Energy technology and engineering Books

Book SynopsisThe Department of Defense (DoD) continues to make significant progress toward achieving the goals of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) and Executive Order (EO) 13423, Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management. The DOD Energy Program initiatives include energy awareness efforts, energy manager training, audit programs, procurement of energy efficient products, and the use of sustainable design in new construction and major renovation. Other contributing factors include integrated energy planning, enhanced use of renewable energy, demonstration of innovative technologies, and the use of Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPC) and Utility Energy Service Contracts (UESC). DOD is responding to EPAct 2005 and EO 13423. Combined, these mandates established a new energy baseline (2003), increased the annual reduction requirement to 3 percent per year, increased the percentage of renewable energy required (7.5 percent by 2013), increased energy efficiency of new construction to 30 percent below the current standard, and required metering electricity consumption of all facilities. Through Fiscal Year (FY) 2007, the Department of Defense achieved a 10.1 percent decrease in goal facility energy consumption (as measured on a British Thermal Units (Btu) per gross square foot (GSF) basis [Btu/GSF]) as compared to the revised 2003 baseline. The Department of the Army determined that the square footage was over reported in 2003, compared to data contained in the real property database. Therefore, this book contains a significantly revised baseline, which raises the previously reported Btu/GSF from 113,510 to 116,134. At the end of FY 2007 the Department has 1.95 billion square feet of facilities and spent $3.4 billion on facility energy. DoD spent $9.5 billion on non-fleet vehicles and other equipment - such as auto gasoline, LPG-Propane, Aviation Gasoline, jet fuel and Navy-special fuel. DOD continues to make progress in installing renewable energy technologies and purchasing electricity generated from renewable sources (solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass) when life cycle cost-effective. The National Defence Authorization Act of 2007 codified a 2005 DOD goal to produce or procure renewable energy equivalent to 25 percent of facility electrical consumption. The total renewable energy that the Department produced or procured in FY 2007 amounted to 12,054 trillion Btu and represents 11.9 percent of the facility electrical consumption. For FY 2007, the Department of Energy revised the guidance for compliance with the renewable energy requirements of EPAct 2005 and EO 13423, allowing only renewable electricity. Under this revised guidance, DoD achieved 5.5 percent total and 3.3 percent new renewable energy, well exceeding the goals of 3 percent and 1.5 percent respectively.

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Book SynopsisThe Earth houses a vast energy supply in the form of geothermal resources. Domestic resources are equivalent to a 30,000 year energy supply at our current rate for the United States. Geothermal energy is used in all 50 U.S. states today. But, geothermal energy has not reached its full potential as a clean secure energy alternative because of issues with resources, technology, historically low natural gas prices, and public policies. These issues affect the economic competitiveness of geothermal energy. This book explores geothermal energy''s viability, risk and cost analysis.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy security in sustainability; hydroelectric power plants v. nature in the Czech Republic; the role of crop residues and second generation energy crops in biofuel production; electricity from renewable energy sources; technologies for CO2 capture in power plants; and electricity distribution networks.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy research studies from authors across the globe, including exhaust gases from internal combustion engines and gas turbines that burn both fossil and biomass derived fuels; saving energy in the residential sector; drilling, growing or conserving our way to greater energy independence; the properties, engineering and applications of butanol; research on the relationship between thermal inertia and thermal comfort adaptive models and a new method to reduce HVAC energy consumption.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents current research in the study of the chemistry, processes and application of gasification processes. Topics discussed include experimental activities in a flexible gasification pilot plant; water gas shift and membrane reactor studies for the production of a hydrogen-rich stream in steam-oxygen gasification processes; the development of a dynamic model for a stratified downdraft wood gasifier; gasification of biomass for the production of syngas with reduced tar formation; the System Biomass Gasifier and its operation and the study of the catalytic effect of magnetite in the gasification of chars from lignite/rubber mixtures.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, systems and technologies of distributed generation (DG) for electricity generation or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) are discussed. DG generally refers to micro and small-scale (typically 1 kW-50 MW) electric power generators that produce electricity at a site close to customers or that are tied to an electric distribution system. Distributed generators include, but are not limited to synchronous generators, induction generators, reciprocating engines, micro turbines, combustion gas turbines, fuel cells, solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents and discusses current research in the study of sustainable petroleum operations. Topics discussed include greening of petroleum operations; a novel environmental risk management model for petroleum operations; an approach for conflict resolution in oil and gas operations; technological analysis and quantitative assessment of oil and gas development and air pollution and carbon assessment framework for oil and gas developments.

