Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisProviding a clear review of all major wireless broadband standards with an emphasis on managing the explosive growth in mobile video, this book gives an accessible overview of the various standards as well as practical information on 802. 11 link adaptation, 4G smartphone antenna design, wireless video streaming, and smart grids.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1 Overview of Broadband Wireless Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Radio Spectrum 4 1.2.1 Unlicensed Frequency Bands 4 1.2.2 The 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band 5 1.2.3 The 5 GHz Unlicensed Band 6 1.2.4 The 60 GHz Unlicensed Band 8 1.2.5 Licensed Frequency Bands 8 1.3 Signal Coverage 10 1.3.1 Propagation Mechanisms 11 1.3.2 Multipath 11 1.3.3 Delay Spread and Time Dispersion 13 1.3.4 Coherence Bandwidth 14 1.3.5 Doppler Spread 15 1.3.6 Shadow Fading 15 1.3.7 Radio Propagation Modeling 16 1.3.8 Channel Characteristics 18 1.3.9 Gaussian Channel 18 1.3.10 Rayleigh Channel 18 1.3.11 Rician Channel 19 1.4 Modulation 20 1.4.1 Linear versus Constant Envelope 20 1.4.2 Coherent versus Noncoherent Detection 21 1.4.3 Bit Error Performance 22 1.5 Multipath Mitigation Methods 22 1.5.1 Equalization 22 1.5.2 Multicarrier Transmission 24 1.5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 25 1.5.4 Wideband Systems 28 1.5.5 Error Control 31 1.6 Multiple Antenna Systems 32 1.6.1 Receive Diversity versus Transmit Diversity 33 1.6.2 Switched Antenna Receive Diversity 33 1.6.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems 34 1.6.4 Spatial Multiplexing 36 1.6.5 Space–Time Coding 38 1.6.6 Alamouti Space–Time Coding 38 1.6.7 Beamforming MIMO Antenna Arrays 40 1.6.8 Downlink MIMO Architectures 41 1.6.9 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop MIMO 42 1.6.10 Single-User and Multiuser MIMO 43 1.7 Interference 45 1.7.1 Spatial Frequency Reuse 45 1.7.2 Cochannel Interference 47 1.7.3 Multiuser Interference 48 1.8 Mobility and Handoff 49 1.8.1 Intercell versus Intracell Handoff 49 1.8.2 Mobile-Initiated versus Network-Initiated Handoff 49 1.8.3 Forward versus Backward Handoff 50 1.9 Channel Assignment Strategies 50 1.9.1 Medium Access Control Protocols 51 1.9.2 Signal Duplexing Techniques 52 1.9.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 54 1.10 Performance Evaluation of Wireless Networks 56 1.10.1 Impact of Link Adaptation 58 1.10.2 Impact of Higher Layers 58 1.10.3 Impact of Number of Antennas 60 1.10.4 Impact of Centralized Control 61 1.11 Outdoor Deployment Considerations 61 1.11.1 Fixed Access Path Loss Model 62 1.11.2 Mobile Access Path Loss Models 63 1.11.3 Single Carrier and Multicarrier OFDM Comparison 64 1.11.4 Impact of Modulation and Operating Frequency 64 References 65 Homework Problems 66 Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard 80 2.1 802.11 Deployments and Applications 80 2.2 802.11 Today 82 2.3 IEEE 802.11 Standard 83 2.4 IEEE 802.11 Network Architecture 86 2.4.1 Joining a BSS 88 2.4.2 Association Procedures 88 2.4.3 Disassociation and Reassociation 88 2.5 IEEE 802.11 Basic Reference Model 89 2.5.1 OFDM PHY 90 2.5.2 OFDM PLCP Frame Format 92 2.5.3 Medium Access Control 92 2.5.4 Interframe Space Definitions 93 2.5.5 Distributed Coordination Function 95 2.5.6 Virtual Sensing 97 2.5.7 Point Coordination Function 101 2.5.8 Hybrid Coordination Function 102 2.5.9 Synchronization 103 2.5.10 Transmit Opportunity Scheduling 103 2.5.11 Traffic Specification Construction 104 2.5.12 Radio Resource Measurement 106 2.5.13 Station Power Management 107 2.6 IEEE 802.11 Security 108 2.6.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 109 2.6.2 Robust Security Network Association 111 2.6.3 Mutual Authentication and Key Management 112 2.6.4 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 114 2.6.5 Counter-Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol 114 2.6.6 Protection of Management Frames 115 2.7 IEEE 802.11n Amendment 115 2.7.1 Data Rates and Dual Band Operation 116 2.7.2 Error Control 117 2.7.3 High-Throughput Station 117 2.7.4 Mixed Mode Preamble 120 2.7.5 Greenfield Preamble 120 2.7.6 Transceiver Design 121 2.7.7 Antenna Selection 122 2.7.8 Subcarrier Mapping 122 2.7.9 Space–Time Block Coding 122 2.7.10 Antenna Beamforming 123 2.7.11 MIMO Control Field 124 2.7.12 HT Capabilities Element 124 2.7.13 MAC Enhancements 125 2.7.14 MPDU Header 125 2.7.15 Frame Types and MAC Addresses 126 2.7.16 Block Acknowledgment 128 2.7.17 Virtual Sensing 130 2.7.18 Use of 40 MHz Channels 131 2.8 New IEEE 802.11 Multigigabit Task Groups 131 2.9 IEEE 802.11ac Amendment 132 2.9.1 Multiuser MIMO 132 2.9.2 Use of 256-QAM 133 2.9.3 Available Bandwidth 134 2.9.4 Modulation and Coding Schemes 134 2.9.5 Interoperability 135 2.10 IEEE 802.11ad Amendment 135 2.10.1 PHY Specifications 140 2.10.2 MAC Specifications 141 2.10.3 Beamforming Protocol 143 2.10.4 60 GHz Implementation 143 References 145 Homework Problems 145 Chapter 3 IEEE 802.16 Standard 162 3.1 Overview of IEEE 802.16 162 3.2 Basic IEEE 802.16 Operation 164 3.2.1 Reference Model 164 3.2.2 Frequency Bands 167 3.3 IEEE 802.16-2004 Standard 167 3.3.1 Frame Format 168 3.3.2 Multiple Antenna Transmission 170 3.3.3 Adaptive Antenna System 171 3.4 IEEE 802.16e Amendment 172 3.4.1 Subcarrier Allocation 172 3.4.2 Control Mechanisms 173 3.4.3 Closed-Loop Power Control 173 3.4.4 OFDM/OFDMA Implementation 174 3.4.5 Transmit Diversity 174 3.5 IEEE 802.16 Medium Access Control 175 3.5.1 Duplexing 175 3.5.2 Uplink Transmission 175 3.5.3 Downlink Transmission 176 3.5.4 Polling Mechanisms 176 3.5.5 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 176 3.5.6 Bandwidth Allocation 177 3.5.7 Service Flows 177 3.5.8 Unsolicited Grant Service 178 3.5.9 Real-Time Polling Service 178 3.5.10 Non–Real-Time Polling Service 178 3.5.11 Extended Real-Time Variable Rate Service 179 3.5.12 Multicast Support 179 3.5.13 Mobility Support 179 3.5.14 Power Conservation 180 3.6 IEEE 802.16m Amendment 180 3.6.1 UL/DL Adaptive Modulation and Coding Schemes 181 3.6.2 DL MIMO Enhancement 182 3.6.3 UL MIMO Enhancement 183 3.6.4 Frame Format 183 3.6.5 Advanced Preambles 184 3.6.6 Resource Blocks 184 3.6.7 Pilot Subcarriers 184 3.6.8 MAC Layer 185 3.6.9 Enhanced Services 186 3.6.10 Summary of 802.16m Features and Performance 186 3.7 WiMAX Forum 187 3.8 Wireless Access Using WiMAX 188 3.8.1 WiMAX Deployment 188 3.8.2 WiMAX/Wi-Fi Router 190 References 190 Homework Problems 190 Chapter 4 Long Term Evolution 193 4.1 High Speed Packet Access 193 4.2 Long Term Evolution 194 4.2.1 Evolved Packet Core 195 4.2.2 Frequency Bands 197 4.2.3 Physical Layer 197 4.2.4 UL Subcarrier Allocation 199 4.2.5 MIMO Modes 199 4.2.6 Frame Format 200 4.2.7 Physical Resource Blocks 201 4.2.8 Packetization Framework 202 4.2.9 Channel Functions and Mapping 204 4.2.10 Power Saving Modes 209 4.2.11 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 209 4.3 LTE-Advanced 210 4.3.1 Carrier Aggregation 210 4.3.2 HetNet Topology 211 4.3.3 MIMO Modes 213 4.3.4 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception 213 4.4 Femtocells 213 4.4.1 Deployment 214 4.4.2 Interference Management 214 4.4.3 Traffic Offload Using Femto HNBs 214 4.5 Antenna Design Challenges for 4G Smartphones 215 4.5.1 Physical Considerations 215 4.5.1.1 Antenna Size 215 4.5.1.2 Mutual Coupling between Multiple Antennas 216 4.5.1.3 Correlation Coefficient 217 4.5.1.4 Device Usage Models 221 4.5.2 Current Handset Antenna Configurations and Challenges 222 4.5.3 Antenna Implementation 223 4.5.4 Conclusion 225 References 225 Homework Problems 226 Chapter 5 ATSC Digital TV and IEEE 802.22 Standards 230 5.1 Digital TV Frequency Channels 230 5.2 Digital TV Standards 231 5.2.1 Overview of Advanced Television Systems Committee 232 5.2.2 ATSC DTV Standard 232 5.2.3 Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial 2 232 5.3 Mobile TV 233 5.3.1 Mobile ATSC Standard 233 5.3.2 Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld 235 5.3.3 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 235 5.3.4 Comparison of TV Standards 236 5.4 The IEEE 802.22 Standard 236 5.4.1 Physical Layer Overview 238 5.4.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 238 5.4.3 Preambles 239 5.4.4 Bandwidth Resource Allocation 240 5.4.5 Spectral Awareness 240 5.4.6 Spectrum Sensing Function 240 5.4.7 Medium Access Control Overview 241 5.4.8 MAC Frame Format 242 5.4.9 Coexistence Beacon Protocol 242 5.4.10 Security 244 5.4.11 IEEE 802.22.1 244 5.5 Whitespace Alliance 245 References 245 Homework Problems 246 Chapter 6 Mesh, Relay, and Interworking Networks 249 6.1 Introduction 249 6.1.1 Mesh Radio Transceivers and Channels 250 6.1.2 Advantages of Mesh Networks 253 6.1.3 Packet Routing 253 6.1.4 Public Mesh Networks 254 6.2 802.11 Mesh Networks 254 6.2.1 802.11s Amendment 254 6.2.2 Mesh Discovery 255 6.3 Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol 257 6.3.1 Frame Forwarding Function 258 6.3.2 Mesh Deterministic Access 259 6.3.3 Mesh Link Security 260 6.3.4 Secure Peer Link Establishment 261 6.3.5 Airtime Metric 261 6.3.6 Mesh Power Management 262 6.3.7 Layer 2 Congestion Control 262 6.3.8 Mesh Coordination Function 263 6.3.9 Mesh Channel Switching 263 6.4 802.16 Relay Networks 264 6.4.1 PHY and MAC Layer Extensions 264 6.4.2 Scheduling Modes 264 6.4.3 Relay Modes 265 6.4.4 Cooperative Relays 265 6.5 802.11 Interworking with External Networks 266 References 267 Homework Problems 268 Chapter 7 Wireless Video Streaming277 7.1 High-Definition and 3D Videos 277 7.2 Video Compression 278 7.2.1 MPEG Standard 279 7.2.2 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Standard 280 7.2.3 Constant Bit Rate and Variable Bit Rate Videos 280 7.3 Video Streaming Interfaces and Standards 281 7.3.1 Robust Multicast 281 7.3.2 Prioritization 281 7.3.3 Overlapping BSS Management 282 7.3.4 Interworking with 802.1AVB 282 7.3.5 Higher Layer Factors 282 7.3.6 Digital Living Network Alliance 283 7.4 Adaptive Video Streaming 283 7.4.1 Video Quality and Chunk Efficiency 285 7.4.2 Video Quality for Different VBR Chunk Durations 287 7.4.3 Chunk Rate versus Chunk Duration 288 7.4.4 Chunk Efficiency versus Chunk Duration 290 7.4.5 Instantaneous and Average Rates for Different Chunk Durations 291 7.4.6 Wireless Live Streaming 291 7.4.7 Wireless Smooth Streaming 294 7.4.8 802.16 Smooth Streaming 294 7.4.9 802.11 Smooth Streaming 296 7.5 3D Video Transmission 298 7.5.1 View Multiplexing 298 7.5.2 H.264 Multiview Coding Extension 300 7.5.3 MVC Inter-View Prediction 300 7.5.4 MVC Inter-View Reordering 302 7.5.5 MVC Profiles 302 7.5.6 Comparing MVC with H.264 Video Coding 302 7.5.7 Correlation between Left and Right Views in S3D Videos 303 7.5.8 View Expansion via Pixel Interpolation 305 7.5.9 Pixel Interpolation Results 306 7.5.10 Inter-View versus Intraview Pixel Concealment 307 7.5.11 Interframe versus Intraview Pixel Interpolation 308 7.5.12 Impact of Quantization on Interpolated S3D Videos 308 7.5.13 Anaglyph 3D Generation 310 7.5.14 H.264 Coding Efficiency for Anaglyph Videos 311 7.5.15 Delta Analysis 311 7.5.16 Disparity Vector Generation 313 7.6 Media-Activated Wireless Communications 315 7.6.1 Leanback TV Navigation Using Hand Gestures 315 7.6.2 Multiuser and Multiscreen Media Sharing Using 802.11 315 References 317 Homework Problems 317 Chapter 8 Green Communications in Wireless Home Area Networks 327Contributed By Bob Heile 8.1 ZigBee Overview 327 8.2 Smart Grid Challenges 329 8.3 Home Area Networks 330 8.3.1 Time of Use 332 8.3.2 Electric Vehicles 333 8.4 Future Challenges 334 Homework Problem 334 Glossary 335 Index 347

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Book SynopsisAn unprecedented look into the basic physics, chemistry, and technology behind the LCD Most notably used for computer screens, televisions, and mobile phones, LCDs (liquid crystal displays) are a pervasive and increasingly indispensable part of our lives. Providing both an historical and a business-minded context, this extensive resource describes the unique scientific and engineering techniques used to create these beautiful, clever, and eminently useful devices. In this book, the history of the science and technology behind the LCD is described in a prelude to the development of the device, presenting a rational development theme and pinpointing innovations. The book begins with Maxwell''s theory of electromagnetism, and the ultimately profound realization that light is an electromagnetic wave and an electromagnetic wave is light. The power of mathematical physics thus was brought to bear upon the study of light, and particularly the polarization of light by Trade Review“This is an excellent introductory book for readers interested in an overview of the science, technology and business of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) … The author’s casual writing style makes this book uniquely accessible to a variety of readers, ranging from students to business executives.” (Optics & Photonics News, 13 April 2012) "As one would expect, the reference is written for a professional technical audience, but is clearly written and includes first-rate illustrations." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword by Anthony C. Lowe. Preface. Acknowledgments. About the Author. 1 Double Refraction. 2 Electromagnetism. 3 Light in Matter. 4 The Polarization of an Electromagnetic Wave. 5 Liquid Crystals. 6 Thermodynamics for Liquid Crystals. 7 The Calculus of Variations. 8 The Mean Field. 9 Maier–Saupe Theory. 10 Phenomenological Theory. 11 Static Continuum Theory. 12 Dynamic Continuum Theory. 13 The First Liquid Crystal Display. 14 Liquid Crystal Display Chemistry. 15 The Twisted Nematic. 16 Engineering the Liquid Crystal. 17 The Active Matrix. 18 New Screens. 19 The Transistor and Integrated Circuit. 20 A Transistor for the Active Matrix. 21 Semiconductor Fabrication. 22 Enhancing the Image. 23 The Wider View. 24 Liquid Crystal Television. 25 Glass, Panels, and Modules. 26 The Global LCD Business. 27 New Technologies and Products. Index.

