Energy technology and engineering Books

Book SynopsisBiofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or fracking). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, so long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as biofuels and biofeedstocks is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the energy pie. Biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published aTable of Contents1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1 Opubo Gbanaye Benebo 1.1 Biofuel Production Background 1 1.1.1 General Limitations 2 1.1.2 Limitation of Cashcrop Raw Material 4 1.1.3 Limitations of Algae Raw Materials Remediation 5 1.1.4 Limitations Remediation 5 1.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 8 1.2.1 Algae Cultivation Assessment 8 1.2.2 Algal Cultivation Inefficiencies Remediation 11 1.2.3 Technology Development 12 1.2.4 Lessons from the Algae Biofuel Industry Collapse 13 1.2.5 Process Development Norms 14 1.2.6 Research Team 15 1.2.7 Alga Cultivation General Issues 16 1.2.8 Biofuel Process Technology 17 1.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 18 1.3.1 Cellular Reaction Kinetics Analysis 19 1.3.2 Cultivation Bench-Scale Model Design 20 1.3.3 Cultivation Bioreactor 21 1.3.4 Concentrator Harvesting of Cells 21 1.3.5 Cell Rupture Technology 21 1.3.6 BioFeedstock Separation Process 22 1.3.7 Bench-Scale Cultivation Process Technology 23 1.3.8 Process Technology Financial Viability Design 23 1.3.9 Process Technology Sustainability Engineering 24 1.3.10 Process Technology Optimization Engineering 25 1.3.11 Base Cultivation Process Technology 26 1.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26 1.4.1 Resourcing Algal Biomass 27 1.4.2 Microbes Nutrients-Feed Production 28 1.4.3 Fermentation Process Technology 28 1.4.4 Biodiesel Process Technology 29 1.4.5 Biorefinery Process Technology 29 1.4.6 Engineering Cost Impact Analysis 30 Acknowledgment 32 About the Author 33 References 34 2 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35 Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Algal Biomass Production 38 2.2.1 Growth Conditions 38 2.2.1.1 Temperature 38 2.2.1.2 Light Intensity 38 2.2.1.3 pH 39 2.2.1.4 Aeration and Mixing 39 2.2.1.5 Salinity 39 2.2.2 Photoautotrophic Production 40 2.2.2.1 Open Pond Production Pathway 40 2.2.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 40 2.2.3 Harvesting and Dewatering of Algal Biomass 42 2.2.3.1 Flocculation 42 2.2.3.2 Chemical Flocculation 42 2.2.3.3 Electroflocculation 42 2.2.3.4 Biofloculation 43 2.2.3.5 Magnetic Separation of Algae 43 2.2.3.6 Dissolved Air Flotation 43 2.2.3.7 Filtration 43 2.2.3.8 Centrifugation 43 2.2.3.9 Attachment/Biofilm-Based Systems 44 2.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 44 2.3.1 Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 45 2.3.2 Vertical Tubular Photobioreactors 45 2.3.2.1 Bubble Column 45 2.3.2.2 Airlift Reactors 46 2.3.3 Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactors 46 2.3.4 Flat Panel Photobioreactor 47 2.4 Algal Biofuels – Feedstock of the Future 48 2.4.1 Biohydrogen 49 2.4.2 Biobutanol 49 2.4.3 Jet Fuel 50 2.4.4 Biogas 50 2.4.5 Bioethanol 51 2.5 Biofuel Pathways 51 2.5.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 52 2.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 52 2.5.3 Alcoholic Fermentation 53 2.5.4 Biophotolysis 53 2.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 53 2.6.1 Algae in Human Nutrition 54 2.6.2 Algae in Animal and Aquaculture Feed 54 2.6.3 Algae as Fertilizer 55 2.6.4 Algae as Recombinant Protein 56 2.6.5 Algae as Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 56 2.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 57 2.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 58 2.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 61 2.10 Conclusion 63 References 64 3 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73 Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 75 3.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 76 3.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5 Sugars along with C6 Sugars 77 3.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 77 3.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 80 3.7 Conclusion 82 References 83 4 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89 Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Fast Pyrolysis 92 4.2.1 Principles 92 4.2.2 Reactors 92 4.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Bed 94 4.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Bed 94 4.2.2.3 Rotating Cone 100 4.2.2.4 Ablative Pyrolysis 100 4.2.2.5 Screw Reactor 101 4.2.2.6 Other Reaction Systems 102 4.2.3 Bio-Oil Composition and Properties 103 4.2.4 Factors Affecting on Biomass Pyrolysis 105 4.2.4.1 Feedstock 105 4.2.4.2 Biomass Pre-Treatment 105 4.2.4.3 Temperature and Carrier Gas Flow Rate 110 4.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 111 4.3.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 111 4.3.2 Catalytic Cracking 114 4.3.3 Fast Hydropyrolysis 116 4.3.4 Cold Plasma 117 4.4 Gasification 126 4.4.1 Types of Gasifier 130 4.4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 130 4.4.1.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 135 4.4.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasifier 137 4.4.2 Influence of Operating Parameters on Gasification Process 138 4.4.2.1 Equivalence Ratio 138 4.4.2.2 Steam to Biomass Ratio 138 4.4.2.3 Gasifying Agents 139 4.4.2.4 Gasification Temperature 139 4.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 140 4.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Reactors 140 4.5.1.1 Multi-Tubular Fixed Bed 141 4.5.1.2 Slurry Bubble Column 141 4.5.1.3 Fluidized Bed 143 4.5.2 Catalysts 143 4.5.3 Influence of Operating Parameters on Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis 145 4.6 Summary 147 References 148 5 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167 Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N. 5.1 Introduction 168 5.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 169 5.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 176 5.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 177 5.4.1 Open Pond Systems 177 5.4.2 Closed Photobioreactors (PBR) 179 5.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 180 5.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 181 5.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 182 5.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 183 5.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 183 5.7 Distillation 184 5.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 185 5.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 186 5.10 Conclusions 187 References 187 6 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197 Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy 6.1 Introduction 198 6.2 Biomass Energy 200 6.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 201 6.4 Pome Characterization 203 6.5 Pretreatment 203 6.5.1 Physical and Physicochemical Pretreatment 204 6.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 205 6.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 206 6.6 Hydrolysis 206 6.6.1 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 206 6.6.2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 207 6.6.3 Base Hydrolysis 207 6.6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 208 6.6.5 Cellulase Enzymes Hydrolysis 208 6.7 Fermentation Process 209 6.8 Bioethanol 210 6.8.1 Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 211 6.8.2 Bioethanol Production by Fermentation of Sugars 212 6.8.3 Bioethanol Determined by GC/MS from POME Hydrolysate 213 6.9 Conclusion 214 6.10 Acknowledgment 214 References 214 7 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219 Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar Garlapati 7.1 Introduction 219 7.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 220 7.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 223 7.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 225 7.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 227 7.5.1 Approaches to Overcome the Obstacles 227 7.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 227 7.6.1 Engineered Pathways in Bacteria 227 7.6.2 Engineered Pathways in Yeast 229 7.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation 231 7.8 Future Prospects 232 7.9 Conclusions 233 References 233 8 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237 Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V. Chavan 8.1 Introduction 238 8.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 239 8.3 Routes of Butanol Production 241 8.3.1 Chemical Route 241 8.3.2 Biological Route 242 8.4 Microbial ABE Production 243 8.4.1 Microbial Strains 244 8.4.2 Biosynthetic Pathways of Clostridia 245 8.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 247 8.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 248 8.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 250 8.8 Bioreactor Operations 253 8.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 255 8.9.1 Extraction 256 8.9.2 Gas Stripping 259 8.9.3 Pervaporation 260 8.9.4 Perstraction 262 8.9.5 Adsorption 263 8.9.6 Hybrid Separation Process 265 8.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 266 8.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268 References 270 9 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Residues 285 Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M 9.1 Introduction 286 9.2 Agricultural Residues 287 9.2.1 Husk 288 9.2.2 Straw 289 9.2.2.1 Wheat Straw 289 9.2.2.2 Rice Straw 290 9.2.2.3 Barley Straw 291 9.2.3 Bagasse 291 9.3 ABE Fermentation 292 9.3.1 Butanolgenic Microorganisms 292 9.3.2 Fermentation 295 9.3.3 ABE Pathway 303 9.3.3.1 Acid Producing Phase 304 9.3.3.2 Solvent Producing Phase 304 9.4 Challenges 305 9.4.1 Strict Anaerobic Nature 306 9.4.2 Tolerance to Solvent 307 9.4.3 Sensitivity of Acids 308 9.4.4 Shifting of pH 309 9.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309 Acknowledgments 310 References 310 10 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering Approaches 319 Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu 10.1 Introduction 319 10.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 320 10.2.1 Microalgae 321 10.2.2 Microalgae and Biodiesel 321 10.2.3 Selection of Microalgal Strain for Biodiesel Production 323 10.2.4 Microalgae Cultivation 327 10.2.5 Harvesting and Lipid Extraction 329 10.2.6 Conversion of Microalgal Oil to Biodiesel 331 10.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 332 10.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 337 10.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 338 10.6 Conclusions 340 References 340 11 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351 Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi 11.1 Introduction 351 11.1.1 Microalgae 353 11.1.2 Classification of Microalgae 353 11.1.3 Algae Growth 355 11.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 356 11.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 362 11.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 362 11.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with Recent Developments 363 11.5.1 Esterification/Alcoholysis 363 11.5.2 Solvent Addition 365 11.5.3 Emulsification 365 11.5.4 Hydrotreating/Hydro Deoxygenation 366 11.5.5 Hydro-Cracking 366 11.5.6 Zeolite Cracking 367 11.6 Conclusion 367 References 368 12 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil 373 Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty 12.1 Introduction 374 12.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 375 12.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 376 12.3.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis 376 12.3.2 In-Situ versus Ex-Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis Process 377 12.3.3 Hydrodeoxygenation 378 12.3.4 Hydrogenation 378 12.3.5 Steam Reforming 379 12.3.6 Emulsification 379 12.3.7 Esterification 380 12.4 Conclusion 381 References 382 Index 387