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Book SynopsisPetroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Subsurface activities are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry, which are the activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons. This book presents current research in the study of sustainable petroleum engineering including topics such as optimisation techniques in groundwater monitoring network design for petroleum contaminant detection; a relation-analysis-based approach for assessing risks of petroleum-contaminated sites and an improved model for predicting formation damage induced by oilfield scales.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy research studies from authors across the globe, including recent research in thermoelectric power generation; thermal energy and sustainable development in the Sudan; nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for Li-Ion batteries; resonant wireless power transmission; energy reduction in the building sector and power transmission over optical fibres.

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Book SynopsisOver the past five years, the Department of Energy''s Office of Basic Energy Sciences has engaged thousands of scientists around the world to study the current status, limiting factors and specific fundamental scientific bottlenecks blocking the widespread implementation of alternate energy technologies. From these efforts, it becomes clear that the magnitude of the challenge is so immense that existing approaches will not be enough to secure our energy future. Instead, meeting the challenge will require fundamental understanding and scientific breakthroughs in new materials and chemical processes to make possible new energy technologies and performance levels far beyond what is now possible. This book discusses and identifies strategic goals for which transformational scientific breakthroughs are urgently being researched for tomorrow''s energy needs.

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Book SynopsisA clean, secure, safe and affordable energy future is among the pre-eminent challenges facing the United States, and a major acceleration is needed in the pace of energy technology innovation, invention, translation, adoption and diffusion. The U.S. must be at the forefront of energy technology innovation over the next decade for reasons of economic competitiveness, environment and security. Meeting this challenge will require extraordinary actions at the Federal level, in concert with the private sector that owns and operates the vast majority of the energy supply. This book examines the challenge ahead for building a sustainable energy future and transforming the U.S. energy economy.

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Book SynopsisThere is an increase in the projection of future electricity demand across the globe. In the projections from the International Energy Outlook 2010 (IEO2010), the total energy consumption will increase by 49% from 2007 to 2035 (1.4% per year). Based on those reports, it is seen that the use of energy will increase over that time (considering world oil prices will remain relatively high through most of the projection period). There is also an effort being made to search for sustainable and clean energy, like as generated by wind, solar, wave, tide, geothermal and hydroelectricity. This book takes in consideration the following themes: wind power generation, bioenergy, nuclear energy, hydroelectric energy and energy transportation.

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Book SynopsisToday''s energy situation has created a dilemma for coal use in the United States. On one hand, the environmental challenges of using coal appear formidable, particularly with growing concern over the impact of carbon dioxide emissions on global climate change. On the other hand, the projected demand for electricity, coupled with high fuel costs, presents a near-term opportunity for the greater use of coal to ensure energy security for America. This solution to coal''s "Catch-22" can be achieved through technological advancements that enable coal-based energy plants to produce much needed electricity and fuels for secure and stable economic growth. This book examines the development of the technological pathway of advanced power systems using bituminous coal.

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Book SynopsisEnergy storage can be utilised in a wide range of applications. The main types of applications covered by the chapters in the present volume include utility and other electrical power systems, conventional and renewable power generation, renewable energy sources, heat pumps, building heating and cooling and district energy systems. The ability of energy storage to facilitate the efficient, effective and economic operation of renewable energy systems is reinforced in this volume, with chapters focusing on using energy storage to improve solar power plants and other renewable energy applications. This book addresses both existing and potential future energy storage technologies and systems.

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Book SynopsisVegetation is able, through photosynthesis, to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it to carbohydrates. Some of this carbon returns to the atmosphere through decay or burning, but much of it can remain in the soil or in plant tissues for many years. By improved management practices, the amount of carbon stored in soils and plants can be increased. Storing carbon in this way is referred to as terrestrial sequestration. This book examines the land types and management methods that can maximise carbon storage in vegetation and soil and explores the analytical techniques necessary to monitor, verify and account for terrestrially stored carbon, which is required for this carbon to be traded.

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Book SynopsisDuring his 25 January 2011 State of the Union speech, President Obama proposed a Clean Energy Standard (CES) policy framework that would result in 80% of U.S. electricity generation coming from "clean energy" sources by 2035. "Clean energy," as described by President Obama, would include renewables, nuclear power and partial credits for clean coal and efficient natural gas. This book examines the design elements of previous CES proposals, summarizes the Administration''s CES policy framework, provides state-level baseline CES compliance analysis, and presents several policy options that Congress might consider as part of a CES debate.