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Book SynopsisTeaches digital signal processing concepts via hands-on examples The OMAP-L138 eXperimenter is the latest inexpensive DSP development system to be adopted by the Texas Instruments University Program. The OMAP-L138 processor contains both ARM and DSP cores and is aimed at portable and mobile multimedia applications. This book concentrates on the demonstration of real-time DSP algorithms implemented on its C6748 DSP core. Digital Signal Processing and Applications with the OMAP-L138 eXperimenter provides an extensive and comprehensive set of program examples to aid instructors in teaching DSP in a laboratory using audio frequency signalsmaking it an ideal text for DSP courses at senior undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Subjects covered include polling-based, interrupt-based, and DMA-based I/O methods, and how real-time programs may be run using the board support library (BSL), the DSP/BIOS real-time operating system, or the DSP/BIOS Platform Support P

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Book SynopsisDesigned to support interactive teaching and computer assisted self-learning, this second edition of Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport is thoroughly updated to address the recent environmental effects of electric power generation and transmission, which have become more important together with the deregulation of the industry. New content explores different power generation methods, including renewable energy generation (solar, wind, fuel cell) and includes new sections that discuss the upcoming Smart Grid and the distributed power generation using renewable energy generation, making the text essential reading material for students and practicing engineers.Trade Review“This book is recommended reading for those interested in deepening their knowledge of electrical systems, energy conversion technologies, and the use of computer tools to assist in understanding of complex engineering problems.” (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 1 August2013)Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xv 1 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS 1 1.1. Electric Networks 2 1.1.1. Transmission Systems 4 1.1.2. Distribution Systems 6 1.2. Traditional Transmission Systems 6 1.2.1. Substation Components 8 1.2.2. Substations and Equipment 9 1.2.3. Gas Insulated Switchgear 17 1.2.4. Power System Operation in Steady-State Conditions 18 1.2.5. Network Dynamic Operation (Transient Condition) 20 1.3. Traditional Distribution Systems 20 1.3.1. Distribution Feeder 21 1.3.2. Residential Electrical Connection 24 1.4. Intelligent Electrical Grids 26 1.4.1. Intelligent High-Voltage Transmission Systems 26 1.4.2. Intelligent Distribution Networks 28 1.5. Exercises 28 1.6. Problems 29 2 ELECTRIC GENERATING STATIONS 30 2.1. Fossil Power Plants 34 2.1.1. Fuel Storage and Handling 34 2.1.2. Boiler 35 2.1.3. Turbine 41 2.1.4. Generator and Electrical System 43 2.1.5. Combustion Turbine 47 2.1.6. Combined Cycle Plants 48 2.2. Nuclear Power Plants 49 2.2.1. Nuclear Reactor 50 2.2.2. Pressurized Water Reactor 53 2.2.3. Boiling Water Reactor 55 2.3. Hydroelectric Power Plants 56 2.3.1. Low Head Hydroplants 59 2.3.2. Medium- and High-Head Hydroplants 60 2.3.3. Pumped Storage Facility 62 2.4. Wind Farms 63 2.5. Solar Power Plants 66 2.5.1. Photovoltaics 66 2.5.2. Solar Thermal Plants 70 2.6. Geothermal Power Plants 72 2.7. Ocean Power 73 2.7.1. Ocean Tidal 74 2.7.2. Ocean Current 75 2.7.3. Ocean Wave 75 2.7.4. Ocean Thermal 76 2.8. Other Generation Schemes 76 2.9. Electricity Generation Economics 77 2.9.1. O&M Cost 79 2.9.2. Fuel Cost 79 2.9.3. Capital Cost 80 2.9.4. Overall Generation Costs 81 2.10. Load Characteristics and Forecasting 81 2.11. Environmental Impact 85 2.12. Exercises 86 2.13. Problems 86 3 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS 89 3.1. Circuit Analysis Fundamentals 90 3.1.1. Basic Defi nitions and Nomenclature 90 3.1.2. Voltage and Current Phasors 91 3.1.3. Power 92 3.2. AC Circuits 94 3.3. Impedance 96 3.3.1. Series Connection 100 3.3.2. Parallel Connection 100 3.3.3. Impedance Examples 104 3.4. Loads 109 3.4.1. Power Factor 111 3.4.2. Voltage Regulation 116 3.5. Basic Laws and Circuit Analysis Techniques 116 3.5.1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law 117 3.5.2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 123 3.5.3. Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 127 3.6. Applications of Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 128 3.7. Summary 140 3.8. Exercises 141 3.9. Problems 141 4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 145 4.1. Three-Phase Quantities 146 4.2. Wye-Connected Generator 151 4.3. Wye-Connected Loads 155 4.3.1. Balanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 156 4.3.2. Unbalanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 158 4.3.3. Wye-Connected Three-Wire System 160 4.4. Delta-Connected System 162 4.4.1. Delta-Connected Generator 162 4.4.2. Balanced Delta Load 163 4.4.3. Unbalanced Delta Load 166 4.5. Summary 168 4.6. Three-Phase Power Measurement 174 4.6.1. Four-Wire System 175 4.6.2. Three-Wire System 175 4.7. Per-Unit System 177 4.8. Symmetrical Components 182 4.8.1. Calculation of Phase Voltages from Sequential Components 182 4.8.2. Calculation of Sequential Components from Phase Voltages 183 4.8.3. Sequential Components of Impedance Loads 184 4.9. Application Examples 188 4.10. Exercises 203 4.11. Problems 204 5 TRANSMISSION LINES AND CABLES 207 5.1. Construction 208 5.2. Components of the Transmission Lines 215 5.2.1. Towers and Foundations 215 5.2.2. Conductors 216 5.2.3. Insulators 218 5.3. Cables 223 5.4. Transmission Line Electrical Parameters 224 5.5. Magnetic Field Generated by Transmission Lines 225 5.5.1. Magnetic Field Energy Content 229 5.5.2. Single Conductor Generated Magnetic Field 230 5.5.3. Complex Spatial Vector Mathematics 233 5.5.4. Three-Phase Transmission Line-Generated Magnetic Field 234 5.6. Transmission Line Inductance 239 5.6.1. External Magnetic Flux 240 5.6.2. Internal Magnetic Flux 241 5.6.3. Total Conductor Magnetic Flux 243 5.6.4. Three-Phase Line Inductance 244 5.7. Transmission Line Capacitance 249 5.7.1. Electric Field Generation 249 5.7.2. Electrical Field around a Conductor 250 5.7.3. Three-Phase Transmission Line Generated Electric Field 256 5.7.4. Three-Phase Line Capacitance 271 5.8. Transmission Line Networks 273 5.8.1. Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced System 273 5.8.2. Long Transmission Lines 277 5.9. Concept of Transmission Line Protection 282 5.9.1. Transmission Line Faults 282 5.9.2. Protection Methods 285 5.9.3. Fuse Protection 285 5.9.4. Overcurrent Protection 285 5.9.5. Distance Protection 288 5.10. Application Examples 289 5.10.1. Mathcad® Examples 289 5.10.2. PSpice®: Transient Short-Circuit Current in Transmission Lines 302 5.10.3. PSpice: Transmission Line Energization 304 5.11. Exercises 307 5.12. Problems 308 6 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 313 6.1. Magnetic Circuits 314 6.1.1. Magnetic Circuit Theory 315 6.1.2. Magnetic Circuit Analysis 317 6.1.3. Magnetic Energy 323 6.1.4. Magnetization Curve 324 6.1.5. Magnetization Curve Modeling 329 6.2. Magnetic and Electric Field Generated Forces 336 6.2.1. Electric Field-Generated Force 336 6.2.2. Magnetic Field-Generated Force 337 6.3. Electromechanical System 343 6.3.1. Electric Field 344 6.3.2. Magnetic Field 345 6.4. Calculation of Electromagnetic Forces 347 6.5. Applications 352 6.5.1. Actuators 353 6.5.2. Transducers 356 6.5.3. Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators 362 6.5.4. Microelectromechanical Systems 365 6.6. Summary 368 6.7. Exercises 368 6.8. Problems 369 7 TRANSFORMERS 375 7.1. Construction 376 7.2. Single-Phase Transformers 381 7.2.1. Ideal Transformer 382 7.2.2. Real Transformer 391 7.2.3. Determination of Equivalent Transformer Circuit Parameters 399 7.3. Three-Phase Transformers 408 7.3.1. Wye–Wye Connection 410 7.3.2. Wye–Delta Connection 415 7.3.3. Delta–Wye Connection 418 7.3.4. Delta–Delta Connection 420 7.3.5. Summary 420 7.3.6. Analysis of Three-Phase Transformer Configurations 421 7.3.7. Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Three-Phase Transformer 429 7.3.8. General Program for Computing Transformer Parameters 432 7.3.9. Application Examples 435 7.3.10. Concept of Transformer Protection 447 7.4. Exercises 450 7.5. Problems 451 8 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 456 8.1. Construction 456 8.1.1. Round Rotor Generator 457 8.1.2. Salient Pole Generator 459 8.1.3. Exciter 462 8.2. Operating Concept 465 8.2.1. Main Rotating Flux 465 8.2.2. Armature Flux 468 8.3. Generator Application 472 8.3.1. Loading 472 8.3.2. Reactive Power Regulation 472 8.3.3. Synchronization 473 8.3.4. Static Stability 474 8.4. Induced Voltage and Armature Reactance Calculation 487 8.4.1. Induced Voltage Calculation 488 8.4.2. Armature Reactance Calculation 496 8.5. Concept of Generator Protection 507 8.6. Application Examples 511 8.7. Exercises 535 8.8. Problems 536 9 INDUCTION MACHINES 541 9.1. Introduction 541 9.2. Construction 543 9.2.1. Stator 543 9.2.2. Rotor 546 9.3. Three-Phase Induction Motor 547 9.3.1. Operating Principle 547 9.3.2. Equivalent Circuit 553 9.3.3. Motor Performance 556 9.3.4. Motor Maximum Output 557 9.3.5. Performance Analyses 560 9.3.6. Determination of Motor Parameters by Measurement 570 9.4. Single-Phase Induction Motor 591 9.4.1. Operating Principle 592 9.4.2. Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Analysis 595 9.5. Induction Generators 603 9.5.1. Induction Generator Analysis 603 9.5.2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator 606 9.6. Concept of Motor Protection 608 9.7. Exercises 610 9.8. Problems 611 10 DC MACHINES 616 10.1. Construction 616 10.2. Operating Principle 620 10.2.1. DC Motor 620 10.2.2. DC Generator 623 10.2.3. Equivalent Circuit 625 10.2.4. Excitation Methods 628 10.3. Operation Analyses 629 10.3.1. Separately Excited Machine 630 10.3.2. Shunt Machine 637 10.3.3. Series Motor 645 10.3.4. Summary 651 10.4. Application Examples 652 10.5. Exercises 669 10.6. Problems 669 11 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR CONTROL 673 11.1. Concept of DC Motor Control 674 11.2. Concept of AC Induction Motor Control 678 11.3. Semiconductor Switches 685 11.3.1. Diode 685 11.3.2. Thyristor 687 11.3.3. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 692 11.3.4. Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 693 11.3.5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 695 11.3.6. Summary 696 11.4. Rectifi ers 697 11.4.1. Simple Passive Diode Rectifiers 697 11.4.2. Single-Phase Controllable Rectifiers 709 11.4.3. Firing and Snubber Circuits 726 11.4.4. Three-Phase Rectifiers 728 11.5. Inverters 729 11.5.1. Voltage Source Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation 732 11.5.2. Line-Commutated Thyristor-Controlled Inverter 735 11.5.3. High-Voltage DC Transmission 738 11.6. Flexible AC Transmission 739 11.6.1. Static VAR Compensator 740 11.6.2. Static Synchronous Compensator 744 11.6.3. Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 744 11.6.4. Unifi ed Power Controller 747 11.7. DC-to-DC Converters 747 11.7.1. Boost Converter 748 11.7.2. Buck Converter 754 11.8. Application Examples 757 11.9. Exercises 773 11.10. Problems 774 Appendix A Introduction to Mathcad® 777 A.1. Worksheet and Toolbars 777 A.1.1. Text Regions 780 A.1.2. Calculations 780 A.2. Functions 783 A.2.1. Repetitive Calculations 784 A.2.2. Defining a Function 785 A.2.3. Plotting a Function 786 A.2.4. Minimum and Maximum Function Values 788 A.3. Equation Solvers 788 A.3.1. Root Equation Solver 789 A.3.2. Find Equation Solver 789 A.4. Vectors and Matrices 790 Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB® 794 B.1. Desktop Tools 794 B.2. Operators, Variables, and Functions 796 B.3. Vectors and Matrices 797 B.4. Colon Operator 799 B.5. Repeated Evaluation of an Equation 799 B.6. Plotting 800 B.7. Basic Programming 803 Appendix C Fundamental Units and Constants 805 C.1. Fundamental Units 805 C.2. Fundamental Physical Constants 809 Appendix D Introduction to PSpice® 810 D.1. Obtaining and Installing PSpice 810 D.2. Using PSpice 811 D.2.1. Creating a Circuit 811 D.2.2. Simulating a Circuit 812 D.2.3. Analyzing Simulation Results 813 Problem Solution Key 815 Bibliography 822 Index 824

