Energy technology and engineering Books

Book SynopsisResistivity logging represents the cornerstone of modern petroleum exploration, providing a quantitative assessment of hydrocarbon bearing potential in newly discovered oilfields. Resistivity is measured using AC coil tools, as well as by focused DC laterolog and micro-pad devices, and later extrapolated, to provide oil saturation estimates related to economic productivity and cash flow. Interpretation and modeling methods, highly lucrative, are shrouded in secrecy by oil service companies often these models are incorrect and mistakes perpetuate themselves over time. This book develops math modeling methods for layered, anisotropic media, providing algorithms, validations and numerous examples. New electric current tracing tools are also constructed which show how well (or poorly) DC tools probe intended anisotropic formations at different dip angles. The approaches discussed provide readers with new insights into the limitations of conventional tools and methods, and offer Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xvii 1 Physics, Math and Basic Ideas 1 1.1 Background, Industry Challenges and Frustrations 1 1.2 Iterative Algorithms and Solutions 2 1.3 Direct Current Focusing from Reservoir Flow Perspective 5 1.4 General Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Model 11 1.5 Closing Remarks 25 1.6 References 25 2 Axisymmetric Transient Models 26 2.1 Physical Ideas, Engineering Models and Numerical Approaches 27 2.2 Transient Axisymmetric Coil Source Calculations 37 2.3 Effects of Frequency, from Induction, to Propagation, to Dielectric 59 2.4 Depth of Investigation 60 2.5 Closing Remarks Related to Interpretation 61 2.6 References 63 3 Steady Axisymmetric Formulations 64 3.1 Laterolog Voltage Modeling and Interpretation Approach 65 3.2 Current Trajectories from Streamfunction Analysis 68 3.3 Voltage Calculations and Current Trajectories 71 Run 1. Conductivities σv = 1.0, σh = 1.01 74 Run 2. Conductivities σv = 1.01, σh = 1.0 76 Run 3. Conductivities σv = 1, σh = 10 78 Run 4. Conductivities σv = 10, σh = 1 80 3.4 Current and Monitor Electrodes 85 3.5 References 85 4 Direct Current Models for Micro-Pad Devices 86 4.1 Th ree-Dimensional, Anisotropic, Steady Model 87 4.2 Finite Difference Approach and Subtleties 88 4.3 Row versus Column Relaxation 88 4.4 Pads Acting on Vertical and Horizontal Wells 90 Run 1. Conductivities σv = 1.0, σh = 1.01 (vertical well) 92 Run 2. Conductivities σv = 1.01, σh = 1.0 (vertical well) 94 Run 3. Conductivities σv = 1, σh = 10 (vertical well) 96 Run 4. Conductivities σv = 10, σh = 1 (vertical well) 98 Run 5. Conductivities σv = 1.0, σh = 1.01 (horizontal well) 100 Run 6. Conductivities σv = 1.01, σh = 1.0 (horizontal well) 102 Run 7. Conductivities σv = 1, σh = 10 (horizontal well) 104 Run 8. Conductivities σv = 10, σh = 1 (horizontal well) 106 4.5 Closing Remarks 108 4.6 References 108 5 Coil Antenna Modeling for MWD Applications 109 5.1 Axisymmetric and 3D Model Validation 109 5.2 Modeling a Center-Fed Linear Dipole Transmitter Antenna 117 5.3 More Antenna Concepts 127 5.4 References 162 6 What is Resistivity? 163 6.1 Resistance in Serial and Parallel Circuits, Using Classical Algebraic Approach 163 6.2 Resistance in Serial and Parallel Circuits, Using Differential Equation Approach 165 6.3 Isotropy and Anisotropy in Cross-bedded Sands 167 6.4 Tool Measurements and Geological Models 171 6.5 References 172 7 Multiphase Flow and Transient Resistivity 173 7.1 Immiscible Buckley-Leverett Linear Flows Without Capillary Pressure 176 7.2 Molecular Diffusion in Fluid Flows 183 7.3 Immiscible Radial Flows with Capillary Pressure and Prescribed Mudcake Growth 193 7.4 Immiscible Flows with Capillary Pressure and Dynamically Coupled Mudcake Growth – Theory and Numerics 208 7.5 Immiscible Flows with Capillary Pressure and Dynamically Coupled Mudcake Growth – Detailed Examples 223 7.6 Simple Example in Time Lapse Logging 234 7.7 Resistivity Distributions Variable in Space and Time 247 7.8 References 250 8 Analytical Methods for Time Lapse Well Logging Analysis 251 8.1 Experimental Model Validation 251 8.2 Characterizing Mudcake Properties 255 8.3 Porosity, Permeability, Oil Viscosity and Pore Pressure Determination 259 8.4 Examples of Time Lapse Analysis 268 8.5 References 273 Cumulative References 274 Index 276 About the Author 282

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Book SynopsisHydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracking, is a technique used by the oil and gas industry to mine hydrocarbons trapped deep beneath the Earth's surface. The principles underlying the technology are not new. Fracking was first applied at the commercial level in the United States as early as 1947, and over the decades it has been applied in various countries including Canada, the UK, and Russia. The author worked with engineering teams as early as the mid-1970s in evaluating ways to improve oil recovery from this practice. By and large fracking was not an economically competitive process and had limited applications until the early 2000s. Several factors altered the importance of this technology, among them being significant technological innovations in drilling practices with impressive high tech tools for exploration, well construction and integrity, and recovery along with discoveries of massive natural gas reserves in the United States and other parts of the wTable of ContentsPreface xiAcknowledgements xixAuthor and Editor Biographies xxi1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview 11.1 Technology Overview 11.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety 61.3 U.S. Resources and Standing 271.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity 361.5 The Role of Water 502 Oil and Gas Regulations 532.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations 532.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas 592.3 RCRA Exemptions 662.4 Permitting Rules 733 Management of Chemicals 853.1 Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. EPA and Industry 853.2 Chemicals Used 863.3 Safe Handling and Emergency Response to Spills and Fires 923.4 Storage Tanks 1273.5 Risk Management 1333.6 Establishing a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plan 1414 Water Quality Standards and Wastewater 1534.1 Overview 1534.2 Water Quality Criteria, Standards, Parameters, and Limits 1554.3 Wastewater Characterization 1564.4 Wastewater Management Alternatives 1874.5 Water Treatment Technologies 1934.6 Deep Well Injection of Wastes 3874.7 Overall Assessment of Wastewater Management Alternatives 3935 Water Utilization, Management, and Treatment 4015.1 Introduction 4015.2 Water Use by the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 4025.3 Overview of Water Management Practices 4035.4 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 4115.5 Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Treatment 4165.6 Project Management 4195.7 Economics of Wastewater Treatment 4265.8 State-of-the-Art Water Management Project 4305.9 Special Challenges in the Oil and Gas Energy Sector 433References 4356 Well Construction and Integrity 4376.1 Overview 4376.2 API Good Practices for Well Design and Construction 4406.3 Integrity Failure 4466.4 Abandonment and Closure 4656.5 Best Practices for Site Operations 469References 4747 Managing Air Pollution Discharges 4777.1 The Problem 4777.2 Methodology of Air Pollution Control 4837.3 Remote Sensing and Monitoring 4867.4 Leak Detection and Repair 4937.5 Use of Flares 5097.6 Fugitive Dust Discharges 5967.7 Compressor Stations 6407.8 Dehydrators 6798 Macro Considerations of Environmental and Public Health Risks 7058.1 Overview 7058.2 The Challenges of Managing Water Resources 7078.3 The Challenges of Managing Air Quality 7168.4 The Challenges of Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 7298.5 The Challenges of Managing Man-Made Seismicity 737Index 743

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings contains a collection of 26 papers from the following six 2013 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T''13) symposia: Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing V Materials Development and Degradation Management in Nuclear Applications Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century Energy Storage III: Materials, Systems and Applications Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry Hybrid Organic Inorganic Materials for Alternative Energy Table of ContentsPreface ix GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING Comparison of the Nanosecond Pulse and Direct Current Charging to Develop the Strongly Charged Electret 3Keishi Awaya, Masaya Mitsuhashi, Tsubasa Sakashita, Hong Byungjin, Tadachika Nakayama, Weihua Jiang, Akira Tokuchi, Tsuneo Suzuki, Hisayuki Suematsu, and Koichi Niihara Proportioning Controlled Low Strength Materials using Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag 13B. C. Udayashankar and T. Raghavendra Tensile and Fatigue Testing of 304 Stainless Steel after Gaseous Hydrogen Exposure 27P. Ferro, A. Anderson, M. Beckett, K. Davidson, J. Marciniak, and A. Obenberger Large Porous Iron Oxide Particles Synthesized from Hydrated Iron Phosphate Particles of Strengite 35S. Fujieda, K. Shinoda, and S. Suzuki SiC Crystal Growth at Low Temperatures Derived from Polycarbosilane with Boron Carbide Additive 43Ken'ichiro Kita, Tatsuki Ohji, and Naoki Kondo Developing Yttria-Based Ceramics having High Liquid Metal Corrosion Resistance 53Son Thanh Nguyen, Tadachika Nakayama, Shaifulazuar Bin Rozali, Hisayuki Suematsu, Tsuneo Suzuki, Weihua Jiang, Satoshi Amarume, Lingfeng He, and Koichi Niihara Normal Sintering of Ca3(V04)2 and Its High-Temperature Dielectric Properties 65Shun Onzo, Hiroya Nakata, Satoshi Isizawa, Tadachika Nakayama, Masatoshi Takeda, Noboru Yamada, Hisayuki Suematsu, Tsuneo Suzuki, Weihua Jiang, and Koichi Niihara Injection of BOF Dust into the Blast Furance Through Tuyere 75Run-Sheng Xu, Jian-Liang Zhang, Zheng-Jian Liu, Teng-Fei Song, and Guang-Wei Wang Green and Reliable Macro-Porous Ceramic Processing 87Vania R. Salvini, Diogo O. Vivaldini, Dirceu Spinelli, and Victor C. Pandolfelli Characterization of Large Scorodite Particles Synthesized from Fe(ll) and As(V) Solution 99S. Suzuki, S. Fujieda, K. Shinoda, E. Shibata, T. Nakamura, T. Inanaga, and M. Abumiya MATERIALS ISSUES IN NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT Advanced Steels for Accident Tolerant Fuel Cladding in Commercial Nuclear Reactors 111Raul B. Rebak Spark Plasma Sintering of Neodymium Titanate Pyrochlore for Advanced Ceramic Waste Forms 127B. M. Clark, S. K. Sundaram, K. S. Brinkman, K. M. Fox, and J. W. Amoroso Experimental Investigation and Mathematical Modeling of Cold Cap Behavior in High-Level-Waste Glass Melter 137Pavel Hrma The Effects of Glass Doping, Temperature and Time on the Morphology, Composition, and Iron Redox of Spinel Crystals 147J. Matyas, J. E. Amonette, R. K. Kukkadapu, D. Schreiber, and A. A. Kruger The UK's Radioactive Waste and Waste Management Program 157William E. Lee, Michael I. Ojovan, and Geraldine A. Thomas Corrosion Behavior of Container Alloys in Nuclear Waste Repositories 177Raul B. Rebak Evolved Gas Analysis for High-Alumina High Level Waste Feed 195Carmen Rodriguez, Jaehun Chun, Michael Schweiger, and Pavel Hrma Melt-Processed Multiphasic Ceramic Waste Forms 205P. Tumurugoti, S. K. Sundaram, K.S. Brinkman, J. W. Amoroso, and K. M. Fox MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS Ionic Conductivity of Gd-RE (RE = RARE EARTH = Pr, Nd, Eu and Er) Co-Doped Ce02 Electrolytes Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and PECS 215E.A. Aguilar-Reyes, C.A. Leon-Patino, M.I. Pintor-Monroy, and M. Nanko Surface Effects in Beta-Alumina Synthesis and Sintering 231L. B. Caliman and D. Gouvea Commercial Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage Applications with only PCM and Metal Foam Infiltrated PCM in a Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System 241M. Hasan and L. Begum Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage and Recovery in a Complex-Shaped Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 259M. Hasan, T. Tabassum, and L. Begum Encapsulating Battery Components with Melting Gels 279Lisa C. Klein and Andrei Jitianu NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE AND INDUSTRY Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Substituted Cobalt Ferrite Nano-Particles by Citrate Gel Method 289Ch. Vinuthna, R. Madhusudan Raju, and D. Ravinder Effect of Drying Time and Temperature on the In-Plane and Thru-Plane Electrical Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Films Deposited on Paper Substrates using a Unidirectional Drying Method 299Rachel L. Muhlbauer, Ryan J. Gussenhoven, and Rosario A. Gerhardt The Effect of Additive on NOx Emission during Thermal Decomposition of Nano-Recrystallised Nitrate Salts 307Michael K. Opoku, Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski, Eric M. Kennedy, and John C. Mackie Author Index 321

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Book SynopsisWhether as a textbook for the petroleum engineering student or a reference for the veteran engineer working in the field, this new volume is a valuable asset in the engineer's library for new, tested methods of more efficient oil and gas exploration and production and better estimating methods. In this book, the authors combine a rigorous, yet easy to understand, approach to petrophysics and how it is applied to petroleum and environmental engineering to solve multiple problems that the engineer or geologist faces every day. Useful in the prediction of everything from crude oil composition, pore size distribution in reservoir rocks, groundwater contamination, and other types of forecasting, this approach provides engineers and students alike with a convenient guide to many real-world applications. Fluid dynamics is an extremely important part of the extraction process, and petroleum geologists and engineers must have a working knowledge of fluid dynamics of oil and gas reservoirs inTable of ContentsFluid Dynamics in Petroliferous Areas of Mobile Belts ix1. Geology and Oil and Gas Occurrences in the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 11.1 Intermontane Troughs 11.2 Foredeeps 162. Hydrogeochemical Field of the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 312.1 Intermontane Depressions 322.2 Foredeeps 1293. Geobaric Field in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 1813.1 Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures: Their Nature, Types, Identification and Diagnostics 1823.2 Patterns in Spatial Distribution of Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures 1954. Geotemperature Field in Alpine Mobil Belt Basins 2514.1 Geotemperature Regime of the Sediment Cover 2524.2 Geothermal Regime in the South Caspian Depression 2594.3 Geothermal Field of Local Structures 2675. Present-Day Geo-Fluid-Dynamics of Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 2735.1 Abnormally-High Fluid Pore Pressure as a Factor in the Formation of Faults, Structure Plans, Regional and Local Folded Structures 2735.2 Regional Dynamics of Ground Waters 2875.3 Geobaric Parameters of Natural Fluid Migration 3215.4 Geotemperature Parameters of Fluid Migration 3586. Hydrocarbon Generation, Migration and Accumulation in the South-Caspian Basin 3657. Geo-Fluid-Dynamic Mechanisms and Factors in the Formation, Location and Forecast of Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 3977.1 Role of Abnormally High Pressure in the Formation, Placement and Forecast of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 3987.2 Role of Ground Water Discharge Zones and Foci in the Formation and Placement of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 4088. Qualitative Criteria and Quantitative Attributes of Commercial Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4318.1 Hydrochemical Associations Between Ground Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulations 4318.2 Quantitative Parameters in Correlation Between Tectonic Features of Local Structures, Ground Water Dynamics and Oil and Gas Occurrences 4468.3 Quantitative Correlation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Thermobaric Regime of Local Structures 4659. Geologo-Mathematical Models of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4839.1 Techniques of Local Structures Hydrocarbon Reserves Forecast and Estimation 4839.2 Zonal and Regional Geologic Models of Oil and Gas Occurrence in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 48410. Geo-Fluid-Dynamical Parameters of Oil and Gas Occurrence on Local Structures and in Zones of Dominant Oil and Gas Accumulation 49110.1 The South Caspian Depression 49110.2 The Other Alpine Regions 51111. Attempt on Regional Situation Analysis, Conceptual Resource Estimation and Procedure of Strategic Decision-Making in Planning and Conduct of Exploration and Appraisal Operations (Example of the South Caspian Basin) 515Conclusions 579References 585Index 609

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Book SynopsisCompletely up to date and the most thorough and comprehensive reference work and learning tool available for drilling engineering, this groundbreaking volume is a must-have for anyone who works in drilling in the oil and gas sector. Petroleum and natural gas still remain the single biggest resource for energy on earth. Even as alternative and renewable sources are developed, petroleum and natural gas continue to be, by far, the most used and, if engineered properly, the most cost-effective and efficient, source of energy on the planet. Drilling engineering is one of the most important links in the energy chain, being, after all, the science of getting the resources out of the ground for processing. Without drilling engineering, there would be no gasoline, jet fuel, and the myriad of other have to have products that people use all over the world every day. Following up on their previous books, also available from Wiley-Scrivener, the authors, two of the most wellTable of ContentsForeword xvii Acknowledgements xix 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction of the Book 1 1.2. Introduction of Drilling Engineering 2 1.3. Importance of Drilling Engineering 2 1.4. Application of Drilling Engineering 3 1.5. Drilling Problems, Causes, and Solutions 3 1.5.1 Common Drilling Problems 5 1.6. Drilling Operations and its Problems 4 1.7. Sustainable Solutions for Drilling Problems 6 1.8. Summary 8 References 8 2. Problems Associated with Drilling Operations 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. Problems Related to Drilling Methods and Solutions 12 2.2.1. Sour Gas Bearing Zones 12 2.2.1.1. How to Tackle H2S 12 2.2.2. Shallow Gas-Bearing Zones 17 2.2.2.1. Prediction of Shallow Gas Zone 18 2.2.2.2. Identification of Shallow Gas Pockets 19 2.2.2.3. Case Study 20 2.2.3. General Equipment, Communication and Personnel Related Problems 24 2.2.3.1. Equipment 24 2.2.3.2. Communication 28 2.2.3.3. Personnel 30 2.2.4. Stacked Tools 31 2.2.4.1. Objects Dropped into the Well 32 2.2.4.2. Fishing Operations 34 2.2.4.3. Junk Retrieve Operations 45 2.2.4.4. Twist-off 46 2.2.5. Difficult-to-drill Rocks 48 2.2.6. Resistant Beds Encountered 48 2.2.7. Slow Drilling 49 2.2.7.1. Factors Affecting Rate of Penetration 50 2.2.8. Marginal Aquifer Encountered 62 2.2.9. Well Stops Producing Water 62 2.2.10. Drilling Complex Formations 63 2.2.11. Complex Fluid Systems 63 2.2.12. Bit Balling 64 2.2.13. Formation Cave-in 66 2.2.14. Bridging in Wells 67 2.2.14.1. Causes of Bridging in Wells 69 2.2.14.2. Warning Signs of Cutting Setting in Vertical Well 70 2.2.14.3. Remedial Actions of Bridging in Wells 70 2.2.14.4. Preventive Actions 71 2.2.14.5. Volume of Solid Model 71 2.3. Summary 73 References 73 3. Problems Related to the Mud System 77 3.1. Introduction 77 3.2. Drilling Fluids and its Problems with Solutions 78 3.2.1. Lost Circulation 79 3.2.1.1. Mechanics of Lost Circulation 86 3.2.1.2. Preventive Measures 88 3.2.1.3. Mud Loss Calculation 90 3.2.1.4. Case Studies 92 3.2.2. Loss of Rig Time 95 3.2.3. Abandonment of Expensive Wells 96 3.2.4. Minimized Production 97 3.2.5. Mud Contamination 97 3.2.5.1. Sources and Remediation of the Contamination 99 3.2.6. Formation Damage 104 3.2.6.1. Prevention of Formation Damage 113 3.2.6.2. Quantifying Formation Damage 116 3.2.7. Annular Hole Cleaning 118 3.2.7.1. New Hole Cleaning Devices 120 3.2.8. Mud Cake Formation 122 3.2.8.1. Filtration Tests 123 3.2.8.2. Mud Cake Removal Using Ultrasonic Wave Radiation 124 3.2.8.3. Wellbore Filter Cake Formation Model 125 3.2.9. Excessive Fluid Loss 126 3.2.10. Drilling Fluid Backflow 128 3.3. General Case Studies on Lost Circulation 128 3.3.1. Lessons Learned 130 3.4. Summary 130 References 131 4. Problem Related to Drilling Hydraulics 139 4.1. Introduction 139 4.2. Drilling Hydraulics and its Problems and Solutions 141 4.2.1. Borehole Instability 147 4.2.1.1. Hole Enlargement 148 4.2.1.2. Hole Closure 150 4.2.1.3. Fracturing 150 4.2.1.4. Collapse 151 4.2.1.5. Prevention and Remediation 153 4.2.2. Proper Hole Trajectory Selection 154 4.2.3. Drill Bit Concerns 156 4.2.3.1. Bit Balling 156 4.2.4. Hydraulic Power Requirement 157 4.2.5. Vibration 160 4.3. Overall Recommendations 161 4.3.1. The Rig Infrastructure 161 4.3.2. Problems Related to Stuckpipe 162 4.3.3. Mechanical Pipe Sticking 163 4.3.4. Borehole Instability 164 4.3.4.1. Bottom Hole Pressure (mud density) 165 4.3.4.2. Well Inclination and Azimuth 165 4.3.4.3. Physical/chemical Fluid-rock Interaction 165 4.3.4.4. Drillstring Vibrations 166 4.3.4.5. Drilling Fluid Temperature 166 4.4. Summary 168 References 168 5. Well Control and BOP Problems 171 5.1. Introduction 171 5.2. Well Control System 172 5.3. Problems with Well Control and BOP and their Solutions 174 5.3.1. Kicks 174 5.3.1.1. Warning Signals of Kicks 177 5.3.1.2. Control of Influx and Kill Mud 180 5.3.2. Blowout 197 5.4. Case Studies 199 5.4.1. Blowout in East Coast of India 199 5.4.1.1. Solutions 201 5.4.1.2. Causes of the Blowout 203 5.4.1.3. Lessons Learned and Recommendations 204 5.4.2. Deepwater Horizon Blowout 205 5.4.2.1. Solutions 207 5.4.2.2. Reasons Behind the Blowout 214 5.4.2.3. Lessons Learned and Recommendation 217 5.5. Summary 218 References 219 6. Drillstring and Bottomhole Assembly Problems 221 6.1. Introduction 221 6.2. Problems Related to Drillstring and their Solutions 223 6.2.1. Stuck Pipe 223 6.2.1.1. Free Point – Stuck Point Location 224 6.2.1.2. The Most Common Causes of Stuck Pipe 227 6.2.1.3. Prevention of Stuck Pipe 229 6.2.1.4. Freeing Stuck Pipe 230 6.2.1.5. Measures to Reduce Stuck Pipe Costs 231 6.2.1.6. Some Examples of Field Practices 231 6.2.2. Drillpipe Failures 234 6.2.2.1. Twist-off 237 6.2.2.2. Parting and other Failures 240 6.2.2.3. Collapse and Burst 240 6.2.2.4. Tension Load 245 6.2.2.5. Fatigue 254 6.2.3. Problems Related to Catches 256 6.2.4. Fishing Operation 257 6.2.4.1. Stuck Pipe Fishing 257 6.2.4.2. Fishing for a “Twist-off ” 257 6.2.5. Failures Caused by Downhole Friction Heating 258 6.2.5.1. Heat Check Cracking 259 6.3. Case Studies 274 6.3.1. Vibration Control 274 6.3.1.1. Execution 276 6.3.1.2. Lessons Learned 278 6.3.2. Twist-off 279 6.4. Summary 280 References 280 7. Casing Problems 285 7.1. Introduction 285 7.2. Problems Related to Casing and their Solutions 286 7.2.1. Casing Jams during Installation 287 7.2.2. Buckling 287 7.2.2.1. Buckling Criteria 288 7.2.2.2. General Guideline 292 7.2.3. Temperature Effect 292 7.2.4. Casing Leaks 294 7.2.5. Contaminated Soil/Water-Bearing Zones 297 7.2.6. Problem with Depth to Set Casing 299 7.2.6.1. Special Considerations of a Surface Casing 301 7.2.6.2. Practical Guideline 304 7.2.6.3. Influence of Casing Shoe Depth on Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP) during Production 306 7.3. Case Studies 311 7.3.1. Case Study – 1 (Casing Jamming) 313 7.3.1.1. Lessons Learned 314 7.3.2. Case Study – 2 (Casing Installation Problems) 314 7.3.3. Case Study – 3 (Casing Installation Problems in an Offshore Field) 316 7.3.3.1. Lessons Learned 316 7.3.4. Case Study – 4 (Leaky Casing) 318 7.3.4.1. Repair Alternatives 319 7.3.4.2. Setting Patches 320 7.3.4.3. Results and Lessons Learned 321 7.3.5. Case Study – 5 (Use of Gel for Water Leaks) 323 7.3.6. Case Study – 6 (Unusual Lithology) 325 7.3.6.1. Case 1: Leak below Production Packer 327 7.3.6.2. Case 2: Casing Shoe above Unsealed High Pressure Formation 329 7.3.6.3. Case 3: Casing Shoe set in Weak Formation 332 7.3.6.4. Case 4: Leak below Production Casing Shoe 334 7.3.6.5. Lessons Learned and Recommendations 336 7.3.7. Case Study – 7 (Surface Casing Setting) 340 7.2.7.1. Leak-off Tests. 341 7.2.7.2. Reduction System. 344 7.3 Summary 347 References 347 8. Cementing Problems 353 8.1. Introduction 353 8.2. Problems Related to Cementing and their Solutions 354 8.2.1. Leaks due to Cement Failure 355 8.2.1.1. Preventive Methods 358 8.2.2. Key Seating 362 8.2.2.1. Prevention 363 8.2.2.2. Remediation 364 8.2.3. Cement Blocks 366 8.2.4. Problems Related to Mud/Cement Rheology 366 8.2.4.1. Contamination with Oil-based Mud 367 8.2.4.2. Problem Related to Eccentric Annulus 370 8.2.4.3. Flow Regime of Cement Displacement 372 8.2.4.4. Improper Mud Cake Removal during Cementing 374 8.2.4.5. Poor Mixing and/or Testing of Cement Slurry 375 8.2.5. Blowout Potentials 379 8.2.5.1. Overall Guidelines 381 8.3. Good Cementing Practices 382 8.3.1. Drilling Fluid 383 8.3.2. Hole Cleaning 384 8.3.3. Gel Strength 384 8.3.4. Spacers and Flushes. Contents. 386 8.2.5. Slurry Design 388 8.2.6. Casing Rotation and Reciprocation 390 8.2.7. Centralizing Casing 391 8.2.8. Displacement Efficiency 392 8.2.9. Cement Quality 393 8.2.10. Special Considerations 394 8.3. Case Studies 394 8.3.1. Causes of Cement Job Failures 394 8.3.2. Casinghead Pressure Problems 398 8.3.3. Cases of Good Cement Jobs 401 8.3.3.1. Good Case I 402 8.3.3.2. Good Case II 403 8.3.3.3. Good Case III 403 8.3.3.4. Good Case IV 406 8.3.3.5. Good Case V 409 8.3.4. Cases of Failed Cement Jobs 413 8.3.4.1. Failed Cementing Case 01 416 8.3.4.2. Failed Case 02 417 8.3.4.3. Failed Case 03 428 8.3.4.4. Failed Case 04 429 8.4. Summary 440 References 440 9. Wellbore Instability Problems 443 9.1. Introduction 443 9.2. Problems Related to Wellbore Instability and their Solutions 444 9.2.1. Causes of Wellbore Instability 445 9.2.1.1. Uncontrollable Factors 445 9.2.1.2. Controllable Factors 453 9.2.2. Indicators of Wellbore Instability 464 9.2.2.1. Diagnosis of Wellbore Instability 465 9.2.2.2. Preventative Measures 465 9.3. Case Studies 469 9.3.1. Chemical Effect Problems in Shaley Formation 469 9.3.1.1. Geological Considerations 470 9.3.1.2. Drilling Problems 470 9.3.1.3. Instability Mechanism 471 9.3.1.4. Instability Analysis 473 9.3.1.5. Shale Hydration 475 9.3.1.6. Dynamic Effects 479 9.3.1.7. Lessons Learned from Countermeasures 480 9.3.2. Minimizing Vibration for Improving Wellbore Stability 481 9.3.3. Mechanical Wellbore Stability Problems 483 9.2.3.1. Case Study for Well X-51 (Shale Problems). 483 9.2.3.2. Case Study for Well X-53 (Shale and Sand Problems). 486 9.2.3.3. Case Study for Well X-52 (Successful Case). 489 9.2.3.4. Lessons Learned. 491 9.3 Summary 493 References 494 10. Directional and Horizontal Drilling Problems 497 10.1. Introduction 497 10.2. Problems Related to Directional Drilling their Solutions 499 10.2.1. Accuracy of Borehole Trajectory 501 10.2.1.1. Guidelines and Emerging Technologies 507 10.2.2. Fishing with Coiled Tubing 508 10.2.3. Crookedness of Wells/Deflection of Wells 509 10.2.3.1. Causes of Crookedness 511 10.2.3.2. Outcomes of Crooked Borehole and Possible Remedies 515 10.2.4. Stuck Pipe Problems 517 10.2.5. Horizontal Drilling 520 10.2.5.1. Problems Associated with Horizontal Well Drilling 523 10.2.5.2. Unique Problems Related to Horizontal Well Drilling 526 10.3. Case Studies 527 10.3.1. Drilling of Multilateral and Horizontal Wells 527 10.3.2. Directional Drilling Challenges in Deepwater Subsalt 539 10.2.2.1. Description of the Reservoir. 540 10.2.2.2. Planning of Drilling. 541 10.2.2.3. Drilling Operations. 542 10.2.2.4. Planning the Sidetracks. 543 10.2.2.5. Lessons Learned. 545 10.3. Summary 545 References 545 11. Environmental Hazard and Problems during Drilling 549 11.1. Introduction 549 11.2. Problems Related to Environment during Drilling 550 11.2.1. Environmental Degradation 551 11.2.1.1. Acoustics (Noise) 551 11.2.1.2. Air Quality 552 11.2.1.3. Contamination during Drilling 554 11.2.1.4. Cultural Resources 556 11.2.1.5. Ecological Resources 556 11.2.1.6. Environmental Justice 557 11.2.1.7. Hazardous Materials and Waste Management 558 11.2.1.8. Health and Safety 559 11.2.1.9. Land Use 560 11.2.1.10. Paleontological Resources 560 11.2.1.11. Socioeconomics 561 11.2.1.12. Soils and Geologic Resources 561 11.2.1.13. Transportation 562 11.2.1.14. Water Resources 562 11.2.2. Drill Cutting Management 563 11.2.2.1. Regulatory Aspects of Drill Cutting Disposal 567 11.2.3. Subsidence of Ground Surface 570 11.2.4. Deep Water Challenges 573 11.2.4.1. Narrow Operational Window 573 11.2.4.2. Marine Drilling Riser 573 11.2.4.3. Shallow Formation Hazards 574 11.2.4.4. Risk Analysis of Offshore Drilling 575 11.3. Case Studies 579 11.3.1. Effect of Drilling Fluid Discharge on Oceanic Organisms 579 11.3.1.1. Observations and Lessons Learned 582 11.3.2. Long-term Impact on Human Health 584 11.3.2.1. Lessons Learned 590 11.4. Summary 590 References 590 12. Summary and Conclusions 595 12.1. Summary 595 12.2. Conclusions 596 12.2.1. Chapter 1: Introduction 596 12.2.2. Chapter 2: Problems Associated with Drilling Operations 597 12.2.3. Chapter 3: Problems Related to the Mud System 598 12.2.4. Chapter 4: Problem Related to Drilling Hydraulics 600 12.2.5. Chapter 5: Well Control and BOP Problems 601 12.2.6. Chapter 6: Drillstring and Bottomhole Assembly Problems 602 12.2.7. Chapter 7: Casing Problems 604 12.2.8. Chapter 8: Cementing Problems 606 12.2.9. Wellbore Instability Problems 608 12.2.10. Chapter 10: Directional and Horizontal Drilling Problems 611 12.2.11. Chapter 11: Environmental Hazard and Problems during Drilling 612 Index 615