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Book SynopsisAn expanding array of state-of-the-art and emerging technologies are opening new opportunities to improve and/or to reduce the costs to generate, deliver and use electricity. One of these technologies is modular electricity storage (MES). In this book, the specific utility application addressed is the use of MES to reduce the cost of electricity delivery by reducing the cost of electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) equipment. Specifically, MES would be used to defer expensive improvements or capacity additions to T&D equipment by providing modular capacity additions as needed.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy research studies from authors across the globe, including recent research in the development of green energy saving mechanisms; seasonal thermal energy storage of underground heat; free carbon technologies in developing nations; energy efficiency in buildings; standby losses in power demand in electricity distribution systems with high penetration of small electronic devices; solar water heating; energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan and biodiesel production from Langmuir-Blodgett lipase engineering.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. pulp and paper industry consumes over $7 billion worth of purchased fuels and electricity per year. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. pulp and paper industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This book discusses energy efficiency practices and energy-efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, facility and organisational levels. An overview of the trends, structure and energy consumption characteristics of the U.S. pulp and paper industry, along with descriptions of the major process technologies used within the industry are discussed.

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Book SynopsisCombined Heat and Power (CHP) is the sequential or simultaneous generation of multiple forms of useful energy (usually mechanical and thermal) in a single, integrated system. CHP systems consist of a number of individual components-prime mover (heat engine), generator, heat recovery, and electrical interconnection-configured into an integrated whole. This book reviews the technical and economic characterisation of biomass resources, biomass preparation, energy conversion technologies, power production systems, and complete integrated systems.

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Book SynopsisRefrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable. The primary purpose of refrigeration is lowering the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature. This book reviews research on refrigeration including an overview of up-to-date developments and technology in the field of magnetic refrigeration at room temperature (RTMR); an alternative approach based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) to determine thermodynamic properties of refrigerants; solar powered sorption refrigeration and air conditioning; the modelling of chilling and freezing processes and others.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of renewable energy sources, the environment and sustainable development. This includes all the renewable energy technologies, materials and their development, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change. Also explored in this volume is ocean energy, its benefits and barriers and solar radiation as a primary daytime source of energy. Various scenarios are extrapolated in order to assess the potential environmental impact of increasing world population and consumption throughout the 21st century and a general overview of the world-wide trend in fossil fuels.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy storage systems; oil shale extraction and applications; properties and sources of diesel fuels; and the rational use of renewable energy on Earth. Discussed in this compilation is fermentable sugar production from lignocellulois biomass in the production of renewable biofuels and other bio-products and the effects of chemical structure on oil shale pyrolysis. This book also presents a review of energy storage and redistribution associated with photovoltaic energy as well as the deep oxidative desulfurisation of diesel fuels by heteropoly acid mesoporous composite catalysts.

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Book SynopsisClimate change issues, the reduced world reserves of fossils, and higher and higher fuel prices play an important role in the development of clean technologies, such as biohydrogen, biodiesel and bioethanol, for producing renewable energy. This book gathers and presents current research from across the globe in the study of clean energy resources, their production and developments.

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Book SynopsisIncreasing concerns about global warming, energy independence and public health have contributed to a rise in public interest in so-called "green" products and services, and the development of a "green" economy. A number of federal programs and activities are relevant to that interest. In addition to well-known programs aimed at the public such as Energy Star, the federal government is itself a major consumer of goods and services, spending more than $500 billion per year on procurement. Substantial proportions of those expenditures are on goods and services with significant environmental impacts. This book explores the "green" policies and issues in the United States with a focus on federal "green" procurement; "green" building and energy efficiency; renewable energy as a pathway to green jobs; Executive Order 13514 on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; and the greening options for the Capitol Power Plant.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of improvements of HVAC conditions; biological monitoring using wildlife; second law based methods for improvement of energy systems; the expression of wind power; history and evolution of fusion power plant studies; EPA''s SO2 policy and it''s regional impacts; global climate change; and energy previsions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. photovoltaic (PV) industry is forecast to grow in both the short term and the long term. It represents a significant opportunity for economic development and job creation in communities throughout the United States. The PV industry is best regarded as two major sectors: PV products (a sector of businesses that manufacture raw materials, PV modules and other components) and PV energy generation (a sector of services centred on the purchase of components and the installation of PV systems). This book provides background on the PV industry with a focus on helping communities evaluate opportunities in the photovoltaic industry and develop a strategic approach appropriate to a specific community.