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Book SynopsisProvides an easy to understand mathematical tool set for professionals an students in electromagnetic study Non-axiomatic, non-challenging, less formal tutorial approach on the subject Includes appendices with reference material that includes a helpful glossary of terms .Trade Review"This book will benefit scientists and engineers who use electromagnetic theory in the course of their work.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 May 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xi Reading Guide xv 1. Introduction 1 2. A Quick Tour of Geometric Algebra 7 2.1 The Basic Rules of a Geometric Algebra 16 2.2 3D Geometric Algebra 17 2.3 Developing the Rules 19 2.3.1 General Rules 20 2.3.2 3D 21 2.3.3 The Geometric Interpretation of Inner and Outer Products 22 2.4 Comparison with Traditional 3D Tools 24 2.5 New Possibilities 24 2.6 Exercises 26 3. Applying the Abstraction 27 3.1 Space and Time 27 3.2 Electromagnetics 28 3.2.1 The Electromagnetic Field 28 3.2.2 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles 30 3.3 The Vector Derivative 32 3.4 The Integral Equations 34 3.5 The Role of the Dual 36 3.6 Exercises 37 4. Generalization 39 4.1 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Multivectors 40 4.2 Blades 40 4.3 Reversal 42 4.4 Maximum Grade 43 4.5 Inner and Outer Products Involving a Multivector 44 4.6 Inner and Outer Products between Higher Grades 48 4.7 Summary So Far 50 4.8 Exercises 51 5. (3+1)D Electromagnetics 55 5.1 The Lorentz Force 55 5.2 Maxwell’s Equations in Free Space 56 5.3 Simplifi ed Equations 59 5.4 The Connection between the Electric and Magnetic Fields 60 5.5 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 64 5.6 Charge Conservation 68 5.7 Multivector Potential 69 5.7.1 The Potential of a Moving Charge 70 5.8 Energy and Momentum 76 5.9 Maxwell’s Equations in Polarizable Media 78 5.9.1 Boundary Conditions at an Interface 84 5.10 Exercises 88 6. Review of (3+1)D 91 7. Introducing Spacetime 97 7.1 Background and Key Concepts 98 7.2 Time as a Vector 102 7.3 The Spacetime Basis Elements 104 7.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Vectors 106 7.4 Basic Operations 109 7.5 Velocity 111 7.6 Different Basis Vectors and Frames 112 7.7 Events and Histories 115 7.7.1 Events 115 7.7.2 Histories 115 7.7.3 Straight-Line Histories and Their Time Vectors 116 7.7.4 Arbitrary Histories 119 7.8 The Spacetime Form of ∇ 121 7.9 Working with Vector Differentiation 123 7.10 Working without Basis Vectors 124 7.11 Classifi cation of Spacetime Vectors and Bivectors 126 7.12 Exercises 127 8. Relating Spacetime to (3+1)D 129 8.1 The Correspondence between the Elements 129 8.1.1 The Even Elements of Spacetime 130 8.1.2 The Odd Elements of Spacetime 131 8.1.3 From (3+1)D to Spacetime 132 8.2 Translations in General 133 8.2.1 Vectors 133 8.2.2 Bivectors 135 8.2.3 Trivectors 136 8.3 Introduction to Spacetime Splits 137 8.4 Some Important Spacetime Splits 140 8.4.1 Time 140 8.4.2 Velocity 141 8.4.3 Vector Derivatives 142 8.4.4 Vector Derivatives of General Multivectors 144 8.5 What Next? 144 8.6 Exercises 145 9. Change of Basis Vectors 147 9.1 Linear Transformations 147 9.2 Relationship to Geometric Algebras 149 9.3 Implementing Spatial Rotations and the Lorentz Transformation 150 9.4 Lorentz Transformation of the Basis Vectors 153 9.5 Lorentz Transformation of the Basis Bivectors 155 9.6 Transformation of the Unit Scalar and Pseudoscalar 156 9.7 Reverse Lorentz Transformation 156 9.8 The Lorentz Transformation with Vectors in Component Form 158 9.8.1 Transformation of a Vector versus a Transformation of Basis 158 9.8.2 Transformation of Basis for Any Given Vector 162 9.9 Dilations 165 9.10 Exercises 166 10. Further Spacetime Concepts 169 10.1 Review of Frames and Time Vectors 169 10.2 Frames in General 171 10.3 Maps and Grids 173 10.4 Proper Time 175 10.5 Proper Velocity 176 10.6 Relative Vectors and Paravectors 178 10.6.1 Geometric Interpretation of the Spacetime Split 179 10.6.2 Relative Basis Vectors 183 10.6.3 Evaluating Relative Vectors 185 10.6.4 Relative Vectors Involving Parameters 188 10.6.5 Transforming Relative Vectors and Paravectors to a Different Frame 190 10.7 Frame-Dependent versus Frame-Independent Scalars 192 10.8 Change of Basis for Any Object in Component Form 194 10.9 Velocity as Seen in Different Frames 196 10.10 Frame-Free Form of the Lorentz Transformation 200 10.11 Exercises 202 11. Application of the Spacetime Geometric Algebra to Basic Electromagnetics 203 11.1 The Vector Potential and Some Spacetime Splits 204 11.2 Maxwell’s Equations in Spacetime Form 208 11.2.1 Maxwell’s Free Space or Microscopic Equation 208 11.2.2 Maxwell’s Equations in Polarizable Media 210 11.3 Charge Conservation and the Wave Equation 212 11.4 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 213 11.5 Transformation of the Electromagnetic Field 217 11.5.1 A General Spacetime Split for F 217 11.5.2 Maxwell’s Equation in a Different Frame 219 11.5.3 Transformation of F by Replacement of Basis Elements 221 11.5.4 The Electromagnetic Field of a Plane Wave Under a Change of Frame 223 11.6 Lorentz Force 224 11.7 The Spacetime Approach to Electrodynamics 227 11.8 The Electromagnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge 232 11.8.1 General Spacetime Form of a Charge’s Electromagnetic Potential 232 11.8.2 Electromagnetic Potential of a Point Charge in Uniform Motion 234 11.8.3 Electromagnetic Field of a Point Charge in Uniform Motion 237 11.9 Exercises 240 12. The Electromagnetic Field of a Point Charge Undergoing Acceleration 243 12.1 Working with Null Vectors 243 12.2 Finding F for a Moving Point Charge 248 12.3 Frad in the Charge’s Rest Frame 252 12.4 Frad in the Observer’s Rest Frame 254 12.5 Exercises 258 13. Conclusion 259 14. Appendices 265 14.1 Glossary 265 14.2 Axial versus True Vectors 273 14.3 Complex Numbers and the 2D Geometric Algebra 274 14.4 The Structure of Vector Spaces and Geometric Algebras 275 14.4.1 A Vector Space 275 14.4.2 A Geometric Algebra 275 14.5 Quaternions Compared 281 14.6 Evaluation of an Integral in Equation (5.14) 283 14.7 Formal Derivation of the Spacetime Vector Derivative 284 References 287 Further Reading 291 Index 293 The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory

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Book SynopsisThis book is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of power generating stations that use salient pole electric machines. The contents include real-world examples such as large vertical hydro generators, as well as related problems and solutions.Trade ReviewHydro generators have been an essential part of the world’s electrical supply for over 100 years and have a power output up to about 1,000 MW. To our knowledge, this is the first book that is specifically focused on how to operate, test, and maintain such machines. This book has a similar format to the well-regarded book Handbook of Large Turbo Generator Operation and Maintenance, written by two of the authors of the hydro generator book (Kerszenbaum and Klempner). This book will be of interest to readers of this magazine because there is a significant focus on the electrical insulation used in hydro generator rotor and stator windings. The main authors are Mottershead and Bomben, who have extensive experience in hydro generator design and operation, respectively. These authors are well known from published papers and their work on IEEE standards working groups. Bomben is currently the chair of the Board of Governors for the IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators and pumped-storage generators. It first presents the physics and design of large vertical salient-pole generators. The book then offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient-pole machines. One of the best aspects are the explanations of what to look for when doing inspections of the rotor and stators. The book also covers generator protection and auxiliary systems inspection. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. Perhaps in a future version of this book they will discuss how to repair hydro generators in more detail. The handbook includes over 420 full color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables to complement the topics covered in the chapters. Every hydro generating plant in the world should have a copy of this book.- John Shea, IEEE DEIS Magazine Book ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xv Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1 Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines 1 1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power 1 1.2 Electrical–Mechanical Equivalence 6 1.3 Alternating Current (AC) 6 1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 13 1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation 14 1.6 The Synchronous Machine 18 1.7 Synchronous Machine: Basic Operation 23 Chapter 2 Generator Design and Construction 35 2.1 Stator Core 36 2.2 Stator Frame 50 2.3 Electromagnetics 54 2.4 Core-End Heating 62 2.5 Flux and Armature Reaction 62 2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces 64 2.7 Stator Windings 65 2.8 Stator Winding Wedges 79 2.9 Endwinding Support Systems 85 2.10 Stator Winding Configurations 86 2.11 Stator Terminal Connections 88 2.12 Rotor Rim 91 2.13 Rotor Spider/Drum 103 2.14 Rotor Pole Body 106 2.15 Rotor Winding and Insulation 110 2.16 Amortisseur Winding 116 2.17 Slip/Collector Rings and Brush Gear 119 2.18 Cooling Air 122 2.19 Rotor Fans/Blower 124 2.20 Rotor Inertia, Torque, and Torsional Stress 125 2.21 Thrust and Guide Bearings 128 Chapter 3 Generator Auxiliary Systems 157 3.1 Oil Systems 157 3.2 Stator Surface Air Cooling System 161 3.3 Bearing Cooling Coils and Water Supply 165 3.4 Stator Winding Direct Cooling Water System 167 3.5 Excitation Systems 171 3.6 Excitation System Performance Characteristics 174 Chapter 4 Operation and Control 177 4.1 Basic Operating Parameters 177 4.2 Operating Modes 188 4.3 Machine Curves 190 4.4 Special Operating Conditions 200 4.5 Basic Operation Concepts 208 4.6 System Considerations 225 4.7 Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations 235 4.8 Excitation and Voltage Regulation 237 Chapter 5 Monitoring and Diagnostics 241 5.1 Generator Monitoring Philosophies 242 5.2 Simple Monitoring with Static High-Level Alarm Limits 243 5.3 Dynamic Monitoring with Load Varying Alarm Limits 244 5.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Diagnostic Systems 247 5.5 Monitored Parameters 250 5.6 Radio Frequency Monitoring 273 5.7 Capacitive Coupling 274 5.8 Stator Slot Coupler 276 5.9 Rotor 278 5.10 Excitation System 286 Chapter 6 Generator Protection 291 6.1 Basic Protection Philosophy 291 6.2 IEEE Device Number 295 6.3 Brief Description of Protective Functions 296 6.4 Tripping and Alarming Methods 307 Chapter 7 Inspection Practices and Methodology 311 7.1 Site Preparation 311 7.2 Experience and Training 314 7.3 Inspection Frequency 317 7.4 Generator Accessibility 318 7.5 Inspection Tools 319 7.6 Inspection Forms 321 Chapter 8 Stator Inspection 337 8.1 Stator Frame Soleplates 338 8.2 Stator Frame: General 349 8.3 Stator Core Air Ducts 354 8.4 Stator Core Laminations 356 8.5 Stator Core Clamping System 378 8.6 Stator Coils/Bars 389 8.7 Flow Restriction in Water Cooled Stator Windings 396 8.8 Stator Wedging System 398 8.9 Stator Endwinding 405 8.10 Main and Neutral End Leads, Cables, VTs, CTs, and Insulators 411 Chapter 9 Rotor Inspection 417 9.1 Rotor Spider with Shrunk Laminated Rims 419 9.2 Rotor Rim 430 9.3 Rotor Poles 436 9.4 Rotor Brakes 458 Chapter 10 Auxilliaries Inspection 465 10.1 Excitation: Field Breaker 465 10.2 Excitation: Static Exciter Components 470 10.3 Brushless Exciter 470 10.4 Static Exciter Transformer 472 10.5 Excitation: Rotating Exciters 473 10.6 Excitation: Sliprings, Commutator, and Brushes 481 10.7 Surface Air Coolers 499 10.8 Fire Protection 502 10.9 General Items 504 10.10 Thrust and Guide Bearing 507 10.11 Miscellaneous Auxiliaries 510 Chapter 11 Maintenance and Testing 513 11.1 Stator Core Mechanical 513 11.2 Stator Core Electrical Tests 518 11.3 Stator Winding Mechanical Tests 531 11.4 Stator Winding Electrical Tests 534 11.5 Rotor Mechanical Testing 568 11.6 Rotor Electrical Testing 583 11.7 Bearings 590 11.8 Heat-Run Testing 590 Chapter 12 Maintenance Philosophies, Upgrades, and Uprates 595 12.1 General Maintenance Philosophies 595 12.2 Operational and Maintenance History 597 12.3 Maintenance Intervals/Frequency 598 12.4 Planned Outages 599 12.5 Rehabilitation, Uprating/Upgrading and Life Extension 601 12.6 Excitation System Upgrades 611 12.7 Workforce 627 12.8 Spare Parts 628 12.9 Effect of Uprating on Generator Life 629 12.10 Required Information, Tests and Inspection Prior to Uprating/Upgrading 631 12.11 Maintenance Schedule After Uprating 632 Index 633