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Book SynopsisProvides comprehensive coverage of the basic principles and methods of electric power conversion and the latest developments in the fieldThis book constitutes a comprehensive overview of the modern power electronics. Various semiconductor power switches are described, complementary components and systems are presented, and power electronic converters that process power for a variety of applications are explained in detail. This third edition updates all chapters, including new concepts in modern power electronics. New to this edition is extended coverage of matrix converters, multilevel inverters, and applications of the Z-source in cascaded power converters. The book is accompanied by a website hosting an instructor's manual, a PowerPoint presentation, and a set of PSpice files for simulation of a variety of power electronic converters.Introduction to Modern Power Electronics, Third Edition: Discusses power conversion tTrade Review"This book would be an excellent introduction for those who want to learn about power electronics, or a refresher for those already familiar with the topic. The descriptions are clearly written and supported by numerous circuit schematics, drawings, and tables, which will help the reader fully grasp the subject matter.[Overall]... the book admirably serves the purpose of introducing power electronics to a wide audience of engineers." (IEEE Electrical Insulation magazine May 2017) Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Principles of Electric Power Conversion 1 1.1 What is Power Electronics? 1 1.2 Generic Power Converter 3 1.3 Waveform Components and Figures of Merit 8 1.4 Phase Control and Square-Wave Mode 16 1.5 Pulse Width Modulation 22 1.6 Computation of Current Waveforms 30 1.6.1 Analytical Solution 30 1.6.2 Numerical Solution 35 1.6.3 Practical Example: Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers 38 Summary 43 Examples 43 Problems 50 Computer Assignments 53 Further Reading 56 2 Semiconductor Power Switches 57 2.1 General Properties of Semiconductor Power Switches 57 2.2 Power Diodes 59 2.3 Semi-Controlled Switches 63 2.3.1 SCRs 64 2.3.2 Triacs 67 2.4 Fully Controlled Switches 68 2.4.1 GTOs 68 2.4.2 IGCTs 69 2.4.3 Power BJTs 70 2.4.4 Power MOSFETs 74 2.4.5 IGBTs 75 2.5 Comparison of Semiconductor Power Switches 77 2.6 Power Modules 79 2.7 Wide Bandgap Devices 84 Summary 86 Further Reading 87 3 Supplementary Components and Systems 88 3.1 What Are Supplementary Components and Systems? 88 3.2 Drivers 89 3.2.1 Drivers for SCRs, Triacs, and BCTs 89 3.2.2 Drivers for GTOs and IGCTs 90 3.2.3 Drivers for BJTs 91 3.2.4 Drivers for Power MOSFETs and IGBTs 94 3.3 Overcurrent Protection Schemes 96 3.4 Snubbers 98 3.4.1 Snubbers for Power Diodes, SCRs, and Triacs 101 3.4.2 Snubbers for GTOs and IGCTs 102 3.4.3 Snubbers for Transistors 103 3.4.4 Energy Recovery from Snubbers 104 3.5 Filters 106 3.6 Cooling 109 3.7 Control 111 Summary 113 Further Reading 114 4 AC-to-DC Converters 115 4.1 Diode Rectifiers 115 4.1.1 Three-Pulse Diode Rectifier 115 4.1.2 Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 117 4.2 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers 130 4.2.1 Phase-Controlled Six-Pulse Rectifier 130 4.2.2 Dual Converters 143 4.3 PWM Rectifiers 149 4.3.1 Impact of Input Filter 149 4.3.2 Principles of PWM 150 4.3.3 Current-Type PWM Rectifier 158 4.3.4 Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier 163 4.3.5 Vienna Rectifier 175 4.4 Device Selection for Rectifiers 178 4.5 Common Applications of Rectifiers 180 Summary 184 Examples 185 Problems 191 Computer Assignments 193 Further Reading 195 5 AC-to-AC Converters 196 5.1 AC Voltage Controllers 196 5.1.1 Phase-Controlled Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller 196 5.1.2 Phase-Controlled Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 203 5.1.3 PWM AC Voltage Controllers 211 5.2 Cycloconverters 215 5.3 Matrix Converters 220 5.3.1 Classic Matrix Converters 220 5.3.2 Sparse Matrix Converters 227 5.3.3 Z-Source Matrix Converters 230 5.4 Device Selection for AC-to-AC Converters 234 5.5 Common Applications of AC-to-AC Converters 235 Summary 236 Examples 237 Problems 241 Computer Assignments 242 Further Reading 243 6 DC-to-DC Converters 245 6.1 Static DC Switches 245 6.2 Step-Down Choppers 248 6.2.1 First-Quadrant Chopper 250 6.2.2 Second-Quadrant Chopper 254 6.2.3 First-and-Second-Quadrant Chopper 256 6.2.4 First-and-Fourth-Quadrant Chopper 258 6.2.5 Four-Quadrant Chopper 260 6.3 Step-Up Chopper 262 6.4 Current Control in Choppers 265 6.5 Device Selection for Choppers 265 6.6 Common Applications of Choppers 267 Summary 269 Examples 269 Problems 272 Computer Assignments 274 Further Reading 275 7 DC-to-AC Converters 276 7.1 Voltage-Source Inverters 276 7.1.1 Single-Phase VSI 277 7.1.2 Three-Phase VSI 286 7.1.3 Voltage Control Techniques for PWM Inverters 295 7.1.4 Current Control Techniques for VSIs 306 7.2 Current-Source Inverters 315 7.2.1 Three-Phase Square-Wave CSI 315 7.2.2 Three-Phase PWM CSI 319 7.3 Multilevel Inverters 322 7.3.1 Diode-Clamped Three-Level Inverter 324 7.3.2 Flying-Capacitor Three-Level Inverter 327 7.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter 329 7.4 Soft-Switching Inverters 333 7.5 Device Selection for Inverters 341 7.6 Common Applications of Inverters 344 Summary 352 Examples 352 Problems 359 Computer Assignments 360 Further Reading 362 8 Switching Power Supplies 364 8.1 Basic Types of Switching Power Supplies 364 8.2 Nonisolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 365 8.2.1 Buck Converter 366 8.2.2 Boost Converter 369 8.2.3 Buck–Boost Converter 371 8.2.4 Ĉuk Converter 374 8.2.5 SEPIC and Zeta Converters 378 8.2.6 Comparison of Nonisolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 379 8.3 Isolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 382 8.3.1 Single-Switch-Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 383 8.3.2 Multiple-Switch-Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 386 8.3.3 Comparison of Isolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 389 8.4 Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 390 8.4.1 Quasi-Resonant Converters 391 8.4.2 Load-Resonant Converters 395 8.4.3 Comparison of Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 402 Summary 402 Examples 403 Problems 406 Computer Assignments 408 Further Reading 410 9 Power Electronics and Clean Energy 411 9.1 Why is Power Electronics Indispensable in Clean Energy Systems? 411 9.2 Solar and Wind Renewable Energy Systems 413 9.2.1 Solar Energy Systems 413 9.2.2 Wind Energy Systems 417 9.3 Fuel Cell Energy Systems 422 9.4 Electric Cars 424 9.5 Hybrid Cars 426 9.6 Power Electronics and Energy Conservation 430 Summary 431 Further Reading 432 Appendix A Spice Simulations 433 Appendix B Fourier Series 438 Appendix C Three-Phase Systems 442 Index 447

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Book SynopsisMost of the world's energy still comes from fossil fuels, and there are still many strides being made in the efficiency and cost effectiveness of extracting these important and increasingly more elusive natural resources. This is only possible if the nature of the emergence, evolution, and parameter estimation of high grade reservoir rocks at great depths is known and a theory of their forecast is developed. Over 60 percent of world oil production is currently associated with carbonate reservoir rocks. The exploration, appraisal and development of these fields are significantly complicated by a number of factors. These factors include the structural complexity of the carbonate complexes, variability of the reservoir rock types and properties within a particular deposit, many unknowns in the evaluation of fracturing and its spatial variability, and the preservation of the reservoir rock qualities with depth. The main objective of most studies is discovering patterns in the reservoir Table of ContentsIntroduction xiAcknowledgements xv1 Carbonate Reservoir Rock Properties and Previous Studies 11.1 Brief Review of the Previous Studies 11.2 Major Terminology 42 Major Sedimentational Environments of Carbonate Rocks in Sedimentary Basins 132.1 Types of Carbonate Buildups 132.2 Open Shelf Edges 152.3 Genetic Types of Limestones and Dolomites 202.4 Effect of Post-Depositional Processes on the Void Space Formation 253 Conditions of Void Space Formation in Carbonate Rocks of Various Compositions and Genesis 293.1 Carbonate Rock Solubility and the Effect of Certain Factors on the Calcite and Dolomite Solubility Relationships 293.2 Pore Space Formation in Carbonate Rocks of Various Genesis 333.3 Formation of Fracture Capacity Space and Fluid Filtering in Fractured Rocks 374 Reservoir Rock Study Techniques 434.1 Major Evaluation Parameters and Laboratory Techniques of Their Determination 434.2 Method By Bagrintseva: The New Technique of Fracturing and Vugularity Evaluating through the Capillary Saturation of the Carbonate Rocks with Luminophore 474.3 Determination of Fracture Openness 524.4 Method By Bagrintseva-Preobrazhenskaya: The Evaluation Technique of Rock Hydrophobization By Wetting Contact Angle 544.5 Method By Shershukov: New Methodological Approach to the Theoretical Permeability Calculation from Mercury Injection Porometry 605 Natural Oil and Gas Reservoirs in Carbonate Formations of the Pre-Caspian Province 715.1 Brief Review of Geology and Major Oil and Gas Accumulation Zones in the Pre-Caspian Province 715.2 Karachaganak Oil-Gas-Condensate Field 775.3 Zhanazhol Oil-Gas-Condensate Field 995.4 Tengiz Oil Field 1295.5 Korolevskoye Oil Field 1535.6 Astrakhan’ Gas-Condensate Field 1676 Natural Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the Timan-Pechora Province 1816.1 North Khosedayu Oilfield 1817 Types and Properties of the Riphaean Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2097.1 Yurubchenskoe Gas and Oil Field 2098 Theoretical Fundamentals of the Reservoir Rock Evaluation and Forecast 2318.1 Void Space Structure of Various Genesis Carbonate Deposits 2318.2 Residual Fluid Saturation in the Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2378.3 Evaluation-Genetic Classification of the Carbonate Reservoir Rocks By Bagrintseva 2498.4 Distribution Models of Different-Type Reservoir Rocks 2539 Major Factors Determining the Formation and Preservation of High-Capacity Carbonate Reservoir Rocks 2599.1 Conditions for the Formation of High-Capacity Reservoir Rocks 2599.2 Evaluation of the Fracturing Role in the Development of the Complex-Type Reservoir Rocks 2639.3 Correlations between Major Reservoir Rock Evaluation Parameters 2689.4 Criteria of the Reservoir Rock Forecast and Evaluation 276Conclusions 285Attachments 287References and Bibliography 319Index 329

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Production of Bioenergy in the Framework of Circular Economy: A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 1Vega-Quezada Cristhian, Blanco María and Romero Hugo 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Energy and Bioenergy 2 1.1.2 Ecuadorian Case 4 1.2 A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 5 1.2.1 Biogas 5 1.2.1.1 CO2 Emissions 8 1.2.1.2 Potential Electricity Power 12 1.2.2 Biodiesel 14 1.2.2.1 Biodiesel in Ecuador 15 1.2.3 Microalgae Biodiesel 16 1.2.3.1 Biomass Production 18 1.2.3.2 Lipid Extraction 18 1.3 Microalgae versus Palm Oil in Ecuador 19 1.3.1 Palm Oil 20 1.3.2 Microalgae Oil 21 1.3.2.1 Microalgae in Open Ponds 23 1.3.2.2 Microalgae in Laminar Photobioreactor 24 1.4 Discussion 27 1.5 Conclusion 29 Acknowledgements 29 References 30 2 The Impact of Biomass Feedstock Composition and Pre-treatments on Tar Formation during Biomass Gasification 33John Corton, Paula Blanco-Sanchez P., Zakir Khan, Jon Paul McCalmont, Xi Yu, George Fletcher, Steve Croxton, James Sharp, Manosh C. Paul, Ian A. Watson I. and Iain S. Donnison 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Tar Composition 35 2.3 Tar Formation Cell Wall Polymers and Ash Composition 37 2.3.1 The Impact of Plant Type and Blending Upon Tar Production 38 2.3.2 Blending 39 2.3.3 Ash Composition 40 2.4 Thermochemical Pre-treatments for Gasification 41 2.4.1 Torrefaction 41 2.4.2 Slow Pyrolysis 42 2.4.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis 43 2.4.4 Fast Pyrolysis 43 2.5 Processing Options that Exploit Conversion Route Integration 45 2.6 Conclusion 48 Acknowledgements 50 References 50 3 Key Pretreatment Technologies for An Efficient Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 55Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 58 3.2.1 Parameters for Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics 59 3.2.2 Important Pretreatment Methods 61 3.2.2.1 Physical or Mechanical Methods 61 3.2.2.2 Physico-chemical Methods 62 3.2.2.3 Chemical Methods 67 3.2.2.4 Biological Methods 74 3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 75 References 78 4 Present Status on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85Arindam Kuila, Vinay Sharma, Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Anshu Singh, Lakshmishri Roy and Rintu Banerjee 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Hydrolysis/Saccharification 87 4.2.1 Cellulase 87 4.2.2 Screening of Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 88 4.2.3 Cellulase Production 90 4.2.4 Factors Affecting the Cellulase Mediated Hydrolysis 90 4.3 Future prospects of enzymatic hydrolysis 93 References 93 5 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials 97Sandeep Kaur Saggi, Geetika Gupta and Pinaki Dey 5.1 Introduction 97 5.1.1 Different Source for Bioethanol Production 99 5.1.2 Lignocellulosic Materials 100 5.1.3 Cellulose 101 5.1.4 Hemicellulose 102 5.1.5 Xylan 103 5.1.6 Lignin 104 5.1.7 Lignin Carbohydrate Interactions 106 5.2 Pretreatment 106 5.2.1 Pretreatment 106 5.3 Microbial Pretreatment Process 107 5.3.1 Fungi 107 5.3.2 Bacteria 112 5.4 Conclusion 113 References 113 6 Anaerobic Digestion and the Use of Pre-treatments on Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Improve Biogas Production and Process Economics 121Laura Williams, Joe Gallagher, David Bryant and Sreenivas Rao Ravella 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Feedstocks Available for AD 124 6.2.1 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Analysis and Substrate Suitability 124 6.2.2 Substrate Parameters and Co-digestion 129 6.3 Feedstock Pre-treatment to Improve AD 130 6.3.1 Available Pre-treatment Processes 131 6.3.2 Pre-treatment Effects on Substrate 133 6.3.3 Effects of Pre-treatment on Methane Yields 134 6.4 Pre-treatment and Optimizing AD 136 6.4.1 Advances in Pre-treatment Methods and AD Conditions 136 6.4.2 Value-added Products and AD 138 6.5 Conclusion 140 Acknowledgments 141 References 141 7 Algae: The Future of Bioenergy 149Nivas Manohar Desai 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Technological Innovations for Algae Cultivation, Harvesting and Drying 151 7.2.1 Cultivation Practices 152 7.2.1.1 Open Cultivation Systems 152 7.2.1.2 Closed Cultivation Systems (Photobioreactors) 153 7.2.1.3 Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) 154 7.2.1.4 Sea-based Cultivation Systems 157 7.2.2 Harvesting of Biomass 158 7.2.2.1 Settling Ponds 159 7.2.2.2 Filtration 159 7.2.2.3 Centrifugation 159 7.2.2.4 Flotation 160 7.2.2.5 Flocculation 160 7.2.2.6 Electrolytic Coagulation 161 7.2.3 Energy Efficiencies of Harvesting Processes 161 7.2.4 Algal Drying 162 7.3 Algae-based Bioenergy Products 162 7.3.1 Biofuel and Biodiesel 163 7.3.2 Biogas (Biomethane Production) 164 7.3.3 Bioethanol 165 7.3.4 Biohydrogen 167 7.3.4.1 Direct Biophotolysis 167 7.3.4.2 Indirect Biophotolysis 168 7.3.4.3 Photo Fermentation 168 7.4 Concluding Remarks 168 Acknowledgement 169 References 169 Index 173

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Book SynopsisThis second volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series focuses on the latest and most up-to-date technologies and processes involved in the production of biofuels. Biofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or fracking). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, as long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as biofuels and biofeedstocks is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the energy pie. Biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new procTable of Contents1 Processing of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass 1Rebecca Gunn and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Method 3 1.2.1 Pretreatment 3 1.2.2 Saccharification 10 1.2.3 Detoxification 11 1.2.4 Organism Selection 12 1.2.5 Media Composition and Operating Parameters 16 1.2.6 Ethanol Recovery 17 1.3 Discussion 18 References 20 2 A Perspective on Current Technologies Used for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 25Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Bioethanol Production from Various Feedstocks 26 2.2.1 Bioethanol Production from Sucrose Based Feedstocks 28 2.2.2 Bioethanol Production from 1st Generation Feedstocks (Starch) 28 2.2.3 Bioethanol Production from 2nd Generation Feedstocks (Lignocellulosic Biomass) 29 2.3 Various Conversion Paths or Technology Routes from Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol 32 2.3.1 Seperate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 33 2.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 35 2.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF) 37 2.3.4 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) or Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC) 37 2.3.5 Thermochemical Conversion Processes or Syngas Platform 40 2.3.5.1 Syngas Catalytic Conversion 41 2.3.5.2 Biological Path or Syngas Fermentation Route 43 2.4 Bioethanol Production Technologies Based on Different Fermentation Modes 46 2.4.1 Batch Fermentation 47 2.4.2 Fed Batch or Semi-Batch Fermentation 48 2.4.3 Continuous Fermentation 49 2.4.4 Fermentation Using Immobilized Cells 50 2.4.5 Fermentation Using Process Stream Recycling 52 2.5 Conclusion and Preferred Technology Route 53 References 56 3 Immobilized Enzyme Technology for Biodiesel Production 67Sarah M. Meunier, Hamid-Reza Kariminia and Raymond L. Legge 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Production of Biodiesel 70 3.3 Immobilized Lipase for Biodiesel Production 71 3.3.1 Enzyme Selection 73 3.3.2 Enzyme Immobilization Methods 79 3.3.3 Reaction Conditions 79 3.4 Reaction Kinetics 89 3.5 Bioreactor Configurations 95 3.6 Conclusions 99 References 100 4 Oleaginous Yeast- A Promising Candidatea for High Quality Biodiesel Production 107Alok Patel, Parul A Pruthi and Vikas Pruthi 4.1 Introduction 108 4.2 Advantages of Using Biodiesel as Vehicular Fuel 110 4.3 Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production Using Oleaginous Yeast 111 4.4 Selection of Low-Cost Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 114 4.5 Triacylglycerols (TAGs) Accumulation in Oleaginous Yeasts 117 4.6 Conclusion 120 References 121 5 Current Status of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae in India 129Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Rakesh Singh Gour, Vipasha Sharma, Lakshmi Shri Roy, Jeevan Kumar Samudrala Prashant, Anil Kant and Rintu Banerjee 5.1 Introduction 130 5.2 Algal Species for Oil Production 132 5.3 Engineering Modifications 132 5.3.1 Production of High Density Cultivated Microalgae 134 5.3.1.1 Cultivation Conditions 134 5.3.1.2 To Get High Lipid Content 135 5.4 Production of Biodiesel 137 5.4.1 Culturing of Microalgae 137 5.4.2 Harvesting 138 5.5 Current Status of Biodiesel Production in India and Abroad 142 5.6 SWOT Analysis of Biofuels in India 147 5.7 Challenges 148 5.8 Conclusions 149 References 149 6 Biobutanol: An Alternative Biofuel 155Neeraj Mishra and Akhilesh Dubey 6.1 Introduction 156 6.1.1 Advantages of Biobutanol 158 6.2 Biobutanol as Alternative Fuel 159 6.3 Biobutanol Production 161 6.3.1 Steps to Biobutanol Production 163 6.3.2 Directed ABE Fermentation to Butanol 164 6.3.3 Substrates Used for Biobutanol Production 166 6.3.4 Microbial Strains for Biobutanol Production 168 6.3.5 Purification of Biobutanol 169 6.3.5.1 Adsorption for Butanol Recovery 169 6.3.5.2 Membrane Processes for Recovery of Butanol 169 6.3.5.3 Pervaporation for Recovery of Butanol 170 6.3.5.4 Gas Stripping for Recovery of Butanol 170 6.4 Advancements in Biobutanol Production 171 Summary 172 References 173 7 The Production of Biomethane from the Anaerobic Digestion of Microalgae 177Tom Bishop and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 The Process 179 7.2.1 Selection and Cultivation of Microalgae 180 7.2.2 Pre-Treatment 181 7.2.2.1 Thermal Pre-Treatment 184 7.2.2.2 Mechanical Pre-Treatment 185 7.2.2.3 Chemical Pre-Treatment 185 7.2.2.4 Biological Pre-Treatment 185 7.2.3 Lipid Extraction 185 7.2.4 Digestion 186 7.2.4.1 Inhibition of the Digestion Process 188 7.2.4.2 Ammonia 188 7.2.4.3 Volatile Fatty Acids 188 7.2.4.4 Hydrogen Sulphide 188 7.3 Downstream Processing and Use of Gaseous Products 189 7.3.1 Purification 189 7.3.1.1 Bioscrubbing 189 7.3.1.2 Biotrickling 191 7.3.2 Product Use: Current and Potential 192 7.4 Conclusions 194 References 195 8 Electrohydrogenesis: Energy Efficient and Economical Technology for Biohydrogen Production 201Pratima Gupta and Piyush Parkhey 8.1 Introduction 202 8.1.1 The Present Energy Scenario 202 8.1.2 Biohydrogen: The Current Status 203 8.1.3 Electrohydrogenesis: Need of the Hour 205 8.2 Microbial Electroytic Cell 206 8.2.1 Working Principle 206 8.2.2 Design 208 8.2.3 Setting up the Reactor 209 8.2.4 Fuelling the MEC Reactor: Substrates 212 8.2.5 Powering the MEC Reactor: Exoelectrogens 214 8.3 Components of a Microbial Electroytic Cell 215 8.3.1 Electrodes: Anode and Cathode 216 8.3.2 Gas Collection Units 218 8.4 Mathematical Expressions and Calculations 222 8.4.1 Hydrogen Yield (YH2) 222 8.4.2 Hydrogen Recovery 224 8.4.3 Energy Efficiency 226 8.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 227 References 230 Index 235

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings contains a collection of 20 papers from the following five 2014 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T''14) symposia: Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing V Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry Materials for Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration Materials Development for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments Table of ContentsPreface ix MATERIALS ISSUES IN NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT Uptake of Uranium by Tungstic Acid 3Hamed Albusaidi, Cory K. Perkins, and Allen W. Apblett Electrical Conductivity Method for Monitoring Accumulation of Crystals 13Matthew K. Edwards, Josef Matyáš, Jarrod V. Crum, Charles C. Bonham, and Michael J. Schweiger Crystallization in High Level Waste (HLW) Glass Melters: Savannah River Site Operational Experience 23Kevin M. Fox, David K. Peeler, and Albert A. Kruger Scoping Melting Studies of High Alumina Waste Glass Compositions 37Jared O. Kroll, Michael J. Schweiger, John D. Vienna Research-Scale Melter: An Experimental Platform for Evaluating Crystal Accumulation in High-Level Waste Glasses 49Josef Matyáš, Gary J. Sevigny, Michael J. Schweiger, and Albert A. Kruger Characterization of High Level Nuclear Waste Glass Samples Following Extended Melter Idling 59David K. Peeler, Kevin M. Fox, and Albert A. Kruger Synthesis of Mineral Matrices Based on Enriched Zirconium Pyrochlore for Immobilization of Actinide-Containing Waste 73K. Podbolotov and T. Barinova Corrosion Evaluation of Melter Materials for Radioactive Waste Vitrification 83Marissa M. Reigel, Ken J. Imrich, and Carol M. Jantzen GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING Green Flame Retardant Based on a Ceramic Precursor 99Bhawani Regmi and Allen W. Apblett Single-Source Precursor Approach to Barium Dimolybdate 109Ahmed Moneeb Allen W. Apblett, Abdullah Al-Abdulrahman, and Abdulaziz Bagabas Effects on Biomass Char Addition on Combustion Process of Pulverized Coal 117Yi-ran Liu, Yingli , and Bingchang Li A Comparative Analysis for Charpy Impact Energy in Polyester Composites Reinforced with Malva, Ramie and Curaua Fibers 127Frederico Muylaert Margem, André Raeli Gomes, Luiz Gustavo Xavier Borges, and Sergio Neves Monteiro Research on Simultaneous Injection of Waste Tires with Pulverized Coal for Blast Furnace 135Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, and Feng Liu Research on using Blast Furnace Slag to Produce Building Stone 145Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, Zhiwen Shi, and Feng Liu A Green Leaching Method of Decomposing Synthetic CaWO4 by HCl-H3PO4 in Tungsten Producing Process 157Liang Liu and Jilai Xue NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE AND INDUSTRY Synthesis of Coated Nano Calcium Carbonate Particles and their Characterization 169S. E. Benjamin and Farah Mustafa Synthesis of TiO2 Nanostructures via Hydrothermal Method 177Nursev Bilgin, Lutfi Agartan, Jongee Park, and Abdullah Ozturk Carbon Nanotube-Based Impedimetric Biosensors for Bone Marker Detection 187Mitali Patil, Madhumati Ramanathan, Vesselin Shanov, and Prashant N. Kumta MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR CO2 CAPTURE, CONVERSION, AND SEQUESTRATION High CO2 Permeation Flux Enabled by Al2O3 Modifier and In-Situ Infiltration of Molten Carbonate into Gd-Doped CeO2 as a CO2 Separation Membrane 197Jingjing Tong, Zachary Bills, Lingling Zhang, Jie Fang, Minfang Han, and Kevin Huang MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Superplasticity in Ceramics at High Temperature 207Michael Opoku, Raghunath Kanakala, and Indrajit Charit Author Index 219

