Energy technology and engineering Books

Book SynopsisA celebrated international bestseller that exposes the ticking time-bomb underneath our new technological order. The resources race is on. Powering our digital lives and green technologies are some of the Earth’s most precious metals — but they are running out. And what will happen when they do? The green-tech revolution will reduce our reliance on nuclear power, coal, and oil, but by breaking free of fossil fuels, we are setting ourselves up for a new dependence — on rare metals like cobalt, gold, and palladium. These are essential to electric vehicles, wind turbines, and solar panels, as well as our smartphones, computers, tablets, and other technologies. But we know very little about how rare metals are mined and traded, or their environmental, economic, and geopolitical costs — until now.Trade Review‘Recognising that the latest technologies might not be as green as we like to think is a good place to start planning for a better world.’ -- John Arlidge * The Sunday Times *‘[T]he journalist and filmmaker warns against the optimistic belief that technology is the solution … At a time when many claim to be “citizens of the world” or retreat into naive or hypocritical protectionism, Pitron’s book is an attempt to open people’s eyes to the consequences of their societal choices and lifestyles.’ * Green European Journal *‘Both novel and eye opening … The Rare Metals War is worth the read.’ -- Art Flynn * Irish Examiner *‘French Writer and analyst Guillaume Pitron warns about growing reliance on rare-earth metal — which are necessary to build high-tech products … He shines a light on “the untold story” of the energy and digital transitions.’ * European Scientist *‘An expert account of a poorly understood but critical element in our economy.’ * Kirkus Reviews *‘[E]xposes the dirty underpinnings of clean technologies in a debut that raises valid questions about energy extraction.’ * Publishers Weekly *‘The Rare Metals War is Guillaume Pitron’s urgent exposé of the race for resources and an examination of its environmental and human impacts.’ -- Dan Shaw * Happy Magazine *

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Book SynopsisA greener world won't come for freeTrade Review'A remarkably hopeful and useful book...The climate crisis leaves us no choice but to build a new world and as Sanderson makes clear, we are capable of making it a better one than the dirty and dangerous planet we’ve come to take for granted.' -- Bill McKibben, Observer book of the week‘Sanderson deftly guides us through the convolutions of which company bought what from which, and he livens up that potentially desiccated subject matter with an eye for characterful detail… Despite the seemingly insuperable geopolitical quandaries with which it deals, the tone of Sanderson’s book is one of cautious optimism.’ -- The Times‘As we glide along serenely in our electric vehicle, recharging it with clean solar power and perhaps feeling a little smug, we prefer not to be reminded of the vast industries that got us there, industries that gouge out the landscape, exploit workers, spew carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and engage in ruthless geopolitical power plays. Along the way, as Henry Sanderson shows in his essential book, we have become dangerously dependent on China which now dominates global battery supply. Under President Xi Jinping, who uses economic blackmail to extract political concessions, China has got a lock on the future. All this can change and Volt Rush shows us how.’ -- Clive Hamilton, author of Hidden Hand'A fascinating study' * The Times *‘A potent reminder to green power advocates that a world running on batteries and sunshine may not fight over oil, but it won’t necessarily be free of conflict’ * Financial Times *‘It’s a vital contribution to the emerging literature that’s pulling back the curtain on energy realities.’ -- Wall Street Journal‘The urgency of a green transition means the world faces new power struggles over access to scarce metals and minerals. Sanderson carefully walks us through the minefields that are the world's finite supplies of lithium, cobalt and nickel and reveals with startling immediacy the Machiavellian machinations for control over these precious resources. A riveting guide to our perilous future.’ -- Ann Pettifor, author of The Case for the Green New Deal'An excellent book…provides much food for thought' -- Literary Review‘Takes us on a carefully considered and well explained journey to show that [the switch to electric vehicles] may not be as simple a transition as we hoped for… Sanderson does a good job of getting the reader up to speed in terms of what goes into an electric battery, and why we need to be cognisant of the environmental impacts… very informative and well written in terms of the potentially toxic brew required to power EVs… a relevant and vital book.’ -- Irish Tech News‘From China to Congo to Chile to the U.S., Sanderson lucidly reveals the global connections behind the complex processes of battery production and mining… Any reader interested in environmental studies, green politics, the global energy sector, or the mining industry will appreciate Sanderson's deep dive into the transition from fossil fuels to green and clean energy, and how this transition will affect society now and in the near future.’ -- Booklist'Sanderson’s smooth, limpid storytelling brightens the deadening business of commodities trading: attention to the bizarre, often unpleasant characters populating the industry gives his narrative a personable shine.' -- Red Pepper'Volt Rush makes a great contribution in understanding what a green future entails—and what costs it might involve right now.’ -- Foreign Policy‘This is a terrific book. Henry Sanderson brings alive one of the most fateful questions of our time: who will control the resources that power a post-carbon world? What makes the book so compelling is the cast of colourful characters he meets and the insightful judgements he makes.’ -- James Kynge, FT China editor‘A must-read book, well written and investigated, on one of the most important ecological challenges we’ll face in the next decades.’ -- Guillaume Pitron, author of The Rare Metals War

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Book SynopsisIn the twentieth century, wealth and power was dictated by access to oil. This century will have different kingmakers, perhaps different wars.''A remarkably hopeful and useful book...The climate crisis leaves us no choice but to build a new world and as Sanderson makes clear, we are capable of making it a better one than the dirty and dangerous planet we’ve come to take for granted.'' Bill McKibben, Observer book of the week We depend on a handful of metals and rare earths to power our phones and computers. Increasingly, we rely on them to power our cars and our homes. Whoever controls these finite commodities will become rich beyond imagining. Sanderson journeys to meet the characters, companies, and nations scrambling for the new resources, linking remote mines in the Congo and Chile’s Atacama Desert to giant Chinese battery factories, shadowy commodity traders, secretive billionaires, a new generation of scientists attempting Trade Review'A remarkably hopeful and useful book...The climate crisis leaves us no choice but to build a new world and as Sanderson makes clear, we are capable of making it a better one than the dirty and dangerous planet we’ve come to take for granted.' -- Bill McKibben, Observer book of the week‘Sanderson deftly guides us through the convolutions of which company bought what from which, and he livens up that potentially desiccated subject matter with an eye for characterful detail… Despite the seemingly insuperable geopolitical quandaries with which it deals, the tone of Sanderson’s book is one of cautious optimism.’ -- The Times‘As we glide along serenely in our electric vehicle, recharging it with clean solar power and perhaps feeling a little smug, we prefer not to be reminded of the vast industries that got us there, industries that gouge out the landscape, exploit workers, spew carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and engage in ruthless geopolitical power plays. Along the way, as Henry Sanderson shows in his essential book, we have become dangerously dependent on China which now dominates global battery supply. Under President Xi Jinping, who uses economic blackmail to extract political concessions, China has got a lock on the future. All this can change and Volt Rush shows us how.’ -- Clive Hamilton, author of Hidden Hand'A fascinating study' * The Times *‘A potent reminder to green power advocates that a world running on batteries and sunshine may not fight over oil, but it won’t necessarily be free of conflict’ * Financial Times *‘It’s a vital contribution to the emerging literature that’s pulling back the curtain on energy realities.’ -- Wall Street Journal‘The urgency of a green transition means the world faces new power struggles over access to scarce metals and minerals. Sanderson carefully walks us through the minefields that are the world's finite supplies of lithium, cobalt and nickel and reveals with startling immediacy the Machiavellian machinations for control over these precious resources. A riveting guide to our perilous future.’ -- Ann Pettifor, author of The Case for the Green New Deal'An excellent book…provides much food for thought' -- Literary Review‘Takes us on a carefully considered and well explained journey to show that [the switch to electric vehicles] may not be as simple a transition as we hoped for… Sanderson does a good job of getting the reader up to speed in terms of what goes into an electric battery, and why we need to be cognisant of the environmental impacts… very informative and well written in terms of the potentially toxic brew required to power EVs… a relevant and vital book.’ -- Irish Tech News‘From China to Congo to Chile to the U.S., Sanderson lucidly reveals the global connections behind the complex processes of battery production and mining… Any reader interested in environmental studies, green politics, the global energy sector, or the mining industry will appreciate Sanderson's deep dive into the transition from fossil fuels to green and clean energy, and how this transition will affect society now and in the near future.’ -- Booklist'Sanderson’s smooth, limpid storytelling brightens the deadening business of commodities trading: attention to the bizarre, often unpleasant characters populating the industry gives his narrative a personable shine.' -- Red Pepper'Volt Rush makes a great contribution in understanding what a green future entails—and what costs it might involve right now.’ -- Foreign Policy‘This is a terrific book. Henry Sanderson brings alive one of the most fateful questions of our time: who will control the resources that power a post-carbon world? What makes the book so compelling is the cast of colourful characters he meets and the insightful judgements he makes.’ -- James Kynge, FT China editor‘A must-read book, well written and investigated, on one of the most important ecological challenges we’ll face in the next decades.’ -- Guillaume Pitron, author of The Rare Metals War

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Book SynopsisNature produces energy by slow, cool, implosive means - by a centripeta inward motion, while our presnt culture uses explosive centrifugal (outwards) movement, which is wasteful and many times less powerful and effective. It aslo uses up the Earth's resources and pollutes her ecosystems. This volume describes different kinds of energy machines which depend on the principle of implosion: a spring water-producing machine a tornado home energy generator a Klimator which produces mountain-quality air the biotechnical submarine a technique for producing power from ocean deeps

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Book SynopsisThe first systematic, quantitative appraisal of power density, offering detailed reviews of power densities of renewable energy flows, fossil fuels, and all common energy uses.“There's no author whose books I look forward to more than Vaclav Smil.”—Bill GatesIn this book, Vaclav Smil argues that power density is a key determinant of the nature and dynamics of energy systems. Any understanding of complex energy systems must rely on quantitative measures of many fundamental variables. Power density—the rate of energy flux per unit of area—is an important but largely overlooked measure. Smil provides the first systematic, quantitative appraisal of power density, offering detailed reviews of the power densities of renewable energy flows, fossil fuels, thermal electricity generation, and all common energy uses.Smil shows that careful quantification, critical appraisals, and revealing comparisons of power densities make possibl

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Book SynopsisIn the latter half of the twentieth century, legions of industrial pioneers came to northwestern British Columbia with grand plans for mines, dams, and energy-development schemes. Yet many of their projects failed to materialize or were abandoned midstream. Unbuilt Environments reveals that these lapsed resource projects had lasting effects on the natural and human environment. Drawing on a range of case studies to analyze the social and environmental impacts of unfinished projects, Jonathan Peyton considers development failure a productive concept for northwestern Canada. He looks at a closed asbestos mine, an abandoned rail grade, an imagined series of hydroelectric installations, a failed LNG export facility, and a transmission line and finds that these unrealized developments continue to shape contemporary resource conflicts.Trade ReviewUnbuilt Environments is an enthralling book … [and] a great contribution to the emerging interdisciplinary narrative on resource development conflicts in northwest British Columbia, a region that is currently the site of intense mining exploration and controversy over energy projects. Drawing on fieldwork throughout northwest British Columbia and on research which is both eloquent and honest, Unbuilt Environments is a practical, accessible, and reliable resource from a respected emerging researcher. I strongly recommend this book for the expert and non-expert. -- Rajiv Thakur, Missouri State University, West Plains * Polymath *Unbuilt Environments provides an even-handed discussion of development in a region that remains relatively aloof from capital investment and integration into the global economy. -- Gordon Hak * NiCHE, Network in Canadian History & Environment *Jonathan Peyton by bringing to light the history of these spasmodic industrial developments in the north has done an immense public service. His research is comprehensive, his analysis precise, his tone moderate and dispassionate. Indeed, there are moments when the reader, overwhelmed by Peyton’s revelations, the scale of the corruption, the extent of the folly, the aggregate waste of tax payers’ wealth, almost wishes for a more emotional reaction from the author. Yet the great strength of the book is its restraint, for the facts and history alone provide sufficient indictment. -- Wade Davis * The Ormsby Review *Table of ContentsForeword: How Shall We Live? / Graeme WynnIntroduction: The Stikine Watershed and the Unbuilt Environment1 Cassiar, Asbestos: How to Know a Place2 Liberating Stranded Resources: The Dease Lake Extension as the Railway to Nowhere3 Corporate Ecology: BC Hydro, Failure, and the Stikine-Iskut Project4 “Industry for the future”: Dome Petroleum and the Afterlives of “Aggressive” Development5 Transmission: Contesting Energy and Enterprise in the New Northwest Gold RushConclusion: The Tumbling GeographyAppendix; Notes; Bibliography; Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Overview of Biotherapeutics and Vaccine Industry 2. Industrial Process Design Concepts 3. Single-Use Concepts in Manufacturing 4. Equipment and Automation 5. Facility Design 6. Process Development Routines 7. Production Sources and their Selection 8. Upstream Processing 9. Downstream Processing 1: Recovery Process 10. Downstream Processing 2: Purification Process 11. Downstream Related Methods 12. Analytics 13. Regulatory Aspects 14. Manufacturing Operations 15. Economics

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Book Synopsis“A sprawling story richly textured with original material, quirky details and amusing anecdotes . . .” —Wall Street Journal“It is a cause for celebration that Yergin has returned with his perspective on a very different landscape . . . [I]t is impossible to think of a better introduction to the essentials of energy in the 21st century. The Quest is . . . the definitive guide to how we got here.” —The Financial TimesThis long-awaited successor to Daniel Yergin’s Pulitzer Prize-winning The Prize provides an essential, overarching narrative of global energy, the principal engine of geopolitical and economic changeA master storyteller as well as a leading energy expert, Daniel Yergin continues the riveting story begun in his Pulitzer Prize–winning book, The Prize. In The Quest, Yergin shows us how energy is an engine of global political and economic c

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of Building Energy Simulation includes studies of various components and systems of buildings and their effect on energy consumption, with the help of DesignBuilderTM, a front-end for the EnergyPlus simulation engine, supported by examples and exercises. The book employs a learning by doing methodology. It explains simulation-input parameters and how-to-do analysis of the simulation output, in the process explaining building physics and energy simulation. Divided into three sections, it covers the fundamentals of energy simulation followed by advanced topics in energy simulation and simulation for compliance with building codes and detailed case studies for comprehensive building energy simulation.Features:Focuses on learning building energy simulation while being interactive through examples and exercises.Explains the building physics and the science behind the energy performance of buildings.Encourages an integrated design apTable of Contents1. Getting Started with Energy Simulation. 2. Geometry of Buildings. 3. Material and Construction. 4. Openings and Shading. 5. Lighting and Controls. 6. Heating and Cooling Design. 7. Unitary HVAC systems. 8. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning – Central Water Side. 9. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning – Central Air Side. 10. Natural Ventilation. 11. Simulation Parameters. 12. Renewable Energy System. 13. Costing, Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis. 14. Building Energy Code Compliance.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in processing methods are not only improving the quality and yield of lubricant base stocks, they are also reducing the dependence on more expensive crude oil starting materials. Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry behind the processes involved in petroleum base stock production from crude oil fractions.This book examines hydroprocessing technologies that, driven by the demand for higher performance in finished lubricants, have transformed processing treatments throughout the industry. The author relates the properties of base stocks to their chemical composition and describes the process steps used in their manufacture. The book highlights catalytic processes, including hydrocracking, hydrofinishing, and catalytic dewaxing. It also covers traditional solvent-based separation methods used to remove impurities, enhance performance, and improve oxidation resistance. The final chapters discuss the prTable of ContentsIntroduction. Viscosity, Pour Points, Boiling Points, and Chemical Structure. Development of the Viscosity Index Concept and Relationship to Hydrocarbon Composition. Compositional Methods. Oxidation Resistance of Base Stocks. Conventional Base Stock Production: Solvent Refining, Solvent Dewaxing and Finishing. Lubes Hydrocracking. Chemistry of Hydroprocessing. Urea Dewaxing and the BP Catalytic Process. Dewaxing by Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization. Technical and Food Grade White Oils and Highly Refined Paraffins. Basestocks from Fischer-Tropsch Wax and the Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) Process.

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Book SynopsisThe author of Physics for Future Presidents returns to educate all of us on the most crucial conundrum facing the nation: energy.

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Book SynopsisWe don’t often recognize the humble activity of cooking for the revolutionary cultural adaptation that it is. But when the hearth fires started burning in the Paleolithic, humankind broadened the exploitation of food and took one of several great leaps forward.

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Book SynopsisThis Handbook examines the subject of energy security: its definition, dimensions, ways to measure and index it, and the complicating factors that are often overlooked. The volume identifies varying definitions and dimensions of energy security, including those that prioritize security of supply and affordability alongside those that emphasize availability, energy efficiency, trade, environmental quality, and social and political stewardship. It also explores the various metrics that can be used to give energy security more coherence, and also to enable it to be measured, including recent attempts to measure energy security progress at the national level, with a special emphasis placed on countries within the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), countries within Asia, and industrialized countries worldwide. This Handbook:â Broadens existing discussions of energy security that center on access to fuels, including oil security and coal secuTrade Review'The Routledge handbook of energy security is a comprehensive and in many respects innovative approach to the subject, which will undoubtedly make it a standard work of reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in the field. The contributors bring to bear a wide range of perspectives. Collectively, they do a wonderful job at transcending the narrow oil-centric, supply-oriented and national prisms through which energy security has traditionally been viewed. A powerful, nuanced and diligently researched synthesis of the current energy security debate.' - Thijs Van de Graaf, International Affairs, Vol. 87, 6, November 2011'Sovacool has assembled a highly qualified set of contributors. Recommended.' -- Choice, January 2012'a substantial and original scholarly achievement.' -- Energy Policy'A comprehensive and in many respects innovative approach to the subject, which will undoubtedly make it a standard work of reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in the field … a powerful, nuanced and diligently researched synthesis of the current energy security debate.' -- International AffairsTable of ContentsPart 1: Definitions and Concepts Introduction: Defining, Measuring, and Exploring Energy Security Benjamin K. Sovacool 1. Energy Security and Climate Change: A Tenuous Link Gal Luft, Ann Korin and Eshita Gupta 2. The Fuzzy Nature of Energy Security Scott Valentine 3. Evaluating the Energy Security Impacts of Energy Policies David von Hippel, Tatsujiro Suzuki, James H. Williams, Timothy Savage and Peter Hayes Part 2: Dimensions 4. The Sustainable Development Dimension of Energy Security Ami Indriyanto, Dwi Ari Fauzi and Alfa Firdaus 5. The Maritime Dimension of Energy Security Caroline Liss 6. The Public Policy Dimension of Energy Security Andreas Goldthau 7. The Diversification Dimension of Energy Security Andy Stirling 8. The Environmental Dimension of Energy Security Michael Dworkin and Marilyn Brown 9. The Energy Poverty Dimension of Energy Security Shonali Pachauri 10. The Social Development Dimension of Energy Security Anthony D’Agostino 11. The Energy Efficiency Dimension of Energy Security Nathalie Trudeau 12. The Energy Services Dimension of Energy Security Jaap Jansen and Adriaan J. Van der Welle 13. The Industrial Dimension of Energy Security Geoffrey Pakiam 14. The Competing Dimensions of Energy Security Martin J. Pasqualetti Part 3: Metrics and Indexing 15. Indicators for Energy Security Bert Kruyt, D.P. van Vuuren, H.J.M. de Vries and H. Groenenberg 16. Measuring Security of Energy Supply with Two Diversity Indexes John Kessels 17. Measuring Energy Security: From Universal Indicators to Contextualized Frameworks Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell 18. Applying the Four ‘A’s of Energy Security as Criteria in an Energy Security Ranking Method Larry Hughes and Darren Shupe 19. Measuring Energy Security Performance in the OECD Benjamin K. Sovacool and Marilyn A. Brown 20. Measuring Energy Security Vulnerability Edgard Gnansounou. Conclusion: Exploring the Contested and Convergent Nature of Energy Security Benjamin K. Sovacool and Tai Wei Lim

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Book SynopsisReliability, Risk and Safety: Back to the Future covers topics on reliability, risk and safety issues, including risk and reliability analysis methods, maintenance optimization, human factors, and risk management. The application areas range from nuclear engineering, oil and gas industry, electrical and civil engineering to information technology and communication, security, transportation, health and medicine or critical infrastructures. Significant attention is paid to societal factors influencing the use of reliability and risk assessment methods, and to combinatorial analysis, which has found its way into the analysis of probabilities and risk, from which quantified risk analysis developed. Integral demonstrations of the use of risk analysis and safety assessment are provided in many practical applications concerning major technological systems and structures. Reliability, Risk and Safety: Back to the Future will Table of ContentsThematic Areas 1. Risk and Hazard Analysis 2. System Reliability Analysis 3. Monte Carlo Methods in System Safety and Reliability 4. Dynamic Reliability 5. Bayesian methods 6. Reliability and Safety Data Collection and Analysis 7. Fault Identification and Diagnostics 8. Maintenance Modelling and Optimisation 9. Structural Reliability and Design Codes 10. Software Reliability 11. Consequence Modelling 12. Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis 13. Safety Culture 14. Organizational Learning 15. Human Factors 16. Accident and Incident Investigation 17. Occupational Safety 18. Decision Support Systems and Software Tools for Safety and Reliability 19. Safety Management Systems 20. Integrated Risk Management and Risk-Informed Decision-making 21. Stakeholder and public involvement in risk governance 22. Risk and Evidence Based Policy Making 23. Risk Control in Complex Environments 24. Risk Perception and Communication 25. Major Disasters & Public health 26. Crisis and Emergency Management 27. Legislative dimensions of risk management Industrial & Service Sectors A. Aeronautics and Aerospace B. Automotive Engineering C. Biotechnology and Food Industry D. Chemical Process Industry E. Civil Engineering F. Electrical and Electronic Engineering G. Energy Production and Distribution H. Environmental Engineering I. Health and Medicine J. Information Technology and Telecommunications K. Critical Infrastructures L. Insurance and Finance M. Manufacturing N. Marine Industry O. Mechanical Engineering P. Natural Hazards Q. Nuclear Engineering R. Offshore Oil and Gas S. Security and Protection T. Surface Transportation (road and train) U. Waterborne Transportation V. Public Planning W. Policy Decisions