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Book SynopsisThis book organises and presents a comprehensive review of the multiple benefits of clean energy, together with an analytical framework that states can use to assess those benefits during the development and implementation of clean energy policies and programs. State clean energy initiatives can produce significant savings in fuel and electricity costs, the environment and public health and the economy.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy research studies from authors across the globe, including recent research in renewable energy, emerging energy technologies and sustainable development; the production of biofuels in the Italian energy system; hydrogen production in the dark fermentation process; price effects of biofuel tax credits and blending mandates; wind power as an economically viable and environmentally sustainable source of renewable energy; and using aquatic plants as biofuel sources.

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Book SynopsisThe exploration for and production of oil and gas to meet our nation''s energy needs also results in the production of large quantities of water as a by-product. This water, which is produced from wells during exploration and production, is known as "produced water." Because produced water may contain a variety of contaminants, such as salts and minerals, it is often considered to be a waste stream that oil and gas producers must appropriately manage and treat before this water can be disposed of. If it is not appropriately managed or treated, the contaminants present in produced water discharged from oil and gas operations may threaten human health and the environment. This book explores the inextricable link between energy production and water with a focus on what is known about the volume and quality of produced water from oil and gas production; what practices are generally used to manage and treat produced water; and how the management of produced water is regulated at the federal level and in selected states.

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Book SynopsisRenewable energy is available to consumers in three forms: (1) utility green pricing programs offered in regulated states, (2) competitive retail electricity products in deregulated or competitive markets, and (3) renewable energy certificates (RECs) purchased in over-the-counter transactions or through independent REC marketers. The objective of this book is to explore trends in consumer interest and awareness of renewable energy options through analysis of historical and regional survey data. This book documents green power marketing activities and trends in the United States and discusses the social acceptance of utility-scale renewable energy projects.

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Book SynopsisHeating and cooling losses from forced-air ducts can result in high energy costs, lead to thermal comfort problems, and -- in some extreme situations -- result in serious health and safety concerns. Reducing air leakage and conductive losses from ducts can be a straight-forward way to reduce energy use and improve comfort in homes. This book discusses the basics of air distribution and duct design; strategies to seal and insulate ducts in existing homes; accurate heating and cooling load calculations and HVAC equipment sizing.

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Book SynopsisThe potential economic benefits of the growing renewable energy sector have led to increased federal, state, and local investments in solar industries, including federal grants for expanded workforce training for U.S. solar installers. However, there remain gaps in the data required to understand the size and composition of the workforce needed to meet the demand for solar power. This book seeks to address that gap, improving the understanding of both the evolving needs of employers and the economic opportunity associated with solar market development. It also focuses on solar market trends through 31 December 2010. It provides an overview of the U.S. solar electricity market, including photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies, identifies successes and trends within the market from both global and U.S. perspectives, and offers a general overview of the state of the solar energy market.

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Book SynopsisLight-emitting diodes (LEDs), a type of solid-state lighting (SSL), offers the electric lighting market a new and revolutionary light source that saves energy and improves light quality, performance, and service. Today, white-light LEDs are competing or are poised to compete successfully with conventional lighting sources across a variety of general illumination applications due to their ability to offer high quality and cost-effective performance. This book forecasts the energy savings potential of light emitting diode (LED), white-light sources compared to conventional white-light sources (ie: incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, and high intensity discharge).

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Book SynopsisOver the past 30 years, wind energy has evolved from a small industry active in a few countries to a large international industry involving major players in the manufacturing, development, and utility sectors. Coinciding with the industry growth, significant innovation in the technology has resulted in larger sized turbines with lower associated costs of energy and more complex designs in all subsystems, from the rotor to the drivetrain to the electronics and control systems. However, as deployment of the technology grows and its role within the electricity sector has become more prominent, so have the expectations of the technology in terms of performance, reliability, and cost. This book surveys the landscape of systems engineering methods and catalogues the various existing modelling tools that relate to the design of wind energy systems from components to entire plants.

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Book SynopsisAs many of the authors in this book note, the energy available in the hydrogen currently produced around the world is relatively small when compared to the global primary energy use. Such comparisons however yield a poor estimate of hydrogen''s importance as we undergo the necessary transition towards low carbon intensity energy generation systems. There are many possible scenarios for future global supply of energy. Production of hydrogen is of vital importance if we wish to secure reliable supplies of low carbon energy. This book is about the methods which can be used to produce the hydrogen that is needed. The methods presented range from those which seek to further develop existing technologies through refinement of the catalysts used, to new methods relying on direct use of sunlight or micro-organisms. The material presented ranges from topic reviews to experimental studies, many of which are at the forefront of their respective areas.

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