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Book SynopsisA concise resource to the best practices and problem-solving ideas for understanding the airline network planning and scheduling process Airline Network Planning and Scheduling offers a comprehensive resource that is filled with the industry's best practices that can help to inform decision-modeling and the problem-solving process. Written by two industry experts, the book is designed to be an accessible guide that contains information for addressing complex challenges, problems, and approaches that arise on the job. The chapters begin by addressing the complex topics at a broad, conceptual level before moving on to more detailed modeling in later chapters. This approach follows the standard airline planning process and reflects the duties of the day-to-day job of network/schedule planners. To help gain a practical understanding of the information presented, each chapter includes exercises and data based on real-world case studies. In addition, throughout the book there are graphs aTable of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xxv Preface xxvii Section 1 1 1 Brands of Airlines 3 1.1 Schedule Availability 3 1.1.1 Charter Airlines 3 1.1.2 Scheduled Airlines 4 1.2 Size and Domain of Service 4 1.2.1 Major Airlines 4 1.2.2 National Airlines 4 1.2.3 Regional Airlines 5 1.3 Business Model 5 1.3.1 Legacy Airlines (or Mainline) 5 1.3.2 Low‐cost Airlines 6 1.3.3 Ultralow‐cost Airlines 6 1.4 Ownership 7 1.4.1 Public or State Ownership 7 1.4.2 Private Ownership 7 1.5 Network Structure 8 1.5.1 Hub and Spoke 8 1.5.2 Point‐to‐Point 8 1.5.3 Hybrid 8 1.6 Transport Service Type 8 1.6.1 Cargo Airlines 8 1.6.2 Passenger and Cargo Airlines 9 1.7 Network Coverage 9 1.7.1 Domestic 9 1.7.2 International 9 2 Airline Network Structure 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Time Bank 14 2.3 Advantages of the Hub‐and‐spoke Network 23 2.3.1 Better Network Coverage 23 2.3.2 Mixed Portfolio of Passenger Demand 24 2.3.3 Dominance at the Hub 26 2.3.4 Economy of Scale Operations at the Hub 27 2.4 Limitations of the Hub‐and‐spoke Network 27 2.4.1 Congestion at the Hub 27 2.4.2 Schedule Vulnerability to Disruption at the Hub 28 2.4.3 Extended Ground Time for Resources 28 3 Airline Schedule Planning Decisions 31 3.1 Definitions 31 3.1.1 Demand Forecasting and Competition Analysis 31 3.1.2 Served Markets 32 3.1.3 Flight Frequency 32 3.1.4 Flight Departure/Arrival Time 32 3.1.5 Fleet Assignment 33 3.1.6 Aircraft Schedule 34 3.1.7 Crew Schedule 35 3.1.8 Gate Assignment 35 3.1.9 Other Resources 36 3.2 Relationships Among Scheduling Decisions 36 3.2.1 Flight Frequency and Fleet Assignment 37 3.2.2 Departure Time and City‐pairs 38 3.2.3 Departure Time and Demand 38 3.2.4 Fleet Assignment and Flight Arrival Time 39 3.2.5 Fleet Assignment and Flight Departure Time 40 3.2.6 Flight Departure Time, Arrival Time, and Block Time 40 3.2.7 Flight Departure Time and Aircraft Rotation 42 3.2.8 Flight Schedule and Fleet Assignment Balance 42 3.2.9 Maintenance Rotations and Fleet Assignment 42 3.2.10 Seat Capacity/Frequency and Demand 44 3.2.11 Feet Assignment and Flight Demand 46 3.2.12 Frequency and Departure Time 46 3.2.13 Departure/Arrival Time and Gate Availability 48 3.2.14 Departure Time and Crew Schedule 49 4 Measures of Performance 51 4.1 Operating Cost 51 4.2 Revenue or Income 52 4.3 Net Income (Net Profit) and Operating Profit 53 4.4 Flights 53 4.5 Available Seat Miles 55 4.6 Cost per Available Seat Miles (CASM) 56 4.7 CASM‐ EX or CASM‐EX Fuel 57 4.8 Passengers 58 4.9 Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM) 60 4.10 Total Revenue per Available Seat Mile (TRASM or Simply RASM) 61 4.11 Passenger Revenue per Available Seat Mile (PRASM) 61 4.12 Passenger Yield 62 4.13 Average Load Factor (LF) 62 4.14 Block Hours 66 4.15 Aircraft Utilization 66 4.16 Stage Length 66 4.17 On‐time Performance Measures 67 4.18 Aircraft Life Cycle 67 4.19 Aircraft Number and Diversification 68 5 Freedoms of Air Service 75 6 Slot Availability 81 6.1 Level 1 Airports 82 6.2 Level 2 Airports 82 6.3 Level 3 Airports 84 Section 2 91 7 Feasibility of a New Route 93 7.1 Business Plan 94 7.1.1 Proposed Property 94 7.1.2 Identifying Demand Feeders 94 7.1.3 Identifying the Size of the Demand Feeders 95 7.1.4 Analyzing Competition 96 7.1.5 Estimating Market Share 96 7.1.6 Estimating Total Demand and Unconstrained Market Share 101 7.2 Application of Feasibility Study on a New Airline Route 102 7.2.1 The Proposed Route 103 7.2.2 Identifying Demand Feeders 103 7.2.3 Identifying the Size of the Demand Feeding Markets 104 7.2.4 Analyzing Competition 105 7.2.5 Estimating Market Share 106 7.2.6 Estimating Total Flight Demand (Unconstrained Demand) 110 8 Market Share Models 113 8.1 What Is a Model? 113 8.2 Model and Historical Data 114 8.3 Model Development Example 115 8.4 Categorical Dependent Variable 119 8.5 Introduction to Discrete Choice Models 120 8.6 Itinerary Choice Models 123 8.7 Applying Itinerary Choice Models: An Example 131 9 Profitability Forecasting Models 139 9.1 Introduction 139 9.2 Model Input 140 9.3 Itinerary Builder Module 143 9.4 How the Model Works? 143 9.5 Load Factor, Market Share, and Market Concentration 144 10 Partnership Agreements 149 10.1 Introduction 149 10.2 Regional Airlines 150 10.3 Code‐share Agreements 151 10.4 Airline Alliances 154 10.5 Distribution Channels and Point of Sale 154 10.6 Loyalty Programs 156 10.7 Corporate Travel 156 Section 3 159 11 Basic Fleet Assignment Model (FAM) 161 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 Graphical Representation: Time‐staggered Diagram 164 11.3 Problem Input 167 11.4 Problem Definition and Formulation 170 11.5 The Constraints of the Basic Fleet Assignment Problem 172 11.5.1 The Coverage Constraints 172 11.5.2 Resources Constraints 173 11.5.3 The Through‐flights Constraints 173 11.5.4 The Balance Constraints 174 12 A Walk‐through Example of the Basic Fleet Assignment Model 175 12.1 Problem Definition 175 12.2 The Objective Function 178 12.3 The Constraints 178 12.4 Interconnection Nodes 183 13 Application of the Basic Fleet Assignment Model 193 13.1 Introduction 193 13.2 Problem Input 193 13.3 Setting the Problem in Excel Solver 203 13.4 Solution Interpretation 208 13.5 Resources Constraints 210 13.6 Additional Constraints 213 Section 4 215 14 The Schedule Adjustment Problem 217 14.1 Introduction 217 14.2 Schedule Adjustment Decisions 218 14.3 Problem Formulation 219 15 Examples on the Schedule Adjustment Problem 221 15.1 Flight Deletion 221 15.2 Flight Addition 228 15.3 Flight Departure Time 235 Section 5 243 16 Itinerary‐based Fleet Assignment Model (IFAM) 245 16.1 Introduction 245 16.2 Spill Cost Estimates and Network Effect 246 16.3 Demand Recapture 248 16.4 The Flight–Itinerary Interaction 251 16.5 The Itinerary‐based Fleet Assignment Problem 254 17 Example on IFAM 255 17.1 Problem Definition 255 17.2 The Constraints of the IFAM Example 258 17.3 The Objective Function 259 17.4 Problem Solution 270 18 Comparing FAM and IFAM 279 18.1 Problem Definition 279 18.2 Problem Solution 285 Section 6 289 19 Integrated Schedule Design with the Itinerary‐based Fleet Assignment Model (ISD‐IFAM) 291 19.1 Introduction 291 19.2 Example of Demand and Supply Interactions 292 19.3 Aspects of Demand–Supply Interactions: Demand Correction Factors 293 19.4 The Schedule Design and Adjustment Problem 298 19.4.1 The Objective Function of ISD‐IFAM 298 19.4.2 The Constraints of the ISD‐IFAM 298 20 Example on ISD‐IFAM 301 20.1 Problem Definition 301 20.2 The Constraints of the Problem 304 20.3 The Objective Function 305 20.4 Problem Solving 324 20.5 Solution Interpretation 327 20.6 Changing the Operations Cost 331 Section 7 345 21 Schedule Robustness 347 21.1 Introduction 347 21.2 Less‐prone‐to‐disruptions Schedules: The Concept of Adding Slack Times 348 21.2.1 Slack in Flight Block Time 348 21.2.2 Slack Time of a Connecting Resource 349 21.2.3 Slack Time of an Inbound Flight 351 21.3 Recoverable Flight Schedules 353 21.3.1 Background 353 21.3.2 Station Purity 355 21.3.3 Short Cancellation Cycles 356 21.3.4 Maximizing Swapping Possibility 357 21.3.5 Allocating Standby and Reserve Crew 358 References 359 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThermodynamic degradation science is a new and exciting discipline. This book merges the science of physics of failure with thermodynamics and shows how degradation modeling is improved and enhanced when using thermodynamic principles. The author also goes beyond the traditional physics of failure methods and highlights the importance of having new tools such as Mesoscopic noise degradation measurements for prognostics of complex systems, and a conjugate work approach to solving physics of failure problems with accelerated testing applications. Key features: Demonstrates how the thermodynamics energy approach uncovers key degradation models and their application to accelerated testing. Demonstrates how thermodynamic degradation models accounts for cumulative stress environments, effect statistical reliability distributions, and are key for reliability test planning. Provides coverage of the four types of Physics of Failure Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xvi About the Author xvii Preface xviii 1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation Science 1 1.1 Introduction to a New Science 1 1.2 Categorizing Physics of Failure Mechanisms 2 1.3 Entropy Damage Concept 3 1.3.1 The System (Device) and its Environment 4 1.3.2 Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes Cause Damage 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Work 6 1.5 Thermodynamic State Variables and their Characteristics 7 1.6 Thermodynamic Second Law in Terms of System Entropy Damage 9 1.6.1 Thermodynamic Entropy Damage Axiom 11 1.6.2 Entropy and Free Energy 13 1.7 Work, Resistance, Generated Entropy, and the Second Law 14 1.8 Thermodynamic Catastrophic and Parametric Failure 16 1.8.1 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Aging States in Terms of the Free Energy or Entropy Change 16 1.9 Repair Entropy 17 1.9.1 Example 1.1: Repair Entropy: Relating Non-Damage Entropy Flow to Entropy Damage 17 Summary 18 References 22 2 Applications of Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation to Complex and Simple Systems: Entropy Damage, Vibration, Temperature, Noise Analysis, and Thermodynamic Potentials 23 2.1 Cumulative Entropy Damage Approach in Physics of Failure 23 2.1.1 Example 2.1: Miner’s Rule Derivation 25 2.1.2 Example 2.2: Miner’s Rule Example 26 2.1.3 Non-Cyclic Applications of Cumulative Damage 27 2.2 Measuring Entropy Damage Processes 27 2.3 Intermediate Thermodynamic Aging States and Sampling 29 2.4 Measures for System-Level Entropy Damage 29 2.4.1 Measuring System Entropy Damage with Temperature 29 2.4.2 Example 2.3: Resistor Aging 30 2.4.3 Example 2.4: Complex Resistor Bank 31 2.4.4 System Entropy Damage with Temperature Observations 32 2.4.5 Example 2.5: Temperature Aging of an Operating System 32 2.4.6 Comment on High-Temperature Aging for Operating and Non-Operating Systems 32 2.5 Measuring Randomness due to System Entropy Damage with Mesoscopic Noise Analysis in an Operating System 33 2.5.1 Example 2.6: Gaussian Noise Vibration Damage 35 2.5.2 Example 2.7: System Vibration Damage Observed with Noise Analysis 36 2.6 How System Entropy Damage Leads to Random Processes 37 2.6.1 Stationary versus Non-Stationary Entropy Process 40 2.7 Example 2.8: Human Heart Rate Noise Degradation 41 2.8 Entropy Damage Noise Assessment Using Autocorrelation and the Power Spectral Density 42 2.8.1 Noise Measurements Rules of Thumb for the PSD and R 43 2.8.2 Literature Review of Traditional Noise Measurement 44 2.8.3 Literature Review for Resistor Noise 48 2.9 Noise Detection Measurement System 48 2.9.1 System Noise Temperature 49 2.9.2 Environmental Noise Due to Pollution 50 2.9.3 Measuring System Entropy Damage using Failure Rate 50 2.10 Entropy Maximize Principle: Combined First and Second Law 51 2.10.1 Example 2.9: Thermal Equilibrium 52 2.10.2 Example 2.10: Equilibrium with Charge Exchange 53 2.10.3 Example 2.11: Diffusion Equilibrium 55 2.10.4 Example 2.12: Available Work 55 2.11 Thermodynamic Potentials and Energy States 57 2.11.1 The Helmholtz Free Energy 58 2.11.2 The Enthalpy Energy State 60 2.11.3 The Gibbs Free Energy 60 2.11.4 Summary of Common Thermodynamic State Energies 62 2.11.5 Example 2.13: Work, Entropy Damage, and Free Energy Change 62 2.11.6 Example 2.14: System in Contact with a Reservoir 65 Summary 68 References 76 3 NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science Assessment Using the Work Concept 77 3.1 Equilibrium versus Non-Equilibrium Aging Approach 77 3.1.1 Conjugate Work and Free Energy Approach to Understanding Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation 78 3.2 Application to Cyclic Work and Cumulative Damage 79 3.3 Cyclic Work Process, Heat Engines, and the Carnot Cycle 81 3.4 Example 3.1: Cyclic Engine Damage Quantified Using Efficiency 84 3.5 The Thermodynamic Damage Ratio Method for Tracking Degradation 86 3.6 Acceleration Factors from the Damage Ratio Principle 87 Summary 89 References 92 4 Applications of NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science to Mechanical Systems: Accelerated Test and CAST Equations, Miner’s Rule, and FDS 93 4.1 Thermodynamic Work Approach to Physics of Failure Problems 93 4.2 Example 4.1: Miner’s Rule 93 4.2.1 Acceleration Factor Modification of Miner’s Damage Rule 95 4.3 Assessing Thermodynamic Damage in Mechanical Systems 96 4.3.1 Example 4.2: Creep Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 96 4.3.2 Example 4.3: Wear Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 99 4.3.3 Example 4.4: Thermal Cycle Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 101 4.3.4 Example 4.5: Mechanical Cycle Vibration Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 102 4.3.5 Example 4.6: Cycles to Failure under a Resonance Condition: Q Effect 105 4.4 Cumulative Damage Accelerated Stress Test Goal: Environmental Profiling and Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Equations 107 4.5 Fatigue Damage Spectrum Analysis for Vibration Accelerated Testing 108 4.5.1 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Sine Vibration Accelerated Testing 109 4.5.2 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Random Vibration Accelerated Testing 110 Summary 111 References 117 5 Corrosion Applications in NE Thermodynamic Degradation 118 5.1 Corrosion Damage in Electrochemistry 118 5.1.1 Example 5.1: Miner’s Rule for Secondary Batteries 119 5.2 Example 5.2: Chemical Corrosion Processes 121 5.2.1 Example 5.3: Numerical Example of Linear Corrosion 123 5.2.2 Example 5.4: Corrosion Rate Comparison of Different Metals 124 5.2.3 Thermal Arrhenius Activation and Peukert’s Law 124 5.3 Corrosion Current in Primary Batteries 126 5.3.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Condition: Nernst Equation 127 5.4 Corrosion Rate in Microelectronics 128 5.4.1 Corrosion and Chemical Rate Processes Due to Temperature 129 Summary 130 References 133 6 Thermal Activation Free Energy Approach 134 6.1 Free Energy Roller Coaster 134 6.2 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent (TAT) Degradation Model 135 6.2.1 Arrhenius Aging Due to Small Parametric Change 136 6.3 Free Energy Use in Parametric Degradation and the Partition Function 138 6.4 Parametric Aging at End of Life Due to the Arrhenius Mechanism: Large Parametric Change 140 Summary 141 References 143 7 TAT Model Applications: Wear, Creep, and Transistor Aging 144 7.1 Solving Physics of Failure Problems with the TAT Model 144 7.2 Example 7.1: Activation Wear 144 7.3 Example 7.2: Activation Creep Model 146 7.4 Transistor Aging 148 7.4.1 Bipolar Transistor Beta Aging Mechanism 148 7.4.2 Capacitor Leakage Model for Base Leakage Current 149 7.4.3 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent Model for Transistors and Dielectric Leakage 150 7.4.4 Field-Effect Transistor Parameter Degradation 152 Summary 154 References 156 8 Diffusion 157 8.1 The Diffusion Process 157 8.2 Example 8.1: Describing Diffusion Using Equilibrium Thermodynamics 157 8.3 Describing Diffusion Using Probability 159 8.4 Diffusion Acceleration Factor with and without Temperature Dependence 161 8.5 Diffusion Entropy Damage 161 8.5.1 Example 8.2: Package Moisture Diffusion 162 8.6 General Form of the Diffusion Equation 163 Summary 164 Reference 166 9 How Aging Laws Influence Parametric and Catastrophic Reliability Distributions 167 9.1 Physics of Failure Influence on Reliability Distributions 167 9.2 Log Time Aging (or Power Aging Laws) and the Lognormal Distribution 168 9.3 Aging Power Laws and the Weibull Distribution: Influence on Beta 171 9.4 Stress and Life Distributions 175 9.4.1 Example 9.1: Cumulative Distribution Function as a Function of Stress 176 9.5 Time- (or Stress-) Dependent Standard Deviation 177 Summary 178 References 180 10 The Theory of Organization: Final Thoughts 181 Special Topics A: Key Reliability Statistics 183 A.1 Introduction 183 A.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 183 A.2 The Key Reliability Functions 184 A.3 More Information on the Failure Rate 186 A.4 The Bathtub Curve and Reliability Distributions 187 A.4.1 Exponential Distribution 188 A.4.2 Weibull Distribution 190 A.4.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 191 A.4.4 The Lognormal Reliability Function 194 A.5 Confidence Interval for Normal Parametric Analysis 195 A.5.1 Example A.4: Power Amplifier Confidence Interval 196 A.6 Central Limit Theorem and Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.1 Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.2 Example A.5: Cpk and Yield for the Power Amplifiers 197 A.7 Catastrophic Analysis 199 A.7.1 Censored Data 199 A.7.2 Example A.6: Weibull and Lognormal Analysis of Semiconductors 199 A.7.3 Example A.7: Mixed Modal Analysis Inflection Point Method 201 A.8 Reliability Objectives and Confidence Testing 203 A.8.1 Chi-Squared Confidence Test Planning for Few Failures: The Exponential Case 204 A.8.2 Example A.8: Chi-Squared Accelerated Test Plan 205 A.9 Comprehensive Accelerated Test Planning 205 References 206 Special Topics B: Applications to Accelerated Testing 207 B.1 Introduction 207 B.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 208 B.1.2 Using the Arrhenius Acceleration Model for Temperature 209 B.1.3 Example B.2: Estimating the Activation Energy 211 B.1.4 Example B.3: Estimating Mean Time to Failure from Life Test 212 B.2 Power Law Acceleration Factors 212 B.2.1 Example B.4: Generalized Power Law Acceleration Factors 214 B.3 Temperature–Humidity Life Test Model 214 B.3.1 Temperature–Humidity Bias and Local Relative Humidity 215 B.4 Temperature Cycle Testing 216 B.4.1 Example B.6: Using the Temperature Cycle Model 217 B.5 Vibration Acceleration 217 B.5.1 Example B.7: Accelerated Testing Using Sine and Random Vibration 220 B.6 Multiple-Stress Accelerated Test Plans for Demonstrating Reliability 220 B.6.1 Example B.8: Designing Multi-Accelerated Tests Plans: Failure-Free 221 B.7 Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equations Usage in Environmental Profiling 222 B.7.1 Example B.9: Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equation in Environmental Profiling 222 References 223 Special Topics C: Negative Entropy and the Perfect Human Engine 224 C.1 Spontaneous Negative Entropy: Growth and Repair 224 C.2 The Perfect Human Engine: How to Live Longer 225 C.2.1 Differences and Similarities of the Human Engine to Other Systems 226 C.2.2 Knowledge of Cyclic Work to Improve Our Chances of a Longer Life 226 C.2.3 Example C.1: Exercise and the Human Heart Life Cycle 228 C.3 Growth and Self-Repair Part of the Human Engine 229 C.3.1 Example C.2: Work for Human Repair 230 C.4 Act of Spontaneous Negative Entropy 231 C.4.1 Repair Aging Rate: An RC Electrical Model 232 References 233 Overview of New Terms, Equations, and Concepts 234 Index 236

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Book SynopsisReal-world reservoirs are layered, heterogeneous and anisotropic, exposed to water and gas drives, faults, barriers and fractures. They are produced by systems of vertical, deviated, horizontal and multilateral wells whose locations, sizes, shapes and topologies are dictated on the fly, at randomby petroleum engineers and drillers at well sites. Wells may be pressure or rate-constrained, with these roles re-assigned during simulation with older laterals shut-in, newer wells drilled and brought on stream, and so on. And all are subject to steady and transient production, each satisfying different physical and mathematical laws, making reservoir simulation an art difficult to master and introducing numerous barriers to entry. All of these important processes can now be simulated in any order using rapid, stable and accurate computational models developed over two decades. And what if it were further possible to sketch complicated geologies and lithologies, plus equally complex Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 Reservoir Modeling – Background and Overview 1 Overview 1 Reservoir modeling landscape 1 Reflections on simulation and modeling 2 Reservoir Flow Algorithms for Petroleum Engineers 3 Multisim™ Features – Advanced Interactive Reservoir Modeling 8 Reservoir description 9 Well system modeling 9 Additional simulator features 9 Simple Wells to Multilateral Systems for Laymen 10 Advanced Graphics for Color Display 17 Tracer Movement in Three-Dimensional Reservoirs 21 2 Mathematical Modeling Ideas, Numerical Methods and Software 25 Overview and Background 25 Formulation errors 25 I/O problems 26 Fundamental Issues and Problems 26 Numerical stability 27 Inadequacies of the von Neumann test 28 Convergence 28 Physical resolution 29 Direct solvers 29 Modern simulation requirements 30 Pressure constraints 32 Flow rate constraints 32 Object-oriented geobodies 33 Plan for remaining sections 33 Governing Equations and Numerical Formulation 33 Steady flows of liquids 33 Difference equation formulation 34 The iterative scheme 35 Modeling well constraints for liquids 36 Steady and unsteady nonlinear gas flows 38 Steady gas flows 39 Well constraints for gas flows 40 Transient, compressible flows 42 Compaction, consolidation and subsidence 44 Boundary conforming grids 45 Stratigraphic meshes for layered media 46 Modeling wellbore storage 47 Early 1990s Validation Calculations 48 Simulation capabilities 48 Data structures and programming 49 Example 2-1. Convergence acceleration, two deviated horizontal gas wells in a channel sand 49 Example 2-2. Dual-lateral horizontal completion in a fractured, dipping, heterogeneous, layered formation 53 Example 2-3. Stratigraphic grids, drilling dome-shaped structures 56 Example 2-4. Simulating-while-drilling horizontal gas wells through a dome-shaped reservoir 58 Example 2-5. Modeling wellbore storage effects and compressible borehole flow transients 64 3 Simulation Capabilities – User Interface with Basic Well 71 Example 3-1. Single vertical well, user interface and menu structure for steady flow 71 Example 3-2. Volume flow rate constraint at a well 91 Example 3-3. Pressure constraint and transient shut-in 94 Example 3-4. Heterogeneities, anisotropy and multiple wells 110 Example 3-5. Reversing well constraints – consistency check 128 Example 3-6. Changing farfield boundary conditions 131 Example 3-7. Fluid depletion in a sealed reservoir 135 Example 3-8. Depletion in rate constrained well in sealed reservoir 147 Example 3-9. Steady flow from five spot pattern 148 Example 3-10. Drilling additional wells while simulating 153 4 Vertical, Deviated, Horizontal and Multilateral Well Systems 175 Overview, 175 Example 4-1. Multilateral and vertical wells in multilayer media 176 Example 4-2. Dual lateral with transient operations 204 Example 4-3. Producer and injector conversions 239 Example 4-4. Production with top and bottom drives 265 Example 4-5. Transient gas production from dual horizontal with wellbore storage effects 275 5 Well Models and Productivity Indexes 290 Radial vs 3D modeling - loss of wellbore resolution 290 Analogies in computational aerodynamics 291 Curvilinear grids in reservoir simulation 293 Productivity index modeling 295 References 296 Index 308 About the Author 312 Professional interests 312 Scientific book publications 313 United States patents 314 Recent patent applications 315 International and domestic patents 315 Journal articles and conference publications 318 Multisim‘ Software Order 326 Features 326 Licensing options 327 Disclaimer 328