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Book SynopsisThis Handbook examines the subject of energy security: its definition, dimensions, ways to measure and index it, and the complicating factors that are often overlooked. The volume identifies varying definitions and dimensions of energy security, including those that prioritize security of supply and affordability alongside those that emphasize availability, energy efficiency, trade, environmental quality, and social and political stewardship. It also explores the various metrics that can be used to give energy security more coherence, and also to enable it to be measured, including recent attempts to measure energy security progress at the national level, with a special emphasis placed on countries within the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), countries within Asia, and industrialized countries worldwide. This Handbook:â Broadens existing discussions of energy security that center on access to fuels, including oil security and coal secuTrade Review'The Routledge handbook of energy security is a comprehensive and in many respects innovative approach to the subject, which will undoubtedly make it a standard work of reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in the field. The contributors bring to bear a wide range of perspectives. Collectively, they do a wonderful job at transcending the narrow oil-centric, supply-oriented and national prisms through which energy security has traditionally been viewed. A powerful, nuanced and diligently researched synthesis of the current energy security debate.' - Thijs Van de Graaf, International Affairs, Vol. 87, 6, November 2011'Sovacool has assembled a highly qualified set of contributors. Recommended.' -- Choice, January 2012'a substantial and original scholarly achievement.' -- Energy Policy'A comprehensive and in many respects innovative approach to the subject, which will undoubtedly make it a standard work of reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in the field … a powerful, nuanced and diligently researched synthesis of the current energy security debate.' -- International AffairsTable of ContentsPart 1: Definitions and Concepts Introduction: Defining, Measuring, and Exploring Energy Security Benjamin K. Sovacool 1. Energy Security and Climate Change: A Tenuous Link Gal Luft, Ann Korin and Eshita Gupta 2. The Fuzzy Nature of Energy Security Scott Valentine 3. Evaluating the Energy Security Impacts of Energy Policies David von Hippel, Tatsujiro Suzuki, James H. Williams, Timothy Savage and Peter Hayes Part 2: Dimensions 4. The Sustainable Development Dimension of Energy Security Ami Indriyanto, Dwi Ari Fauzi and Alfa Firdaus 5. The Maritime Dimension of Energy Security Caroline Liss 6. The Public Policy Dimension of Energy Security Andreas Goldthau 7. The Diversification Dimension of Energy Security Andy Stirling 8. The Environmental Dimension of Energy Security Michael Dworkin and Marilyn Brown 9. The Energy Poverty Dimension of Energy Security Shonali Pachauri 10. The Social Development Dimension of Energy Security Anthony D’Agostino 11. The Energy Efficiency Dimension of Energy Security Nathalie Trudeau 12. The Energy Services Dimension of Energy Security Jaap Jansen and Adriaan J. Van der Welle 13. The Industrial Dimension of Energy Security Geoffrey Pakiam 14. The Competing Dimensions of Energy Security Martin J. Pasqualetti Part 3: Metrics and Indexing 15. Indicators for Energy Security Bert Kruyt, D.P. van Vuuren, H.J.M. de Vries and H. Groenenberg 16. Measuring Security of Energy Supply with Two Diversity Indexes John Kessels 17. Measuring Energy Security: From Universal Indicators to Contextualized Frameworks Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell 18. Applying the Four ‘A’s of Energy Security as Criteria in an Energy Security Ranking Method Larry Hughes and Darren Shupe 19. Measuring Energy Security Performance in the OECD Benjamin K. Sovacool and Marilyn A. Brown 20. Measuring Energy Security Vulnerability Edgard Gnansounou. Conclusion: Exploring the Contested and Convergent Nature of Energy Security Benjamin K. Sovacool and Tai Wei Lim

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Book SynopsisThis book documents a special collection of articles from a select group of invited prominent scientists from academia, national laboratories and industry who presented their work at the symposia on Energy Materials and Nanotechnology for Power Generation at the 2008 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T'08) conference held in Pittsburgh, PA. These articles represent a summary of the presentations focusing on both the scientific and technological aspects of energy storage, nuclear materials, nano-based sensors, catalysts and devices for applications in power generation, solar energy materials, superconductors, and more.Table of ContentsPreface vii INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE OVERVIEW The Role of Materials and Manufacturing Technologies as Enablers in Gas Turbine Cooling for High Performance Engines 3 Ron S. Bunker ENERGY MATERIALS Synthesis, Sintering and Dielectric Properties of Nan0 Structured High Purity Titanium Dioxide 23 Sheng Chao and Fatih Dogan Sorption/Desorption Properties of MgH,-Oxide Composite Prepared by Ultra High-Energy Planetary Ball Milling 31 Y. Kodera, N. Yamasaki, J. Miki, M. Ohyanagi, S. Shiozaki, S. Fukui, J. Yin, and T. Fukui Ab lnitio Study of the Influence of Pressure on the Hydrogen Diffusion Behavior in Zirconium Hydrogen Solid Solution 41 Y. Endo, M. Ito, H. Muta, K. Kurosaki, M. Uno, and S. Yamanaka EBSP Study of Hydride Precipitation Behavior in Zr-Nb Alloys 51 Shunichiro Nishioka, Masato Ito, Hiroaki Muta, Masayoshi Uno, and ShinsukeYamanaka FEM Study of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zirconium Alloy Fuel Cladding 59 Miayoshi Uno, Masato Ito, Hiroaki Muta, Ken Kurosaki, and Shinsuke Yamanaka The Effect of Manganese Stoichiometry on the Curie Temperature of Lao.67Cao,26Sro,07Mn,+Ux0s3e d in Magnetic Refrigeration 71 Biering, M. Menon, and N. Pryds Preparation of Electrocatalytically Active RuO,/Ti Electrodes by Pechini Method 77 0. Kahvecioglu and S. Tirnur The Myriad Structures of Liquid Water: Introduction to the Essential Materials Science 87 Rusturn Roy and Manju L. Rao Preparation of CulnS, Films by Electrodeposition: Effect of Metal Element Addition to Electrolyte Bath 99 Tomoya Honjo, Masayoshi Uno, and Shinsuke Yarnanaka Preparation of High-Jc MOD-YBCO Films for Fault Current Limiters 109 M. Sohrna, W. Kondo, K. Tsukada, I. Yarnaguchi, T. Kurnagai, T. Manabe, K. Arai. and H. Yarnasaki NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR POWER GENERATION Modeling of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation of Nano-Structured Fibers for Sensor Applications 117 Neal T. Pfeiffenberger and Gary R. Pickrell Increased Functionality of Novel Nano-Porous Fiber Optic Structures through Electroless Copper Deposition and Quantum Dot Solutions 123 Michael G. Wooddell, Gary Pickrell, and Brian Scott Thermopower Measurements in 1 -D Semiconductor Systems 135 Sezhian Annarnalai, Jugdersuren Battogtokh, Rudra Bhatta, Ian L. Pegg and Biprodas Dutta Structural Changes and Stability of Pore Morphologies of a Porous Glass at Elevated Temperatures 145 Brian Scott and Gary Pickrell Author Index 159

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Book SynopsisEnergy efficiency is today a crucial topic in the built environment - for both designers and managers of buildings. This increased interest is driven by a combination of new regulations and directives within the EU and worldwide to combat global warming. All buildings now must now acquire and display an EPC (energy performance certificate), a rating similar to the AG rating given to white goods. But in order to understand how to be more efficient in energy use, you need first to understand the mechanisms of both energy requirements and how energy is used in buildings. Energy Audits: a workbook for energy management in buildings tackles the fundamental principles of thermodynamics through day-to-day engineering concepts and helps students understand why energy losses occur and how they can be reduced. It provides the tools to measure process efficiency and sustainability in power and heating applications, helping engineers to recognize why energy losses occur and how thTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii Dimensions and Units xv List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxv 1 Energy and the Environment 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Forms of energy 2 1.2.1 Mechanical energy 2 1.2.2 Electrical energy 3 1.2.3 Chemical energy 4 1.2.4 Nuclear energy 4 1.2.5 Thermal energy 5 1.3 Energy conversion 6 1.4 The burning question 8 1.4.1 Combustion of coal 9 1.4.2 Combustion of oil 10 1.4.3 Combustion of natural gas 10 1.5 Environmental impact from fossil fuels 11 1.6 Energy worldwide 12 1.7 Energy and the future 13 1.7.1 The dream scenario 15 1.7.2 The renewable scenario 15 1.8 Worked examples 15 1.9 Tutorial problems 19 1.10 Case Study: Future energy for the world 20 2 Energy Audits for Buildings 23 2.1 The need for an energy audit 24 2.2 The energy benchmarking method 25 2.2.1 Benchmarking step by step 25 2.2.2 How savings can be achieved 29 2.3 The degree-days concept 33 2.3.1 Regression of degree-day and energy consumption data 33 2.4 Energy Performance Certificates 34 2.5 Worked examples 36 2.6 Tutorial problems 43 3 Building Fabric’s Heat Loss 45 3.1 Modes of heat transfer 46 3.2 Fourier’s law of thermal conduction 46 3.2.1 Conduction through a planar wall 46 3.2.2 Radial conduction through a pipe wall 47 3.3 Heat transfer by convection 48 3.3.1 Convective heat transfer: experimental correlations 49 3.3.2 Free convection 50 3.3.3 Forced convection 50 3.4 Heat transfer through a composite wall separating two fluids 51 3.5 Heat exchange through a tube with convection on both sides 52 3.6 A composite tube with fluid on the inner and outer surfaces 53 3.7 Heat transfer by radiation 54 3.8 Building fabric’s heat load calculations 55 3.9 Energy efficiency and the environment 57 3.9.1 Space heating 57 3.9.2 Insulation standards 58 3.9.3 The economics of heating 58 3.10 Worked examples 60 3.11 Tutorial problems 67 4 Ventilation 69 4.1 Aims of ventilation 70 4.2 Air quality 70 4.2.1 Minimum fresh air requirements 71 4.2.2 Composition of respired air 71 4.3 Ventilation methods 73 4.3.1 Natural ventilation 74 4.3.2 Mechanical or forced ventilation 75 4.4 Ventilation flow calculations 76 4.4.1 Volume flow calculations 76 4.4.2 Ventilation heat load calculations 76 4.4.3 Ventilation calculations based on CO2 build-up 76 4.5 Fans 77 4.5.1 Fan laws 78 4.5.2 Selection of fans 78 4.5.3 Calculation of ventilation fan duty 79 4.5.4 Pressure drop calculation 79 4.5.5 Energy efficiency in ventilation systems 81 4.6 Worked examples 82 4.7 Tutorial problems 91 4.8 Case Study: The National Trust’s ventilation system 92 5 Heat Gains in Buildings 99 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Lighting 100 5.2.1 Lighting criteria 100 5.2.2 Lighting terminology 101 5.2.3 Measurement of light intensity 102 5.2.4 Types of lamp 102 5.3 Energy-saving measures for lighting 104 5.4 Casual heat gains from appliances 105 5.5 Occupants’ heat gains 106 5.6 Worked examples 106 5.7 Tutorial problems 110 5.8 Case Study: Calculation of heating load for a building – options 111 6 Thermal Comfort 115 6.1 Thermal comfort in human beings 116 6.2 Energy balance of the human body 116 6.3 Latent heat losses 117 6.3.1 Heat loss by diffusion 118 6.3.2 Heat loss by evaporation 119 6.3.3 Heat loss by respiration 119 6.4 Sensible heat losses 119 6.4.1 Heat loss by conduction 120 6.4.2 Heat loss by convection 120 6.4.3 Heat loss by radiation 120 6.5 Estimation of thermal comfort 124 6.5.1 Determination of comfort temperature, PMV and PPD 124 6.6 Worked examples 125 6.7 Tutorial problems 131 7 Refrigeration, Heat Pumps and the Environment 133 7.1 Introduction 134 7.2 History of refrigeration 135 7.3 Refrigeration choice and environmental impact 136 7.3.1 TEWI calculation 139 7.4 Refrigeration system components 139 7.4.1 The compressor unit 140 7.4.2 The expansion valve 142 7.4.3 The condenser 144 7.4.4 The evaporator 145 7.5 Heat pump and refrigeration cycles 146 7.5.1 The heat engine 146 7.5.2 Reversed heat engine (heat pump/refrigerator) 147 7.5.3 Carnot refrigeration cycle 149 7.5.4 Simple refrigeration cycle 150 7.5.5 Practical refrigeration cycle 150 7.5.6 Irreversibilities in the refrigeration cycle 152 7.5.7 Multi-stage compression 153 7.5.8 Multipurpose refrigeration systems with a single compressor 155 7.6 Worked examples 156 7.7 Tutorial problems 164 7.8 Case Study: Star Refrigeration Ltd – heat pumps in a chocolate factory. May 2010, UK 165 8 Design of Heat Exchangers 169 8.1 Types of heat exchanger 170 8.1.1 Double-pipe heat exchangers 170 8.1.2 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers 170 8.1.3 Cross-flow heat exchangers 170 8.2 Overall heat transfer coefficient 172 8.3 Analysis of heat exchangers 173 8.3.1 The logarithmic mean temperature difference method 173 8.3.2 The F-method for analysis of heat exchangers 175 8.3.3 The effectiveness–NTU method for analysis of heat exchangers 176 8.4 Optimisation of heat transfer surfaces (fins) 181 8.4.1 Fin types 181 8.4.2 Theory of fins 182 8.5 Worked examples 184 8.6 Tutorial problems 197 9 Instrumentation for Energy Management 201 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 Temperature measurement 202 9.2.1 Expansion thermometers 202 9.2.2 Electrical resistance thermometers 205 9.2.3 Thermocouples 208 9.2.4 Change-of-state thermometers 209 9.2.5 Optical pyrometers 209 9.2.6 Infrared temperature sensors 210 9.2.7 Selection guides for temperature measurement 211 9.3 Humidity measurement 211 9.3.1 Wet and dry bulb hygrometer 211 9.3.2 Liquid-in-steel hygrometers 212 9.3.3 Electrical resistance hygrometer 213 9.3.4 Hair hygrometer 213 9.3.5 Thermal conductivity hygrometer 214 9.3.6 Capacitive humidity sensors 215 9.4 Pressure measurement 216 9.4.1 Barometers 216 9.4.2 Bourdon pressure gauge 216 9.4.3 Pressure transducers 217 9.4.4 Manometers 218 9.5 Flow measurement 219 9.5.1 Flow measurement by collection 219 9.5.2 Flow measurement by rotameter 219 9.5.3 Flow measurement by turbine flow meter 219 9.5.4 Flow measurement by differential pressure flow meter 220 9.5.5 Velocity and flow measured by anemometers 223 9.6 Electrical measurements 225 9.6.1 Energy in electrical circuits 225 9.6.2 Ohm’s law 225 9.6.3 Electrical power 225 9.6.4 Alternating current power 226 9.6.5 Electrical measurements 227 9.7 Worked examples 230 9.8 Tutorial problems 234 10 Renewable Energy Technology 235 10.1 Introduction 236 10.2 Solar energy 237 10.2.1 Solar declination 238 10.2.2 Solar altitude angle and azimuth angle 238 10.2.3 Solar time and angles 238 10.2.4 Solar radiation 239 10.2.5 Incidence angle 240 10.2.6 Fixed aperture 240 10.2.7 Solar tracking 241 10.2.8 The aperture intensity 241 10.2.9 Energy conversion efficiency 243 10.2.10 Installation of photovoltaic modules 243 10.2.11 Technology status 243 10.2.12 PV system components 245 10.3 Wind energy 248 10.3.1 Ideal wind power calculation 249 10.3.2 Theory of wind turbines 250 10.3.3 Wind turbine components 253 10.3.4 Types of wind turbine 253 10.4 Biomass 255 10.4.1 Sources of biomass 255 10.4.2 Combustion equation for biomass 257 10.5 Hydraulic turbines 258 10.5.1 Theory of hydraulic turbines 258 10.5.2 Fluid power 263 10.5.3 Classification of hydraulic turbines 264 10.5.4 Design and selection of hydraulic turbines 267 10.5.5 Relationship between specific speed and type of hydraulic turbine 267 10.6 Worked examples 268 10.7 Tutorial problems 277 Appendix: Case Study: Energy audit for a school 279 Index 289

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Book SynopsisSecurity of Energy supply is a major concern for all modern societies, intensified by skyrocketing demand in India and China and increasing international competition over fossil fuel deposits. Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach gives A comparative analysis from both consumers'' and producers'' perspectives. It uniquely combines economics, geology, international relations, business, history, public management and political science, in one comprehensive volume, highlighting the vulnerabilities and need to move to more sustainable energy sources. The author provides a number of useful case studies to demonstrate the theory, including perspectives from consuming regions such as the United States, the European Union, and China, and from exporting regions; the Middle East, Africa, Russia and the Caspian Sea. Key features include: coverage on theoretical and empirical frameworks so readers are able to analyse concepts relevant to new laws and pTable of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Abbreviations. Glossary. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Energy Security. 1.2 Diversification of Energy Mix. 1.3 Conclusion. 2 United States. 2.1 Oil. 2.2 Natural Gas. 2.3 Coal. 2.4 Nuclear Power. 2.5 Ethanol. 2.6 The Quest for an Energy Strategy. 2.7 Conclusion: the Way Forward. 3 European Union. 3.1 The EU Energy Outlook. 3.2 Russia. 3.3 Central Asia/Caspian Sea Region. 3.4 Mediterranean Sea. 3.5 Gulf Cooperation Council. 3.6 Turkey. 3.7 Conclusion: the Way Ahead. 4 China. 4.1 Regulatory Authority. 4.2 Oil. 4.3 Coal. 4.4 Natural Gas. 4.5 Nuclear Power. 4.6 Renewable Energy. 4.7 Overseas Exploration and Production. 4.8 Conclusion. 5 Persian Gulf. 5.1 Socio-economic and Political Challenges. 5.2 Saudi Arabia. 5.3 Iran. 5.4 Iraq. 5.5 Conclusion: the Way Forward. 6 Africa. 6.1 Algeria. 6.2 Libya. 6.3 Egypt. 6.4 Sudan. 6.5 Angola. 6.6 Nigeria. 6.7 United States and Africa. 6.8 Europe and Africa. 6.9 Conclusion: the Way Ahead. 7 Caspian Sea. 7.1 Hydrocarbon Resources - An Assessment. 7.2 The Legal Status of the Caspian Sea. 7.3 Geopolitical Rivalry and Pipeline Diplomacy. 7.4 Conclusion: the Way Forward. 8 Russia. 8.1 Oil Sector. 8.2 Natural Gas. 8.3 The Energy Strategy - 2030. 8.4 The Arctic Hydrocarbons. 8.5 Russia-EU Energy Partnership. 8.6 Russia, the Middle East, and OPEC. 8.7 Energy Sector Organization. 8.8 Conclusion: the Way Forward. 9 OPEC and Gas-OPEC. 9.1 OPEC: History and Evolution. 9.2 OPEC: Objectives, Membership, and Organization. 9.3 OPEC Summits. 9.4 OPEC Long-Term Strategy. 9.5 Gas OPEC. 9.6 GECF and OPEC. 9.7 Oil vs. Gas. 9.8 Conclusion. 10 International Energy Agency. 10.1 The Founding of the IEA. 10.2 The International Energy Program. 10.3 Structure of the IEA. 10.4 Energy Security. 10.5 How Did the System Work?. 10.6 Conclusion. 11 Conclusion. 11.1 Energy Security. 11.2 The International Energy Forum (IEF). 11.3 Joint Oil Data Initiative. 11.4 Conclusion: the Way Forward. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book clearly explains the concepts of the drilling engineering and presents the existing knowledge ranging from the history of drilling technology to well completion.Table of ContentsForeword xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxiiiSummary xxv1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Introduction of Drilling Engineering 11.3 Importance of Drilling Engineering 21.4 Application of Drilling Engineering 21.5 History of Oil Discovery 31.6 An Overview of Drilling Engineering 51.7 Organization Chart and Manpower Requirements during Drilling Operations 121.8 Aspect of Sustainability in Drilling Operations 131.9 Summary 15References 162 Drilling Methods 172.1 Introduction 172.2 Types of Drilling Methods 182.3 Rotary Drilling Rig and its Components 202.4 Drilling Process 222.5 Types of Rotary Drilling Rigs 502.6 Nature and Need for Sustainable Drilling Operations 572.7 Current Practice in the Industries 582.8 Future Trend in Drilling Methods 612.9 Summary 622.10 Nomenclature 622.11 Exercise 63Appendix 2A 65Rig Floor (Conventional Rotary Rig) 65Rig Floor (Top Drive) 65Blowout Preventer Stack And Wellhead 66Drilling Fluid Equipment 66References 713 Drilling Fluids 733.1 Introduction 733.2 Drilling Fluid Circulating System 743.3 Classifi cation of Drilling Fluids 763.4 Composition of Drilling Fluids 823.5 Mud Additives 843.6 Measurement of Drilling Fluids Properties 1013.7 New Drilling Mud Calculations 1243.8 Design of Mud Weight 1253.9 Current Developments in Drilling Fluids 1283.10 Future Trend on Drilling Fluids 1313.11 Summary 1333.12 Nomenclature 1333.13 Exercises 135References 1364 Drilling Hydraulics 1414.1 Introduction 1414.2 Types of Fluids 1424.3 Flow Regimes 1564.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Calculation 1624.5 Fluid Flow through Pipes 1694.6 Fluid Flow through Drill Bits 1714.7 Pressure Loss Calculation of the Rig System 1734.8 Current Development on Drilling Hydraulics 1834.9 Future Trend on Drilling Hydraulics 1924.10 Summary 1954.11 Nomenclature 1954.12 Exercise 197References 1995 Well Control and Monitoring Program 2055.1 Introduction 2055.2 Well Control System 2065.3 Warning Signals of Kicks 2115.4 Control of Infl ux and Kill Mud 2145.5 BOP Equipment for Well Control System 2275.6 Well Monitoring System 2385.7 Current Practice in Well Control and Monitoring 2405.8 Future Trend on Well Control and Monitoring System 2445.9 Summary 2475.10 Nomenclature 2475.11 Exercise 248References 2496 Formation Pore and Fracture Pressure Estimation 2516.1 Introduction 2516.2 Geological Aspects of Rock Mechanics in Drilling 2526.3 Current Development on Formation Pore and Fracture Pressure 3126.4 Future Trend on Formation Pore and Fracture Pressure 3136.5 Summary 3146.6 Nomenclature 3146.7 Exercise 317References 3187 Basics of Drill String Design 3217.1 Introduction 3217.2 Drill String Components 3227.3 Drilling Bit 3347.4 Drill String Design 3447.5 Bit Design 3647.6 Drilling Bit Selection 3667.7 Drilling Bit Performance 3687.8 Drilling Optimization Techniques 3717.9 Factors Aff ecting Rate of Penetration 3797.10 Rate of Penetration Modelling 3927.11 Current Development on Drill String and Bottomhole Assembly Design 4167.12 Future Trend on Drill String and Bottomhole Assembly Design 4237.13 Summary 4247.14 Nomenclature 4247.15 Exercise 427References 4288 Casing Design 4338.1 Introduction 4338.2 Importance of Casing String 4348.3 Types of Casing String 4358.4 Components of Casing String 4418.5 Classifi cation and Properties of Casing 4428.6 Manufacturing of Casing 4468.7 Rig-site Operation 4478.8 Casing Design and Selection Criteria 4518.9 Current Development in Casing Technology 4778.10 Discussions on Some Case Studies 4908.11 Future Trend on Casing Design Development 4978.12 Summary 4988.13 Nomenclature 4988.14 Exercises 499References 5009 Cementing 5039.1 Introduction 5039.2 Applications of Oil Well Cements 5049.3 Cement Production 5089.4 Classifications of Oil Well Cements 5109.5 Cement Properties 5139.6 Types of Cementing 5229.7 Oil Well Cement Additives 5289.8 Cementing Design Process 5319.9 Laboratory Tests on Cements Slurry 5349.10 Mechanics of Cementing 5499.11 Cement Job Evaluation 5559.12 Cement Volume Calculation 5579.13 Practical Calculations 5589.14 Recommendations for Successful Cementing 5649.15 Current Development on Cementing 5649.16 Future Trend on Cementing 5659.17 Summary 5669.18 Nomenclature 5679.19 Exercises 568References 57010 Horizontal and Directional Drilling 57110.1 Introduction 57110.2 Functions 57210.3 Basic Terminologies 57610.4 Types of Directional Drilling 58010.5 Well Planning Trajectory 59410.6 Directional Drilling Tools 59910.7 Well Survey 61610.8 Geo-steering 63510.9 Current Trends in Directional Drilling 63610.10 Future Trends in Directional Drilling 63710.11 Summary 63910.12 Nomenclature 63910.13 Exercise 640References 64211 Well Drilling Cost Analysis 64311.1 Introduction 64311.2 Variables Related to Drilling Costs 64411.3 Types of Well Drilling Costs 64511.4 Brake Down of Total Well Drilling Cost 64711.5 Authorisation for Expenditure 64711.6 Drilling Cost Estimation 64911.7 Well Drilling Time Estimation 65611.8 Time Value of Investment 66811.9 Price Elasticity 66911.10 Current Trend on Drilling Cost Analysis 67011.11 Future Trend on Drilling Cost Analysis 67211.12 Summary 67311.13 Nomenclature 67311.14 Exercise 674References 67712 Well Completion 67912.1 Introduction 67912.2 History of Well Completion 68012.3 Requirements for Well Completion 68012.4 Types of Well Completion 68312.5 Factors Infl uencing Well Completion Design 69512.6 Completion Equipment and Materials 69712.7 Sand Control 71912.8 Remedial Cementing 72112.9 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention 72412.10 Current Development on Well Completion 72912.11 Future Trend on Well Completion 73312.12 Summary 735References 735Index 737

