Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisProvides a textbook overview of the past, present, and future of African Americans in US media. Brings together work from a variety of disciplines to provide the fullest understanding of this complex relationship to date.Trade Review"Prof. Squires has accomplished something quite remarkable with African Americans and the Media. This is not simply a 'textbook'. Rather, it is one of the most comprehensive, engaged works of scholarship to chart the relationship African Americans have with media. This book not only covers every medium, from print to internet, but it also examines innovation, audience reception, and even industry responsibility. This is an absolutely essential resource for students and scholars at every level." Robin Coleman, University of MichiganTable of ContentsAcknowledgements Chronology of Events Introduction - African Americans and the Mass Media Section One: The Black Press 1. The Black Press in the 19th Century: From Slavery to Reconstruction 2. The Great Black Migration and the Growth of the Urban Black Press, 1910-1945 3. The Black Press, the Civil Rights Movement, and Beyond 4. Black Magazines in the 20th Century Section Two: Film 5. Mainstream Cinema and African Americans, 1900-1940s 6. From Servile to "Upstanding": Message films, Sidney Poitier, and Hollywood after WWII 7. Approaching a New Century: From Spike Lee to Direct-to-DVD Section Three: Radio and Recorded Music 8. Records and Race in the Early Years of Radio 9. Radio and Race: From World War II to Rock ‘n' Roll 10. Integrating Entertainment and Ownership in Music & Radio Section Four: Television and New Media 11. Black Faces in Small Places: Early television and Black Americans 12. Enter Cosby: A New Era of Black Presence on Television, 1984-1992 13. Black Entertainment Television and the Promise of Cable Diversity 14. African Americans and the New Media Environment: From Mass to Niche Media Endnotes

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Book Synopsis* Major new introduction to the relationship between the media and environment, with a focus on the role played by news. * Covers key topics including: local, national and global issues, journalistic sources, public relations and protest, and the circulation of environmental meanings in the public sphere.Trade Review"Media and Environment offers a comprehensive discussion of approaches, methods and outcomes in research on media and environmental conflict, from a multidisciplinary, but nevertheless fundamentally sociological perspective. The book offers an excellent insight into the processes driving news coverage of environmental conflict, as well as into ways of conceptualizing the interplay of news, publics and political action. It will be a welcome addition to this burgeoning field of study." Anders Hansen, University of Leicester "At a time when the global scale of environmental issues insisits upon public attention and action, the news institutions that report these issues have come under singular economic pressure. Libby lester writes a theoretically sophisticated and lucid analysis of the mediated construction of the public discourse on environmental risk under these conditions and of the political interests of the key players in this essential debate." Andrew Rojecki, University of Illinois at Chicago "As we teeter on the brink of environmental apocalypse, we may wonder: how did we get here? Libby Lester's insightful analysis of the role of news media in constructing our understanding of the multiple environmental crises engulfing the earth provides important clues. Through her global perspective on why we get the environmental news coverage that we do, Lester gives us some hope for charting a new direction." Kevin DeLuca, University of UtahTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. Chapter One: Media and Environments. Chapter Two: Conflict and Risk. Chapter Three: News and Journalists. Chapter Four: Sources and Voices. Chapter Five: Movement and Protest. Chapter Six: Symbols and celebrities. Chapter Seven: Environment and engagement. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFamily Conflict takes a life course approach as it provides an accessible discussion of family conflict issues, processes, and outcomes. Chapters draw on recent theory and research regarding sub-systems and stages in family life to give readers resource-rich overviews of conflict in contemporary families. After the initial chapter presents the landscape of family conflict theory and research, chapters focus on conflict in couple relationships, parent-child relationships, sibling relationships, and in stepfamilies. The book concludes with a discussion of how specific work, health, and disability challenges facing today's families influence, and are influenced by, conflict interactions. Family Conflict will be essential reading for students of family communication, family researchers, professionals who work with families in various stages of life, and anyone who desires a deeper understanding of their own family conflict processes.Trade Review"Scholars and students alike will appreciate this highly accessible volume. The authors masterfully weave together multiple perspectives to cogently capture the state of the art on family conflict."Brett Laursen, Florida Atlantic University"This is an excellent piece of well-balanced, integrative scholarship. The writing is precise yet engaging and the book will be an excellent introduction to family conflict for people new to the area and a useful resource for people already familiar with the topic."John Caughlin, University of IllinoisTable of ContentsDetailed Contents viiiTables and Figures xPreface xi1 Introduction to Family Conflict 12 Marital Conflict 223 Interparental Conflict, Post-Divorce, and Stepfamilies 524 Conflict between Parents and Children 825 Siblings in Conflict 1136 Conflict in the Face of Family Challenges: Work-Family Interface, Health & Disability, and Family Resilience 141Appendices 166References 175Index 197

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Book Synopsis* Only book to date focusing on communication occurring in health organizations. * Flexibility for use in different health communication courses and class formats. * Breadth of research reviewed applies to exploring communication in multiple health-related disciplines.Trade Review"Julie Apker addresses the landscape of health care environment in a way that captures its complexity and honors the experiences of both providers and patients. Her consideration of contemporary events will help readers to make sense of their professional and personal encounters with health care organizations."Katherine Miller, Texas A&M University "Apker has done an outstanding job in integrating and synthesizing a large body of research on the subject of communication in health organizations, and making it relevant to students. This is an excellent companion text for general health communication courses, or courses specific to health organizations."Eileen Berlin Ray, Cleveland State University "At last, a well-written and compelling book that surveys the forms and functions of communication in health organizations! Apker offers a timely and masterful analysis that is theoretically grounded and comprehensive in scope. For anyone working in a caring profession or interested in the communicative challenges of complex health systems, this is a must-read."Lynn Harter, Ohio University Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables. Acknowledgements. Introduction Chapter 1 Landscape of Healthcare Delivery Chapter 2 Organizational Assimilation. Chapter 3 Identity and Power. Chapter 4 Stress, Burnout, and Social Support. Chapter 5 Change and Leadership. Chapter 6 Health Teams. Chapter 7 Health Organization Quality. Chapter 8 Health Communication Technologies. References. Name Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisResearch consistently shows how through the years more of our time gets spent using media, how multitasking our media has become a regular feature of everyday life, and that consuming media for most people increasingly takes place alongside producing media.Trade Review“Media Life is a daring, provocative and mindful analysis of the many ways in which media have become an irreducible component of the social. It is written in a very approachable style, presented in an impeccable typographic design, and is impressive in its scope of concepts, terminologies, and the body of examples from market research, art and popular culture.” Christoph Raetzsch, Digital Journalism "Draws on a wide array of sometimes sharply original ideas about both entrapment and opportunity, organizing them vigorously and often with wit." European Journal of Communication "This innovative interpretation of our relationship to media is both coherent and the fruit of much thought. It contains the promise of a long-sought-for new paradigm to replace the original causal-linear model of mass communication." Denis McQuail, University of Amsterdam "Media Life is a fresh and inspiring book, dense in original ideas and intuitions. It is an outstanding book to read, to study, to cite, to have on the shelves of your library, to lend to friends, to suggest to students, and to think about when you yourself take part in media life." Leopoldina Fortunati, University of Udine "In Media Life Mark Deuze gives us an immediate sense of the embedded, interconnected, and multi-modal character and necessity of media in contemporary life. It is also a window into the next generation of communication research and scholarship, where the familiar divides between channel and content, interpersonal interaction and mediated communication, the personal, the institutional, and the systemic will fade and reconfigure. Just as we cannot not communicate, today we cannot not mediate. An indispensable tour of the emerging boundaries of media studies." Leah Lievrouw, University of California Los AngelesTable of ContentsPreface: In Media1. Media Life2. Media Today3. What Media Do4. No Life Outside Media5. Society in Media6. Together Alone7. In Media We Fit8. Life in MediaReferencesEndnotes

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Book SynopsisThe MIS and LAN Managers Guide to Advanced Telecommunications examines the technologies, devices, and equipment commonly used by telecommunications carriers. Discussions include the basics of voice and data communications as well as a wide range of telecommunications topics, particularly wide area networks and digital networks focusing on client server LAN networks. Major issues surrounding LAN interconnection are explained in easy-to-understand language and numerous illustrations. The text provides the MIS or network manager with a comprehensive view of emerging telecommunications technologies, current networking technology for information systems, and detailed information on how to implement useful solutions. Additionally, the author reviews industry standard solutions from a technical perspective giving a detailed treatment of the various protocols and their operation and the applicability of the technology to support organizational data and communications needs for com

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface. List of Tables. Traffic System Design Overview. Poisson Distribution. Erlang B. Distribution. Erlang C. Distribution. Binomial Distribution. Engset Distribution. Definitions. Glossary. Selected Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisSemiconductor Memories provides in-depth coverage in the areas of design for testing, fault tolerance, failure modes and mechanisms, and screening and qualification methods including. * Memory cell structures and fabrication technologies. * Application-specific memories and architectures. * Memory design, fault modeling and test algorithms, limitations, and trade-offs. * Space environment, radiation hardening process and design techniques, and radiation testing. * Memory stacks and multichip modules for gigabyte storage.Trade Review"...a valuable reference..." (Microelectronics Reliability, Vol. 43, 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Random Access Memory Technologies. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs). 2.3 Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAMs). Chapter 3: Nonvolatile Memories. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Masked Read-Only Memories (ROMs). 3.3 Programmable Read-Only Memories (PROMs). 3.4 Erasable (UV)-Programmable Read-Only Memories (EPROMs). 3.5 Electrically Erasable PROMs (EEPROMs). 3.6 Flash Memories (EPROMs or EEPROMs). Chapter 4: Memory Fault Modeling and Testing. 4.1 Introduction . . . . 4.2 RAM Fault Modeling. 4.3 RAM Electrical Testing. 4.4 RAM Pseudorandom Testing. 4.5 Megabit DRAM Testing. 4.6 Nonvolatile Memory Modeling and Testing. 4.7 IDDQ Fault Modeling and Testing. 4.8 Application Specific Memory Testing. Chapter 5: Memory Design for Testability and Fault Tolerance. 5.1 General Design for Testability Techniques. 5.2 RAM Built-in Self-Test (BIST). 5.3 Embedded Memory DFT and BIST Techniques. 5.4 Advanced BIST and Built-in Self-Repair Architectures. 5.5 DFT and BIST for ROMs. 5.6 Memory Error-Detection and Correction Techniques. 5.7 Memory Fault-Tolerance Designs. Chapter 6: Semiconductor Memory Reliability. 6.1 General Reliability Issues. 6.2 RAM Failure Modes and Mechanisms. 6.3 Nonvolatile Memory Reliability. 6.4 Reliability Modeling and Failure Rate Prediction. 6.5 Design for Reliability. 6.6 Reliability Test Structures. 6.7 Reliability Screening and Qualification. Chapter 7: Semiconductor Memory Radiation Effects. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Radiation Effects. 7.3 Radiation-Hardening Techniques. 7.4 Radiation Hardness Assurance and Testing. Chapter 8: Advanced Memory Technologies. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Ferroelectric Random Access Memories (FRAMs). 8.3 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) FRAMs. 8.4 Analog Memories. 8.5 Magnetoresistive Random Access Memories (MRAMs). 8.6 Experimental Memory Devices. Chapter 9: High-Density Memory Packaging Technologies. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Memory Hybrids and MCMs (2-D). 9.3 Memory Stacks and MCMs (3-D). 9.4 Memory MCM Testing and Reliability Issues. 9.5 Memory Cards. 9.6 High-Density Memory Packaging Future Directions. Index.