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Book SynopsisFossil fuels, especially petroleum, are still the primary energy source all over the world. With the advent of hydraulic fracturing (i.e. fracking), directional drilling, and other technological advances, petroleum and reservoir engineers all over the world have been able to produce much greater results, in much more difficult areas, than ever before, to meet higher global demand. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is one of the hottest and most important topics in this industry. New technologies and processes must be continually discovered and developed, even as renewable energy begins to grow and become more fruitful, as the demand for more and more energy continues to grow worldwide. This groundbreaking and highly anticipated study discusses the scientific fundamentals of resonance macro- and micro-mechanics of petroleum reservoirs and its petroleum industry applications. It contains an overview of the research and engineering results of resonance macro- and micro-mechanics of peTable of ContentsPreface xiii Introduction: A Brief Historical Background and Description of the Problem xvii 1 Scientific Foundation for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Production Stimulation 1 1.1 The Practical Results of Near-Wellbore Formation Cleaning by Wave Stimulation 1 1.2 The Scientific Fundamentals of the First-Generation Wave Technology for Stimulation of Production Processes 7 1.2.1 Large-Scale Laboratory Experiments at Shell Test Facilities 8 1.2.2 Resonances in Near-Wellbore Formation. Resonances in Perforations 12 1.2.3 Excitation of Oscillations in Micro-Pores by One- Dimensional Longitudinal Macro-Waves in a Medium. Resonances. Transformation of Micro-Oscillations in Pores to Macro-Flows of Fluid. Th e Capillary Effect 15 1.2.4 Cleaning of Horizontal Wells 18 1.2.5 Preliminary Results 20 1.3 Stimulation of Entire Reservoirs by First-Generation Wave Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Resonance Macro- and Micro-Mechanics of Petroleum Reservoirs: A Scientific Foundation for Enhanced Oil Recovery 21 2 Remove Micro-Particles by Harmonic External Actions 27 2.1 An Analysis of the Forces Acting on Pore-Contaminating Particles under a Harmonic External Action 27 2.2 Conditions for the Detachment of a Solid Particle from the Wall of a Pore under Harmonic External Action 30 2.3 The Criterion of Successful Harmonic Wave Stimulation. Criterion Determination Procedure 39 2.4 Summary 43 3 Remove Micro-Particles by Impact Waves 45 3.1 Determining Flow Parameters behind an Impact Wave 46 3.2 Assessing the Forces That Act on a Particle as the Front of an Impact Wave Is Passing 51 3.3 Conditions for the Detachment of a Solid Particle from the Wall of a Pore under the Action of a Passing Impact Wave 53 3.4 The Criterion for Successful Wave Stimulation by Impact Waves. Criterion Determination Procedure 58 3.5 Summary 61 4 The Wave Mechanisms of Motion of Capillary-Trapped Oil 63 4.1 The Conditions for the Detachment of a Droplet from the Wall of a Pore 64 4.2 The Case of Harmonic Action on a Capillary-Trapped Droplet 66 4.3 The Case of Impact Wave Action on a Capillary-Trapped Droplet 70 4.4 Summary 72 5 Action of Wave Forces on Fluid Droplets and Solid Particles in Pore Channels 73 5.1 The Mechanism of Trapping of Large Oil Droplets in a Waterflooded Reservoir. Propulsion of Droplets by One-Dimensional Nonlinear Wave Forces 73 5.2 The Average Flow of Fluid Caused by Oscillations in a Saturated Porous Medium with a Stationary Matrix and Inhomogeneous Porosity 76 5.2.1 The Statement of the Problem 76 5.2.2 Calculation Results 79 5.3 Fluid Flows Caused by Oscillations in Cone-Shaped Pores 84 5.3.1 The Statement of the Problem 84 5.3.2 Calculation Results 88 6 The Mobilization of Droplets and Blobs of Capillary-Trapped Oil from Microcavities 91 6.1 The Mathematical Statement of the Problem 91 6.2 The Natural Frequency of Gravity-Capillary Waves on Oil-Water and Oil-Surfactant Interfaces in Pores 95 6.3 Interface Instability Range 97 6.4 Oil-Water Interface Instability 98 6.5 Oil-Surfactant Interface Instability 102 7 Statements and Substantiations of Waveguide Mechanics of Porous Media 105 7.1 Resonance Mechanisms Possible in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media 105 7.2 Resonance of Two-Dimensional Axially Symmetric Waves in Horizontal Layers of Reservoir. Efficient and Directed Excitation of Wave Energy in Target Sub-Layers 108 7.3 Resonance of Two-dimensional Plane Waves in Reservoir Compartmentalizing Strike-Slip Faults and Fractured Zones 114 7.3.1 The Mathematical Model of a Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium 115 7.3.2 The Statement of the Problem and Solution Procedure 118 7.3.3 Damping Decrements of Waves in a Natural Vertical Waveguide 121 7.3.4 Statement of a Resonance Waveguide Problem and Its Substantiation for Porous Media. Introduction 127 7.3.5 Resonances. Waveguide Processes in Porous Media with Heterogeneities. Th e Distribution of Forces Acting on Pore-Contaminating Solid Particles and Capillary-Trapped Oil Droplets in a Waveguide 132 7.4 Linked Waveguides in Compartmentalized Reservoirs. The Transfer of Oscillations into Reservoir Inner Zones under Multidimensional Resonance Conditions 141 7.4.1 The Statement of the Problem of Forced OneDimensional Oscillations in Linked Sections of a Multi-Phase Medium under Resonance Conditions 142 7.4.2 The Results of Mathematical Simulation 144 7.5 Experimental Determination of Resonant Frequencies of a Reservoir. Practical Recommendations for Selecting Controlled Means and Oscillation/Wave Generators 145 8 The Resonant and Waveguide Characteristics of a Well 151 8.1 Selecting Wave Parameters for Stimulation of Horizontal Wells 153 8.1.1 Scientifi c Fundamentals 153 8.1.2 Practical Recommendations on Stimulation of Horizontal Wells 158 8.2 Near-Wellbore Stimulation. The Induction of Resonance 159 8.2.1 Resonances in the Wellbore Section between the Oscillation Generator and the Bottom. Using Waves to Transfer Wave Energy 159 8.2.2 Practical Recommendations for Stimulation of the Near-Wellbore Formation Zone 162 9 Experimental Study of Wave Action on a Fluid-Filled Porous Medium 165 9.1 Experimental Study of the Potential to Clean up the Near-Wellbore Formation Zone from Contamination using Wave Stimulation 165 9.1.1 Test Equipment and Methodology 166 9.1.2 The Results of Cleanup from Clay Mud 169 9.1.3 The Results of Cleanup from Clay-Polymer Mud 171 9.1.4 Summary 173 9.2 The Experimental Study of the Eff ect of Shock Waves on the Displacement of Hydrocarbons by Water in a Porous Medium. Connected Wells 173 9.2.1 The Test Equipment 174 9.2.2 A Theoretical Analysis of the Propagation of Waves Generated by a Shock-Wave Valve in the Test Facilities and Evaluation of the Forces Caused by the Wave Action 177 9.2.3 The Methodology of Tests 180 9.2.4 Results of Flow Acceleration Tests 181 9.2.5 The Effect of Wave Stimulation on Connected Wells 185 9.2.6 Summary 186 Conclusion 189 References 195 Index 201

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Book SynopsisPetroleum and natural gas still remain the single biggest resource for energy on earth. Even as alternative and renewable sources are developed, petroleum and natural gas continue to be, by far, the most used and, if engineered properly, the most cost-effective and efficient, source of energy on the planet. Contrary to some beliefs, the industry can, in fact, be sustainable, from an environmental, economic, and resource perspective. Petroleum and natural gas are, after all, natural sources of energy and do not have to be treated as pariahs. This groundbreaking new text describes hydrocarbons in basement formations, how they can be characterized and engineered, and how they can be engineered properly, to best achieve sustainability. Covering the basic theories and the underlying scientific concepts, the authors then go on to explain the best practices and new technologies and processes for utilizing basement formations for the petroleum and natural gas industries. Covering all of theTable of ContentsForeword xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Summary 1 1.2 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 2 1.3 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 4 1.4 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source? 5 1.5 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon? 6 1.6 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 8 1.7 What are we Missing Out? 8 1.8 Predicting the Future? 10 1.9 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 10 2 Organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 11 2.0 Introduction 11 2.1 Sources of Hydrocarbon 13 2.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Petroleum Fluids 29 2.3 What is a Natural Energy Source? 34 2.4 The Science of Water and Petroleum 39 2.5 Comparison between Water and Petroleum 42 2.6 Combustion and Oxidation 57 2.6.1 Petroleum 59 2.6.2 Natural Gas 60 2.6.3 Natural Gas Hydrates 62 2.6.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 63 2.6.5 Coal 65 2.6.6 Oil Shale 65 2.6.7 Wax 66 2.6.8 Biomass 67 3 Non-organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 69 3.0 Introduction 69 3.1 Theories of Non-organic Origin of Basement Petroleum 70 3.2 Formation of Magma 72 3.2.1 Magma Escape Routes 73 3.2.2 Magma Chamber 74 3.2.3 Types of Magma 78 3.2.3.1 Mafic Magma 80 3.2.3.2 Intermediate Magma 80 3.2.3.3 Felsic Magma 81 3.3 The Composition of Magma 82 3.4 The Dynamics of Magma 85 3.5 Water in the Mantle 103 3.6 The Carbon Cycle and Hydrocarbon 108 3.7 Role of Magma During the Formation of Hydrocarbon from Organic Sources 118 3.8 Abiogenic Petroleum Origin Theory 119 3.8.1 Diamond as Source of Hydrocarbons 128 3.8.2 Oil and Gas Deposits in the Precambrian Crystalline Basement 132 3.8.3 Supergiant Oil and Gas Accumulations 138 3.8.4 Gas Hydrates – the Greatest Source of Abiogenic Petroleum 142 4 Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 147 4.0 Summary 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Natural and Artificial Fractures 151 4.2.1 Overall in Situ Stress Orientations 161 4.3 Developing Reservoir Characterization Tools for Basement Reservoirs 162 4.4 Origin of Fractures 171 4.5 Seismic Fracture Characterization 178 4.5.1 Effects of Fractures on Normal Moveout (NMO) Velocities and P-wave Azimuthal AVO Response 181 4.5.2 Effects of Fracture Parameters on Properties of Anisotropic Parameters and P-wave NMO Velocities 182 4.6 Reservoir Characterization During Drilling 185 4.6.1 Overbalanced Drilling 191 4.6.2 Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) 193 4.7 Reservoir Characterization with Image Log and Core Analysis 202 4.7.1 Geophysical Logs 205 4.7.1.1 Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) 213 4.7.1.2 Petrophysical Data Analysis using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 220 4.7.2 Core Analysis 228 4.8 Major Forces of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 237 4.9 Reservoir Heterogeneity 255 4.9.1 Filtering Permeability Data 263 4.9.2 Total Volume Estimate 267 4.9.3 Estimates of Fracture Properties 268 4.10 Special Considerations for Shale 268 5 Case Studies of Fractured Basement Reservoirs 273 5.0 Summary 273 5.1 Introduction 274 5.2 Geophysical Tools 282 5.2.1 Scale Considerations in Logging Fracture Rocks 283 5.2.2 Fracture Applications of Conventional Geophysical Logs 284 5.2.3 Borehole Techniques 290 5.2.3.1 Borehole Wall Imaging 291 5.2.4 Micro Log Analysis 294 5.2.4.1 High-definition Formation Microimager 295 5.2.4.2 Micro-Conductivity Imager Tool (MCI) 299 5.2.4.3 Multistage Geometric Analysis Method 300 5.2.5 Fracture Identifications using Neural Networks 303 5.3 Petro-physics in Fracture Modeling, Special Logs and their Importance 303 5.3.1 Measurement While Drilling (MWD) 303 5.3.1.1 Formation Properties 305 5.3.2 Mud Logging 306 5.3.2.1 Objectives of Mud Logging 306 5.3.2.2 Mud Losses into Natural Fractures 307 5.3.3 Conventional Logging 308 5.3.3.1 Resistivity Logging 308 5.3.3.2 Porosity Logging 308 5.3.3.3 Combination Tools 308 5.3.3.4 Cased-Hole Logging 309 5.3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultra Sonography 309 5.3.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 309 5.3.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 310 5.3.4.3 Ultra-Sonography 311 5.4 Case Study of Vietnam 312 5.5 Case Studies from USA 323 5.5.1 Tuning/Vertical Resolution Analysis 327 5.5.2 Conclusion on Case Study 329 5.5.3 Geological Techniques 329 5.5.3.1 Data and Methods 330 5.5.3.2 Distinguishing Natural Fractures from Induced Fractures and their Well-Logging Response Features 333 5.5.3.3 Analysis of well-Logging Responses to Fractures and Establishment of Interpretation Model 334 5.5.3.4 Distribution of Natural Fracture 335 6 Scientific Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 337 6.1 Summary 337 6.2 Introduction 338 6.3 Characteristic Time 342 6.4 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 349 6.5 Redefining Force and Energy 351 6.5.1 Energy 351 6.6 Natural Energy vs. Artificial Energy 362 6.7 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 368 6.8 Organic Origin of Petroleum 397 6.9 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 403 6.10 Placement of Basement Reservoirs in the Energy Picture 414 6.10.1 Reserve Growth Potential of Basement Oil/Gas 424 6.10.2 Reservoir Categories in the United States 425 6.10.2.1 Eolian Reservoirs 427 6.10.2.2 Interconnected Fluvial, Deltaic, and Shallow Marine Reservoirs 434 6.10.2.3 Deeper Marine Shales 440 6.10.2.4 Marine Carbonate Reservoirs 443 6.10.2.5 Submarine Fan Reservoir 446 6.10.2.6 Fluvial Reservoir 446 6.10.3 Quantitative Measures of Well Production Variability 451 7 Overview of Reservoir Simulation of Basement Reservoirs 459 7.1 Summary 459 7.2 Introduction 460 7.2.1 Vugs and Fractures Together (Triple Porosity): 465 7.3 Meaningful Modeling 466 7.4 Essence of Reservoir Simulation 468 7.4.1 Assumptions behind Various Modeling Approaches 469 7.4.1.1 Material Balance Equation 471 7.4.1.2 Decline Curve 473 7.4.1.3 Statistical Method 482 7.4.1.4 Finite Difference Methods 487 7.5 Modeling Fractured Networks 493 7.5.1 Introduction 493 7.5.2 Double Porosity Models 493 7.5.2.1 The Baker Model 495 7.5.2.2 The Warren-Root Model 1963 496 7.5.2.3 The Kazemi Model 496 7.5.3 The De Swaan Model 497 7.5.4 Modeling of Double Porosity Reservoirs 497 7.5.5 Dimensionless Variables 498 7.5.6 Influence of Double-Porosity Parameters 501 7.5.6.1 Influence of ω: 502 7.5.6.2 Influence of λ: 502 7.6 Double Permeability Models 504 7.6.1 Basic Assumptions for Double Permeability Model 505 7.6.2 Dimensionless Variables 507 7.6.3 Double Permeability Behavior when the two Layers are Producing 508 7.6.4 Influence of Double Permeability Parameters 508 7.6.4.1 Influence of κ and ω: 508 7.6.4.2 Influence of λ: 511 7.6.5 Double Permeability Behavior when only One Layer is Producing 511 7.7 Reservoir Simulation Data Input 514 7.8 Geological and Geophysical Modeling 516 7.9 Reservoir Characterization 518 7.9.1 Representative Elementary Volume, REV 520 7.9.2 Fluid and Rock Properties 523 7.9.2.1 Fluid Properties 523 7.10 Risk Analysis and Reserve Estimations 524 7.10.1 Special Conditions of Unconventional Reservoirs 524 7.10.1.1 Fluid Saturation 525 7.10.1.2 Transition Zones 525 7.10.1.3 Permeability-Porosity Relationships 525 7.10.1.4 Compressibility of the Fractured Reservoirs 526 7.10.1.5 Capillary Pressure 526 7.10.2 Recovery Mechanisms in Fractured Reservoirs 528 7.10.2.1 Expansion 528 7.10.2.2 Sudation 530 7.10.2.3 Convection and Diffusion 532 7.10.2.4 Multiphase Flow in the Fracture Network 532 7.10.2.5 Interplay of the Recovery Processes 533 7.10.2.6 Cyclic Water Injection 533 7.10.2.7 Localized Deformation of Fluid Contacts 534 7.10.3 Specific Aspects of a Fractured Reservoir 535 7.10.3.1 Material Balance Relationships 535 7.10.4 Migration of Hydrocarbons in a Fractured Reservoir and Associated Risks 538 7.10.4.1 The Case of Fracturing Followed by Hydrocarbon Migration 538 7.11 Recent Advances in Reservoir Simulation 542 7.11.1 Speed and Accuracy 542 7.11.2 New Fluid Flow Equations 543 7.11.3 Coupled Fluid Flow and Geo-Mechanical Stress Model 545 7.11.4 Fluid Flow Modeling under Thermal Stress 547 7.11.5 Challenges of Modeling Unconventional Gas Reservoirs 547 7.12 Comprehensive Modeling 556 7.12.1 Governing Equations 556 7.12.2 Darcy’s Model 557 7.12.3 Forchheimer’s Model 558 7.12.4 Modified Brinkman’s Model 561 7.12.5 The Comprehensive Model 564 7.13 Towards Solving Non-Linear Equations 568 7.13.1 Adomian Domain Decomposition Method 569 7.13.2 Governing Equations 571 7.14 Adomian Decomposition of Buckley-Leverett Equation 573 7.14.1 Discussion 576 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 581 8.1 Concluding Remarks 581 8.2 Answers to the Research Questions 582 8.2.1 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 582 8.2.2 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 582 8.2.3 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source for Basement Fluids? 583 8.2.4 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon? 583 8.2.5 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 583 8.2.6 What are we Missing Out? 584 8.2.7 Predicting the Future? 584 8.2.8 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 584 9 References and Bibliography 587 Index 619

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings volume contains a collection of 20 papers from the following symposia held during the 2015 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T ''15) meeting: 7th International Symposium on Green and Sustainable Technologies for Materials Manufacturing Processing Materials for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry Materials for Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion and Sequestration Hybrid Organic Inorganic Materials for Alternative Energy Table of ContentsPreface ix GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING "Commonization" of Materials: Guilty by Association 3Marsha S. Bischel, Amy A. Costello, and Tawnya R. Hultgren Experimental Research and Application of Copper Oxide Flotation using the Combined Collectors of Benzohydroxamic Acid and Butyl Xanthate 13Daixiong Chen, Jun Xiao, Chunming He, and Xiaodong Li Investigation of the Microstructural Evolution between Pellet and Sinter under the Conditions of an Oxygen Blast Furnace 27Wentao Guo, Qingguo Xue, Long Chen, Yingli Liu, Xuefeng She, and Jingsong Wang Novel Engineered Cementitious Materials by using Class C Fly Ash as a Cementitious Phase 35M. F. Riyad, M. Fuka, R. Lofthus, Q. Li, N. M. Patel, and S. Gupta Effects of Composition Changes on the Sintering Properties of Novel Steel Slag Ceramics 45Lihua Zhao, Yu Li, Feng Jiang, and Daqiang Cang Efficiency Gains in Powertrain Components by Molybdenum-Alloyed Special Steels 53Hardy Mohrbacher Niobium Carbide—An Innovative and Sustainable High-Performance Material for Tooling, Friction and Wear Applications 67Hardy Mohrbacher, Mathias Woydt, Jef Vleugels, and Shuigen Huang MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Microstructure of Yttria Doped Ceria as a Function of Oxalate Co-Precipitation Synthesis Conditions 83Laurent Brissonneau, Aurore Mathieu, Brigitte Tormos, and Anna Martin-Garin High Temperature Corrosion of Structural Alloys in Molten Li2BeF4 (FLiBe) Salt 93Guiqiu Zheng, David Carpenter, Lin-Wen Hu, and Kumar Sridharan Crack Initiation due to Liquid Metal Embrittlement for the Steel T91 and Two ODS Steels in Liquid Lead 103L. Rozumová, F. Di Gabriele, A. Hojná, and H. Hadraba NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ELECTRONICS, AND INDUSTRY Stabilization of Nano-Scale Nickel Electro-Catalysts at High Temperature 115David R. Driscoll and Stephen W. Sofie Nanotechnology Advancements and Applications 125Stephen Miranda The Sensing Properties of Fuzzy Carbon Nanotube Based Silica Fibers 139M. Radeti , P. Cortes, G. Kubas, Jim Cook, Ravi Chandra Reddy Gade, and T. Oder Nanomodified Low-Cost Biological Material for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 147L. Rozumová, J. Seidlerova, and I. Safarik MATERIALS ISSUES IN NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY Effects of Al2O3, B2O3, Li2O, Na2O, and SiO2 on Nepheline Crystallization in Hanford High Level Waste Glasses 161Jared O. Kroll, John D. Vienna, and Michael J. Schweiger Evolution of Repository, Container, Waste Form Characterization and Design at the Proposed US Disposal System in Volcanic Tuff 171Rob P. Rechard Effect of Hydration Heat on Iodine Distriution in Gypsum-Additive Calcium Aluminate Cement 185Tomofumi Sakuragi, Yu Yamashita, and Shigeto Kikuchi MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR CO2 CAPTURE, CONVERSION, AND SEQUESTRATION Porphyrin-Based Chemistry for Carbon Capture and Sequestration 201Lawrence P. Cook, Winnie Wong-Ng, and Greg Brewer Thermal Stability of Novel Multilayer Lanthanum Zirconate Based Thermal Barrier Coatings 223Xingye Guo, Zhe Lu, Yeon-Gil Jung, Li Li, James Knapp, and Jing Zhang HYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC MATERIALS FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Electrochemical Properties of Melting Gel Coatings 235L. C. Klein, A. Degnah, K. Al-Marzoki, G. Rodriguez, A. Jitianu, J. Mosa, and M. Aparicio Author Index 243

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Book SynopsisSince the first edition of Fracking was published, hydraulic fracturing has continued to be hotly debated. Credited with bringing the US and other countries closer to energy independence, and blamed for tainted drinking water and earthquakes, hydraulic fracturing (fracking) continues to be one of the hottest topics and fiercely debated issues in the energy industry and in politics. Covering all of the latest advances in fracking since the first edition was published, this expanded and updated revision still contains all of the valuable original content for the engineer or layperson to understand the technology and its ramifications. Useful not only as a tool for the practicing engineer solve day-to-day problems that come with working in hydraulic fracturing, it is also a wealth of information covering the possible downsides of what many consider to be a very valuable practice. Many others consider it dangerous, and it is important to see both sides of the argument, froTable of ContentsPreface xv An Introduction to Hydraulic Fracturing xvii 1 Environmental Impact – Reality and Myth and Nero Did Not Fiddle While Rome Burned 1 1.1 The Tower of Babel and How it Could be the Cause of Much of the Fracking Debate 2 2 Production Development 5 3 Fractures: Their Orientation and Length 11 3.1 Fracture Orientation 11 3.2 Fracture Length/ Height 13 4 Casing and Cementing 15 4.1 Blowouts 16 4.2 Surface Blowouts 17 4.3 Subsurface Blowouts 17 4.4 Horizontal Drilling 18 4.5 Fracturing and the Groundwater Debate 18 5 Pre-Drill Assessments 19 5.1 Basis of Design 21 6 Well Construction 23 6.1 Drilling 23 6.2 Completion 26 7 Well Operations 29 7.1 Well Plug and Abandonment “P&A” 30 7.2 Considerations 30 8 Failure and Contamination Reduction 43 8.1 Conduct Environmental Sampling Before and During Operations 43 8.2 Disclose the Chemicals Being Used in Fracking Operations 44 8.3 Ensure that Wellbore Casings are Properly Designed and Constructed 44 8.4 Eliminate Venting and Work Toward Green Completions 44 8.5 Prevent Flowback Spillage/Leaks 45 8.6 Dispose/Recycle Flowback Properly 45 8.7 Minimize Noise and Dust 45 8.8 Protect Workers and Drivers 46 8.9 Communicate and Engage 46 8.10 Record and Document 47 9 Frack Fluids and Composition 49 9.1 Uses and Needs for Frack Fluids 50 9.2 Common Fracturing Additives 50 9.3 Typical Percentages of Commonly Used Additives 53 9.4 Proppants 53 9.5 Silica Sand 55 9.6 Resin Coated Proppant 57 9.7 Manufactured Ceramics Proppants 58 9.8 Additional Types 58 9.9 Slickwater 59 10 So Where Do the Frack Fluids Go? 61 11 Common Objections to Drilling Operations 63 11.1 Noise 64 11.2 Changes in Landscape and Beauty of Surroundings 65 11.3 Increased Traffic 66 11.4 Subsurface Contamination of Ground Water 67 11.5 Impacts on Water Wells 67 11.6 Water Analysis 67 11.7 Types of Methane and What They Show Us 70 11.8 Biogenic 71 11.9 Thermogenic 71 11.10 Possible Causes of Methane in Water Wells 71 11.11 Surface Water and Soil Impacts 72 11.12 Spill Preparation and Documentation 72 11.13 Other Surface Impacts 73 11.14 Land Use Permitting 73 11.15 Water Usage and Management 74 11.16 Flowback Water 74 11.17 Produced Water 75 11.18 Flowback and Produced Water Management 76 11.19 Geological Shifts 76 11.20 Induced Seismic Event 77 11.21 Wastewater Disposal Wells 78 11.22 Site Remediation 78 11.23 Regulatory Oversight 78 11.24 Federal Level Oversight 79 11.25 State Level Oversight 79 11.26 Municipal Level Oversight 80 11.27 Examples of Legislation and Regulations 80 11.28 Frack Fluid Makeup Reporting 81 11.29 FracFocus 82 11.30 Atmospheric Emissions 83 12 Air Emissions Controls 85 12.1 Common Sources of Air Emissions 87 12.2 Fugitive Air Emissions 88 12.3 Silica Dust Exposure 89 12.4 Stationary Sources 89 12.5 The Clean Air Act 90 12.6 Regulated Pollutants 90 12.7 NAAQS Criteria Pollutants 91 12.8 Attainment Versus Non-attainment 91 12.9 Types of Federal Regulations 92 12.10 MACT/NESHAP HAPs 92 12.11 NSPS Regulations: 40 CFR Part 60 92 12.12 NSPS Subpart OOOO 93 12.13 Facilities/Activities Affected by NSPS OOOO 93 12.14 Other Types of Federal NSPS and NESHAP/MACT Regulations 95 12.15 NSPS Subpart IIII 95 12.16 NSPS Subpart JJJJ 95 12.17 NSPS Subpart KKK 95 12.18 MACT Subpart HH and Subpart HHH 95 12.19 MACT Subpart ZZZZ 96 12.20 Construction and Operating New Source Review Permits 96 12.21 Title V Permits 96 13 Chemicals and Products on Locations 99 13.1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 102 13.2 Contents of an MSDS 103 13.3 Product Identification 104 13.4 Hazardous Ingredients of Mixtures 104 13.5 Physical Data 105 13.6 Fire and Explosion Hazard Data 106 13.7 Health Hazard Data 106 13.8 Emergency and First Aid Procedures 107 13.9 Reactivity Data 107 13.10 Spill, Leak, and Disposal Procedures 107 13.11 Personal Protection Information 108 13.12 HCS 2012 Safety Data Sheets (SDS) 117 14 Public Perception, the Media, and the Facts 123 14.1 Regulation or Policy Topics: Media Coverage and Public Perception 128 15 Notes from the Field 137 15.1 Going Forward 150 16 Migration of Hydrocarbon Gases 153 16.1 Introduction 153 16.2 Geochemical Exploration for Petroleum 154 16.3 Primary and Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbons 157 16.3.1 Primary Gas Migration 157 16.3.2 Secondary Gas Migration 159 16.3.3 Gas Entrapment 159 16.4 Origin of Migrating Hydrocarbon Gases 161 16.4.1 Biogenic vs. Thermogenic Gas 161 16.4.1.1 Sources of Migrating Gases 161 16.4.1.2 Biogenic Methane 162 16.4.1.3 Thermogenic Methane Gas 165 16.4.2 Isotopic Values of Gases 167 16.4.3 Nonhydrocarbon Gases 168 16.4.4 Mixing of Gases 170 16.4.5 Surface Gas Sampling 172 16.4.6 Summary 172 16.5 Driving Force of Gas Movement 174 16.5.1 Density of a Hydrocarbon Gas under Pressure 174 16.5.2 Sample Problem (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company) 176 16.5.3 Other Methods of Computing Natural Gas Compressibility 177 16.5.4 Density of Water 181 16.5.5 Petrophysical Parameters Affecting Gas Migration 183 16.5.6 Porosity, Void Ratio, and Density 184 16.5.7 Permeability 188 16.5.8 Free and Dissolved Gas in Fluid 189 16.5.9 Quantity of Dissolved Gas in Water 191 16.6 Types of Gas Migration 192 16.6.1 Molecular Diffusion Mechanism 193 16.6.2 Discontinuous-Phase Migration of Gas 195 16.6.3 Minimum Height of Gas Column Necessary to Initiate Upward Gas Movement 198 16.6.4 Buoyant Flow 199 16.6.5 Sample Problem (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company) 200 16.6.6 Gas Columns 201 16.6.7 Sample Problem 2.2 (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company) 203 16.6.8 Continuous-Phase Gas Migration 204 16.7 Paths of Gas Migration Associated with Oilwells 207 16.7.1 Natural Paths of Gas Migration 209 16.7.2 Man-Made Paths of Gas Migration (boreholes) 211 16.7.3 Creation of Induced Fractures during Drilling 213 16.8 Wells Leaking Due to Cementing Failure 217 16.8.1 Breakdown of Cement 217 16.8.2 Cement Isolation Breakdown (Shrinkage—Circumferential Fractures) 217 16.8.3 Improper Placement of Cement 220 16.9 Environmental Hazards of Gas Migration 222 16.9.1 Explosive Nature of Gas 222 16.9.2 Toxicity of Hydrocarbon Gas 224 16.10 Migration of Gas from Petroleum Wellbores 227 16.10.1 Effect of Seismic Activity 228 16.11 Case Histories of Gas Migration Problems 228 16.11.1 Inglewood Oilfield, CA 230 16.11.2 Los Angeles City Oilfield, CA 231 16.11.2.1 Belmont High School Construction 233 16.11.3 Montebello Oilfield, CA 234 16.11.3.1 Montebello Underground Gas Storage 234 16.11.4 Playa Del Rey Oilfield, CA 235 16.11.4.1 Playa Del Rey underground Gas Storage 235 16.11.5 Salt Lake Oilfield, CA 238 16.11.5.1 Ross Dress for Less Department Store Explosion/Fire, Los Angeles, CA 238 16.11.5.2 Gilmore Bank 240 16.11.5.3 South Salt Lake Oilfield Gas Seeps from Gas Injection Project 241 16.11.5.4 Wilshire and Curson Gas Seep, Los Angeles, CA, 1999 241 16.11.6 Santa Fe Springs Oilfield, CA 241 16.11.7 El Segundo Oilfield, CA 244 16.11.8 Honor Rancho and Tapia Oilfields, CA 244 16.11.9 Sylmar, CA — Tunnel Explosion 244 16.11.10 Hutchinson, KS — Explosion and Fires 247 16.11.11 Huntsman Gas Storage, NE 247 16.11.12 Mont Belvieu Gas Storage Field, TX 248 16.11.13 Leroy Gas Storage Facility, WY 248 16.12 Conclusions 249 References and Bibliography 252 17 Subsidence as a Result of Gas/Oil/Water Production 261 17.1 Introduction 261 17.2 Theoretical Compaction Models 264 17.3 Theoretical Modeling of Compaction 270 17.3.1 Terzaghi’s Compaction Model 272 17.3.2 Athy’s Compaction Model 274 17.3.3 Hedberg’s Compaction Model 275 17.3.4 Weller’s Compaction Model 275 17.3.5 Teodorovich and Chernov’s Compaction Model 276 17.3.6 Beall’s Compaction Model 277 17.3.7 Katz and Ibrahim Compaction Model 277 17.4 Subsidence Over Oilfields 279 17.4.1 Rate of Subsidence 281 17.4.2 Effect of Earthquakes on Subsidence 282 17.4.3 Stress and Strain Distribution in Subsiding Areas 283 17.4.4 Calculation of Subsidence in Oilfields 286 17.4.5 Permeability Seals for Confined Aquifers 289 17.4.6 Fissures Caused by Subsidence 290 17.5 Case Studies of Subsidence over Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 292 17.5.1 Los Angeles Basin, CA, Oilfields, Inglewood Oilfield, CA 292 17.5.1.1 Baldwin Hills Dam Failure 294 17.5.1.2 Proposed Housing Development 297 17.5.2 Los Angeles City Oilfield, CA 297 17.5.2.1 Belmont High School Construction 297 17.5.3 Playa Del Rey Oilfield, CA 299 17.5.3.1 Playa Del Rey Marina Subsidence 299 17.5.4 Torrance Oilfield, CA 301 17.5.5 Redondo Beach Marina Area, CA 302 17.5.6 Salt Lake Oilfield, CA 303 17.5.7 Santa Fe Springs Oilfield, CA 305 17.5.8 Wilmington Oilfield, Long Beach, CA 306 17.5.9 North Stavropol Oilfield, Russia 318 17.5.10 Subsidence over Venezuelan Oilfields 324 17.5.10.1 Subsidence in the Bolivar Coastal Oilfields of Venezuela 325 17.5.10.2 Subsidence of Facilities 328 17.5.11 Po-Veneto Plain, Italy 335 17.5.11.1 Po Delta 336 17.5.12 Subsidence Over the North Sea Ekofisk Oilfield 343 17.5.12.1 Production 345 17.5.12.2 Ekofisk Field Description 346 17.5.12.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects 348 17.5.13 Platform Sinking 348 17.6 Concluding Remarks 350 References and Bibliography 351 18 Effect of Emission of CO2 and CH4 into the Atmosphere 361 18.1 Introduction 361 18.2 Historic Geologic Evidence 363 18.2.1 Historic Record of Earth’s Global Temperature 363 18.2.2 Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Content on Global Temperature 366 18.2.3 Sources of CO2 370 18.3 Adiabatic Theory 373 18.3.1 Modeling the Planet Earth 373 18.3.2 Modeling the Planet Venus 375 18.3.3 Anthropogenic Carbon Effect on the Earth’s Global Temperature 380 18.3.4 Methane Gas Emissions 383 18.3.5 Monitoring of Methane Gas Emissions 385 References 385 19 Fracking in the USA 389 Appendix A: Chemicals Used in Fracking 729 Appendix B: State Agency Web Addresses 907 Bibliography: 911 Index 913