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Book SynopsisThis book presents both the fundamentals concepts and latest achievements of a field that is growing in importance since it represents a possible solution for global energy problems. It focuses on an atomic-level understanding of heterogeneous catalysis involved in important energy conversion processes.Table of ContentsContributors xiii 1 Introduction 1Franklin (Feng) Tao, William F. Schneider, and Prashant V. Kamat 2 Chemical Synthesis of Nanoscale Heterogeneous Catalysts 9Jianbo Wu and Hong Yang 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Brief Overview of Heterogeneous Catalysts 10 2.3 Chemical Synthetic Approaches 11 2.3.1 Colloidal Synthesis 11 2.3.2 Shape Control of Catalysts in Colloidal Synthesis 12 2.3.3 Control of Crystalline Phase of Intermetallic Nanostructures 14 2.3.4 Other Modes of Formation for Complex Nanostructures 17 2.4 Core–Shell Nanoparticles and Controls of Surface Compositions and Surface Atomic Arrangements 21 2.4.1 New Development on the Preparation of Colloidal Core–Shell Nanoparticles 21 2.4.2 Electrochemical Methods to Core–Shell Nanostructures 22 2.4.3 Control of Surface Composition via Surface Segregation 24 2.5 Summary 25 3 Physical Fabrication of Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts 31Chunrong Yin, Eric C. Tyo, and Stefan Vajda 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Cluster Sources 34 3.2.1 T hermal Vaporization Source 34 3.2.2 Laser Ablation Source 36 3.2.3 Magnetron Cluster Source 37 3.2.4 Arc Cluster Ion Source 38 3.3 Mass Analyzers 39 3.3.1 Neutral Cluster Beams 40 3.3.2 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer 41 3.3.3 Lateral TOF Mass Filter 42 3.3.4 Magnetic Sector Mass Selector 43 3.3.5 Quadrupole Deflector (Bender) 44 3.4 Survey of Cluster Deposition Apparatuses in Catalysis Studies 44 3.4.1 Laser Ablation Source with a Quadrupole Mass Analyzer at Argonne National Lab 44 3.4.2 ACIS with a Quadrupole Deflector at the Universität Rostock 46 3.4.3 Magnetron Cluster Source with a Lateral TOF Mass Filter at the University of Birmingham 47 3.4.4 Laser Ablation Cluster Source with a Quadrupole Mass Selector at the Technische Universität München 48 3.4.5 Laser Ablation Cluster Source with a Quadrupole Mass Analyzer at the University of Utah 49 3.4.6 Laser Ablation Cluster Source with a Magnetic Sector Mass Selector at the University of California, Santa Barbara 49 3.4.7 Magnetron Cluster Source with a Quadrupole Mass Filter at the Toyota Technological Institute 51 3.4.8 PACIS with a Magnetic Sector Mass Selector at Universität Konstanz 52 3.4.9 Magnetron Cluster Source with a Magnetic Sector at Johns Hopkins University 53 3.4.10 Magnetron Cluster Source with a Magnetic Sector at HZB 53 3.4.11 Magnetron Sputtering Source with a Quadrupole Mass Filter at the Technical University of Denmark 54 3.4.12 CORDIS with a Quadrupole Mass Filter at the Lausanne Group 56 3.4.13 Electron Impact Source with a Quadrupole Mass Selector at the Universität Karlsruhe 56 3.4.14 CORDIS with a Quadrupole Mass Analyzer at the Universität Ulm 58 3.4.15 Magnetron Cluster Source with a Lateral TOF Mass Filter at the Universität Dortmund 59 3.4.16 Z-Spray Source with a Quadrupole Mass Filter for Gas-Phase Investigations at FELIX 60 3.4.17 Laser Ablation Source with an Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer for Gas-Phase Investigations at the Technische Universität Berlin 61 4 Ex Situ Characterization 69Minghua Qiao, Songhai Xie, Yan Pei, and Kangnian Fan 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Ex Situ Characterization Techniques 70 4.2.1 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 71 4.2.2 Electron Spectroscopy 72 4.2.3 Electron Microscopy 74 4.2.4 Scanning Probe Microscopy 75 4.2.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 76 4.3 Some Examples on Ex Situ Characterization of Nanocatalysts for Energy Applications 77 4.3.1 Illustrating Structural and Electronic Properties of Complex Nanocatalysts 77 4.3.2 Elucidating Structural Characteristics of Catalysts at the Nanometer or Atomic Level 81 4.3.3 Pinpointing the Nature of the Active Sites on Nanocatalysts 85 4.4 Conclusions 88 5 Applications of Soft X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy for In Situ Studies of Catalysts at Nanoscale 93Xingyi Deng, Xiaoli Gu, and Franklin (Feng) Tao 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 In Situ SXAS under Reaction Conditions 96 5.3 Examples of In Situ SXAS Studies under Reaction Conditions Using Reaction Cells 99 5.3.1 Atmospheric Corrosion of Metal Films 99 5.3.2 Cobalt Nanoparticles under Reaction Conditions 101 5.3.3 Electrochemical Corrosion of Cu in Aqueous NaHCO3 Solution 108 5.4 Summary 112 6 First-Principles Approaches to Understanding Heterogeneous Catalysis 115Dorrell C. McCalman and William F. Schneider 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Computational Models 116 6.2.1 Electronic Structure Methods 116 6.2.2 System Models 117 6.3 NOx Reduction 118 6.4 Adsorption at Metal Surfaces 119 6.4.1 Neutral Adsorbates 119 6.4.2 Charged Adsorbates 122 6.5 Elementary Surface Reactions Between Adsorbates 125 6.5.1 Reaction Thermodynamics 125 6.5.2 Reaction Kinetics 129 6.6 Coverage Effects on Reaction and Activation Energies at Metal Surfaces 131 6.7 Summary 135 7 Computational Screening for Improved Heterogeneous Catalysts and Electrocatalysts 139Jeffrey Greeley 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 T rends-Based Studies in Computational Catalysis 140 7.2.1 Early Groundwork for Computational Catalyst Screening 140 7.2.2 Volcano Plots and Rate Theory Models 141 7.2.3 Scaling Relations, BEP Relations, and Descriptor Determination 144 7.3 Computational Screening of Heterogeneous Catalysts and Electrocatalysts 148 7.3.1 Computational Catalyst Screening Strategies 149 7.4 Challenges and New Frontiers in Computational Catalyst Screening 153 7.5 Conclusions 155 8 Catalytic Kinetics and Dynamics 161Rafael C. Catapan, Matthew A. Christiansen, Amir A. M. Oliveira, and Dionisios G. Vlachos 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Basics of Catalyst Functionality, Mechanisms, and Elementary Reactions on Surfaces 163 8.3 T ransition State Theory, Collision Theory, and Rate Constants 166 8.4 Density Functional Theory Calculations 168 8.4.1 Calculation of Energetics and Coverage Effects 169 8.4.2 Calculation of Vibrational Frequencies 172 8.5 T hermodynamic Consistency of the DFT-Predicted Energetics 172 8.6 State Properties from Statistical Thermodynamics 176 8.6.1 Strongly Bound Adsorbates 177 8.6.2 Weakly Bound Adsorbates 177 8.7 Semiempirical Methods for Predicting Thermodynamic Properties and Kinetic Parameters 178 8.7.1 Linear Scaling Relationships 178 8.7.2 Heat Capacity and Surface Entropy Estimation 179 8.7.3 Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi Relationships 180 8.8 Analysis Tools for Microkinetic Modeling 181 8.8.1 Rates in Microkinetic Modeling 181 8.8.2 Reaction Path Analysis and Partial Equilibrium Analysis 181 8.8.3 Rate-Determining Steps, Most Important Surface Intermediates, and Most Abundant Surface Intermediates 184 8.8.4 Calculation of the Overall Reaction Order and Apparent Activation Energy 186 8.9 Concluding Remarks 187 9 Catalysts for Biofuels 191Gregory T. Neumann, Danielle Garcia, and Jason C. Hicks 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 192 9.2.1 Cellulose 192 9.2.2 Hemicellulose 194 9.2.3 Lignin 195 9.3 Carbohydrate Upgrading 195 9.3.1 Zeolitic Upgrading of Cellulosic Feedstocks 196 9.3.2 Levulinic Acid Upgrading 199 9.3.3 GVL Upgrading 201 9.3.4 Aqueous-Phase Processing 202 9.4 Lignin Conversion 205 9.4.1 Zeolite Upgrading of Lignin Feedstocks 206 9.4.2 Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin 208 9.4.3 Selective Unsupported Catalyst for Lignin Depolymerization 211 9.5 Continued Efforts for the Development of Robust Catalysts 212 10 Development of New Gold Catalysts for Removing CO from H2 217Zhen Ma, Franklin (Feng) Tao, and Xiaoli Gu 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 General Description of Catalyst Development 218 10.3 Development of WGS catalysts 220 10.3.1 Initially Developed Catalysts 220 10.3.2 Fe2O3-Based Gold Catalysts 221 10.3.3 CeO2-Based Gold Catalysts 221 10.3.4 TiO2- or ZrO2-Based Gold Catalysts 223 10.3.5 Mixed-Oxide Supports with 1:1 Composition 223 10.3.6 Bimetallic Catalysts 224 10.4 Development of New Gold Catalysts for PROX 225 10.4.1 General Considerations 225 10.4.2 CeO2-Based Gold Catalysts 226 10.4.3 TiO2-Based Gold Catalysts 227 10.4.4 Al2O3-Based Gold Catalysts 228 10.4.5 Mixed Oxide Supports with 1:1 Composition 228 10.4.6 Other Oxide-Based Gold Catalysts 229 10.4.7 Supported Bimetallic catalysts 229 10.5 Perspectives 229 11 Photocatalysis in Generation of Hydrogen from Water 239Kazuhiro Takanabe and Kazunari Domen 11.1 Solar Energy Conversion 239 11.1.1 Solar Energy Conversion Technology for Producing Fuels and Chemicals 239 11.1.2 Solar Spectrum and STH Efficiency 242 11.2 Semiconductor Particles: Optical and Electronic Nature 244 11.2.1 Reaction Sequence and Principles of Overall Water Splitting and Reaction Step Timescales 244 11.2.2 Number of Photons Striking a Single Particle 245 11.2.3 Absorption Depth of Light Incident on Powder Photocatalyst 247 11.2.4 Degree of Band Bending in Semiconductor Powder 248 11.2.5 Band Gap and Flat-Band Potential of Semiconductor 250 11.3 Photocatalyst Materials for Overall Water Splitting: UV to Visible Light Response 251 11.3.1 UV Photocatalysts: Oxides 251 11.3.2 Visible-Light Photocatalysts: Band Engineering of Semiconductor Materials Containing Transition Metals 253 11.3.3 Visible-Light Photocatalysts: Organic Semiconductors as Water-Splitting Photocatalysts 255 11.3.4 Z-Scheme Approach: Two-Photon Process 257 11.3.5 Defects and Recombination in Semiconductor Bulk 257 11.4 Cocatalysts for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting 259 11.4.1 Metal Nanoparticles as Hydrogen Evolution Cocatalysts: Novel Core/Shell Structure 259 11.4.2 Reaction Rate Expression on Active Catalytic Centers for Redox Reaction in Solution 261 11.4.3 Measurement of Potentials at Semiconductor and Metal Particles Under Irradiation 264 11.4.4 Metal Oxides as Oxygen Evolution Cocatalyst 266 11.5 Concluding Remarks 268 12 Photocatalysis in Conversion of Greenhouse Gases 271Kentaro Teramura and Tsunehiro Tanaka 12.1 Introduction 271 12.2 Outline of Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 273 12.3 Reaction Mechanism for the Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 276 12.3.1 Adsorption of CO2 and H2 276 12.3.2 Assignment of Adsorbed Species by FT-IR Spectroscopy 279 12.3.3 Observation of Photoactive Species by Photoluminescence (PL) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopies 281 12.4 Summary 283 13 Electrocatalyst Design in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Automotive Application 285Anusorn Kongkanand, Wenbin Gu, and Frederick T. Wagner 13.1 Introduction 285 13.2 Advanced Electrocatalysts 288 13.2.1 Pt-Alloy and Dealloyed Catalysts 288 13.2.2 Pt Monolayer Catalysts 290 13.2.3 Continuous-Layer Catalysts 293 13.2.4 Controlled Crystal Face Catalysts 296 13.2.5 Hollow Pt Catalysts 298 13.3 Electrode Designs 299 13.3.1 Dispersed-Catalyst Electrodes 299 13.3.2 NSTF Electrodes 302 13.4 Concluding Remarks 307 Index 315

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Book SynopsisThe special properties of inorganic materials can be used for a wide range of applications in electronics such as semiconductors, magnetic alloys, insulators, and optical and display materials.Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface. Preface. List of Contributors. 1 Polymer Electrolytes (Michel B. Armand, Peter G. Bruce, Maria Forsyth and Bruno Scrosati). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes. 1.3 Ionic Liquid Based Polymer Electrolytes. 1.4 Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes. References. 2 Advanced Inorganic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Stephen J. Skinner and Miguel A. Laguna-Bercero). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Next Generation SOFC Materials. 2.3 Materials Developments through Processing. 2.4 Proton Conducting Ceramic Fuel Cells. 2.5 Summary. References. 3 Solar Energy Materials (Elizabeth A. Gibson and Anders Hagfeldt). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Development of PV Technology. 3.3 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 4 Hydrogen Adsorption on Metal Organic Framework Materials for Storage Applications (K. Mark Thomas and Wadysaw Wieczorek). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Hydrogen Adsorption Experimental Methods. 4.3 Activation of MOFs. 4.4 Hydrogen Adsorption on MOFs. 4.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe complete guide to the control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. With increased regulatory pressures on air pollution emissions, there is a growing need for innovative control technologies in a wide range of industries.Trade Review"In light of increasing regulatory pressure on air pollution emissions, Hunter...and Oyama explore the science, technology, economics, and applications specific to controlling volatile organic compounds emissions in a number of industries." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "This book addresses a major environmental problem...I find this book...refreshing, focused and well-written." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 90, No. 1, February 2002)Table of ContentsThe Problem of Volatile Organic Compounds. Existing Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound Elimination. Condensation. Adsorption. Absorption. Thermal Incineration. Flaring. Catalytic Incineration. Biodegradation. Emerging Technologies. Ozone Properties, Handling, and Production. Surface Reactions and Catalysis. Appendices. Index.

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Book Synopsis* A complete overview of solar technologies relevant to the built environment, including solar thermal energy for heating and cooling, passive solar energy for daylighting and heating supply, and photovoltaics for electricity production * Provides practical examples and calculations to enable component and system simulation e.g.Trade Review"...balances the physics and engineering background of solar heating, cooling and building integrated photovoltaics with practical applications..." (Bulletin, Vol 94(24/25), 2003)Table of ContentsPreface ix Abbreviations in the text xi 1 Solar energy use in buildings 1 1.1 Energy consumption of buildings 1 1.1.1 Residential buildings 2 1.1.2 Office and administrative buildings 4 1.1.3 Air conditioning 6 1.2 Meeting requirements by active and passive solar energy use 9 1.2.1 Active solar energy use for electricity, heating and cooling 9 1.2.2 Meeting heating energy requirements by passive solar energy use 12 2 Solar irradiance 13 2.1 Extraterrestrial solar irradiance 13 2.1.1 Power and spectral distribution of solar irradiance 13 2.1.2 Sun–Earth geometry 16 2.1.2.1 Equator coordinates 17 2.1.2.2 Horizon coordinates 20 2.1.2.3 Sun-position diagrams 22 2.2 The passage of rays through the atmosphere 24 2.3 Statistical production of hourly irradiance data records 26 2.3.1 Daily average values from monthly average values 27 2.3.2 Hourly average values from daily average values 31 2.4 Global irradiance and irradiance on inclined surfaces 34 2.4.1 Direct and diffuse irradiance 34 2.4.2 Conversion of global irradiance to inclined surfaces 35 2.4.2.1 An isotropic diffuse irradiance model 35 2.4.2.2 Diffuse irradiance model based on Perez 36 2.4.3 Measurement techniques for solar irradiance 39 2.5 Shading 39 3 Solar thermal energy 45 3.1 Solar-thermal water collectors 45 3.1.1 Innovations 45 3.1.2 System overview 46 3.1.3 Thermal collector types 47 3.1.3.1 Swimming pool absorbers 47 3.1.3.2 Flat plate collectors 47 3.1.3.3 Vacuum tube collectors 48 3.1.3.4 Parabolic concentrating collectors 48 3.1.4 System engineering for heating drinking-water 49 3.1.4.1 The solar circuit and hydraulics 49 3.1.4.2 Heat storage 55 3.1.4.3 Piping and circulation losses 60 3.1.5 System technology for heating support 61 3.1.6 Large solar plants for heating drinking water with short-term stores 63 3.1.6.1 Design of large solar plants 66 3.1.7 Solar district heating 68 3.1.8 Costs and economy 71 3.1.9 Operational experiences and relevant standards 73 3.1.10 Efficiency calculation of thermal collectors 74 3.1.10.1 Temperature distribution of the absorber 75 3.1.10.2 Collector efficiency factor F' 79 3.1.10.3 Heat dissipation factor FR 79 3.1.10.4 Heat losses of thermal collectors 83 3.1.10.5 Optical characteristics of transparent covers and absorber materials 92 3.1.11 Storage modelling 97 3.2 Solar air collectors 103 3.2.1 System engineering 105 3.2.2 Calculation of the available thermal power of solar air collectors 107 3.2.2.1 Temperature-dependent material properties of air 107 3.2.2.2 Energy balance and collector efficiency factor 108 3.2.2.3 Convective heat transfer in air collectors 109 3.2.2.4 Thermal efficiency of air collectors 117 3.2.3 Design of the air circuit 120 3.2.3.1 Collector pressure losses 120 3.2.3.2 Air duct systems 121 4 Solar cooling 123 4.1 Open cycle desiccant cooling 125 4.1.1 Introduction to the technology 125 4.1.2 Coupling with solar thermal collectors 128 4.1.3 Costs 128 4.1.4 Physical and technological bases of sorption-supported air-conditioning 129 4.1.4.1 Technology of sorption wheels 129 4.1.4.2 Air-status calculations 130 4.1.4.3 Dehumidifying potential of sorption materials 132 4.1.4.4 Calculation of the sorption isotherms and isosteres of silica gel 135 4.1.4.5 Calculation of the dehumidifying performance of a sorption rotor 140 4.1.5 The technology of heat recovery 143 4.1.5.1 Recuperators 143 4.1.5.2 Regenerative heat exchangers 148 4.1.6 Humidifier technology 152 4.1.7 Design limits and climatic boundary conditions 153 4.1.7.1 Demands on room temperatures and humidities 153 4.1.7.2 Regeneration temperature and humidity 153 4.1.7.3 Calculation of supply air status with different climatic boundary conditions 154 4.1.7.4 Limits and application possibilities of open sorption 155 4.1.8 Energy balance of sorption-supported air-conditioning 156 4.1.8.1 Usable cooling power of open sorption 156 4.1.8.2 Coefficients of performance and primary energy consumption 158 4.2 Closed cycle adsorption cooling. 162 4.2.1 Technology and areas of application 162 4.2.2 Costs 163 4.2.3 Operational principle 163 4.2.4 Energy balances and pressure conditions 165 4.2.4.1 Evaporator 166 4.2.4.2 Condenser 168 4.2.4.3 The adsorption process 169 4.2.4.4 Heating phase 172 4.2.4.5 The desorption process 172 4.2.4.6 Cooling phase 174 4.2.5 Coefficients of performance 175 4.3 Absorption cooling technology 177 4.3.1 The absorption cooling process and its components 178 4.3.1.1 Double-lift absorption cooling process 181 4.3.1.2 Evaporator and condenser 182 4.3.1.3 Absorber 183 4.3.1.4 Generator 185 4.3.2 Physical principles of the absorption process 185 4.3.2.1 Vapour pressure curves of material pairs 185 4.3.3 Refrigerant vapour concentration 189 4.3.4 Energy balances and performance figures of an absorption cooler 190 4.3.4.1 Ideal performance figures 190 4.3.4.2 Real performance figures and enthalpy balances 191 4.3.5 Absorption technology and solar plants 200 5 Grid-connected photovoltaic systems 201 5.1 Structure of grid-connected systems 201 5.2 Solar cell technologies 203 5.3 Module technology 203 5.4 Building integration and costs 204 5.5 Energy production and the performance ratio of PV systems 205 5.5.1 Energy amortisation times 206 5.6 Physical fundamentals of solar electricity production 207 5.7 Current-voltage characteristics 209 5.7.1 Characteristic values and efficiency 209 5.7.2 Curve fittings to the current-voltage characteristic 210 5.7.2.1 Parameter adjustment from module data sheets 216 5.7.2.2 Full parameter set calculation 220 5.7.2.3 Simple explicit model for system design 221 5.7.3 I-V characteristic addition and generator interconnecting 223 5.8 PV performance with shading. 225 5.8.1 Bypass diodes and backwards characteristics of solar cells 225 5.9 Simple temperature model for PV modules 228 5.10 System engineering 231 5.10.1 DC connecting 231 5.10.1.1 Cable sizing 231 5.10.1.2 System voltage and electrical safety 232 5.10.1.3 String diodes and short-circuit protection 232 5.10.2 Inverters 234 5.10.2.1 Operational principle 234 5.10.2.2 Electrical safety and mains monitoring 235 5.10.2.3 Inverter efficiencies 235 5.10.2.4 Power sizing of inverters 238 6 Thermal analysis of building-integrated solar components 243 6.1 Empirical thermal model of building-integrated photovoltaics 244 6.2 Energy balance and stationary thermal model of ventilated double facades 246 6.2.1 Heat transfer coefficients for the interior and facade air gap 250 6.3 Building-integrated solar components (U- and g-values) 254 6.4 Warm-air generation by photovoltaic facades 257 7 Passive solar energy 260 7.1 Passive solar use by glazings 260 7.1.1 Total energy transmittance of glazings 261 7.1.2 Heat transfer coefficients of windows 263 7.1.3 New glazing systems 265 7.2 Transparent thermal insulation 265 7.2.1 Operational Principle 266 7.2.2 Materials used and construction 270 7.2.2.1 Construction principles of TWD systems 270 7.3 Heat storage by interior building elements 271 7.3.1 Component temperatures for sudden temperature increases 274 7.3.2 Periodically variable temperatures 281 7.3.3 Influence of solar irradiance 286 8 Lighting technology and daylight use 288 8.1 Introduction to lighting and daylighting technology 288 8.1.1 Daylighting of interior spaces 289 8.1.2 Luminance contrast and glare 291 8.2 Solar irradiance and light flux 291 8.2.1 Physiological–optical basics 292 8.2.2 Photometric radiation equivalent 292 8.2.3 Artificial light sources. 294 8.3 Luminance and illuminance 295 8.3.1 Luminance and adaptation of the eye 299 8.3.2 Distribution of the luminous intensity of artificial light sources 300 8.3.3 Units and definitions 303 8.4 Sky luminous intensity models 304 8.5 Light measurements 307 8.6 Daylight distribution in interior spaces 308 8.6.1 Calculation of daylight coefficients 311 References 316 Index 320