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Book SynopsisA leading--edge reference, this collection of original chapters from prominent experts in the field brings you a superb presentation of the latest in telecommunications network management.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Acknowledgments. List of Acronyms. Principles of Network Management (Salah Aidarous and Thomas Plevyak). A Critical Survey of Network Management Protocol Standards(Yechiam Yemini). Telecommunications Management Network: Principles, Models, and Applications (Veli Sahin). Domestic and International Open Systems InterconnectionManagement Standards (Philip A. Johnson). Applying Object-Oriented Analysis and Design to the Integrations of Network Management Systems (Raymond H. Pyle). Modeling and Simulation in Network Management (Victor S. Frost). Knowledge-based Network Management (Kurudi H. Muralidhar). Configuration Management (Gordon Rainey). Fault Management (Charles J. Byrne). Network Performance Management (Subhabrata Bapi Sen). Distributed Restoration of the Transport Network (Wayne Grover). Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsDeterministic Problems. Electrostatic Fields. Two-Dimensional Electromagnetic Fields. Wire Antennas and Scatterers. Generalized Network Parameters. Multiport Systems. Eigenvalue Problems. Cylindrical Waveguides. Cavity Resonators. Optimization. Appendix A: Linear Spaces and Mapping Appendix B: Matrix Inversion. Appendix C: Matrix Eigenvalue and Eigenvectors. Index.

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Book SynopsisCo-published with Oxford University Press. A volume in the IEEE Press/OUP Electromagnetic Wave Series. Gain a thorough understanding of one of the most important simulation tools in computational electromagnetics with this comprehensive introduction to the TLM method. Written by one of the foremost researchers in the TLM method, this book covers the entire area of electromagnetics from the basic principles to advanced formulations and applications and including microwaves, antennas, RCS, electromagnetic compatibility, and electromagnetic heating, while providing a clear explanation of modeling principles from lumped components through 1, 2 and 3 dimensional complex systems.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1: Introduction to Numerical Modeling. Modeling as an Intellectual Activity. Classification of Numerical Methods. Electrical Circuit Analogs of Physical Systems. References. Chapter 2: Transmission Line Theory. Transient Response of a Line. Sinusoidal Steady-State Response of a Line. Dispersive Effects in Discretized Transmission Line Models. References. Chapter 3: Discrete Models of Lumped Components. "Link" and "Stub" Models of Capacitors. "Link" and "Stub" Models of Inductors. Examples of Mixed Link and Stub Models. Modeling of Nonlinear Elements. Modeling of Coupled Elements. Generalized Discrete TLM Modeling. References. Chapter 4: One-Dimensional TLM Models. TLM Model of a Lossy Transmission Line. TLM Models for One-Dimensional Electromagnetic Problems. Study of Dispersive Effects in One-Dimensional TLM Models. References. Chapter 5: Two-Dimensional TLM Models. The Series TLM Node. The Shunt TLM Node. Dispersion in a Two-Dimensional Mesh. Duality in Electromagnetics. References. Chapter 6: Three-Dimensional TLM Models. The Development of Three-Dimensional Nodes. The Symmetrical Condensed Node. The Variable Mesh SCN. The Hybrid SCN. An Alternative Derivation of Scattering Properties. The Multigrid TLM Mesh. References. Chapter 7: The Application of TLM to Diffusion Problems. One-Dimensional Diffusion Models. Two-Dimensional Diffusion Models. Three-Dimensional Diffusion Models. Applications of the TLM Model of Diffusion Processes. References. Chapter 8: TLM in Vibration and Acoustics. Torsional Waves. Sound Waves. References. Chapter 9: Application of TLM to Electromagnetic Problems. Electromagnetic Compatibility. Microwave Design. Radar Cross-Section (RCS). Antennas. Electromagnetic Heating. References. Chapter 10: Special Topics in TLM. Thin-Wire Formulations. Narrow-Slot Formulations. Thin-Panel Formulations. Infinitely Adjustable Boundaries. Frequency-Domain TLM (TLM-FD). Implementation Issues in TLM. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith a focus on electromechanical systems in a variety of fields, this accessible introductory text brings you coverage of the full range of electrical mechanical devices used today. You'll gain a comprehensive understanding of the design process and get valuable insights into good design practice.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations xxv Preface xxix About the Author xxxi Introduction 1 PART I Understanding the Science and Technology 7 Chapter 1 Electrical Engineering 9 Chapter 2 Mechanical Engineering 35 PART II Understanding the Devices and Systems 65 Chapter 3 Generators and Motors 67 Chapter 4 Brakes and Clutches 88 Chapter 5 Amplifiers 101 Chapter 6 Actuators 111 Chapter 7 Transducers 128 Chapter 8 Controlled Motion 153 Chapter 9 Contact Makers and Electrodes 172 Chapter 10 Computer Components 202 Chapter 11 Marking Paper 212 Chapter 12 Sound 222 Chapter 13 Manufacturing 229 Chapter 14 Assembling and Connecting 239 Chapter 15 Military Devices 254 Chapter 16 Medical Devices 257 Chapter 17 Consumer Devices 263 Chapter 18 Passive Electrical Components 268 PART III Understanding Design 273 Chapter 19 The Science and the Art 275 Chapter 20 How One Designs 278 Chapter 21 Minimum Constraint Design 284 Chapter 22 Design for Manufacturing 289 Chapter 23 User-Friendly Design 294 Chapter 24 Accuracy, Adjustment and Gauging 297 Chapter 25 Reliability, Defects, Abuse, Failure, and Maintenance 300 Chapter 26 Barriers, Filters, Conduits, and Valves 309 Chapter 27 Ecology 320 Chapter 28 Money 324 Chapter 29 Cost Reduction and Product Improvement 327 Chapter 30 Constraints on Design 334 Chapter 31 People Engineering 337 Chapter 32 Getting Help 345 Chapter 33 Design Parameters 349 Chapter 34 Product Classes and Families 352 Appendix Patent Classification 357 References and Bibliography 361 Index 371

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Book SynopsisUsing an informal, hands-on approach, this practical guide reviews the basics of good technical writing. It provides a simple, effective system for writing all types of technical documents including letters, memos, minutes, procedures, manuals, proposals, progress reports, and final reports. You will gain a better understanding of the writing process and learn how to: improve the coherence of your writing, write better paragraphs, write better sentences, choose the right word and more.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I: Techniques 1 Chapter I. Introduction 3 Treat Workplace Writing as a Craft, Not an Art 3 Unlearn What You Learned in School 4 Focus on What You Know About Writing at Work 6 Characteristics of Effective Workplace Writing 7 Chapter 2 Before You Start Writing 13 Use Short Writing Sessions, Not Long Ones 13 Write Collaboratively 15 Analyze Your Audience 17 Define Your Purpose 18 Evaluate the Implications of Your Audience and Purpose 19 Make Sure Your Boss Agrees with What You've Decided 21 Chapter 3. Understanding the Writing Process 23 Generate Ideas to Include in the Document 23 Organize Your Information 26 Write the Draft Quickly 34 Spend Your Time Revising 34 Chapter 4 Using the Computer to Improve Your Writing 39 Understand What the Computer Can—and Cannot—Do for You 40 Use the Computer When You're Just Getting Started on a Document 40 Use the Computer When You're Drafting 41 Use the Computer When You're Revising 42 Use Specialized Software 43 Chapter 5. Improving the Coherence of Your Writing 47 Write Informative Titles and Headings 48 Use Lists to Communicate Parallel Information 50 Use Introductions to Forecast Discussions 52 Use Conclusions to Complete Discussions 55 Chapter 6 Writing Better Paragraphs 59 Begin with a Clear Topic Sentence 59 Support the Topic Sentence Logically 61 Emphasize the Coherence of the Paragraph 62 Keep Paragraphs to a Manageable Length 65 Chapter 7. Writing Better Sentences 67 Determine the Appropriate Stylistic Guidelines 68 Use the Active and Passive Voices Appropriately 68 Choose Appropriate Sentence Patterns 70 Focus on the Real Subject 72 Focus on the Real Verb 73 Use Modifying Elements Effectively 74 Keep Parallel Items Parallel 76 Chapter 8 Choosing the Right Word 79 Choose Simple, Clear Words and Phrases 79 Avoid Unnecessary Jargon 82 Avoid Euphemisms 82 Avoid Cliches 82 Avoid Sexist Language 83 Use Readability Formulas Carefully 84 Chapter 9 Creating and Integrating Graphics 87 Determine Whether You Need Graphics 87 Determine What Kind of Graphic to Use 89 Make the Graphic Honest 90 Make the Graphic Self-Sufficient 91 Determine Where to Put the Graphic 95 Tie the Graphic to the Text 95 Chapter 10. Improving Page Design 99 Leave Adequate Margins 100 Consider a Multicolumn Format 101 Use Appropriate Line Spacing 102 Use Appropriate Justification 104 Understand the Readability Levels of Type Fonts 106 Use the Different Members of a Type Family 107 Use Type Sizes Appropriately 108 Use Uppercase and Lowercase 110 Design Titles and Headings for Emphasis and Clarity 110 Design Lists for Clarity 112 Part II: Applications 115 Chapter 11. Letters 117 Learn the Standard Letter Formats 117 Learn Letter Protocol 118 Forecast the Purpose of the Letter 122 End on a Positive Note 123 Achieve a Natural Tone 124 Chapter 12 Memos 127 Create an Informative Heading 128 State the Purpose Up Front 128 Include a Summary 129 Conclude with an Action Statement 130 Chapter 13. Minutes 135 Include the Necessary Housekeeping Details 136 Record Events Accurately 136 Record Events Diplomatically 137 Chapter 14 Procedures and Manuals 141 Emphasize Safety 142 Orient the Reader 145 Write Clear Instructions 148 Add Graphics to Clarify the Text 150 Design the Document for Easy Use in the Field 152 Anticipate the Need for Updates 154 Include Troubleshooting Tips 154 Chapter 15. Formal Elements of Reports 157 Transmittal Letter 158 Title Page 160 Table of Contents 160 Abstract 162 Executive Summary 164 Appendices 166 Chapter 16 Proposals I69 Plan Before You Start Writing 170 Show That You Understand the Readers’ Needs 171 Propose a Clear, Specific Technical Plan for the Project 174 Demonstrate Your Professionalism and Credibility 176 Use Graphics to Help Your Readers See Your Ideas 177 Evaluate the Proposal Carefully Before You Send It Out 178 Chapter 17. Progress Reports 183 Clarify the Context 183 Explain the Progress Clearly 184 Explain the Progress Honestly 185 Chapter 18. Completion Reports 189 Introduce the Report Clearly 190 Describe Your Methods 191 Present Your Results 192 Draw Conclusions from the Results 194 Present Your Recommendations 195 Appendices 197 A. Checklists 199 B. Handbook 207 C. Commonly Misused Words and Phrases 241 D. Guidelines for Speakers of English as a Second Language 247 E. Guidelines for Writing to Speakers of English as a Second Language 261 F. Selected Bibliography 265 Index 271

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive guide offers a detailed treatment of the analysis, design, simulation and testing of the full range of today''s leading delta-sigma data converters. Written by professionals experienced in all practical aspects of delta-sigma modulator design, Delta-Sigma Data Converters provides comprehensive coverage of low and high-order single-bit, bandpass, continuous-time, multi-stage modulators as well as advanced topics, including idle-channel tones, stability, decimation and interpolation filter design, and simulation.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. An Overview of Basic Concepts (J. Candy). Quantization Noise in DeltaSigma A/D Converters (R. Gray). Quantization Errors and Dithering in DeltaSigma Modulators (S. Norsworthy). Stability Theory for DeltaSigma Modulators (R. Adams & R. Schreier). The Design of High-Order Single-Bit DeltaSigma ADCs (R. Adams). The Design of Cascaded DeltaSigma ADCs (M. Rebeschini). High-Speed Cascaded DeltaSigma ADCs (B. Brandt). Delta-Sigma ADCs with Multibit Internal Converters (R. Carley, et al.). The Design of Bandpass DeltaSigma ADCs (S. Jantzi, et al.). Architectures for DeltaSigma DACs (G. Temes, et al.). Analog Circuit Design for DeltaSigma ADCs (B. Brandt, et al.). Analog Circuit Design for DeltaSigma DACs (M. Rebeschini & P. Ferguson). Decimation and Interpolation for DeltaSigma Conversion (S. Norsworthy & R. Crochiere). CAD for the Analysis and Design of DeltaSigma Converters (C. Wolff, et al.). Index. About the Editors.