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative and comprehensive guide to managing energy conservation in infrastructures Energy Conservation in Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Facilities offers an essential guide to the business models and engineering design frameworks for the implementation of energy conservation in infrastructures. The presented models of both physical and technological systems can be applied to a wide range of structures such as homes, hotels, public facilities, industrial facilities, transportation, and water/energy supply systems. The authorsnoted experts in the fieldexplore the key performance indicators that are used to evaluate energy conservation strategies and the energy supply scenarios as part of the design and operation of energy systems in infrastructures. The text is based on a systems approach that demonstrates the effective management of building energy knowledge and supports the simulation, evaluation, and optimization of several building energy conservation scenarios.Table of ContentsPREFACE XV AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHY XVII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXIII PART I ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS 1 ENERGY IN INFRASTRUCTURES 3Hossam A. Gabbar 1.1 Infrastructure Systems / 3 1.1.1 Infrastructure Classifications / 4 1.1.2 Infrastructure Systems / 4 1.2 Energy Systems in Residential Facilities / 5 1.3 Energy Systems in Commercial Facilities / 8 1.4 Energy Systems in Industrial Facilities / 8 1.5 Energy Systems in Transportation Infrastructures / 8 1.6 Energy Production and Supply Infrastructures / 11 1.7 Conclusion / 12 References / 13 2 BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (BEMS) / 15Khairy Sayed and Hossam A. Gabbar 2.1 Introduction / 15 2.2 BEMS (BMS) Control Systems Overview / 22 2.3 Benefits of Building Energy Management Systems / 24 2.4 BMS Architectures / 26 2.4.1 Plain Support for Energy Awareness / 26 2.4.2 Integration of Actuators and Environmental Sensors / 27 2.5 Energy Systems Monitoring / 29 2.5.1 Indirect Monitoring / 29 2.5.2 Direct Monitoring / 30 2.5.3 Hybrid Monitoring / 30 2.5.4 Comparison of Different Energy Monitoring Systems / 31 2.5.5 Devices for Energy Sensing / 31 2.5.6 Integrated Control of Active and Passive Heating, Cooling, Lighting, Shading, and Ventilation Systems / 32 2.5.7 Electricity Network Architectures / 33 2.6 Energy Savings from Building Energy Management Systems / 35 2.6.1 Energy Savings Opportunities / 36 2.6.2 The Intelligent Building Approach / 43 2.6.3 Energy Monitoring, Profiling, and Modeling / 44 2.7 Smart Homes / 45 2.7.1 Economic Feasibility and Likelihood of Widespread Adoption / 47 2.7.2 Smart Home Energy Management / 47 2.7.3 Assets and Controls / 48 2.8 Energy Saving in Smart Home / 51 2.8.1 Heating and Cooling / 51 2.8.2 Lights / 52 2.8.3 Automatic Timers / 52 2.8.4 Motion Sensors / 52 2.8.5 Light Dimmer / 52 2.8.6 Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs / 52 2.9 Managing Energy Smart Homes According to Energy Prices / 53 2.10 Smart Energy Monitoring Systems to Help in Controlling Electricity Bill / 56 2.11 Advancing Building Energy Management System to Enable Smart Grid Interoperation / 57 2.11.1 Smart Grid and Customer Interoperation / 58 2.11.2 Customer Interoperation and Energy Service / 59 2.12 Communication for BEMS / 60 2.12.1 Building Automation System / 61 2.12.2 Busses and Protocols / 62 2.13 Data Management for Building / 68 2.13.1 Main Functions of the Building Management System / 68 2.13.2 Planning of a Building Management System / 69 2.14 Power Management / 70 2.14.1 Levels of the Power Management System / 72 2.14.2 Switching Status Acquisition and Measurements in the Power Distribution / 72 2.14.3 Switchgear and Communications / 73 2.14.4 Power Management Module / 79 Abbreviations / 79 References / 80 3 SIMULATION-BASED ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF LOW-RISE BUILDINGS 85Farayi Musharavati, Shaligram Pokharel, and Hossam A. Gabbar 3.1 Introduction / 85 3.2 Simulation of Building Energy Performance / 87 3.3 Case Study I: Building Energy Simulation in Residential Buildings / 89 3.3.1 HEED / 89 3.3.2 Case Study Description / 89 3.4 Case Study II: Building Energy Simulation in Commercial Buildings (Shopping Mall) / 96 3.4.1 eQUEST / 97 3.4.2 Case Study Description / 97 3.4.3 Mall Occupancy / 98 3.4.4 Mall Lighting / 98 3.4.5 Mall Ventilation / 98 3.4.6 Mall Climate Control / 99 References / 106 PART II ENERGY SYSTEMS 4 FAST CHARGING SYSTEMS 111Hossam A. Gabbar and Ahmed M. Othman 4.1 Introduction / 111 4.2 Fast Charging versus Other Charging Approaches / 112 4.3 Fast Charging: Technologies and Trends / 114 4.3.1 Flywheel Technology / 115 4.3.2 Advantages of Flywheel / 115 4.3.3 Scalable Flywheel Technology / 116 4.4 Flywheel-Based Fast Charging System 116 4.4.1 Fast Charging Stations: Design Criteria / 116 4.4.2 Fast Charging Stations: Covering Factor / 116 4.4.3 Mobility Behavior / 117 4.4.4 Mobility Integrated Study / 117 4.5 FFCS Design / 118 4.5.1 FFCS: Multilevel Circuit Design / 119 4.5.2 Control of Flywheel by Hysteresis Controller / 119 4.6 Proposed System Design / 120 4.7 ROI and Benefits of FFCS / 121 4.8 Conclusions 122 Further Readings / 122 5 MICROINVERTER SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INFRASTRUCTURES 125Hossam A. Gabbar, Jason Runge, and Khairy Sayed 5.1 Introduction / 125 5.1.1 Global PV Trends / 126 5.1.2 Solar PV in Canada / 126 5.1.3 Problem Statement / 127 5.2 Background / 128 5.2.1 History of the Inverter / 128 5.2.2 Inverter Classification Based on Power Rating / 129 5.2.3 Inverter Market History / 129 5.2.4 Inverter Overview / 131 5.2.5 Grid Synchronization / 133 5.2.6 Key Performance Indicators / 134 5.3 Inverter Design / 136 5.3.1 Circuit Block Overview / 136 5.3.2 Solar Panel Used / 137 5.3.3 DC–DC Converter Subcircuit Design / 138 5.3.4 DC Link /140 5.3.5 Inverter Topology Subcircuit Design / 142 5.3.6 SPWM Design / 142 5.3.7 Filter Subcircuit Design / 143 5.3.8 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Loop Design / 147 5.3.9 Grid Synchronization – PLL Control Design / 149 5.3.10 300 W PSIM Circuit Design / 150 5.3.11 600 W Inverter Circuit Design / 151 5.3.12 Dual-Mode Inverter Design / 153 5.4 Simulation Results / 155 5.4.1 300 W Microinverter / 156 5.4.2 600 W Inverter / 157 5.4.3 Dual-Mode Inverter / 158 5.4.4 KPI Analysis / 163 5.5 Microinverter System Evaluation / 164 5.5.1 Key Performance Indicators / 164 5.5.2 Per Unit Key Performance Indication / 166 5.5.3 Resiliency Evaluation Methodology / 169 5.6 Case 0: Microinverter System / 170 5.7 Resiliency Controller Design / 171 5.7.1 Requirements / 172 5.7.2 Circuit Design / 172 5.8 Resiliency Case Study Design / 173 5.8.1 Need / 173 5.8.2 Assumptions / 174 5.8.3 Case 1: Two 300 W Inverters Paired Inside Single Inverter Unit / 174 5.8.4 Case 2: Extra 300 W Microinverter in Parallel to Microinverters / 179 5.8.5 Case 3: Backup 600 W Inverter Inside Paired Microinverters / 185 5.8.6 Case 4: Adjustable (300–600 W) Inverters Paired / 189 5.9 Results / 195 5.9.1 Summary of KPU / 195 5.9.2 Calculating and Mapping of PU-KPI / 197 5.10 Conclusion / 197 References / 198 PART III ENERGY CONSERVATION STRATEGIES 6 INTEGRATED PLANNING AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL OF RESILIENT MEG FOR OPTIMAL DERS SIZING AND ENHANCED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE 205Hossam A. Gabbar, Ahmed M. Othman, and Aboelsood Zidan 6.1 Introduction / 205 6.2 MEG Design with ESCL Demonstrations / 207 6.2.1 The Planning Stage / 208 6.2.2 The Operational Stage / 211 6.3 Enhanced Dynamic PID Control / 213 6.4 Backtracking Search Algorithm / 214 6.5 Case Study and Simulation Results / 217 6.6 Conclusions / 223 References / 223 7 PERSPECTIVES OF DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT UNDER SMART GRID CONCEPT 225Onur Elma and Hossam A. Gabbar 7.1 Introduction / 225 7.2 Description of the Demand-Side Management / 227 7.2.1 The Benefits of the DSM / 230 7.3 Demand Response / 231 7.3.1 Demand Response Programs / 232 7.3.2 Examples of Demand Response Applications / 232 7.3.3 Information about Demand Response Standards / 235 7.4 Smart Metering / 236 7.5 Dynamic Pricing / 239 7.6 Residential Demand Control: Home Energy Management / 239 7.7 Conclusion / 243 References / 245 8 RESILIENT BATTERY MANAGEMENT FOR BUILDINGS 249Hossam A. Gabbar and Ahmed M. Othman 8.1 Introduction / 249 8.2 Explorer of Smart Building Energy Automation (SBEA) / 250 8.3 SBEA Scopes and Specifications / 251 8.4 SBEA Structure / 253 8.4.1 Connection Structure / 253 8.4.2 Technical Specifications / 253 8.5 SBEA Control Strategy / 253 8.6 Communications and Data Analytics / 255 8.7 Technical Specifications / 256 8.8 Smart Building Energy Automation: SBEA / 258 8.8.1 Module Description / 258 8.8.2 Standards / 260 8.9 Saving with Solar and Battery Integration / 260 8.9.1 Residential Demands / 260 8.9.2 Commercial Demands / 261 8.10 SBEA Main Objectives / 261 8.11 SBEA Functions / 261 8.12 Current Control Module: SBEA / 262 8.13 Protection PCM Modules / 262 8.14 Management Control / 263 8.15 Battery Management and Control Variables 264 Further Readings / 266 9 CONTROL ARCHITECTURE OF RESILIENT INTERCONNECTED MICROGRIDS (RIMGS) FOR RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURES 267Hossam A. Gabbar, Ahmed M. Othman, and Kartikey Singh 9.1 Introduction / 267 9.2 Problem Statement / 269 9.3 ESCL MG Prototype / 271 9.4 Microgrid Supervisory Controller / 271 9.5 Control Strategy / 274 9.6 Scenarios with Simulations and Results / 275 9.7 Cost and Benefits / 279 9.8 Conclusions / 284 References / 284 10 NOVEL LIFETIME EXTENSION TECHNOLOGY FOR CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS USING SDN AND NFV 287Jun Wu and Shibo Luo 10.1 Introduction / 287 10.2 Background and Preliminaries / 289 10.2.1 Topology Control and Sleep-Mode Techniques / 289 10.2.2 Game Theory / 289 10.3 Proposed Mechanism / 289 10.3.1 Assumptions / 289 10.3.2 Methodology for NLES / 291 10.3.3 The Proposed Framework 292 10.3.4 Workflow at Run-Time of the Proposed Mechanism / 294 10.3.5 Messages Exchange Protocol between the Controller and Sensors / 295 10.4 Game Theoretic Topology Decision Approach / 296 10.4.1 Problem Formulation / 296 10.4.2 Existence of NE / 297 10.4.3 Game Procedure / 298 10.5 Evaluation and Analysis / 299 10.5.1 Algorithms Evaluation Setup / 299 10.5.2 Algorithms Evaluation Results / 300 10.5.3 Analysis of the Advantages for Traffic Volume Using SDN and NFV in CPS / 301 10.6 Conclusions and Future Work 302 Acknowledgment / 303 References / 303 11 ENERGY AUDIT IN INFRASTRUCTURES 305Shaligram Pokharel, Farayi Musharavati, and Hossam A. Gabbar 11.1 Introduction / 305 11.2 Types of Energy Audits / 307 11.3 Building Details for Energy Audits / 307 11.4 Basics for Lighting Audits / 308 11.5 Types of Lamps / 308 11.6 Luminaires / 309 11.7 Room Index / 311 11.8 Evaluating the Number of Lamps Required for an Activity / 311 11.9 Economics of Audit in Lighting / 312 Acknowledgment / 314 Index / 315

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Book SynopsisBiofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or fracking). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, so long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as biofuels and biofeedstocks is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the energy pie. Biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published aTable of Contents1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1 Opubo Gbanaye Benebo 1.1 Biofuel Production Background 1 1.1.1 General Limitations 2 1.1.2 Limitation of Cashcrop Raw Material 4 1.1.3 Limitations of Algae Raw Materials Remediation 5 1.1.4 Limitations Remediation 5 1.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 8 1.2.1 Algae Cultivation Assessment 8 1.2.2 Algal Cultivation Inefficiencies Remediation 11 1.2.3 Technology Development 12 1.2.4 Lessons from the Algae Biofuel Industry Collapse 13 1.2.5 Process Development Norms 14 1.2.6 Research Team 15 1.2.7 Alga Cultivation General Issues 16 1.2.8 Biofuel Process Technology 17 1.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 18 1.3.1 Cellular Reaction Kinetics Analysis 19 1.3.2 Cultivation Bench-Scale Model Design 20 1.3.3 Cultivation Bioreactor 21 1.3.4 Concentrator Harvesting of Cells 21 1.3.5 Cell Rupture Technology 21 1.3.6 BioFeedstock Separation Process 22 1.3.7 Bench-Scale Cultivation Process Technology 23 1.3.8 Process Technology Financial Viability Design 23 1.3.9 Process Technology Sustainability Engineering 24 1.3.10 Process Technology Optimization Engineering 25 1.3.11 Base Cultivation Process Technology 26 1.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26 1.4.1 Resourcing Algal Biomass 27 1.4.2 Microbes Nutrients-Feed Production 28 1.4.3 Fermentation Process Technology 28 1.4.4 Biodiesel Process Technology 29 1.4.5 Biorefinery Process Technology 29 1.4.6 Engineering Cost Impact Analysis 30 Acknowledgment 32 About the Author 33 References 34 2 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35 Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Algal Biomass Production 38 2.2.1 Growth Conditions 38 2.2.1.1 Temperature 38 2.2.1.2 Light Intensity 38 2.2.1.3 pH 39 2.2.1.4 Aeration and Mixing 39 2.2.1.5 Salinity 39 2.2.2 Photoautotrophic Production 40 2.2.2.1 Open Pond Production Pathway 40 2.2.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 40 2.2.3 Harvesting and Dewatering of Algal Biomass 42 2.2.3.1 Flocculation 42 2.2.3.2 Chemical Flocculation 42 2.2.3.3 Electroflocculation 42 2.2.3.4 Biofloculation 43 2.2.3.5 Magnetic Separation of Algae 43 2.2.3.6 Dissolved Air Flotation 43 2.2.3.7 Filtration 43 2.2.3.8 Centrifugation 43 2.2.3.9 Attachment/Biofilm-Based Systems 44 2.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 44 2.3.1 Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 45 2.3.2 Vertical Tubular Photobioreactors 45 2.3.2.1 Bubble Column 45 2.3.2.2 Airlift Reactors 46 2.3.3 Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactors 46 2.3.4 Flat Panel Photobioreactor 47 2.4 Algal Biofuels – Feedstock of the Future 48 2.4.1 Biohydrogen 49 2.4.2 Biobutanol 49 2.4.3 Jet Fuel 50 2.4.4 Biogas 50 2.4.5 Bioethanol 51 2.5 Biofuel Pathways 51 2.5.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 52 2.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 52 2.5.3 Alcoholic Fermentation 53 2.5.4 Biophotolysis 53 2.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 53 2.6.1 Algae in Human Nutrition 54 2.6.2 Algae in Animal and Aquaculture Feed 54 2.6.3 Algae as Fertilizer 55 2.6.4 Algae as Recombinant Protein 56 2.6.5 Algae as Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 56 2.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 57 2.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 58 2.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 61 2.10 Conclusion 63 References 64 3 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73 Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 75 3.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 76 3.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5 Sugars along with C6 Sugars 77 3.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 77 3.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 80 3.7 Conclusion 82 References 83 4 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89 Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Fast Pyrolysis 92 4.2.1 Principles 92 4.2.2 Reactors 92 4.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Bed 94 4.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Bed 94 4.2.2.3 Rotating Cone 100 4.2.2.4 Ablative Pyrolysis 100 4.2.2.5 Screw Reactor 101 4.2.2.6 Other Reaction Systems 102 4.2.3 Bio-Oil Composition and Properties 103 4.2.4 Factors Affecting on Biomass Pyrolysis 105 4.2.4.1 Feedstock 105 4.2.4.2 Biomass Pre-Treatment 105 4.2.4.3 Temperature and Carrier Gas Flow Rate 110 4.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 111 4.3.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 111 4.3.2 Catalytic Cracking 114 4.3.3 Fast Hydropyrolysis 116 4.3.4 Cold Plasma 117 4.4 Gasification 126 4.4.1 Types of Gasifier 130 4.4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 130 4.4.1.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 135 4.4.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasifier 137 4.4.2 Influence of Operating Parameters on Gasification Process 138 4.4.2.1 Equivalence Ratio 138 4.4.2.2 Steam to Biomass Ratio 138 4.4.2.3 Gasifying Agents 139 4.4.2.4 Gasification Temperature 139 4.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 140 4.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Reactors 140 4.5.1.1 Multi-Tubular Fixed Bed 141 4.5.1.2 Slurry Bubble Column 141 4.5.1.3 Fluidized Bed 143 4.5.2 Catalysts 143 4.5.3 Influence of Operating Parameters on Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis 145 4.6 Summary 147 References 148 5 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167 Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N. 5.1 Introduction 168 5.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 169 5.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 176 5.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 177 5.4.1 Open Pond Systems 177 5.4.2 Closed Photobioreactors (PBR) 179 5.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 180 5.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 181 5.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 182 5.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 183 5.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 183 5.7 Distillation 184 5.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 185 5.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 186 5.10 Conclusions 187 References 187 6 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197 Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy 6.1 Introduction 198 6.2 Biomass Energy 200 6.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 201 6.4 Pome Characterization 203 6.5 Pretreatment 203 6.5.1 Physical and Physicochemical Pretreatment 204 6.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 205 6.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 206 6.6 Hydrolysis 206 6.6.1 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 206 6.6.2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 207 6.6.3 Base Hydrolysis 207 6.6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 208 6.6.5 Cellulase Enzymes Hydrolysis 208 6.7 Fermentation Process 209 6.8 Bioethanol 210 6.8.1 Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 211 6.8.2 Bioethanol Production by Fermentation of Sugars 212 6.8.3 Bioethanol Determined by GC/MS from POME Hydrolysate 213 6.9 Conclusion 214 6.10 Acknowledgment 214 References 214 7 Technological Barriers in Biobutanol Production 219 Arpita Prasad, Shivani Thakur, Swati Sharma, Shivani Saxena and Vijay Kumar Garlapati 7.1 Introduction 219 7.2 Production Technologies of Biobutanol 220 7.3 Lignocellulosic Materials for Bio-Butanol Production 223 7.4 Natural Producers of Biobutanol 225 7.5 Main Obstacles in the Biobutanol Production 227 7.5.1 Approaches to Overcome the Obstacles 227 7.6 Engineered Pathways towards a Better Solventogenic Producer 227 7.6.1 Engineered Pathways in Bacteria 227 7.6.2 Engineered Pathways in Yeast 229 7.7 In-Situ Butanol Recovery Integrated with Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation 231 7.8 Future Prospects 232 7.9 Conclusions 233 References 233 8 Biobutanol: Research Breakthrough for its Commercial Interest 237 Sandip B. Bankar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar, Manisha A. Khedkar and Prakash V. Chavan 8.1 Introduction 238 8.2 Butanol: Next-Generation Liquid Fuel 239 8.3 Routes of Butanol Production 241 8.3.1 Chemical Route 241 8.3.2 Biological Route 242 8.4 Microbial ABE Production 243 8.4.1 Microbial Strains 244 8.4.2 Biosynthetic Pathways of Clostridia 245 8.5 Feedstocks Used in ABE Fermentation Process 247 8.6 Saccharification and Detoxification Processes 248 8.7 Strain Engineering and Developments in Butanol Production 250 8.8 Bioreactor Operations 253 8.9 Butanol Separation Techniques 255 8.9.1 Extraction 256 8.9.2 Gas Stripping 259 8.9.3 Pervaporation 260 8.9.4 Perstraction 262 8.9.5 Adsorption 263 8.9.6 Hybrid Separation Process 265 8.10 Techno-Economic Assessment 266 8.11 Current Status and Future Prospective 268 References 270 9 Potential and Prospects of Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Residues 285 Shuvashish Behera, Koushalya S, Sachin Kumar and Jafar Ali B M 9.1 Introduction 286 9.2 Agricultural Residues 287 9.2.1 Husk 288 9.2.2 Straw 289 9.2.2.1 Wheat Straw 289 9.2.2.2 Rice Straw 290 9.2.2.3 Barley Straw 291 9.2.3 Bagasse 291 9.3 ABE Fermentation 292 9.3.1 Butanolgenic Microorganisms 292 9.3.2 Fermentation 295 9.3.3 ABE Pathway 303 9.3.3.1 Acid Producing Phase 304 9.3.3.2 Solvent Producing Phase 304 9.4 Challenges 305 9.4.1 Strict Anaerobic Nature 306 9.4.2 Tolerance to Solvent 307 9.4.3 Sensitivity of Acids 308 9.4.4 Shifting of pH 309 9.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions 309 Acknowledgments 310 References 310 10 State of Art Strategies for Biodiesel Production: Bioengineering Approaches 319 Irem Deniz, Bahar Aslanbay and Esra Imamoglu 10.1 Introduction 319 10.2 Biodiesel and Microalgal Biorefineries 320 10.2.1 Microalgae 321 10.2.2 Microalgae and Biodiesel 321 10.2.3 Selection of Microalgal Strain for Biodiesel Production 323 10.2.4 Microalgae Cultivation 327 10.2.5 Harvesting and Lipid Extraction 329 10.2.6 Conversion of Microalgal Oil to Biodiesel 331 10.3 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Biodiesel Production 332 10.4 Novel Photobioreactor Designs for Biodiesel Production 337 10.5 Advanced Photobioreactor Configurations and Kinetics 338 10.6 Conclusions 340 References 340 11 Bio-Oil Production from Algal Feedstock 351 Naveen Dwivedi and Shubha Dwivedi 11.1 Introduction 351 11.1.1 Microalgae 353 11.1.2 Classification of Microalgae 353 11.1.3 Algae Growth 355 11.2 Technologies Used for the Production of Bio-Oil from Algal Biomass 356 11.3 Properties of Bio-Oils 362 11.4 Uses of Bio-Oils 362 11.5 Up-Gradation of Bio-Oil to Biodiesel along with Recent Developments 363 11.5.1 Esterification/Alcoholysis 363 11.5.2 Solvent Addition 365 11.5.3 Emulsification 365 11.5.4 Hydrotreating/Hydro Deoxygenation 366 11.5.5 Hydro-Cracking 366 11.5.6 Zeolite Cracking 367 11.6 Conclusion 367 References 368 12 Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil 373 Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Kaustubha Mohanty 12.1 Introduction 374 12.2 Bio-Oil and its Properties 375 12.3 Upgrading of Bio-Oil 376 12.3.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis 376 12.3.2 In-Situ versus Ex-Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis Process 377 12.3.3 Hydrodeoxygenation 378 12.3.4 Hydrogenation 378 12.3.5 Steam Reforming 379 12.3.6 Emulsification 379 12.3.7 Esterification 380 12.4 Conclusion 381 References 382 Index 387