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade magazines and review articles describe MWD in casual terms, e.g., positive versus negative pulsers, continuous wave systems, drilling channel noise and attenuation, in very simple terms absent of technical rigor. However, few truly scientific discussions are available on existing methods, let alone the advances necessary for high-data-rate telemetry. Without a strong foundation building on solid acoustic principles, rigorous mathematics, and of course, fast, inexpensive and efficient testing of mechanical designs, low data rates will impose unacceptable quality issues to real-time formation evaluation for years to come. This all-new revised second edition of an instant classic promises to change all of this. The lead author and M.I.T.-educated scientist, Wilson Chin, has written the only book available that develops mud pulse telemetry from first principles, adapting sound acoustic principles to rigorous signal processing and efficient wind tunnel testing. In facTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xix 1 Stories from the Field, Fundamental Questions and Solutions 1 1.1 Mysteries, Clues and Possibilities 1 1.2 Paper No. AADE-11-NTCE – 74, “High-Data-Rate MWD System for Very Deep Wells” significantly expanded with additional photographs and detailed annotations 11 1.2.1 Abstract 11 1.2.2 Introduction 11 1.2.3 MWD telemetry basics 13 1.2.4 New telemetry approach 14 1.2.5 New technology elements 16 1.2.5.1 Downhole source and signal optimization 16 1.2.5.2 Surface signal processing and noise removal 19 1.2.5.3 Pressure, torque and erosion computer modeling 20 1.2.5.4 Wind tunnel analysis: studying new approaches 23 1.2.5.5 Example test results 42 1.2.6 Conclusions 45 1.2.7 Acknowledgements 46 1.2.8 Credits 46 1.2.9 Paper references 47 1.3 References 48 2 Harmonic Analysis: Six-Segment Downhole Acoustic Waveguide 49 2.1 MWD Fundamentals 50 2.2 MWD Telemetry Concepts Re-examined 51 2.2.1 Conventional pulser ideas explained 51 2.2.2 Acoustics at higher data rates 52 2.2.3 High-data-rate continuous wave telemetry 54 2.2.4 Drillbit as a reflector 55 2.2.5 Source modeling subtleties and errors 56 2.2.6 Flowloop and field test subtleties 58 2.2.7 Wind tunnel testing comments 60 2.3 Downhole Wave Propagation Subtleties 60 2.3.1 Three distinct physical problems 61 2.3.2 Downhole source problem 62 2.4 Six-Segment Downhole Waveguide Model 64 2.4.1 Nomenclature 66 2.4.2 Mathematical formulation 68 2.5 An Example: Optimizing Pulser Signal Strength 79 2.5.1 Problem definition and results 79 2.5.2 User interface 82 2.5.3 Constructive interference at high frequencies 83 2.6 Additional Engineering Conclusions 85 2.7 References 87 3 Harmonic Analysis: Elementary Pipe and Collar Models 88 3.1 Constant area drillpipe wave models 88 3.1.1 Case (a), infinite system, both directions 89 3.1.2 Case (b), drillbit as a solid reflector 90 3.1.3 Case (c), drillbit as open-ended reflector 90 3.1.4 Case (d), “finite-finite” waveguide of length 2L 91 3.1.5 Physical Interpretation 91 3.2 Variable area collar-pipe wave models 94 3.2.1 Mathematical formulation 94 3.2.2 Example calculations 96 3.3 References 98 4 Transient Constant Area Surface and Downhole Wave Models 99 Overview 99 4.1 Method 4-1. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, no mud pump noise 101 4.1.1 Physical problem 101 4.1.2 Theory 102 4.1.3 Run 1. Wide signal – low data rate 103 4.1.4 Run 2. Narrow pulse width – high data rate 105 4.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift keying or PSK 106 4.1.6 Runs 4 and 5. Phase-shift keying or PSK, very high data rate 109 4.2 Method 4-2. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, with mud pump noise 110 4.2.1 Physical problem 110 4.2.2 Software note 111 4.2.3 Theory 111 4.2.4 Run 1. 12 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 112 4.2.5 Run 2. 24 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 113 4.3 Method 4-3. Directional filtering – difference equation method requiring two transducers 114 4.3.1 Physical problem 114 4.3.2 Theory 115 4.3.3 Run 1. Single narrow pulse, S/N = 1, approximately 116 4.3.4 Run 2. Very noisy environment 118 4.3.5 Run 3. Very, very noisy environment 119 4.3.6 Run 4. Very, very, very noisy environment 120 4.3.7 Run 5. Non-periodic background noise 121 4.4 Method 4-4. Directional filtering – differential equation method requiring two transducers 122 4.4.1 Physical problem 122 4.4.2 Theory 123 4.4.3 Run 1. Validation analysis 124 4.4.4 Run 2. A very, very noisy example 126 4.4.5 Note on multiple-transducer methods 127 4.5 Method 4-5. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect solid reflector 128 4.5.1 Software note 128 4.5.2 Physical problem 129 4.5.3 On solid and open reflectors 129 4.5.4 Theory 130 4.5.5 Run 1. Long, low data rate pulse 132 4.5.6 Run 2. Higher data rate, faster valve action 132 4.5.7 Run 3. PSK example, 12 Hz frequency 133 4.5.8 Run 4. 24 Hz, Coarse sampling time 134 4.6 Method 4-6. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect open end or zero acoustic pressure reflector 135 4.6.1 Software note 135 4.6.2 Physical problem 135 4.6.3 Theory 136 4.6.4 Run 1. Low data rate run 137 4.6.5 Run 2. Higher data rate 138 4.6.6 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 139 4.6.7 Run 4. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 139 4.6.8 Run 5. Phase-shift-keying, 48 Hz carrier 140 4.7 References 141 5 Transient Variable Area Downhole Inverse Models 142 5.1 Method 5-1. Problems with acoustic impedance mismatch due to collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as open-end reflector 144 5.1.1 Physical problem 144 5.1.2 Theory 145 5.1.3 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 149 5.1.4 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 149 5.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 150 5.1.6 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 151 5.2 Method 5-2. Problems with collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as closed end, solid drillbit reflector 152 5.2.1 Theory 152 5.2.2 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 152 5.2.3 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 153 5.2.4 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 153 5.2.5 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 153 5.3 References 154 6 Signal Processor Design and Additional Noise Models 155 6.1 Desurger Distortion 156 6.1.1 Low-frequency positive pulsers 158 6.1.2 Higher frequency mud sirens 159 6.2 Downhole Drilling Noise 162 6.2.1 Positive displacement motors 163 6.2.2 Turbodrill motors 164 6.2.3 Drillstring vibrations 164 6.3 Attenuation Mechanisms 166 6.3.1 Newtonian model 166 6.3.2 Non-Newtonian fluids 167 6.4 Drillpipe Attenuation and Mudpump Reflection 169 6.4.1 Low-data-rate physics 170 6.4.2 High data rate effects 171 6.5 Applications to Negative Pulser Design in Fluid Flows and to Elastic Wave Telemetry Analysis in Drillpipe Systems 172 6.6 LMS Adaptive and Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters 174 6.7 Low Pass Butterworth, Low Pass FFT and Notch Filters 176 6.8 Typical Frequency Spectra and MWD Signal Strength Properties 177 6.9 References 178 7 Mud Siren Torque and Erosion Analysis 179 7.1 The Physical Problem 179 7.1.1 Stable-closed designs 181 7.1.2 Previous solutions 181 7.1.3 Stable-opened designs 183 7.1.4 Torque and its importance 184 7.1.5 Numerical modeling 185 7.2 Mathematical Approach 185 7.2.1 Inviscid aerodynamic model 187 7.2.2 Simplified boundary conditions 188 7.3 Mud Siren Formulation 190 7.3.1 Differential equation 190 7.3.2 Pressure integral 191 7.3.3 Upstream and annular boundary condition 192 7.3.4 Radial variations 194 7.3.5 Downstream flow deflection 195 7.3.6 Lobe tangency conditions 196 7.3.7 Numerical solution 196 7.3.8 Interpreting torque computations 197 7.3.9 Streamline tracing 198 7.4 Typical Computed Results and Practical Applications 200 7.4.1 Detailed engineering design suite 200 7.5 Conclusions 206 7.5.1 Software reference 206 7.6 References 207 8 Downhole Turbine Design and Short Wind Tunnel Testing 208 8.1 Turbine Design Issues 208 8.2 Why Wind Tunnels Work 210 8.3 Turbine Model Development 213 8.4 Software Reference 217 8.5 Erosion and Power Evaluation 222 8.6 Simplified Testing 225 8.7 References 228 9 Siren Design and Evaluation in Mud Flow Loops and Wind Tunnels 229 9.1 Early Wind Tunnel and Modern Test Facilities 230 9.1.1 Basic ideas 231 9.1.2 Three types of wind tunnels 232 9.1.3 Background, early short wind tunnel 233 9.1.4 Modern short and long wind tunnel system 234 9.1.5 Frequently asked questions 237 9.2 Short wind tunnel design 240 9.2.1 Siren torque testing in short wind tunnel 244 9.2.2 Siren static torque testing procedure 247 9.2.3 Erosion considerations 250 9.3 Intermediate Wind Tunnel for Signal Strength Measurement 251 9.3.1 Analytical acoustic model 252 9.3.2 Single transducer test using speaker source 255 9.3.3 Siren Δp procedure using single and differential transducers 255 9.3.4 Intermediate wind tunnel test procedure 257 9.3.5 Predicting mud flow Δp’s from wind tunnel data 261 9.4 Long Wind Tunnel for Telemetry Modeling 263 9.4.1 Early construction approach - basic ideas 263 9.4.2 Evaluating new telemetry concepts 268 9.5 Water and Mud Flow Loop Testing 268 9.6 References 276 10 Advanced System Summary and Modern MWD Developments 277 10.1 Overall Telemetry Summary 278 10.1.1 Optimal pulser placement for wave interference 278 10.1.2 Telemetry design using FSK 281 10.1.3 Sirens in tandem or “sirens in series” 283 10.1.4 Attenuation misinterpretation 284 10.1.5 Surface signal processing 288 10.1.6 Attenuation, distance and frequency 291 10.1.7 Ghost signals and echoes 294 10.2 Sirens, Turbines and Batteries 295 10.3 References 299 11 MWD Signal Processing in China 300 12 Sensor Developments in China 318 12.1 DRGDS Near-bit Geosteering Drilling System 318 12.1.1 Overview 318 12.1.2 DRGDS tool architecture 319 12.1.3 Functions of DRGDS 327 12.2 DRGRT Natural Azi-Gamma Ray Measurement 332 12.3 DRNBLog Geological Log 336 12.4 DRMPR Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity 338 12.5 DRNP Neutron Porosity 339 12.6 DRMWD Positive Mud Pulser 343 12.7 DREMWD Electromagnetic MWD 344 12.8 DRPWD Pressure While Drilling 347 12.9 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-1 350 12.10 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-2 354 13 Sinopec MWD Research 355 13.1 Engineering and Design Highlights 356 13.2 Credits 364 14 Gyrodata MWD Research 365 14.1 Short and Long Wind Tunnel Facilities 366 14.2 Credits 375 15 GE Oil & Gas MWD Developments (BakerHughes, a GE Company) 376 15.1 Recent Patent Publications 377 15.2 Credits 391 15.3 References 391 16 MWD Turbosiren - Principles, Design and Development 392 16.1 Background and Motivation 392 16.1.1 Mud siren background 393 16.1.2 Enter the turbosiren 398 16.1.3 General unanswered questions 404 16.2 Prototype Turbosirens and Experimental Notes 405 16.2.1 Single-stage turbosiren 405 16.2.2 Basic measurements 406 16.2.3 Dual-stage turbosiren 409 16.2.4 Three-stage turbosiren 410 16.2.5 Complementary reference turbine 411 16.5 References 439 17 Design of Miniature Sirens 440 17.1 Siren flowmeter applications 441 17.2 Mini-siren prototypes 442 17.3 Cardboard test prototyping 448 17.4 Credits 450 18 Wave-Based Directional Filtering 451 18.1 Background 451 18.2 Theory and Difference-Delay Equations 452 18.3 Calculated Results 455 18.3.1 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07D.FOR) 456 18.3.2 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07E.FOR) 460 18.3.3 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07F.FOR) 463 18.3.4 Method 4-4, Differential equation (Software reference, SAS14D.FOR Option 3 identical to SIGPROC-1.FOR) 466 18.4 Conclusions 472 18.5 References 472 Cumulative References 473 Index 478 About the Author 489

Read more less

Book SynopsisA guide to the role of static state estimation in the mitigation of potential system failures With contributions from a noted panel of experts on the topic, Advances in Electric Power and Energy: Static State Estimation addresses the wide-range of issues concerning static state estimation as a main energy control function and major tool for evaluating prevailing operating conditions in electric power systems worldwide. This book is an essential guide for system operators who must be fully aware of potential threats to the integrity of their own and neighboring systems. The contributors provide an overview of the topic and review common threats such as cascading black-outs to model-based anomaly detection to the operation of micro-grids and much more. The book also includes a discussion of an effective mathematical programming approach to state estimation in power systems. Advances in Electric Power and Energy reviews the most recent developments inTable of ContentsAbout the Editor xi About the Contributors xiii Chapter 1 General Considerations 1 1.1 Prelude 1 1.2 Defining SSE 2 1.3 The Need for State Estimation 3 1.4 Static State Estimation in Practice 4 1.5 Applications That Use SE Solution 10 1.6 Overview of Chapters 13 Chapter 2 State Estimation In Power Systems Based On A Mathematical Programming Approach 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Formulation 24 2.3 Classical State Estimation Procedure 26 2.4 Mathematical Programming Solution 31 2.5 Alternative State Estimators 32 Part 1 System Failure Mitigation 59 Chapter 3 System Stress and Cascading Blackouts 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Cascading Blackouts and Previous Work 62 3.3 Problem Statement and Approach 66 3.4 DFAXes, Vulnerability, and Criticality Metrics 70 3.5 Validity of Metrics 78 3.6 Studies with Metrics 82 3.7 Summary 93 3.8 Application of Stress Metrics 94 3.9 Conclusions 94 Chapter 4 Model-Based Anomaly Detection For Power System State Estimation 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Cyberattacks on State Estimation 100 4.3 ATTACK-RESILIENT State Estimation 103 4.4 Model-Based Anomaly Detection 106 4.5 Conclusions 117 Chapter 5 Protection, Control, and Operation of Microgrids 123 5.1 Prelude 123 5.2 Introduction 126 5.3 State of the Art in Microgrid Protection and Control 128 5.4 Emerging Technologies 146 5.5 Test Case for DDSE 154 5.6 Test Results 159 5.7 Test Case for Adaptive Setting-Less Protection 161 5.8 Conclusions 167 Part 2 Robust State Estimation 171 Chapter 6 PSSE Redux: Convex Relaxation, Decentralized, Robust, And Dynamic Solvers 173 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Power Grid Modeling 174 6.3 Problem Statement 176 6.4 Distributed Solvers 186 6.5 Robust Estimators and Cyberattacks 193 6.6 Power System State Tracking 198 6.7 Discussion 202 Chapter 7 Robust Wide-Area Fault Visibility and Structural Observability In Power Systems With Synchronized Measurement Units 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Robust Fault Visibility Using Strategically Deployed Synchronized Measurements 210 7.3 Optimal PMU Deployment for System-Wide Structural Observability 221 7.4 Conclusions 229 Chapter 8 A Robust Hybrid Power System State Estimator With Unknown Measurement Noise 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Problem Statement 233 8.3 Proposed Framework for Robust Hybrid State Estimation 234 8.4 Numerical Results 245 8.5 Conclusions 249 Chapter 9 Least-Trimmed-Absolute-Value State Estimator 255 9.1 Bad Data Detection and Robust Estimators 256 9.2 Results and Discussion 266 9.3 Conclusions 287 Part 3 State Estimation For Distribution Systems 295 Chapter 10 Probabilistic State Estimation In Distribution Networks 297 10.1 Introduction 297 10.2 State Estimation in Distribution Networks 298 10.3 Improving Observability in Distribution Networks 309 10.4 Conclusion 324 Chapter 11 Advanced Distribution System State Estimation In Multi-Area Architectures 329 11.1 Issues and Challenges of Distribution System State Estimation 329 11.2 Distribution System Multi-Area State Estimation (DS-MASE) Approach 342 11.3 Application of the DS-MASE Approach 357 11.4 Validity and Applicability of DS-MASE Approach 369 Part 4 Parallel/Distributed Processing 375 Chapter 12 Hierarchical Multi-Area State Estimation 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Preliminaries 381 12.3 Modeling and Problem Formulation 385 12.4 A Brief Survey of Solution Techniques 387 12.5 Hierarchical State Estimator Via Sensitivity Function Exchanges 393 12.6 Add-On Functions in Multi-area State Estimation 399 12.7 Properties 401 12.8 Simulations 405 12.9 Conclusions 409 Chapter 13 Parallel Domain-Decomposition-Based Distributed State Estimation For Large-Scale Power Systems 413 13.1 Introduction 413 13.2 Fundamental Theory and Formulation 416 13.3 Experimental Results 436 13.4 Conclusion 449 Chapter 14 Dishonest Gauss–Newton Method-Based Power System State Estimation On A GPU 455 14.1 Introduction 455 14.2 Background 456 14.3 Performance of Dishonest Gauss–Newton Method 461 14.4 GPU Implementation 463 14.5 Simulation Results 467 14.6 Discussions on Scalability 468 14.7 Distributed Method of Parallelization 470 14.8 Conclusions 473 Index 475