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Book SynopsisUsing full-color visualizations of key concepts and data, Mara Prentiss interprets government reports, technology, and basic physical laws to advance a bold claim: wind and solar power alone could generate 100% of the U.S. average energy demand, without lifestyle sacrifices. And meeting the actual U.S. energy demand with renewables is within reach.Trade ReviewIn this crisp, evidence-based treatise, physicist Mara Prentiss makes a remarkable assertion: that solar and wind power could supply 100% of average U.S. energy needs for the next 50 years. Prentiss argues that a transition to renewables is probable, given that energy revolutions are a historical norm. She stacks up reams of salient data, such as the fact that U.S. energy use per capita has remained steady since 1965, thanks to increasing fuel efficiency. Although optimistic, her analyses of energy sources, combinations, conservation and storage compel. -- Barbara Kiser * Nature *A surprisingly optimistic analysis of the world’s unsustainable, wasteful energy consumption… In a genre rife with forecasts of doom and exhortations in favor of frugal living, Prentiss provides impressive evidence that things may work out just fine. * Kirkus Reviews *[Prentiss] steers a steady course between the wishful thinking and despair that so often colors discussions of energy. Carefully optimistic, the author thinks a combination of renewable power sources could meet 100 percent of the U.S. average total energy demand for the foreseeable future, even without waste reduction… Delightful, deadpan flashes of wit enliven the text throughout… Readers looking for answers on the feasibility of renewables will find the straight talk refreshing. -- Robert Eagan * Library Journal *In this important book, Mara Prentiss brings basic physics to bear on the critical issue of how we produce and consume energy. Using extensive and illuminating graphics to augment her clear writing, she provides a reason for optimism about the role of renewables in our energy future. -- Kenneth W. Ford, author of 101 Quantum QuestionsWith all the justified excitement around the fracking revolution it’s crucial not to lose sight of the ultimate importance of renewables and energy efficiency. Mara Prentiss has written a highly valuable, scientifically grounded guide to the great things that are possible in both these spheres. -- Lawrence H. Summers, Charles W. Eliot University Professor and President Emeritus, Harvard University

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Book SynopsisIn the latter half of the twentieth century, legions of industrial pioneers came to northwestern British Columbia with grand plans for mines, dams, and energy-development schemes. Yet many of their projects failed to materialize or were abandoned midstream. Unbuilt Environments reveals that these lapsed resource projects had lasting effects on the natural and human environment. Drawing on a range of case studies to analyze the social and environmental impacts of unfinished projects, Jonathan Peyton considers development failure a productive concept for northwestern Canada. He looks at a closed asbestos mine, an abandoned rail grade, an imagined series of hydroelectric installations, a failed LNG export facility, and a transmission line and finds that these unrealized developments continue to shape contemporary resource conflicts.Trade ReviewUnbuilt Environments is an enthralling book … [and] a great contribution to the emerging interdisciplinary narrative on resource development conflicts in northwest British Columbia, a region that is currently the site of intense mining exploration and controversy over energy projects. Drawing on fieldwork throughout northwest British Columbia and on research which is both eloquent and honest, Unbuilt Environments is a practical, accessible, and reliable resource from a respected emerging researcher. I strongly recommend this book for the expert and non-expert. -- Rajiv Thakur, Missouri State University, West Plains * Polymath *Unbuilt Environments provides an even-handed discussion of development in a region that remains relatively aloof from capital investment and integration into the global economy. -- Gordon Hak * NiCHE, Network in Canadian History & Environment *Jonathan Peyton by bringing to light the history of these spasmodic industrial developments in the north has done an immense public service. His research is comprehensive, his analysis precise, his tone moderate and dispassionate. Indeed, there are moments when the reader, overwhelmed by Peyton’s revelations, the scale of the corruption, the extent of the folly, the aggregate waste of tax payers’ wealth, almost wishes for a more emotional reaction from the author. Yet the great strength of the book is its restraint, for the facts and history alone provide sufficient indictment. -- Wade Davis * The Ormsby Review *Table of ContentsForeword: How Shall We Live? / Graeme WynnIntroduction: The Stikine Watershed and the Unbuilt Environment1 Cassiar, Asbestos: How to Know a Place2 Liberating Stranded Resources: The Dease Lake Extension as the Railway to Nowhere3 Corporate Ecology: BC Hydro, Failure, and the Stikine-Iskut Project4 “Industry for the future”: Dome Petroleum and the Afterlives of “Aggressive” Development5 Transmission: Contesting Energy and Enterprise in the New Northwest Gold RushConclusion: The Tumbling GeographyAppendix; Notes; Bibliography; Index

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Book SynopsisAs we reach the data transmission limits of copper wire and communications experts seek to bring the speed of long-haul fiber optics networks closer to access points, optical interconnects promise to provide efficient, high-speed data transmission for the next generation of networks and systems. They offer higher bit-rates, virtually no crosstalk, lower demands on power requirements and thermal management, and the possibility of two-dimensional channel arrays for chip-to-chip communication.The Handbook of Optical Interconnects introduces the systems and devices that will bring the speed and quality of optical transmission closer to the circuit board. Contributed by active experts, most from leading technology companies in the US and Japan, this outstanding handbook details various low-cost and small-size configurations, illustrates the discussion with more than 300 figures, and offers a look at the applications and future of this exciting and rapidly growing field. The book incTable of ContentsVCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser. Microlens. GRIN Lenses. Development of Diffractive Optics and Future Challenges. Planar Optics. Optical Bus Technology. Fiber Optics. Plastic Optical Fiber. Optical Fiber Jisso Technology. Optical Connectors. Parallel Optical Links. Broadband Networks and Optical Interconnections.

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Book SynopsisExtensively using experimental and numerical illustrations, Combustion Phenomena: Selected Mechanisms of Flame Formation, Propagation, and Extinction provides a comprehensive survey of the fundamental processes of flame formation, propagation, and extinction. Taking you through the stages of combustion, leading experts visually display, mathematically explain, and clearly theorize on important physical topics of combustion. After a historical introduction to the field, they discuss combustion chemistry, flammability limits, and spark ignition. They also study counterflow twin-flame configuration, flame in a vortex core, the propagation characteristics of edge flames, instabilities, and tulip flames. In addition, the book describes flame extinction in narrow channels, global quenching of premixed flames by turbulence, counterflow premixed flame extinction limits, the interaction of flames with fluids in rotating vessels, and turbulent flames. The final chapterTable of ContentsChallenges in Combustion. Measurements to Unravel Combustion Chemistry. Flammability Limits, Ignition of a Flammable Mixture, and Limit Flame Extinction. Influence of Boundary Conditions on Flame Propagation. Instability Phenomena during Flame Propagation. Different Methods of Flame Quenching. Turbulent Flames. Other Interesting Cases of Combustion and Flame Formation. Index.

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Book SynopsisA concise treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics is presented in this book. In particular, emphasis is placed on discussions of the second law, a unique feature of thermodynamics, which states the limitations of converting thermal energy into mechanical energy. The entropy function that permits the loss in the potential of a real thermodynamic process to be assessed, the maximum possible work in a process, and irreversibility and equilibrium are deduced from the law through physical and intuitive considerations. They are applicable in mitigating waste heat and are useful for solving energy, power, propulsion and climate-related issues.The treatment is not restricted to properties and functions of ideal gases. The ideal gas assumption is invoked as a limiting case. Reversible paths between equilibrium states are obtained using reversible heat engines and reversible heat pumps between environment and systems to determine the entropy changes and the maximum work. The coTable of Contents1. Fundamental Concepts. 2. Equation of State. 3. First Law of Thermodynamics. 4. Second Law of Thermodynamics. 5. Entropy. 6. Reversible Work, Availability and Irreversibility. 7. Thermodynamic State Functions. 8. Thermodynamic Coefficients and Specific Heats. 9. Thermodynamic Equilibrium. 10. Equilibrium of Species in a Chemically Reacting System. 11. Statistical Thermodynamics.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive text takes a multidisciplinary approach to explore the challenges of sustainable development and how engineering practice can contribute to assessing and developing solutions. Worked examples, exercises, and applications are included, and software tutorials, lecture slides, and a solutions manual are available online.Trade Review'This book addresses such critical topics as life-cycle assessment, energy and material flows, exergy, sustainability assessment, engineering design, industrial symbiosis, and circular economy. The author utilizes various case studies/examples, such as the case of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the lessons from Easter Island. There are flowcharts and solved quantitative examples that make the introduced concepts less abstract. Each chapter is followed by exercises, making it easier to use for academic purpose / course assessment. I believe this text will be useful for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level college students, and that it is successful in its goal to rigorously address the role of engineering with respect to environmental sustainability, and to help engineers understand sustainability.' John W. Sutherland, Fehsenfeld Family Head of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University'In Sustainable Engineering, Bhavik R. Bakshi demonstrates that engineers and conservationists can be important allies. Using a variety of real-world examples and detailed case studies, Bakshi makes the case that engineering practices can lead to a sustainable future.' Mark R. Tercek, CEO of The Nature Conservancy and author of Nature's Fortune: How Business and Society Thrive by Investing in Nature'Sustainable Engineering provides a comprehensive engineering treatment of sustainability. This is the only textbook covering many of the new approaches to sustainable engineering. Clear, succinct chapters, and the range of quantitative problems, make for a welcome textbook that will be widely useful for undergraduate engineering classes. It includes recent concepts such as water footprinting, energy return on investment, material flow analysis, energy analysis, ecosystem services calculations, techno-economic analysis, and industrial symbiosis. The problems are quantitative and thorough, with sufficient worked examples that they can be mastered in an introductory sustainable engineering course. The sustainability framing is broad and thorough, allowing undergraduates to see the big-picture context for sustainable engineering. References are also excellent, encouraging students to become familiar with key data sources, software, and the relevant scientific literature.' Valerie Thomas, Anderson Interface Professor of Natural Systems, Georgia Institute of TechnologyTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction and Motivation: 1. The basis of human well-being; 2. Status of ecosystem goods and services; 3. Sustainability: definitions and challenges; Part II. Reasons for Unsustainability: 4. Economics and the environment; 5. Business and the environment; 6. Science, engineering, and the environment; 7. Society and the environment; Part III. Sustainability Assessment: 8. Goal definition and scope; 9. Inventory analysis; 10. Mathematical framework; 11. Footprint assessment; 12. Energy and material flow analysis; 13. Exergy analysis; 14. Cumulative exergy consumption and emergy analysis; 15. Life cycle impact assessment; 16. Ecosystem services in sustainability impact assessment; Part IV. Solutions for Sustainability: 17. Designing sustainable processes and products; 18. Ecosystem ecology; 19. Industrial symbiosis and circular economy; 20. Ecosystems in engineering; 21. Economic policies; 22. Societal development.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a rigorous, concise guideto the current status and future prospects of the global energy system. As we move away from fossil fuels and toward clean energy solutions, the complexity of the global energy system has increased. Tagliapietra cuts through this complexity with a multidisciplinary perspective of the system, which encompasses economics, geopolitics, and basic technology. He goes on to explore the main components of the global energy system - oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, marine energy - as well as energy consumption and energy efficiency. It then provides an in-depth analysis of the pivotal issues of climate change and of energy access in Africa.Trade Review'A timely description of diverse sources of energy supply around the world, with supplementary material on energy demand, climate change, and energy-access issues in Africa.' Robert N. Stavins, A. J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Massachusetts'A comprehensive, rigorous, fact-based portrayal of the fundamentals of energy discourse. A multidisciplinary approach makes this highly valuable to both experts and broader audiences seeking to understand debates on energy security, climate change and development policy.' Ottmar Edenhofer, Director and Chief Economist of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research'This book is a real instrument for the daily work. A window and an introduction to understanding the greatest challenges of our time, from climate change to access to energy in developing countries.' Francesco La Camera, Director General, International Renewable Energy Agency'Energy is a global issue, affecting world affairs, human welfare, pollution and climate. This book provides a guide to the fundamentals of this important subject: resources, technologies, economy and policy. Remarkable, refreshing, and so useful.' Jean-Michel Glachant, Loyola de Palacio Professor in Energy Policy and Director, Florence School of Regulation'This book offers a concise, up-to-date, authoritative account of key features of the global energy system. Tagliapietra, a highly respected energy expert and academic researcher, places energy alternatives in the context of changing technologies, markets, geopolitics, and the challenges of climate change and energy access. This overview will help general readers and energy specialists gain new insights on the pathways to sustainable energy for all.' Jeffrey D. Sachs, University Professor, Columbia University and Director, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network'… a very readable introduction to the energy sector … This book will be very useful in introductory energy policy courses; chapters provide "key takeaways" that can serve as discussion topics and study guides. Journalists, policy staff, advocates, and anyone needing to come up to speed on energy policy can use this as a good, quick backgrounder. Highly recommended.' T. Brennan, Choice'Tagliapietra's book provides an invitation to further exploration and learning, and as such would be useful as a text in a wide variety of economics, politics, public policy, law, engineering, and management courses. It will also be a valuable resource to policymakers and their staff …' L. Lynne Kiesling, Econonomics of Energy and Environmental PolicyTable of Contents1. Introduction to global energy; 2. Oil; 3. Natural gas; 4. Coal; 5. Nuclear energy; 6. Renewable energy: Introduction and established sources; 7. Renewable energy: New sources; 8. Energy consumption and energy efficiency; 9. In-depth focus 1: Energy and climate change; 10. In-depth focus 2: Energy access in Africa; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society's 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi CARBON MATERIALS AND FUEL CERAMICS Irradiation-Induced Dimensional Change and Fracture Behavior of C/C Composites for VHTR Application 3 Junya Sumita, Taiju Shibata, Kazuhiro Sawa, Ichiro Fujita, Jun Ohashi, Kentaro Takizawa, W. Kim, and J. Park R&D and Irradiation Plans for New Nuclear Grade Graphites for Application to VHTR 13 Kentaro Takizawa, Kazuyuki Kakehashi, Toshiaki Fukuda, Tohru Kida, Kazuhiro Sawa, Junya Sumita, Yutai Katoh, and Lance L. Snead CRYSTALLINE, AMORPHOUS, AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR WASTE IMMOBILIZATION Functionalized Silica Aerogels: Advanced Materials to Capture and Immobilize Radioactive Iodine 23 J. Matyas, G. E. Fryxell, B. J. Busche, K. Wallace, and L. S. Fifield Layered Double Hydroxides for Anion Capture and Storage 33 J. Phillips and L. J. Vandeperre Bottom-Up Design of a Cement for Nuclear Waste Encapsulation 41 T. Zhang, L. J. Vandeperre, and C. Cheeseman FUEL CERAMICS AND IRRADIATION EFFECTS Microstructural Analysis of Secondary Phases in Silicon Carbide Fabricated with SiC Nano-Powder and Sintering Additives 53 Takaaki Koyanagi, Sosuke Kondo, and Tatsuya Hinoki Measurements of Irradiation Creep Strain in Silicon Carbide Irradiated with Silicon Ions 63 S. Kondo, T. Koyanagi, T. Hinoki, and O. Hashitomi JOINING AND INTEGRATION OF CERAMIC STRUCTURES Preliminar Results on Joining of Thin SiC/SiC Composites by Silicides Compounds and Local Heating 73 Elodie Jacques, Laurence Maille, Yann Lepetitcorps, Christophe Lorrette, and Cedric Sauder Joining of NITE SiC/SiC Composite and Tungsten for Nuclear Applications 85 H. Kishimoto, T. Abe, T. Shibayama, J. S. Park, H. C. Jung, Y. Kohno, and A. Kohyama PROCESSING Integrated R & D of SiC Matrix Ceramic Composites for Energy/Environmental Application 95 Akira Kohyama, Y. Kohno, H. Kishimoto, J. S. Park, H. C. Jung, and K. Shimoda Effects of Two-Step Sintering on Densification and Performance of Near-Net Shaped NITE-SiC/SiC Composites 103 N. Nakazato, H. Kishimoto, K. Shimoda, Y. Kohno, and A. Kohyama CERAMICS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION, STORAGE, AND DISTRIBUTION Ceramic Processing for Dense Magnesium Diboride 111 C. E. J. Dancer, R. I. Todd, and C. R. M. Grovenor Investigation on Phase Transformation of YBCO-ln2O3 Composite Superconductor Cooled Down via Different Routes 121 Y. M. Z. Ahmed., M. S. Hassan, and H. Abd-Elatif Morphologies and Electrochemical Capacitor Behaviors of Co(OH)2/Polyaniline Composite Films 141 Hiroshi Itahara and Tetsuro Kobayashi Optimization of Spark-Plasma-Sintering Conditions for Maximizing Figure of Merit of La-Doped SrTiO3 151 Asami Kikuchi, Sidney Lin, Noriyuki Okinaka, and Tomohiro Akiyama ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES Design of (Thio) Phosphates for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries 161 Stefan Adams, Rayavarapu Prasada Rao Lithium Ion Conductive Solid Electrolyte with Porous/Dense Bi-Layer Structure for All Solid State Battery 177 Kiyoshi Kanamura, Ryo Oosone, Hirokazu Munakata, and Masashi Kotobuki Autogenic Reactions for Fabricating Lithium Battery Electrode Materials 185 Vilas G. Pol and M. M. Thackeray Author Index 195