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Book SynopsisThis updated printing of the leading text and reference in digital systems testing and testable design provides comprehensive, state-of-the-art coverage of the field.Table of ContentsPreface. How This Book Was Written. Introduction. Modeling. Logic Simulation. Fault Modeling. Fault Simulation. Testing For Single Stuck Faults. Testing For Bridging Faults. Functional Testing. Design For Testability. Compression Techniques. Built-In Self-Test. Logic-Level Diagnosis. Self-Checking Design. PLA Testing. System-Level Diagnosis. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis original contributed volume combines the individual expertise of eleven world-renowned professionals to provide comprehensive, authoritative coverage of state-of-the-art power electronics and AC drive technology. Featuring an extensive introductory chapter by power-electronics expert Bimal K. Bose and more than 400 figures, POWER ELECTRONICS AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES covers each of the field''s component disciplines and drives--all in one complete resource. Broad in scope and unique in its presentation, this volume belongs on the bookshelf of every industry engineer, professor, graduate student, and researcher involved in this fast-growing multidisciplinary field. It is an essential for teaching, research, development, and design.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Introduction to Power Electronics and Drives 1Bimal K. Bose, University of Tennessee, USA Chapter 1 Power Semiconductor Devices for Variable Frequency Drives 9B. J. Baliga, North Carolina State University, USA Chapter 2 Electrical Machines for Drives 36GR Slemon, University of Toronto, Canada Chapter 3 Power Electronic Converters for Drives 80J. D. van Wyk, Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa Chapter 4 Pulse Width Modulation for Electronic Power Converters 138J. Holtz, Wuppertal University, Germany Chapter 5 Motion Control with Induction Motors 209R. D. Lorenz, 1. A. Lipo, D. 1/1/. Novotny, University of Wisconsin, USA Chapter 6 Variable Frequency Permanent Magnet AC Machine Drives 277M. Jahns, General Electric Co., USA Chapter 7 High Power Industrial Drives 332H. Stemmler, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Chapter 8 Simulation of Power Electronic and Motion Control Systems 400N. Mohan, W. P. Robbins, L A. Aga, M. Rastogi, R. Naik, University of MinnesotaChapter 9 Estimation, Identification, and Sensorless Control of AC Drives 454K. Ohnishi, Keio University; N. Matsui, Nagoya Institute of Technology; Y. Hori, University of Tokyo; Japan Chapter 10 Microprocessors and Digital ICs for Control of Power Electronics and Drives 480H. Le-Huy, Laval University, Canada Chapter 11 Expert System, Fuzzy Logic, and Neural Networks in Power Electronics and Drives 559B. K. Bose, University of Tennessee, USA References 627 Index 631 Biography of Dr. Bose 639

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Book SynopsisMicromechanics is a rich, diverse field that draws on many different disciplines and has potential applications in medicine, electronic interfaces to physical phenomena, military, industrial controls, consumer products, airplanes, microsatellites, and much more. Until now, papers written during the earlier stages of this field have been difficult to retrieve. The papers included in this volume have been thoughtfully arranged by topic, and are accompanied by section introductions written by renowned expert William Trimmer.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments and Dedication. Introduction. Comments on Writing an Article. EARLY PAPERS IN MICROMECHANICS. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom (R. Feynman). Infinitesimal Machinery (R. Feynman). The Resonant Gate Transistor (H. Nathanson, et al.). Silicon Micromechanical Devices (J. Angell, et al.). Anisotropic Etching of Silicon (K. Bean). Silicon as a Mechanical Materials (K. Petersen). Microrobots and Micromechanical Systems (W. Trimmer). Small Machines, Large Opportunities (K. Gabriel, et al.). SIDE DRIVE ACTUATORS. IC-Processed Electrostatic Micro-Motors (L.-S. Fan, et al.). IC-Processed Micro-Motors: Design, Technology, and Testing (Y.-C. Tai, et al.). Surface-Micromachining Processes for Electrostatic Microactuator Fabrication (T. Lober and R. Howe). A Study of Three Microfabricated Variable-Capacitance Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Friction and Wear in Microfabricated Harmonic Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Measurements of Electric Micromotor Dynamics (S. Bart, et al.). COMB DRIVE ACTUATORS. Laterally Driven Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatic-Comb Drive of Lateral Polysilicon Resonators (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatically Balanced Comb Drive for Controlled Levitation (W. Tang, et al.). Polysilicon Microgripper (C.-J. Kim, et al.). ELECTROSTATIC ACTUATORS. The Principle of an Electrostatic Linear Actuator Manufactured by Silicon Micromachining (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Design Considerations for a Practical Electrostatic Micro-Motor (W. Trimmer and K. Gabriel). SCOFSS: A Small Cantilevered Optical Fiber Servo System (J. Wood, et al.). Microactuators for Aligning Optical Fibers (R. Jebens, et al.). Large Displacement Linear Actuator (R. Brennen, et al.). Multi-Layered Electrostatic Film Actuator (S. Egawa and T. Higuchi). Movable Micromachined Silicon Plates With Integrated Position Sensing (M. Allen, et al.). Micro Electro Static Actuator With Three Degrees of Freedom (T. Fukuda and T. Tanaka). The Modelling of Electrostatic Forces in Small Electrostatic Actuators (R. Price. et al.). Silicon Electrostatic Motors (W. Trimmer, et al.). Electrostatic Actuators for Micromechatronics (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Electric Micromotors: Electromechanical Characteristics (J. Lang, et al.). Electroquasistatic Induction Micromotors (S. Bart and J. Lang) A Perturbation Method for Calculating the Capacitance of Electrostatic Motors (S. Kumar and D. Cho) MAGNETIC ACTUATORS. Magnetically Levitated Micro-Machines (R. Pelrine and I. Busch-Vishniac). Fabrication and Testing of a Micro Superconducting Actuator Using the Meissner Effect (Y.-K. Kim, et al.). Room Temperature, Open-Loop Levitation of Microdevices Using Diamagnetic Materials (R. Pelrine). HARMONIC MOTORS. An Operational Harmonic Electrostatic Motor (W. Trimmer and R. Jebens). The Wobble Motor: An Electrostatic Planetary-Armature, Microactuator (S. Jacobsen, et al.). An Electrostatic Top Motor and Its Characteristics (M. Sakata, et al.). Operation of Microfabricated Harmonic and Ordinary Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). OTHER ACTUATORS. Thermal. Micromechanical Silicon Actuators Based on Thermal Expansion Effects (W. Riethmüller, et al.). CMOS Electrothermal Microactuators (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Electrically-Activated, Micromachined Diaphragm Valves (H. Jerman). Study on Micro Engines—Miniaturizing Stirling Engines for Actuators and Heatpumps (N. Nakajima, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy. A Micro Rotary Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloys (K. Gabriel, et al.). Millimeter Size Joint Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloy (K. Kuribayashi). Reversible SMA Actuator for Micron Sized Robot (K. Kuribayashi & M. Yoshitake). Characteristics of Thin-Wire Shape Memory Actuators (P. Neukomm, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy Microactuators (M. Bergamasco, et al.). Impact, Micro Actuators Using Recoil of an Ejected Mass (T. Higuchi, et al.). Precise Positioning Mechanism Utilizing Rapid Deformations of Piezoelectric Elements (T. Higuchi, et al.). Tiny Silent Linear Cybernetic Actuator Driven by Piezoelectric Device With Electromagnetic Clamp (K. Ikuta, et al.). Experimental Model and IC-Process Design of a Nanometer Linear Piezoelectric Stepper Motor (J. Judy, et al.). Piezoelectric. Zinc-Oxide Thin Films for Integrated-Sensor Applications (D. Polla & R. Muller). A Micromachined Manipulator for Submicron Positioning of Optical Fibers (A. Feury, et al.). Ultrasonic Micromotors: Physics and Applications (R. Moroney, et al.). VALVES AND PUMPS. A Microminiature Electric-to-Fluidic Valve (M. Zdeblick & J. Angell). The Fabrication of Integrated Mass Flow Controllers (M. Esashi, et al.). Normally Close Microvalve and Micropump Fabricated on a Silicon Wafer (M. Esashi, et al.). A Thermopneumatic Micropump Based on Micro-Engineering Techniques (F. Van de Pol, et al.). Variable-Flow Micro-Valve Structure Fabricated with Silicon Fusion Bonding (F. Pourahmadi, et al.). A Pressure-Balanced Electrostatically-Actuated Microvalve (M. Huff, et al.). Micromachined Silicon Microvalve (T. Ohnstein, et al.). FLUIDICS. Microminiature Fluidic Amplifier (M. Zdeblick, et al.). A Planar Air Levitated Electrostatic Actuator System (K. Pister, et al.). Liquid and Gas Transport in Small Channels (J. Pfahler, et al.). Squeeze-Film Damping in Solid-State Accelerometers (J. Starr). A Micromachined Floating-Element Shear Sensor (M. Schmidt, et al.). A Multi-Element Monolithic Mass Flowmeter with On-Chip CMOS Readout Electronics (E. Yoon & K. Wise). Environmentally Rugged, Wide Dynamic Range Microstructure Airflow Sensor (T. Ohnstein, et al.). SURFACE MICROMACHINING. Polycrystalline Silicon Micromechanical Beams (R. Howe & R. Muller). Integrate Fabrication of Polysilicon Mechanisms (M. Mehregany, et al.). Integrated Movable MicroMechanical Structures for Sensors and Actuators (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microbridge Fabrication Using Standard CMOS Technology (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Process Integration for Active Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (M. Putty, et al.). Fabrication of Micromechanical Devices From Polysilicon Films With Smooth Surfaces (H. Guckel, et al.). Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten for Microelectromechanical Structures (N. MacDonald, et al.). BULK MICROMACHINING. Fabrication of Hemispherical Structures Using Semiconductor Technology for Use in Thermonuclear Fusion Research (K. Wise, et al.). Micromachining of Silicon Mechanical Structures (G. Kaminsky). Strings, Loops, and Pyramids—Building Blocks for Microstructrures (H. Busta, et al.). Corner Compensation Structures for (110) Oriented Silicon (D. Ciarlo). A Study on Compensating Corner Undercutting in Anisotropic Etching of (100) Silicon (X.-P. Wu & W. Ko). A New Silicon-on-Glass Process for Integrated Sensors (L. Spangler and K. Wise). Mechanisms of Anodic Bonding of Silicon to Pyrex® Glass (K. Albaugh, et al.). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Pressure Sensors (K. Petersen, et al.). Low-Temperature Silicon-to-silicon Anodic Bonding With Intermediate Low Melting Point Glass (M. Esashi, et al.). Fusing Silicon Wafers With Low Melting Temperature Glass (L. Field & R. Muller). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Fabrication of Sensors, Actuators and Microstructures (P. Barth). Scaling and Dielectric Stress Compensation of Ultrasensitive Boron-Doped Silicon Microstructures (S. Cho, et al.). Field Oxide Microbridges, Cantilever Beams, Coils and Suspended Membranes in SACMOS Technology (D. Moser, et al.). Micromachining of Quartz and its Application to an Acceleration Sensor (J. Daniel, et al.). LIGA. Fabrication of Microstructures using the LIGA Process (W. Ehrfeld, et al.). Deep X-Ray and UV Lithographies for Micromechanics (H. Guckel, et al.). COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN. OYSTER, a 3D Structural Simulator for Micro Electromechanical Design (G. Koppelman). A CAD Architecture for Microelectromechanical Systems (F. Maseeh, et al.). CAEMEMS: An Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering Workbench for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (S. Crary and Y. Zhang). CAD for Silicon Anistropic Etching (R. Buser and N. de Rooij). METROLOGY. Can We Design Microbotic Devices Without Knowing the Mechanical Properties of Materials? (S. Senturia). The Use of Micromachined Structure for the Measurement of Mechanical Properties and Adhesion of Thin Films (M. Mehregany, et al.). Mechanical Property Measurement of Thin Films Using Load-Deflection of Composite Rectangular Membrane (O. Tabata, et al.). Fracture Toughness Characterization of Brittle Thin Films (L. Fan, et al.). Spiral Microstructures for the Measurement of Average Strain Gradients in Thin Films (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microstructures to Characterize Static Friction (M. Lim, et al.). Study of the Dynamic Force/Acceleration Measurement (A. Umeda and K. Ueda). Anomalous Emissivity from Periodic Micro Machined Silicon Surfaces (P. Hesketh, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index. About the Author. Editor's Notes on the Second Printing.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface. Introduction to Data Conversion and Processing. Basic Sampling Circuits. Sample-and-Hold Architectures. Basic Principles of Digital-to-Analog Conversion. Digital-to-Analog Converter Architectures. Analog-to-Digital Converter Architectures. Building Blocks Data Conversion Systems. Precision Techniques. Testing and Characterization. Index.