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Book SynopsisThe book is based on the observation that communication is the central operation of discovery in all the sciences. In its active mode we use it to interrogate the physical world, sending appropriate signals and receiving nature''s reply. In the passive mode we receive nature''s signals directly. Since we never know a prioriwhat particular return signal will be forthcoming, we must necessarily adopt a probabilistic model of communication. This has developed over the approximately seventy years since it''s beginning, into a Statistical Communication Theory (or SCT). Here it is the set or ensemble of possible results which is meaningful. From this ensemble we attempt to construct in the appropriate model format, based on our understanding of the observed physical data and on the associated statistical mechanism, analytically represented by suitable probability measures. Since its inception in the late ''30''s of the last century, and in particular subsequenTable of ContentsForeword xv Visualizing the Invisible xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Author xxiii Editor's Note xxv Introduction 1 1 Reception as a Statistical Decision Problem 15 1.1 Signal Detection and Estimation, 15 1.2 Signal Detection and Estimation, 17 1.3 The Reception Situation in General Terms, 22 1.4 System Evaluation, 27 1.5 A Summary of Basic Definitions and Principal Theorems, 35 1.6 Preliminaries: Binary Bayes Detection, 40 1.7 Optimum Detection: On–Off Optimum Processing Algorithms, 46 1.8 Special On–Off Optimum Binary Systems, 50 1.9 Optimum Detection: On–Off Performance Measures and System Comparisons, 57 1.10 Binary Two-Signal Detection: Disjoint and Overlapping Hypothesis Classes, 69 2 Space-Time Covariances and Wave Number Frequency Spectra: I. Noise and Signals with Continuous and Discrete Sampling 77 2.1 Inhomogeneous and Nonstationary Signal and Noise Fields I: Waveforms, Beam Theory, Covariances, and Intensity Spectra, 78 2.2 Continuous Space-Time Wiener-Khintchine Relations, 91 2.3 The W–Kh Relations for Discrete Samples in the Non-Hom-Stat Situation, 102 2.4 The Wiener–Khintchine Relations for Discretely Sampled Random Fields, 108 2.5 Aperture and Arrays-I: An Introduction, 115 2.6 Concluding Remarks, 138 3 Optimum Detection, Space-Time Matched Filters, and Beam Forming in Gaussian Noise Fields 141 3.1 Optimum Detection I: Selected Gaussian Prototypes-Coherent Reception, 142 3.2 Optimum Detection II: Selected Gaussian Prototypes-Incoherent Reception, 154 3.3 Optimal Detection III: Slowly Fluctuating Noise Backgrounds, 176 3.4 Bayes Matched Filters and Their Associated Bilinear and Quadratic Forms, I, 188 3.5 Bayes Matched Filters in the Wave Number–Frequency Domain, 219 3.6 Concluding Remarks, 235 4 Multiple Alternative Detection 239 4.1 Multiple-Alternative Detection: The Disjoint Cases, 239 4.2 Overlapping Hypothesis Classes, 254 4.3 Detection with Decisions Rejection: Nonoverlapping Signal Classes, 262 5 Bayes Extraction Systems: Signal Estimation and Analysis, p(H1) = 1 271 5.1 Decision Theory Formulation, 272 5.2 Coherent Estimation of Amplitude (Deterministic Signals and Normal Noise, p(H1) = 1), 287 5.3 Incoherent Estimation of Signal Amplitude (Deterministic Signals and Normal Noise, p(H1) = 1), 294 5.4 Waveform Estimation (Random Fields), 300 5.5 Summary Remarks, 304 6 Joint Detection and Estimation, p(H1) ≤ 1: I. Foundations 307 6.1 Joint Detection and Estimation under Prior Uncertainty [p(H1)≤ 1]: Formulation, 309 6.2 Optimal Estimation [ p(H1) ≤ 1]: No Coupling, 315 6.3 Simultaneous Joint Detection and Estimation: General Theory, 326 6.4 Joint D and E: Examples–Estimation of Signal Amplitudes [p(H1) ≤ 1], 350 6.5 Summary Remarks, p(H)1 ≤ 1: I-Foundations, 378 7 Joint Detection and Estimation under Uncertainty, pk(H1) < 1. II. Multiple Hypotheses and Sequential Observations 381 7.1 Jointly Optimum Detection and Estimation under Multiple Hypotheses, p(H1) ≤ 1, 382 7.2 Uncoupled Optimum Detection and Estimation, Multiple Hypotheses, and Overlapping Parameter Spaces, 400 7.3 Simultaneous Detection and Estimation: Sequences of Observations and Decisions, 407 7.4 Concluding Remarks, 428 8 The Canonical Channel I: Scalar Field Propagation in a Deterministic Medium 435 8.1 The Generic Deterministic Channel: Homogeneous Unbounded Media, 437 8.2 The Engineering Approach: I-The Medium and Channel as Time-Varying Linear Filters (Deterministic Media), 465 8.3 Inhomogeneous Media and Channels-Deterministic Scatter and Operational Solutions, 473 8.4 The Deterministic Scattered Field in Wave Number-Frequency Space: Innovations, 494 8.5 Extensions and Innovations, Multimedia Interactions, 499 8.6 Energy Considerations, 509 8.7 Summary: Results and Conclusions, 535 9 The Canonical Channel II: Scattering in Random Media; "Classical" Operator Solutions 539 9.1 Random Media: Operational Solutions-First- and Second-Order Moments, 541 9.2 Higher Order Moments Operational Solutions for The Langevin Equation, 565 9.3 Equivalent Representations: Elementary Feynman Diagrams, 580 9.4 Summary Remarks, 598 References, 599 Appendix A1 601 Index 617

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Book SynopsisBroad in scope, involving theory, the application of that theory, and programming technology, compiler construction is a moving target, with constant advances in compiler technology taking place. Today, a renewed focus on do-it-yourself programming makes a quality textbook on compilers, that both students and instructors will enjoy using, of even more vital importance. This book covers every topic essential to learning compilers from the ground up and is accompanied by a powerful and flexible software package for evaluating projects, as well as several tutorials, well-defined projects, and test cases.Trade Review"Compiler Construction Using Java, JavaCC, and Yacc covers every topic essential to learning compilers from the ground up and is accompanied by a powerful and flexible software package for evaluating projects, as well as several tutorials, well-defined projects, and test cases." (Ulitzer, 5 December 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1 Strings, Languages, and Compilers 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Language Concepts 1 1.3 Basic Compiler Concepts 3 1.4 Basic Set Theory 4 1.5 Null String 6 1.6 Concatenation 7 1.7 Exponent Notation 7 1.8 Star Operator 8 1.9 Concatenation of Sets of Strings 9 1.10 Plus Operator 11 1.11 Question Mark Operator 11 1.12 Shorthand Notation for a Set Containing a Single String 12 1.13 Operator Precedence 12 1.14 Regular Expressions 13 1.15 Limitations of Regular Expressions 15 Problems 16 Chapter 2 Context-Free Grammars, Part 1 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 What is a Context-Free Grammar? 20 2.3 Derivations Using a Context-Free Grammar 21 2.4 Language Defined by a Context-Free Grammar 23 2.5 Different Ways of Representing Contet-Free Grammars 25 2.6 Some Simple Grammars 26 2.7 Techniques for Generating Languages with Context-Free Grammars 29 2.8 Regular and Right Linear Grammars 35 2.9 Counting with Regular Grammars 37 2.0 Grammars for Lists 39 2.10 An Important Language that is Not Context Free 44 Problems 45 Chapter 3 Context-Free Grammars, Part 2 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Parse Trees 49 3.3 Leftmost and Rightmost Derivations 51 3.4 Substitution 52 3.5 Ambiguous Grammars 54 3.6 Determining Nullable Nonterminals 59 3.7 Eliminating Lambda Productions 60 3.8 Eliminating Unit Productions 64 3.9 Eliminating Useless Nonterminals 66 3.10 Recursion Conversions 71 3.11 Adding the Null String to a Language 76 Problems 77 Chapter 4 Context-Free Grammars, Part 3 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Grammars for Arithmetic Expressions 83 4.3 Specifying Associativity and Precedence in Grammars 90 4.4 Backus-Naur Form 92 4.5 Syntax Diagrams 94 4.6 Abstract Syntax Trees and Three-Address Code 96 4.7 Noncontracting Grammars 97 4.8 Essentially Noncontracting Grammars 97 4.9 Converting a Context-Free Grammar to an Essentially Noncontracting Grammar 98 4.10 Pumping Property of Context-Free Languages 101 Problems 104 Chapter 5 Chomsky’s Hierarchy 107 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Context-Sensitive Productions 107 5.3 Context-Sensitive Grammars no 5.4 Unrestricted Grammars 111 Problems 112 Chapter 6 Top-Down Parsing 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Top-Down Construction of a Parse Tree 115 6.3 Parses that Fail 117 6.4 A Bad Grammar for Top-Down Parsing 118 6.5 Deterministic Parsers 119 6.6 A Parser that Uses a Stack 120 6.7 Table Representation of a Stack Parser 124 6.8 Handling Productions with Nonleading Terminal 126 6.9 Writing a Stack Parser in Java 127 Problems 134 Chapter 7 LL(1) Grammars 137 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 FIRST Set of the Right Side of a Production 137 7.3 Determining Operation Sequences 140 7.4 Determining Selection Sets of Lambda Productions 142 7.5 Whatever-Follows-Left-Follows-Rightmost Rule 145 7.6 Selection Sets for Productions with Nullable Right Sides 147 7.7 Selection Sets Containing End-of-Input Symbol 149 7.8 A Stack Parser for a Grammar with Lambda Productions 152 7.9 Converting a Non-LL( 1) Grammar to an LL( 1) Grammar 153 7.10 Parsing with an Ambiguous Grammar 160 7.11 Computing FIRST and FOLLOW Sets 163 Problems 165 Chapter 8 Table-Driven Stack Parser 171 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Unifying the Operations of a Stack Parser 172 8.3 Implementing a Table-Driven Stack Parser 175 8.4 Improving Our Table-Driven Stack Parser 180 8.5 Parsers that are Not Deterministic—A Digression on Theory 181 Problems 183 Chapter 9 Recursive-Descent Parsing 185 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Simple Recursive-Descent Parser 185 9.3 Handling Lambda Productions 192 9.4 A Common Error 197 9.5 Java Code for Productions 198 9.6 Left Factoring in a Recursive-Descent Parser 199 9.7 Eliminating Tail Recursion 204 9.8 Translating the Star, Plus, and Question Mark Operators 108 9.9 Doing Things Backward 210 Problems 211 Chapter 10 Recursive-Descent Translation 215 10.1 introduction 215 10.2 A Simple Translation Grammar 215 10.3 Converting a Translation Grammar to Java Code 217 10.4 Specifications for a Translation Grammar 218 10.5 Passing Information During a Parse 231 10.6 L-Attributed Grammars 236 10.7 New Token Manager 238 10.8 Solving the Token Lookahead Problem 241 10.9 Code for the New Token Manager 241 10.10 Translation Grammar for Prefix Expression Compiler 253 10.11 An Interesting Use of Recursion 257 Problems 261 Chapter 11 Assembly Language 265 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Structure of the J1 Computer 265 11.3 Machine Language Instructions 266 11.4 Assembly Language Instructions 268 11.5 Pushing Characters 269 11.6 aout Instruction 270 11.7 Using Labels 270 11.8 Using the Assembler 272 11.9 stav Instruction 275 11.10 Compiling an Assignment Statement 277 11.11 Compiling print and printin 280 11.12 Outputting Strings 28, 11.13 Inputting Decimal Numbers 283 11.14 Entry Directive 284 11.15 More Assembly Language 285 Problems 285 Chapter 12 SI—A Simple Compiler 289 12.1 Introduction 289 12.2 The Source Language 289 12.3 Grammar for Source Language 290 12.4 The Target Language 291 12.5 Symbol Table 292 12.6 Code Generator 293 12.7 Token Class 293 12.8 Writing the Translation Grammar 294 12.9 Implementing the SI Compiler 299 12.10 Trying Out SI 315 12.11 Advice on Extending the SI Compiler 318 12.12 Specifications for S2 320 Problems 324 Chapter 13 JavaCC 331 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 JavaCC Extended Regular Expressions 333 13.3 JavaCC Input File 337 13.4 Specifying Actions for Regular Expressions 344 13.5 JavaCC Input File for Slj 348 13.6 Files Produced by JavaCC 355 13.7 Using the Star and Plus Operators 359 13.8 Choice Points and the Lookahead Directive 362 13.9 JavaCC’s Choice Algorithm 367 13.10 Syntactic and Semantic Lookahead 371 13.11 Using JavaCC to Create a Token Manager Only 372 13.12 Using the Token Chain 373 13.13 Suppressing Warning Messages 377 Problems 387 Chapter 14 Building on S2 383 14.1 Introduction 383 14.2 Extending println and print 383 14.3 Cascaded Assignment Statement 388 14.4 Unary Plus and Minus 313 14.5 readint Statement 393 14.6 Controlling the Token Trace from the Command Line 395 14.7 Specifications for S3 396 Problems 396 Chapter 15 Compiling Control Structures 399 15.1 Introduction 399 15.2 while Statement 399 15.3 if Statement 403 15.4 do-while Statement 407 15.5 Range Checking of Numerical Constants 408 15.6 Handling Backslash-Quote in a String 410 15.7 Handling Backslash-Quote with JavaCC 411 15.8 Universal Blocks in JavaCC 416 15.9 Handling Strings that Span Lines 418 15.10 Handling Strings that Span Lines Using JavaCC 419 15.11 SPECIAL_TOKEN Block in JavaCC 422 15.12 Error Recovery 424 15.13 Error Recovery in JavaCC 429 15.14 Specifications for S4 430 Problems 431 Chapter 16 Compiling Programs in Functional Form 435 16.1 Introduction 435 16.2 Separate Assembly and Linking 435 16.3 Calling and Returning from Fuctions 439 16.4 Source Language for S5 443 16.5 Symbol Table for S5 445 16.6 Code Generator for S5 446 16.7 Translation Grammar forS5 447 16.8 Linking with a Library 457 16.9 Specifications for S5 458 16.10 Extending S5 458 Problems 461 Chapter 17 Finite Automata 465 17.1 Introduction 465 17.2 Deterministic Finite Automata 466 17.3 Converting a DFA to a Regular Expression 468 17.4 Java Code for a DFA 472 17.5 Nondeterministic Finite Automata 474 17.6 Using an NFA as an Algorithm 476 17.7 