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Book SynopsisTrue sustainability is the line of engineering research and practice that is giving rise to a series of Scrivener textbooks, such as Khan & Islam's best-selling The Greening of Petroleum Operations.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xiii Preface xv Introduction xvii 1 A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Importance of a Sustainability Criterion 3 1.3 Criterion: The Switch that Determines Direction at a Bifurcation Point 8 1.3.1 Some Applications of the Criterion 11 1.4 Current Practices in Petroleum Engineering 16 1.5 Development of a Sustainable Model 24 1.6 Violation of Characteristic Time 26 1.7 Analogies with Physical Phenomena 31 1.8 Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence 32 1.9 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials 34 1.10 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 35 1.11 Holes in the Current Energy Model 37 1.12 Tools Needed for Sustainable Petroleum Operations 40 1.13 Conditions of Sustainability 43 1.14 Sustainability Indicators 44 1.15 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process 46 2 "Alternative" and Conventional Energy Sources: Trail-Mix, Tom Mix or Global Mixup? 59 2.1 Introduction 63 2.2 Global 68 2.3 Solar Energy 74 2.4 Hydroelectric Power 78 2.5 Ocean Thermal, Wave and Tidal Energy 79 2.6 Windi Energy 80 2.7 Bioenergy 82 2.8 Fuelwood 82 2.9 Bioethanol 83 2.10 Biodiesel 86 2.11 Nuclear Power 88 2.12 Geothermal Energy 91 2.13 Hydrogen Energy 92 2.14 Global [ Efficiency 94 2.15 Solar Energy 95 2.16 "Global Warming" 113 2.17 Impact of Energy Technology and Policy 117 2.18 Energy Demand in Emerging Economies 119 2.19 Conventional Global Energy Model 120 2.20 Renewable vs Non-renewable: Is There a Boundary? 121 2.21 Knowledge-Enriched Global Energy Model 126 2.22 Conclusions 128 3 Electricity and Sustainability 131 3.1 Electrical Power as the World's Premier Non-Primary Energy Source 131 3.2 Consequences of the Ubiquity of Electric Power Services 143 3.3 The Last Twenty Years of "Electrical Services Reform" in the United States 150 4 The Zero-Waste Concept and Its Applications 169 Part A. Petroleum Engineering Applications 169 4.1 Introduction 170 4.2 Petroleum Refining 172 4.3 Zero-Waste Impacts on Product Life Cycle (Transportation, Use, and End-of-Life) 193 4.4 No-Flaring Technique 194 Part B. Other Applications of the 'Zero-Waste' Principle 205 4.5 Zero-Waste Living and the Anaerobic Biodigester 205 4.6 Solar Aquatic Process Purifies Waste (including Desal-inated) Water 209 4.7 Last Word 212 5 Natural Gas 293 5.1 Introduction 293 5.2 Divergence of Energy Commodity Pricing From Laws of Supply and Demand 303 5.3 Sustainability and the Increasing Fascination with Natural Gas 307 5.4 Natural Gas Pricing, Markets, Risk Management, and Supply 311 5.5 Natural Gas in Eurasia 328 5.6 Nature As The New Model 333 6 OPEC — The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 359 6.1 Birthmarks — The First Twenty Years 359 6.2 OPEC's Hard Choices in the Era of the Bush Doctrine 367 6.3 Monopoly, Cartel, Rentier — or Instrumentality for Economic Independence? 380 6.4 Postscript (Friday 21 October 2011) 400 7 Concluding Remarks 405 Appendix 409 Al Taking Economics Backward As Science 416 A2 Developing a Theory of Marginal Information Utility Based on "The Alternative Approach of Beginning with Highly Simplified, Quite Concrete Models" 418 A3 Imperfections of Information, or Oligopoly and Monopoly? 426 A4 Afterword 435 Bibliography 443 Introductory Note 443 I. Bibliography 445 II. Websites 494 Index 497

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Book SynopsisPolymers are increasingly finding applications in the areas of energy storage and conversion. This book assimilates these advances in the form of a comprehensive text that includes the synthesis and properties of a large number of polymer systems for applications in the areas of lithium batteries, photovoltaics, solar cells, etc.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Contributors xi 1 High Performance Polymer Hydrogel based Materials for Fuel Cells 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Hydrogel Electrolyte 3 1.3 Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel 4 Summary 19 References 20 2 PVAc Based Polymer Blend Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries 27 2.1 Introduction 27 Conclusion 49 References 49 3 Lithium Polymer Batteries Based on Ionic Liquids 53 3.1 Lithium Batteries 54 3.2 Lithium Polymer Batteries Containing Ionic Liquids 61 Battery Performance 88 Glossary 94 References 96 4 Organic Quantum Dots Grown by Molecular Layer Deposition for Photovoltaics 103 4.1 Introduction 104 4.2 Molecular Layer Deposition 105 4.3 Concept of Solar Cells with Organic Quantum Dots 107 4.4 Polymer Multiple Quantum Dots 110 4.5 Molecular Multiple Quantum Dots 120 4.6 Waveguide-Type Solar Cells 127 4.7 Summary 135 References 135 5 Solvent Effects in Polymer Based Organic Photovoltaics 137 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Solar Cell Device Structure and Prepartion 139 5.3 Spin-Coating of Active Layer 141 5.4 Influence of Solvent on Morphology 143 5.5 Residual Solvent 152 5.6 Summary 156 Acknowledgment 157 References 157 6 Polymer-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells 163 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Hybrid Conjugated Polymer-Inorganic Semiconductor Composites 173 6.3 Conclusion 185 References 191 7 Semiconducting Polymer-based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells 199 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Optical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers 200 7.3 Electrical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers 206 7.4 Mechanical Properties Polymer Solar Cells 208 7.5 Processing of Polymers 210 7.6 State-of-the-art of the Technology 212 References 213 8 Energy Gas Storage in Porous Polymers 215 8.1 Introduction 216 8.2 Microporous Organic Polymers 217 8.3 Characterization of MOPs 239 Conclusion 242 List of Abbreviation 242 References 243

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Book SynopsisWith the proliferation of electronic devices, the world will need to double its energy supply by 2050. This book addresses this challenge and discusses synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. Addresses one of the leading challenges facing society today as we steer away from dwindling supplies of fossil fuels and a rising need for electric power due to the proliferation of electronic products Promotes the use of carbon nanomaterials for energy applications Systematic coverage: synthesis, characterization, and a wide array of carbon nanomaterials are described Detailed descriptions of solar cells, electrodes, thermoelectrics, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion-based storage Discusses special architecture required for energy storage including hydrogen, methane, etc. Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii PART I Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials 1 1 Fullerenes, Higher Fullerenes, and their Hybrids: Synthesis, Characterization, and Environmental Considerations 3 1.1 Introduction, 3 1.2 Fullerene, Higher Fullerenes, and Nanohybrids: Structures and Historical Perspective, 5 1.2.1 C60 Fullerene, 5 1.2.2 Higher Fullerenes, 6 1.2.3 Fullerene-Based Nanohybrids, 7 1.3 Synthesis and Characterization, 7 1.3.1 Fullerenes and Higher Fullerenes, 7 1.3.1.1 Carbon Soot Synthesis, 7 1.3.1.2 Extraction, Separation, and Purification, 10 1.3.1.3 Chemical Synthesis Processes, 11 1.3.1.4 Fullerene-Based Nanohybrids, 12 1.3.2 Characterization, 12 1.3.2.1 Mass Spectroscopy, 12 1.3.2.2 NMR, 13 1.3.2.3 Optical Spectroscopy, 13 1.3.2.4 HPLC, 14 1.3.2.5 Electron Microscopy, 14 1.3.2.6 Static and Dynamic Light Scattering, 14 1.4 Energy Applications, 17 1.4.1 Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Materials, 17 1.4.2 Hydrogen Storage Materials, 19 1.4.3 Electronic Components (Batteries, Capacitors, and Open]Circuit Voltage Applications), 20 1.4.4 Superconductivity, Electrical, and Electronic Properties Relevant to Energy Applications, 20 1.4.5 Photochemical and Photophysical Properties Pertinent for Energy Applications, 21 1.5 Environmental Considerations for Fullerene Synthesis and Processing, 21 1.5.1 Existing Environmental Literature for C60, 22 1.5.2 Environmental Literature Status for Higher Fullerenes and NHs, 24 1.5.3 Environmental Considerations, 24 1.5.3.1 Consideration for Solvents, 26 1.5.3.2 Considerations for Derivatization, 26 1.5.3.3 Consideration for Coatings, 27 References, 28 2 Carbon Nanotubes 47 2.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes, 47 2.1.1 Introduction and Structure of Carbon Nanotube, 47 2.1.2 Arc Discharge and Laser Ablation, 49 2.1.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition, 50 2.1.4 Aligned Growth, 52 2.1.5 Selective Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes, 57 2.1.6 Summary, 63 2.2 Characterization of Nanotubes, 63 2.2.1 Introduction, 63 2.2.2 Spectroscopy, 63 2.2.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy, 63 2.2.2.2 Optical Absorption (UV]Vis]NIR), 66 2.2.2.3 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy, 68 2.2.3 Microscopy, 70 2.2.3.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy, 70 2.3 Summary, 73 References, 73 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene 85 3.1 Introduction, 85 3.2 Overview of Graphene Synthesis Methodologies, 87 3.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation, 90 3.2.2 Chemical Exfoliation, 93 3.2.3 Chemical Synthesis: Graphene from Reduced Graphene Oxide, 97 3.2.4 Direct Chemical Synthesis, 102 3.2.5 CVD Process, 102 3.2.5.1 Graphene Synthesis by CVD Process, 103 3.2.5.2 Graphene Synthesis by Plasma CVD Process, 109 3.2.5.3 Grain and GBs in CVD Graphene, 110 3.2.6 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on SiC Surface, 111 3.3 Graphene Characterizations, 113 3.3.1 Optical Microscopy, 114 3.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy, 116 3.3.3 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, 118 3.3.4 Scanning Probe Microscopy, 119 3.4 Summary and Outlook, 121 References, 122 4 Doping Carbon Nanomaterials with Heteroatoms 133 4.1 Introduction, 133 4.2 Local Bonding of the Dopants, 135 4.3 Synthesis of Heterodoped Nanocarbons, 137 4.4 Characterization of Heterodoped Nanotubes and Graphene, 139 4.5 Potential Applications, 146 4.6 Summary and Outlook, 152 References, 152 Part II Carbon Na nomaterials For Energy Conversion 163 5 High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells Containing Carbon Nanomaterials 165 5.1 Introduction, 165 5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials as Transparent Electrodes, 167 5.2.1 CNT Electrode, 168 5.2.2 Graphene Electrode, 169 5.2.3 Graphene/CNT Hybrid Electrode, 171 5.3 Carbon Nanomaterials as Charge Extraction Layers, 171 5.4 Carbon Nanomaterials in the Active Layer, 178 5.4.1 Carbon Nanomaterials as an Electron Acceptor, 178 5.4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials as Additives, 180 5.4.3 Donor/Acceptor Functionalized with Carbon Nanomaterials, 183 5.5 Concluding Remarks, 185 Acknowledgments, 185 References, 185 6 Graphene for Energy Solutions and Its Printable Applications 191 6.1 Introduction to Graphene, 191 6.2 Energy Harvesting from Solar Cells, 192 6.2.1 DSSCs, 193 6.2.2 Graphene and DSSCs, 195 6.2.2.1 Counter Electrode, 195 6.2.2.2 Photoanode, 198 6.2.2.3 Transparent Conducting Oxide, 199 6.2.2.4 Electrolyte, 200 6.3 Opv Devices, 200 6.3.1 Graphene and OPVs, 201 6.3.1.1 Transparent Conducting Oxide, 201 6.3.1.2 BHJ, 203 6.3.1.3 Hole Transport Layer, 204 6.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries, 204 6.4.1 Graphene and Lithium-Ion Batteries, 205 6.4.1.1 Anode Material, 205 6.4.1.2 Cathode Material, 209 6.4.2 Li–S and Li–O2 Batteries, 211 6.5 Supercapacitors, 212 6.5.1 Graphene and Supercapacitors, 213 6.6 Graphene Inks, 216 6.7 Conclusions, 219 References, 220 7 Quantum Dot and Heterojunction Solar Cells Containing Carbon Nanomaterials 237 7.1 Introduction, 237 7.2 QD Solar Cells Containing Carbon Nanomaterials, 238 7.2.1 CNTs and Graphene as TCE in QD Solar Cells, 238 7.2.1.1 CNTs as TCE Material in QD Solar Cells, 239 7.2.1.2 Graphene as TCE Material in QD Solar Cells, 240 7.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials and QD Composites in Solar Cells, 241 7.2.2.1 C60 and QD Composites, 241 7.2.2.2 CNTs and QD Composites, 244 7.2.2.3 Graphene and QD Composites, 245 7.2.3 Graphene QDs Solar Cells, 247 7.2.3.1 Physical Properties of GQDs, 247 7.2.3.2 Synthesis of GQDs, 247 7.2.3.3 PV Devices of GQDs, 247 7.3 Carbon Nanomaterial/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells, 249 7.3.1 Principle of Carbon/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells, 249 7.3.2 a-C/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells, 250 7.3.3 CNT/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells, 252 7.3.4 Graphene/Semiconductor Heterojunction Solar Cells, 253 7.4 Summary, 261 References, 261 8 Fuel Cell Catalysts Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 267 8.1 Introduction, 267 8.2 Nanocarbon-Supported Catalysts, 268 8.2.1 CNT-Supported Catalysts, 268 8.2.2 Graphene-Supported Catalysts, 271 8.3 Interface Interaction between Pt Clusters and Graphitic Surface, 276 8.4 Carbon Catalyst, 281 8.4.1 Catalytic Activity for ORR, 281 8.4.2 Effect of N-Dope on O2 Adsorption, 283 8.4.3 Effect of N-Dope on the Local Electronic Structure for Pyridinic-N and Graphitic-N, 285 8.4.3.1 Pyridinic-N, 287 8.4.3.2 Graphitic-N, 288 8.4.4 Summary of Active Sites for ORR, 290 References, 291 PART III Carbon nanomaterials for energy storage 295 9 Supercapacitors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 297 9.1 Introduction, 297 9.2 Supercapacitor Technology and Performance, 298 9.3 Nanoporous Carbon, 304 9.3.1 Supercapacitors with Nonaqueous Electrolytes, 304 9.3.2 Supercapacitors with Aqueous Electrolytes, 311 9.4 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes, 321 9.5 Nanostructured Carbon Composites, 326 9.6 Other Composites with Carbon Nanomaterials, 327 9.7 Conclusions, 329 References, 330 10 Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 339 10.1 Introduction, 339 10.2 Improving Li-Ion Battery Energy Density, 344 10.3 Improvements to Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbon Nanomaterials, 345 10.3.1 Carbon Nanomaterials as Active Materials, 345 10.4 Carbon Nanomaterials as Conductive Additives, 346 10.4.1 Current and SOA Conductive Additives, 346 10.5 Swcnt Additives to Increase Energy Density, 348 10.6 Carbon Nanomaterials as Current Collectors, 351 10.6.1 Current Collector Options, 351 10.7 Implementation of Carbon Nanomaterial Current Collectors for Standard Electrode Composites, 354 10.7.1 Anode: MCMB Active Material, 354 10.7.2 Cathode: NCA Active Material, 356 10.8 Implementation of Carbon Nanomaterial Current Collectors for Alloying Active Materials, 356 10.9 Ultrasonic Bonding for Pouch Cell Development, 358 10.10 Conclusion, 359 References, 362 11 Lithium/Sulfur Batteries Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 365 11.1 Introduction, 365 11.2 Fundamentals of Lithium/Sulfur Cells, 366 11.2.1 Operating Principles, 366 11.2.2 Scientific Problems, 368 11.2.2.1 Dissolution and Shuttle Effect of Lithium Polysulfides, 369 11.2.2.2 Insulating Nature of Sulfur and Li2S, 369 11.2.2.3 Volume Change of the Sulfur Electrode during Cycling, 369 11.2.3 Research Strategy, 369 11.3 Nanostructure Carbon–Sulfur, 370 11.3.1 Porous Carbon–Sulfur Composite, 371 11.3.2 One-Dimensional Carbon–Sulfur Composite, 373 11.3.3 Two-Dimensional Carbon (Graphene)–Sulfur, 375 11.3.4 Three-Dimensional Carbon Paper–Sulfur, 377 11.3.5 Preparation Method of Sulfur–Carbon Composite, 377 11.4 Carbon Layer as a Polysulfide Separator, 380 11.5 Opportunities and Perspectives, 381 References, 382 12 Lithium–air Batteries Based on Carbon Nanomaterials 385 12.1 Metal–Air Batteries, 385 12.2 Li–Air Chemistry, 387 12.2.1 Aqueous Electrolyte Cell, 387 12.2.2 Nonaqueous Aprotic Electrolyte Cell, 389 12.2.3 Mixed Aqueous/Aprotic Electrolyte Cell, 391 12.2.4 All Solid-State Cell, 391 12.3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Li–Air Cells Cathode, 393 12.4 Amorphous Carbons, 393 12.4.1 Porous Carbons, 393 12.5 Graphitic Carbons, 395 12.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes, 395 12.5.2 Graphene, 398 12.5.3 Composite Air Electrodes, 400 12.6 Conclusions, 403 References, 403 13 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for H2 Storage 407 13.1 Introduction, 407 13.2 Hydrogen Storage in Fullerenes, 408 13.3 Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes, 414 13.4 Hydrogen Storage in Graphene-Based Materials, 419 13.5 Conclusions, 427 Acknowledgments, 428 References, 428 Index 439

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Book SynopsisBased on the new and fundamental research on novel energy materials with tailor-made photonic properties, the role of materials engineering has been to provide much needed support in the development of photovoltaic devices. This book looks at the world of novel energy materials science, focusing on the subject's vast multi-disciplinary approach.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat 1 Kok-Keong Chong 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Principle of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 3 1.3 Residual Aberration 10 1.4 Optimization of Flux Distribution Pattern for Wide Range of Incident Angle 29 1.5 First Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 35 1.6 Second Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 52 1.7 Conclusion 64 2 State-of-the-Art of Nanostructures in Solar Energy Research 69 Suresh Sagadevan 2.1 Introduction 70 2.2 Motivations for Solar Energy 71 2.3 Nanostructures and Different Synthesis Techniques 77 2.4 Nanomaterials for Solar Cells Applications 81 2.5 Advanced Nanostructures for Technological Applications 87 2.6 Theory and Future Trends in Solar Cells 92 2.7 Conclusion 97 3 Metal Oxide Semiconductors and Their Nanocomposites Application towards Photovoltaic and Photocatalytic 105 Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Hyung-Kee Seo and Hyung Shik Shin 3.1 Introduction 106 3.2 Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Applications 108 3.3 TiO2 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices 109 3.4 ZnO Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices 121 3.5 Fabrication of DSSCs with Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorods (NRs) and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Based Photoanode 135 3.6 ZnO Nanocomposite for the Heterostructures Devices 139 3.7 Fabrication of Heterostructure Device with Doped ZnO Nanocomposite 141 3.8 Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Application 144 3.9 Conclusions 157 3.10 Future Directions 158 4 Superionic Solids in Energy Device Applications 167 Angesh Chandra and Archana Chandra 4.1 Introduction 167 4.2 Classifi cation of Superionic Solids 170 4.3 Ion Conduction in Superionic Solids 171 4.4 Important Models 173 4.5 Applications 199 4.6 Conclusion 203 5 Polymer Nanocomposites: New Advanced Dielectric Materials for Energy Storage Applications 207 Vijay Kumar Thakur and Michael R. Kessler 5.1 Introduction 208 5.2 Dielectric Mechanism 209 5.3 Dielectric Materials 213 5.4 Demand for New Materials: Polymer Composites 214 5.5 Polymer Nanocomposites: Concept and Electrical Properties 216 5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 245 6 Solid Electrolytes: Principles and Applications 259 S.W. Anwane 6.1 Introduction 260 6.2 Ionic Solids 262 6.3 Classifi cation of Solid Electrolytes 265 6.4 Criteria for High Ionic Conductivity and Mobility 266 6.5 Electrical Characterization of Solid Electrolyte 267 6.6 Ionic Conductivity and Temperature 271 6.7 Concentration-Dependent Conductivity 274 6.8 Ionic Conductivity in Composite SE 275 6.9 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical System 278 6.10 Applications 280 6.11 SO2 Sensor Kinetics and Thermodynamics 286 6.12 Conclusion 291 7 Advanced Electronics: Looking beyond Silicon 295 Surender Duhan and Vijay Tomer 7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 Limitations of Silicon-Based Technology 299 7.3 Need for Carbon-Based Electronics Technology 300 7.4 Carbon Family 303 7.5 Electronic Structure of Graphene and CNT 309 7.6 Synthesis of CNTs 311 7.7 Carbon Nanotube Devices 313 7.8 Advantages of CNT-Based Devices 317 7.9 Issues with Carbon-Based Electronics 319 7.10 Conclusion 322 8 Ab-Initio Determination of Pressure-Dependent Electronic and Optical Properties of Lead Sulfi de for Energy Applications 327 Pooja B and G. Sharma 8.1 Introduction 327 8.2 Computational Details 328 8.3 Results and Discussion 329 8.4 Conclusions 340 9 Radiation Damage in GaN-Based Materials and Devices 345 S.J. Pearton, Richard Deist, Alexander Y. Polyakov, Fan Ren, Lu Liu and Jihyun Kim 9.1 Introduction 346 9.2 Fundamental Studies of Radiation Defects in GaN and Related Materials 347 9.3 Radiation Effects in Other III-Nitrides 366 9.4 Radiation Effects in GaN Schottky Diodes, in AlGaN/GaN and GaN/InGaN Heterojunctions and Quantum Wells 370 9.5 Radiation Effects in GaN-Based Devices 374 9.6 Prospects of Radiation Technology for GaN 376 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 379 10 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals: Smart Materials for Future Displays 389 Manoj Bhushan Pandey, Roman Dabrowski and Ravindra Dhar 10.1 Introduction 390 10.2 Theories of Antiferroelectricity in Liquid Crystals 398 10.3 Molecular Structure Design/Synthesis of AFLC Materials 402 10.4 Macroscopic Characterization and Physical Properties of AFLCs 404 10.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 425 11 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications 433 Tungabidya Maharana, Alekha Kumar Sutar, Nibedita Nath, Anita Routaray, Yuvraj Singh Negi and Bikash Mohanty 11.1 Introduction 434 11.2 PEEK Overview 442 11.3 PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane 446 11.4 Modifi ed PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane 452 11.5 Evaluation of Cell Performance 459 11.6 Market Size 459 11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 460 12 Vanadate Phosphors for Energy Effi cient Lighting 465 K. N. Shinde and Roshani Singh 12.1 Introduction 465 12.2 Some Well-Known Vanadate Phosphors 466 12.3 Our Approach 469 12.4 Experimental Details 469 12.5 Results and Discussion of M3-3x/2(VO4)2:xEu (0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.09 for M = Ca and 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 for M = Sr,Ba) Phosphors 470 12.6 Effect of Annealing Temperature on M3–3x/2(VO4)2:xEu (x = 0.05 for M = Ca, x = 0.1 for M = Sr and x = 0.3 for M = Ba) Phosphors 484 12.7 Conclusions 494 13 Molecular Computation on Functionalized Solid Substrates 499 Prakash Chandra Mondal 13.1 Introduction 500 13.2 Molecular Logic Gate on 3D Substrates 504 13.3 Molecular Logic Gates and Circuits on 2D Substrates 507 13.4 Combinatorial and Sequential Logic Gates and Circuits using Os-polypyridyl Complex on SiO× Substrates 514 13.5 Multiple Redox States and Logic Devices 520 13.6 Concluding Remarks 523 14 Ionic Liquid Stabilized Metal NPs and Their Role as Potent Catalyst 529 Kamlesh Kumari, Prashant Singh and Gopal K.Mehrotra 14.1 Introduction 530 14.2 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 531 14.3 Shape of Particles 532 14.4 Aggregation of Particles 533 14.5 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 533 14.6 Stability against Oxidation 534 14.7 Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquid 535 14.8 Applications of Metal NPs as Potent Catalyst in Organic Synthesis 540 14.9 Conclusion 544 15 There's Plenty of Room in the Field of Zeolite-Y Enslaved Nanohybrid Materials as Eco-Friendly Catalysts: Selected Catalytic Reactions 555 C.K. Modi and Parthiv M. Trivedi 15.1 Introduction 556 15.2 Types of Zeolites 557 15.3 Methodology 559 15.4 Characterization Techniques 561 15.5 Exploration of Zeolite-Y Enslaved Nanohybrid Materials 562 15.6 Conclusions 576 References 579 Index 585