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Book SynopsisTrade magazines and review articles describe MWD in casual terms, e.g., positive versus negative pulsers, continuous wave systems, drilling channel noise and attenuation, in very simple terms absent of technical rigor. However, few truly scientific discussions are available on existing methods, let alone the advances necessary for high-data-rate telemetry. Without a strong foundation building on solid acoustic principles, rigorous mathematics, and of course, fast, inexpensive and efficient testing of mechanical designs, low data rates will impose unacceptable quality issues to real-time formation evaluation for years to come. This all-new revised second edition of an instant classic promises to change all of this. The lead author and M.I.T.-educated scientist, Wilson Chin, has written the only book available that develops mud pulse telemetry from first principles, adapting sound acoustic principles to rigorous signal processing and efficient wind tunnel testing. In facTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xix 1 Stories from the Field, Fundamental Questions and Solutions 1 1.1 Mysteries, Clues and Possibilities 1 1.2 Paper No. AADE-11-NTCE – 74, “High-Data-Rate MWD System for Very Deep Wells” significantly expanded with additional photographs and detailed annotations 11 1.2.1 Abstract 11 1.2.2 Introduction 11 1.2.3 MWD telemetry basics 13 1.2.4 New telemetry approach 14 1.2.5 New technology elements 16 1.2.5.1 Downhole source and signal optimization 16 1.2.5.2 Surface signal processing and noise removal 19 1.2.5.3 Pressure, torque and erosion computer modeling 20 1.2.5.4 Wind tunnel analysis: studying new approaches 23 1.2.5.5 Example test results 42 1.2.6 Conclusions 45 1.2.7 Acknowledgements 46 1.2.8 Credits 46 1.2.9 Paper references 47 1.3 References 48 2 Harmonic Analysis: Six-Segment Downhole Acoustic Waveguide 49 2.1 MWD Fundamentals 50 2.2 MWD Telemetry Concepts Re-examined 51 2.2.1 Conventional pulser ideas explained 51 2.2.2 Acoustics at higher data rates 52 2.2.3 High-data-rate continuous wave telemetry 54 2.2.4 Drillbit as a reflector 55 2.2.5 Source modeling subtleties and errors 56 2.2.6 Flowloop and field test subtleties 58 2.2.7 Wind tunnel testing comments 60 2.3 Downhole Wave Propagation Subtleties 60 2.3.1 Three distinct physical problems 61 2.3.2 Downhole source problem 62 2.4 Six-Segment Downhole Waveguide Model 64 2.4.1 Nomenclature 66 2.4.2 Mathematical formulation 68 2.5 An Example: Optimizing Pulser Signal Strength 79 2.5.1 Problem definition and results 79 2.5.2 User interface 82 2.5.3 Constructive interference at high frequencies 83 2.6 Additional Engineering Conclusions 85 2.7 References 87 3 Harmonic Analysis: Elementary Pipe and Collar Models 88 3.1 Constant area drillpipe wave models 88 3.1.1 Case (a), infinite system, both directions 89 3.1.2 Case (b), drillbit as a solid reflector 90 3.1.3 Case (c), drillbit as open-ended reflector 90 3.1.4 Case (d), “finite-finite” waveguide of length 2L 91 3.1.5 Physical Interpretation 91 3.2 Variable area collar-pipe wave models 94 3.2.1 Mathematical formulation 94 3.2.2 Example calculations 96 3.3 References 98 4 Transient Constant Area Surface and Downhole Wave Models 99 Overview 99 4.1 Method 4-1. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, no mud pump noise 101 4.1.1 Physical problem 101 4.1.2 Theory 102 4.1.3 Run 1. Wide signal – low data rate 103 4.1.4 Run 2. Narrow pulse width – high data rate 105 4.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift keying or PSK 106 4.1.6 Runs 4 and 5. Phase-shift keying or PSK, very high data rate 109 4.2 Method 4-2. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, with mud pump noise 110 4.2.1 Physical problem 110 4.2.2 Software note 111 4.2.3 Theory 111 4.2.4 Run 1. 12 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 112 4.2.5 Run 2. 24 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 113 4.3 Method 4-3. Directional filtering – difference equation method requiring two transducers 114 4.3.1 Physical problem 114 4.3.2 Theory 115 4.3.3 Run 1. Single narrow pulse, S/N = 1, approximately 116 4.3.4 Run 2. Very noisy environment 118 4.3.5 Run 3. Very, very noisy environment 119 4.3.6 Run 4. Very, very, very noisy environment 120 4.3.7 Run 5. Non-periodic background noise 121 4.4 Method 4-4. Directional filtering – differential equation method requiring two transducers 122 4.4.1 Physical problem 122 4.4.2 Theory 123 4.4.3 Run 1. Validation analysis 124 4.4.4 Run 2. A very, very noisy example 126 4.4.5 Note on multiple-transducer methods 127 4.5 Method 4-5. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect solid reflector 128 4.5.1 Software note 128 4.5.2 Physical problem 129 4.5.3 On solid and open reflectors 129 4.5.4 Theory 130 4.5.5 Run 1. Long, low data rate pulse 132 4.5.6 Run 2. Higher data rate, faster valve action 132 4.5.7 Run 3. PSK example, 12 Hz frequency 133 4.5.8 Run 4. 24 Hz, Coarse sampling time 134 4.6 Method 4-6. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect open end or zero acoustic pressure reflector 135 4.6.1 Software note 135 4.6.2 Physical problem 135 4.6.3 Theory 136 4.6.4 Run 1. Low data rate run 137 4.6.5 Run 2. Higher data rate 138 4.6.6 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 139 4.6.7 Run 4. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 139 4.6.8 Run 5. Phase-shift-keying, 48 Hz carrier 140 4.7 References 141 5 Transient Variable Area Downhole Inverse Models 142 5.1 Method 5-1. Problems with acoustic impedance mismatch due to collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as open-end reflector 144 5.1.1 Physical problem 144 5.1.2 Theory 145 5.1.3 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 149 5.1.4 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 149 5.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 150 5.1.6 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 151 5.2 Method 5-2. Problems with collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as closed end, solid drillbit reflector 152 5.2.1 Theory 152 5.2.2 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 152 5.2.3 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 153 5.2.4 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 153 5.2.5 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 153 5.3 References 154 6 Signal Processor Design and Additional Noise Models 155 6.1 Desurger Distortion 156 6.1.1 Low-frequency positive pulsers 158 6.1.2 Higher frequency mud sirens 159 6.2 Downhole Drilling Noise 162 6.2.1 Positive displacement motors 163 6.2.2 Turbodrill motors 164 6.2.3 Drillstring vibrations 164 6.3 Attenuation Mechanisms 166 6.3.1 Newtonian model 166 6.3.2 Non-Newtonian fluids 167 6.4 Drillpipe Attenuation and Mudpump Reflection 169 6.4.1 Low-data-rate physics 170 6.4.2 High data rate effects 171 6.5 Applications to Negative Pulser Design in Fluid Flows and to Elastic Wave Telemetry Analysis in Drillpipe Systems 172 6.6 LMS Adaptive and Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters 174 6.7 Low Pass Butterworth, Low Pass FFT and Notch Filters 176 6.8 Typical Frequency Spectra and MWD Signal Strength Properties 177 6.9 References 178 7 Mud Siren Torque and Erosion Analysis 179 7.1 The Physical Problem 179 7.1.1 Stable-closed designs 181 7.1.2 Previous solutions 181 7.1.3 Stable-opened designs 183 7.1.4 Torque and its importance 184 7.1.5 Numerical modeling 185 7.2 Mathematical Approach 185 7.2.1 Inviscid aerodynamic model 187 7.2.2 Simplified boundary conditions 188 7.3 Mud Siren Formulation 190 7.3.1 Differential equation 190 7.3.2 Pressure integral 191 7.3.3 Upstream and annular boundary condition 192 7.3.4 Radial variations 194 7.3.5 Downstream flow deflection 195 7.3.6 Lobe tangency conditions 196 7.3.7 Numerical solution 196 7.3.8 Interpreting torque computations 197 7.3.9 Streamline tracing 198 7.4 Typical Computed Results and Practical Applications 200 7.4.1 Detailed engineering design suite 200 7.5 Conclusions 206 7.5.1 Software reference 206 7.6 References 207 8 Downhole Turbine Design and Short Wind Tunnel Testing 208 8.1 Turbine Design Issues 208 8.2 Why Wind Tunnels Work 210 8.3 Turbine Model Development 213 8.4 Software Reference 217 8.5 Erosion and Power Evaluation 222 8.6 Simplified Testing 225 8.7 References 228 9 Siren Design and Evaluation in Mud Flow Loops and Wind Tunnels 229 9.1 Early Wind Tunnel and Modern Test Facilities 230 9.1.1 Basic ideas 231 9.1.2 Three types of wind tunnels 232 9.1.3 Background, early short wind tunnel 233 9.1.4 Modern short and long wind tunnel system 234 9.1.5 Frequently asked questions 237 9.2 Short wind tunnel design 240 9.2.1 Siren torque testing in short wind tunnel 244 9.2.2 Siren static torque testing procedure 247 9.2.3 Erosion considerations 250 9.3 Intermediate Wind Tunnel for Signal Strength Measurement 251 9.3.1 Analytical acoustic model 252 9.3.2 Single transducer test using speaker source 255 9.3.3 Siren Δp procedure using single and differential transducers 255 9.3.4 Intermediate wind tunnel test procedure 257 9.3.5 Predicting mud flow Δp’s from wind tunnel data 261 9.4 Long Wind Tunnel for Telemetry Modeling 263 9.4.1 Early construction approach - basic ideas 263 9.4.2 Evaluating new telemetry concepts 268 9.5 Water and Mud Flow Loop Testing 268 9.6 References 276 10 Advanced System Summary and Modern MWD Developments 277 10.1 Overall Telemetry Summary 278 10.1.1 Optimal pulser placement for wave interference 278 10.1.2 Telemetry design using FSK 281 10.1.3 Sirens in tandem or “sirens in series” 283 10.1.4 Attenuation misinterpretation 284 10.1.5 Surface signal processing 288 10.1.6 Attenuation, distance and frequency 291 10.1.7 Ghost signals and echoes 294 10.2 Sirens, Turbines and Batteries 295 10.3 References 299 11 MWD Signal Processing in China 300 12 Sensor Developments in China 318 12.1 DRGDS Near-bit Geosteering Drilling System 318 12.1.1 Overview 318 12.1.2 DRGDS tool architecture 319 12.1.3 Functions of DRGDS 327 12.2 DRGRT Natural Azi-Gamma Ray Measurement 332 12.3 DRNBLog Geological Log 336 12.4 DRMPR Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity 338 12.5 DRNP Neutron Porosity 339 12.6 DRMWD Positive Mud Pulser 343 12.7 DREMWD Electromagnetic MWD 344 12.8 DRPWD Pressure While Drilling 347 12.9 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-1 350 12.10 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-2 354 13 Sinopec MWD Research 355 13.1 Engineering and Design Highlights 356 13.2 Credits 364 14 Gyrodata MWD Research 365 14.1 Short and Long Wind Tunnel Facilities 366 14.2 Credits 375 15 GE Oil & Gas MWD Developments (BakerHughes, a GE Company) 376 15.1 Recent Patent Publications 377 15.2 Credits 391 15.3 References 391 16 MWD Turbosiren - Principles, Design and Development 392 16.1 Background and Motivation 392 16.1.1 Mud siren background 393 16.1.2 Enter the turbosiren 398 16.1.3 General unanswered questions 404 16.2 Prototype Turbosirens and Experimental Notes 405 16.2.1 Single-stage turbosiren 405 16.2.2 Basic measurements 406 16.2.3 Dual-stage turbosiren 409 16.2.4 Three-stage turbosiren 410 16.2.5 Complementary reference turbine 411 16.5 References 439 17 Design of Miniature Sirens 440 17.1 Siren flowmeter applications 441 17.2 Mini-siren prototypes 442 17.3 Cardboard test prototyping 448 17.4 Credits 450 18 Wave-Based Directional Filtering 451 18.1 Background 451 18.2 Theory and Difference-Delay Equations 452 18.3 Calculated Results 455 18.3.1 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07D.FOR) 456 18.3.2 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07E.FOR) 460 18.3.3 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07F.FOR) 463 18.3.4 Method 4-4, Differential equation (Software reference, SAS14D.FOR Option 3 identical to SIGPROC-1.FOR) 466 18.4 Conclusions 472 18.5 References 472 Cumulative References 473 Index 478 About the Author 489

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Book SynopsisA guide to the role of static state estimation in the mitigation of potential system failures With contributions from a noted panel of experts on the topic, Advances in Electric Power and Energy: Static State Estimation addresses the wide-range of issues concerning static state estimation as a main energy control function and major tool for evaluating prevailing operating conditions in electric power systems worldwide. This book is an essential guide for system operators who must be fully aware of potential threats to the integrity of their own and neighboring systems. The contributors provide an overview of the topic and review common threats such as cascading black-outs to model-based anomaly detection to the operation of micro-grids and much more. The book also includes a discussion of an effective mathematical programming approach to state estimation in power systems. Advances in Electric Power and Energy reviews the most recent developments inTable of ContentsAbout the Editor xi About the Contributors xiii Chapter 1 General Considerations 1 1.1 Prelude 1 1.2 Defining SSE 2 1.3 The Need for State Estimation 3 1.4 Static State Estimation in Practice 4 1.5 Applications That Use SE Solution 10 1.6 Overview of Chapters 13 Chapter 2 State Estimation In Power Systems Based On A Mathematical Programming Approach 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Formulation 24 2.3 Classical State Estimation Procedure 26 2.4 Mathematical Programming Solution 31 2.5 Alternative State Estimators 32 Part 1 System Failure Mitigation 59 Chapter 3 System Stress and Cascading Blackouts 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Cascading Blackouts and Previous Work 62 3.3 Problem Statement and Approach 66 3.4 DFAXes, Vulnerability, and Criticality Metrics 70 3.5 Validity of Metrics 78 3.6 Studies with Metrics 82 3.7 Summary 93 3.8 Application of Stress Metrics 94 3.9 Conclusions 94 Chapter 4 Model-Based Anomaly Detection For Power System State Estimation 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Cyberattacks on State Estimation 100 4.3 ATTACK-RESILIENT State Estimation 103 4.4 Model-Based Anomaly Detection 106 4.5 Conclusions 117 Chapter 5 Protection, Control, and Operation of Microgrids 123 5.1 Prelude 123 5.2 Introduction 126 5.3 State of the Art in Microgrid Protection and Control 128 5.4 Emerging Technologies 146 5.5 Test Case for DDSE 154 5.6 Test Results 159 5.7 Test Case for Adaptive Setting-Less Protection 161 5.8 Conclusions 167 Part 2 Robust State Estimation 171 Chapter 6 PSSE Redux: Convex Relaxation, Decentralized, Robust, And Dynamic Solvers 173 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Power Grid Modeling 174 6.3 Problem Statement 176 6.4 Distributed Solvers 186 6.5 Robust Estimators and Cyberattacks 193 6.6 Power System State Tracking 198 6.7 Discussion 202 Chapter 7 Robust Wide-Area Fault Visibility and Structural Observability In Power Systems With Synchronized Measurement Units 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Robust Fault Visibility Using Strategically Deployed Synchronized Measurements 210 7.3 Optimal PMU Deployment for System-Wide Structural Observability 221 7.4 Conclusions 229 Chapter 8 A Robust Hybrid Power System State Estimator With Unknown Measurement Noise 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Problem Statement 233 8.3 Proposed Framework for Robust Hybrid State Estimation 234 8.4 Numerical Results 245 8.5 Conclusions 249 Chapter 9 Least-Trimmed-Absolute-Value State Estimator 255 9.1 Bad Data Detection and Robust Estimators 256 9.2 Results and Discussion 266 9.3 Conclusions 287 Part 3 State Estimation For Distribution Systems 295 Chapter 10 Probabilistic State Estimation In Distribution Networks 297 10.1 Introduction 297 10.2 State Estimation in Distribution Networks 298 10.3 Improving Observability in Distribution Networks 309 10.4 Conclusion 324 Chapter 11 Advanced Distribution System State Estimation In Multi-Area Architectures 329 11.1 Issues and Challenges of Distribution System State Estimation 329 11.2 Distribution System Multi-Area State Estimation (DS-MASE) Approach 342 11.3 Application of the DS-MASE Approach 357 11.4 Validity and Applicability of DS-MASE Approach 369 Part 4 Parallel/Distributed Processing 375 Chapter 12 Hierarchical Multi-Area State Estimation 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Preliminaries 381 12.3 Modeling and Problem Formulation 385 12.4 A Brief Survey of Solution Techniques 387 12.5 Hierarchical State Estimator Via Sensitivity Function Exchanges 393 12.6 Add-On Functions in Multi-area State Estimation 399 12.7 Properties 401 12.8 Simulations 405 12.9 Conclusions 409 Chapter 13 Parallel Domain-Decomposition-Based Distributed State Estimation For Large-Scale Power Systems 413 13.1 Introduction 413 13.2 Fundamental Theory and Formulation 416 13.3 Experimental Results 436 13.4 Conclusion 449 Chapter 14 Dishonest Gauss–Newton Method-Based Power System State Estimation On A GPU 455 14.1 Introduction 455 14.2 Background 456 14.3 Performance of Dishonest Gauss–Newton Method 461 14.4 GPU Implementation 463 14.5 Simulation Results 467 14.6 Discussions on Scalability 468 14.7 Distributed Method of Parallelization 470 14.8 Conclusions 473 Index 475

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Book SynopsisDiscover the latest research in path planning and robust path tracking control InAutonomous Road Vehicle Path Planning and Tracking Control, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a practical and insightful exploration of how to design robust path tracking control. The authors include easy to understand concepts that are immediately applicable to the work of practicing control engineers and graduate students working in autonomous driving applications. Controller parameters are presented graphically, and regions of guaranteed performance are simple to visualize and understand. The book discusses the limits of performance, as well as hardware-in-the-loop simulation and experimental results that are implementable in real-time. Concepts of collision and avoidance are explained within the same framework and a strong focus on the robustness of the introduced tracking controllers is maintained throughout. In addition to a continuous treatment of comTable of ContentsAuthor biographies Preface Abbreviations Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Introduction 1 1.2 History of Automated Driving 4 1.3 ADAS to Autonomous Driving 13 1.4 Autonomous Driving Architectures 14 1.5 Cybersecurity Considerations 15 1.6 Organization and Scope of the Book 16 1.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 16 References 16 Chapter 2. Vehicle, Path and Path Tracking Models 21 2.1 Tire Force Model 21 2.1.1 Introduction 21 2.1.2 Tire forces/moments and slip 22 2.1.3 Longitudinal tire force modeling 25 2.1.4 Lateral tire force modeling 28 2.1.5 Self-aligning moment model 30 2.1.6 Coupling of tire forces 32 2.2 Vehicle longitudinal dynamics model 37 2.3 Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Model 41 2.3.1 Geometry of cornering 41 2.3.2 Single track lateral vehicle model 43 2.3.3 Augmented single track lateral vehicle model 47 2.3.4 Linearized single track lateral vehicle model 48 2.4 Path Model 52 2.5 Pure Pursuit: Geometry Based Low Speed Path Tracking 58 2.6 Stanley Method for Path Tracking 59 2.7 Path Tracking in Reverse Driving and Parking 62 2.8 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 63 References 63 Chapter 3. Simulation, Experimentation and Estimation Overview 65 3.1 Introduction to the Simulation Based Development and Evaluation Process 65 3.2 Model-in-the-Loop Simulation 68 3.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Vehicle Simulation Models 68 3.2.2 Higher Fidelity Vehicle Simulation Models 69 3.3 Virtual Environments Used in Simulation 71 3.3.1 Road Network Creation 71 3.3.2 Driving Environment Construction 73 3.3.3 Capabilities 77 3.4 Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation 82 3.5 Experimental Vehicle Testbeds 84 3.5.1 Unified Approach 84 3.5.2 Unified AV Functions and Sensors Library 87 3.6 Estimation 88 3.6.1 Estimation of the Effective Tire Radius 88 3.6.2 Slip Slope Method for Road Friction Coefficient Estimation 89 3.6.3 Results and Discussion 92 3.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 97 References 97 Chapter 4. Path Description and Generation 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Discrete Waypoint Representation 100 4.3 Parametric Path Description 103 4.3.1 Clothoids 104 4.3.2 Bezier Curves 107 4.3.3 Polynomial Spline Description 108 4.4 Tracking Error Calculation 113 4.5 Conclusions 114 References 115 Chapter 5. Collision Free Path Planning 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Elastic Band Method 121 5.2.1 Path Structure 121 5.2.2 Calculation of Forces 121 5.2.3 Reaching Equilibrium Point 124 5.2.4 Selected Scenarios 125 5.2.5 Results 127 5.3 Path Planning with Minimum Curvature Variation 135 5.3.1 Optimization based on G2-quintic Splines Path Description 135 5.3.2 Reduction of Computation Cost using Lookup Tables 138 5.3.3 Geometry-based Collision-free Target Points Generation 142 5.3.4 Simulation Results 145 5.4 Model-based Trajectory Planning 148 5.4.1 Problem Formulation 148 5.4.2 Parameterized Vehicle Control 149 5.4.3 Constrained Optimization on Curvature Control 150 5.4.4 Sampling of the Longitudinal Movements 155 5.4.5 Trajectory Evaluation and Selection 157 5.4.6 Integration of Road Friction Coefficient Estimation for Safety Enhancement 159 5.4.7 Simulation Results in Complex Scenarios 162 5.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 169 References 170 Chapter 6. Path Tracking Model Regulation 174 6.1 Introduction 174 6.2 DOB Design and Frequency Response Analysis 175 6.2.1 DOB Derivation and Loop Structure 175 6.2.2 Application Examples 178 6.2.3 Disturbance Rejection Comparison 188 6.3 Q Filter Design 188 6.4 Time Delay Performance 189 6.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 193 References 193 Chapter 7. Robust Path Tracking Control 195 7.1 Model Predictive Control for Path Following 196 7.1.1 Formulation of linear adaptive MPC problem 196 7.1.2 Estimation of Lateral Velocity 198 7.1.3 Experimental Results 201 7.2 Design Methodology for Robust Gain-scheduling Law 204 7.2.1 Problem Formulation 204 7.2.2 Design via Optimization in Linear Matrix Inequalities form 205 7.2.3 Parameter-space Gain-scheduling Methodology 207 7.3 Robust Gain-scheduling Application to Path Tracking Control 213 7.3.1 Car Steering Model and Parameter Uncertainty 213 7.3.2 Controller Structure and Design Parameters 215 7.3.3 Application of Parameter-space Gain-scheduling 217 7.3.4 Comparative Study of LMI Design 222 7.3.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 223 7.4 Add-on Vehicle Stability Control for Autonomous Driving 227 7.4.1 Direct Yaw Moment Control Strategies 228 7.4.2 Direct Yaw Moment Distribution via Differential Braking 234 7.4.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 235 7.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 238 References 238 Chapter 8. Summary and Conclusions 242 8.1 Summary 242 8.2 Conclusions 244

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Book SynopsisURBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS With climate change and energy issues infiltrating seemingly every aspect of our lives, it is more important than ever to continue the march toward sustainability. It is not just about switching to a gasoline-free car or installing solar panels. Many countries, including our own, are dealing with these very difficult problems by converting to smart cities and other green energy projects. This is perhaps one of the most important issues facing our world today. Urban energy systems play a critical role in the sustainability and resilience of smart cities. As cities continue to grow and face increasing energy demands, it becomes essential to develop efficient and sustainable energy solutions. Modelling and simulation techniques provide valuable insights into the design, operation, and optimization of urban energy systems, supporting the transition towards more sustainable and smart cities. This perspective highlights the importance of modelling and simulation in achieTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xix List of Chapters and Affiliations xxiii 1 Emerging Trends of Urban Energy Systems and Management 1 Deepak Kumar 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Research Motivation 4 1.3 Stand-Alone and Minigrid-Connected Solar Energy Systems 6 1.4 Conclusion 12 References 13 2 Transitions in the Urban Energy Scenario and Approaches 19 Deepak Kumar 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Recent Transformation in Energy Sectors 22 2.3 Research Progressions 24 2.4 Breaking the Cycle 25 2.5 Conclusion 27 2.6 Future Implications 27 References 28 3 Urban Renewable Energy Resource Optimization Systems 31 Kalpit Jain and Devendra Kumar Somwanshi 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Literature Review 33 3.2.1 Long-Term Sustainable Solar Power Generation 33 3.2.1.1 Common Issues of Long-Term Sustainable Solar Power Generation 39 3.2.1.2 Strengths and Weakness Strength 40 3.3 Conclusion 43 References 44 4 Approaches for District-Scale Urban Energy Quantification and Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Energy Potential Assessment 47 Faiz Ahmed Chundeli and Adinarayanane Ramamurthy 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 District-Scale Urban Energy Modelling 49 4.2.1 “Bottom-Up” Modelling Approach – Archetype 49 4.2.2 The Renewable Energy Modelling Approach 50 4.2.3 Urban Microclimate 50 4.3 Evaluation of Energy Performance – The Case in Chennai 52 4.3.1 Profile of the Case Area 52 4.3.2 Data Model and Construction Techniques 53 4.3.3 Archetype Classification 53 4.3.4 Energy Quantification 55 4.3.5 Analysis of the Archetype Energy Quantification 57 4.3.6 Solar PV Potential Calculation 57 4.3.7 Analysis of Solar PV Potential 58 4.3.8 Scaling of Archetype Building Energy to District-Scale Urban Energy 58 4.3.9 Scaling of Archetype PV Potential to District-Scale PV Potential 59 4.4 Discussions and Conclusions 60 4.4.1 Discussion 60 4.5 Conclusions 61 References 62 5 Energy Consumption in Urban India: Usage and Ignorance 65 Rajnish Ratna and Vikas Chaudhary 5.1 Background 66 5.2 Introduction 67 5.3 Energy Outlook for India 68 5.4 Power Demand and Resources in India 71 5.5 Energy and Environment 73 5.6 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Indian Electricity Sector 75 5.7 Results 78 5.8 Conclusions 78 References 79 6 Solar Energy from the Urban Areas: A New Direction Towards Indian Power Sector 81 Sonal Jain 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Renewable Energy Chain in India 83 6.3 Development of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Plants 84 6.4 Solar Photovoltaic Market in India 85 6.5 Need for Solar Energy 86 6.6 Government Initiatives 86 6.7 Challenges for Solar Thermal Systems 87 6.8 Benefits of Solar PV 88 6.9 Causes of Delay in Solar PV Implementation and Ways to Quicken the Rate of Installation 89 6.10 Future Trends of Solar PV 90 6.11 Conclusion 90 References 91 Other Works Consulted 92 7 Energy Management Strategies of a Microgrid: Review, Challenges, Opportunities, Future Scope 93 Chiranjit Biswas, Somudeep Bhattacharjee, Uttara Das and Champa Nandi 7.1 Introduction 93 7.2 Methodology 95 7.2.1 Research Studies Selection Criteria 95 7.2.2 Section of Literature 95 7.2.3 Testing Criteria 95 7.2.4 Extraction of Data 96 7.2.5 Findings 96 7.3 Preliminary 97 7.3.1 Fuzzy Logic–Based Management Strategies 97 7.3.2 AI-Based Management Strategies 103 7.3.3 Other Management Strategies 106 7.4 Challenges of Energy Management in Microgrids 111 7.5 Opportunities 112 7.6 Future Research Direction 113 7.7 Conclusion 113 References 114 8 Urban Solid Waste Management for Energy Generation 119 Shikha Patel and Reshmi Manikoth Kollarath 8.1 Introduction 119 8.1.1 Background 119 8.1.2 Study Focus 121 8.2 Literature Review 122 8.3 Methodology 125 8.3.1 Formulating Research Background 125 8.3.2 Literature Review 126 8.3.3 Analysis 127 8.4 Case Study 127 8.4.1 Precedent Success 127 8.4.2 Precedent Failure 128 8.4.3 The Takeaway from Case Studies 130 8.5 Research Findings: Challenges of Waste-to-Energy Conversion 130 8.5.1 Environmental Challenges 131 8.5.2 Technological Challenges 132 8.5.3 Social Challenges 132 8.5.4 Economic Challenges 133 8.6 Recommendations 134 8.7 Conclusions and Discussion 135 Acknowledgements 136 References 136 9 Energy from Urban Waste: A Mysterious Opportunity for Energy Generation Potential 141 Shivangini Sharma and Ashutosh Tripathi 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Scenario of Solid Waste Management of Various Countries Around the World 143 9.3 Waste-to-Energy Processes 147 9.4 Challenges to Waste-to-Energy Generation 153 9.5 Conclusion 154 References 155 10 Sustainable Urban Planning and Sprawl Assessment Using Shannon’s Entropy Model for Energy Management 157 Pranaya Diwate, Priyanka Patil, Pranali Kathe and Varun Narayan Mishra 10.1 Introduction 158 10.2 Study Area 159 10.3 Materials and Methodology 160 10.3.1 Satellite Data Used 160 10.3.2 Pre-Processing of Satellite Data 160 10.3.3 Accuracy Assessment 162 10.3.4 LULC Change Detection 162 10.3.5 Shannon Entropy Model 162 10.4 Results and Discussion 163 10.4.1 LULC Maps 163 10.4.2 Accuracy Assessment 163 10.4.3 LULC Change Detection 165 10.5 Conclusion 168 Acknowledgements 169 References 169 11 Sustainable Natural Spaces for Microclimate Mitigation to Meet Future Urban Energy Challenges 171 Richa Manocha and Deepak Kumar 11.1 Introduction 172 11.2 Nature and Human Connection 174 11.3 Urban Gardening 176 11.4 Urban Greening and Energy Benefits 177 11.5 Nurturing a Connection to Nature in Early Years 177 11.6 Conclusion 180 11.7 Future Implication 181 References 181 12 Synthesis and Future Perspective 193 Deepak Kumar 12.1 Introduction 193 12.2 Synthesis of the Research 195 12.3 Future Urban Energy Policies, and Initiatives 199 12.4 The Challenge Ahead 201 12.5 Strategies for Improvement 201 References 203 About the Editor 205 Index 207

