252 7 Laser Patterning of Silanized Carbon/Polymer Bipolar Plates with Tailored Wettability for Fuel Cell Applications 263 Martin Schade, Steffen Franzka, Anja Schr”ter, Franco Cappuccio, Volker Peinecke, Angelika Heinzel and Nils Hartmann 7.1 Introduction 264 7.2 Silane-based Coatings 269 7.3 Laser Processing of Silane-based Coatings 271 7.4 Fabrication and Plasma Activation of Bipolar Plates 272 7.5 Silanization of Bipolar Plates 276 7.6 Laser Processing of Bipolar Plates 278 7.7 Summary 282 7.8 Prospects 283 Acknowledgments 283 References 284 8 Predominant and Generic Parameters Governing the Wettability Characteristics of Selected Laser-modified Engineering Materials 289 Jonathan Lawrence, David Waugh and Hao Liang 8.1 Introduction 290 8.2 Modification of Wettability Characteristics Using Laser Beams 291 8.3 Laser Wettability Characteristics Modification of Selected Ceramics 296 8.4 Laser Wettability Characteristics Modification of Selected Metals 307 8.5 Laser Wettability Characteristics Modification of a Selected Polymer 316 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 329 References 331 9 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials and the Effects on Wettability Characteristics 337 D.G. Waugh, D. Avdic, K.J. Woodham and J. Lawrence 9.1 Introduction 337 9.2 Wettability Characteristics 338 9.3 State-of-the-Art Surface Engineering Techniques 345 9.4 Summary 366 References 367 10 Water Adhesion to Laser-Treated Surfaces 377 Athanasios Milionis, Despina Fragouli, Ilker S. Bayer and Athanassia Athanassiou 10.1 Introduction 377 10.2 Materials, Fabrication Approaches and Results 381 10.3 Applications 395 10.4 Prospects 404 10.5 Summary 406 Acknowledgement 406 References 407

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Book SynopsisThe Study Guide is designed as a teaching aid to be used in conjunction with the book Alive and Well at the End of the Day: The Supervisor''s Guide to Managing Safety in Operations, written by Paul D. Balmert. The book is designed to teach front-line supervisors of workers in a wide range of industries how to help and guide their employees to understand the risks involved in the various aspects of their work, and how to cope with those risks and to plan and execute their jobs in ways that can help eliminate accidents. Created by the highly experienced training specialists of Balmert Consulting, the Study Guide utilizes training best practices to help affix the principals of Alive and Well at the End of the Day: The Supervisor''s Guide to Managing Safety in Operations in the minds of the reader. The use of strategically-crafted questionsboth at the beginning and end of each review sessionallows the reader to work with the material and become more familiar wit

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsContributors xv Foreword xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction to Biomanufacturing 1Mark F. Witcher 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Basics Constituents of Biopharmaceuticals 2 1.2.1 Proteins 3 1.2.2 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 5 1.2.3 Cells 6 1.3 Enterprise Element #1—Manufacturing Processes 8 1.3.1 Process—Unit Operations 8 1.3.2 Upstream Processes—Inoculum through Production Bioreactor 9 1.3.3 Upstream Processes—Harvest and Recovery 12 1.3.3.1 Normal Filtration 12 1.3.3.2 Centrifuge 13 1.3.3.3 Cell Disruption 13 1.3.4 Downstream Processes 13 1.3.4.1 Viral Clearance 14 1.3.4.2 Tangential Flow Filtration 15 1.3.4.3 Chromatography 16 1.3.5 Process Performance and Control 19 1.3.6 Process—Equipment 22 1.3.7 Process—Materials 23 1.4 Enterprise Element #2—Manufacturing Facility 23 1.4.1 Facility—Layout 23 1.4.2 Facility—Environment 25 1.4.3 Clean Rooms/CNC Spaces 25 1.4.4 HVAC—Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning 26 1.4.5 Surfaces 30 1.4.6 Facility—Utilities Systems 30 1.4.7 Facility—Control Systems 31 1.5 Enterprise Element #3—Manufacturing Infrastructure 31 1.5.1 Infrastructure—People (Operating Staff) 32 1.5.2 Infrastructure—Enterprise Practices and Procedures 32 1.6 Controlling the Manufacturing Enterprise 33 1.7 Summary 35 References 36 2 Product–Process–Facility Relationship 39Jeffery Odum 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 The Characteristics of Biological Therapeutic Products 40 2.3 Understanding the Attributes 42 2.3.1 Product Quality Attributes 44 2.3.2 Process Parameters 44 2.3.3 Facility Attributes 45 2.4 