Converting an NFA to a DFA with the Subset Algorithm 478 17.8 Converting a DFA to a Regular Grammar 479 17.9 Converting a Regular Grammar to an NFA 482  17.10 Converting a Regular Expression to an NF A 484 17.11 Finding the Minimal DFA 488 17.12 Pumping Property of Regular Languages 493 Problems 495 Chapter 18 Capstone Project: Implementing Grep Using Compiler Technology 499 18.1 Introduction 499 18.2 Regular Expressions for Our Grep Program 501 18.3 Token Manager for Regular Expression 501 18.4 Grammar for Regular Expressions 503 18.5 Target Language for Our Regular Expression Compiler 503 18.6 Using an NFA for Pattern Matching 508 Problems 513 Chapter 19 Compiling to a Register-Oriented Architecture 515 19.1 Introduction 515 19.2 Using the Register Instruction Set 516 19.3 Modifications to the Symbol Table for R1 517 19.4 Parser and Code Generator for R1 518 Problems 526 Chapter 20 Optimization 529 20.1 Introduction 529 20.2 Using the ldc Instruction 531 20.3 Reusing Temporary Variables 532 20.4 Constant Folding 535 20.5 Register Allocation 537 20.6 Peephole Optimization 540 Problems 543 Chapter 21 Interpreters 547 21.1 Introduction 547 21.2 Converting SI to 11 549 21.3 Interpreting Statements that Transfer Control 552 21.4 Implementing the Compiler-Interpreter Cl 1 553 21.5 Advantages of Interpreters 558 Problems 559 Chapter 22 Bottom-Up Parsing 561 22.1 Introduction 561 22.2 Principles of Bottom-Up Parsing 561 22.3 Parsing with Right- versus Left-Recursive Grammars 565 22.4 Bottom-Up Parsing with an Ambiguous Grammar 566 22.5 Do-Not-Reduce Rule 569 22.6 SLR(l) Parsing 570 22.7 Shift/Reduce Conflicts 577 22.8 Reduce/Reduce Conflicts 579 22.9 LR(1) Parsing 579 Problems 584 Chapter 23 yacc 587 23.1 Introduction 587 23.2 yacc Input and Output Files 587 23.3 A Simple yacc-Generated Parser 588 23.4 Passing Values Using the Value Stack 596 23.5 Using yacc With an Ambiguous Grammar 602 23.6 Passing Values down the Parse Tree 604 23.7 Implementing Sly 606 23.8 jflex 612 Problems 618 Appendix A Stack Instruction Set 621 Appendix B Register Instruction Set 625 References 629 Index

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Book SynopsisWith the current explosion in network traffic, and mounting pressure on operators' business case, Self-Organizing Networks (SON) play a crucial role. They are conceived to minimize human intervention in engineering processes and at the same time improve system performance to maximize Return-on-Investment (ROI) and secure customer loyalty. Written by leading experts in the planning and optimization of Multi-Technology and Multi-Vendor wireless networks, this book describes the architecture of Multi-Technology SON for GSM, UMTS and LTE, along with the enabling technologies for SON planning, optimization and healing. This is presented mainly from a technology point of view, but also covers some critical business aspects, such as the ROI of the proposed SON functionalities and Use Cases. Key features: Follows a truly Multi-Technology approach: covering not only LTE, but also GSM and UMTS, including architectural considerations of deploying SON in today's GTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Contributors xvii List of Abbreviations xix 1 Operating Mobile Broadband Networks 1 1.1. The Challenge of Mobile Traffic Growth 1 1.1.1. Differences between Smartphones 3 1.1.2. Driving Data Traffic – Streaming Media and Other Services 5 1.2. Capacity and Coverage Crunch 5 1.3. Meeting the Challenge – the Network Operator Toolkit 6 1.3.1. Tariff Structures 6 1.3.2. Advanced Radio Access Technologies 7 1.3.3. Femto Cells 10 1.3.4. Acquisition and Activation of New Spectrum 11 1.3.5. Companion Networks, Offloading and Traffic Management 12 1.3.6. Advanced Source Coding 14 1.4. Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 16 1.5. Summary and Book Contents 17 1.6. References 19 2 The Self-Organizing Networks (SON) Paradigm 21 2.1. Motivation and Targets from NGMN 21 2.2. SON Use Cases 23 2.2.1. Use Case Categories 23 2.2.2. Automatic versus Autonomous Processes 25 2.2.3. Self-Planning Use Cases 25 2.2.4. Self-Deployment Use Cases 26 2.2.5. Self-Optimization Use Cases 28 2.2.6. Self-Healing Use Cases 32 2.2.7. SON Enablers 34 2.3. SON versus Radio Resource Management 35 2.4. SON in 3GPP 37 2.4.1. 3GPP Organization 37 2.4.2. SON Status in 3GPP (up to Release 9) 38 2.4.3. SON Objectives for 3GPP Release 10 40 2.5. SON in the Research Community 41 2.5.1. SOCRATES: Self-Optimization and Self-ConfiguRATion in wirelEss networkS 41 2.5.2. Celtic Gandalf: Monitoring and Self-Tuning of RRM Parameters in a Multi-System Network 42 2.5.3. Celtic OPERA-Net: Optimizing Power Efficiency in mobile RAdio Networks 42 2.5.4. E3: End-to-End Efficiency 43 2.6. References 43 3 Multi-Technology SON 47 3.1. Drivers for Multi-Technology SON 47 3.2. Architectures for Multi-Technology SON 49 3.2.1. Deployment Architectures for Self-Organizing Networks 49 3.2.2. Comparison of SON Architectures 50 3.2.3. Coordination of SON Functions 53 3.2.4. Layered Architecture for Centralized Multi-Technology SON 59 3.3. References 64 4 Multi-Technology Self-Planning 65 4.1. Self-Planning Requirements for 2G, 3G and LTE 65 4.2. Cross-Technology Constraints for Self-Planning 66 4.3. Self-Planning as an Integrated Process 66 4.4. Planning versus Optimization 69 4.5. Information Sources for Self-Planning 70 4.5.1. Propagation Path-Loss Predictions 70 4.5.2. Drive Test Measurements 71 4.6. Automated Capacity Planning 71 4.6.1. Main Inputs for Automated Capacity Planning 73 4.6.2. Traffic and Network Load Forecast 74 4.6.3. Automated Capacity Planning Process 75 4.6.4. Outputs of the Process and Implementation of Capacity Upgrades in the Network 78 4.7. Automated Transmission Planning 79 4.7.1. Self-Organizing Protocols 80 4.7.2. Additional Requirements for Automated Transmission Planning 82 4.7.3. Automatic Transmission Planning Process 83 4.7.4. Automatic Transmission Planning Algorithms 84 4.7.5. Practical Example 87 4.8. Automated Site Selection and RF Planning 87 4.8.1. Solution Space 89 4.8.2. RF Planning Evaluation Model 90 4.8.3. RF Optimization Engine 91 4.8.4. Technology-Specific Aspects of RF Planning 92 4.9. Automated Neighbor Planning 98 4.9.1. Technology-Specific Aspects of Neighbor Lists 99 4.9.2. Principles of Automated Neighbor List Planning 103 4.10. Automated Spectrum Planning for GSM/GPRS/EDGE 105 4.10.1. Spectrum Planning Objectives 107 4.10.2. Inputs to Spectrum Planning 108 4.10.3. Automatic Frequency Planning 112 4.10.4. Spectrum Self-Planning for GSM/GPRS/EDGE 114 4.10.5. Trade-Offs and Spectrum Plan Evaluation 115 4.11. Automated Planning of 3G Scrambling Codes 117 4.11.1. Scrambling Codes in UMTS-FDD 117 4.11.2. Primary Scrambling Code Planning 119 4.11.3. PSC Planning and Optimization in SON 122 4.12. Automated Planning of LTE Physical Cell Identifiers 124 4.12.1. The LTE Physical Cell ID 124 4.12.2. Planning LTE Physical Cell IDs 125 4.12.3. Automated Planning of PCI in SON 126 4.13. References 127 5 Multi-Technology Self-Optimization 131 5.1. Self-Optimization Requirements for 2G, 3G and LTE 131 5.2. Cross-Technology Constraints for Self-Optimization 132 5.3. Optimization Technologies 132 5.3.1. Control Engineering Techniques for Optimization 132 5.3.2. Technology Discussion for Optimizing Cellular Communication Systems 136 5.4. Sources for Automated Optimization of Cellular Networks 136 5.4.1. Propagation Predictions 137 5.4.2. Drive Test Measurements 137 5.4.3. Performance Counters Measured at the OSS 138 5.4.4. Call Traces 138 5.5. Self-Planning versus Open-Loop Self-Optimization 139 5.5.1. Minimizing Human Intervention in Open-Loop Automated Optimization Systems 140 5.6. Architectures for Automated and Autonomous Optimization 140 5.6.1. Centralized, Open-Loop Automated Self-Optimization 140 5.6.2. Centralized, Closed-Loop Autonomous Self-Optimization 141 5.6.3. Distributed, Autonomous Self-Optimization 143 5.7. Open-Loop, Automated Self-Optimization of Cellular Networks 144 5.7.1. Antenna Settings 144 5.7.2. Neighbor Lists 146 5.7.3. Frequency Plans 148 5.8. Closed-Loop, Autonomous Self-Optimization of 2G Networks 148 5.8.1. Mobility Load Balance for Multi-Layer 2G Networks 149 5.8.2. Mobility Robustness Optimization for Multi-Layer 2G Networks 151 5.9. Closed-Loop, Autonomous Self-Optimization of 3G Networks 153 5.9.1. UMTS Optimization Dimensions 153 5.9.2. Key UMTS Optimization Parameters 155 5.9.3. Field Results of UMTS RRM Self-Optimization 163 5.10. Closed-Loop, Autonomous Self-Optimization of LTE Networks 165 5.10.1. Automatic Neighbor Relation 166 5.10.2. Mobility Load Balance 168 5.10.3. Mobility Robustness Optimization 176 5.10.4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization 178 5.10.5. RACH Optimization 179 5.10.6. Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 179 5.10.7. Admission Control Optimization 184 5.11. Autonomous Load Balancing for Multi-Technology Networks 185 5.11.1. Load Balancing Driven by Capacity Reasons 186 5.11.2. Load Balancing Driven by Coverage Reasons 189 5.11.3. Load Balancing Driven by Quality Reasons 190 5.11.4. Field Results 190 5.12. Multi-Technology Energy Saving for Green IT 191 5.12.1. Approaching Energy Saving through Different Angles 192 5.12.2. Static Energy Saving 193 5.12.3. Dynamic Energy Saving 195 5.12.4. Operational Challenges 196 5.12.5. Field Results 197 5.13. Coexistence with Network Management Systems 197 5.13.1. Network Management System Concept and Functions 197 5.13.2. Other Management Systems 201 5.13.3. Interworking between SON Optimization Functions and NMS 201 5.14. Multi-Vendor Self-Optimization 202 5.15. References 204 6 Multi-Technology Self-Healing 207 6.1. Self-Healing Requirements for 2G, 3G and LTE 207 6.2. The Self-Healing Process 208 6.2.1. Detection 209 6.2.2. Diagnosis 210 6.2.3. Cure 210 6.3. Inputs for Self-Healing 211 6.4. Self-Healing for Multi-Layer 2G Networks 211 6.4.1. Detecting Problems 211 6.4.2. Diagnosis 211 6.4.3. Cure 214 6.5. Self-Healing for Multi-Layer 3G Networks 214 6.5.1. Detecting Problems 214 6.5.2. Diagnosis 214 6.5.3. Cure 218 6.6. Self-Healing for Multi-Layer LTE Networks 220 6.6.1. Cell Outage Compensation Concepts 222 6.6.2. Cell Outage Compensation Algorithms 223 6.6.3. Results for P0 Tuning 224 6.6.4. Results for Antenna Tilt Optimization 224 6.7. Multi-Vendor Self-Healing 227 6.8. References 229 7 Return on Investment (ROI) for Multi-Technology SON 231 7.1. Overview of SON Benefits 231 7.2. General Model for ROI Calculation 233 7.3. Case Study: ROI for Self-Planning 235 7.3.1. Scope of Self-Planning and ROI Components 235 7.3.2. Automated Capacity Planning 237 7.3.3. Modeling SON for Automated Capacity Planning 237 7.3.4. Characterizing the Traffic Profile 238 7.3.5. Modeling the Need for Capacity Expansions 241 7.3.6. CAPEX Computations 243 7.3.7. OPEX Computations 243 7.3.8. Sample Scenario and ROI 245 7.4. Case Study: ROI for Self-Optimization 249 7.4.1. Self-Optimization and ROI Components 249 7.4.2. Modeling SON for Self-Optimization 250 7.4.3. Characterizing the Traffic Profile 250 7.4.4. Modeling the Need for Capacity Expansions 251 7.4.5. Quality, Churn and Revenue 252 7.4.6. CAPEX Computations 254 7.4.7. OPEX Computations 255 7.4.8. Sample Scenario and ROI 255 7.5. Case Study: ROI for Self-Healing 260 7.5.1. OPEX Reduction through Automation 260 7.5.2. Extra Revenue due to Improved Quality and Reduced Churn 260 7.5.3. Sample Scenario and ROI 261 7.6. References 261 Appendix A Geo-Location Technology for UMTS 263 A.1. Introduction 263 A.2. Observed Time Differences (OTDs) 264 A.3. Algorithm Description 264 A.3.1. Geo-Location of Events 264 A.3.2. Synchronization Recovery 265 A.3.3. Filtering of Events 265 A.4. Scenario and Working Assumptions 266 A.5. Results 266 A.5.1. Reported Sites per Event 266 A.5.2. Event Status Report 268 A.5.3. Geo-Location Accuracy 268 A.5.4. Impact of Using PD Measurements 269 A.6. Concluding Remarks 269 A.7. References 271 Appendix B X-Map Estimation for LTE 273 B.1. Introduction 273 B.2. X-Map Estimation Approach 274 B.3. Simulation Results 275 B.4. References 277 Index 279