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Book SynopsisToday, designing a state-of-the-art circuit means knowing how to pack more and more logic on a chip. Featuring an extensive introductory material, this complete, carefully-organized guide brings you valuable information on designing modern logic circuits from gates, switches, and other basic elements to meet the rising demands on modern circuit technology. THE ESSENCE OF LOGIC CIRCUITS allows computer scientists and students to start from scratch and gain a comprehensive understanding of most important topics in the field.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Boolean Algebra Applied to Logic Circuits. Designing Combinational Logic Circuits. Combinational Logic Circuits in Regular Forms. Symmetric and Iterative Circuits. Sequential Logic Circuits. Software Tools. Postscript on Professionalism. Appendix A1: Number Systems and Codes. Appendix A2: Simple Electrical Circuits. Appendix A3: MOS-Based Technologies. Appendix A4: Bipolar Families. References. Solutions to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisTomorrow's Professor is designed to help you prepare for, find, and succeed at academic careers in science and engineering. It looks at the full range of North American four-year academic institutions while featuring 30 vignettes and more than 50 individual stories that bring to life the principles and strategies outlined in the book.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Part I Setting the Stage 1 Chapter 1 The Academic Enterprise 3 Chapter 2 Science and Engineering in Higher Education 37 Chapter 3 New Challenges for the Professoriate 59 Part II Preparing for an Academic Career 81 Chapter 4 Your Professional Preparation Strategy 83 Chapter 5 Research as a Graduate Student and Postdoc 107 Chapter 6 Teaching Experiences Prior to Becoming a Professor 143 Part III Finding and Getting the Best Possible Academic Position 165 Chapter 7 Identifying the Possibilities 167 Chapter 8 Applying for Positions 183 Chapter 9 Getting the Results You Want 221 Part IV Looking Ahead to Your First Years on the Job - Advice from the Field 241 Changing Gears 243 Chapter 10 Insights on Time Management 245 Chapter 11 Insights on Teaching and Learning 261 Chapter 12 Insights on Research 289 Chapter 13 Insights on Professional Responsibility 309 Chapter 14 Insights on Tenure 327 Chapter 15 Insights on Academia: Needed Changes 351 Part V Appendixes 363 Appendix A Possible Items for Inclusion in a Teaching Portfolio 363 Appendix B Statement of Personal Philosophy Regarding Teaching and Learning 367 Appendix C Professional Associations for Academic Job Seekers in Science and Engineering 369 Appendix D Questions to Ask Before Accepting a Faculty Position 373 Appendix E Sample Offer Letters 381 Appendix F Elements Found in Most Successful Proposals 387 Appendix G Common Shortcomings of Grant Proposals 391 Index 393 About the Author 415

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Book SynopsisBrimming with top articles from experts in signal processing and biomedical engineering, Time Frequency and Wavelets in Biomedical Signal Processing introduces time--frequency, time--scale, wavelet transform methods, and their applications in biomedical signal processing.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS METHODS WITH BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS. Recent Advances in Time-Frequency Representations: SomeTheoretical Foundation (W. Williams). Biological Applications and Interpretations of Time-Frequency Signal Analysis (W. Williams). The Application of Advanced Time-Frequency Analysis Techniques to Doppler Ultrasound (S. Marple, et al.). Analysis of ECG Late Potentials Using Time-Frequency Methods (H. Dickhaus & H. Heinrich). Time-Frequency Distributions Applied to Uterine EMG: Characterization and Assessment (J. Duchene & D. Devedeux). Time-Frequency Analyses of the Electrogastrogram (Z. Lin and J. Chen). Recent Advances in Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Methods (C. Mello & M. Akay). WAVELETS, WAVELET PACKETS, AND MATCHING PURSUITS WITH BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS. Fast Algorithms for Wavelet Transform Computation (O. Rioul & P. Duhamel). Analysis of Cellular Vibrations in the Living Cochlea Using the Continuous Wavelet Transform and the Short-Time Fourier Transform (M. Teich, et al.). Alterative Processing Method Using Gabor Wavelets and the Wavelet Transform for the Analysis of Phonocardiogram Signals (M. Matalgah, et al.). Wavelet Feature Extraction from Neurophysiological Signals (M. Sun & R. Sclabassi). Experiments with Adapted Wavelet De-Noising for Medical Signals and Images (R. Coifman & M. Wickerhauser). Speech Enhancement for Hearing Aids (J. Rutledge). From Continuous Wavelet Transform to Wavelet Packets: Application to the Estimation of Pulmonary Microvascular Pressure (M. Karrakchou & M. Kunt). In Pursuit of Time-Frequency Representation of Brain Signals (P. Durka & K. Blinowska). EEG Spike Directors Based on Different Decompositions: A Comparative Study (L. Senhadji, et al.). WAVELETS AND MEDICAL IMAGING. A Discrete Dyadic Wavelet Transform for Multidimensional Feature Analysis (I. Koren & A. Laine). Hexagonal QMF Banks and Wavelets (S. Schuler & A. Laine). Inversion of the Radon Transform under Wavelet Constraints (B. Sahiner & A. Yagle). Wavelets Applied to Mammograms (W. Richardson). Hybrid Wavelet Transform for Image Enhancement forComputer-Assisted Diagnosis and Telemedicine Applications (L. Clarke, et al.). Medical Image Enhancement Using Wavelet Transform and Arithmetic Coding (P. Saipetch, et al.). Adapted Wavelet Encoding in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D. Healy, et al.). A Tutorial Overview of a Stabilization Algorithm for Limited-Angle Tomography (T. Olson). Wavelet Compression of Medical Images (A. Manduca). WAVELETS, NEURAL NETWORKS, AND FRACTALS. Single Side Scaling Wavelet Frame and Neural Network (Q. Zhang). Analysis of Evoked Potentials Using Wavelet Networks (H. Heinrich & H. Dickhaus). Self-Organizing Wavelet-Based Neural Networks (K. Kobayashi). On Wavelets and Fractal Processes (P. Flandrin). Fractal Analysis of Heart Rate Variability (R. Fischer & M. Akay). Index. Editor's Biography.

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Book SynopsisGain an understanding of the inspection of large synchronous machines, generators, condensers, and motors! This text describes each component of the machine, operational functions, typical design features, and tell-tale signs that indicate each mode of failure. Compact with photos, graphs, commonly-used inspection forms, along with extensive references for each topic, INSPECTION OF LARGE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES is an excellent tool for operators, inspectors, and student engineers. Sponsored by IEEE Power Engineering Society.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations. Preface. Acknowledgements. PREPARATION. Site Preparation. Inspection Tools. Inspection Forms. INSPECTION. Description of Stator Items (Form 4). Description of Rotor Items (Form 5). Description of Excitation Items (Form 7). Description of Generator Auxiliaries. Standard Electrical and Mechanical Tests. Appendix: Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn view of the extensive development of CCS 7 and fast-paced growth of ISDN in telecommunication networks throughout the world, this valuable resource serves as a timely reference and guide. Practical and up-to-date, Engineering Networks for Synchronization, CCS 7, and ISDN provides in-depth instruction on three important and closely related elements of the modern digital network: network synchronization, CCITT Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 (CCS 7), and Narrowband ISDN.Table of ContentsSeries Editor's Note. Foreword. Preface. Introduction. Digital Network Synchronization: Basic Concepts. Planning, Testing, and Monitoring Network Synchronization. CCS 7: General Description. Introduction to ISDN. Functions of the CCS 7 Signaling Link Level. Signaling Network Functions in CCS 7. ISDN: Services and Protocols. CCS 7 ISDN User Part. CCS 7 Planning and Implementation. Testing in CCS 7. Packet and Frame Mode Services in the ISDN. Planning and Implementation the ISDN. Testing in the ISDN. Timing in SONET and SDH. Appendix 1: Ordering Information. Appendix 2: List of ISUP Messages. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. TUTORIAL 1. Introduction to Nonlinear Signal Processing (C. Cowan, et al.). Weighted Median Filtering - Striking Analogies to FIR Filters (M. Gabbouj). Stack Filters in Signal and Image Processing (E. Coyle). Multichannel Order Statistical Filtering (I. Pitas). Theory and Approximation of Polynomial Filters (G. Sicuranza). Adaptive Polynomial Filters (V. Mathews). Application of Adaptive Volterra Filters to Equalization (C. Cowan). TUTORIAL 2. Design and Applications of A/D Multirate Signal Processing (J. Franca and S. Mitra). TUTORIAL 3. MPEG-2. The Main Profile (J. Morris). Standardization of Scalable Coding Schemes (N. Wells and P. Tudor). MPEG-2 Coding Schemes for Low Delay Requirements (G. Bj?ntegaard). MPEG-2 Systems and the Transport over ATM (M. Sun). VLSI Architectures for Multimedia and Video Conferencing (B. Ackland). VLSI Implementation of MPEG Decoders (T. Fautier). Object-Based Analysis-Synthesis Coding (H. Musmann). Model-Based Image Coding (K. Aizawa). TUTORIAL 4. Theory of Sigma-Delta Analog to Digital Converter (B. Leung). Delta-Sigma D/A Converters (G. Temes). Design Aspects of High-Order Delta-Signal A/D Converters (R.Adams). TUTORIAL 5. Mobile Telephony (T. Ali-Vehmas and Y. Neuvo). Digital Signal Processing in Mobile Telephony (N. Courtis). High Speed DSP Low Power Circuits for Future Mobile Phone (M. Yamashina). TUTORIAL 6. Basic Concepts on Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos (M. Kennedy). Synchronization Principles and Applications (M. Hasler). Control Concepts and Applications (M. Ogorzalek). Fractals in Signal Processing (A. Jacquin). The Fundamentals of Analog Micropower Design (E. Vittoz). TUTORIAL 8. Low Power Digital Design (J. Rabaey). TUTORIAL 9. Taking the Mystery out of RF Design (B. Gilbert). Direct Digital Synthesis (P. Saul). RF Design in GaAs and BiCMOS (P. Mole and K. Searle). Introduction to Spread Spectrum Techniques (P. Chadwick). Taking the Mystery out of RF Design: Obey the Law! (J. Bryant). RF Receivers for Cellular Telephone Base Stations (J. Rhodes). TUTORIAL 10. PART 1 Switched-Current Circuits and Systems (C. Toumazou and E. Saether). Analysis and Design of Speed and Dynamic Range in SI Cells (P. Shah and C. Toumazou). Switched-Current Data Converters (G. Roberts). Switched-Current Cellular Nonlinear Networks (A. Rodriguez-Vazquez). Analysis of Switched-Current Filters (A. Moreir?o de Queiroz). Current Monitoring for Test (K. Eckershall, et al.). TUTORIAL 10. PART 2. Current-Conveyor Basics and Applications (J. Lidgey and C. Toumazou). Practical Integrated Current-Conveyors (A. Payne and C. Toumazou). Commercial Applications of the Current-Conveyor (D. Wadsworth). Current-Mode Oscillators (S. Pookaiyaudom). CMOS Current-Conveyors (E. Bruun).