Factors that Impact Facility Design 46 2.4.1 Facility Types 47 2.4.1.1 Product Development Facilities 47 2.4.1.2 Pilot/Clinical 49 2.4.1.3 Commercial Manufacturing 54 2.4.2 Comparisons of the Facility Types 54 References 54 3 Regulatory Considerations of Biomanufacturing Facilities 55Kip Priesmeyer 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Regulatory “Uncertainty,” A Two-Way Street 56 3.3 Design with the Patient in Mind: Assess the Patient, Product, Process, and Plant 58 3.4 Laws, Regulations, and Guidelines: Historical Background 60 3.5 Global Guidance Documents 64 3.6 Quality Systems and Risk Management 66 3.7 Product Changeover and Regulatory Assessment of Cleaning Validation 70 3.8 Control Strategy 74 3.9 Contract Manufacturing Organizations 77 3.10 FDA Inspections of Biopharm Facilities and Regulators’ Priorities 80 3.11 Regulatory Meetings 84 3.12 Conclusion 85 References 88 4 Biopharmaceutical Facility Design and Validation 91Jeffery Odum 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Designing for Compliance 92 4.2.1 Facility Considerations 93 4.2.2 Product–Process–Facility Integration 94 4.2.3 The Role of Quality by Design 94 4.3 Risk Management 102 4.4 Qualification/Verification 105 4.5 Process Validation 110 4.6 List of Abbreviations 113 References 115 5 Closed Systems in Bioprocessing 117Jeffery Odum 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Definition of Closed Systems 117 5.3 Closed System Design 119 5.4 Impact on Facility Design 121 5.5 Impact on Operations 123 5.6 Summary 127 References 127 6 Aseptic Manufacturing Considerations for Biomanufacturing Facility Design 129Jeffery Odum, Hartmut Schaz, and Larry Pressley 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 The Relationship to Biological Products 130 6.3 Process Attributes—Product Protection 130 6.3.1 System Closure 131 6.3.2 Segregation Strategy 133 6.4 Facility Design 134 6.5 Critical Area 137 References 141 7 Facility Control of Microorganisms: Containment and Contamination 143Jonathan Crane 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Design Principles for Controlling Microorganisms 144 7.2.1 Planning Concepts 145 7.2.2 Physical Barriers 145 7.2.3 Engineering Systems 146 7.2.4 Containment and Isolation Equipment 150 7.2.5 Design to Support Operational Protocols 151 7.3 Controlling Viable Environmental Particulates 151 7.4 Reducing the Transport of Mold into the Bioprocess Facility 153 7.4.1 Environmental Zoning 153 7.4.2 Filtration of Molds and Mold Spores from Incoming Air 155 7.5 Reducing Mold Sources within the Bioprocess Facility 156 7.5.1 Cleaning and Decontamination 157 7.6 Biocontainment: An Overlay to Process Design 157 7.7 The Biocontainment Regulatory Environment 159 7.7.1 Laboratory-Scale Use and Use in Animal Models of Disease 160 7.7.2 Large-Scale Use of Pathogens 161 7.7.3 Animal and Plant Pathogens 162 7.7.4 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and Synthesized Organisms 163 7.7.5 Toxins 163 7.7.6 Allergens and Biologically Active Products 164 7.7.7 Biosecurity 164 7.8 Principles of Biosafety 165 7.8.1 Risk Groups 165 7.8.2 Biosafety Levels 165 7.9 Principles of Biocontainment Facility Design 167 7.9.1 Risk Assessment 168 7.9.2 Primary Containment 168 7.9.3 Secondary Containment 169 7.9.4 Impact of Scale and Process 170 7.10 Design for the Entire Process 171 7.10.1 Upstream Process Facilities 172 7.10.2 Downstream Process Facilities 173 7.10.3 Fill and Finish Facilities 173 7.10.4 Quality Control Laboratory Facilities 173 7.10.5 Cross-contamination “Live” to “Nonlive” 173 7.11 Conclusion 173 References 174 Further Reading 176 8 Process-Based Laboratory Design 177Henriette Schubert and Flemming K. Nielsen 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Areas of Application/Scope 177 8.3 Translation of Process Elements into Laboratory Architecture 179 8.4 Key Steps in Planning Approach and Methodology 180 8.4.1 Laboratory Planning Process 180 8.4.1.1 Project Initiation (Analyze Data) 181 8.4.1.2 Conceptual Design (Develop Concepts) 181 8.4.1.3 Basic Design and Detailed Design (Develop Solutions) 181 8.4.2 Creating an Informed Basis for Design 182 8.4.2.1 Mapping of Design Drivers and Project Targets 183 8.4.2.2 Designing for the Desired Laboratory Work Culture 185 8.4.2.3 Risk Assessment (GMP, Biocontainment/High Potent Product Containment) 188 8.4.2.4 Operational Workflow Mapping and Visual Planning 193 8.4.2.5 Functional Adjacency