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Book SynopsisIncludes a preface written by Professor Leonard Kleinrock, Distinguished Professor of Computer Science, UCLA, USA This book discusses and explores the concept of mobile cloud, creating an inspiring research space for exploiting opportunistic resource sharing, and covering from theoretical research approaches to the development of commercially profitable ideas. A mobile cloud is a cooperative arrangement of dynamically connected communication nodes sharing opportunistic resources. In this book, authors provide a comprehensive and motivating overview of this rapidly emerging technology. The book explores how distributed resources can be shared by mobile users in very different ways and for various purposes. The book provides many stimulating examples of resource-sharing applications. Enabling technologies for mobile clouds are also discussed, highlighting the key role of network coding. Mobile clouds have the potentTrade Review“The book is full of insights for researchers, developing engineers, students, and IT professionals. It contains a wide bibliography related to already implemented solutions and solutions being studied in scientific research.” (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 September 2015)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xxi Abbreviations xxiii Part One MOBILE CLOUDS: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 Motivation 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 From Brick Phones to Smart Phones 5 1.3 Mobile Connectivity Evolution: From Single to Multiple Air Interface Devices 7 1.4 Network Evolution: The Need for Advanced Architectures 10 1.5 Conclusion 11 References 11 2 Mobile Clouds: An Introduction 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Mobile Cloud Definitions 15 2.3 Cooperation and Cognition in Mobile Clouds 24 2.4 Mobile Cloud Classification and Associated Cooperation Approaches 27 2.5 Types of Cooperation and Incentives 29 2.6 Conclusion 33 References 35 3 Sharing Device Resources in Mobile Clouds 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Examples of Resource Sharing 39 3.3 Sharing Loudspeakers 40 3.4 Sharing Microphones 41 3.5 Sharing Image Sensors 42 3.6 Sharing Displays 44 3.7 Sharing General–Purpose Sensors 46 3.8 Sharing Keyboards 46 3.9 Sharing Data Pipes 46 3.10 Sharing Mobile Apps 48 3.11 Sharing Mass Memory 48 3.12 Sharing Processing Units 49 3.13 Sharing Batteries 50 3.14 Conclusion 51 References 51 Part Two ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MOBILE CLOUDS 4 Wireless Communication Technologies 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Cellular Communications Systems 56 4.3 Short–Range Technologies 58 4.4 Combined Air Interface 62 4.5 Building Mobile Clouds 64 4.6 Conclusion 65 References 66 5 Network Coding for Mobile Clouds 67 5.1 Introduction to Network Coding 67 5.2 Inter–Flow Network Coding 68 5.3 Inter–Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds 73 5.4 Intra–Flow Network Coding 78 5.5 Intra–Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds 80 5.6 Conclusion 91 References 91 6 Mobile Cloud Formation and Maintenance 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Mobile Cloud Stages 94 6.3 Service Discovery for Mobile Clouds 100 6.4 Conclusion 104 References 104 Part Three SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MOBILE CLOUDS 7 Cooperative Principles by Nature 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Cheetahs and Hyenas 108 7.3 Orca – Killer Whales 109 7.4 Vampire Bats 109 7.5 Monkeys 110 7.6 Prisoner’s Dilemma 110 7.7 Conclusion 115 References 115 8 Social Mobile Clouds 117 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 Different Forms of Cooperation 118 8.3 Social Networks and Mobile Clouds 121 8.4 Cooperation in Relaying Networks: A Simple Example 128 8.5 Conclusion 129 References 130 Part Four GREEN ASPECTS OF MOBILE CLOUDS 9 Green Mobile Clouds: Making Mobile Devices More Energy Efficient 133 9.1 Introduction 133 9.2 Cooperative Download 138 9.3 Cooperative Streaming 150 9.4 Comparison of the Different Approaches 153 9.5 Conclusion and Outlook 154 9.6 Energy Gain for the Network Operator 156 9.7 Conclusion 157 References 157 Part Five APPLICATION OF MOBILE CLOUDS 10 Mobile Clouds Applications 161 10.1 Introduction 161 10.2 Forced Cooperation – Overlay Network 162 10.3 Technology–enabled Cooperation – Overlay Network 165 10.4 Socially–enabled Cooperation – Overlay Network 166 10.5 Altruism – Overlay Network 167 10.6 Forced Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud 167 10.7 Technically–enabled Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud 169 10.8 Socially–enabled Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud 173 10.9 Altruism: Direct Mobile Cloud 174 10.10 Industrial Activities 175 10.11 Conclusion 176 References 176 Part Six MOBILE CLOUDS: PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSIONS 11 Visions and Prospects 181 11.1 Some Insights on the Future Developments of Mobile Clouds 181 11.2 Mobile Clouds and Related Technology Developments 184 11.3 Promising Novel Applications of Mobile Clouds 187 11.4 Resource Sharing as one of the Pillars of Social Interaction: the Birth of Shareconomy 189 References 192 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamentals and details of MPEG-2 Systems technology Written by an expert in the field, this book examines the MPEG-2 system specification as developed in the early 1990's, as well as its evolution into the fourth edition of the MPEG-2 systems standard, published in 2013. While MPEG-2 systems will continue to evolve further, this book describes the MPEG-2 system functionality as of October 2013. Furthermore, relevant background information is provided. The discussion of MPEG-2 system functionality requires knowledge of various fundamental issues, such as timing, and supported content formats. Therefore also some basic information on video and audio coding is provided, including their evolution. Also other content formats supported in MPEG-2 systems are described, as far as needed to understand MPEG-2 systems. Ordered logically working from the basics and background through to the details and fundamentals of MPEG-2 transport streamsTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii About the Author xvii Acknowledgements xxi Part One BACKGROUNDS OF MPEG-2 SYSTEMS 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Scope of This Book 7 1.2 Some Definitions 7 References 8 2 Technology Developments Around 1990 9 References 11 3 Developments in Audio and Video Coding in MPEG 13 3.1 The Need for Compression 13 3.1.1 Compression Factors for Audio 14 3.1.2 Compression Factors for Video 14 3.2 MPEG Video 19 3.2.1 Introduction 19 3.2.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Video Essentials 20 3.2.3 Evolution of MPEG Video 39 3.3 MPEG Audio 47 3.3.1 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio Essentials 47 3.3.2 Evolution of MPEG Audio 53 References 59 4 Other Important Content Formats 61 4.1 Metadata 61 4.2 Timed Text 64 4.3 Lossless and Scalable Lossless Audio 69 4.4 Multiview Video 69 4.5 3D Video 70 4.5.1 Left and Right Views in a Single Video Stream 73 4.5.2 Depth Information Associated to 2D Video 75 4.5.3 Use of MVC to Convey Left and Right Views 78 4.5.4 Further 3D Video Evolution 79 References 80 5 Motivation for a Systems Standard 83 6 Principles Underlying the MPEG-2 Systems Design 87 6.1 Building an End-to-End System 87 6.1.1 Constant End-to-End Delay 87 6.1.2 Video Coding Delay 88 6.1.3 Audio Coding Delay 94 6.1.4 Delay Compensation 95 6.2 The Multiplex and Demultiplex Operation 97 6.3 Delivery Schedule of MPEG System Streams 106 6.4 Synchronization of Audio and Video 108 6.5 MPEG-2 System Streams and the STD Model 113 6.6 Timing Issues 118 6.6.1 Frequency and Tolerance of the STC in MPEG-1 Systems 119 6.6.2 Regeneration of the STC in System Decoders 121 6.6.3 Frequency and Tolerance of the STC in MPEG-2 Systems 125 6.7 Quality of Service Issues 127 6.8 Transport Layer Independence 131 References 132 7 MPEG-1 Systems: Laying the MPEG-2 Foundation 133 7.1 Driving Forces 133 7.2 Objectives and Requirements 136 7.3 Structure of MPEG-1 System Streams 138 7.4 The MPEG-1 System Target Decoder 143 7.5 The MPEG-1 System Stream 155 7.5.1 Data Structure and Design Considerations 155 7.5.2 Constrained System Parameter Streams 161 7.5.3 Compliancy Requirements of MPEG-1 System Streams 166 7.6 MPEG-1 Applications 168 7.6.1 Compact Disc 168 7.6.2 Computers 169 7.7 Conclusions on MPEG-1 169 References 170 Part Two THE MPEG-2 SYSTEMS STANDARD 171 8 The Development of MPEG-2 Systems 173 8.1 Driving Forces 173 8.2 Objectives and Requirements 176 8.3 The Evolution of MPEG-2 Systems 178 References 185 9 Layering in MPEG-2 Systems 187 9.1 Need for Program Streams and Transport Streams 187 9.2 PES Packets as a Common Layer 188 9.3 Program Streams 189 9.4 Transport Streams 193 9.4.1 Transport Packets 193 9.4.2 Conveying PES Packets in Transport Packets 195 9.4.3 The Size of Transport Packets 196 9.4.4 Multiple Programs, PSI, Descriptors and Sections 199 9.4.5 Conveying Sections in Transport Packets 213 References 214 10 Conditional Access and Scrambling 217 10.1 Support of Conditional Access Systems 217 10.2 Scrambling in Transport Streams 219 10.3 Improving the Interoperability between CA Systems 224 10.4 Scrambling in Program Streams 225 Reference 226 11 Other Features of MPEG-2 Systems 227 11.1 Error Resiliency 227 11.2 Re-Multiplexing of Transport Streams 230 11.3 Local Program Insertion in Transport Streams 234 11.3.1 Usage of Local Program Insertions 234 11.3.2 Associated PSI Issues 235 11.3.3 Time Base Discontinuities 236 11.4 Splicing in Transport Streams 239 11.5 Variable Bitrate and Statistical Multiplexing 245 11.6 Padding and Stuffing 245 11.7 Random Access and Parsing Convenience 248 11.8 Carriage of Private Data 250 11.9 Copyright and Copy Control Support 254 11.10 Playback Trick Modes 255 11.11 Single Program and Partial Transport Streams 255 11.12 Program Stream Carriage within a Transport Stream 258 11.13 PES Streams 260 11.14 Room for Future Extensions 260 References 261 12 The MPEG-2 System Target Decoder Model 263 12.1 Introduction to the MPEG-2 STD 263 12.2 The Program Stream STD: P-STD 264 12.2.1 Description of P-STD 264 12.2.2 Buffer Management in the P-STD 267 12.2.3 CSPS: Constrained System Parameter Program Stream 268 12.2.4 Usage of P-STD for PES-STD 270 12.3 Transport Stream STD: T-STD 275 12.3.1 Description of T-STD 275 12.3.2 The Use of Transport Buffers 279 12.3.3 System Data Processing and Buffer Management 281 12.3.4 Processing of Elementary Stream Data 284 12.3.5 T-STD Buffers for Elementary Stream Decoding 288 12.3.6 Buffer Management for Elementary Stream Data 290 12.4 General STD Constraints and Requirements 290 12.5 Content Format Specific STD Issues 292 12.5.1 Decoding of MPEG Audio Streams in STD Model 292 12.5.2 Decoding of MPEG Video Streams in STD Model 295 13 Data Structure and Design Considerations 299 13.1 System Time Clock Samples and Time Stamps 299 13.2 PES Packets 301 13.3 Descriptors of Programs and Program Elements 309 13.3.1 General Format of Descriptors 309 13.3.2 Types of Descriptors 311 13.3.3 System Orientated Descriptors 311 13.3.4 General Content Descriptors 315 13.4 Program Streams 319 13.5 Sections 326 13.6 Transport Streams and Transport Packets 329 Reference 331 14 Content Support in MPEG-2 Systems 333 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 MPEG-1 334 14.2.1 MPEG-1 Video 334 14.2.2 MPEG-1 Audio 334 14.2.3 MPEG-1 System Stream 334 14.3 MPEG-2 336 14.3.1 MPEG-2 Video 336 14.3.2 MPEG-2 (BC) Audio 338 14.3.3 MPEG-2 AAC 340 14.3.4 MPEG-2 DSM-CC 341 14.3.5 MPEG-2 System Stream 342 14.3.6 MPEG-2 IPMP 343 14.4 (ITU-T Rec.) H.222.1 343 14.5 MHEG 344 14.6 MPEG-4 345 14.6.1 MPEG-4 Visual 345 14.6.2 MPEG-4 Audio 346 14.6.3 MPEG-4 Timed Text 349 14.6.4 MPEG-4 Systems 350 14.7 AVC 354 14.8 SVC 360 14.9 3D Video 366 14.9.1 Service Compatible and Frame Compatible 3D Video 366 14.9.2 Depth or Parallax Map as Auxiliary Video Stream 369 14.9.3 MVC 370 14.10 JPEG 2000 Video 376 14.11 Metadata 377 14.12 Overview of Assigned Stream-type Values 387 References 389 15 The Real-Time Interface for Transport Streams 391 Reference 396 16 Relationship to Download and Streaming Over IP 397 16.1 IP Networks and MPEG-2 Systems 397 16.2 Streaming Over IP 397 16.3 Download 400 16.4 Carriage of MPEG-2 Systems Across IP Networks 400 16.5 Adaptive HTTP Streaming 401 References 401 17 MPEG-2 System Applications 403 18 The Future of MPEG-2 Systems 407 Reference 412 Epilogue 413 Annexes 423 Index 427