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Book SynopsisENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES IN GRID MODERNIZATION Written and edited by a team of experts, this exciting new volume discusses the various types of energy storage technologies, the applications of energy storage systems, their role in the real-time operation of power markets, and the operational issues of modern power systems, including renewable-based generating sources. The worldwide energy sector, specifically power generation, has undergone a huge transformation in recent years, and the focus is to make it sustainable, environmentally friendly, reliable, and highly efficient. As a result, a significant share of highly intermittent but clean renewable sources is being integrated into the power system using advanced technological components. The higher penetration level of renewable energy sources (RESs) has increased the active power generation share in the grid but reduced the total rotating system inertia. This high reduction in inertia brings new challenges and technical issues toTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Overview of Current Development and Research Trends in Energy Storage Technologies 1O. Apata 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Technology of Energy Storage 4 1.3 Energy Storage and Smart Grids 14 1.4 Energy Storage and Micro-Grids 15 1.5 Energy Storage Policy Recommendations 17 1.6 Energy Storage: Challenges and Opportunities 18 1.7 Practical Implementations of Energy Storage Technologies 19 1.8 Conclusions 20 References 20 2 A Comprehensive Review of the Li-Ion Batteries Fast-Charging Protocols 23Talal Mouais and Saeed Mian Qaisar 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 The Literature Review 27 2.2.1 Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Working Principle 28 2.2.2 Principles of Battery Fast-Charging 31 2.2.3 Multi-Scale Design for Fast Charging 33 2.2.4 Electrode Materials 33 2.2.5 Fast-Charging Strategies 34 2.2.6 Types of Charging Protocols 34 2.2.7 Li-Ion Battery Degradation 40 2.2.8 Factors that Cause Battery Degradation 41 2.2.9 Degradation Mechanism of the Li-Ion Battery 44 2.2.10 Electrode Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries 48 2.2.11 The Battery Management System 50 2.2.12 Battery Technology Gap Assessment for Fast-Charging 53 2.2.13 Developmental Needs 55 2.3 Materials and Methods 56 2.4 Discussion 58 2.5 Conclusion 63 Acknowledgements 65 References 65 3 Development of Sustainable High‑Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes from Biochar-Based Material 71Kriti Shrivastava and Ankur Jain 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Role of Energy Storage Systems in Grid Modernization 73 3.3 Overview of Current Developments of Supercapacitor-Based Electrical Energy Storage Technologies 78 3.4 Potential of Biochar as High-Performance Sustainable Material 80 3.5 Overview of Recent Developments in Biochar-Based EDLC Supercapacitor 83 3.5.1 Wood & Plant Residues as Biochar Precursor for Supercapacitor Applications 84 3.5.2 Biochar-Based Supercapacitors from Waste Biomass 89 3.5.3 Carbon-Based Supercapacitors from Other Methods 91 3.6 Current Challenges and Future Potential of Biochar-Based Supercapacitor 93 3.7 Conclusion 99 References 101 4 Energy Storage Units for Frequency Management in Nuclear Generators-Based Power System 105Boopathi D., Jagatheesan K., Sourav Samanta, Anand B. and Satheeshkumar R. 4.1 Introduction 105 4.1.1 Structure of the Chapter 110 4.1.2 Objective of the Chapter 110 4.2 Investigated System Modeling 111 4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Model 112 4.2.2 Fuel Cell (FC) Model 113 4.2.3 Redox Flow Battery (RFB) Model 113 4.2.4 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based FC Model 114 4.2.5 Ultra-Capacitor (UC) Model 115 4.2.6 Supercapacitor Energy Storage (SCES) Model 116 4.3 Controller and Cost Function 116 4.4 Optimization Methodology 118 4.5 Impact Analysis of Energy Storage Units 119 4.5.1 Impact of BESS 119 4.5.2 Impact of FC 121 4.5.3 Impact of RFB 122 4.5.4 Impact Analysis of the PEM-FC 123 4.5.5 Impact Analysis of UC 125 4.5.6 Impact Analysis of SCES 127 4.6 Result and Discussion 128 4.7 Conclusion 130 Appendix 132 References 132 5 Detailed Comparative Analysis and Performance of Fuel Cells 135Tejinder Singh Saggu and Arvind Dhingra 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Classification of Fuel Cells 136 5.2.1 Based on Fuel-Oxidizer Electrolyte 138 5.2.1.1 Direct Fuel Cell 138 5.2.1.2 Regenerative FC 139 5.2.1.3 Indirect Fuel Cells 143 5.2.2 Based on the State of Aggregation of Reactants 144 5.2.2.1 Solid Fuel Cells 144 5.2.2.2 Gaseous Fuel Cells 145 5.2.2.3 Liquid Fuel Cells 147 5.2.3 Based on Electrolyte Temperature 148 5.2.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane 148 5.2.3.2 Direct Methanol 150 5.2.3.3 Alkaline 150 5.2.3.4 Phosphoric Acid 151 5.2.3.5 Molten Carbonate 152 5.2.3.6 Solid Oxide 153 5.3 Cost of Different Fuel Cell Technologies 154 5.4 Conclusion 155 References 155 6 Machine Learning–Based SoC Estimation: A Recent Advancement in Battery Energy Storage System 159Prerana Mohapatra, Venkata Ramana Naik N. and Anup Kumar Panda 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 SoC Estimation Techniques 163 6.2.1 Coulomb Counting Approach 164 6.2.2 Look-Up Table Method 164 6.2.3 Model-Based Methods 164 6.2.3.1 Electrochemical Model 164 6.2.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Model 165 6.2.4 Data-Driven Methods 165 6.2.5 Machine Learning–Based Methods 166 6.2.5.1 Support Vector Regression 166 6.2.5.2 Ridged Extreme Learning Machine (RELM) 168 6.3 BESS Description 171 6.4 Results and Discussion 171 6.5 Conclusion 175 References 177 7 Dual-Energy Storage System for Optimal Operation of Grid‑Connected Microgrid System 181Deepak Kumar and Sandeep Dhundhara 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 System Mathematical Modelling 188 7.2.1 Modelling of Wind Turbine Power Generator 189 7.2.2 Modelling of Solar Power Plant 189 7.2.3 Modelling of Conventional Diesel Power Generator 189 7.2.4 Modelling of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Boiler Plant 190 7.2.5 Modelling of Dual Energy Storage System 190 7.2.5.1 Battery Bank Storage System 190 7.2.5.2 Pump Hydro Storage System 191 7.2.6 Modelling of Power Transfer Capability 191 7.3 Objective Function and Problem Formulations 192 7.3.1 Operational and Technical Constraints 192 7.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 195 7.5 Conclusion 208 References 209 8 Applications of Energy Storage in Modern Power System through Demand-Side Management 213Preeti Gupta and Yajvender Pal Verma 8.1 Introduction to Demand-Side Management 214 8.1.1 Demand-Side Management Techniques 214 8.1.1.1 Energy Efficiency 214 8.1.1.2 Demand Response 215 8.1.2 Demand-Side Management Approaches 217 8.2 Operational Aspects of DR 218 8.3 DSM Challenges 221 8.4 Demand Response Resources 223 8.5 Role of Battery Energy Storage in DSM 224 8.5.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction 225 8.5.1.1 Problem Formulation 225 8.5.1.2 Energy Storage Dispatch Modelling 226 8.5.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations 229 8.5.2.1 Problem Formulation 229 8.5.2.2 SPV System Modelling 230 8.5.3 Results and Discussions 231 8.5.3.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction Using Batteries with DR 231 8.5.3.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations Using Batteries with DR 232 8.6 Conclusion 234 References 234 9 Impact of Battery Energy Storage Systems and Demand Response Program on Locational Marginal Prices in Distribution System 239Saikrishna Varikunta and Ashwani Kumar 9.1 Introduction 240 9.1.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 240 9.1.2 Demand Response Program 242 9.2 Problem Formulation and Solution Using GAMS 244 9.2.1 Objective Functions for Case Studies: Case 1 to Case 5 245 9.2.1.1 Case 1: Is Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost 245 9.2.1.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 246 9.2.1.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along with Capacitor Placement 246 9.2.1.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost 247 9.2.1.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost and Taking the Impact of Demand Response Program 248 9.2.2 Real and Reactive Power Equality Constraints 249 9.2.2.1 Equality Constraints 249 9.2.2.2 Inequality Constraints: (at any bus i): Voltage, Power Generation, Line Flow, SOC, Battery Energy Storage Power 250 9.2.3 Modified Lagrangian Function 251 9.2.4 Generator Economics Calculations 252 9.3 Case Study: Numerical Computation 254 9.4 Results and Discussions 257 9.4.1 Case 1: Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost 257 9.4.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 260 9.4.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along 262 9.4.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 266 9.4.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 269 9.5 Conclusions 279 References 280 10 Cost-Benefit Analysis with Optimal DG Allocation and Energy Storage System Incorporating Demand Response Technique 283Rohit Kandpal, Ashwani Kumar, Sandeep Dhundhara and Yajvender Pal Verma 10.1 Introduction 284 10.2 Distribution Generation and Energy Storage System 285 10.2.1 Renewable Energy in India 286 10.2.2 Different Types of Energy Storage and their Opportunities 287 10.2.3 Distributed Generation 290 10.2.3.1 Solar Photovoltaic Panel-Based DG (PVDG) 290 10.2.3.2 Wind Turbine–Based DG (WTDG) 291 10.2.3.3 Load Model and Load Profile 293 10.2.4 Demand Response Program 294 10.2.5 Electric Vehicles 297 10.2.6 Modeling of Energy Storage System 299 10.2.7 Problem Formulation 300 10.2.8 Distribution Location Marginal Pricing 301 10.3 Grey Wolf Optimization 302 10.4 Numerical Simulation and Results 304 10.5 Conclusions 312 References 313 11 Energy Storage Systems and Charging Stations Mechanism for Electric Vehicles 317Saurabh Ratra, Kanwardeep Singh and Derminder Singh 11.1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles 318 11.1.1 Role of Electric Vehicles in Modern Power System 318 11.1.2 Various Storage Technologies 319 11.1.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Structure 322 11.2 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Charging Station 323 11.2.1 Types of Charging Station 323 11.2.2 Charging Levels 324 11.2.3 EV Charging 324 11.2.4 Charging Period 327 11.3 Modern System Efficient Approches 328 11.3.1 Smart Grid Technology 328 11.3.2 Renewable Energy Technology 329 11.3.3 V2G Technology 329 11.3.4 Smart Transport System 329 11.4 Battery Charging Techniques 330 11.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Station in Modern Power System 331 11.5 Indian Scenario 332 11.6 Energy Storage System Evaluation for EV Applications 333 11.7 ESS Concerns and Experiments in EV Solicitations 334 11.7.1 Raw Materials 335 11.7.2 Interfacing by Power Electronics 335 11.7.3 Energy Management 335 11.7.4 Environmental Impact 336 11.7.5 Safety 336 11.8 Conclusion 336 References 337 Index 341

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Book SynopsisHYDROGEN ENERGY Comprehensive resource exploring integrated hydrogen technology with guidance for developing practical operating systems Hydrogen Energy presents all-inclusive knowledge on hydrogen production and storage to enable readers to design guidelines for its production, storage, and applications, addressing the recent renewed interest in hydrogen energy to manage the global energy crisis and discussing the electrochemical potential of hydrogen in transportation and fuel cells. Written by a highly qualified author, Hydrogen Energy explores sample topics such as: Essentials of hydrogen energy, such as its occurrence, physico-chemical properties, production, transmission, delivery, storage, and utilization Technology of hydrogen utilization in the land transport sector, such as automobiles, as well as other modes of transport, like marine and air Combustion characteristics and environmental pollution features, internal combustion engines, and fuel cells Guidelines to design prototype systems, covering their safety, hydrogen induced damages and life cycle analysis Providing in-depth coverage of the subject, Hydrogen Energy is an ideal resource for researchers and professionals working towards developing time-bound goal-oriented hydrogen-based programs in the chemical, automobile, power, and process engineering sectors.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgement xvii List of Figures xix Author Biography xxxi 1 Overall Energy Perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Overview 2 1.3 Sun as the Source of All Energy 4 1.4 Energy Consumption in Transport, Agriculture and Domestic Sectors 6 1.5 Energy Crisis: Starvation of Fossil Fuels 8 1.6 Environmental Degradation Due to Fossil Fuel Combustion 9 1.6.1 Green House Effect: Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming 10 1.6.2 Smog 15 1.6.3 Acid Rain 17 1.6.4 Vehicular Pollution 18 1.7 Energy Transition Towards Sustainability 19 1.8 Role of Hydrogen in Present Energy-environment Context 21 1.9 Demand for Hydrogen 22 1.10 Structure and Phases of Hydrogen 25 1.11 Discovery and Occurrence of Hydrogen 27 1.12 Uses of Hydrogen 28 Concluding Remarks 32 Abbreviations 33 References 34 2 Hydrogen Energy: Properties and Quality 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Properties of Hydrogen 39 2.3 Physical Properties 40 2.4 Chemical Properties 44 2.4.1 Flammability Limit 46 2.4.2 Minimum Ignition Energy 47 2.4.3 Flashpoint 48 2.4.4 Auto-ignition Temperature 48 2.4.5 Octane Number 49 2.4.6 Heat of Combustion 49 2.5 Electro-conductivity and the Joule–Thomson Effect 50 2.6 Emissivity of Hydrogen Flame and Adiabatic Flame Temperature 50 2.7 Laminar Burning Velocity 51 2.8 Hydrogen–Oxygen Reaction Mechanism 51 2.9 Hydrogen Colours and Carbon Footprint 53 2.10 Grey, Blue and Green Hydrogen 54 2.10.1 Grey Hydrogen 54 2.10.2 Blue Hydrogen 55 2.10.3 Turquoise, Brown, Black, Pink, Red, Yellow and White Hydrogen 58 2.11 Green Hydrogen 59 2.12 Benefits of Green Hydrogen 63 2.13 Obstacles and Challenges to Green Hydrogen 65 2.14 Cost of Green Hydrogen 67 Concluding Remarks 70 Abbreviations 72 References 72 3 Production of Hydrogen 75 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Routes of Hydrogen Production 76 3.3 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) 80 3.3.1 Water–Gas Shift Reactor 82 3.3.2 Selection of Catalysts 83 3.3.3 Ethanol and Methanol Steam Reforming 83 3.3.4 Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Application 84 3.4 Partial Oxidation of POx 85 3.5 Partial Oxidation of Heavy Oils and Naphtha 86 3.6 Auto-thermic Reaction (ATR) 86 3.7 Hydrogen from Coal Gasification 88 3.7.1 Types of Coal Gasification 88 3.7.2 Mechanism of Hydrogen Production by Gasification 89 3.8 Underground Coal Gasification 89 3.9 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 90 3.9.1 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Hydrogen 91 3.9.2 Gasification of Biomass 91 3.9.3 Plasma Gasification Process 93 3.9.4 Pyrolysis of Biomass 93 3.9.5 Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass (SWGB) 94 3.10 Biological Production of Hydrogen 95 3.10.1 Biophotolysis 96 3.10.2 Photo-fermentation 97 3.10.3 Dark Fermentation 98 3.10.4 Combined Dark–Photo Co-fermentation 98 3.11 Hydrogen Production Based on Electrolysis 99 3.11.1 AEL and PEM Electrolysis 100 3.11.2 Alkaline Electrolysis 102 3.11.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis 102 3.12 Hydrogen Production Using Solar Energy 105 3.12.1 Solar Thermal Methane Splitting 106 3.13 Solid Oxide Electrolyser 106 3.14 Seawater Electrolyser 106 3.14.1 Photo-electrolysis (Photolysis) 107 3.15 Hydrogen Generation Using Wind Energy 108 3.16 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion for Hydrogen Production 109 3.17 Geothermal Energy for Hydrogen Production 109 3.18 Hydrogen from H2S in Black Sea Waters 110 3.19 Hydrogen Production Using Enterobacter cloacae 111 3.20 Hydrogen Production by Reforming Natural Gas and Bio-derived Liquids Using a Dense Ceramic Membrane 112 3.21 Plasma Reforming 113 3.22 Hydrogen from Nuclear Energy 114 3.23 Ammonia Dissociation 117 3.24 Hydrogen from Methane Hydrate 118 3.25 Improvements in Catalysts for Hydrogen Production 119 3.26 An Assessment of GWP and AP in Various Hydrogen Production Processes 120 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 122 Abbreviations 123 References 124 4 Hydrogen Storage, Transportation, Delivery and Distribution 133 4.1 Introduction 134 4.2 Properties of Hydrogen Relevant to Storage 134 4.3 Hydrogen Storage Criteria for Specific Application 136 4.4 Storage of Hydrogen as Compressed Gas 138 4.4.1 Types of Gas Cylinders 139 4.5 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 141 4.5.1 Boil-off Losses 141 4.5.2 Storage in High-pressure Gas Cylinders: Benefits and Challenges 143 4.6 Underground Storage of Hydrogen 144 4.7 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 146 4.7.1 Design Features of Storage Vessels 148 4.8 Slush Hydrogen Storage 149 4.9 Hydrides 150 4.10 Hydrogen Storage in Zeolites 154 4.11 Chemical Hydrides 154 4.12 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage 155 4.13 Hydrogen Storage in Hollow Microspheres 156 4.14 Hydrogen Transportation 157 4.14.1 Transport of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrogen 158 4.14.2 Hydrogen Transport Through Pipelines and Ships 158 4.14.3 Hydrogen Storage in Vehicles 160 4.15 Transport of Gaseous Hydrogen 161 4.16 Liquid Hydrogen 162 4.17 Hydrogen Dispensing 163 4.18 Distribution and Delivery 164 Concluding Remarks 166 Abbreviations 167 References 167 5 Safety, Sensing and Detection of Hydrogen 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Infamous Disasters Related to Hydrogen Safety 174 5.3 Classification of Hazards 179 5.4 Physiological Hazards 179 5.4.1 Asphyxiation 180 5.4.2 Hypothermia 180 5.4.3 Thermal and Cryogenic Burns 180 5.5 Properties Relevant to Hydrogen Safety 181 5.5.1 Density, Buoyancy and Diffusivity 183 5.5.2 Continuous Evaporation and High Vapour Density 186 5.5.3 Pressure Rise 187 5.5.4 Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) 188 5.5.5 Quenching Distance and Quenching Limit 188 5.5.6 Ignition Energy 190 5.5.7 Thermal Energy and Radiation 192 5.5.8 Excessive Pressure and Blast Waves 193 5.5.9 Burning Velocity 194 5.5.10 Flammability Range 196 5.6 Phenomena of Explosion 197 5.7 Deflagration and Detonation 198 5.8 Safety at Different Stages: Production, Transmission, Storage and Application 201 5.8.1 Safety During Production 202 5.8.2 Safety Criteria in Storage 203 5.8.3 Safety in Transmission 204 5.9 Safe Handling, Storage and Use of Hydrogen in Vehicles 205 5.10 Hydrogen Leak Detection Technique and Sensors 208 5.11 Hydrogen Embrittlement 214 Concluding Remarks 215 Abbreviations 216 References 216 6 Application of Hydrogen Energy 221 6.1 Introduction 222 6.2 Ammonia Production and Fertiliser Industry 225 6.3 Production of Methanol 227 6.4 Hydrogen in Refineries 228 6.5 Hydrogen Use in Steel Industries 229 6.6 Hydrogen in Agriculture, Healthcare, Food Industry and Several Other Sectors 230 6.7 Hydrogen in the Welding, Cement and Paper Industries 231 6.8 Hydrogen for Electricity Generation 231 6.9 Hydrogen in ICEs 233 6.10 ICEs 235 6.10.1 Anomalies in Hydrogen Combustion Systems: Pre-ignition and Backfire 236 6.10.2 Phenomenon of Backfire: Causes and Control Techniques 237 6.11 Choice of Engine Configuration for Hydrogen Fuelling 241 6.12 Performance of a Hydrogen-Operated SI Engine 242 6.13 Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Engine and NOx Control 248 6.14 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 249 6.15 Spark Timing 250 6.16 Catalytic Methods 251 6.16.1 Use of Unburnt H2 251 6.16.2 Dosing of External H2 252 6.17 Operation at a High Equivalence Ratio 253 6.18 Development of Hydrogen Engine (Both SI and CI Engine) Gensets 256 6.19 Combustion in Hydrogen-fuelled SI Engines 257 6.20 Significant Contribution of Laser Ignition to Engine Combustion 258 6.20.1 Laser Ignition 258 6.20.2 Hydrogen-fuelled Laser-ignited Engine 260 6.21 Hydrogen Use in CI Engines 263 6.22 Use of Hydrogen in the Rotary (Wankel Engine) 266 6.23 Use of Hydrogen in ICEs with Natural Gas 267 6.24 Hydrogen in Combination with Other Fuels for ICEs 273 6.24.1 Hydrogen with Ethanol 273 6.24.2 Hydrogen and DME 275 6.24.3 Hydrogen with Propane and LPG 276 6.24.4 Hydrogen Addition to Biogas–Biodiesel Engine 279 6.25 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine (HCCI) 280 6.26 Hydrogen-fuelled Vehicles (ICE Based) 282 6.27 Hydrogen in Fuel Cells 285 6.27.1 Types of Fuel Cells 287 6.27.2 Hydrogen Powertrains 293 6.27.3 Fuel Cell in the Transport Sector 294 6.27.4 Fuel Cell Buses and Trucks 295 6.27.5 Off-road Transport Trains 296 6.27.6 Stationary Power 297 6.27.6 Hydrogen in Gas Turbines 299 6.27.7 Hydrogen for Maritime Applications: Ships, Submarines and Boats 302 6.27.8 Hydrogen in Aviation and Air Transport 306 6.27.9 Hydrogen Use in the Domestic Sector 308 Concluding Remarks 310 Abbreviations 310 References 313 7 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, Durability and Material Compatibility 321 7.1 Introduction 321 7.2 Life Cycle Analysis 323 7.2.1 Stages of Life Cycle Assessment 324 7.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 324 7.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 325 7.2.4 Fourth and Last Phase of LCIA Life Cycle 327 7.3 Technical Review 327 7.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production 329 7.5 LCA-based Emissions 330 7.5.1 Global Warming Potential 330 7.5.2 Acidification 333 7.5.3 Eutrophication 337 7.6 Comparative Assessment of the Hydrogen Production Process 338 7.7 Climate Target Criteria: Carbon Capture 340 7.8 Review of Hydrogen Transport Modes and Delivery Methods 341 7.9 LCA for the Hydrogen Power Generation and Transport Sector 345 7.10 Analysis of Hydrogen Storage 346 7.11 Durability Studies Related to Hydrogen Energy Utilisation 351 7.12 Material Compatibility with Hydrogen Application 355 7.13 Ductility 356 7.13.1 Temperature Effect on Ductility 356 7.13.2 Choice of Fire-resistant Material 357 7.13.3 Materials for Liquid Hydrogen Service 358 Concluding Remarks 359 Abbreviations 359 References 361 8 Hydrogen-induced Damage (HTHA, Embrittlement and Blistering) 365 8.1 Introduction 366 8.2 HTHA, HA and HHA 367 8.3 High-temperature Hydrogen Attack 367 8.4 Factors Affecting Hydrogen Attack 368 8.4.1 Temperature 368 8.4.2 Pressure 369 8.4.3 Exposure Time 369 8.4.4 Stress 369 8.4.5 Composition of the Material 370 8.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomenon 371 8.5.1 External and Internal Embrittlement 372 8.5.2 Embrittlement Index 373 8.5.3 Characteristics of Hydrogen Embrittlement 373 8.6 Mechanisms of Embrittlement 375 8.7 Embrittlement Models 375 8.7.1 Hydrogen-enhanced Decohesion 376 8.7.2 Hydrogen-enhanced Local Plasticity Model 376 8.7.3 Adsorption-induced Dislocation Emission 377 8.7.4 Hydrogen-enhanced Strain-induced Vacancy Formation 377 8.7.5 Hydride-induced Embrittlement 379 8.7.6 Hydrogen-enhanced Macroscopic Plasticity (HEMP) 379 8.7.7 Hydrogen-assisted Microfracture Mode (HAM) 380 8.7.8 Decohesive Hydrogen Fracture (DHF) and Mixed Fracture (MF) 380 8.7.9 Hydrogen-assisted Microvoid Coalescence (HDMC) 380 8.8 Sensitivity Criteria for Materials to HE 381 8.9 Susceptibility of Materials to Hydrogen Embrittlement 382 8.10 Evaluation and Measurement of HE 383 8.10.1 Temperature Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) 384 8.10.2 Hydrogen Permeation Test 384 8.10.3 Microstructural Analysis 384 8.10.4 Hydrogen Microprint Technique (HMT) or Hydrogen Microprint and Silver Decoration Techniques 384 8.11 Embrittlement Prevention 385 8.12 Blistering 386 8.12.1 Characteristics of Blisters 387 8.12.2 Preventive Measures Against Hydrogen Blistering 388 Concluding Remarks 389 Abbreviations 389 References 391 9 Path Forward 397 References 407 Index 409

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an in-depth historical and technical description of Iran's nuclear program in political, economic, and strategic contexts. The author points out this issue's connections with the evolution of global and regional strategic balances, as well as the stability of the international regime against the proliferation of nuclear weapons.Trade Review“This is a … comprehensive review of Iran's policy history of creating a nuclear energy capability. … The author includes a great deal of insight about the inner workings of the Iranian government system, adding to the book’s value. … Anyone interested in the question of nuclear energy in Iran and the Middle East must be aware of this book. It is indispensable. Summing Up: Essential. Lower-division undergraduates and above.” (S. R. Silverburg, Choice, Vol. 53 (10), June, 2016)“This book develops Iran’s path in the nuclear energy field from the first steps under Shah Reza Pahlavi in the 70s to the definition of the Joint Plan of Action (JPA) in April 2015 … . It is clear that the book is the result of an accurate and pains-taking research path, undoubtedly making it a great tool for those who want to go into the deepest details of the story.” (Greta Zunino, The International Spectator, Vol. 51 (4), 2016)Table of Contents1. The Nuclear Program of the Shah (1957-79) 2. The Impact of the Revolution (1979-89) 3. Progressive Consolidation (1989-98) 4. Expansion and Disclosure (1998-2003) 5. Diplomacy at Work (2003-05) 6. Sanctions and Tensions (2005-08) 7. Possible Military Dimensions 8. Negotiations and Pressures (2008-12) 9. Prudence and Hope

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Book SynopsisThe book is focused on theoretical and experimental investigation aimed at detecting and selecting proper information related to the fundamental aspect of combustion casing design,performance and life evaluation parameters. A rational approach has been adopted to the analysis domain underlying the complexities of the process.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Fatigue Design Philosophy of Aero Engine Combustor Casing. Development of Test Facility and Test Setup. Manufacturing of an aero engine combustor casing, its experimental evaluation of fatigue life and correlation with numerical results. Re assessment of Fatigue Life of the Modified Combustor Casing. Safety Test on Modified Combustor Casing. Effect of Fatigue on Proof Strength of an Aero Engine Combustor Casing. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisNuclear Thermal-Hydraulic Systems provides a comprehensive approach to nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulics, reflecting the latest technologies, reactor designs, and safety considerations. The text makes extensive use of color images, internet links, computer graphics, and other innovative techniques to explore nuclear power plant design and operation. Key fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and nuclear engineering concepts are carefully explained, and supported with worked examples, tables, and graphics. Intended for use in one or two semester courses, the text is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students. A complete Solutions Manual is available for professors adopting the text.Table of Contents1. Nuclear Power in the World Today 2. The Pressurized Water Reactor 3. The Boiling Water Reactor 4. Fast Reactors, Gas Reactors, and Military Reactors 5. Thermal Energy Production in Nuclear Power Plants 6. The Laws of Thermodynamics 7. Thermodynamic Properties and Equations of State 8. The Nuclear Steam Supply System and Reactor Heat Exchangers 9. Reactor Thermal Cycles 10. The Laws of Nuclear Heat Transfer 11. Heat Removal from Nuclear Fuel Rods 12. Time-Dependent Nuclear Heat Transfer 13. Nuclear Reactor Fluid Mechanics 14. Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics 15. The Conservation Equations of Fluid Mechanics 16. Single-Phase Flow in Nuclear Power Plants 17. Laminar and Turbulent Flows with Friction 18. Core and Fuel Assembly Fluid Flow 19. Reactor Coolants, Coolant Pumps, and Power Turbines 20. Fundamentals of Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Nuclear Power Plants 21. Correlations for Single-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 22. Natural Convection in Nuclear Power Plants 23. Fundamentals of Two-Phase Flow in Nuclear Power Plants 24. Two-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 25. Heat Transfer Correlations for Advanced Two-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 26. Core Temperature Fields 27. Nuclear Hot Channel Factors, the Critical Heat Flux, and the DNBR 28. Particle Transport and Entrainment during Reactor Accidents 29. Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Flows, Compressible Flows, and Choke Flows 30. Reactor Accidents, DBAs, and LOCAs 31. Flow Oscillations, Density Waves, and Hydrodynamic Instabilities 32. Containment Buildings and Their Function 33. Thermal Design Limits, Operating Limits, and Safety Limits 34. Response of a Containment Building to a Reactor LOCA

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Book SynopsisAlternative Fuel Vehicles gives full coverage of all associated qualifications and awards in the emerging field of alternative fuels. It is an essential introduction to the ever-growing demand for vehicles that operate using non-conventional fuels.This first book on AFVs endorsed by the IMI begins with an overview of the subject, ideal for beginners, before outlining what is meant by alternative fuels, why they are necessary, and why climate change and associated legislation are key drivers. Details of how alternative fuels are made, the supply infrastructure, and how these vehicles work are all included. A chapter on fuel cells introduces learners to the use of hydrogen, and one on engines and engine management includes coverage of combustion as an aid to understanding why changing the type of engine fuel is complex. Some basic engine technology is included to help readers new to the subject. Real-life case studies and examples are used to illustrate different technTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. The environment 3. Alternative fuels 4. Fuel cells 5. Engines 6. Case studies 7. Automotive Technology Academy

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Book SynopsisThis handbook deals with the subject of how an individual can interconnect and inspect grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic power plants, which includes pre-commissioning and post-commissioning inspection of the grid. It further discusses the maintenance of personal health and safety at the project site. Table of Contents1. Role of Rooftop Solar Grid Engineer. 2. Introduction to Rooftop Solar PV Sector in India. 3. Rooftop solar pv Ecosystem. 4. Pre-commissioning Inspection of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar PV Power Plant. 5. Post-commissioning Inspection of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar PV Power Plant. 6. Maintain Work Safety of Solar PV System. 7. Annexure 1 – Sample Test Certificates of Solar PV Modules and Grid Connected Inverter. 8. Annexure 2 – Guidelines for on Grid Solar Rooftop PV System on Net-metering Basis for BESCOM Officials. 9. Annexure 3 – Guidelines for Utility Personnel – Installation Process of Solar Rooftop PV Systems for JVVNL.