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Book SynopsisAn original look from a microeconomic perspective for power system optimization and its application to electricity markets Presents a new and systematic viewpoint for power system optimization inspired by microeconomics and game theory A timely and important advanced reference with the fast growth of smart grids Professor Chen is a pioneer of applying experimental economics to the electricity market trading mechanism, and this work brings together the latest research A companion website is available Edit Table of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxv List of Figures xxvii List of Tables xxxi Acronyms xxxv Symbols xxxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Power System Optimal Planning 2 1.1.1 Generation Expansion Planning 3 1.1.2 Transmission Expansion Planning 5 1.1.3 Distribution System Planning 7 1.2 Power System Optimal Operation 8 1.2.1 Unit Commitment and Hydrothermal Scheduling 8 1.2.2 Economic Dispatch 12 1.2.3 Optimal Load Flow 14 1.3 Power System Reactive Power Optimization 16 1.4 Optimization in Electricity Markets 18 1.4.1 Strategic Participants’ Bids 18 1.4.2 Market Clearing Model 20 1.4.3 Market Equilibrium Problem 21 2 Theories and Approaches of Large-Scale Complex Systems Optimization 22 2.1 Basic Theories of Large-scale Complex Systems 23 2.1.1 Hierarchical Structures of Large-scale Complex Systems 24 2.1.2 Basic Principles of Coordination 27 2.1.3 Decomposition and Coordination of Large-scale Systems 28 2.2 Hierarchical Optimization Approaches 30 2.3 Lagrangian Relaxation Method 36 2.4 Cooperative Coevolutionary Approach for Large-scale Complex System Optimization 40 2.4.1 Framework of Cooperative Coevolution 41 2.4.2 Cooperative Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithms and the Numerical Experiments 43 2.4.3 Basic Theories of CCA 45 2.4.4 CCA’s Potential Applications in Power Systems 46 3 Optimization Approaches in Microeconomics and Game Theory 49 3.1 General Equilibrium Theory 51 3.1.1 Basic Model of a Competitive Economy 52 3.1.2 Walrasian Equilibrium 53 3.1.3 First and Second Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics 54 3.2 Noncooperative Game Theory 55 3.2.1 Representation of Games 55 3.2.2 Existence of Equilibrium 60 3.3 Mechanism Design 61 3.3.1 Principles of Mechanism Design 61 3.3.2 Optimization of a Single Commodity Auction 63 3.4 Duality Principle and Its Economic Implications 66 3.4.1 Economic Implication of Linear Programming Duality 66 3.4.2 Economic Implication of Duality in Nonlinear Programming 68 3.4.3 Economic Implication of Lagrangian Relaxation Method 71 4 Power System Planning 76 4.1 Generation Planning Based on Lagrangian Relaxation Method 76 4.1.1 Problem Formulation 78 4.1.2 Lagrangian Relaxation for Generation Investment Decision 80 4.1.3 Probabilistic Production Simulation 85 4.1.4 Example 87 4.1.5 Summary 91 4.2 Transmission Planning Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm 91 4.2.1 Mathematical Model 93 4.2.2 Improvements of Genetic Algorithm 95 4.2.3 Example 96 4.2.4 Summary 101 4.3 Transmission Planning Based on Ordinal Optimization 103 4.3.1 Introduction 103 4.3.2 Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 104 4.3.3 Ordinal Optimization 107 4.3.4 Crude Model for Transmission Planning Problem 111 4.3.5 Example 112 4.3.6 Summary 120 4.4 Integrated Planning of Distribution Systems Based on Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm 121 4.4.1 Mathematical Model of Integrated Planning Based on DG and DSR 122 4.4.2 Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm 124 4.4.3 Example 125 4.4.4 Summary 129 5 Power System Operation 131 5.1 Unit Commitment Based on Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithm 131 5.1.1 Problem Formulation 132 5.1.2 Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithm 133 5.1.3 Form Primal Feasible Solution Based on the Dual Results 138 5.1.4 Dynamic Economic Dispatch 140 5.1.5 Example 146 5.1.6 Summary 148 5.2 Security-Constrained Unit Commitment with Wind Power Integration Based on Mixed Integer Programming 149 5.2.1 Suitable SCUC Model for MIP 151 5.2.2 Selection of St and the Significance of Extreme Scenarios 154 5.2.3 Example 156 5.2.4 Summary 160 5.3 Optimal Power Flow with Discrete Variables Based on Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm 160 5.3.1 Formulation of OPF Problem 162 5.3.2 Modern Interior Point Algorithm (MIP) 163 5.3.3 Genetic Algorithm with Annealing Selection (AGA) 167 5.3.4 Flow of Presented Algorithm 169 5.3.5 Example 169 5.3.6 Summary 172 5.4 Optimal Power Flow with Discrete Variables Based on Interior Point Cutting Plane Method 173 5.4.1 IPCPM and Its Analysis 175 5.4.2 Improvement of IPCPM 180 5.4.3 Example 185 5.4.4 Summary 187 6 Power System Reactive Power Optimization 189 6.1 Space Decoupling for Reactive Power Optimization 189 6.1.1 Multi-agent System-based Volt/VAR Control 190 6.1.2 Coordination Optimization Method 193 6.2 Time Decoupling for Reactive Power Optimization 198 6.2.1 Cost Model of Adjusting the Control Devices of Volt/VAR Control 202 6.2.2 Time-Decoupling Model for Reactive Power Optimization Based upon Cost of Adjusting the Control Devices 207 6.3 Game Theory Model of Multi-agent Volt/VAR Control 215 6.3.1 Game Mechanism of Volt/VAR Control During Multi-level Power Dispatch 217 6.3.2 Payoff Function Modeling of Multi-agent Volt/VAR Control 224 6.4 Volt/VAR Control in Distribution Systems Using an Approach Based on Time Interval 231 6.4.1 Problem Formulation 233 6.4.2 Load Level Division 234 6.4.3 Optimal Dispatch of OLTC and Capacitors Using Genetic Algorithm 236 6.4.4 Example 238 6.4.5 Summary 244 7 Modeling and Analysis of Electricity Markets 247 7.1 Oligopolistic Electricity Market Analysis Based on Coevolutionary Computation 247 7.1.1 Market Model Formulation 249 7.1.2 Electricity Market Analysis Based on Coevolutionary Computation 252 7.1.3 Example 258 7.1.4 Summary 265 7.2 Supply Function Equilibrium Analysis Based on Coevolutionary Computation 265 7.2.1 Market Model Formulation 267 7.2.2 Coevolutionary Approach to Analyzing SFE Model 271 7.2.3 Example 273 7.2.4 Summary 283 7.3 Searching for Electricity Market Equilibrium with Complex Constraints Using Coevolutionary Approach 284 7.3.1 Market Model Formulation 286 7.3.2 Coevolutionary Computation 290 7.3.3 Example 292 7.3.4 Summary 301 7.4 Analyzing Two-Settlement Electricity Market Equilibrium by Coevolutionary Computation Approach 301 7.4.1 Market Model Formulation 303 7.4.2 Coevolutionary Approach to Analyzing Market Model 307 7.4.3 Example 309 7.4.4 Summary 318 8 Future Developments 319 8.1 New Factors in Power System Optimization 320 8.1.1 Planning and Investment Decision Under New Paradigm 320 8.1.2 Scheduling/Dispatch of Renewable Energy Sources 321 8.1.3 Energy Storage Problems 322 8.1.4 Environmental Impact 323 8.1.5 Novel Electricity Market 323 8.2 Challenges and Possible Solutions in Power System Optimization 324 Appendix 328 A.1 Header File 328 A.2 Species Class 329 A.3 Ecosystem Class 335 A.4 Main Function 336 References 338 Index 353

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Book SynopsisGet a complete look into modern traffic engineering solutions Traffic Engineering Handbook, Seventh Edition is a newly revised text that builds upon the reputation as the go-to source of essential traffic engineering solutions that this book has maintained for the past 70 years.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAFFIC ENGINEERING HANDBOOK AND ITS ROLE IN EVOLVING PRACTICE 1Anurag Pande, Ph.D. and Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE I. Background 1 II. The Vision for This Edition 1 III. Organization of the Handbook 2 References 7 CHAPTER 2: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES TECHNIQUES FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT 9John McFadden, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE, Seri Park, Ph.D., PTP, and David A. Petrucci, Jr., P.E., PTOE I. Introduction 9 A. Background and Definitions Related to Statistics and Probability 9 B. Sampling Strategies 10 C. Types of Error 10 D. Variables 10 E. Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics 10 II. Descriptive Statistics 11 A. Graphs and Tables 11 B. Other Tools 12 C. Measures of Central Tendency 13 D. Measures of Dispersion 14 E. Measures of Position 16 F. Measures of Association: Correlation Analysis 17 III. Probability 18 A. Rules of Probability 18 IV. Probability Distributions 21 A. Discrete Probability Distributions 21 B. Negative Binomial (NB) Distribution 23 C. Continuous Probability Distributions 23 V. Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing 25 A. Estimating 𝜇 When 𝜎 Is Known 25 VI. Regression Modeling 27 A. Linear Regression 27 B. Multiple Linear Regression 28 VII. Financial Analysis and Engineering Economics 28 VIII. Fundamental Concepts in Engineering Economics 29 A. Time Value of Money, Interest, Interest Rate, Equivalence, Cash Flow, and Rate of Return 29 B. Benefit/Cost Analysis 33 C. Risk Management Principles Applied Using Financial Indicators/Metrics 38 D. Application of Engineering Economics in Traffic Engineering via Examples 41 IX. Before-and-After Studies 45 A. Overview 45 B. Data Considerations 46 C. Study Types 47 D. Summary 48 References 49 CHAPTER 3: ROAD USERS 51Alison Smiley, Ph.D., CCPE and Robert E. Dewar, Ph.D., CCPE I. Introduction 51 II. Basics 51 A. Fundamental Road User Characteristics and Limitations 51 B. The Driving Task Model 51 C. Vision 52 D. Attention and Information Processing 53 E. Visual Search 54 F. Perception–Reaction Time 56 G. Driver Expectation 58 H. Behavioral Adaptation 59 I. Driver Impairments 59 III. Types of Road Users 61 A. The Design Driver 61 B. Older Drivers 61 C. Novice Drivers 62 D. Truck Drivers 63 E. Motorcyclists 64 F. Pedestrians 65 G. Bicyclists 70 IV. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 73 A. Positive Guidance 73 B. Traffic Control Devices 74 C. Intersections and Roundabouts 79 D. Interchanges 83 E. Railroad Grade Crossings 83 F. Road Segments 86 G. Work Zones 90 V. Case Studies 92 A. Case Study 3-1: Placement of Guide Signs on Freeways 92 B. Design to Slow Drivers in a Transition Zone 92 VI. EMERGING TRENDS 94 A. Naturalistic Driving Studies as a Basis for Road Design 94 B. Context-Sensitive Solutions and the Role of Human Factors 95 C. Driver Assistance Systems 95 D. Human Factors and Safety Tools 95 E. Marijuana Legalization 97 VII. Further Information 97 Endnote 98 References 98 CHAPTER 4: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING STUDIES 109Daniel J. Findley, Ph.D., P.E. I. Introduction 109 II. Basic Principles and Guidance Resource 109 A. Data Collection Preparation 110 B. Data Collection Execution 111 C. Pitfalls of Field Data Collection 112 D. ITE Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies 112 III. Professional Practice: Common Traffic Study Procedures 114 A. Volume Studies 114 B. Speed Studies 119 C. Intersection Studies 123 D. Safety Studies 131 IV. Emerging Trends 145 A. Data Collection 145 B. Data Applications 146 References 146 CHAPTER 5: LEVEL OF SERVICE CONCEPTS IN MULTIMODAL ENVIRONMENTS 149Michael A. Carroll, P.E. and Ema C. Yamamoto, AICP I. Introduction 149 II. Basics: Conceptual Foundations of Level of Service 150 A. The System Perspective 150 B. The User Perspective 151 III. Approaches to Level of Service and Performance Measures for Different Modes 151 A. Approaches to Auto Level of Service 151 B. Approaches to Transit Performance Measures 153 C. Approaches to Bicycle Performance Measures 154 D. Approaches to Pedestrian Performance Measures 155 IV. Multimodal Environments 156 A. The Modal Mix 157 V. Types of Multimodal Environments 158 A. Office and Retail Business Districts 159 B. Town Centers 159 C. Transit-Oriented Developments 159 D. Main Streets 159 E. Residential Multimodal Environments 160 F. Trail Corridors 160 G. Adapting Service Concepts to Multimodal Contexts 160 VI. Multimodal Level of Service Analysis 161 A. HCM 2010 Urban Streets Multimodal Level of Service Method 161 B. Practical Applications 161 VII. Challenges to Using MMLOS 165 A. When to Use Multimodal Level of Service 165 VIII. Case Studies 166 A. Case Study 5-1: Ashland, Oregon, Transportation System Plan 166 B. Case Study 5-2: Evaluating Traffic Design Using Multimodal LOS 167 C. Case Study 5-3: Multimodal Improvements and Economic Impact 170 IX. Emerging Trends 172 A. Alternatives to LOS Concepts 172 B. Simplified MMLOS 173 C. Multimodal Enhancements and Economic Impacts 174 D. Freight LOS 174 References 174 CHAPTER 6: FORECASTING TRAVEL DEMAND 177David Kriger, P.Eng., MCIP, RPP I. Introduction and Approach 177 A. Introduction 177 B. Definitions 177 C. Premise/Scope 178 D. Use 178 E. Organization of Chapter 179 II. Basic Principles 179 A. Common Applications of Forecasts 179 B. Overview of the Forecasting Process 180 C. Commercial Vehicle Forecasting 185 D. Externally Based Trips 185 E. Other Modeling Approaches 186 F. Forecasting Transportation Demand Management Impacts 186 G. Application of Forecasts to Traffic Impact Analyses 188 III. Professional Practice 190 A. Regulation 190 B. Applications to Transportation Engineering 190 C. Effective Practices and Common Pitfalls 192 IV. Case Studies 193 A. Policy Studies: Exploration of Pricing Schemes 193 B. Forecasting for Complete Streets 194 C. Applications to TIAs: A Multitiered Approach 195 D. Transportation Demand Management 196 V. Emerging Trends 197 A. Novel and Evolving Practices: New Modeling Approaches 197 B. Novel and Evolving Practices: Forecasting Active Transportation 198 C. Evidence from Recent Research 199 Endnotes 199 References 200 CHAPTER 7: TRAFFIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR UNINTERRUPTED FLOW FACILITIES 203H. Gene Hawkins, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. I. Introduction: Characterizing Traffic Flow for Analysis 203 II. Basics: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Performance Measurement 204 A. Flow or Traffic Volume 205 B. Speed 215 C. Density 217 III. Professional Practice: Measuring Traffic Characteristics 217 IV. Traffic Flow Relationships for Uninterrupted Flow 218 A. Fundamental Model for Uninterrupted Traffic Flow 218 B. Actual Representation of Uninterrupted Traffic Flow 223 V. Traffic Shock Waves 224 VI. Measuring Traffic Characteristics at Bottlenecks 225 VII. Quality of Service on Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities 226 VIII. Case Studies 227 A. Case Study 7-1: Shock Wave 227 B. Case Study 7-2: Quality of Service 229 References 232 CHAPTER 8: DESIGN AND OPERATIONS OF ROAD SEGMENTS AND INTERCHANGES IN RURAL AREAS 235Reza Omrani, Ph.D., Ali Hadayeghi, P.Eng., Ph.D., and Brian Malone, P.Eng., PTOE I. Basic Principles and Reference Sources 235 II. Professional Practice 236 A. Introduction 236 B. Design Control and Criteria 236 C. Design Elements 241 D. Road Safety Management Process 254 E. Signs, Markings, and Traffic Safety Devices 262 F. Lighting 267 G. Effective Practices 267 H. Challenges for Rural Transportation Planning 272 III. Case Studies 273 A. Case Study I: Context-Sensitive Design 273 B. Case Study II: Safety Effectiveness Evaluation 274 C. Case Study III: Road Safety Audit 275 IV. Emerging Trends 276 A. IHSDM Design Consistency Module 276 B. Strategic Highway Research Program 278 C. ITS ePrimer 278 D. Traffic Incident Management 279 E. Green Highway 279 References 280 CHAPTER 9: PLANNING, DESIGN, AND OPERATIONS OF ROAD SEGMENTS AND INTERCHANGES IN URBAN AREAS 283Mark Doctor, P.E., Patrick Hasson, P.E., Hillary Isebrands, Ph.D., P.E., and John McFadden, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE I. Introduction 283 A. Essential Reference Material 284 II. Basic Principles 285 A. General Definitions 285 B. Roadway Segments 286 C. Urban Interchange Types and Characteristics 287 D. Design Consistency 292 E. General Interchange Design Considerations 294 III. Professional Practice 298 A. Regulation 298 B. Safety 299 C. Environment 299 D. Current and Effective Practices 299 E. Modeling and Simulation 303 F. Common Pitfalls 305 IV. Case Studies 306 A. Case Study 9-1: Applying Innovative Interchange Designs, Bloomington, Minnesota 306 B. Case Study 9-2: Applying Collector–Distributor Lanes for Operational Improvements, DeKalb County, Georgia 307 C. Case Study 9-3: Urban Diamond Interchange, Interstate 57 at Illinois Route 50 in Kankakee, Illinois 308 D. Case Study 9-4: Active Traffic Management, Interstate 5, Seattle, Washington 310 E. Case Study 9-5: Roundabouts at Interchanges, I-70 and Pecos Street, Denver, Colorado 311 F. Case Study 9-6: Simulation Modeling to Evaluate Design Alternatives 313 G. Case Study 9-7: Integrated Approach for Express Toll Lane Modeling on I-95 in South Florida 315 V. Emerging Trends 318 A. Active Transportation and Demand Management 318 References 319 CHAPTER 10: DESIGN AND CONTROL FOR INTERRUPTED TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH INTERSECTIONS 321Anurag Pande, Ph.D., and Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE I. Basic Principles 321 A. Fundamentals of Multimodal Intersections 321 II. Professional Practice 325 A. Multimodal Intersection Design and Safety 325 B. Control of Multimodal Intersections 335 C. Developing a Signal Timing Plan 346 D. Signal Progression and Coordination 352 E. Intersection Capacity and Performance Measurement Concepts 353 F. Roundabouts: Operational Considerations 356 III. Case Studies 358 A. Case Study 10-1: Evaluation of Engineering Countermeasures for Red-Light Running 358 B. Case Study 10-2: Roundabout in Scott County, Minnesota 359 C. Case Study 10-3: Smart Traffic Signal System, Reston, Virginia 359 IV. Emerging Trends 360 A. Signalization for Pedestrians and Bicyclists 360 B. Unconventional Intersection Designs 361 V. Conclusions 363 Endnotes 364 References 364 Further Information 365 CHAPTER 11: DESIGN AND OPERATION OF COMPLETE STREETS AND INTERSECTIONS 367Jeffrey R. Riegner, P.E., AICP, PTOE I. Basic Principles 367 A. Fundamentals of Complete Streets 367 B. Interrupted Traffic Flow on Urban Streets 367 C. Selection of Performance Measures 368 D. Context Zones 369 E. Context-Sensitive Solutions 369 F. Design for All Users: Modal Balance or Priority 371 II. Professional Practice 371 A. Design Controls and Criteria 371 B. Complete Streets Design Process 378 C. Streetside Design 379 D. Intersection Design and Operations 381 E. Midblock Crossings 387 F. Multiway Boulevards 387 G. Modal Priority Streets 387 III. Case Studies 388 A. US Route 62, Hamburg, New York 388 B. West Jefferson Streetscape Project, Ashe County, North Carolina 390 C. 300 South, Salt Lake City, Utah 391 IV. Emerging Trends 393 A. Composite or Prioritized Level of Service Measures 393 B. Shared Space 394 C. Tactical Urbanism 394 References 396 Further Information 397 CHAPTER 12: ACCESS MANAGEMENT 399Vergil G. Stover, Ph.D., P.E. and Kristine M. Williams, AICP I. Introduction 399 II. Basic Principles 400 A. Provide a Specialized Roadway (Circulation) System 401 B. Intersection Hierarchy 405 C. Traffic Signal Spacing and Operation 405 D. Preserving Intersection Functional Area 407 E. Limiting Conflict Points 409 F. Separating Conflict Areas 410 G. Removing Turning Vehicles from Through-Traffic Lanes 411 III. Benefits of Access Management 415 A. Safety 415 B. Operations 417 C. Economic Effects 420 D. Aesthetics 420 IV. Professional Practice 421 A. Compatibility with Multimodal Objectives 421 B. Programs and Guidelines 422 C. Policies and Regulations 424 D. Common Pitfalls 427 E. Public Involvement 428 V. Case Studies 429 Case Study 12-1: Bridgeport Way—University Place, Washington 430 VI. Emerging Trends 432 VII. Conclusion 433 References 434 CHAPTER 13: PARKING 437Mary S. Smith, P.E. and Randall W. Carwile, P.E. I. Introduction . 437 II. Basic Principles and Fundamentals 437 A. Regulatory Considerations and Design Resources 437 B. Types of Parking 439 C. Cost of Parking 442 D. User Considerations 443 E. Wayfinding 444 F. Design Vehicle for Parking Facilities 445 G. Aren’t Cars Getting Smaller? 447 III. Professional Practice 448 A. Parking Demand Management 448 B. Parking Layout Terminology 450 C. Parking Geometrics 452 D. On-Street Parking 456 E. Off-Street Facilities 461 F. Multimodal Considerations 470 G. Motorcycle and Bicycle Considerations 470 H. Pedestrian Considerations 472 I. Walking Distance 473 J. Accessibility 473 K. Safety 478 L. Signs 485 IV. Case Studies 487 A. Case Study 13-1: Eliminating Gridlock in a Parking Garage 487 B. Case Study 13-2: SFpark 489 V. Emerging Trends 490 A. Alternate Fuel Vehicles 490 B. Automated Mechanical Parking Facilities 493 C. Mobile Parking Apps 496 D. Self-Driving Vehicles 496 Endnotes 497 References.498 CHAPTER 14: TRAFFIC CALMING 501Jeff Gulden, P.E., PTOE and Joe De La Garza, P.E. I. Basic Principles and Reference Sources 501 A. Definition 501 B. Previous Documents 502 II. Professional Practice 503 A. Purpose of Traffic Calming 503 B. Process of Neighborhood Traffic Calming 504 C. Other Uses of Traffic Calming in Cities 508 D. Neighborhood Traffic-Calming Program Updates 511 III. Toolbox 511 A. Nonphysical Measures 512 B. Speed Control Measures—Vertical 516 C. Speed Control Measures—Horizontal 518 D. Volume Control Measures 520 E. Signs and Markings 522 F. Design 527 G. Other Considerations 532 IV. Case Studies 537 A. Case Study 14-1: College Terrace Neighborhood, Palo Alto, California 537 B. Case Study 14-2: Kihapai Street, Kailua, Hawaii 537 V. Emerging Trends 538 A. Speed Kidney 538 B. Low-Stress Bikeway Networks 538 C. Bicycle Boulevard 538 D. Public Interest 539 References 539 Further Information 540 CHAPTER 15: WORK ZONE MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC AND CONSTRUCTION STAGING 541Robert K. Seyfried, President I. Basic Principles 541 II. Professional Practice 544 A. Transportation Management Plans 544 B. Temporary Traffic Control Strategies 547 C. Transportation Operations Strategies 558 D. Public Information Strategies 559 III. Implementing the Transportation Management Plan 561 A. Staging of Construction 562 B. Geometrics of Temporary Roadways 563 C. Traffic Control Devices 571 D. Implementation of Traffic Control Plan 575 E. Operational Reviews and Revisions to the Traffic Control Plan 575 F. Detour Planning and Operations 576 G. Contingency Plans 79 IV. Other Practice Issues 579 A. Speed Management and Enforcement 579 B. Training of Personnel 581 C. Pedestrian Accommodation 582 D. Bicycle Accommodation 585 E. Incident Management in Work Zones 86 F. Public Communication and Outreach Strategies 587 V. Case Studies 588 A. Case Study 15-1: ITS Applications 588 B. Case Study 15-2: Contracting Strategies for Expedited Construction 590 C. Case Study 15-3: Effective Public Communications 591 VI. Emerging Trends 592 A. Rapid Construction Techniques and Incentives 592 B. Contracting Strategies 593 C. Innovations in Work Zone Traffic Management 594 Endnotes 595 References.596 CHAPTER 16: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR PLANNED, UNPLANNED, AND EMERGENCY EVENTS 599Deborah Matherly, AICP, Pamela Murray-Tuite, Ph.D., and Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOE I. Basic Principles 599 II. Professional Practice 601 A. Regulation 601 B. Key Stakeholder Relationships 604 C. Safety and Program Planning for Transportation Incidents and Events 606 D. Environment 608 III. Current Practice 611 A. Planned Special Events 613 B. Larger-Scale Emergency Events 614 C. Operational Strategies 618 D. Effective Practices for Addressing Needs of All Users 621 E. Modeling and Simulation 623 IV. Common Pitfalls 625 V. Case Studies 625 A. Case Study 16-1: Planned Long-Notice Emergency Event: Multimodal Regional Evacuation 625 B. Case Study 16-2: Planned Special Events: The 2009 Presidential Inaugural 628 C. Case Study 16-3: No-Notice Evacuation Modeling Support for Northern Virginia 630 VI. Emerging Trends 632 A. Novel and Emerging Practices 632 B. Evidence from Recent Research 633 References 634 Index 637