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisDiscover the latest research in path planning and robust path tracking control InAutonomous Road Vehicle Path Planning and Tracking Control, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a practical and insightful exploration of how to design robust path tracking control. The authors include easy to understand concepts that are immediately applicable to the work of practicing control engineers and graduate students working in autonomous driving applications. Controller parameters are presented graphically, and regions of guaranteed performance are simple to visualize and understand. The book discusses the limits of performance, as well as hardware-in-the-loop simulation and experimental results that are implementable in real-time. Concepts of collision and avoidance are explained within the same framework and a strong focus on the robustness of the introduced tracking controllers is maintained throughout. In addition to a continuous treatment of comTable of ContentsAuthor biographies Preface Abbreviations Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Introduction 1 1.2 History of Automated Driving 4 1.3 ADAS to Autonomous Driving 13 1.4 Autonomous Driving Architectures 14 1.5 Cybersecurity Considerations 15 1.6 Organization and Scope of the Book 16 1.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 16 References 16 Chapter 2. Vehicle, Path and Path Tracking Models 21 2.1 Tire Force Model 21 2.1.1 Introduction 21 2.1.2 Tire forces/moments and slip 22 2.1.3 Longitudinal tire force modeling 25 2.1.4 Lateral tire force modeling 28 2.1.5 Self-aligning moment model 30 2.1.6 Coupling of tire forces 32 2.2 Vehicle longitudinal dynamics model 37 2.3 Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Model 41 2.3.1 Geometry of cornering 41 2.3.2 Single track lateral vehicle model 43 2.3.3 Augmented single track lateral vehicle model 47 2.3.4 Linearized single track lateral vehicle model 48 2.4 Path Model 52 2.5 Pure Pursuit: Geometry Based Low Speed Path Tracking 58 2.6 Stanley Method for Path Tracking 59 2.7 Path Tracking in Reverse Driving and Parking 62 2.8 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 63 References 63 Chapter 3. Simulation, Experimentation and Estimation Overview 65 3.1 Introduction to the Simulation Based Development and Evaluation Process 65 3.2 Model-in-the-Loop Simulation 68 3.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Vehicle Simulation Models 68 3.2.2 Higher Fidelity Vehicle Simulation Models 69 3.3 Virtual Environments Used in Simulation 71 3.3.1 Road Network Creation 71 3.3.2 Driving Environment Construction 73 3.3.3 Capabilities 77 3.4 Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation 82 3.5 Experimental Vehicle Testbeds 84 3.5.1 Unified Approach 84 3.5.2 Unified AV Functions and Sensors Library 87 3.6 Estimation 88 3.6.1 Estimation of the Effective Tire Radius 88 3.6.2 Slip Slope Method for Road Friction Coefficient Estimation 89 3.6.3 Results and Discussion 92 3.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 97 References 97 Chapter 4. Path Description and Generation 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Discrete Waypoint Representation 100 4.3 Parametric Path Description 103 4.3.1 Clothoids 104 4.3.2 Bezier Curves 107 4.3.3 Polynomial Spline Description 108 4.4 Tracking Error Calculation 113 4.5 Conclusions 114 References 115 Chapter 5. Collision Free Path Planning 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Elastic Band Method 121 5.2.1 Path Structure 121 5.2.2 Calculation of Forces 121 5.2.3 Reaching Equilibrium Point 124 5.2.4 Selected Scenarios 125 5.2.5 Results 127 5.3 Path Planning with Minimum Curvature Variation 135 5.3.1 Optimization based on G2-quintic Splines Path Description 135 5.3.2 Reduction of Computation Cost using Lookup Tables 138 5.3.3 Geometry-based Collision-free Target Points Generation 142 5.3.4 Simulation Results 145 5.4 Model-based Trajectory Planning 148 5.4.1 Problem Formulation 148 5.4.2 Parameterized Vehicle Control 149 5.4.3 Constrained Optimization on Curvature Control 150 5.4.4 Sampling of the Longitudinal Movements 155 5.4.5 Trajectory Evaluation and Selection 157 5.4.6 Integration of Road Friction Coefficient Estimation for Safety Enhancement 159 5.4.7 Simulation Results in Complex Scenarios 162 5.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 169 References 170 Chapter 6. Path Tracking Model Regulation 174 6.1 Introduction 174 6.2 DOB Design and Frequency Response Analysis 175 6.2.1 DOB Derivation and Loop Structure 175 6.2.2 Application Examples 178 6.2.3 Disturbance Rejection Comparison 188 6.3 Q Filter Design 188 6.4 Time Delay Performance 189 6.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 193 References 193 Chapter 7. Robust Path Tracking Control 195 7.1 Model Predictive Control for Path Following 196 7.1.1 Formulation of linear adaptive MPC problem 196 7.1.2 Estimation of Lateral Velocity 198 7.1.3 Experimental Results 201 7.2 Design Methodology for Robust Gain-scheduling Law 204 7.2.1 Problem Formulation 204 7.2.2 Design via Optimization in Linear Matrix Inequalities form 205 7.2.3 Parameter-space Gain-scheduling Methodology 207 7.3 Robust Gain-scheduling Application to Path Tracking Control 213 7.3.1 Car Steering Model and Parameter Uncertainty 213 7.3.2 Controller Structure and Design Parameters 215 7.3.3 Application of Parameter-space Gain-scheduling 217 7.3.4 Comparative Study of LMI Design 222 7.3.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 223 7.4 Add-on Vehicle Stability Control for Autonomous Driving 227 7.4.1 Direct Yaw Moment Control Strategies 228 7.4.2 Direct Yaw Moment Distribution via Differential Braking 234 7.4.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 235 7.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 238 References 238 Chapter 8. Summary and Conclusions 242 8.1 Summary 242 8.2 Conclusions 244

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisURBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS With climate change and energy issues infiltrating seemingly every aspect of our lives, it is more important than ever to continue the march toward sustainability. It is not just about switching to a gasoline-free car or installing solar panels. Many countries, including our own, are dealing with these very difficult problems by converting to smart cities and other green energy projects. This is perhaps one of the most important issues facing our world today. Urban energy systems play a critical role in the sustainability and resilience of smart cities. As cities continue to grow and face increasing energy demands, it becomes essential to develop efficient and sustainable energy solutions. Modelling and simulation techniques provide valuable insights into the design, operation, and optimization of urban energy systems, supporting the transition towards more sustainable and smart cities. This perspective highlights the importance of modelling and simulation in achieTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xix List of Chapters and Affiliations xxiii 1 Emerging Trends of Urban Energy Systems and Management 1 Deepak Kumar 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Research Motivation 4 1.3 Stand-Alone and Minigrid-Connected Solar Energy Systems 6 1.4 Conclusion 12 References 13 2 Transitions in the Urban Energy Scenario and Approaches 19 Deepak Kumar 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Recent Transformation in Energy Sectors 22 2.3 Research Progressions 24 2.4 Breaking the Cycle 25 2.5 Conclusion 27 2.6 Future Implications 27 References 28 3 Urban Renewable Energy Resource Optimization Systems 31 Kalpit Jain and Devendra Kumar Somwanshi 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Literature Review 33 3.2.1 Long-Term Sustainable Solar Power Generation 33 3.2.1.1 Common Issues of Long-Term Sustainable Solar Power Generation 39 3.2.1.2 Strengths and Weakness Strength 40 3.3 Conclusion 43 References 44 4 Approaches for District-Scale Urban Energy Quantification and Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Energy Potential Assessment 47 Faiz Ahmed Chundeli and Adinarayanane Ramamurthy 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 District-Scale Urban Energy Modelling 49 4.2.1 “Bottom-Up” Modelling Approach – Archetype 49 4.2.2 The Renewable Energy Modelling Approach 50 4.2.3 Urban Microclimate 50 4.3 Evaluation of Energy Performance – The Case in Chennai 52 4.3.1 Profile of the Case Area 52 4.3.2 Data Model and Construction Techniques 53 4.3.3 Archetype Classification 53 4.3.4 Energy Quantification 55 4.3.5 Analysis of the Archetype Energy Quantification 57 4.3.6 Solar PV Potential Calculation 57 4.3.7 Analysis of Solar PV Potential 58 4.3.8 Scaling of Archetype Building Energy to District-Scale Urban Energy 58 4.3.9 Scaling of Archetype PV Potential to District-Scale PV Potential 59 4.4 Discussions and Conclusions 60 4.4.1 Discussion 60 4.5 Conclusions 61 References 62 5 Energy Consumption in Urban India: Usage and Ignorance 65 Rajnish Ratna and Vikas Chaudhary 5.1 Background 66 5.2 Introduction 67 5.3 Energy Outlook for India 68 5.4 Power Demand and Resources in India 71 5.5 Energy and Environment 73 5.6 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Indian Electricity Sector 75 5.7 Results 78 5.8 Conclusions 78 References 79 6 Solar Energy from the Urban Areas: A New Direction Towards Indian Power Sector 81 Sonal Jain 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Renewable Energy Chain in India 83 6.3 Development of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Plants 84 6.4 Solar Photovoltaic Market in India 85 6.5 Need for Solar Energy 86 6.6 Government Initiatives 86 6.7 Challenges for Solar Thermal Systems 87 6.8 Benefits of Solar PV 88 6.9 Causes of Delay in Solar PV Implementation and Ways to Quicken the Rate of Installation 89 6.10 Future Trends of Solar PV 90 6.11 Conclusion 90 References 91 Other Works Consulted 92 7 Energy Management Strategies of a Microgrid: Review, Challenges, Opportunities, Future Scope 93 Chiranjit Biswas, Somudeep Bhattacharjee, Uttara Das and Champa Nandi 7.1 Introduction 93 7.2 Methodology 95 7.2.1 Research Studies Selection Criteria 95 7.2.2 Section of Literature 95 7.2.3 Testing Criteria 95 7.2.4 Extraction of Data 96 7.2.5 Findings 96 7.3 Preliminary 97 7.3.1 Fuzzy Logic–Based Management Strategies 97 7.3.2 AI-Based Management Strategies 103 7.3.3 Other Management Strategies 106 7.4 Challenges of Energy Management in Microgrids 111 7.5 Opportunities 112 7.6 Future Research Direction 113 7.7 Conclusion 113 References 114 8 Urban Solid Waste Management for Energy Generation 119 Shikha Patel and Reshmi Manikoth Kollarath 8.1 Introduction 119 8.1.1 Background 119 8.1.2 Study Focus 121 8.2 Literature Review 122 8.3 Methodology 125 8.3.1 Formulating Research Background 125 8.3.2 Literature Review 126 8.3.3 Analysis 127 8.4 Case Study 127 8.4.1 Precedent Success 127 8.4.2 Precedent Failure 128 8.4.3 The Takeaway from Case Studies 130 8.5 Research Findings: Challenges of Waste-to-Energy Conversion 130 8.5.1 Environmental Challenges 131 8.5.2 Technological Challenges 132 8.5.3 Social Challenges 132 8.5.4 Economic Challenges 133 8.6 Recommendations 134 8.7 Conclusions and Discussion 135 Acknowledgements 136 References 136 9 Energy from Urban Waste: A Mysterious Opportunity for Energy Generation Potential 141 Shivangini Sharma and Ashutosh Tripathi 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Scenario of Solid Waste Management of Various Countries Around the World 143 9.3 Waste-to-Energy Processes 147 9.4 Challenges to Waste-to-Energy Generation 153 9.5 Conclusion 154 References 155 10 Sustainable Urban Planning and Sprawl Assessment Using Shannon’s Entropy Model for Energy Management 157 Pranaya Diwate, Priyanka Patil, Pranali Kathe and Varun Narayan Mishra 10.1 Introduction 158 10.2 Study Area 159 10.3 Materials and Methodology 160 10.3.1 Satellite Data Used 160 10.3.2 Pre-Processing of Satellite Data 160 10.3.3 Accuracy Assessment 162 10.3.4 LULC Change Detection 162 10.3.5 Shannon Entropy Model 162 10.4 Results and Discussion 163 10.4.1 LULC Maps 163 10.4.2 Accuracy Assessment 163 10.4.3 LULC Change Detection 165 10.5 Conclusion 168 Acknowledgements 169 References 169 11 Sustainable Natural Spaces for Microclimate Mitigation to Meet Future Urban Energy Challenges 171 Richa Manocha and Deepak Kumar 11.1 Introduction 172 11.2 Nature and Human Connection 174 11.3 Urban Gardening 176 11.4 Urban Greening and Energy Benefits 177 11.5 Nurturing a Connection to Nature in Early Years 177 11.6 Conclusion 180 11.7 Future Implication 181 References 181 12 Synthesis and Future Perspective 193 Deepak Kumar 12.1 Introduction 193 12.2 Synthesis of the Research 195 12.3 Future Urban Energy Policies, and Initiatives 199 12.4 The Challenge Ahead 201 12.5 Strategies for Improvement 201 References 203 About the Editor 205 Index 207