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Book SynopsisProgress in Renewable Energies Offshore includes the papers presented in the 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energies Offshore (RENEW2016, Lisbon, Portugal, 24-26 October 2016). The scope of the book is broad, covering all aspects of renewable energies offshore activities such as resource assessment; wind energy; wave energy; tidal energy; ocean energy devices; multiuse platforms; PTO design; grid connection; economic assessment; installation and maintenance planning. The contents of the present book are organized in these main subject areas corresponding to the sessions in the Conference.The conference reflects the importance of the renewable energies offshore worldwide and is an opportunity to contribute to the exchange of information on the developments and experience obtained in concept development, design and operation of these devices.Progress in Renewable Energies Offshore has as main target academics Table of ContentsResource assessment - WavesResource assessment - TidalResource assessment - WindEnvironmental monitoringWave energy devicesWave energy devices - OWCWave energy devices - ArraysWave energy devices - ControlWave energy devices - PTOOcean energy devicesTidal energy devicesWind energy devicesMultiuse solutionsMooring systemsRisk and reliabilityMaintenance planningEconomic assessments

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Book SynopsisFor the Movers, Shakers, and Policy Makers in Energy Engineering and Related IndustriesThe latest version of a bestselling reference, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Handbook, Second Edition covers the foremost trends and technologies in energy engineering today. This new edition contains the latest material on energy planning and policy, with a focus on renewable and sustainable energy sources. It also examines nuclear energy and its place in future energy systems, includes a chapter on natural gas, and provides extensive coverage of energy storage for numerous forms of energy generation. The text also provides energy supply, demand, and pricing factor projections for the future.Explore the Future of Global EnergyThe authors address problems that industry now faces, including the limited availability of conventional energy resources such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and considers renewTrade Review"Excellent text. Covers the ground very well. An excellent companion when you are on a learning journey in Energy. A good handbook to hold hands with!"—Prof Ajith P. de Alwis, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Coordinating Secretariat for Science Technology and Innovation (COSTI) Sri Lanka"The book provides a very comprehensive and clear description of present, immediate future and future sources, technologies and systems for a sustainable energy use in all countries of the world. The book also deals with the aspects of Energy Infrastructure and Storage necessary for Distributed Energy Systems with smart grid integration."—Professor N.K.Bansal, CEPT University Ahmedabad"Overall, this is an interesting and comprehensive book that summarises well various information. It is a great reference point and can be used by both practitioners involved in RET and EE and students learning about sustainable built environment. It deals with RET and EE from technical, financial and governance points of view based on the examples from all over the world."—Ksenia Chmutina, Loughborough University"This is the most comprehensive and complete treatment I’ve seen of the issue of energy and our society. The international coverage adds a great deal to the discussion which is generally western-focused. The coverage of technologies is extremely balanced, providing a valid reference frame on which engineers, individuals and policy makers can base solid decisions."—John Gardner, Professor, Boise State University"A comprehensive handbook which covers the most cut edge improvement technologies of energy efficiency for energy generation and transportation facilities using either conventional petroleum-based energy or renewable energy. … The handbook could be beneficial to both experienced researchers / engineers as a guide or reference book and novices / university students as a textbook in energy related fields."—Prof. Cherng-Yuan Lin, National Taiwan Ocean University"Overall, the book covers a wide range of topics on energy efficiency and renewable energy. This will serve as a good Reference for practicing engineers, policy makers, and the students working in the area of Energy."—Prof. Kaushik Rajashekara, University of Texas at DallasTable of ContentsGLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS, POLICY, AND ECONOMICS. Global Energy Systems. Sound Finance Policies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. State and Federal Policies for Renewable Energy. Strategies and Instruments for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internationally, in Europe, and in Germany. Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Policies in China. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in India. Renewable Energy Policies in Brazil: Bioenergy, Photovoltaic Generation, and Transportation. Energy in Israel: A Case for Renewables. Renewable Energy in Australia. Japan’s Post-Fukushima Energy Policy. Policies for Distributed Energy Generation. Economics Methods. Environmental Impacts and Costs of Energy. ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH 2025. Distributed Generation Technologies through 2025. Demand-Side Management. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035. Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices, 2011-2040. ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE. Transportation. Infrastructure Risk Analysis and Security. Electricity Infrastructure Resilience and Security. Electrical Energy Management in Buildings. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems. Stirling Engines. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Residential and Commercial Sectors. Energy-Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment. Heat Pumps. Electric Motor Systems Efficiency. Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management. Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology. Analysis Methods for Building Energy Auditing. Cogeneration. Energy Storage Technologies. Advanced Concepts in Transmission and Distribution. Smart Grid Technology. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES. Solar Energy Resources. Wind Energy Resource. Municipal Solid Waste. Biomass Properties and Resources. Active Solar Heating Systems. Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power. Wind Energy Conversion. Photovoltaics. Thin-Film PV Technology. Concentrating PV Technologies. Waste-to-Energy Combustion. Energy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion Process. BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS. Biomass Conversion to Heat and Power. Biomass Conversion to Fuels. Geothermal Power Generation. Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Fuel Cells.

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Book SynopsisAxial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) brushless machines are modern electrical machines with a lot of advantages over their conventional counterparts. This timeless and revised second edition deals with the analysis, construction, design, control and applications of AFPM machines.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1.1 Scope; 1.2 Features; 1.3 Development of AFPM Machines; 1.4 Types of Axial Flwr PM Machines; 1.5 Topologies and Geometries; 1.6 Rotor Dynamics; 1.7 Axial Magnetic Field Excited by PMs; 1.8 PM Eddy-Current Brake as the Simplest AFPM Brushless Machine; 1.9 AFPM Machines versus RFPM Machines; 1.10 Power Limitation of AFPM Machines; Numerical Examples; 2 Principles of AFPM Machines; 2.1 Magnetic Circuits; 2.1.1 Single-Sided Machines; 2.1.2 Double-Sided Machines With Internal PM DiscRotor; 2.1.3 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Ring-Shaped Core Stator; 2.1.4 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Slotted Stator; 2.1.5 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Coreless Stator; 2.1.6 Multidisc Machines; 2.2 Windings; 2.2.1 Three-Phase Windings Distributed in Slots; 2.2.2 Toroidal Winding; 2.2.3 Coreless Stator Winding; 2.2.4 Non-Overlap (Salient Pole) Windings; 2.3 Torque Production; 2.4 Magnetic Flux; 2.5 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF; 2.6 Losses and Efficiency; 2.6.1 Stator Winding Losses; 2.6.2 Stator Core Losses; 2.6.3 Core Loss Finite Element Model; 2.6.4 Losses in Permanent Magnets; 2.6.5 Rotor Core Losses; 2.6.6 Eddy Current Losses in Stator Conductors; 2.6.7 Rotational Losses; 2.6.8 Losses for Nonsinusoidal Current; 2.6.9 Efficiency; 2.7 Phasor Diagrams; 2.8 Sizing Equations; 2.9 Armature Reaction; 2.10 AFPM Motor; 2.10.1 Sine-Wave Motor; 2.10.2 Square-Wave Motor; 2.11 AFPM Synchronous Generator; 2.11.1 Performance Characteristics of a Stand Alone Generator; 2.11.2 Synchronization With Utility Grid; Numerical Examples; 3 Materials and Fabrication; 3.1 Stator Cores; 3.1.1 Nonoriented Electrical Steels; 3.1.2 Amorphous Ferromagnetic Alloys; 3.1.3 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites; 3.1.4 Fabrication of Stator Cores; 3.2 Rotor Magnetic Circuits; 3.2.1 PM Materials; 3.2.2 Characteristics of PM Materials; 3.2.3 Operating Diagram; 3.2.4 Permeances for Main and Leakage Fluxes; 3.2.5 Calculation of Magnetic Circuits With PMs; 3.2.6 Fabrication of Rotor Magnetic Circuits; 3.3 Windings; 3.3.1 Conductors; 3.3.2 Fabrication of Slotted Windings; 3.3.3 Fabrication of Coreless Windings; Numerical Examples; 4 AFPM Machines With Iron Cores; 4.1 Geometries; 4.2 Commercial AFPM Machines With Stator Ferromagnetic Cores; 4.3 Some Features of Iron-Cored AFPM Machines; 4.4 Magnetic Flux Density Distribution in the Air Gap; 4.5 Calculation of Reactances; 4.5.1 Synchronous and Armature Reaction Reactances; 4.5.2 Stator Leakage Reactance; 4.6 Performance Characteristics; 4.7 Performance Calculation; 4.7.1 Sine-Wave AFPM Machine; 4.7.2 Synchronous Generator; 4.7.3 Square-Wave AFPM Machine; 4.8 Finite Element Calculations; Numerical Examples; 5 AFPM Machines Without Stator Cores; 5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages; 5.2 Commercial Coreless Stator AFPM Machines; 5.3 Coreless Stator AFPM Microgenerators; 5.4 Performance Calculation; 5.4.1 Steady-State Performance; 5.4.2 Dynamic Performance; 5.5 Calculation of Coreless Winding Inductances; 5.5.1 Classical Approach; 5.5.2 FEM Approach; 5.6 Performance Characteristics; 5.7 Performance of Coreless Non-Overlap Winding AFPM Machines; 5.8 Eddy Current Losses in the Stator Windings; 5.8.1 Eddy Current Loss Resistance; 5.8.2 Reduction of Eddy Current Losses; 5.8.3 Reduction of Circulating Current Losses; 5.8.4 Measurement of Eddy Current Losses; 5.9 Armature Reaction; 5.10 Mechanical Design Features; 5.10.1 Mechanical Strength Analysis; 5.10.2 Imbalanced Axial Force on the Stator; 5.11 Thermal Problems; Numerical Examples; 6 AFPM Machines Without Stator and Rotor Cores; 6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages; 6.2 Topology and Construction; 6.3 Air Gap Magnetic Flux Density; 6.4 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF; 6.5 Commercial Coreless AFPM Motors; 6.6 Case Study: Low-Speed AFPM Coreless Brushless Motor; 6.6.1 Performance Characteristics; 6.6.2 Cost Analysis; 6.6.3 Comparison With Cylindrical Motor With Laminated Stator and Rotor Cores; 6.7 Case Study: Low-Speed Coreless AFPM; Brushless Generator; 6.8 Characterist

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Book SynopsisFor those who wish to delve deeper into the science, a technical appendix provides estimations for a variety of power generators.Anyone who is interested in how energy works and how it is transformed to power our lives will get a charge out of Lights On!Trade ReviewIn Lights On!, prolific science writer/theoretical physicist Denny explains the history of power generation and presents important facts about renewable energy... The examples provided will help readers understand complex concepts. ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Newton's Legacy2. What All the World Wants3. The Vital Spark4. Old King Coal5. The Seven Sisters—Old and New6. Water, Water, Everywhere7. Too Cheap to Meter8. Here Comes the SunAfterwordAppendixNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisRadiation Detection: Concepts, Methods, and Devices provides a modern overview of radiation detection devices and radiation measurement methods. The book topics have been selected on the basis of the authors' many years of experience designing radiation detectors and teaching radiation detection and measurement in a classroom environment.This book is designed to give the reader more than a glimpse at radiation detection devices and a few packaged equations. Rather it seeks to provide an understanding that allows the reader to choose the appropriate detection technology for a particular application, to design detectors, and to competently perform radiation measurements. The authors describe assumptions used to derive frequently encountered equations used in radiation detection and measurement, thereby providing insight when and when not to apply the many approaches used in different aspects of radiation detection. Detailed in many of the chapters are specific aspects ofTable of Contents1. Origins. 2. Introduction to Nuclear Instrumentation. 3. Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics. 4. Radiation Interactions. 5. Sources of Radiation. 6. Probability and Statistics for Radiation Counting. 7. Source and Detector Effects. 8. Essential Electrostatics. 9. Gas-Filled Detectors: Ion Chambers. 10. Gas-Filled Detectors: Proportional Counters. 11. Gas-Filled Detectors: Geiger-M¨uller Counters. 12. Review of Solid State Physics. 13. Scintillation Detectors and Materials. 14. Light Collection Devices. 15. Basics of Semiconductor Detector Devices. 16. Semiconductor Detectors. 17. Slow Neutron Detectors. 18. Fast Neutron Detectors. 19. Luminescent and Additional Detectors. 20. Radiation Measurements and Spectroscopy. 21. Mitigating Background. 22. Nuclear Electronics.

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Book SynopsisIs this the right book for me?Save Energy and Cut Your Bills offers you straightforward and achievable strategies for reducing your energy bills and living a more environmentally aware life. With lots of useful tools to assess your energy and carbon use, it gives practical advice on everything from heating your home to managing teenage consumers. The book comes with:- Energy-saving actions categorized into ''no cost'', ''low cost'' and ''investment'' actions- Detailed installation costs and savings help you to make more effective decisions - Topical issues, such as HIPs and smart metering - Guidance on the most effective ways of generating your own power- Suggestions for green driving and being more sustainable in the garden- Resource sections for further investigation and assistanceSave Energy and Cut Your Bills include:Chapter 1: Background to energy useChapter 2: How much energy are yoTrade Review'Crammed with information and advice,it will surely help to fill in the gaps for those of us not totally conversant with all the complexities of saving energy. This book deserves to be a bestseller!' * - Self Build and Design *This book is fantastic. It provides comprehensive and accessible information for anyone wanting to start looking at options for reducing their domestic carbon footprint. It picks apart the issues with unbiased clarity and gives clear and impartial steps that anyone can take, from little day-to-day 'to dos' to the life-changing leaps. Essential reading! * - Josh Steiner, Action for Sustainable Living *Nick White has produced the most comprehensive guide on energy use and savings that I have come across. There are chapters on basic things like space heating, cooking and lighting, but more advanced aspects of the subject such as microgeneration and ground source heat pumps. Each topic is subdivided into tasks that can be carried out easily and cheaply through to more complex and costly ideas. And there are clear guides to issues like payback times, planning requirements and grant systems. Overall this book is a truly valuable addition to the growing library of information on energy issues. I would strongly recommend it to anyone with an interest in the subject. * - Ethical Pulse *Table of Contents : acknowledgements : preface 01: background to energy use 02: how much energy are you using now? 03: developing a strategy for action 04: energy saving in the house 05: generating your own energy 06: energy saving in the garden 07: saving energy on the road 08: future trends : taking it further : glossary : appendix 1 : appendix 2 : index

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive overview of methods of characterizing the mechanical properties of engineering materials using specimen sizes in the micro-scale regime (0.3-5.0 mm). A range of issues associated with miniature specimen testing like correlation methodologies for data transferability between different specimen sizes, use of numerical simulation/analysis for data inversion, application to actual structures using scooped out samples or by in-situ testing, and more importantly developing a common code of practice are discussed and presented in a concise manner. Trade ReviewThe book covers ALL aspects of miniature specimen testing methods along with specimen designs and limitations for those which are now currently well established with many being also considered for ASTM standards. This book will be an invaluable source for graduate students and researchers involved with small specimen testing in various engineering and science disciplines. In addition, this book is a must-to-have for personnel involved with various technologies where limited amounts of materials are available and/or interested in characterization of damage accumulated in various structures of interest.—K. Linga Murty, North Carolina State UniversityThe book is a very good summary and collection of existing works on miniaturized mechanical testing techniques. The book covers relevant and essential topics that are needed in designing, instrumenting and implementing miniature testing methodologies. The book also provides sound insight on the science behind each of the testing methodologies.— Frank Liou, Missouri University of Science and Technology"This book brings the experience of the authors who have spent more than one decade in the determination of mechanical properties such as tensile properties, toughness properties and fracture properties through the use of small volume specimen testing methods. Being the first of its kind from India, this book serves the needs of young researchers to sensitize them on the fundamental issues relating to small specimen testing methods. The materials considered are structural materials that are used in the power plant industries and the test methods cover all the basic properties required for material’s mechanical property characterization."— Raghu V. Prakash, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Miniature specimens for tensile and flow properties. Miniature specimens for Fatigue and Fracture properties. Critical Issues in Small scale testing. Applications of small scale testing – Case Studies. Towards industrial Applications.

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Book SynopsisA “meticulously researched” (The New York Times Book Review) examination of energy transitions over time and an exploration of the current challenges presented by global warming, a surging world population, and renewable energy—from Pulitzer Prize- and National Book Award-winning author Richard Rhodes.People have lived and died, businesses have prospered and failed, and nations have risen to world power and declined, all over energy challenges. Through an unforgettable cast of characters, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Richard Rhodes explains how wood gave way to coal and coal made room for oil, as we now turn to natural gas, nuclear power, and renewable energy. “Entertaining and informative…a powerful look at the importance of science” (NPR.org), Rhodes looks back on five centuries of progress, through such influential figures as Queen Elizabeth I, King James I, Benjamin Franklin, Herman Melville, John D. Rockefeller, and Henry Ford. In his “magisterial history…a tour de force of popular science” (Kirkus Reviews, starred review), Rhodes shows how breakthroughs in energy production occurred; from animal and waterpower to the steam engine, from internal-combustion to the electric motor. He looks at the current energy landscape, with a focus on how wind energy is competing for dominance with cast supplies of coal and natural gas. He also addresses the specter of global warming, and a population hurtling towards ten billion by 2100. Human beings have confronted the problem of how to draw energy from raw material since the beginning of time. Each invention, each discovery, each adaptation brought further challenges, and through such transformations, we arrived at where we are today. “A beautifully written, often inspiring saga of ingenuity and progress…Energy brings facts, context, and clarity to a key, often contentious subject” (Booklist, starred review).Trade Review"A magesterial history...a tour de force of popular science, which is no surprise from this author."—Kirkus, Starred Review“Rhodes doesn’t minimize the downsides of advances, both human and environmental, yet, on the whole, this is a beautifully written, often inspiring saga of ingenuity and progress, ideal for general readers. Immensely engaging, trusted, and best-selling, Rhodes will attract the usual avid interest as he brings facts, context, and clarity to a key, often contentious subject.”—BOOKLIST, Starred Review “Once again, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and author Richard Rhodes takes on entangled issues around the use of science and technology and makes complicated matters more approachable. Rhodes’s study will appeal to many, not just technophiles. As always, he is an exceptionally engaging writer.”—Library Journal, Starred Review“In this meticulously researched work, Rhodes brings his fascination with engineers, scientists and inventors along as he presents an often underappreciated history: four centuries through the evolution of energy and how we use it.”—The New York Times Book Review“Riveting…Mr. Rhodes has scored another masterpiece.”—The Wall Street Journal“Energy is both a work of history and a passionately written moral tale...Rhodes’s hope that a critical look at past energy technologies will benefit those of the future is heartening.”—Science Magazine“Rhodes delivers brilliantly on the inner workings of steam engines and reactors, and his lively narrative takes readers on thrilling side trips... His fascinating tale will delight technology wonks and particularly appeal to inventors and discoverers.”—Publisher’s Weekly“Energy is an excellent book that manages to be both entertaining and informative, and it's likely to appeal to both science fans and those of us who only passed physics by the skin of our teeth. It's also a powerful look at the importance of science.”—NPR.ORG“Richard Rhodes’ dazzling Energy: A Human History tells a compulsively readable tale of human need, curiosity, ingenuity and arrogance... This exceptional book is required reading for anyone concerned about the human impact on the future of the world.”—Bookpage“Riveting…Mr. Rhodes has scored another masterpiece.”—The Wall Street Journal

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a nuanced and detailed examination of two of the most important current debates about contemporary Russia's international activity: is Moscow acting strategically or opportunistically, and should this be understood in regional or global terms? The book addresses core themes of Russian activity – military, energy and economic - but it offers an unusual multi-disciplinary analysis to these themes. Monaghan incorporates both regional and thematic specialist expertise to give a fresh perspective to each of these core themes.Underpinned by detailed analyses of the revolution in Russian geospatial capabilities and the establishment of a strategic planning foundation, the book includes chapters on military and maritime strategies, energy security and economic diversification and influence. This serves to highlight the connections between military and economic interests that shape and drive Russian strategy.Trade Review'In Russian Grand Strategy in the Era of Global Power Competition, editor Andrew Monaghan brings together contributors to explore the military, political and economic features of Russian foreign policy. This book will be a useful starting point for researchers, policymakers, students of history and politics and all those looking to understand Russia’s long-term goals and sense of its place in the evolving world order.'LSE Review of Books -- .Table of ContentsForewordFlorence GaubPrefaceIan HillIntroduction Russian grand strategy and global power competitionAndrew Monaghan1 Mapping the globe and the revolution in Russia’s geospatial capabilityAlexander J. Kent2 Russia’s global maritime strategyMichael B. Petersen3 6th generation war and Russia’s global theatres of military activityCharles Bartles4 Looking to the global economy: Russia’s role as a supplier of strategically important goodsRichard Connolly5 Polar power: Russia’s 21st century power baseNazrin Mehdiyeva6 Strategic planning and management in RussiaJulian CooperConclusions Moscow’s strategy to become a ubiquitous powerAndrew Monaghan

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a nuanced and detailed examination of two of the most important current debates about contemporary Russia's international activity: is Moscow acting strategically or opportunistically, and should this be understood in regional or global terms? The book addresses core themes of Russian activity – military, energy and economic - but it offers an unusual multi-disciplinary analysis to these themes. Monaghan incorporates both regional and thematic specialist expertise to give a fresh perspective to each of these core themes.Underpinned by detailed analyses of the revolution in Russian geospatial capabilities and the establishment of a strategic planning foundation, the book includes chapters on military and maritime strategies, energy security and economic diversification and influence. This serves to highlight the connections between military and economic interests that shape and drive Russian strategy.Trade Review'In Russian Grand Strategy in the Era of Global Power Competition, editor Andrew Monaghan brings together contributors to explore the military, political and economic features of Russian foreign policy. This book will be a useful starting point for researchers, policymakers, students of history and politics and all those looking to understand Russia’s long-term goals and sense of its place in the evolving world order.'LSE Review of Books -- .Table of ContentsForewordFlorence GaubPrefaceIan HillIntroduction Russian grand strategy and global power competitionAndrew Monaghan1 Mapping the globe and the revolution in Russia’s geospatial capabilityAlexander J. Kent2 Russia’s global maritime strategyMichael B. Petersen3 6th generation war and Russia’s global theatres of military activityCharles Bartles4 Looking to the global economy: Russia’s role as a supplier of strategically important goodsRichard Connolly5 Polar power: Russia’s 21st century power baseNazrin Mehdiyeva6 Strategic planning and management in RussiaJulian CooperConclusions Moscow’s strategy to become a ubiquitous powerAndrew Monaghan

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the latest developments in the field of engineering. Chapter One reviews an extensive study on the design of experiment methods. Chapter Two presents controller designs using the traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) control algorithm to control a planar two-link flexible manipulator. Chapter Three presents an active vibration control (AVC) system for trailed two-wheeled implements (TTWI) avoiding instruments damage. Chapter Four reports on the kinematics of a series-parallel manipulator whose architecture is based on the topology of the 3RPS tangential parallel manipulator where R, P and S stand, respectively, for Revolute, Prismatic and Spherical joints. Chapter Five discusses the estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity. Chapter Six proposes a new and robust model to predict the dynamical behavior of the Liquid Diffusion Phenomenon (LDP).

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Book SynopsisThere are increasing demands on energy supplies as they become an essential requirement to support modern life in most countries. Conventional resources for power generation that depend on fossil fuels become less reliable because of price fluctuations and long-term supply uncertainties. Furthermore, strong environmental awareness coupled with recent efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has encouraged a shift from fossil fuels to renewable power generating resources. This has resulted in a significant investment in renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, hydro and fuel cells. This book provides new research on performance, improvement strategies and the future directions on energy efficiency.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors develop a modeling approach and formulate global equations. The data is based on the thermos-economic theory that uses the thermodynamic process of cost formation and that considers the direct and indirect effects of all components of every system in each cited field. The relations between the incomes and impacts of the use of energy in all sectors with different systems are discussed, and characteristic equations representing each physical behavior of every plant in the system and its impact will be formulated. The Nigeria energy situation is reviewed in order to identify potential sites of SHPs and how small hydropower fits in as the solution to the country sustainable energy challenge. Issues of small hydropower resource availability, technology, environment and climate change have been also discussed. Following this, an overview of industrial systems of oxycombustion integrated in microalgal photobioreactors is provided. The authors discuss issues related to carbon capture technologies, the science and technology of the oxycombustion, the biological oxygen generation, the photobioreactors and the process integration, summarizing a range of useful strategies directed to the industrial sustainable development. The development process for harvesting marine energy for local small-scale usage is described; marine energy has received much attention globally and is being developed as a viable source of renewable energy. While high tidal and fast water current would yield large energy generation, not all locations possess these advantages. With different limitations for specific site locations, this study suggests that micro-scale marine turbine may be suitable for areas with low tidal velocity. Continuing, a review is provided which describes recent approaches adopted to engineer nanostructured electrocatalytic materials for efficient mass transport of reactants and products, high conductivity and activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction into value-added chemicals or intermediates. The current state of integration of Big Data, Data Mining and Artificial Intelligence techniques in advanced Energy Systems Optimization is also examined. A comprehensive review of relevant Artificial Intelligence techniques applicable to the optimization of DER is described, in addition to a review of relevant software needed to model advanced DERs.

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