Essential analysis of voltage sags for characterization and pre
Table of Contents
PREFACE xiii
FTP SITE INFORMATION xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Power Quality and Power Quality Standards 1
1.1 Interest in Power Quality 2
1.2 Power Quality, Voltage Quality 4
1.3 Overview of Power Quality Phenomena 6
1.4 Power Quality and EMC Standards 22
CHAPTER 2 Long Interruptions and Reliability Evaluation 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Observation of System Performance 37
2.3 Standards and Regulations 48
2.4 Overview of Reliability Evaluation 50
2.5 Basic Reliability Evaluation Techniques 62
2.6 Costs of Interruptions 101
2.7 Comparison of Observation and Reliability Evaluation 106
2.8 Example Calculations 107
CHAPTER 3 Short Interruptions 115
3.1 Introduction 115
3.2 Terminology 115
3.3 Origin of Short Interruptions 116
3.4 Monitoring of Short Interruptions 121
3.5 Influence on Equipment 125
3.6 Single-Phase Tripping 127
3.7 Stochastic Prediction of Short Interruptions 136
CHAPTER 4 Voltage Sags—Characterization 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Voltage Sag Magnitude 140
4.3 Voltage Sag Duration 168
4.4 Three-Phase Unbalance 174
4.5 Phase-Angle Jumps 198
4.6 Magnitude and Phase-Angle Jumps for Three-Phase Unbalanced Sags 206
4.7 Other Characteristics of Voltage Sags 231
4.8 Load Influence on Voltage Sags 238
4.9 Sags due to Starting of Induction Motors 248
CHAPTER 5 Voltage Sags—Equipment Behavior 253
5.1 Introduction 253
5.2 Computers and Consumer Electronics 256
5.3 Adjustable-Speed AC Drives 265
5.4 Adjustable-Speed DC Drives 300
5.5 Other Sensitive Load 318
CHAPTER 6 Voltage Sags—Stochastic Assessment 325
6.1 Compatibility between Equipment and Supply 325
6.2 Presentation of Results: Voltage Sag Coordination Chart 328
6.3 Power Quality Monitoring 342
6.4 The Method of Fault Positions 359
6.5 The Method of Critical Distances 373
CHAPTER 7 Mitigation of Interruptions and Voltage Sags 389
7.1 Overview of Mitigation Methods 389
7.2 Power System Design—Redundancy Through Switching 397
7.3 Power System Design—Redundancy through Parallel Operation 405
7.4 The System-Equipment Interface 419
CHAPTER 8 Summary and Conclusions 453
8.1 Power Quality 453
8.2 Standardization 455
8.3 Interruptions 456
8.4 Reliability 457
8.5 Characteristics of Voltage Sags 458
8.6 Equipment Behavior due to Voltage Sags 459
8.7 Stochastic Assessment of Voltage Sags 460
8.8 Mitigation Methods 462
8.9 Final Remarks 462
BIBLIOGRAPHY 465
APPENDIX A Overview of EMC Standards 477
APPENDIX B IEEE Standards on Power Quality 481
APPENDIX C Power Quality Definitions and Terminology 485
APPENDIX D List of Figures 507
APPENDIX E List of Tables 525
INDEX 529
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 543