Read more less

Book SynopsisENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES IN GRID MODERNIZATION Written and edited by a team of experts, this exciting new volume discusses the various types of energy storage technologies, the applications of energy storage systems, their role in the real-time operation of power markets, and the operational issues of modern power systems, including renewable-based generating sources. The worldwide energy sector, specifically power generation, has undergone a huge transformation in recent years, and the focus is to make it sustainable, environmentally friendly, reliable, and highly efficient. As a result, a significant share of highly intermittent but clean renewable sources is being integrated into the power system using advanced technological components. The higher penetration level of renewable energy sources (RESs) has increased the active power generation share in the grid but reduced the total rotating system inertia. This high reduction in inertia brings new challenges and technical issues toTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Overview of Current Development and Research Trends in Energy Storage Technologies 1O. Apata 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Technology of Energy Storage 4 1.3 Energy Storage and Smart Grids 14 1.4 Energy Storage and Micro-Grids 15 1.5 Energy Storage Policy Recommendations 17 1.6 Energy Storage: Challenges and Opportunities 18 1.7 Practical Implementations of Energy Storage Technologies 19 1.8 Conclusions 20 References 20 2 A Comprehensive Review of the Li-Ion Batteries Fast-Charging Protocols 23Talal Mouais and Saeed Mian Qaisar 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 The Literature Review 27 2.2.1 Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Working Principle 28 2.2.2 Principles of Battery Fast-Charging 31 2.2.3 Multi-Scale Design for Fast Charging 33 2.2.4 Electrode Materials 33 2.2.5 Fast-Charging Strategies 34 2.2.6 Types of Charging Protocols 34 2.2.7 Li-Ion Battery Degradation 40 2.2.8 Factors that Cause Battery Degradation 41 2.2.9 Degradation Mechanism of the Li-Ion Battery 44 2.2.10 Electrode Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries 48 2.2.11 The Battery Management System 50 2.2.12 Battery Technology Gap Assessment for Fast-Charging 53 2.2.13 Developmental Needs 55 2.3 Materials and Methods 56 2.4 Discussion 58 2.5 Conclusion 63 Acknowledgements 65 References 65 3 Development of Sustainable High‑Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes from Biochar-Based Material 71Kriti Shrivastava and Ankur Jain 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Role of Energy Storage Systems in Grid Modernization 73 3.3 Overview of Current Developments of Supercapacitor-Based Electrical Energy Storage Technologies 78 3.4 Potential of Biochar as High-Performance Sustainable Material 80 3.5 Overview of Recent Developments in Biochar-Based EDLC Supercapacitor 83 3.5.1 Wood & Plant Residues as Biochar Precursor for Supercapacitor Applications 84 3.5.2 Biochar-Based Supercapacitors from Waste Biomass 89 3.5.3 Carbon-Based Supercapacitors from Other Methods 91 3.6 Current Challenges and Future Potential of Biochar-Based Supercapacitor 93 3.7 Conclusion 99 References 101 4 Energy Storage Units for Frequency Management in Nuclear Generators-Based Power System 105Boopathi D., Jagatheesan K., Sourav Samanta, Anand B. and Satheeshkumar R. 4.1 Introduction 105 4.1.1 Structure of the Chapter 110 4.1.2 Objective of the Chapter 110 4.2 Investigated System Modeling 111 4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Model 112 4.2.2 Fuel Cell (FC) Model 113 4.2.3 Redox Flow Battery (RFB) Model 113 4.2.4 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based FC Model 114 4.2.5 Ultra-Capacitor (UC) Model 115 4.2.6 Supercapacitor Energy Storage (SCES) Model 116 4.3 Controller and Cost Function 116 4.4 Optimization Methodology 118 4.5 Impact Analysis of Energy Storage Units 119 4.5.1 Impact of BESS 119 4.5.2 Impact of FC 121 4.5.3 Impact of RFB 122 4.5.4 Impact Analysis of the PEM-FC 123 4.5.5 Impact Analysis of UC 125 4.5.6 Impact Analysis of SCES 127 4.6 Result and Discussion 128 4.7 Conclusion 130 Appendix 132 References 132 5 Detailed Comparative Analysis and Performance of Fuel Cells 135Tejinder Singh Saggu and Arvind Dhingra 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Classification of Fuel Cells 136 5.2.1 Based on Fuel-Oxidizer Electrolyte 138 5.2.1.1 Direct Fuel Cell 138 5.2.1.2 Regenerative FC 139 5.2.1.3 Indirect Fuel Cells 143 5.2.2 Based on the State of Aggregation of Reactants 144 5.2.2.1 Solid Fuel Cells 144 5.2.2.2 Gaseous Fuel Cells 145 5.2.2.3 Liquid Fuel Cells 147 5.2.3 Based on Electrolyte Temperature 148 5.2.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane 148 5.2.3.2 Direct Methanol 150 5.2.3.3 Alkaline 150 5.2.3.4 Phosphoric Acid 151 5.2.3.5 Molten Carbonate 152 5.2.3.6 Solid Oxide 153 5.3 Cost of Different Fuel Cell Technologies 154 5.4 Conclusion 155 References 155 6 Machine Learning–Based SoC Estimation: A Recent Advancement in Battery Energy Storage System 159Prerana Mohapatra, Venkata Ramana Naik N. and Anup Kumar Panda 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 SoC Estimation Techniques 163 6.2.1 Coulomb Counting Approach 164 6.2.2 Look-Up Table Method 164 6.2.3 Model-Based Methods 164 6.2.3.1 Electrochemical Model 164 6.2.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Model 165 6.2.4 Data-Driven Methods 165 6.2.5 Machine Learning–Based Methods 166 6.2.5.1 Support Vector Regression 166 6.2.5.2 Ridged Extreme Learning Machine (RELM) 168 6.3 BESS Description 171 6.4 Results and Discussion 171 6.5 Conclusion 175 References 177 7 Dual-Energy Storage System for Optimal Operation of Grid‑Connected Microgrid System 181Deepak Kumar and Sandeep Dhundhara 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 System Mathematical Modelling 188 7.2.1 Modelling of Wind Turbine Power Generator 189 7.2.2 Modelling of Solar Power Plant 189 7.2.3 Modelling of Conventional Diesel Power Generator 189 7.2.4 Modelling of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Boiler Plant 190 7.2.5 Modelling of Dual Energy Storage System 190 7.2.5.1 Battery Bank Storage System 190 7.2.5.2 Pump Hydro Storage System 191 7.2.6 Modelling of Power Transfer Capability 191 7.3 Objective Function and Problem Formulations 192 7.3.1 Operational and Technical Constraints 192 7.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 195 7.5 Conclusion 208 References 209 8 Applications of Energy Storage in Modern Power System through Demand-Side Management 213Preeti Gupta and Yajvender Pal Verma 8.1 Introduction to Demand-Side Management 214 8.1.1 Demand-Side Management Techniques 214 8.1.1.1 Energy Efficiency 214 8.1.1.2 Demand Response 215 8.1.2 Demand-Side Management Approaches 217 8.2 Operational Aspects of DR 218 8.3 DSM Challenges 221 8.4 Demand Response Resources 223 8.5 Role of Battery Energy Storage in DSM 224 8.5.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction 225 8.5.1.1 Problem Formulation 225 8.5.1.2 Energy Storage Dispatch Modelling 226 8.5.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations 229 8.5.2.1 Problem Formulation 229 8.5.2.2 SPV System Modelling 230 8.5.3 Results and Discussions 231 8.5.3.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction Using Batteries with DR 231 8.5.3.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations Using Batteries with DR 232 8.6 Conclusion 234 References 234 9 Impact of Battery Energy Storage Systems and Demand Response Program on Locational Marginal Prices in Distribution System 239Saikrishna Varikunta and Ashwani Kumar 9.1 Introduction 240 9.1.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 240 9.1.2 Demand Response Program 242 9.2 Problem Formulation and Solution Using GAMS 244 9.2.1 Objective Functions for Case Studies: Case 1 to Case 5 245 9.2.1.1 Case 1: Is Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost 245 9.2.1.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 246 9.2.1.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along with Capacitor Placement 246 9.2.1.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost 247 9.2.1.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost and Taking the Impact of Demand Response Program 248 9.2.2 Real and Reactive Power Equality Constraints 249 9.2.2.1 Equality Constraints 249 9.2.2.2 Inequality Constraints: (at any bus i): Voltage, Power Generation, Line Flow, SOC, Battery Energy Storage Power 250 9.2.3 Modified Lagrangian Function 251 9.2.4 Generator Economics Calculations 252 9.3 Case Study: Numerical Computation 254 9.4 Results and Discussions 257 9.4.1 Case 1: Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost 257 9.4.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 260 9.4.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along 262 9.4.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 266 9.4.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 269 9.5 Conclusions 279 References 280 10 Cost-Benefit Analysis with Optimal DG Allocation and Energy Storage System Incorporating Demand Response Technique 283Rohit Kandpal, Ashwani Kumar, Sandeep Dhundhara and Yajvender Pal Verma 10.1 Introduction 284 10.2 Distribution Generation and Energy Storage System 285 10.2.1 Renewable Energy in India 286 10.2.2 Different Types of Energy Storage and their Opportunities 287 10.2.3 Distributed Generation 290 10.2.3.1 Solar Photovoltaic Panel-Based DG (PVDG) 290 10.2.3.2 Wind Turbine–Based DG (WTDG) 291 10.2.3.3 Load Model and Load Profile 293 10.2.4 Demand Response Program 294 10.2.5 Electric Vehicles 297 10.2.6 Modeling of Energy Storage System 299 10.2.7 Problem Formulation 300 10.2.8 Distribution Location Marginal Pricing 301 10.3 Grey Wolf Optimization 302 10.4 Numerical Simulation and Results 304 10.5 Conclusions 312 References 313 11 Energy Storage Systems and Charging Stations Mechanism for Electric Vehicles 317Saurabh Ratra, Kanwardeep Singh and Derminder Singh 11.1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles 318 11.1.1 Role of Electric Vehicles in Modern Power System 318 11.1.2 Various Storage Technologies 319 11.1.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Structure 322 11.2 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Charging Station 323 11.2.1 Types of Charging Station 323 11.2.2 Charging Levels 324 11.2.3 EV Charging 324 11.2.4 Charging Period 327 11.3 Modern System Efficient Approches 328 11.3.1 Smart Grid Technology 328 11.3.2 Renewable Energy Technology 329 11.3.3 V2G Technology 329 11.3.4 Smart Transport System 329 11.4 Battery Charging Techniques 330 11.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Station in Modern Power System 331 11.5 Indian Scenario 332 11.6 Energy Storage System Evaluation for EV Applications 333 11.7 ESS Concerns and Experiments in EV Solicitations 334 11.7.1 Raw Materials 335 11.7.2 Interfacing by Power Electronics 335 11.7.3 Energy Management 335 11.7.4 Environmental Impact 336 11.7.5 Safety 336 11.8 Conclusion 336 References 337 Index 341