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses key problems of computer vision (CV), focusing on the significant issues of object detection, tracking, and recognition in images, which are not found in other CV books. Throughout, the book balances theory, implementation, and case studies in order to provide a complete and accessible treatment of the topic.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv Notations and Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Sample of Computer Vision 3 1.2 Overview of Book Contents 6 References 8 2 Tensor Methods in Computer Vision 9 2.1 Abstract 9 2.2 Tensor – A Mathematical Object 10 2.2.1 Main Properties of Linear Spaces 10 2.2.2 Concept of a Tensor 11 2.3 Tensor – A Data Object 13 2.4 Basic Properties of Tensors 15 2.4.1 Notation of Tensor Indices and Components 16 2.4.2 Tensor Products 18 2.5 Tensor Distance Measures 20 2.5.1 Overview of Tensor Distances 22 2.5.1.1 Computation of Matrix Exponent and Logarithm Functions 24 2.5.2 Euclidean Image Distance and Standardizing Transform 29 2.6 Filtering of Tensor Fields 33 2.6.1 Order Statistic Filtering of Tensor Data 33 2.6.2 Anisotropic Diffusion Filtering 36 2.6.3 IMPLEMENTATION of Diffusion Processes 40 2.7 Looking into Images with the Structural Tensor 44 2.7.1 Structural Tensor in Two-Dimensional Image Space 47 2.7.2 Spatio-Temporal Structural Tensor 50 2.7.3 Multichannel and Scale-Space Structural Tensor 52 2.7.4 Extended Structural Tensor 54 2.7.4.1 IMPLEMENTATION of the Linear and Nonlinear Structural Tensor 57 2.8 Object Representation with Tensor of Inertia and Moments 62 2.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION of Moments and their Invariants 65 2.9 Eigendecomposition and Representation of Tensors 68 2.10 Tensor Invariants 72 2.11 Geometry of Multiple Views: The Multifocal Tensor 72 2.12 Multilinear Tensor Methods 75 2.12.1 Basic Concepts of Multilinear Algebra 78 2.12.1.1 Tensor Flattening 78 2.12.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION Tensor Representation 84 2.12.1.3 The k-mode Product of a Tensor and a Matrix 95 2.12.1.4 Ranks of a Tensor 100 2.12.1.5 IMPLEMENTATION of Basic Operations on Tensors 101 2.12.2 Higher-Order Singular Value Decomposition (HOSVD) 112 2.12.3 Computation of the HOSVD 114 2.12.3.1 Implementation of the HOSVD Decomposition 119 2.12.4 HOSVD Induced Bases 121 2.12.5 Tensor Best Rank-1 Approximation 123 2.12.6 Rank-1 Decomposition of Tensors 126 2.12.7 Best Rank-(R1, R2, . . . , RP) Approximation 131 2.12.8 Computation of the Best Rank-(R1, R2, . . . , RP) Approximations 134 2.12.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION – Rank Tensor Decompositions 137 2.12.8.2 CASE STUDY – Data Dimensionality Reduction 145 2.12.9 Subspace Data Representation 149 2.12.10 Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 151 2.12.11 Computation of the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 155 2.12.12 Image Representation with NMF 160 2.12.13 Implementation of the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 162 2.12.14 Nonnegative Tensor Factorization 169 2.12.15 Multilinear Methods of Object Recognition 173 2.13 Closure 179 2.13.1 Chapter Summary 179 2.13.2 Further Reading 180 2.13.3 Problems and Exercises 181 References 182 3 Classification Methods and Algorithms 189 3.1 Abstract 189 3.2 Classification Framework 190 3.2.1 IMPLEMENTATION Computer Representation of Features 191 3.3 Subspace Methods for Object Recognition 194 3.3.1 Principal Component Analysis 195 3.3.1.1 Computation of the PCA 199 3.3.1.2 PCA for Multi-Channel Image Processing 210 3.3.1.3 PCA for Background Subtraction 214 3.3.2 Subspace Pattern Classification 215 3.4 Statistical Formulation of the Object Recognition 222 3.4.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Methods 222 3.4.2 Probabilistic Framework 222 3.4.3 Bayes Decision Rule 223 3.4.4 Maximum a posteriori Classification Scheme 224 3.4.5 Binary Classification Problem 226 3.5 Parametric Methods – Mixture of Gaussians 227 3.6 The Kalman Filter 233 3.7 Nonparametric Methods 236 3.7.1 Histogram Based Techniques 236 3.7.2 Comparing Histograms 239 3.7.3 IMPLEMENTATION – Multidimensional Histograms 243 3.7.4 Parzen Method 246 3.7.4.1 Kernel Based Methods 248 3.7.4.2 Nearest-Neighbor Method 250 3.8 The Mean Shift Method 251 3.8.1 Introduction to the Mean Shift 251 3.8.2 Continuously Adaptive Mean Shift Method (CamShift) 257 3.8.3 Algorithmic Aspects of the Mean Shift Tracking 259 3.8.3.1 Tracking of Multiple Features 259 3.8.3.2 Tracking of Multiple Objects 260 3.8.3.3 Fuzzy Approach to the CamShift 261 3.8.3.4 Discrimination with Background Information 262 3.8.3.5 Adaptive Update of the Classifiers 263 3.8.4 IMPLEMENTATION of the CamShift Method 264 3.9 Neural Networks 267 3.9.1 Probabilistic Neural Network 267 3.9.2 IMPLEMENTATION – Probabilistic Neural Network 270 3.9.3 Hamming Neural Network 274 3.9.4 IMPLEMENTATION of the Hamming Neural Network 278 3.9.5 Morphological Neural Network 282 3.9.5.1 IMPLEMENTATION of the Morphological Neural Network 285 3.10 Kernels in Vision Pattern Recognition 291 3.10.1 Kernel Functions 296 3.10.2 IMPLEMENTATION – Kernels 301 3.11 Data Clustering 306 3.11.1 The k-Means Algorithm 308 3.11.2 Fuzzy c-Means 311 3.11.3 Kernel Fuzzy c-Means 313 3.11.4 Measures of Cluster Quality 315 3.11.5 IMPLEMENTATION Issues 317 3.12 Support Vector Domain Description 327 3.12.1 Implementation of Support Vector Machines 333 3.12.2 Architecture of the Ensemble of One-Class Classifiers 334 3.13 Appendix – MATLAB R and other Packages for Pattern Classification 336 3.14 Closure 336 3.14.1 Chapter Summary 336 3.14.2 Further Reading 337 Problems and Exercises 338 References 339 4 Object Detection and Tracking 346 4.1 Introduction 346 4.2 Direct Pixel Classification 346 4.2.1 Ground-Truth Data Collection 347 4.2.2 CASE STUDY – Human Skin Detection 348 4.2.3 CASE STUDY – Pixel Based Road Signs Detection 352 4.2.3.1 Fuzzy Approach 353 4.2.3.2 SVM Based Approach 353 4.2.4 Pixel Based Image Segmentation with Ensemble of Classifiers 361 4.3 Detection of Basic Shapes 364 4.3.1 Detection of Line Segments 366 4.3.2 UpWrite Detection of Convex Shapes 367 4.4 Figure Detection 370 4.4.1 Detection of Regular Shapes from Characteristic Points 371 4.4.2 Clustering of the Salient Points 375 4.4.3 Adaptive Window Growing Method 376 4.4.4 Figure Verification 378 4.4.5 CASE STUDY – Road Signs Detection System 380 4.5 CASE STUDY – Road Signs Tracking and Recognition 385 4.6 CASE STUDY – Framework for Object Tracking 389 4.7 Pedestrian Detection 395 4.8 Closure 402 4.8.1 Chapter Summary 402 4.8.2 Further Reading 402 Problems and Exercises 403 References 403 5 Object Recognition 408 5.1 Abstract 408 5.2 Recognition from Tensor Phase Histograms and Morphological Scale Space 409 5.2.1 Computation of the Tensor Phase Histograms in Morphological Scale 411 5.2.2 Matching of the Tensor Phase Histograms 413 5.2.3 CASE STUDY – Object Recognition with Tensor Phase Histograms in Morphological Scale Space 415 5.3 Invariant Based Recognition 420 5.3.1 CASE STUDY – Pictogram Recognition with Affine Moment Invariants 421 5.4 Template Based Recognition 424 5.4.1 Template Matching for Road Signs Recognition 425 5.4.2 Special Distances for Template Matching 428 5.4.3 Recognition with the Log-Polar and Scale-Spaces 429 5.5 Recognition from Deformable Models 436 5.6 Ensembles of Classifiers 438 5.7 CASE STUDY – Ensemble of Classifiers for Road Sign Recognition from Deformed Prototypes 440 5.7.1 Architecture of the Road Signs Recognition System 442 5.7.2 Module for Recognition of Warning Signs 446 5.7.3 The Arbitration Unit 452 5.8 Recognition Based on Tensor Decompositions 453 5.8.1 Pattern Recognition in SubSpaces Spanned by the HOSVD Decomposition of Pattern Tensors 453 5.8.2 CASE STUDY – Road Sign Recognition System Based on Decomposition of Tensors with Deformable Pattern Prototypes 455 5.8.3 CASE STUDY – Handwritten Digit Recognition with Tensor Decomposition Method 462 5.8.4 IMPLEMENTATION of the Tensor Subspace Classifiers 465 5.9 Eye Recognition for Driver’s State Monitoring 470 5.10 Object Category Recognition 476 5.10.1 Part-Based Object Recognition 476 5.10.2 Recognition with Bag-of-Visual-Words 477 5.11 Closure 480 5.11.1 Chapter Summary 480 5.11.2 Further Reading 481 Problems and Exercises 482 Reference 483 A Appendix 487 A.1 Abstract 487 A.2 Morphological Scale-Space 487 A.3 Morphological Tensor Operators 490 A.4 Geometry of Quadratic Forms 491 A.5 Testing Classifiers 492 A.5.1 Implementation of the Confusion Matrix and Testing Object Detection in Images 496 A.6 Code Acceleration with OpenMP 499 A.6.1 Recipes for Object-Oriented Code Design with OpenMP 501 A.6.2 Hints on Using and Code Porting to OpenMP 507 A.6.3 Performance Analysis 511 A.7 Useful MATLAB R Functions for Matrix and Tensor Processing 512 A.8 Short Guide to the Attached Software 513 A.9 Closure 516 A.9.1 Chapter Summary 516 A.9.2 Further Reading 519 Problems and Exercises 520 References 520 Index 523

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Book SynopsisHilbert Transform Applications in Mechanical Vibration addresses recent advances in theory and applications of the Hilbert transform to vibration engineering, enabling laboratory dynamic tests to be performed more rapidly and accurately.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Brief History of the Hilbert Transform. 1.2 Hilbert Transform in Vibration Analysis. 1.3 Organization of the Book. PART I. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND ANALYTIC SIGNAL. 2 ANALYTIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION. 2.1 Local Versus Global Estimations. 2.2 The Hilbert Transform Notation. 2.3 Main Properties of the Hilbert Transform. 2.4 The Hilbert Transform of Multiplication. 2.5 Analytic Signal Representation. 2.6 Polar Notation. 2.7 Angular Position and Speed. 2.8 Signal Waveform and Envelope. 2.9 Instantaneous Phase. 2.10 Instantaneous Frequency. 2.11 Envelope vs. Instantaneous Frequency Plot. 2.12 Distribution Functions of the Instantaneous Characteristics. 2.13 Signal Bandwidth. 2.14 Instantaneous Frequency Distribution and Negative Values. 2.15 Conclusions. 3 SIGNAL DEMODULATION. 3.1 Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency Extraction. 3.2 Hilbert Transform and Synchronous Detection. 3.3 Digital Hilbert Transformers. 3.4 Instantaneous Characteristics Distortions. 3.5 Conclusions. Part II. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SIGNALS. 4 TYPICAL EXAMPLES AND DESCRIPTION OF VIBRATION DATA. 4.1 Random Signal. 4.2 Decay Vibration Waveform. 4.3 Slow Linear Sweeping Frequency Signal. 4.4 Harmonic Frequency Modulation. 4.5 Harmonic Amplitude Modulation. 4.6 Product of Two Harmonics. 4.7 Single Harmonic with DC Offset. 4.8 Composition of Two Harmonics. 4.9 Derivative and Integral of the Analytic Signal. 4.10 Signal Level. 4.11 Frequency Contents. 4.12 Narrowband and Wideband Signal. 4.13 Conclusions. 5 ACTUAL SIGNAL CONTENTS. 5.1 Monocomponent Signal. 5.2 Multicomponent Signal. 5.3 Types of multicomponent signals. 5.4 Averaging Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency. 5.5 Smoothing and Approximation of the Instantaneous Frequency. 5.6 Congruent Envelope. 5.7 Congruent Instantaneous Frequency. 5.8 Conclusions. 6 LOCAL AND GLOBAL VIBRATION DECOMPOSITIONS. 6.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition. 6.2 Analytical Basics of the EMD. 6.3 Global Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.4 Instantaneous Frequency of the Largest Energy Component. 6.5 Envelope of the Largest Energy Component. 6.6 Subtraction of the Synchronous Largest Component. 6.7 Hilbert Vibration Decomposition Scheme. 6.8 Examples of Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.9 Comparison of the Hilbert Transform Decomposition Methods. 6.10 Common Properties of the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.11 The Differences between the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.12 Amplitude-Frequency Resolution of HT Decompositions. 6.13 Limiting Number of Valued Oscillating Components. 6.14 Decompositions of Typical Non-stationary Vibration Signals. 6.15 Main Results and Recommendations. 6.16 Conclusions. 7 SIGNAL ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 7.1 Structural Health Monitoring. 7.2 Standing and Traveling Wave Separation. 7.3 Echo Signal Estimation. 7.4 Synchronization Description. 7.5 Fatigue Estimation. 7.6 Multichannel Vibration Generation. 7.7 Conclusions. Part III. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SYSTEMS 8 VIBRATION SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS. 8.1 Kramers-Kronig Relations. 8.2 Detection of Nonlinearities in Frequency Domain. 8.3 Typical Nonlinear Elasticity Characteristics. 8.4 Phase Plane Representation of Elastic Nonlinearities in Vibration Systems. 8.5 Complex Plane Representation. 8.6 Approximate Primary Solution of a Conservative Nonlinear System. 8.7 Hilbert Transform and Hysteretic Damping. 8.8 Nonlinear Damping Characteristics in SDOF Vibration System. 8.9 Typical Nonlinear Damping in Vibration System. 8.10 Velocity-Dependent Nonlinear Damping. 8.11 Velocity-Independent Damping. 8.12 Combination of Different Damping Elements. 8.13 Conclusions. 9 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY SOLUTION. 9.1 Theoretical Bases of the Hilbert Transform System Identification. 9.2 Free Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.3 Forced Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.4 BackBone (Skeleton Curve). 9.5 Damping Curve. 9.6 Frequency Response. 9.7 Force Static Characteristics. 9.8 Conclusions. 10 THE FREEVIB and FORCEVIB METHODS. 10.1 FREEVIB Identification Examples. 10.2 FORCEVIB Identification Examples. 10.3 System Identification with Biharmonic Excitation. 10.4 Identification of Nonlinear Time-Varying System. 10.5 Experimental Identification of Nonlinear Vibration System. 10.6 Conclusions. 11 CONSIDERING HIGH ORDER SUPERHARMONICS. IDENTIFICATION OF ASYMMETRIC AND MDOF SYSTEMS. 11.1 Description of the Precise Method Scheme. 11.2 Identification of the Instantaneous Modal Parameters. 11.3 Congruent Modal Parameters. 11.4 Congruent Nonlinear Elastic and Damping Forces. 