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Book SynopsisJoseph F. Keithley, a modern pioneer of instrumentation, brings you a fascinating history of electrical measurement from the ancient Greeks to the inventors of the early twentieth century. Written in a direct and fluent style, the book illuminates the lives of the most significant inventors in the field, including George Simon Ohm, Andre Marie Ampere, and Jean Baptiste Fourier. Chapter by chapter, meet the inventors in their youth and discover the origins of their lifelong pursuits of electrical measurement. Not only will you find highlights of important technological contributions, you will also learn about the tribulations and excitement that accompany the discoveries of these early masters. Included are nearly 100 rare photographs from museums around the world. THE STORY OF ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS is a must read for students and practitioners of physics, electrical engineering, and instrumentation and metrology who want to understand the history behind modeTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Measurements from the Beginning through the Middle Ages. The Beginnings of Experimental Science. The First Rotating Electrostatic Generator. Electric Conductors and Insulators. Vitreous and Resinous Electric Fluid. The Leyden Jar--The First Capacitor. A Bolt of Lightning Is an Electric Discharge. Early Electrostatic-Measuring Instruments. The First Quantitative Measurements of Electricity and Magnetism. A Carefully Prepared Leg of a Dead Frog Twitches When Stimulated Electrically. Current Electricity Can Be Produced by Chemical Action. An Electric Current Has an Associated Magnetic Field. The Foundations of Electrodynamics. Early Electromagnetic Indicating Instruments. Mathematics Using Harmonically Related Sinusoids. Ohm's Law: X = a/1, E = IR, or I = V/R. Advanced Applications of Mathematics to Measurements and the Development of Many Magnetic and Electrical Measuring Instruments. Acoustics and Electricity Research. Transformations of Electrical and Mechanical Energy. Electromagnetics and Self-Inductance. The Kelvin Scale, Transatlantic Cable, Sensitive Galvanometers, and Electrometers. Electromagnetic Radiation. The Beginnings of Radio. The Story of a Successful Electrical Instrument Manufacturer. The Discovery of the Electron, Part I. The Discovery of the Electron, Part II: Verifying JJ Thomson's Results and Developments Leading into the Twentieth Century. Appendix: Photo Section. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisProvides in depth discussion of the design, manufacturing, testing, installation, and operation of power and communication cables. This work offers information on the properties of material and teaches how they influence cable characteristics.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. CHAPTER 1: CABLES: A CHRONOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (R. Bartnikas). 1.1 Preliminary Remarks. 1.2 Power Cables. 1.3 Communication Cables. CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF CABLE MATERIALS (R. Bartnikas). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Metallic Conductors. 2.3 Conductor and Insulation Semiconducting Shields. 2.4 Insulation. 2.5 Materials for Protective Coverings. 2.6 Armoring Materials. 2.7 Coverings for Corrosion Protection. 2.8 Conclusion. 2.9 Glossary of Cable Materials Technology. CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF EXTRUDED SOLID-DIELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (H. D. Campbell and L J. Hiivala). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Design Fundamentals. 3.3 Design Considerations. 3.4 Design Objectives. 3.5 Solid-Dielectric Insulation Techniques. 3.6 Related Tests. CHAPTER 4: EXTRUDED SOLID-DIELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (L J. Hiivala). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Design and Construction. 4.3 Manufacturing Methods. 4.4 Testing. 4.5 Accessories. 4.6 Concluding Remarks. CHAPTER 5: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF OIL-IMPREGNATED PAPER INSULATED POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 5.1 Brief History of Development. 5.2 Elements of Solid-Type Oil-Paper Cable Design. 5.3 Cable Manufacture. 5.4 Tests. 5.5 Electrical Characteristics. 5.6 Conclusion. CHAPTER 6: LOW-PRESSURE OIL-FILLED POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Elements of Oil-Filled Cable Design. 6.3 Cable Manufacture. 6.4 Tests. 6.5 Electrical Characteristics. 6.6 Principles of Oil Feeding. 6.7 Notes on Sheath Bonding. 6.8 Limitations of LPOF Cables. 6.9 Self-Contained High-Pressure Oil-Filled Cables. 6.10 Self Contained Oil-Filled Cables for dc Application. CHAPTER 7: HIGH-PRESSURE OIL-FILLED PIPE-TYPE POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principles of Operation. 7.3 Elements of Cable Design. 7.4 Cable Manufacture. 7.5 Tests. 7.6 Electrical Characteristics. 7.7 Principles of Oil Feeding. 7.8 Cathodic Protection. 7.9 Limitations of HPOFPT Cables. 7.10 Development of HPOFPT Cable for Higher Voltages in the United States. 7.11 Gas-Type Cables. 7.12 Gas Compression EHV Cables. 7.13 Concluding Remarks. CHAPTER 8: VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN AND OTHER ELECTRICAL TESTS ON POWER CABLES (H. D. Campbell). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Alternating-Current Overvoltage Test. 8.3 Direct-Current Overvoltage Test. 8.4 Voltage Testing of Production Lengths. 8.5 Tests on Specimens. 8.6 Impulse Tests. CHAPTER 9: DISSIPATION FACTOR, PARTIAL-DISCHARGE, AND ELECTRICAL AGING TESTS ON POWER CABLES (R. Bartnikas). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Dissipation Factor of a Cable. 9.3 Bridge Techniques for the Measurement of tan δ. 9.4 Partial-Discharge Characteristics. 9.5 Partial-Discharge Measurements. 9.6 Partial-Discharge Site Location. 9.7 Discharge Pulse Pattern Studies. 9.8 Electrical Aging Mechanisms. 9.9 Accelerated Electrical Aging Tests. CHAPTER 10: FIELD TESTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR POLYMERIC POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (H. H. Campbell and W. T. Starr). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Alternating-Current Overvoltage Test. 10.3 Dissipation Factor (Power Factor) Test. 10.4 Insulation Resistance Test. 10.5 Partial-Discharge Test. 10.6 Direct-Current Overvoltage Test. 10.7 Direct-Current Test Procedures. 10.8 Interpretation of Test Results. 10.9 Question of Test Levels. 10.10 Direct Stress versus Alternating Stress Considerations. 10.11 Practical Test Levels. 10.12 Joints and Terminations. 10.13 Some Current Practices. CHAPTER 11: POWER CABLE SYSTEMS (G. Ludasi). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Comparison of Overhead Lines and Cables. 11.3 Radial Power Systems. 11.4 Looped Systems. 11.5 Current-Carrying Capacity: Rating Equations. 11.6 Calculation of Losses. 11.7 Thermal Resistance of Cables. 11.8 Cyclic Loading. 11.9 Short-Term Overloading. 11.10 Fault Currents. 11.11 Cable System Economics. 11.12 Choice of System Voltage. 11.13 Cable Selection and Installation Methods. 11.14 Cable Pulling. 11.15 Choice of Cable Route and Manhole Location. CHAPTER 12: CRYOGENIC AND COMPRESSED GAS INSULATED POWER CABLES (K. D. Srivastava). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Compressed Gas Insulated Transmission Line System. 12.3 Cryoresistive Cables. 12.4 Superconductive Cables. 12.5 Economic Considerations. CHAPTER 13: UNDERWATER POWER CABLES (R. T. Traut). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Underwater Power Cable Design. 13.3 Power Transmission Requirements. 13.4 Armor and External Protection Design. 13.5 Underwater Power Cable Manufacture. 13.6 Cable Transport. 13.7 Underwater Power Cable Installation. CHAPTER 14: HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT-CURRENT CABLES (C. Doench and K. D. Srivastava). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Electrical Behavior of DC Cables. 14.3 Transient Electric Stresses on HVDC Cables. 14.4 Design of HVDC Cables. 14.5 Selection of Materials. 14.6 Direct-Current Cable Accessories. 14.7 Testing of DC Cables. 14.8 Emerging Trends in HVDC Cable Technology. CHAPTER 15: TELEPHONE CABLES (R. Bartnikas). 15.1 Historical Background. 15.2 Transmission Parameters of Copper Conductor Telephone Cables. 15.3 Digital Transmission. 15.4 Characteristics of Metallic Conductor Telephone Cables. 15.4.1 Twisted-Wire Multipair Cables. 15.5 Electrical Characteristics of Coaxial Cables. 15.6 Metallic Conductor Telephone Cable Design and Manufacture. 15.7 Coaxial Cable Design and Construction. 15.8 Video Pair Cable Design and Construction. 15.9 Optical Fiber Telephone Cables. CHAPTER 16: UNDERSEA COAXIAL COMMUNICATION CABLES (R. T. Traut). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Undersea Cable Telecommunications. 16.3 Undersea Coaxial Cable Design. CHAPTER 17: TERRESTRIAL AND UNDERWATER OPTICAL FIBER CABLES (W. F. Wright). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Historical Perspective. 17.3 Optical Fiber Characteristics. 17.4 Introduction to Fiber-Optic Cables. 17.5 Introduction to Undersea Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. 17.6 Concluding Remarks. AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX. ABOUT THE EDITORS.