Read more less

Book SynopsisHYDROGEN ENERGY Comprehensive resource exploring integrated hydrogen technology with guidance for developing practical operating systems Hydrogen Energy presents all-inclusive knowledge on hydrogen production and storage to enable readers to design guidelines for its production, storage, and applications, addressing the recent renewed interest in hydrogen energy to manage the global energy crisis and discussing the electrochemical potential of hydrogen in transportation and fuel cells. Written by a highly qualified author, Hydrogen Energy explores sample topics such as: Essentials of hydrogen energy, such as its occurrence, physico-chemical properties, production, transmission, delivery, storage, and utilization Technology of hydrogen utilization in the land transport sector, such as automobiles, as well as other modes of transport, like marine and air Combustion characteristics and environmental pollution features, internal combustion engines, and fuel cells Guidelines to design prototype systems, covering their safety, hydrogen induced damages and life cycle analysis Providing in-depth coverage of the subject, Hydrogen Energy is an ideal resource for researchers and professionals working towards developing time-bound goal-oriented hydrogen-based programs in the chemical, automobile, power, and process engineering sectors.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgement xvii List of Figures xix Author Biography xxxi 1 Overall Energy Perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Overview 2 1.3 Sun as the Source of All Energy 4 1.4 Energy Consumption in Transport, Agriculture and Domestic Sectors 6 1.5 Energy Crisis: Starvation of Fossil Fuels 8 1.6 Environmental Degradation Due to Fossil Fuel Combustion 9 1.6.1 Green House Effect: Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming 10 1.6.2 Smog 15 1.6.3 Acid Rain 17 1.6.4 Vehicular Pollution 18 1.7 Energy Transition Towards Sustainability 19 1.8 Role of Hydrogen in Present Energy-environment Context 21 1.9 Demand for Hydrogen 22 1.10 Structure and Phases of Hydrogen 25 1.11 Discovery and Occurrence of Hydrogen 27 1.12 Uses of Hydrogen 28 Concluding Remarks 32 Abbreviations 33 References 34 2 Hydrogen Energy: Properties and Quality 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Properties of Hydrogen 39 2.3 Physical Properties 40 2.4 Chemical Properties 44 2.4.1 Flammability Limit 46 2.4.2 Minimum Ignition Energy 47 2.4.3 Flashpoint 48 2.4.4 Auto-ignition Temperature 48 2.4.5 Octane Number 49 2.4.6 Heat of Combustion 49 2.5 Electro-conductivity and the Joule–Thomson Effect 50 2.6 Emissivity of Hydrogen Flame and Adiabatic Flame Temperature 50 2.7 Laminar Burning Velocity 51 2.8 Hydrogen–Oxygen Reaction Mechanism 51 2.9 Hydrogen Colours and Carbon Footprint 53 2.10 Grey, Blue and Green Hydrogen 54 2.10.1 Grey Hydrogen 54 2.10.2 Blue Hydrogen 55 2.10.3 Turquoise, Brown, Black, Pink, Red, Yellow and White Hydrogen 58 2.11 Green Hydrogen 59 2.12 Benefits of Green Hydrogen 63 2.13 Obstacles and Challenges to Green Hydrogen 65 2.14 Cost of Green Hydrogen 67 Concluding Remarks 70 Abbreviations 72 References 72 3 Production of Hydrogen 75 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Routes of Hydrogen Production 76 3.3 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) 80 3.3.1 Water–Gas Shift Reactor 82 3.3.2 Selection of Catalysts 83 3.3.3 Ethanol and Methanol Steam Reforming 83 3.3.4 Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Application 84 3.4 Partial Oxidation of POx 85 3.5 Partial Oxidation of Heavy Oils and Naphtha 86 3.6 Auto-thermic Reaction (ATR) 86 3.7 Hydrogen from Coal Gasification 88 3.7.1 Types of Coal Gasification 88 3.7.2 Mechanism of Hydrogen Production by Gasification 89 3.8 Underground Coal Gasification 89 3.9 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 90 3.9.1 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Hydrogen 91 3.9.2 Gasification of Biomass 91 3.9.3 Plasma Gasification Process 93 3.9.4 Pyrolysis of Biomass 93 3.9.5 Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass (SWGB) 94 3.10 Biological Production of Hydrogen 95 3.10.1 Biophotolysis 96 3.10.2 Photo-fermentation 97 3.10.3 Dark Fermentation 98 3.10.4 Combined Dark–Photo Co-fermentation 98 3.11 Hydrogen Production Based on Electrolysis 99 3.11.1 AEL and PEM Electrolysis 100 3.11.2 Alkaline Electrolysis 102 3.11.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis 102 3.12 Hydrogen Production Using Solar Energy 105 3.12.1 Solar Thermal Methane Splitting 106 3.13 Solid Oxide Electrolyser 106 3.14 Seawater Electrolyser 106 3.14.1 Photo-electrolysis (Photolysis) 107 3.15 Hydrogen Generation Using Wind Energy 108 3.16 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion for Hydrogen Production 109 3.17 Geothermal Energy for Hydrogen Production 109 3.18 Hydrogen from H2S in Black Sea Waters 110 3.19 Hydrogen Production Using Enterobacter cloacae 111 3.20 Hydrogen Production by Reforming Natural Gas and Bio-derived Liquids Using a Dense Ceramic Membrane 112 3.21 Plasma Reforming 113 3.22 Hydrogen from Nuclear Energy 114 3.23 Ammonia Dissociation 117 3.24 Hydrogen from Methane Hydrate 118 3.25 Improvements in Catalysts for Hydrogen Production 119 3.26 An Assessment of GWP and AP in Various Hydrogen Production Processes 120 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 122 Abbreviations 123 References 124 4 Hydrogen Storage, Transportation, Delivery and Distribution 133 4.1 Introduction 134 4.2 Properties of Hydrogen Relevant to Storage 134 4.3 Hydrogen Storage Criteria for Specific Application 136 4.4 Storage of Hydrogen as Compressed Gas 138 4.4.1 Types of Gas Cylinders 139 4.5 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 141 4.5.1 Boil-off Losses 141 4.5.2 Storage in High-pressure Gas Cylinders: Benefits and Challenges 143 4.6 Underground Storage of Hydrogen 144 4.7 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 146 4.7.1 Design Features of Storage Vessels 148 4.8 Slush Hydrogen Storage 149 4.9 Hydrides 150 4.10 Hydrogen Storage in Zeolites 154 4.11 Chemical Hydrides 154 4.12 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage 155 4.13 Hydrogen Storage in Hollow Microspheres 156 4.14 Hydrogen Transportation 157 4.14.1 Transport of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrogen 158 4.14.2 Hydrogen Transport Through Pipelines and Ships 158 4.14.3 Hydrogen Storage in Vehicles 160 4.15 Transport of Gaseous Hydrogen 161 4.16 Liquid Hydrogen 162 4.17 Hydrogen Dispensing 163 4.18 Distribution and Delivery 164 Concluding Remarks 166 Abbreviations 167 References 167 5 Safety, Sensing and Detection of Hydrogen 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Infamous Disasters Related to Hydrogen Safety 174 5.3 Classification of Hazards 179 5.4 Physiological Hazards 179 5.4.1 Asphyxiation 180 5.4.2 Hypothermia 180 5.4.3 Thermal and Cryogenic Burns 180 5.5 Properties Relevant to Hydrogen Safety 181 5.5.1 Density, Buoyancy and Diffusivity 183 5.5.2 Continuous Evaporation and High Vapour Density 186 5.5.3 Pressure Rise 187 5.5.4 Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) 188 5.5.5 Quenching Distance and Quenching Limit 188 5.5.6 Ignition Energy 190 5.5.7 Thermal Energy and Radiation 192 5.5.8 Excessive Pressure and Blast Waves 193 5.5.9 Burning Velocity 194 5.5.10 Flammability Range 196 5.6 Phenomena of Explosion 197 5.7 Deflagration and Detonation 198 5.8 Safety at Different Stages: Production, Transmission, Storage and Application 201 5.8.1 Safety During Production 202 5.8.2 Safety Criteria in Storage 203 5.8.3 Safety in Transmission 204 5.9 Safe Handling, Storage and Use of Hydrogen in Vehicles 205 5.10 Hydrogen Leak Detection Technique and Sensors 208 5.11 Hydrogen Embrittlement 214 Concluding Remarks 215 Abbreviations 216 References 216 6 Application of Hydrogen Energy 221 6.1 Introduction 222 6.2 Ammonia Production and Fertiliser Industry 225 6.3 Production of Methanol 227 6.4 Hydrogen in Refineries 228 6.5 Hydrogen Use in Steel Industries 229 6.6 Hydrogen in Agriculture, Healthcare, Food Industry and Several Other Sectors 230 6.7 Hydrogen in the Welding, Cement and Paper Industries 231 6.8 Hydrogen for Electricity Generation 231 6.9 Hydrogen in ICEs 233 6.10 ICEs 235 6.10.1 Anomalies in Hydrogen Combustion Systems: Pre-ignition and Backfire 236 6.10.2 Phenomenon of Backfire: Causes and Control Techniques 237 6.11 Choice of Engine Configuration for Hydrogen Fuelling 241 6.12 Performance of a Hydrogen-Operated SI Engine 242 6.13 Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Engine and NOx Control 248 6.14 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 249 6.15 Spark Timing 250 6.16 Catalytic Methods 251 6.16.1 Use of Unburnt H2 251 6.16.2 Dosing of External H2 252 6.17 Operation at a High Equivalence Ratio 253 6.18 Development of Hydrogen Engine (Both SI and CI Engine) Gensets 256 6.19 Combustion in Hydrogen-fuelled SI Engines 257 6.20 Significant Contribution of Laser Ignition to Engine Combustion 258 6.20.1 Laser Ignition 258 6.20.2 Hydrogen-fuelled Laser-ignited Engine 260 6.21 Hydrogen Use in CI Engines 263 6.22 Use of Hydrogen in the Rotary (Wankel Engine) 266 6.23 Use of Hydrogen in ICEs with Natural Gas 267 6.24 Hydrogen in Combination with Other Fuels for ICEs 273 6.24.1 Hydrogen with Ethanol 273 6.24.2 Hydrogen and DME 275 6.24.3 Hydrogen with Propane and LPG 276 6.24.4 Hydrogen Addition to Biogas–Biodiesel Engine 279 6.25 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine (HCCI) 280 6.26 Hydrogen-fuelled Vehicles (ICE Based) 282 6.27 Hydrogen in Fuel Cells 285 6.27.1 Types of Fuel Cells 287 6.27.2 Hydrogen Powertrains 293 6.27.3 Fuel Cell in the Transport Sector 294 6.27.4 Fuel Cell Buses and Trucks 295 6.27.5 Off-road Transport Trains 296 6.27.6 Stationary Power 297 6.27.6 Hydrogen in Gas Turbines 299 6.27.7 Hydrogen for Maritime Applications: Ships, Submarines and Boats 302 6.27.8 Hydrogen in Aviation and Air Transport 306 6.27.9 Hydrogen Use in the Domestic Sector 308 Concluding Remarks 310 Abbreviations 310 References 313 7 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, Durability and Material Compatibility 321 7.1 Introduction 321 7.2 Life Cycle Analysis 323 7.2.1 Stages of Life Cycle Assessment 324 7.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 324 7.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 325 7.2.4 Fourth and Last Phase of LCIA Life Cycle 327 7.3 Technical Review 327 7.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production 329 7.5 LCA-based Emissions 330 7.5.1 Global Warming Potential 330 7.5.2 Acidification 333 7.5.3 Eutrophication 337 7.6 Comparative Assessment of the Hydrogen Production Process 338 7.7 Climate Target Criteria: Carbon Capture 340 7.8 Review of Hydrogen Transport Modes and Delivery Methods 341 7.9 LCA for the Hydrogen Power Generation and Transport Sector 345 7.10 Analysis of Hydrogen Storage 346 7.11 Durability Studies Related to Hydrogen Energy Utilisation 351 7.12 Material Compatibility with Hydrogen Application 355 7.13 Ductility 356 7.13.1 Temperature Effect on Ductility 356 7.13.2 Choice of Fire-resistant Material 357 7.13.3 Materials for Liquid Hydrogen Service 358 Concluding Remarks 359 Abbreviations 359 References 361 8 Hydrogen-induced Damage (HTHA, Embrittlement and Blistering) 365 8.1 Introduction 366 8.2 HTHA, HA and HHA 367 8.3 High-temperature Hydrogen Attack 367 8.4 Factors Affecting Hydrogen Attack 368 8.4.1 Temperature 368 8.4.2 Pressure 369 8.4.3 Exposure Time 369 8.4.4 Stress 369 8.4.5 Composition of the Material 370 8.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomenon 371 8.5.1 External and Internal Embrittlement 372 8.5.2 Embrittlement Index 373 8.5.3 Characteristics of Hydrogen Embrittlement 373 8.6 Mechanisms of Embrittlement 375 8.7 Embrittlement Models 375 8.7.1 Hydrogen-enhanced Decohesion 376 8.7.2 Hydrogen-enhanced Local Plasticity Model 376 8.7.3 Adsorption-induced Dislocation Emission 377 8.7.4 Hydrogen-enhanced Strain-induced Vacancy Formation 377 8.7.5 Hydride-induced Embrittlement 379 8.7.6 Hydrogen-enhanced Macroscopic Plasticity (HEMP) 379 8.7.7 Hydrogen-assisted Microfracture Mode (HAM) 380 8.7.8 Decohesive Hydrogen Fracture (DHF) and Mixed Fracture (MF) 380 8.7.9 Hydrogen-assisted Microvoid Coalescence (HDMC) 380 8.8 Sensitivity Criteria for Materials to HE 381 8.9 Susceptibility of Materials to Hydrogen Embrittlement 382 8.10 Evaluation and Measurement of HE 383 8.10.1 Temperature Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) 384 8.10.2 Hydrogen Permeation Test 384 8.10.3 Microstructural Analysis 384 8.10.4 Hydrogen Microprint Technique (HMT) or Hydrogen Microprint and Silver Decoration Techniques 384 8.11 Embrittlement Prevention 385 8.12 Blistering 386 8.12.1 Characteristics of Blisters 387 8.12.2 Preventive Measures Against Hydrogen Blistering 388 Concluding Remarks 389 Abbreviations 389 References 391 9 Path Forward 397 References 407 Index 409

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers an in-depth historical and technical description of Iran's nuclear program in political, economic, and strategic contexts. The author points out this issue's connections with the evolution of global and regional strategic balances, as well as the stability of the international regime against the proliferation of nuclear weapons.Trade Review“This is a … comprehensive review of Iran's policy history of creating a nuclear energy capability. … The author includes a great deal of insight about the inner workings of the Iranian government system, adding to the book’s value. … Anyone interested in the question of nuclear energy in Iran and the Middle East must be aware of this book. It is indispensable. Summing Up: Essential. Lower-division undergraduates and above.” (S. R. Silverburg, Choice, Vol. 53 (10), June, 2016)“This book develops Iran’s path in the nuclear energy field from the first steps under Shah Reza Pahlavi in the 70s to the definition of the Joint Plan of Action (JPA) in April 2015 … . It is clear that the book is the result of an accurate and pains-taking research path, undoubtedly making it a great tool for those who want to go into the deepest details of the story.” (Greta Zunino, The International Spectator, Vol. 51 (4), 2016)Table of Contents1. The Nuclear Program of the Shah (1957-79) 2. The Impact of the Revolution (1979-89) 3. Progressive Consolidation (1989-98) 4. Expansion and Disclosure (1998-2003) 5. Diplomacy at Work (2003-05) 6. Sanctions and Tensions (2005-08) 7. Possible Military Dimensions 8. Negotiations and Pressures (2008-12) 9. Prudence and Hope