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Book SynopsisA multi-disciplinary approach to transportation planning fundamentals The Transportation Planning Handbook is a comprehensive, practice-oriented reference that presents the fundamental concepts of transportation planning alongside proven techniques.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Editor xvii Chapter 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning 1 I. Introduction 1 II. Organization of This Handbook.2 III. The Transportation Planning Process 3 IV. Changing Context for Transportation Planning 12 V. Additional Sources of Information 14 VI. Summary.15 VII. References 16 Chapter 2: Travel Characteristics and Data 17 I. Introduction 17 II. Transportation System Characteristics 17 III. Urban Travel Characteristics 26 IV. Estimating Travel Characteristics and Volumes 35 V. Modal Studies61 VI. Statistical Considerations 67 VII. Summary.71 VIII. References 71 Chapter 3: Land Use and Urban Design 75 I. Introduction 75 II. What Drives Development and Resulting Urban Form? 76 III. Urban Form 88 IV. Urban Design 90 V. Land-Use Forecasting and Transportation Planning 95 VI. Scenario Analysis for Urban Form 103 VII. Highway Facility-Related Strategies 104 VIII. Summary 110 IX. References 111 Chapter 4: Environmental Considerations 117 I. Introduction 117 II. Environmental Considerations in Transportation Planning and Decision Making 117 III. General Principles Regarding Environmental Content and Level of Detail 130 IV. Land Use and Economic Development Impacts133 V. Social and Community Impacts 139 VI. Natural Resource Impacts 146 VII. Construction Impacts 158 VIII. Considering Mitigation Strategies during the Systems Planning Process 159 IX. Summary 160 X. References 160 Chapter 5: Transportation Finance and Funding 165 I. Introduction 165 II. Key Concepts and Terms 166 III. Sources of Transportation Funding 167 IV. Transportation Finance Strategies 175 V. Public/Private Partnerships 178 VI. Investment Programming and Revenue Estimation 182 VII. Environmental Justice Analysis 197 VIII. Future Challenges 199 IX. Summary 200 X. References 200 Chapter 6: Travel Demand and Network Modeling 205 I. Introduction 205 II. Modeling Travel Demand 205 III. Demand Models and Tools 214 IV. Summary 233 V. References 233 Chapter 7: Evaluation and Prioritization Methods 237 I. Introduction 237 II. Characteristics of the Evaluation Process 237 III. Case Studies 266 IV. Summary 275 V. References 277 Chapter 8: Asset Management 281 I. Introduction 281 II. What Is Transportation Asset Management? 282 III. Recent U.S. History of Transportation Asset Management 284 IV. Asset Management and Transportation Planning 291 V. Asset Management Challenges and Opportunities 311 VI. Summary 312 VII. References 312 Chapter 9: Road and Highway Planning 317 I. Introduction 317 II. Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems 318 III. Context-Sensitive Solutions (CSS) 323 IV. Traffic Calming.324 V. Green Roads 328 VI. Complete Streets 330 VII. System Performance and Capacity Measures 333 VIII. Condition Measures and Management Systems 338 IX. State Highway Plans and City Thoroughfare Plans 342 X. Road Investment Programs and Performance Monitoring 348 XI. Summary 350 XII. References 350 Chapter 10: Transportation System Management and Operations 355 I. Introduction 355 II. Understanding Network and Facility Performance 357 III. Planning and Organizing for TSM&O 361 IV. Active Transportation and Demand Management 366 V. Examples of Management and Operations (M&O) Strategies 368 VI. Linking Transportation Planning and Planning for Operations 381 VII. Dissemination of Operations Data 400 VIII. The Connected Transportation System 400 IX. Summary 405 X. References 406 Chapter 11: Planning For Parking 411 I. Introduction 411 II. Parking Management Organizations 412 III. Zoning Requirements 413 IV. Strategies and Decisions for Parking Supply Options 419 V. Parking Management 428 VI. Parking Demand and Needs Analysis 435 VII. Common Land Uses 450 VIII. Shared Parking Methodology 465 IX. Parking Costs 468 X. Financing Parking Facilities 477 XI. Summary 480 XII. References 481 Chapter 12: Transit Planning 485 I. Introduction 485 II. Ownership and Governance 486 III. Contemporary Transit in North America 488 IV. Classification of Transit Modes and Their Components 491 V. Transit Cost Structures 517 VI. System Performance and Quality of Service 519 VII. Transit Planning Procedures 526 VIII. Planning for Passenger Stations 534 IX. Station Design 543 X. Lines and Networks 563 XI. Transit Route Planning 569 XII. Future Transit Issues 573 XIII. Summary 576 XIV. References 576 Chapter 13: Planning For Pedestrians and Bicyclists 581 I. Introduction 581 II. Goals and Benchmarks for Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning 582 III. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety 583 IV. Evolution of Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning in the United States 585 V. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Planning 591 VI. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Planning/Design Issues 616 VII. Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation in Asia and Europe 632 VIII. Summary 634 IX. References 634 Chapter 14: Travel Demand Management 641 I. Introduction 641 II. TDM Goals, Objectives, and Performance Measures 644 III. TDM Strategies 646 IV. Potential Impacts of TDM Strategies 667 V. Data, Model Use, and Results 668 VI. Summary 672 VII. References 677 Chapter 15: Statewide Transportation Planning.681 I. Introduction 681 II. The Role of the Federal Government 682 III. Statewide Transportation Planning 685 IV. Statewide Modal Plans723 V. Summary—Continuing State Planning Challenges 725 VI. References 727 Chapter 16: Metropolitan Transportation Planning 729 I. Introduction 729 II. Legislative Context for U.S. Metropolitan Transportation Planning 729 III. Institutional Structure for Metropolitan Transportation Planning 735 IV. The Transportation Planning Process 739 V. Monitoring System and Program Performance 762 VI. Public Engagement 762 VII. Special Topics for Metropolitan Transportation Planning 768 VIII. Summary 774 IX. References 775 Chapter 17: Corridor Planning 783 I. Introduction 783 II. Nature of Corridor Transportation Planning 783 III. Corridor Selection 796 IV. Corridor Planning Approach 798 V. Corridor Management Plans 832 VI. Summary 836 VII. References 837 Chapter 18: Local and Activity Center Planning 841 I. Introduction 841 II. Local Transportation Planning 842 III. Activity Centers 863 IV. Implementation of Transportation Plans 886 V. Summary 887 VI. References 887 Chapter 19: Site Planning and Impact Analysis 891 I. Introduction 891 II. Administrative Requirements 893 III. Definition of Key Terms 896 IV. Site Plan Review Data 897 V. Transportation Access and Impact Analysis 899 VI. Analysis Procedures 915 VII. On-Site Transportation Elements 931 VIII. Implementation Actions/Strategies 936 IX. Report Organization 938 X. Summary 939 XI. References 941 Chapter 20: Rural Community and Tribal Nation Planning 945 I. Introduction 945 II. Rural Transportation Planning 946 III. Tribal Nations 959 IV. Summary 971 V. References 972 Chapter 21: Recreational Areas 975 I. Introduction 975 II. Characteristics of Recreational Travel975 III. Characteristics of Transportation Systems Serving Recreational Areas 977 IV. Transportation-Related Characteristics of Visitors to Recreational Areas 983 V. Transportation Planning for Recreational Areas 984 VI. Need for Information and Communication 1008 VII. Summary 1009 VIII. References.1010 Chapter 22: Integrating Freight Into The Transportation Planning Process 1013 I. Introduction 1013 II. Overview of Domestic Freight Flows 1013 III. Impact of Freight Flows on the Community, Freight Sector, and Transportation System 1017 IV. Freight Planning 1027 V. Freight Terminals 1059 VI. Summary 1063 VII. References 1065 Chapter 23: Planning It Safe—Safety Considerations In The Transportation Planning Process 1069 I. Introduction 1069 II. U.S. National Statistics 1070 III. Institutional and Policy Structure in the United States 1073 IV. Laying the Groundwork for Transportation Safety Planning 1079 V. Incorporating Safety into Transportation Planning 1080 VI. The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) 1104 VII. Relationship between Transportation Safety Planning and Strategic Highway Safety Planning 1105 VIII. Lessons from the International Community 1105 IX. Summary 1107 X. References 1108 Chapter 24: Public Participation and Engagement 1111 I. Introduction 1111 II. What Is the Public Participation Process? 1111 III. Know Your Public and Stakeholders 1116 IV. Public Participation Plan 1120 V. Public Participation Methods and Approaches 1123 VI. Evolving Role of Technology and Social Media 1130 VII. Public Participation and Project Development 1133 VIII. How to Measure Effectiveness 1134 IX. Words of Wisdom 1139 X. Summary 1141 XI. References 1142 Index 1157

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Book SynopsisA collection of papers from the below symposia held during the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PacRim10), June 2-7, 2013, in Coronado, California 2012: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology Direct Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion Materials and Applications Photovoltaic Materials and Technologies Ceramics for Next Generation Nuclear Energy Advances in Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications Ceramics Enabling Environmental Protection: Clean Air and Water Advanced Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems Glasses and Ceramics for Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Treatment Table of ContentsPreface ix Recent Research Activities for Future Challenges in Global Energy and Environment in Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. (TCRDL) 1Tomoyoshi Motohiro SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY Structural and Electrical Characterization of PrxCe0.95-xGd0.05O2.s (0.15 less than/equal to x less than/equal to 0.40) as Cathode Materials for Low Temperature SOFC 13Rajalekshmi Chockalingam, Suddhasatwa Basu, and Ashok Kumar Ganguli Solid Oxide Metal-Air Batteries for Advanced Energy Storage 25Xuan Zhao, Yunhui Gong, Xue Li, Nansheng Xu, and Kevin Huang Fabrication of Ce02/Al Multilayer Thin Films and the Thermal Behavior 33Shumpei Kurokawa, Takashi Hashizume, Masateru Nose, and Atsushi Saiki DIRECT THERMAL TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS Reduced Strontium Titanate Thermoelectric Materials 45Lisa A. Moore and Charlene M. Smith PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES Densification and Properties of Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering 59Meijuan Li, Kun Xiang, Qiang Shen, and Lianmeng Zhang Interfacial Character and Electronic Passivation in Amorphous Thin-Film Alumina for Si Photovoltaics 65L.R. Hubbard, J.B. Kana-Kana, and B.G. Potter, Jr. CERAMICS FOR NEXT GENERATION NUCLEAR ENERGY SiC/SiC Fuel Cladding by NITE Process for Innovative LWR Pre-Composite Ribbon Design and Fabrication 79Yuuki Asakura, Daisuke Hayasaka, Joon-Soo Park, Hirotatsu Kishimoto, and Akira Kohyama SiC/SiC Fuel Cladding by NITE Process for Innovative Light Water Reactor - Compatibility with High Temperature Pressurized Water 85C. Kanda, Y. Kanda, H. Kishimoto, and A. Kohyama SiC/SiC Fuel Cladding by NITE Process for Innovative LWR-Concept and Process Development of Fuel Pin Assembly Technologies 93Hirotatsu Kishimoto, Tamaki Shibayama, Yuuki Asakura, Daisuke Hayasaka, Yutaka Kohno, and Akira Kohyama "INSPIRE" Project for R&D of SiC/SiC Fuel Cladding by NITE Method 99Akira Kohyama SiC/SiC Fuel Cladding by NITE Process for Innovative LWR-Cladding Forming Process Development 109Naofumi Nakazato, Hirotatsu Kishimoto, Yutaka Kohno, and Akira Kohyama ADVANCES IN PHOTOCATALYTIC MATERIALS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS Preparation of Brookite-Type Titanium Oxide Nanocrystal by Hydrothermal Synthesis 119S. Kitahara, T. Hashizume, and A. Saiki Effect of Atmosphere on Crystallisation Kinetics and Phase Relations in Electrospun Ti02 Nanofibres 125H. Albetran, H. Haroosh, Y. Dong, B. H. O'Connor, and I. M. Low Electronic and Optical Properties of Nitrogen-Doped Layered Manganese Oxides 135Giacomo Giorgi and Koichi Yamashita CERAMICS ENABLING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: CLEAN AIR AND WATER Understanding the Effect of Dynamic Feed Conditions on Water Recovery from IC Engine Exhaust by Capillary Condensation with Inorganic Membranes 143Melanie Moses DeBusk, Brian Bischoff, James Hunter, James Klett, Eric Nafziger, and Stuart Daw Reliability of Ceramic Membranes of BSCF for Oxygen Separation in a Pilot Membrane Reactor 153E. M. Pfaff, M. Oezel, A. Eser, and A. Bezold ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS In Situ Experimentation with Batteries using Neutron and Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction 167Neeraj Sharma Electrochemical Performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/302 Lithium Polymer Battery Based on PVDF-HFP/m-SBA15 Composite Polymer Membranes 181Chun-Chen Yang and Zuo-Yu Lian GLASSES AND CERAMICS FOR NUCLEAR AND HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT Borosilicate Glass Foams from Glass Packaging Residues 205R. K.Chinnam, Silvia Molinaro, Enrico Bernardo, and Aldo R. Boccaccini The Durability of Simulated UK High Level Waste Glass Compositions Based on Recent Vitrification Campaigns 211Mike T. Harrison and Carl J. Steele Scaled Melter Testing of Noble Metals Behavior with Japanese HLW Streams 225Keith S. Matlack, Hao Gan, Ian L. Pegg, Innocent Joseph, Bradley W. Bowan, Yoshiyuki Miura, Norio Kanehira, Eiji Ochi, Tamotsu Ebisawa, Atsushi Yamazaki, Toshiro Oniki, and Yoshihiro Endo Suppression of Yellow Phase Formation during Japanese HLW Vitrification 237Hao Gan, Keith S. Matlack, Ian L. Pegg, Innocent Joseph, Bradley W. Bowan, Yoshiyuki Miura, Norio Kanehira, Eiji Ochi, Toshiro Oniki, and Yoshihiro Endo Cold Crucible Vitrification of Hanford HLW Surrogates in Aluminum-Iron-Phosphate Glass 251S. V. Stefanovsky, S. Y. Shvetsov, V. V. Gorbunov, A. V. Lekontsev, A. V. Efimov, I. A. Knyazev, O. I. Stefanovsky, M. S. Zen'kovskaya, and J. A. Roach Hafnium and Samarium Speciation in Vitrified Radioactive Incinerator Slag 265G. A. Malinina, S. V. Stefanovsky, A. A. Shiryaev, and Y. V. Zubavichus Author Index 273

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Book SynopsisMathematically rigorous, computationally fast, and easy to use, this new approach to electromagnetic well logging gives the reservoir engineer a new dimension to MWD/LWD interpretation and tool design Almost all publications on borehole electromagnetics deal with idealizations that are not acceptable physically. On the other hand, exact models are only available through detailed finite element or finite difference analysis, and more often than not, simply describe case studies for special applications. In either case, the models are not available for general use and the value of the publications is questionable. This new approach provides a rigorous, fully three-dimensional solution to the general problem, developed over almost two decades by a researcher familiar with practical applications and mathematical modeling. Completely validated against exact solutions and physics-based checks through over a hundred documented examples, the self-contained model (with sTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xxi 1 Motivating Ideas – General Formulation and Results 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Introduction 2 1.3 Physical Model and Numerical Formulation 4 1.4 Validation Methodology 13 1.5 Practical Applications 16 1.6 Closing Remarks 34 1.7 References 35 2 Detailed Theory and Numerical Analysis 37 2.1 Overview 37 2.2 Introduction 40 2.3 Preliminary Mathematical Considerations 47 2.4 Boundary Value Problem Formulation 58 2.5 Computational Issues and Strategies 66 2.6 Typical Simulation Results 80 2.7 Post-Processing and Applications 112 2.8 Restrictions with Fast Multi-frequency Methods 126 2.9 Receiver Design Philosophy 128 2.10 Description of Output Files 131 2.11 Apparent Resistivity Using Classic Dipole Solution 138 2.12 Coordinate Conventions for Mud and Invasion Modeling 139 2.13 Generalized Fourier Integral for Transient Sounding 140 2.14 References 141 3 Validations – Qualitative Benchmarks 142 3.1 Overview 142 3.2 Introductory Problems 148 3.3 Advanced Problems 245 3.4 Sign Conventions and Validation Methodology 277 3.5 References 279 4 Validations – Quantitative Benchmarks at 0° and 90° 280 4.1 Overview 280 4.2 Wireline Validations in Homogeneous Media 281 4.3 Wireline Validations in Two-Layer Inhomogeneous Media 304 4.4 Electric and Magnetic Field Sensitive Volume Analysis for Resistivity and NMR Applications 328 4.5 MWD “Steel Collar” and Wireline Computations in Homogeneous and Nonuniform Layered Dipping Media 340 4.6 Exact Drill Collar Validation Using Shen Analytical Solution 347 4.7 Dipole Interpolation Formula Validation in Farfield 349 4.8 Magnetic Dipole Validation in Two-Layer Formation 352 4.9 References 355 5 Quantitative Benchmarks at Deviated Angles 356 5.1 Overview 356 5.2 Limit 1. No Collar, No Mud 356 5.3 Limit 2. Collar Only, No Mud 363 5.4 Limit 3. Mud Only, No Collar 371 5.5 Limit 4. Collar and Mud 377 6 Validations – Quantitative Benchmarks at Deviated Angles with Borehole Mud and Eccentricity 382 6.1 Overview 382 6.2 Repeat Validations 382 6.3 References 439 7 Validations – Receiver Voltage Response and Apparent Resistivity 440 7.1 Overview 440 7.2 Focused Studies 440 7.3 General Transmitter Design Philosophy 485 7.4 General Receiver Design Philosophy 487 7.5 Apparent Resistivity Estimation from Classic Dipole Model 490 8 Simulator Overview and Feature Summary 491 8.1 Overview 491 8.2 Simulator Comparisons 493 8.3 Technical Specifications 496 8.4 Advanced Logging Applications 498 8.5 Formulation Features 499 8.6 Computational Technology 503 8.7 User Interface 504 8.8 Integrated Utility Programs 505 8.9 Detailed Output and Integrated Graphics 506 8.10 System Requirements 507 8.11 Validation Approach 508 8.12 Simulator Speed Analysis 510 8.13 Sample User Interface Screens 511 8.14 Transmitter and Receiver Design Interface 517 9 Simulator Tutorials and Validation Problems 519 9.1 Problem Set 1. Dipole and Biot-Savart Model Consistency – Validating Magnetic Fields 520 9.2 Problem Set 2. Validating Farfield Phase Predictions 528 9.3 Problem Set 3. Drill Collar Model Consistency – Exact Drill Collar Validation Using Shen Analytical Solution 532 9.4 Problem Set 4. Magnetic Dipole in Two-Layer Formation 534 9.5 Problem Set 5. Effects of Eccentricity and Invasion 538 9.6 Problem Set 6. A Complicated Horizontal Well Geology 542 9.7 Problem Set 7. Effects of Layering, Anisotropy and Dip 546 9.8 Problem Set 8. Transmitter and Receiver Design 554 9.9 Problem Set 9. Apparent Anisotropic Resistivities for Electromagnetic Logging Tools in Horizontal Wells 560 9.10 Problem Set 10. Apparent Anisotropic Resistivities for Borehole Effects – Invasion and Eccentricity 577 Cumulative References 583 Index 585 About the Author 591