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Book SynopsisUnmatched in its coverage of the topic, the first edition of GENERALIZED VECTOR AND DYADIC ANALYSIS helped revolutionize the treatment of boundary--value problems, establishing itself as a classic in the field. This expanded, revised edition is the most comprehensive book available on vector analysis founded upon the new method symbolic vector.Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Acknowledgments for the First Edition. Vector and Dyadic Algebra. Coordinate Systems. Line Integrals, Surface Integrals, and Volume Integrals. Vector Analysis in Space. Vector Analysis on Surface. Vector Analysis of Transport Theorems. Dyadic Analysis. A Historical Study of Vector Analysis. Appendix A: Transformation Between Unit Vectors. Appendix B: Vector and Dyadic Identities. Appendix C: Integral Theorems. Appendix D: Relationships Between Integral Theorems. Appendix E: Vector Analysis in the Special Theory of Relativity. Appendix F: Comparison of the Nomenclatures and Notations of the Quantities Used in This Book and in the Book by Stratton. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book explains, in lay terms, the surprisingly simple system of mathematical logic used in digital computer circuitry. Anecdotal in its style and often funny, it follows the development of this logic system from its origins in Victorian England to its rediscovery in this century as the foundation of all modern computing machinery. ONES AND ZEROS will be enjoyed by anyone who has a general interest in science and technology.Table of ContentsBefore We Begin. Number Systems and Counting. The Basic Functions of Boolean Algebra: And, Or, And Not. Combinational Logic. The Algebra of Sets and Venn Diagrams. Other Boolean Functions. Realizing Any Boolean Function with And, Or, And Not. More Digital Circuits. Laws of Boolean Algebra. Boolean Logic. Appendix A: Counting in Base 2. Appendix B: Powers of 2. Appendix C: Summary of Boolean Functions. Further Reading. Answers to Exercises. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisThis invaluable book provides a comprehensive framework for the formulation and solution ofnumerous problems involving the radiation, reception, propagation, and scattering of electromagnetic and acoustic waves. Filled with original derivations and theorems, it includes the first rigorous development of plane-wave expansions for time-domain electromagnetic and acoustic fields. For the past 35 years, near-field measurement techniques have been confined to the frequency domain. Now, with the publication of this book, probe-corrected near-field measurement techniques have been extended to ultra-wide-band, short-pulse transmitting and receiving antennas and transducers. By combining unencumbered straightforward derivations with in-depth expositions of prerequisite material, the authors have created an invaluable resource for research scientists and engineers in electromagnetics and acoustics, and a definitive reference on plane-wave expansions and near-field measuTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Electromagnetic and Acoustic Field Equations. Frequency-Domain Representations. Static Electric and Magnetic Fields. Time-Domain Representations. Probe Correction in the Frequency Domain. Probe Correction in the Time Domain. Sampling Theorems and Computation Schemes. Appendix A: Uniqueness of Solution to Laplace's Equation. Appendix B: Proofs of Theorems 2-I and 2-II. Appendix C: Uniqueness of Solution to the Scalar Helmholtz Equation. Appendix D: Validation of the Plane-Wave Spectrum Representation. References. Glossary of Symbols. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of papers provides an overview of low-power system design, from component technologies and circuits to architecture, system design, and CAD techniques.Table of ContentsPreface. OVERVIEW. Low Power Microelectronics: Retrospect and Prospect (J. Meindl). Micropower IC (E. Vittoz). Low-Power CMOS Digital Design (A. Chandrakasan, et al.). CMOS Scaling for High Performance and Low-Power—The Next Ten Years (B. Davari, et al.). LOW VOLTAGE TECHNOLOGIES AND CIRCUITS. Low-Voltage Technologies and Circuits (T. Kuroda & T. Sakurai). Threshold Voltage Scaling and Control. Ion-Implanted Complementary MOS Transistors in Low-Voltage Circuits (R. Swanson & J. Meindl). Trading Speed for Low Power by Choice of Supply and Threshold Voltages (D. Liu & C. Svensson). Limitation of CMOS Supply-Voltage Scaling by MOSFET Threshold-Voltage Variation (S. Sun & P. Tsui). Multiple Threshold CMOS (MTCMOS). 1-V Power Supply High-Speed Digital Circuit Technology with Multithreshold Voltage CMOS (S. Mutoh, et al.). A 1-V Multi-Threshold Voltage CMOS DSP with an Efficient Power Management Technique for Mobile Phone Application (S. Mutoh, et al.). Substrate Bias Controlled Variable Threshold CMOS. 50% Active-Power Saving Without Speed Degradation Using Standby Power Reduction (SPR) Circuit (K. Seta, et al.). A 0.9V, 150MHz 10mW 4mm2, 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform Core Processor with Variable Threshold-Voltage (VT) Scheme (T. Kuroda, et al.). Silicon-on-Insulator Based Technologies. SOI CMOS for Low Power Systems (D. Antoniadis). Back Gated CMOS on SOIAS for Dynamic Threshold Voltage Control (I. Yang, et al.). Design of Low Power CMOS/SOI Devices and Circuits for Memory and Signal Processing Applications (L. Thon & G. Shahidi). A Dynamic Threshold Voltage MOSFET (DTMOS) for Very Low Voltage Operation (F. Assaderaghi, et al.). A 0.5V SIMOX-MTCMOS Circuit with 200ps Logic Gate (T. Douseki, et al.). EFFICIENT DC-DC CONVERSION AND ADAPTIVE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS. Efficient Low Voltage DC-DC Converter Design. A Low-Voltage CMOS DC-DC Converter for a Portable Battery-Operated System (A. Stratakos, et al.). Ultra Low-Power Control Circuits for PWM Converters (A. Dancy & A. Chandrakasan). Adaptive Power Supply Systems. A Voltage Reduction Technique for Battery Operated Systems (V. von Kaenel, et al.). Automatic Adjustment of Threshold and Supply Voltage for Minimum Power Consumption in CMOS Digital Circuits (V. von Kaenel, et al.). Low-Power Operation Using Self-Timed Circuits and Adaptive Scaling of the Supply Voltage (L. Nielsen, et al.). A Low-Power Switching Power Supply for Self-Clocked Systems (G. Wei & M. Horowitz). Variable-Voltage Digital-Signal Processing (V. Gutnik & A. Chandrakasan). Scheduling for Reduced CPU Energy (M. Weiser, et al.). CIRCUIT AND LOGIC STYLES. Conventional Circuit and Logic Styles. Silicon-Gate CMOS Frequency Divider for the Electronic Wrist Watch (E. Vittoz, et al.). CODYMOS Frequency Dividers Achieve Low Power Consumption and High Frequency (H. Oguey & E. Vittoz). Short-Circuit Dissipation of Static CMOS Circuitry and Its Impact on the Design of Buffer Circuits (H. Veendrick). A 3.8ns CMOS 16x16 Multiplier Using Complementary Pass Transistor Logic (K. Yano, et al.). A High-Speed, Low-Power, Swing Restored Pass-Transistor Logic Based Multiply and Accumulate Circuit for Multimedia Applications (A. Parameswar, et al.). Static Power Driven Voltage Scaling and Delay Driven Buffer Sizing in Mixed Swing QuadRail for Sub-IV I/O Swings (R. Krishnamurthy, et al.). The Power Consumption of CMOS Adders and Multiliers (T. Callaway & E. Swartzlander, Jr.). Delay Balanced Multipliers for Low Power/Low Voltage DSP Core (T. Sakuta, et al.). Asynchronous Does Not Imply Low Power, But, ... (K. Van Berkel, et al.). Latches and Flip-Flops for Low-Power Systems (C. Svensson & J. Yuan). Adiabatic Logic Circuits. Zig-Zag Path to Understanding (R. Landauer). A Low-Power Multiphase Circuit Technique (B. Watkins). Asymptotically Zero Energy Split-Level Charge Recovery Logic (S. Younis & T. Knight). Low Power Ditigal Systems Based on Adiabatic Switching Principles (W. Athas, et al.). Adiabatic Dynamic Logic (A. Dickinson & J. Denker). DRIVING INTERCONNECT. Sub-1-V Swin Internal Bus Architecture for Future Low-Power ULSIs (Y. Nakagome, et al.). Data-Dependent Logic Swing Internal Bus Architecture for Ultra Low-Power LSIs (M. Hiraki, et al.). An Asymptotically Zero Power Charge-Recycling Bus Architecture for Battery-Operated Ultra-High Data Rate ULSIs (H. Yamauchi, et al.). Bus-Invert Coding for Low Power I/O (M. Stan & W. Burleson). A Sub-CV2 Pad Driver with 10 ns Transition Time (L. Svensson, et al.). MEMORY CIRCUITS. Reviews and Prospects of Low-Power Memory Circuits (K. Itoh). DRAM. Trends in Low-Power RAM Circuit Technologies (K. Itoh, et al.). Standby/Active Mode Logic for Sub-1V Operating ULSI Memory (D. Takashima, et al.). A Charge Recycle Refresh for Gb-scale DRAM's in File Application (T. Kawahara, et al.). SRAM. A 1-V 1-Mb SRAM for Portable Equipment (H. Morimura & N. Shibata). A Single Bitline Cross-Point Cell Activation (SCPA) Architecture for Ultra-Low-Power SRAMs (M. Ukita, et al.). Techniques to Reduce Power in Fast Wide Memories (B. Amrutur & M. Horowitz). A 2-ns, 5-mW, Synchronous-Powered Static-Circuit Associative TLB (H. Higuchi, et al.). Driving Source-Line (DSL) Cell Architecture for Sub-1-V High Speed Low Power Applications (H. Mizuno & T Nagano). PORTABLE TERMINAL ELECTRONICS. General Purpose Processor Design. Energy Dissipation in General Purpose Microprocessors (R. Gonzalez & M. Horowitz). Energy Efficient CMOS Microprocessor Design (T. Burd & R. Brodersen). A 160MHz 32b 0.5W CMOS RISC Microprocessor (J. Montanaro, et al.). A 320MHz, 1.5mW @ 1.35V CMOS PLL for Microprocessor Clock Generation (V. Von Kaenel, et al.). Dedicated and Programmable Digital Signal Processors. A Low-Power Chipset for a Portable Multimedia I/O Terminal (A. Chandrakasan, et al.). A Portable Real-Time Video Decoder for Wireless Communication (T. Meng, et al.). Low Power Design of Memory Intensive Functions (D. Lidsky & J. Rabaey). A 16b Low-Power Digital Signal Processor (K. Ueda, et al.). A 1.8V 36mW DSP for the Half-Rate Speech CODEC (T. Shiraishi, et al.). Design of a 1-V Programmable DSP for Wireless Communication (P. Landman, et al.). Stage-Skip Pipeline: A Low Power Processor Architecture Using a Decoded Instruction Buffer (M. Hiraki, et al.). COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN TOOLS. Power Analysis Techniques. Transition Density: A New Measure of Activity in Digital Circuits (E. Najm). Estimation of Average Switching Activity in Combinational and Sequential Circuits (A. Ghosh, et al.). Power Estimation for Sequential Logic Circuits (C. Tsui, et al.). A Monte Carlo Approach for Power Estimation (R. Burch, et al.). Stratified Random Sampling for Power Estimation (C.-S. Ding, et al.). A Survey of High-Level Power Estimation Techniques (P. Landman). Activity-Sensitive Architectural Power Analysis (P. Landman & J. Rabaey). Power Analysis of Embedded Software: A First Step Towards Software Power Minimization (V. Tiwari, et al.). Power Optimization Techniques. Technology Mapping for Low Power (V. Tiwari, et al.). POSE: Power Optimization and Synthesis Environment (S. Iman & M. Pedram). Transformation and Synthesis of FSMs fo Low-Power Gated-Clock Implementation (L. Benini & G. De Micheli). Precomputation-Based Sequential Logic Optimization for Low Power (M. Alidina, et al.). Glitch Analysis and Reduction in Register Transfer Level Power Optimization (A. Raghunathan, et al.). Exploiting Locality for Low-Power Design (R. Mehra, et al.). HYPER-LP: A System for Power Minimization Using Architectural Transformations (A. Chandrakasan, et al.). Variable Voltage Scheduling (S. Raje & M. Sarrafzadeh). System)-Level Transformations for Low Power Data Transfer and Storage (F. Catthoor, et al.). Author Index. Index.