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book is focused on theoretical and experimental investigation aimed at detecting and selecting proper information related to the fundamental aspect of combustion casing design,performance and life evaluation parameters. A rational approach has been adopted to the analysis domain underlying the complexities of the process.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Fatigue Design Philosophy of Aero Engine Combustor Casing. Development of Test Facility and Test Setup. Manufacturing of an aero engine combustor casing, its experimental evaluation of fatigue life and correlation with numerical results. Re assessment of Fatigue Life of the Modified Combustor Casing. Safety Test on Modified Combustor Casing. Effect of Fatigue on Proof Strength of an Aero Engine Combustor Casing. Conclusions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNuclear Thermal-Hydraulic Systems provides a comprehensive approach to nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulics, reflecting the latest technologies, reactor designs, and safety considerations. The text makes extensive use of color images, internet links, computer graphics, and other innovative techniques to explore nuclear power plant design and operation. Key fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and nuclear engineering concepts are carefully explained, and supported with worked examples, tables, and graphics. Intended for use in one or two semester courses, the text is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students. A complete Solutions Manual is available for professors adopting the text.Table of Contents1. Nuclear Power in the World Today 2. The Pressurized Water Reactor 3. The Boiling Water Reactor 4. Fast Reactors, Gas Reactors, and Military Reactors 5. Thermal Energy Production in Nuclear Power Plants 6. The Laws of Thermodynamics 7. Thermodynamic Properties and Equations of State 8. The Nuclear Steam Supply System and Reactor Heat Exchangers 9. Reactor Thermal Cycles 10. The Laws of Nuclear Heat Transfer 11. Heat Removal from Nuclear Fuel Rods 12. Time-Dependent Nuclear Heat Transfer 13. Nuclear Reactor Fluid Mechanics 14. Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics 15. The Conservation Equations of Fluid Mechanics 16. Single-Phase Flow in Nuclear Power Plants 17. Laminar and Turbulent Flows with Friction 18. Core and Fuel Assembly Fluid Flow 19. Reactor Coolants, Coolant Pumps, and Power Turbines 20. Fundamentals of Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Nuclear Power Plants 21. Correlations for Single-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 22. Natural Convection in Nuclear Power Plants 23. Fundamentals of Two-Phase Flow in Nuclear Power Plants 24. Two-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 25. Heat Transfer Correlations for Advanced Two-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 26. Core Temperature Fields 27. Nuclear Hot Channel Factors, the Critical Heat Flux, and the DNBR 28. Particle Transport and Entrainment during Reactor Accidents 29. Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Flows, Compressible Flows, and Choke Flows 30. Reactor Accidents, DBAs, and LOCAs 31. Flow Oscillations, Density Waves, and Hydrodynamic Instabilities 32. Containment Buildings and Their Function 33. Thermal Design Limits, Operating Limits, and Safety Limits 34. Response of a Containment Building to a Reactor LOCA

Read more less

Book SynopsisAlternative Fuel Vehicles gives full coverage of all associated qualifications and awards in the emerging field of alternative fuels. It is an essential introduction to the ever-growing demand for vehicles that operate using non-conventional fuels.This first book on AFVs endorsed by the IMI begins with an overview of the subject, ideal for beginners, before outlining what is meant by alternative fuels, why they are necessary, and why climate change and associated legislation are key drivers. Details of how alternative fuels are made, the supply infrastructure, and how these vehicles work are all included. A chapter on fuel cells introduces learners to the use of hydrogen, and one on engines and engine management includes coverage of combustion as an aid to understanding why changing the type of engine fuel is complex. Some basic engine technology is included to help readers new to the subject. Real-life case studies and examples are used to illustrate different technTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. The environment 3. Alternative fuels 4. Fuel cells 5. Engines 6. Case studies 7. Automotive Technology Academy

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis handbook deals with the subject of how an individual can interconnect and inspect grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic power plants, which includes pre-commissioning and post-commissioning inspection of the grid. It further discusses the maintenance of personal health and safety at the project site. Table of Contents1. Role of Rooftop Solar Grid Engineer. 2. Introduction to Rooftop Solar PV Sector in India. 3. Rooftop solar pv Ecosystem. 4. Pre-commissioning Inspection of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar PV Power Plant. 5. Post-commissioning Inspection of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar PV Power Plant. 6. Maintain Work Safety of Solar PV System. 7. Annexure 1 – Sample Test Certificates of Solar PV Modules and Grid Connected Inverter. 8. Annexure 2 – Guidelines for on Grid Solar Rooftop PV System on Net-metering Basis for BESCOM Officials. 9. Annexure 3 – Guidelines for Utility Personnel – Installation Process of Solar Rooftop PV Systems for JVVNL.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProgress in Renewable Energies Offshore includes the papers presented in the 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energies Offshore (RENEW2016, Lisbon, Portugal, 24-26 October 2016). The scope of the book is broad, covering all aspects of renewable energies offshore activities such as resource assessment; wind energy; wave energy; tidal energy; ocean energy devices; multiuse platforms; PTO design; grid connection; economic assessment; installation and maintenance planning. The contents of the present book are organized in these main subject areas corresponding to the sessions in the Conference.The conference reflects the importance of the renewable energies offshore worldwide and is an opportunity to contribute to the exchange of information on the developments and experience obtained in concept development, design and operation of these devices.Progress in Renewable Energies Offshore has as main target academics Table of ContentsResource assessment - WavesResource assessment - TidalResource assessment - WindEnvironmental monitoringWave energy devicesWave energy devices - OWCWave energy devices - ArraysWave energy devices - ControlWave energy devices - PTOOcean energy devicesTidal energy devicesWind energy devicesMultiuse solutionsMooring systemsRisk and reliabilityMaintenance planningEconomic assessments

Read more less

Book SynopsisFor the Movers, Shakers, and Policy Makers in Energy Engineering and Related IndustriesThe latest version of a bestselling reference, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Handbook, Second Edition covers the foremost trends and technologies in energy engineering today. This new edition contains the latest material on energy planning and policy, with a focus on renewable and sustainable energy sources. It also examines nuclear energy and its place in future energy systems, includes a chapter on natural gas, and provides extensive coverage of energy storage for numerous forms of energy generation. The text also provides energy supply, demand, and pricing factor projections for the future.Explore the Future of Global EnergyThe authors address problems that industry now faces, including the limited availability of conventional energy resources such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and considers renewTrade Review"Excellent text. Covers the ground very well. An excellent companion when you are on a learning journey in Energy. A good handbook to hold hands with!"—Prof Ajith P. de Alwis, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Coordinating Secretariat for Science Technology and Innovation (COSTI) Sri Lanka"The book provides a very comprehensive and clear description of present, immediate future and future sources, technologies and systems for a sustainable energy use in all countries of the world. The book also deals with the aspects of Energy Infrastructure and Storage necessary for Distributed Energy Systems with smart grid integration."—Professor N.K.Bansal, CEPT University Ahmedabad"Overall, this is an interesting and comprehensive book that summarises well various information. It is a great reference point and can be used by both practitioners involved in RET and EE and students learning about sustainable built environment. It deals with RET and EE from technical, financial and governance points of view based on the examples from all over the world."—Ksenia Chmutina, Loughborough University"This is the most comprehensive and complete treatment I’ve seen of the issue of energy and our society. The international coverage adds a great deal to the discussion which is generally western-focused. The coverage of technologies is extremely balanced, providing a valid reference frame on which engineers, individuals and policy makers can base solid decisions."—John Gardner, Professor, Boise State University"A comprehensive handbook which covers the most cut edge improvement technologies of energy efficiency for energy generation and transportation facilities using either conventional petroleum-based energy or renewable energy. … The handbook could be beneficial to both experienced researchers / engineers as a guide or reference book and novices / university students as a textbook in energy related fields."—Prof. Cherng-Yuan Lin, National Taiwan Ocean University"Overall, the book covers a wide range of topics on energy efficiency and renewable energy. This will serve as a good Reference for practicing engineers, policy makers, and the students working in the area of Energy."—Prof. Kaushik Rajashekara, University of Texas at DallasTable of ContentsGLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS, POLICY, AND ECONOMICS. Global Energy Systems. Sound Finance Policies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. State and Federal Policies for Renewable Energy. Strategies and Instruments for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internationally, in Europe, and in Germany. Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Policies in China. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in India. Renewable Energy Policies in Brazil: Bioenergy, Photovoltaic Generation, and Transportation. Energy in Israel: A Case for Renewables. Renewable Energy in Australia. Japan’s Post-Fukushima Energy Policy. Policies for Distributed Energy Generation. Economics Methods. Environmental Impacts and Costs of Energy. ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH 2025. Distributed Generation Technologies through 2025. Demand-Side Management. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035. Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices, 2011-2040. ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE. Transportation. Infrastructure Risk Analysis and Security. Electricity Infrastructure Resilience and Security. Electrical Energy Management in Buildings. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems. Stirling Engines. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Residential and Commercial Sectors. Energy-Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment. Heat Pumps. Electric Motor Systems Efficiency. Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management. Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology. Analysis Methods for Building Energy Auditing. Cogeneration. Energy Storage Technologies. Advanced Concepts in Transmission and Distribution. Smart Grid Technology. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES. Solar Energy Resources. Wind Energy Resource. Municipal Solid Waste. Biomass Properties and Resources. Active Solar Heating Systems. Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power. Wind Energy Conversion. Photovoltaics. Thin-Film PV Technology. Concentrating PV Technologies. Waste-to-Energy Combustion. Energy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion Process. BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS. Biomass Conversion to Heat and Power. Biomass Conversion to Fuels. Geothermal Power Generation. Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Fuel Cells.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisAxial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) brushless machines are modern electrical machines with a lot of advantages over their conventional counterparts. This timeless and revised second edition deals with the analysis, construction, design, control and applications of AFPM machines.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1.1 Scope; 1.2 Features; 1.3 Development of AFPM Machines; 1.4 Types of Axial Flwr PM Machines; 1.5 Topologies and Geometries; 1.6 Rotor Dynamics; 1.7 Axial Magnetic Field Excited by PMs; 1.8 PM Eddy-Current Brake as the Simplest AFPM Brushless Machine; 1.9 AFPM Machines versus RFPM Machines; 1.10 Power Limitation of AFPM Machines; Numerical Examples; 2 Principles of AFPM Machines; 2.1 Magnetic Circuits; 2.1.1 Single-Sided Machines; 2.1.2 Double-Sided Machines With Internal PM DiscRotor; 2.1.3 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Ring-Shaped Core Stator; 2.1.4 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Slotted Stator; 2.1.5 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Coreless Stator; 2.1.6 Multidisc Machines; 2.2 Windings; 2.2.1 Three-Phase Windings Distributed in Slots; 2.2.2 Toroidal Winding; 2.2.3 Coreless Stator Winding; 2.2.4 Non-Overlap (Salient Pole) Windings; 2.3 Torque Production; 2.4 Magnetic Flux; 2.5 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF; 2.6 Losses and Efficiency; 2.6.1 Stator Winding Losses; 2.6.2 Stator Core Losses; 2.6.3 Core Loss Finite Element Model; 2.6.4 Losses in Permanent Magnets; 2.6.5 Rotor Core Losses; 2.6.6 Eddy Current Losses in Stator Conductors; 2.6.7 Rotational Losses; 2.6.8 Losses for Nonsinusoidal Current; 2.6.9 Efficiency; 2.7 Phasor Diagrams; 2.8 Sizing Equations; 2.9 Armature Reaction; 2.10 AFPM Motor; 2.10.1 Sine-Wave Motor; 2.10.2 Square-Wave Motor; 2.11 AFPM Synchronous Generator; 2.11.1 Performance Characteristics of a Stand Alone Generator; 2.11.2 Synchronization With Utility Grid; Numerical Examples; 3 Materials and Fabrication; 3.1 Stator Cores; 3.1.1 Nonoriented Electrical Steels; 3.1.2 Amorphous Ferromagnetic Alloys; 3.1.3 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites; 3.1.4 Fabrication of Stator Cores; 3.2 Rotor Magnetic Circuits; 3.2.1 PM Materials; 3.2.2 Characteristics of PM Materials; 3.2.3 Operating Diagram; 3.2.4 Permeances for Main and Leakage Fluxes; 3.2.5 Calculation of Magnetic Circuits With PMs; 3.2.6 Fabrication of Rotor Magnetic Circuits; 3.3 Windings; 3.3.1 Conductors; 3.3.2 Fabrication of Slotted Windings; 3.3.3 Fabrication of Coreless Windings; Numerical Examples; 4 AFPM Machines With Iron Cores; 4.1 Geometries; 4.2 Commercial AFPM Machines With Stator Ferromagnetic Cores; 4.3 Some Features of Iron-Cored AFPM Machines; 4.4 Magnetic Flux Density Distribution in the Air Gap; 4.5 Calculation of Reactances; 4.5.1 Synchronous and Armature Reaction Reactances; 4.5.2 Stator Leakage Reactance; 4.6 Performance Characteristics; 4.7 Performance Calculation; 4.7.1 Sine-Wave AFPM Machine; 4.7.2 Synchronous Generator; 4.7.3 Square-Wave AFPM Machine; 4.8 Finite Element Calculations; Numerical Examples; 5 AFPM Machines Without Stator Cores; 5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages; 5.2 Commercial Coreless Stator AFPM Machines; 5.3 Coreless Stator AFPM Microgenerators; 5.4 Performance Calculation; 5.4.1 Steady-State Performance; 5.4.2 Dynamic Performance; 5.5 Calculation of Coreless Winding Inductances; 5.5.1 Classical Approach; 5.5.2 FEM Approach; 5.6 Performance Characteristics; 5.7 Performance of Coreless Non-Overlap Winding AFPM Machines; 5.8 Eddy Current Losses in the Stator Windings; 5.8.1 Eddy Current Loss Resistance; 5.8.2 Reduction of Eddy Current Losses; 5.8.3 Reduction of Circulating Current Losses; 5.8.4 Measurement of Eddy Current Losses; 5.9 Armature Reaction; 5.10 Mechanical Design Features; 5.10.1 Mechanical Strength Analysis; 5.10.2 Imbalanced Axial Force on the Stator; 5.11 Thermal Problems; Numerical Examples; 6 AFPM Machines Without Stator and Rotor Cores; 6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages; 6.2 Topology and Construction; 6.3 Air Gap Magnetic Flux Density; 6.4 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF; 6.5 Commercial Coreless AFPM Motors; 6.6 Case Study: Low-Speed AFPM Coreless Brushless Motor; 6.6.1 Performance Characteristics; 6.6.2 Cost Analysis; 6.6.3 Comparison With Cylindrical Motor With Laminated Stator and Rotor Cores; 6.7 Case Study: Low-Speed Coreless AFPM; Brushless Generator; 6.8 Characterist