Analysis (Function/Relation) 195 8.4.2.6 Laboratory Typologies as a Planning Tool 197 8.5 Laboratory Concept Development 200 8.5.1 Planning Considerations for Laboratory Concepts 200 8.5.1.1 Area Distribution 200 8.5.1.2 Laboratory Concepts 201 8.5.1.3 Capacity Considerations 201 8.5.1.4 Translating Strategic Project Drivers into Laboratory Concepts 202 8.5.1.5 Generic Versus Tailor-Made/Specialized Laboratory Concepts 203 8.5.1.6 Typical Objectives for Laboratory Types (R&D, QC) 204 8.5.1.7 Laboratory Planning Modules and Floor Height 206 8.5.2 Mechanical Considerations 208 8.6 SHE Considerations 209 8.7 Glossary 210 8.8 List of Abbreviations 210 References 211 9 Case Study: Pharmaceutical Pilot Plant Design and Operation 213Beth H. Junker 9.1 Introduction 213 9.2 Operational Concepts and Processing Requirements 215 9.3 Design 217 9.3.1 Process Equipment 219 9.3.2 Utilities 223 9.3.2.1 Product Contact 224 9.3.2.2 Nonproduct Contact 227 9.3.2.3 HVAC 228 9.3.3 Containment 230 9.3.3.1 Product Protection 231 9.3.3.2 Environmental Protection 231 9.3.3.3 Personnel Protection 232 9.3.4 Instrumentation 232 9.3.5 Automation and Control 233 9.3.6 Data Acquisition and Archiving 235 9.3.7 Warehousing 236 9.3.8 Back-Up Systems/Redundancy 237 9.3.9 Future Expansion/Modification 237 9.4 Operation 238 9.4.1 Maintenance 238 9.4.1.1 Preventative 238 9.4.1.2 Ongoing 240 9.4.1.3 Calibrations 240 9.4.1.4 Modifications/Change Control 241 9.4.2 Staffing 242 9.4.3 Laboratory Support 243 9.4.4 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) 243 9.4.5 Safety 247 9.4.6 Training 249 9.4.7 Validation 250 9.4.8 Facility Records and Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) 251 References 253 10 Addressing Sustainability in Biomanufacturing Facility Design 259Josh Capparella, Samuel Colucci, Daniel Conner, Robert Dick, and Amanda Weko 10.1 Introduction 259 10.1.1 Economics of Sustainability 261 10.1.2 Energy Benchmarking in the Biopharmaceutical Industry 261 10.1.3 Integrating Sustainability into the Design Process 261 10.1.3.1 Building Sustainability into the Process Early 261 10.1.3.2 Building Information Modeling 262 10.1.3.3 Integrated Utilities Approach 262 10.1.4 Sustainable Building Benchmarking 263 10.1.4.1 Commercial Building Benchmarking 263 10.1.4.2 Biopharmaceutical Building Benchmarking 265 10.1.4.3 Variations in Benchmarking Data 266 10.1.4.4 Making a Meaningful Impact to Facility Energy Reductions 267 10.1.4.5 Energy Efficiency: Current Trends 268 10.1.5 Cost of Utilities 269 10.1.6 Is Net Zero a Possibility? 271 10.1.7 Process Drives the Design 272 10.1.8 Risk-Based Approach to Sustainability 272 10.1.9 Risk in a Closed Process 273 10.2 Process Architecture 273 10.2.1 Process Technology Impact on Footprint 273 10.2.2 Tech Transfer and Scale Up 274 10.2.3 Water 276 10.3 Water and Water Treatment 276 10.3.1 Incoming City Water 277 10.3.2 Filtration and Softening 277 10.3.3 Deionization and Reverse Osmosis 278 10.3.4 Water for Injection (WFI) 279 10.3.4.1 Ambient, Intermediate, and Hot WFI Requirements 279 10.3.5 Clean Steam 279 10.3.6 Black Utilities 280 10.3.7 Wastewater Treatment 280 10.4 Energy Efficiency 281 10.4.1 Building Envelope and Materials 281 10.4.2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 282 10.4.2.1 Once-Through HVAC Versus Recirculation 283 10.4.2.2 Filtration 283 10.4.2.3 Primary–Secondary Air 283 10.4.2.4 Setback Strategies 283 10.4.3 Chilled Water 285 10.4.3.1 Chilled Water and the HVAC System 286 10.4.3.2 Chilled Water Generation 286 10.4.3.3 Chilled Water Analysis and Design 286 10.4.3.4 Free Cooling Opportunities 288 10.4.3.5 Cooling Tower Design 289 10.4.4 Steam 289 10.4.4.1 Steam Optimization 289 10.4.5 Compressed Air 291 10.4.5.1 Air- and Water-Cooled Air Compressors 293 10.4.5.2 Drier Technology 293 10.4.6 Nitrogen 294 10.4.7 Retro Commissioning 294 10.4.8 Maintenance and Operations Best Practices 297 10.5 Conclusion 300 Acknowledgments 301 References 301 11 Technology’s Impact on the Biomanufacturing Facility of the Future 305Jeffery Odum and Mark F. Witcher 11.1 Introduction 305 11.2 The Enabling Technologies 307 11.2.1 Process Platform Improvements 307 11.2.2 Single-Use Technology 308 11.2.3 Process Automation 311 11.3 Elements of a Biomanufacturing Enterprise 311 11.4 Evolution of the Facility of the Future 313 11.5 The Future—Summary and Conclusions 320 References 321 Glossary 323 Index 329

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