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Book Synopsis"The increasing commercial use of millimeter wavelengths for remote sensing, communications, and radar systems has driven the need for new low-cost, high performance systems, and with it, the need for quasioptical systems.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Overview. 1.1 What Is Quasioptics? 1.2 Why Quasioptics Is of Interest. 1.3 Historical Overview. 1.4 Organization of This Book. 1.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 2: Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.1 Derivation of Basic Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.2 Description of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.3 Geometrical Optics Limits of Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.4 Higher Order Gaussian Beam Mode Solutions of the Paraxial Wave Equation. 2.5 The Size of Gaussian Beam Modes. 2.6 Gaussian Beam Measurement. 2.7 Inverse Formulas for Gaussian Beam Propagation. 2.8 The Paraxial Limit and Improved Solutions to the Wave Equation. 2.9 Alternative Derivation of the Gaussian Beam Propagation Formula. 2.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 3: Gaussian Beam Transformation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ray Matrices and the Complex Beam Parameter. 3.3 Gaussian Beam Transformation by Focusing Elements. 3.4 Mode Matching. 3.5 Complex Beam Parameter and Smith Chart Representation. 3.6 Transformation of Higher Order Gaussian Beam Modes. 3.7 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 4: Gaussian Beam Coupling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Axially Aligned Beams. 4.3 Tilted Beams. 4.4 Offset Beams. 4.5 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 5: Practical Aspects of Quasioptical Focusing Elements. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Single-Pixel and Imaging Systems. 5.3 The Eikonal Equation. 5.4 Refractive Focusing Elements. 5.5 Zoned Lenses. 5.6 Zone Plate Lenses. 5.7 Metallic Lenses. 5.8 Reflective Focusing Elements. 5.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 6: Gaussian Beams and Antenna Feed Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Antenna Efficiency and Aperture Illumination. 6.3 Aperture Efficiency. 6.4 Radiation Patterns. 6.5 Extended Sources. 6.6 Defocusing Due to Secondary Motion in Cassegrain Systems. 6.7 Requirements on the Beam Waist. 6.8 Reflection Due to Central Blockage in Cassegrain Systems. 6.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 7: Gaussian Beam Coupling to Radiating Elements. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Expansion in Gaussian Beam Modes: General Considerations. 7.3 Radius of Curvature. 7.4 Beam Radius. 7.5 Beam Waist Location and Complex Amplitudes. 7.6 Gaussian Beam Modes for Feed Elements of Various Types. 7.7 Summary of Fundamental Mode Coupling Coefficients. 7.8 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 8: Frequency-Independent Quasioptical Components. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Path Length Modulators/Delay Lines. 8.3 Polarization Processing Components. 8.4 Polarization Transducers and Wave Plates. 8.5 Quasioptical Hybrids. 8.6 Quasioptical Attenuators and Power Dividers. 8.7 Quasioptical Ferrite Devices. 8.8 Quasioptical Absorbers and Calibration Loads. 8.9 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 9: Quasioptical Frequency-Selective Components. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Planar Structures. 9.3 Thick Structure: Perforated Plates. 9.4 Interferometers. 9.5 Interferometers of Other Types. 9.6 Layered Dielectrics. 9.7 Multiple-Grid Filters. 9.8 Diffraction Gratings. 9.9 Resonators. 9.10 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 10: Quasioptical Active Devices. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Bulk Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.3 Quasioptical Planar Arrays. 10.4 Cavity-Coupled Quasioptical Devices. 10.5 Spatial Power Combining. 10.6 Bibliographic Notes. Chapter 11: Quasioptical System Design: Principles and Examples. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Design Methodology and General Guidelines. 11.3 System Design Examples. 11.4 Conclusions. 11.5 Bibliographic Notes. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX. ABOUT THE AUTHOR.

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Book SynopsisINTEGRATED CIRCUIT MANUFACTURABILITY provides comprehensive coverage of the process and design variables that determine the ease and feasibility of fabrication (or manufacturability) of contemporary VLSI systems and circuits. This book progresses from semiconductor processing to electrical design to system architecture. The material provides a theoretical background as well as case studies, examining the entire design for the manufacturing path from circuit to silicon. Each chapter includes tutorial and practical applications coverage. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MANUFACTURABILITY illustrates the implications of manufacturability at every level of abstraction, including the effects of defects on the layout, their mapping to electrical faults, and the corresponding approaches to detect such faults. The reader will be introduced to key practical issues normally applied in industry and usually required by quality, product, and design engineering departments in today''s design practiceTable of ContentsPreface. Introduction (Jose Pineda de Gyvez). Defect Monitoring and Characterization (Eric Bruls). Digital CMOS Fault Modeling and Inductive Fault Analysis (Manoj Sachdev). Functional Yield Modeling (Gary C. Cheek and Geoff O'Donoghue). Critical Area and Fault Probability Prediction (D.M.H. Walker). Statistical Methods of Parametric Yield and Quality Enhancement (Maciej Styblinski). Architectural Fault Tolerance (S.K. Tewksbury). Design for Test and Manufacturability (Dhiraj Pradhan and Adit Singh). Testing Solutions for MCM Manufacturing (Yervant Zorian). Index. About the Editors.

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Book SynopsisToday the wireless communications industry is heavily dependent upon advanced speech coding techniques, while the integration of personal computers and voice technology is poised for growth. In this revised and updated second edition, a timely overview of the science of speech processing helps you keep pace with these rapidly developing advances. Students of electrical engineering, along with computer scientists, systems engineers, linguists, audiologists, and psychologists, will find in this one concise volume an interdisciplinary introduction to speech communication. This reference book addresses how humans generate and interpret speech and how machines simulate human speech performance and code speech for efficient transmission. With a skillful blending of the basic principles and technical detail underlying speech communication, this broad-based book offers you essential insights into the field. You will learn state-of-the-art techniques to analyze, code, Trade Review"A cohesive, even-handed discussion of speech production and perception?should help readers understand speech communication better than is possible with other texts." (Zentralblatt fur Mathametik, 1008)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms in Speech Communications. Important Developments in Speech Communications. Introduction. Review of Mathematics for Speech Processing. Speech Production and Acoustic Phonetics. Hearing. Speech Perception. Speech Analysis. Coding of Speech Signals. Speech Enhancement. Speech Synthesis. Automatic Speech Recognition. Speaker Recognition. Appendix: Computer Sites for Help on Speech Communication. References. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisSPATIAL ERROR ANALYSIS is an all-in-one sourcebook on error measurements in one-, two-, and three-dimensional spaces. This book features exhaustive, systematic coverage of error measurement relationships, techniques, and solutions used to solve general, correlated cases. It is packed with 62 figures and 24 tables. MATLAB-based M-files* for practical applications created especially for this volume are available on the Web at ftp://ftp.mathworks.com/pub/books/hsu. Solutions to two- and three-dimensional problems are presented without relying on equal standard deviations from each channel. They also make no assumption that the random variables of interest are independent or uncorrelated. * MATLAB (developed by MathWorks, Inc.) must be purchased separately. Sponsored by: IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Figures. List of Tables. Introduction. Prameter Estimation from Samples. One-Dimensional Error Analysis. Two-Dimensional Error Analysis. Three-Dimensional Error Analysis. Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Radial Error PDF. Position Location Problems. Risk Analysis. Appendix A: Probability Density Functions. Appendix B: Method of Confidence Intervals. Appendix C: Function of N Random Variables. Appendix D: GPS Dilution of Precisions. Appendix E: Listing of Author-Generated M-files. Bibliography. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisSemiconductor devices are ubiquitous in todaya s world and found increasingly in cars, kitchens, and electronic door looks, attesting to their presence in our daily lives. This comprehensive book brings you the fundamentals of semiconductor device theory from basic quantum physics to computer aided design.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. A Brief Review of the Basic Equations. The Symmetry of the Crystal Lattice. The Theory of Energy Bands in Crystals. Imperfections of Ideal Crystal Structure. Equilibrium Statistics for Electrons and Holes. Self-Consistent Potentials and Dielectric Properties. Scattering Theory. The Boltzmann Transport Equation. Generation-Recombination. The Heterojunction Barrier. The Device Equations of Shockley and Stratton. Numerical Device Simulations. Diodes. Laser Diodes. Transistors. Future Semiconductor Devices. Appendix A: Tunneling and the Golden Rule. Appendix B: The One Band Approximation. Appendix C: Temperature Dependence of the Band Structure. Appendix D: Hall Effect and Magnetoresistance. Appendix E: The Power Balance Equation. Appendix F: The Self-Consistent Potential at a Heterojunction. Appendix G: Schottky Barrier Transport. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisThis book gives readers an intuitive appreciation for random functions, plus theory and processes necessary for sophisticated applications. It covers probability theory, random processes, canonical representation, optimal filtering, and random models. Second in the SPIE/IEEE Series on Imaging Science & Engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Probability Theory. Random Processes. Canonical Representation. Optimal Filtering. Random Models. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text describes the development of magnetic recording over the past century, by selecting major product designs and the innovative technology that they introduced. Separated into three parts, the book deals specifically with the history of audio recording, video recording and data recording.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. Contributors. Introduction (C. Mee & E. Daniel). AUDIO RECORDING. The Magnetic Recording of Sound (M. Clark). The Telegraphone (M. Clark & H. Nielsen). Steel Tape and Wire Recorders (M. Clark). The Introduction of the Magnetophon (F. Engel). Building on the Magnetophon (B. Gooch). Product Diversification (M. Clark). The History of Digital Audio (J. Watkinson). VIDEO RECORDING. The Challenge of Recording Video (F. Remley). Early Fixed-Head Video Recorders (F. Jorgensen). The Ampex Quadruplex Recorders (J. Mallinson). Helical-Scan Recorders for Broadcasting (H. Sugaya). Consumer Video Recorders (H. Sugaya). Digital Video Recording (K. Sadashige). DATA RECORDING. Capturing Data Magnetically (J. Monson). Data Storage on Drums (S. Rubens). Data Storage on Tape (W. Phillips). Data Storage on Hard Magnetic Disks (L. Stevens). Data Storage on Floppy Disks (D. Noble). Instrumentation Recording on Magnetic Tape (F. Jorgensen). Index. About the Editors.

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Book SynopsisIn SOCIAL, ETHICAL, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING,engineers, faculty, and students will find an informative guide tothe professional, societal, and ethical responsibilities that facepracticing engineers today. Through an integrated approach to thetheory of engineering ethics and practical real-world issues, thiscomprehensive book offers readers an in-depth analysis oftechnology''s current social role. Drawing on readings and case studies first published in IEEETechnology and Society Magazine, this easy-to-read text willdevelop readers'' understanding of the important issues surroundingmacroethical public policy debates, including discussions ofsustainable development, public health, risk and product liability,and telecommunications. These cases and readings also provide anopportunity to apply the theory in real-world situations. SOCIAL, ETHICAL, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING will helpstudents meet the new accreditation criteria for engineeringadoptedTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND SOCIETY. Technology, Values, and Society. The Social Context of Engineering. SOCIAL AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERS. Moral Dilemmas in Engineering. Frameworks for Engineering Ethics. ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PUBLIC POLICY. Technology Policy and Ethical Issues. Risk and Product Liability. Engineering and Sustainable Development. Engineering in a Global Context. Technology and Health Care. Information Technology. Appendix. Author Index. Subject Index. About the Editor.