Read more less

Book SynopsisFor those who wish to delve deeper into the science, a technical appendix provides estimations for a variety of power generators.Anyone who is interested in how energy works and how it is transformed to power our lives will get a charge out of Lights On!Trade ReviewIn Lights On!, prolific science writer/theoretical physicist Denny explains the history of power generation and presents important facts about renewable energy... The examples provided will help readers understand complex concepts. ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Newton's Legacy2. What All the World Wants3. The Vital Spark4. Old King Coal5. The Seven Sisters—Old and New6. Water, Water, Everywhere7. Too Cheap to Meter8. Here Comes the SunAfterwordAppendixNotesBibliographyIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisRadiation Detection: Concepts, Methods, and Devices provides a modern overview of radiation detection devices and radiation measurement methods. The book topics have been selected on the basis of the authors' many years of experience designing radiation detectors and teaching radiation detection and measurement in a classroom environment.This book is designed to give the reader more than a glimpse at radiation detection devices and a few packaged equations. Rather it seeks to provide an understanding that allows the reader to choose the appropriate detection technology for a particular application, to design detectors, and to competently perform radiation measurements. The authors describe assumptions used to derive frequently encountered equations used in radiation detection and measurement, thereby providing insight when and when not to apply the many approaches used in different aspects of radiation detection. Detailed in many of the chapters are specific aspects ofTable of Contents1. Origins. 2. Introduction to Nuclear Instrumentation. 3. Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics. 4. Radiation Interactions. 5. Sources of Radiation. 6. Probability and Statistics for Radiation Counting. 7. Source and Detector Effects. 8. Essential Electrostatics. 9. Gas-Filled Detectors: Ion Chambers. 10. Gas-Filled Detectors: Proportional Counters. 11. Gas-Filled Detectors: Geiger-M¨uller Counters. 12. Review of Solid State Physics. 13. Scintillation Detectors and Materials. 14. Light Collection Devices. 15. Basics of Semiconductor Detector Devices. 16. Semiconductor Detectors. 17. Slow Neutron Detectors. 18. Fast Neutron Detectors. 19. Luminescent and Additional Detectors. 20. Radiation Measurements and Spectroscopy. 21. Mitigating Background. 22. Nuclear Electronics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIs this the right book for me?Save Energy and Cut Your Bills offers you straightforward and achievable strategies for reducing your energy bills and living a more environmentally aware life. With lots of useful tools to assess your energy and carbon use, it gives practical advice on everything from heating your home to managing teenage consumers. The book comes with:- Energy-saving actions categorized into ''no cost'', ''low cost'' and ''investment'' actions- Detailed installation costs and savings help you to make more effective decisions - Topical issues, such as HIPs and smart metering - Guidance on the most effective ways of generating your own power- Suggestions for green driving and being more sustainable in the garden- Resource sections for further investigation and assistanceSave Energy and Cut Your Bills include:Chapter 1: Background to energy useChapter 2: How much energy are yoTrade Review'Crammed with information and advice,it will surely help to fill in the gaps for those of us not totally conversant with all the complexities of saving energy. This book deserves to be a bestseller!' * - Self Build and Design *This book is fantastic. It provides comprehensive and accessible information for anyone wanting to start looking at options for reducing their domestic carbon footprint. It picks apart the issues with unbiased clarity and gives clear and impartial steps that anyone can take, from little day-to-day 'to dos' to the life-changing leaps. Essential reading! * - Josh Steiner, Action for Sustainable Living *Nick White has produced the most comprehensive guide on energy use and savings that I have come across. There are chapters on basic things like space heating, cooking and lighting, but more advanced aspects of the subject such as microgeneration and ground source heat pumps. Each topic is subdivided into tasks that can be carried out easily and cheaply through to more complex and costly ideas. And there are clear guides to issues like payback times, planning requirements and grant systems. Overall this book is a truly valuable addition to the growing library of information on energy issues. I would strongly recommend it to anyone with an interest in the subject. * - Ethical Pulse *Table of Contents : acknowledgements : preface 01: background to energy use 02: how much energy are you using now? 03: developing a strategy for action 04: energy saving in the house 05: generating your own energy 06: energy saving in the garden 07: saving energy on the road 08: future trends : taking it further : glossary : appendix 1 : appendix 2 : index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive overview of methods of characterizing the mechanical properties of engineering materials using specimen sizes in the micro-scale regime (0.3-5.0 mm). A range of issues associated with miniature specimen testing like correlation methodologies for data transferability between different specimen sizes, use of numerical simulation/analysis for data inversion, application to actual structures using scooped out samples or by in-situ testing, and more importantly developing a common code of practice are discussed and presented in a concise manner. Trade ReviewThe book covers ALL aspects of miniature specimen testing methods along with specimen designs and limitations for those which are now currently well established with many being also considered for ASTM standards. This book will be an invaluable source for graduate students and researchers involved with small specimen testing in various engineering and science disciplines. In addition, this book is a must-to-have for personnel involved with various technologies where limited amounts of materials are available and/or interested in characterization of damage accumulated in various structures of interest.—K. Linga Murty, North Carolina State UniversityThe book is a very good summary and collection of existing works on miniaturized mechanical testing techniques. The book covers relevant and essential topics that are needed in designing, instrumenting and implementing miniature testing methodologies. The book also provides sound insight on the science behind each of the testing methodologies.— Frank Liou, Missouri University of Science and Technology"This book brings the experience of the authors who have spent more than one decade in the determination of mechanical properties such as tensile properties, toughness properties and fracture properties through the use of small volume specimen testing methods. Being the first of its kind from India, this book serves the needs of young researchers to sensitize them on the fundamental issues relating to small specimen testing methods. The materials considered are structural materials that are used in the power plant industries and the test methods cover all the basic properties required for material’s mechanical property characterization."— Raghu V. Prakash, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Miniature specimens for tensile and flow properties. Miniature specimens for Fatigue and Fracture properties. Critical Issues in Small scale testing. Applications of small scale testing – Case Studies. Towards industrial Applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA “meticulously researched” (The New York Times Book Review) examination of energy transitions over time and an exploration of the current challenges presented by global warming, a surging world population, and renewable energy—from Pulitzer Prize- and National Book Award-winning author Richard Rhodes.People have lived and died, businesses have prospered and failed, and nations have risen to world power and declined, all over energy challenges. Through an unforgettable cast of characters, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Richard Rhodes explains how wood gave way to coal and coal made room for oil, as we now turn to natural gas, nuclear power, and renewable energy. “Entertaining and informative…a powerful look at the importance of science” (NPR.org), Rhodes looks back on five centuries of progress, through such influential figures as Queen Elizabeth I, King James I, Benjamin Franklin, Herman Melville, John D. Rockefeller, and Henry Ford. In his “magisterial history…a tour de force of popular science” (Kirkus Reviews, starred review), Rhodes shows how breakthroughs in energy production occurred; from animal and waterpower to the steam engine, from internal-combustion to the electric motor. He looks at the current energy landscape, with a focus on how wind energy is competing for dominance with cast supplies of coal and natural gas. He also addresses the specter of global warming, and a population hurtling towards ten billion by 2100. Human beings have confronted the problem of how to draw energy from raw material since the beginning of time. Each invention, each discovery, each adaptation brought further challenges, and through such transformations, we arrived at where we are today. “A beautifully written, often inspiring saga of ingenuity and progress…Energy brings facts, context, and clarity to a key, often contentious subject” (Booklist, starred review).Trade Review"A magesterial history...a tour de force of popular science, which is no surprise from this author."—Kirkus, Starred Review“Rhodes doesn’t minimize the downsides of advances, both human and environmental, yet, on the whole, this is a beautifully written, often inspiring saga of ingenuity and progress, ideal for general readers. Immensely engaging, trusted, and best-selling, Rhodes will attract the usual avid interest as he brings facts, context, and clarity to a key, often contentious subject.”—BOOKLIST, Starred Review “Once again, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and author Richard Rhodes takes on entangled issues around the use of science and technology and makes complicated matters more approachable. Rhodes’s study will appeal to many, not just technophiles. As always, he is an exceptionally engaging writer.”—Library Journal, Starred Review“In this meticulously researched work, Rhodes brings his fascination with engineers, scientists and inventors along as he presents an often underappreciated history: four centuries through the evolution of energy and how we use it.”—The New York Times Book Review“Riveting…Mr. Rhodes has scored another masterpiece.”—The Wall Street Journal“Energy is both a work of history and a passionately written moral tale...Rhodes’s hope that a critical look at past energy technologies will benefit those of the future is heartening.”—Science Magazine“Rhodes delivers brilliantly on the inner workings of steam engines and reactors, and his lively narrative takes readers on thrilling side trips... His fascinating tale will delight technology wonks and particularly appeal to inventors and discoverers.”—Publisher’s Weekly“Energy is an excellent book that manages to be both entertaining and informative, and it's likely to appeal to both science fans and those of us who only passed physics by the skin of our teeth. It's also a powerful look at the importance of science.”—NPR.ORG“Richard Rhodes’ dazzling Energy: A Human History tells a compulsively readable tale of human need, curiosity, ingenuity and arrogance... This exceptional book is required reading for anyone concerned about the human impact on the future of the world.”—Bookpage“Riveting…Mr. Rhodes has scored another masterpiece.”—The Wall Street Journal

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers a nuanced and detailed examination of two of the most important current debates about contemporary Russia's international activity: is Moscow acting strategically or opportunistically, and should this be understood in regional or global terms? The book addresses core themes of Russian activity – military, energy and economic - but it offers an unusual multi-disciplinary analysis to these themes. Monaghan incorporates both regional and thematic specialist expertise to give a fresh perspective to each of these core themes.Underpinned by detailed analyses of the revolution in Russian geospatial capabilities and the establishment of a strategic planning foundation, the book includes chapters on military and maritime strategies, energy security and economic diversification and influence. This serves to highlight the connections between military and economic interests that shape and drive Russian strategy.Trade Review'In Russian Grand Strategy in the Era of Global Power Competition, editor Andrew Monaghan brings together contributors to explore the military, political and economic features of Russian foreign policy. This book will be a useful starting point for researchers, policymakers, students of history and politics and all those looking to understand Russia’s long-term goals and sense of its place in the evolving world order.'LSE Review of Books -- .Table of ContentsForewordFlorence GaubPrefaceIan HillIntroduction Russian grand strategy and global power competitionAndrew Monaghan1 Mapping the globe and the revolution in Russia’s geospatial capabilityAlexander J. Kent2 Russia’s global maritime strategyMichael B. Petersen3 6th generation war and Russia’s global theatres of military activityCharles Bartles4 Looking to the global economy: Russia’s role as a supplier of strategically important goodsRichard Connolly5 Polar power: Russia’s 21st century power baseNazrin Mehdiyeva6 Strategic planning and management in RussiaJulian CooperConclusions Moscow’s strategy to become a ubiquitous powerAndrew Monaghan

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers a nuanced and detailed examination of two of the most important current debates about contemporary Russia's international activity: is Moscow acting strategically or opportunistically, and should this be understood in regional or global terms? The book addresses core themes of Russian activity – military, energy and economic - but it offers an unusual multi-disciplinary analysis to these themes. Monaghan incorporates both regional and thematic specialist expertise to give a fresh perspective to each of these core themes.Underpinned by detailed analyses of the revolution in Russian geospatial capabilities and the establishment of a strategic planning foundation, the book includes chapters on military and maritime strategies, energy security and economic diversification and influence. This serves to highlight the connections between military and economic interests that shape and drive Russian strategy.Trade Review'In Russian Grand Strategy in the Era of Global Power Competition, editor Andrew Monaghan brings together contributors to explore the military, political and economic features of Russian foreign policy. This book will be a useful starting point for researchers, policymakers, students of history and politics and all those looking to understand Russia’s long-term goals and sense of its place in the evolving world order.'LSE Review of Books -- .Table of ContentsForewordFlorence GaubPrefaceIan HillIntroduction Russian grand strategy and global power competitionAndrew Monaghan1 Mapping the globe and the revolution in Russia’s geospatial capabilityAlexander J. Kent2 Russia’s global maritime strategyMichael B. Petersen3 6th generation war and Russia’s global theatres of military activityCharles Bartles4 Looking to the global economy: Russia’s role as a supplier of strategically important goodsRichard Connolly5 Polar power: Russia’s 21st century power baseNazrin Mehdiyeva6 Strategic planning and management in RussiaJulian CooperConclusions Moscow’s strategy to become a ubiquitous powerAndrew Monaghan

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the latest developments in the field of engineering. Chapter One reviews an extensive study on the design of experiment methods. Chapter Two presents controller designs using the traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) control algorithm to control a planar two-link flexible manipulator. Chapter Three presents an active vibration control (AVC) system for trailed two-wheeled implements (TTWI) avoiding instruments damage. Chapter Four reports on the kinematics of a series-parallel manipulator whose architecture is based on the topology of the 3RPS tangential parallel manipulator where R, P and S stand, respectively, for Revolute, Prismatic and Spherical joints. Chapter Five discusses the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity. Chapter Six proposes a new and robust model to predict the dynamical behavior of the Liquid Diffusion Phenomenon (LDP).