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Book SynopsisProviding more than formulations and solutions, this book offers a close look at behind the scenes formation tester development, as the China National Offshore Oil Corporation opens up its research, engineering, and manufacturing facilities through a collection of photographs, showing how formation testing tools are developed from start to finish.Table of ContentsOpening Message xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxvii Part 1 Modern Ideas in Job Planning and Execution 1. Basic Ideas, Challenges and Developments 1 1.1 Background and introduction 1 1.2 Existing models, implicit assumptions and limitations 6 1.3 Tool development, testing and deployment – role of modeling and "behind the scenes" at CNOOC/COSL 15 1.4 Book objectives and presentation plan 29 1.5 References 32 2. Forward Pressure and Contamination Analysis in Single and Multiphase Compressible Flow 34 2.1 Single-phase source fl ow models 34 2.2 Dual packer and dual probe flows 40 2.3 Supercharging, mudcake growth and pressure interpretation 45 2.4 Boundary and azimuthal effects in horizontal wells 48 2.5 Contamination clean-up at the source probe 49 2.6 Sampling-while-drilling tools and clean-up efficiency 51 2.7 References 55 3. Inverse Methods for Permeability, Anisotropy and Formation Boundary Effects Assuming Liquids 56 3.1 New inverse methods summary 56 3.2 New inverse modeling capabilities 57 3.3 Inverse examples – dip angle, multivalued solutions and skin 62 3.4 Computational notes on complex complementary error function evaluation 70 3.5 Source model – analytical and physical limitations 72 3.6 Full three-dimensional transient Darcy fl ow model for horizontal wells 72 3.7 Phase delay inverse method and electromagnetic analogy 75 3.8 Source model applications to dual packers 76 3.9 Closing remarks 76 3.10 References 77 Part II Math Models, Results and Detailed Examples 4. Multiphase Flow and Contamination – Transient Immiscible and Miscible Modeling with Fluid Compressibility 78 4.1 Invasion, supercharging and multiphase pumping 79 4.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical solution 86 4.3 Miscible fl ow formulation 96 4.4 Three-dimensional fl ow extensions 97 4.5 Computational implementation for azimuthal effects 98 4.6 Modeling long-time invasion and mudcake scrape-off 99 4.7 Software features 99 4.8 Calculated miscible fl ow pressures and concentrations 100 4.9 Calculated immiscible fl ow clean-up examples 116 4.10 Closing remarks 118 4.11 References 119 5. Exact Pressure Transient Analysis for Liquids in Anisotropic Homogeneous Media, Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 121 5.1 Background and objectives 122 5.2 Detailed pressure transient examples (twenty!) – competing effects of nisotropy, skin, dip and flowline storage 130 5.3 Software operational details and user interface 146 5.4 Closing remarks 156 5.5 Appendix – Mathematical model and numerical implementation 159 6. Permeability Interpretation for Liquids in Anisotropic Media,Including Flowline Storage Effects, With and Without Skin at Arbitrary Dip Angles 196 6.1 Six new inverse methods summarized 196 6.2 Existing inverse methods and limitations 198 6.3 Permeability anisotropy theory without skin (ellipsoidal source) 201 6.4 Zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 209 6.5 Permeability anisotropy with skin effects (ellipsoidal source) 217 6.6 Non-zero skin permeability prediction examples (ellipsoidal source) 219 6.7 Low permeability pulse interference testing (ellipsoidal source) –getting results with short test times 225 6.8 Fully three-dimensional inverse methods 238 6.9 Software interface for steady inverse methods (ellipsoidal source) 245 6.10 Formation testing while drilling (FTWD) 251 6.11 Closing remarks 271 6.12 References 273 7. Three-Dimensional Pads and Dual Packers on Real Tools with Flowline Storage in Layered Anisotropic Media for Horizontal Well Single-Phase Liquid and Gas Flows 274 7.1 Pad and dual pad models for horizontal well application 274 7.2 Fundamental ideas in fi nite difference modeling 280 7.3 Mathematical formulation and geometric transformations 286 7.4 Meshing algorithm construction details 303 7.5 Three-dimensional calculations and validations 306 7.6 User interface and extended capabilities 330 7.7 Closing remarks 335 7.8 References 336 8. Gas Pumping: Forward and Inverse Methods in Anisotropic Media at Arbitrary Dip Angles for Point Source, Straddle Packer and Real Nozzles 337 8.1 Gas reservoir pumping basics and modeling objectives 338 8.2 Direct and inverse formulations for ellipsoidal source 340 8.3 Ellipsoidal source – exact steady forward and inverse solutions 343 8.4 Special analytical results 347 8.5 Direct solver, solution procedure 349 8.6 Forward model gas calculations 350 8.7 Second-order schemes 353 8.8 Inverse solver, solution software 353 8.9 Inverse gas calculations 355 8.10 Ellipsoidal source – fully transient numerical solutions for gases and liquids 358 8.11 Transient source pulse interaction inverse method 369 8.12 Ring source, layered model for vertical wells 372 8.13 Pad nozzle and dual packer sources for horizontal wells 381 8.14 Application to modern gas reservoir characterization 383 8.15 References 383 9. Three-Dimensional Phase Delay Response in Layered Anisotropic Media with Dip 385 9.1 Basic phase delay and amplitude attenuation ideas 385 9.2 Layered model formulation 387 9.3 Phase delay software interface 392 9.4 Detailed phase delay results in layered anisotropic media 396 9.5 Closing remarks – extensions and additional applications 404 9.6 References 406 Part III Consulting Services and Advanced Software Consulting services and advanced software 407 Module FT-00 408 Module FT-01 410 Module FT-02 412 Module FT-03 414 Module FT-04 418 Module FT-05 420 Module FT-06 421 Module FT-07 423 Module FT-PTA-DDBU 425 Part IV Cumulative References, Index and Author Contact Cumulative References 426 Index 431 About the Authors 439

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Book SynopsisAn essential resource for optimizing energy systems to enhance design capability, performance and sustainability Optimization of Energy Systems comprehensively describes the thermodynamic modelling, analysis and optimization of numerous types of energy systems in various applications.Table of Contents Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv 1 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Thermodynamics 1 1.3 The First Law ofThermodynamics 2 1.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 12 1.5 Reversibility and Irreversibility 14 1.6 Exergy 14 2 Modeling and Optimization 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Modeling 34 2.3 Optimization 47 2.4 Multi-objective Optimization 51 3 Modeling and Optimization of Thermal Components 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Air Compressor 66 3.3 Steam Turbine 67 3.4 Pump 68 3.5 Combustion Chamber 73 3.6 Flat Plate Solar Collector 78 3.7 Ejector 81 4 Modeling and Optimization of Heat Exchangers 92 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Types of Heat Exchangers 93 4.3 Modeling and Optimization of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 96 4.4 Modeling and Optimization of Cross Flow Plate Fin Heat Exchangers 103 4.5 Modeling and Optimization of Heat Recovery Steam Generators 118 5 Modeling and Optimization of Refrigeration Systems 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 134 5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 150 5.4 Absorption Chiller 159 6 Modeling and Optimization of Heat Pump Systems 183 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Air/Water Heat Pump System 184 6.3 System Exergy Analysis 186 6.4 Energy and Exergy Results 188 6.5 Optimization 193 7 Modeling and Optimization of Fuel Cell Systems 199 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells 200 7.3 PEM Fuel Cell Modeling 203 7.4 SOFC Modeling 212 8 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Based Systems 221 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 222 8.3 Solar Based Energy System 241 8.4 HybridWind–Photovoltaic–Battery System 256 9 Modeling and Optimization of Power Plants 275 9.1 Introduction 275 9.2 Steam Power Plants 276 9.3 Gas Turbine Power Plants 283 9.4 Combined Cycle Power Plants 297 10 Modeling and Optimization of Cogeneration and Trigeneration Systems 317 10.1 Introduction 317 10.2 Gas Turbine Based CHP System 321 10.3 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Cogeneration Systems 342 10.4 Micro Gas Turbine Trigeneration System 362 10.5 Biomass Based Trigeneration System 381 11 Modeling and Optimization of Multigeneration Energy Systems 398 11.1 Introduction 398 11.2 Multigeneration System Based On Gas Turbine Prime Mover 401 11.3 Biomass Based Multigeneration Energy System 422 Index 447

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Book SynopsisWave propagation is central to all areas of petroleum engineering, e.g.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 Overview and Fundamental Ideas 1 1.1 The Classical Wave Equation 2 1.2 Fundamental Representation 7 1.3 Separation of Variables and Eigenfunction Expansions 8 1.4 Standing Versus Propagating Waves 16 1.5 Laplace Transforms 20 1.6 Fourier Transforms 26 1.7 External Forces Versus Boundary Conditions 30 1.8 Point Force and Dipole Wave Excitation 42 1.9 First-Order Partial Differential Equations 46 1.10 References 49 2 Kinematic Wave Theory 50 2.1 Whitham's Theory in Nondissipative Media 51 2.2 Simple Attenuation Modeling 57 2.3 KWT in Homogeneous Dissipative Media 60 2.4 High-Order Kinematic Wave Th eory 64 2.5 Effect of Low-Order Nonuniformities 70 2.6 Three-Dimensional Kinematic Wave Theory 76 2.7 References 80 3 Examples from Classical Mechanics 82 3.1 Example 3-1. Lateral Vibration of Simple Beams 82 3.2 Example 3-2. Acoustic Waves in Waveguides 85 3.3 Example 3-3. Gravity-Capillary Waves in Deep Water 96 3.4 Example 3-4. Fluid-Solid Interaction – Waves on Elastic Membranes 100 3.5 Example 3-5. Problems in Hydrodynamic Stability 104 3.6 References 106 4 Drillstring Vibrations: Classic Ideas and Modern Approaches 109 4.1 Typical Downhole Vibration Environment 110 4.2 Axial Vibrations 123 4.3 Lateral Bending Vibrations 184 4.4 Torsional and Whirling Vibrations 216 4.5 Coupled Axial, Torsional and Lateral Vibrations 227 4.6 References 248 5 Mud Acoustics in Modern Drilling 257 5.1 Governing Lagrangian Equations 258 5.2 Governing Eulerian Equations 267 5.3 Transient Finite Diff erencing Modeling 272 5.4 Swab-Surge Modeling 275 5.5 MWD Mud Pulse Telemetry 278 5.6 Recent MWD Developments 294 5.7 References 303 6 Geophysical Ray Tracing 306 6.1 Classical Wave Modeling – Eikonal Methods and Ray Tracing 307 6.2 Fermat’s Principal of Least Time (via Calculus of Variations) 310 6.3 Fermat’s Principle Revisited Via Kinematic Wave Th eory 312 6.4 Modeling Wave Dissipation 313 6.5 Ray Tracing Over Large Space-Time Scales 317 6.6 Subtle High-Order Eff ects 320 6.7 Travel-Time Modeling 324 6.8 References 329 7 Wave and Current Interaction in the Ocean 331 7.1 Wave Kinematics and Energy Summary 331 7.2 Sources of Hydrodynamic Loading 334 7.3 Instabilities Due to Heterogeneity 334 7.4 References 337 8 Borehole Electromagnetics - Diffusive and Propagation Transients 338 8.1 Induction and Propagation Resistivity 339 8.2 Conductive Mud Eff ects in Wireline and MWD Logging 344 8.3 Longitudinal Magnetic Fields 346 8.4 Apparent Anisotropic Resistivities for Electromagnetic Logging Tools in Horizontal Wells 349 8.5 Borehole Eff ects – Invasion and Eccentricity 356 8.6 References 357 9 Reservoir Engineering – Steady, Diff usive and Propagation Models 358 9.1 Buckley-Leverett Multiphase Flow 358 9.2 References 366 10 Borehole Acoustics - New Approaches to Old Problems 367 10.1 Stoneley Waves in Permeable Wells - Background 368 10.2 Stoneley Wave Kinematics and Dynamics 372 10.3 Eff ects of Borehole Eccentricity 384 10.4 References 391 Cumulative References 394 Index 410 About the Author 419

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Book SynopsisTraditional well logging methods, such as resistivity, acoustic, nuclear and NMR, provide indirect information related to fluid and formation properties. The formation tester, offered in wireline and MWD/LWD operations, is different. It collects actual downhole fluid samples for surface analysis, and through pressure transient analysis, provides direct measurements for pore pressure, mobility, permeability and anisotropy. These are vital to real-time drilling safety, geosteering, hydraulic fracturing and economic analysis. Methods for formation testing analysis, while commercially important and accounting for a substantial part of service company profits, however, are shrouded in secrecy. Unfortunately, many are poorly constructed, and because details are not available, industry researchers are not able to improve upon them. This new book explains conventional models and develops new powerful algorithms for double-drawdown and advanced phase delay early-time analysis - importTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Basic Ideas, Interpretation Issues and Modeling Hierarchies 1 1.1 Background and Approaches 1 1.2 Modeling Hierarchies 5 1.3 Experimental Methods and Tool Calibration 13 1.4 References 24 2 Single-Phase Flow Forward and Inverse Algorithms 25 2.1 Overview 25 2.2 Basic Model Summaries 27 2.2.1 Module FT-00 28 2.2.2 Module FT-01 30 2.2.3 Module FT-03 30 2.2.4 Forward Model Application, Module FT-00 31 2.2.5 Inverse Model Application, Module FT-01 33 2.2.6 Eff ects of Dip Angle 35 2.2.7 Inverse “Pulse Interaction” Approach Using FT-00 37 2.2.8 Computational Notes 40 2.2.9 Source Model Limitations and More Complete Model 41 2.2.10 Phase Delay Analysis, Module FT-04 43 2.2.11 Drawdown-Buildup, Module FT-PTA-DDBU 45 2.2.12 Real Pumping, Module FT-06 48 2.2.13 Closing Remarks 50 2.2.14 References 50 3 Advanced Drawdown and Buildup Interpretation in Low Mobility Environments 51 3.1 Basic Steady Flow Model 51 3.2 Transient Spherical Flow Models 53 3.2.1 Forward or Direct Analysis 53 3.2.2 Dimensionless Formulation 54 3.2.3 Exact Solutions for Direct Problem 55 3.2.4 Special Limit Solutions 56 3.2.5 New Inverse Approach for Mobility and Pore Pressure Prediction 58 3.3 Multiple-Drawdown Pressure Analysis (Patent Pending) 59 3.3.1 Background on Existing Models 59 3.3.2 Extension to Anisotropic, No-Skin Applications 60 3.3.2.1 Method 1 - Drawdown-Alone Test 61 3.3.2.2 Method 2 - Single-Drawdown-Single-Buildup Test 62 3.3.2.3 Method 3 - Double-Drawdown-Single-Buildup Test 62 3.4 Forward Analysis with Illustrative Calibration 64 3.5 Mobility and Pore Pressure Using First Drawdown Data 66 3.5.1 Run No. 1, Flowline Volume 200 Cc 66 3.5.2 Run No. 2, Flowline Volume 500 Cc 69 3.5.3 Run No. 3, Flowline Volume 1,000 Cc 71 3.5.4 Run No. 4, Flowline Volume 2,000 Cc 73 3.6 Mobility and Pore Pressure from Last Buildup Data 74 3.6.1 Run No. 5, Flowline Volume 200 Cc 74 3.6.2 Run No. 6, Flowline Volume 500 Cc 76 3.6.3 Run No. 7, Flowline Volume 1,000 Cc 77 3.6.4 Run No. 8, Flowline Volume 2,000 Cc 78 3.6.5 Run No. 9, Time-Varying Flowline Volume 79 3.7 Tool Calibration in Low Mobility Applications 81 3.7.1 Steady Flow Model 81 3.7.2 Example 1, Calibration Using Early-Time Buildup Data 81 3.7.3 Example 2, Calibration Using Early-Time Buildup Data 86 3.7.4 Example 3, Example 1 Using Drawdown Data 89 3.7.5 Example 4, Example 2 Using Drawdown Data 91 3.8 Closing Remarks 93 3.9 References 94 4 Phase Delay and Amplitude Attenuation for Mobility Prediction in Anisotropic Media with Dip (Patent Pending) 95 4.1 Basic Mathematical Results 96 4.1.1 Isotropic Model 96 4.1.2 Anisotropic Equations 98 4.1.3 Vertical Well Solution 99 4.1.4 Horizontal Well Solution 100 4.1.5 Formulas for Vertical and Horizontal Wells 101 4.1.6 Deviated Well Equations 101 4.1.7 Deviated Well Interpretation for Both Kh and Kv 103 4.1.8 Two-Observation-Probe Models 105 4.2 Numerical Examples and Typical Results 107 4.2.1 Example 1, Parameter Estimates 108 4.2.2 Example 2, Surface Plots 109 4.2.3 Example 3, Sinusoidal Excitation 110 4.2.4 Example 4, Rectangular Wave Excitation 113 4.2.5 Example 5, Permeability Prediction at General Dip Angles 115 4.2.6 Example 6, Solution for a Random Input 117 4.3 Layered Model Formulation 118 4.3.1 Homogeneous Medium, Basic Mathematical Ideas 118 4.3.2 Boundary Value Problem for Complex Pressure 120 4.3.3 Iiterative Numerical Solution to General Formulation 120 4.3.4 Successive Line Over Relaxation Procedure 121 4.3.5 Advantages of the Scheme 122 4.3.6 Extensions to Multiple Layers 122 4.3.7 Extensions to Complete Formation Heterogeneity 123 4.4 Phase Delay Software Interface 123 4.4.1 Output File Notes 126 4.4.2 Special User Features 126 4.5 Detailed Phase Delay Results in Layered Anisotropic Media 127 4.6 Typical Experimental Results 134 4.7 Closing Remarks - Extensions and Additional Applications 138 4.8 References 139 5 Four Permeability Prediction Methods 140 5.1 Steady-State Drawdown Example 142 5.2 Early-Time, Low-Mobility Drawdown-Buildup 144 5.3 Early-Time, Low-Mobility Drawdown Approach 147 5.4 Phase Delay, Non-Ideal Rectangular Flow Excitation 148 6 Multiphase Flow with Inertial Effects 151 6.1 Physical Problem Description 152 6.1.1 The Physical Problem 152 6.1.2 Job Planning Considerations 154 6.1.3 Modeling Challenges 155 6.1.4 Simulation Objectives 156 6.1.5 Modeling Overview 157 6.2 Immiscible Flow Formulation 159 6.2.1 Finite Difference Solution 160 6.2.2 Formation Tester Application 161 6.2.3 Mudcake Growth and Formation Coupling at Sandface 163 6.2.4 Pumpout Model for Single-Probe Pad Nozzles 165 6.2.5 Dual Probe and Packer Surface Logic 166 6.3 Miscible Flow Formulation 168 6.4 Inertial Effects With Forchheimer Corrections 169 6.4.1 Governing Differential Equations 169 6.4.2 Pumpout Boundary Condition 171 6.4.3 Boundary Value Problem Summary 172 6.5 References 173 7 Multiphase Flow - Miscible Mixing Clean-Up Examples 175 7.1 Overview Capabilities 175 7.1.1 Example 1, Single Probe, Infinite Anisotropic Media 176 7.1.2 Example 2, Single Probe, Three Layer Medium 181 7.1.3 Example 3, Dual Probe Pumping, Three Layer Medium 183 7.1.4 Example 4, Straddle Packer Pumping 185 7.1.5 Example 5, Formation Fluid Viscosity Imaging 187 7.1.6 Example 6, Contamination Modeling 188 7.1.7 Example 7, Multi-Rate Pumping Simulation 189 7.2 Source Code and User Interface Improvements 191 7.2.1 User Data Input Panel 191 7.2.2 Source Code Engine Changes 193 7.2.3 Output Color Graphics 195 7.3 Detailed Applications 200 7.3.1 Run No. 1, Clean-Up, Single-Probe, Uniform Medium 200 7.3.2 Run No. 2, Clean-Up, Dual-Probe, Uniform Medium 209 7.3.3 Run No. 3, Clean-Up, Elongated Pad, Uniform Medium 213 7.3.4 Run No. 4, A Minimal Invasion Example 218 7.3.5 Run No. 5, A Single-Phase Fluid, Constant Viscosity example 222 7.3.6 Run No. 6, A Low-Permeability “Supercharging” Example 224 7.3.7 Run No. 7, A Three-Layer Simulation 226 8 Time-Varying Flowline Volume 229 8.1 Transient Anisotropic Formulation for Ellipsoidal Source 230 8.1.1 Formulation for Liquids and Gases 230 8.1.2 Similarity Transform 232 8.1.3 Transient Flow Numerical Modeling 233 8.1.4 Finite Difference Equation 234 8.1.5 Boundary Condition - Flowline Storage With and Without Skin Effects 235 8.1.6 Detailed Time Integration Scheme 236 8.1.7 Observation Probe Response 237 8.2 FT-06 Software Interface and Example Calculations 238 8.3 Time-Varying Flowline Volume Model 244 8.3.1 Example 1, Software Calibration 245 8.3.2 Example 2, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data 252 8.3.3 Example 3, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data 255 8.3.4 Example 4, Simple Interpretation Using Low Permeability Data 257 8.3.5 Example 5, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data 258 8.3.6 Example 6, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data 262 8.3.7 Example 7, Enhancing Phase Delay Detection In Very Low Permeability Environments 264 9 Closing Remarks 270 References 281 Index 287 About the Authors 293

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