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Book SynopsisPower quality problems have increasingly become a substantial concern over the last decade, but surprisingly few analytical techniques have been developed to overcome these disturbances in system-equipment interactions. Now in this comprehensive book, power engineers and students can find the theoretical background necessary for understanding how to analyze, predict, and mitigate the two most severe power disturbances: voltage sags and interruptions. This is the first book to offer in-depth analysis of voltage sags and interruptions and to show how to apply mathematical techniques for practical solutions to these disturbances. From UNDERSTANDING AND SOLVING POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS you will gain important insights into Various types of power quality phenomena and power quality standards Current methods for power system reliability evaluation Origins of voltage sags and interruptions Essential analysis of voltage sags for characterization and preTable of ContentsPREFACE xiii FTP SITE INFORMATION xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii CHAPTER 1 Overview of Power Quality and Power Quality Standards 1 1.1 Interest in Power Quality 2 1.2 Power Quality, Voltage Quality 4 1.3 Overview of Power Quality Phenomena 6 1.4 Power Quality and EMC Standards 22 CHAPTER 2 Long Interruptions and Reliability Evaluation 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Observation of System Performance 37 2.3 Standards and Regulations 48 2.4 Overview of Reliability Evaluation 50 2.5 Basic Reliability Evaluation Techniques 62 2.6 Costs of Interruptions 101 2.7 Comparison of Observation and Reliability Evaluation 106 2.8 Example Calculations 107 CHAPTER 3 Short Interruptions 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 Terminology 115 3.3 Origin of Short Interruptions 116 3.4 Monitoring of Short Interruptions 121 3.5 Influence on Equipment 125 3.6 Single-Phase Tripping 127 3.7 Stochastic Prediction of Short Interruptions 136 CHAPTER 4 Voltage Sags—Characterization 139 4.1 Introduction 139 4.2 Voltage Sag Magnitude 140 4.3 Voltage Sag Duration 168 4.4 Three-Phase Unbalance 174 4.5 Phase-Angle Jumps 198 4.6 Magnitude and Phase-Angle Jumps for Three-Phase Unbalanced Sags 206 4.7 Other Characteristics of Voltage Sags 231 4.8 Load Influence on Voltage Sags 238 4.9 Sags due to Starting of Induction Motors 248 CHAPTER 5 Voltage Sags—Equipment Behavior 253 5.1 Introduction 253 5.2 Computers and Consumer Electronics 256 5.3 Adjustable-Speed AC Drives 265 5.4 Adjustable-Speed DC Drives 300 5.5 Other Sensitive Load 318 CHAPTER 6 Voltage Sags—Stochastic Assessment 325 6.1 Compatibility between Equipment and Supply 325 6.2 Presentation of Results: Voltage Sag Coordination Chart 328 6.3 Power Quality Monitoring 342 6.4 The Method of Fault Positions 359 6.5 The Method of Critical Distances 373 CHAPTER 7 Mitigation of Interruptions and Voltage Sags 389 7.1 Overview of Mitigation Methods 389 7.2 Power System Design—Redundancy Through Switching 397 7.3 Power System Design—Redundancy through Parallel Operation 405 7.4 The System-Equipment Interface 419 CHAPTER 8 Summary and Conclusions 453 8.1 Power Quality 453 8.2 Standardization 455 8.3 Interruptions 456 8.4 Reliability 457 8.5 Characteristics of Voltage Sags 458 8.6 Equipment Behavior due to Voltage Sags 459 8.7 Stochastic Assessment of Voltage Sags 460 8.8 Mitigation Methods 462 8.9 Final Remarks 462 BIBLIOGRAPHY 465 APPENDIX A Overview of EMC Standards 477 APPENDIX B IEEE Standards on Power Quality 481 APPENDIX C Power Quality Definitions and Terminology 485 APPENDIX D List of Figures 507 APPENDIX E List of Tables 525 INDEX 529 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 543

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Book SynopsisCold plasma research and development activities, as well as its applications in materials processing have grown enormously in the past decade. Cold Plasma in Materials Fabrication is a comprehensive, up-to-date monograph which presents all aspects of cold, low-pressure plasmas. The eight extensive chapters in this book cover the following topics: The main parameters and classifications of different types of plasma Reactions within cold plasmas and between cold plasmas and solid surfaces State-of-the-art methods for generation and diagnostics of cold plasmas and their application for processing of materials This invaluable reference tool provides a helpful bibliography with suggestions for further reading on each subject. The book will be of importance to manufacturing engineers and scientists, as well as advanced students in engineering, materials, physics, and chemistry programs.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Symbols. Fundamentals of Plasma. Cold Plasma Generation. Plasma Chemistry. Plasma Reactors. Plasma Diagnostics. Cold Plasma Processes for Surface Modification. Deposition of Coatings by PECVD. Plasma Assisted Etching. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisA seminal presentation of the applications of communication theory to signal and receiver design that brings you insights into the fundamental concepts underlying communications systems, especially wireless communications. It looks at modern communications in general and radio communications in particular.Table of ContentsForeword to the IEEE Press Reissue. Preface. PART I Mischa Schwartz. Chapter 1. GENERAL TUTORIAL MATERIAL. 1-1. Summary of Statistical Properties of Noise. 1-2. Orthogonal Series Representations of Noise. 1-3. A Simple Application to Binary Transmission. 1-4. Narrowband Noise and Envelope Detection. 1-5. Application to Binary Transmission. 1-6. Hilbert-transform Representation of Signals. 1-7. Preenvelope and Envelope of Signals; Application to Noise. 1-8. Low-pass Equivalents of Bandpass Signals. Chapter 2. STATISttCAL COMMUNICATION THEORY AS APPLIED TO DIGITAt COMMUNICATIONS. 2-1. Statistical Decision Theory. 2-2. Decision Theory in the Case of Binary-signal Repetition. 2-3. Neyman-Pearson Theory of Testing Hypotheses with Application to Radar. 2-4. Signal Shape and Matched Filters. 2-5. Transmission of Two Known Messages of Arbitrary Shape. 2-6. Sampling of Band-limited Signals. 2-7. Decision-theory Approach to Af-ary Signal Transmission. Chapter 3. CW COMMUNICATIONS: COMPARISON OF AM AND FM. 3-1. S/N ratios in AM. 3-2. Spectral Analysis of Envelope Detectors. 3-3. Correlation-function Method of Determining Power Spectrum. 3-4. Frequency-modulation Noise Analysis. 3-5. FM Noise Output, Carrier Absent. 3-6. Second Threshold in FM: Decrease in Output Signal. 3-7. Zero-crossing Analysis. 3-8. A Heuristic Approach to FM Threshold Analysis—Rice's "Clicks" Analysis. 3-9. Threshold Extension in FM: FMFB Demodulators and Phase-locked Loops. 3-10. FM Spectrum Analysis, Noiselike Modulating Signal. PART II William R. Bennett. Chapter 4. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND RELATED CW SYSTEMS. 4-1. Structure of an AM Wave. 4-2. Amplitude Modulators. 4-3. Amplitude Detectors. 4-4. Systems Derived from AM. 4-5. Analysis of Modulating and Demodulating Circuits. 4-6. Effect of Distortion in Transmitting Medium. 4-7. Multiplexing of AM Channels. Chapter 6. ANGLE MODULATION IN CW SYSTEMS. 5-1. Phase Modulation. 5-2. Frequency Modulation. 5-3. Spectral Resolution for Sinusoidal Angle Modulation. 5-4. Transmission through Linear Networks. 5-5. The FM Interference Problem. 5-6. Compound CW Modulation Systems. Chapter 6. PULSE MODULATION. 6-1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). 6-2. Pulse Time Modulation. 6-3. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). 6-4. Compound Pulse-modulation Systems. PART III Seymour Stein. Chapter 7. BASIC BINARY COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES. 7-1. Carrier Telegraphy. 7-2. Relation of Character or Code Performance to Binary Error Rate. 7-3. Representations of Bandpass Signals, Noise, and Filtering. 7-4. On-off Keying. 7-5. Frequency-shift Keying (FSK). 7-6. Phase-shift Keying (PSK). 7-7. Suboptimum versus Matched Filters. Chapter 8. GENERAL ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-CHANNEL BINARY SYSTEMS IN ADDITIVE NOISE. 8-1. Generalized Models. 8-2. A Unified Formulation and Its Solution. 8-3. Specializations, Including Previous Results. 8-4. Distribution of Instantaneous Frequency For Signal Plus Noise. 8-5. Binary FSK with Frequency Detection. Chapter 9. FADING COMMUNICATION MEDIA. 9-1. Role of Fading Channels within the Radio Spectrum. 9-2. Phenomenological Descriptions of Multipath and Fading. 9-3. High-frequency Ionospheric-skywave Propagation. 9-4. Tropospheric-scatter Propagation. 9-5. Single Binary Channels in Slow, Nonselective Rayleigh Fading. 9-6. Signal Behavior in Channels with Arbitrary Selectivity and Rapidity. Chapter 10. LINE ARDIVERSITY COMBINING TECHNIQUES. 10-1. Methods for Achieving Diversity Branches. 10-2. General Principles of Linear Combining. 10-3. Diversity Improvement and Relation to System Design. 10-4. Selection Combining. 10-5. Maximal-ratio Combining. 10-6. Equal-gain Combining. 10-7. Further Comments on Comparative Combiner Statistics. 10-8. Digital Data Performance of Ideal Linear Combining Systems. 10-9. Postdetection versus Predetection Combining in FM Systems; Digital Data Transmission in FDM-FM. 10-10. Effect of Correlation in Fading among Diversity Branches. 10-11. Effect of Diversity on Distributions of Lengths of Fades. 10-12. Effect of External Noise or Interference. Chapter 11. DECISION-ORIENTED DIVERSITY FOR DIGITAL TRANSMISSION. 11-1. Optimum Combining for Digital Signaling in Slow, Nonselective Fading. 11-2. Performance of Quadratic Combiner Systems in Slow, Multiplicative Fading. 11-3. Performance of Suboptimal Systems. 11-4. Diversity Operation Involving Energy Sharing and Energy Detection. 11-5. Wideband Antimultipath Systems (Rake). APPENDIX A. The Q Function and Related Integrals. APPENDIX B. Distribution of Hermitian Quadratic Form in Complex Gaussian Variates. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Introduction. Electronics. Modulation Including Blocking Oscillation. Plastics and Other Materials. Pressure Sensing and Transmission. Temperature Sensing and Transmission. Bioelectric and Chemical Electrode Potentials. Multichannel Transmission and Fetal Studies. Sensors and Transmitters for Other Variables. Frequency and Antenna Selection. Receivers and Demodulators. Calibration and Response Control. Passive Transmission. Field Work. Aquatic Animals. Inward Power and Telestimulation. Related Methods. Zoo Exhibits. Human Studies and Clinical Applications. Appendix 1: Antenna Turns. Appendix 2: Frequency Choice. Appendix 3: Legal Factors. Appendix 4: Laboratory Experiment on Transmitter Construction. Appendix 5: Phaselock Loop Receiver. Appendix 6: Stable Temperature-Compensated Oscillator. References. General Reading. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomedical/Electrical Engineering Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging A Signal Processing Perspective A volume in the IEEE Press Series in Biomedical EngineeringMetin Akay. Series Editor Since its inception in 1971. MRI has developed into a premier tool for anatomical and runaional imaging. Prin??ples ofMagne??c Resonance Imaging provides a clear and comprehensive treatment of MR image formation principles from a signal processing perspective. You will find discussion of these essential topics: Mathematical fundamentals Signal generation and detection principles Signal characteristics Signal localization principles Image reconstruction techniques Image contrast mechanisms Image resolution. noise, and artifacts Fast-scan imaging Constrained reconstruction Spatial information encoding Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Mathematical Fundamentals. Signal Generation and Detection. Signal Characteristics. Signal Localization. Image Reconstruction. Image Contrast. Image Resolution, Noise, and Artifacts. Fast-Scan Imaging. Constrained Reconstruction. Appendix A: Mathematical Formulas. Appendix B: Glossary. Appendix C: Abbreviations. Appendix D: Mathematical Symbols. Appendix E: Physical Constants. Bibliography. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisThis practical, enhanced second edition will teach you to avoid costly post-design electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) fixes. Once again, V. Prasad Kodali provides a comprehensive introduction to EMC and presents current technical information on sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI), EMC/EMI measurements, technologies to control EMI, computer simulation and design, and international EMC standards. Features added to this second edition include: Two new chapters covering EMC computer modeling and simulation and signal integrity Expanded assignments at the close of each chapter Illustrative examples that enhance comprehension A new appendix that lists a selected bibliography, important standards, and Web sites relevant to EMC/EMI Engineering Electromagnetic Compatibility, Second Edition is presented in a concise, user-friendly format that combines a rigorous solutions-based, mathematical treatment of the underlying theoTable of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. Introduction. Natural and Nuclear Sources of EMI. EMI From Apparatus and Circuits. Probabilistic and Statistical Physical Models. Open-Area Test Sites. Radiated Interference Measurements. Conducted Interference Measurements. Pulsed Interference Immunity. Grounding, Shielding, and Bonding. EMI Filters. Cables, Connectors, and Components. Frequency Assignment and Spectrum Conservation. EMC Computer Modeling and Simulation. Signal Integrity. EMC Standards. Selected Bibliography. Appendix 1: EMC Terminology. Appendix 2: EMI/EMC Units. Appendix 3: Books On Related Topics. Appendix 4: EMI/EMC Standards. Appendix 5: EMC e-Resources. Index. About The Author.

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