Read more less

Book SynopsisThere are increasing demands on energy supplies as they become an essential requirement to support modern life in most countries. Conventional resources for power generation that depend on fossil fuels become less reliable because of price fluctuations and long-term supply uncertainties. Furthermore, strong environmental awareness coupled with recent efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has encouraged a shift from fossil fuels to renewable power generating resources. This has resulted in a significant investment in renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, hydro and fuel cells. This book provides new research on performance, improvement strategies and the future directions on energy efficiency.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors develop a modeling approach and formulate global equations. The data is based on the thermos-economic theory that uses the thermodynamic process of cost formation and that considers the direct and indirect effects of all components of every system in each cited field. The relations between the incomes and impacts of the use of energy in all sectors with different systems are discussed, and characteristic equations representing each physical behavior of every plant in the system and its impact will be formulated. The Nigeria energy situation is reviewed in order to identify potential sites of SHPs and how small hydropower fits in as the solution to the country sustainable energy challenge. Issues of small hydropower resource availability, technology, environment and climate change have been also discussed. Following this, an overview of industrial systems of oxycombustion integrated in microalgal photobioreactors is provided. The authors discuss issues related to carbon capture technologies, the science and technology of the oxycombustion, the biological oxygen generation, the photobioreactors and the process integration, summarizing a range of useful strategies directed to the industrial sustainable development. The development process for harvesting marine energy for local small-scale usage is described; marine energy has received much attention globally and is being developed as a viable source of renewable energy. While high tidal and fast water current would yield large energy generation, not all locations possess these advantages. With different limitations for specific site locations, this study suggests that micro-scale marine turbine may be suitable for areas with low tidal velocity. Continuing, a review is provided which describes recent approaches adopted to engineer nanostructured electrocatalytic materials for efficient mass transport of reactants and products, high conductivity and activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction into value-added chemicals or intermediates. The current state of integration of Big Data, Data Mining and Artificial Intelligence techniques in advanced Energy Systems Optimization is also examined. A comprehensive review of relevant Artificial Intelligence techniques applicable to the optimization of DER is described, in addition to a review of relevant software needed to model advanced DERs.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this collection, the authors evaluate the thermal performance of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system for cooling a typical household in Tunisia. For this purpose, a complete GSHP system model was built by using TRNSYS simulation program, taking into account the hot climatic conditions of northern Tunisia. The authors also discuss metal organic framework (MOF) material, a new class of adsorbent material that has high surface area, high pore volume, highly tunable structural properties and uniform pore size. Heat powered adsorption heat pumps offer the advantage of using waste heat sources and renewable thermal energy, thus reducing fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The following chapter presents the major situations where heating and cooling demands could occur simultaneously and be satisfied by heat pumps. The heat pump performance expressed in terms of coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency is then presented for the subcritical vapor-compression thermodynamic cycle. Finally, the integration of such systems in buildings and processes is discussed. Next, the authors seek to demonstrate some antecedents of and technical information on GHPS (Geothermal Heat Pump Systems) on the world, and particulary Mexico. The results of the included study show that sand temperature depends on physical parameters such as grain size, grain shape, quarzt grains amount, moisture content and grain color. The final chapter describes alternative options for heat pump placement indoors and outdoors. The described examples focus on the modelling and measurement of noise levels resulting from heat pumps in the project designing stage and the operation stage.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe anthology titled "Spacetime Energy: A Twenty First Century Perspective" encompasses novel and avant garde ideas that delineate the intrinsic nature of spacetime and several of its aspects. The collection of papers epitomises the fundamental aspects of the physical world. For instance, the authors have considered the affine connection between gravitation and electromagnetism. The non-commutative nature of spacetime has also been elaborated in connection with gravitation and electromagnetism and also in terms of monopoles. On the other hand, the rudimentary nature of the zero point field or the field of the vacuum has also been considered to describe the 2-state asymmetries that are found in nature. Several interesting models have been considered to get a novel perspective on the nature of the universe we live in; the importance of dark energy has been implied therein. The authors have also considered the phenomenon of photoelectric effect in case of grapheme and other similar crystals. A new formula has also been found for the conductance in case of carbon nano tubes. Ultra-high energy fermionic behaviour has been elaborately discussed from a novel perspective and the anomalous gyromagnetic ratio of the electron has also been elucidated on the pedestal of the noncommutative nature of spacetime. Resorting to an altogether different approach, the nature of symmetry breaking and the details related to the relevant Lie algebras has also been discussed. Essentially, the collection of works provides a broad range of conceptual understanding of the universe, both in the macroscopic and the microscopic scale. Nevertheless, the reader should find the works to broaden their view of the physical world that exists around us.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/spacetime-energy-a-twenty-first-century-perspective/

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book states developments in the bioenergy market and related policies. Recent bioenergy developments, often induced by policies, lead to a greater connection between energy and agricultural markets and influenced relative food and feed prices and land-use changes. An analytical framework is explained that places bioenergy within the bioeconomy. The impacts of supply push and demand pull polices are discussed, and the reasons for policy interventions are explained. The effectiveness of policy intervention is likely to increase if they are directly linked to a target such as the reduction of emissions or the stimulation of economic growth. Because the bioeconomy is an immature or infant industry, policies that temporarily encourage its development might be analyzed. Technological change and full biomass utilization for food, feed, energy, materials and chemicals may lead to a competitive bio-economy sector. Regulation can possibly deal with indirect effects of bioenergy such as social (land grabbing) and environmental effects (land, water, biodiversity). Given the importance of private sector investments in the development of biotechnologies, excessive regulation might create a disincentive to innovationTable of ContentsIntroductionReasons for Using BiofuelGlobal Energy Situation and Perspective on BiofuelBiofuel Sources and Biomass Conversion TechnologyBiofuel Conversion TechnologiesTechnologies and Future Potentials for BioenergyEconomic Studies of the Impact of BiofuelsPolicies and Policy ImplicationsConclusions and PerspectiveReferences.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the past, fossil fuels have been considered a reliable source of energy by many countries. Despite the current measures to reduce the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation, the use of this type of energy source will continue for the foreseeable future. Advances in Energy Research. Volume 31 examines how, if this situation does not change in the future, then all types of fossil fuels, particularly oil, will be exhausted before the end of the current century. The use of microholes may potentially enhance the applications of fossil fuels in various energy fields, especially in thermal power plants. Therefore, the morphology variation of micropunch and microhole during the punching with WC/Co micropunches is investigated in this compilation through scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and confocal laser studies. Following this, the authors provide a review on experimental and modeling studies performed with direct fuel cells, starting with the fundamentals and main drawbacks of these systems, followed by an exhaustive review on the different studies performed regarding the effects of operating conditions and design parameters. In the penultimate chapter, a new method for determining the cohesion potential energy in solids is described, and fundamental factors such as internal energy, entropy, temperature and time are examined, in particular the connection of entropy and time to potential energy. The method concerns molecular solids and rests upon measurable thermodynamic quantities: heat of sublimation, heat capacity, and entropy as derived from the latter. The closing chapter provides an overview of three methods (retarded osmosis method, forward osmosis-electrokinetic method, and diffusio-osmotic method) for sustainable power generation from the salinity gradient energy by using osmosis-based processes.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvances in Energy Research. Volume 32 opens with a comprehensive review of technologies for the reutilisation of waste cryogenic energy from the liquefied natural gas regasification process at terminals and on marine vessels. The authors discuss the primary renewable energy source in Cuba; biomass. Although sugarcane biomass has the most significant energy potential, some other biomass energy sources are also relevant at the local level and are convenient from an environmental standpoint. Invisibility cloaks of various types have been researched extensively in recent years with one of the first being the electrostatic cloak, so-named because it effectively screens an internal volume from, and offers no disturbance to, an external static electric field. As such, this compilation explores this phenomenon and whether the cloaked object (or the cloak itself) could be detected by various means. The concluding study explores how, in order to reduce the consumption of oil for electricity generation by 20% in Cuba, the country should build a total of 13 wind farms with a capacity of 633 MW.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDetermination of the exergy of biomass is the first step to evaluate and study the fuel characteristics, transfer processes and utilization systems of biomass from exergy aspect. This book aims to present up-to-date research on the exergy of biomass. Chapter 1 (Resources and Advantages of Biomass) mainly introduces the definition and classification of biomass as well as the resources and advantages of biomass. Chapter 2 (Equations for Estimating the Exergy of Biomass) mainly presents the various equations proposed or developed to estimate the exergy of biomass and these include the simple, complicated and developed equations. Chapter 3 (Analysis of the Exergy of Biomass) mainly defines the basic knowledge for the exergy characteristics (moisture related exergy, ash related exergy, S related exergy, LHV related exergy and total exergy) and distribution (percentages of moisture related exergy, ash related exergy, S related exergy and LHV related exergy) of biomass. Chapter 4 (Exergy of Woody Biomass) mainly presents the basic properties of woody biomass (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of woody biomass. HHV related relationship, LHV related relationship and ash related relationships are also proposed to estimate the exergy of woody biomass. Chapter 5 (Exergy of Rice Husk) mainly presents the basic properties of rice husk (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of rice husk. HHV related relationship and LHV related relationship are then proposed to estimate the exergy of rice husk. Chapter 6 (Exergy of Rice Straw) mainly presents the basic properties of rice straw (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of rice straw. HHV related relationship and LHV related relationship are then proposed to estimate the exergy of rice straw. Chapter 7 (Exergy of Cereal Straw) mainly presents the basic properties of cereal straw (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions, and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of cereal straw. HHV related relationship and LHV related relationship are then proposed to estimate the exergy of cereal straw. Hopefully, the content of this book can supply a good guide to the up-to-date research on the exergy of biomass.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgments; Resources and Advantages of Biomass; Equations for Estimating the Exergy of Biomass; Analysis of the Exergy of Biomass; Exergy of Woody Biomass; Exergy of Rice Husk; Exergy of Rice Straw; Exergy of Cereal Straw; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book first explores previously studied supercritical processes for the production of biodiesel. Two of the main drawbacks of said processes are discussed: the high energy requirements and the hazards due to the conditions under which the processes are operated. The authors present a review of the experimental excess enthalpy of mixtures of dibutyl ether or butanol, with representative hydrocarbons. The most relevant functional groups of gasoline hydrocarbon types are considered: heptane, iso-octane, 1-hexene, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, benzene, and toluene. Continuing, this compilation briefly explores the production of biofuel from different edible and non-edible feedstock, mentioning the various types of homogeneous and heterogeneous acid or base catalysts applied for reactions. The benefits and drawbacks of biodiesel as compared to diesel fuel are also described. Several yeasts are examined for their capability to produce xylanolytic enzymes that degrade xylan, the major polysaccharide in the hemicellulose structure. The production of hydrolytic enzymes for the enzymatic hydrolysis process is reported by optimizing lignocellulose degradation and increasing the yield of simple sugars.Table of ContentsPreface; Non-Catalytic Production of Biodiesel: Energy and Safety Considerations; Thermodynamic Properties of Biofuels: Comparison and Review of Excess Enthalpy of Mixtures of Butanol, or Dibutylether, with Representative Hydrocarbons; Environmental Aspects of Using Biodiesel as a Sustainable Energy Source: Current Situation and Future Trends; Non-Conventional Yeasts with Potential for Production of Second-Generation Ethanol; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFor centuries, human activity has been dominated by the need to fuel human civilization. Energy is unique: no other physical resource in society has had such a wide-ranging impact on our ecosystems, economy, public health, and personal liberties. And as the era of fossil fuels stumbles to a close in the West, much of the rest of the world is still just waking up to coal. We have found ourselves on the cusp of a transition in how we get energy that is both obvious and profoundly uncertain. We must decide our next steps quickly. How can we invest responsibly now in a way that will ensure our access to clean, affordable, and reliable energy for the decades to come?In Power Trip, energy expert Michael E. Webber takes readers on a global tour of energy's role in society across many regions and several hundred years. Starting with energy's end-uses and outcomes--water, food, wealth, cities, transportation, and war--Webber uncovers the complicated relationship our civilization has both with energy and its outputs. We've stimulated entrepreneurship, innovation, and opportunity beyond our wildest dreams--but it's come at the steep cost of accelerating climate change, geopolitical insecurity, increased economic inequality, and environmental degradation. Energy has proven to be something we can't live with, and we can't live without. But, as Webber argues, with long-term thinking, global interconnection, and an emphasis on conservation, we can simultaneously solve our energy supply's significant downsides while setting ourselves up for a much brighter future.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProceedings of the Florence World Energy Research Symposium, Firenze, Italy, 7-12 June 1992.

Read more less