11.5 Examples of Precise Free Vibration Identification. 11.6 Forced Vibration Identification Considering High-Order Superharmonics. 11.7 Identification of Asymmetric Nonlinear System. 11.8 Experimental Identification of a Crack. 11.9 Identification of MDOF Vibration System. 11.10 Identification of Weakly Nonlinear Coupled Oscillators. 11.11 Conclusions. 12 SYSTEM ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 12.1 Non-parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibration Systems. 12.2 Parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibrating Systems. 12.3 Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection. 12.4 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisBy taking a practical approach to the industrial inspection of digital holography, Digital Holography for MEMS and Microsystem Metrology offers a description of the use of digital holography and its growing applications for MEMS characterization, residual stress measurement, design and evaluation and device testing and inspection.Table of ContentsAbout the Editor xi Contributors xiii Series Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 Anand Asundi 2 Digital Reflection Holography and Applications 7 Vijay R. Singh and Anand Asundi 2.1 Introduction to Digital Holography and Methods 7 2.1.1 Holography and Digital Holography 7 2.1.2 Digital Recording Mechanism 9 2.1.3 Numerical Reconstruction Methods 10 2.2 Reflection Digital Holographic Microscope (DHM) Systems Development 13 2.2.1 Optical Systems and Methodology 13 2.3 3D Imaging, Static and Dynamic Measurements 23 2.3.1 Numerical Phase and 3D Measurements 23 2.3.2 Digital Holographic Interferometry 25 2.4 MEMS/Microsystems Characterization Applications 31 2.4.1 3D Measurements 31 2.4.2 Static Measurements and Dynamic Interferometric Measurement 35 2.4.3 Vibration Analysis 39 References 50 3 Digital Transmission Holography and Applications 51 Qu Weijuan 3.1 Historical Introduction 51 3.2 The Foundation of Digital Holography 53 3.2.1 Theoretical Analysis of Wavefront Interference 58 3.2.2 Digital Hologram Recording and Reconstruction 70 3.2.3 Different Numerical Reconstruction Algorithms 71 3.3 Digital Holographic Microscopy System 73 3.3.1 Digital Holographic Microscopy with Physical Spherical Phase Compensation 74 3.3.2 Lens-Less Common-Path Digital Holographic Microscope 79 3.3.3 Common-Path Digital Holographic Microscope 84 3.3.4 Digital Holographic Microscopy with Quasi-Physical Spherical Phase Compensation: Light with Long Coherence Length 92 3.3.5 Digital Holographic Microscopy with Quasi-Physical Spherical Phase Compensation: Light with Short Coherence Length 99 3.4 Conclusion 102 References 104 4 Digital In-Line Holography and Applications 109 Taslima Khanam 4.1 Background 109 4.2 Digital In-Line Holography 111 4.2.1 Recording and Reconstruction 111 4.3 Methodology for 2D Measurement of Micro-Particles 114 4.3.1 Numerical Reconstruction, Pre-Processing and Background Correction 114 4.3.2 Image Segmentation 116 4.3.3 Particle Focusing 117 4.3.4 Particle Size Measurement 118 4.4 Validation and Performance of the 2D Measurement Method 120 4.4.1 Verification of the Focusing Algorithm 121 4.4.2 Spherical Beads on a Glass Slide 123 4.4.3 Microspheres in a Flowing System 124 4.4.4 10 mm Microspheres Suspension 125 4.4.5 Measurement of Microfibers 125 4.5 Methodology for 3D Measurement of Micro-Fibers 128 4.5.1 Method 1: The 3D Point Cloud Method 129 4.5.2 Method 2: The Superimposition Method 130 4.6 Validation and Performance of the 3D Measurement Methods 134 4.6.1 Experiment with a Single Fiber 134 4.6.2 3D Measurements of Micro-Fibers in Suspension 135 4.7 Conclusion 136 References 137 5 Other Applications 139 5.1 Recording Plane Division Multiplexing (RDM) in Digital Holography for Resolution Enhancement 141 Caojin Yuan and Hongchen Zhai 5.1.1 Introduction of the Recording Plane Division Multiplexing Technique 141 5.1.1.1 The SM Technique 142 5.1.1.2 The ADM Technique 143 5.1.1.3 The WDM Technique 145 5.1.1.4 The PM Technique 146 5.1.2 RDM Implemented in Pulsed Digital Holography for Ultra-Fast Recording 147 5.1.2.1 Introduction 147 5.1.2.2 AMD in the Pulsed Digital Holography 148 5.1.2.3 WDM in Pulsed Digital Holography 150 5.1.3 RDM Implemented by Digital Holography for Spatial Resolution Enhancement 152 5.1.3.1 Introduction 152 5.1.3.2 AMD in Digital Holography 153 5.1.3.3 AMD and PM in Digital Holography 156 5.1.4 Conclusion 159 References 160 5.2 Development of Digital Holographic Tomography 161 Yu Yingjie 5.2.1 Introduction 161 5.2.2 Classification of Digital Holographic Tomography 162 5.2.3 Principle of Digital Holographic Tomography 166 5.2.3.1 Principle of Digital Holography 166 5.2.3.2 Reconstruction Principle of Computer Tomography 166 5.2.3.3 CT Reconstruction Algorithms 168 5.2.4 Application of DHT 170 5.2.4.1 Detection of Biological Tissue 170 5.2.4.2 Material Detection 172 References 175 5.3 Digital Holographic Interferometry for Phase Distribution Measurement 177 Jianlin Zhao 5.3.1 Measurement Principle of Digital Holographic Interferometry 177 5.3.1.1 Principle of Phase Measurement of the Object Wave Field 178 5.3.1.2 Principle of Digital Holographic Interferometry 180 5.3.2 Applications of Digital Holographic Interferometry in Surface Profile Testing of MEMS/MOEMS 183 5.3.3 Applications of Digital Holographic Interferometry in Measuring Refractive Index Distribution 185 5.3.3.1 Measurement of Light-Induced Index Change in Photorefractive Crystals 186 5.3.3.2 Measurement of Acoustic Standing Wave Field 191 5.3.3.3 Measurement of Plasma Plume Field 192 5.3.3.4 Measurement of Temperature Distribution in Air Field 193 5.3.3.5 Visualization Measurement of Turbulent Flow Field in Water 194 References 195 6 Conclusion 199 Anand Asundi Index 201

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Book SynopsisElectrostatic discharge (ESD) continues to impact semiconductor manufacturing, semiconductor components and systems, as technologies scale from micro- to nano electronics. This book introduces the fundamentals of ESD, electrical overstress (EOS), electromagnetic interference (EMI), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and latchup, as well as provides a coherent overview of the semiconductor manufacturing environment and the final system assembly. It provides an illuminating look into the integration of ESD protection networks followed by examples in specific technologies, circuits, and chips. The text is unique in covering semiconductor chip manufacturing issues, ESD semiconductor chip design, and system problems confronted today as well as the future of ESD phenomena and nano-technology. Look inside for extensive coverage on: The fundamentals of electrostatics, triboelectric charging, and how they relate to present day manufacturing environments of micro-Trade Review"With 146 figures including colour blood films and haematology slides, the book provides a pleasant state-of-the-art introduc-tion to clinical haematology. There is a self-assess- ment section at the end." (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1 April 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Fundamentals of Electrostatics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Electrostatics 1 1.2.1 Thales of Miletus and Electrostatic Attraction 2 1.2.2 Electrostatics and the Triboelectric Series 3 1.2.3 Triboelectric Series and Gilbert 4 1.2.4 Triboelectric Series and Gray 4 1.2.5 Triboelectric Series and Dufay 4 1.2.6 Triboelectric Series and Franklin 5 1.2.7 Electrostatics – Symmer and the Human Body Model 5 1.2.8 Electrostatics – Coulomb and Cavendish 5 1.2.9 Electrostatics – Faraday and the Ice Pail Experiment 5 1.2.10 Electrostatics – Faraday and Maxwell 6 1.2.11 Electrostatics – Paschen 6 1.2.12 Electrostatics – Stoney and the “Electron” 6 1.3 Triboelectric Charging – How does it Happen? 7 1.4 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators 8 1.5 Static Dissipative Materials 8 1.6 ESD and Materials 9 1.7 Electrification and Coulomb’s Law 9 1.7.1 Electrification by Friction 10 1.7.2 Electrification by Induction 10 1.7.3 Electrification by Conduction 10 1.8 Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics 11 1.9 Electrical Breakdown 11 1.9.1 Electrostatic Discharge and Breakdown 11 1.9.2 Breakdown and Paschen’s Law 12 1.9.3 Breakdown and Townsend 12 1.9.4 Breakdown and Toepler’s Law 13 1.9.5 Avalanche Breakdown 13 1.10 Electroquasistatics and Magnetoquasistatics 15 1.11 Electrodynamics and Maxwell’s Equations 16 1.12 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) 16 1.13 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 16 1.14 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 16 1.15 Summary and Closing Comments 17 References 17 2 Fundamentals of Manufacturing and Electrostatics 21 2.1 Materials, Tooling, Human Factors, and Electrostatic Discharge 22 2.1.1 Materials and Human Induced Electric Fields 23 2.2 Manufacturing Environment and Tooling 23 2.3 Manufacturing Equipment and ESD Manufacturing Problems 23 2.4 Manufacturing Materials 24 2.5 Measurement and Test Equipment 24 2.5.1 Manufacturing Testing for Compliance 25 2.6 Grounding and Bonding Systems 27 2.7 Worksurfaces 27 2.8 Wrist Straps 28 2.9 Constant Monitors 28 2.10 Footwear 28 2.11 Floors 28 2.12 Personnel Grounding with Garments 29 2.12.1 Garments 29 2.13 Air Ionization 29 2.14 Seating 29 2.15 Carts 30 2.16 Packaging and Shipping 31 2.16.1 Shipping Tubes 31 2.16.2 Trays 32 2.17 ESD Identification 32 2.18 ESD Program Management – Twelve Steps to Building an ESD Strategy 32 2.19 ESD Program Auditing 33 2.20 ESD On-Chip Protection 33 2.21 Summary and Closing Comments 34 References 34 3 ESD, EOS, EMI, EMC and Latchup 39 3.1 ESD, EOS, EMI, EMC and Latchup 39 3.1.1 ESD 39 3.1.2 EOS 40 3.1.3 EMI 40 3.1.4 EMC 41 3.1.5 Latchup 41 3.2 ESD Models 41 3.2.1 Human Body Model (HBM) 41 3.2.2 Machine Model (MM) 43 3.2.3 Cassette Model 45 3.2.4 Charged Device Model (CDM) 46 3.2.5 Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) 46 3.2.6 Very Fast Transmission Line Pulse (VF-TLP) 50 3.3 Electrical Overstress (EOS) 50 3.3.1 EOS Sources – Lightning 51 3.3.2 EOS Sources – Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) 52 3.3.3 EOS Sources – Machinery 52 3.3.4 EOS Sources – Power Distribution 52 3.3.5 EOS Sources – Switches, Relays and Coils 53 3.3.6 EOS Design Flow and Product Definition 53 3.3.7 EOS Sources – Design Issues 54 3.3.8 EOS Failure Mechanisms 55 3.4 EMI 57 3.5 EMC 57 3.6 Latchup 58 3.7 Summary and Closing Comments 59 References 59 4 System Level ESD 65 4.1 System Level Testing 65 4.1.1 System Level Testing Objectives 66 4.1.2 Distinction of System and Component Level Testing Failure Criteria 66 4.2 When Systems and Chips Interact 67 4.3 ESD and System Level Failures 68 4.3.1 ESD Current and System Level Failures 68 4.3.2 ESD Induced E- and H-Fields and System Level Failures 69 4.4 Electronic Systems 70 4.4.1 Cards and Boards 70 4.4.2 System Chassis and Shielding 71 4.5 System Level Problems Today 71 4.5.1 Hand Held Systems 71 4.5.2 Cell Phones 71 4.5.3 Servers and Cables 72 4.5.4 Laptops and Cables 74 4.5.5 Disk Drives 74 4.5.6 Digital Cameras 75 4.6 Automobiles, ESD, EOS, and EMI 77 4.6.1 Automobiles and ESD – Ignition Systems 77 4.6.2 Automobiles and EMI – Electronic Pedal Assemblies 77 4.6.3 Automobiles and Gas Tank Fires 78 4.6.4 Hybrids and Electric Cars 78 4.6.5 Automobiles in the Future 79 4.7 Aerospace Applications 80 4.7.1 Airplanes, Partial Discharge, and Lightning 80 4.7.2 Satellites, Spacecraft Charging, and Single Event Upset (SEU) 81 4.7.3 Space Landing Missions 81 4.8 ESD and System Level Test Models 83 4.9 IEC 61000-4-2 83 4.10 Human Metal Model (HMM) 83 4.11 Charged Board Model (CBM) 86 4.12 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) 87 4.12.1 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) and Scaling 89 4.12.2 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) – Cable Measurement Equipment 89 4.12.3 Cable Configuration – Test Configuration 92 4.12.4 Cable Configuration – Floating Cable 92 4.12.5 Cable Configuration – Held Cable 92 4.12.6 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) – Peak Current vs. Charged Voltage 92 4.12.7 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) – Plateau Current vs Charged Voltage 92 4.13 Summary and Closing Comments 93 References 93 5 Component Level Issues – Problems and Solutions 97 5.1 ESD Chip Protection – The Problem and the Cure 97 5.2 ESD Chip Level Design Solutions – Basics of Design Synthesis 98 5.2.1 ESD Circuits 101 5.2.2 ESD Signal Pin Protection Networks 101 5.2.3 ESD Power Clamp Protection Networks 103 5.2.4 ESD Power Domain-to-Domain Circuitry 103 5.2.5 ESD Internal Signal Line Domain-to-Domain Protection Circuitry 104 5.3 ESD Chip Floor Planning – Basics of Design Layout and Synthesis 105 5.3.1 Placement of ESD Signal Pin HBM Circuitry 106 5.3.2 Placement of ESD Signal Pin CDM Circuitry 107 5.3.3 Placement of ESD Power Clamp Circuitry 107 5.3.4 Placement of ESD VSS-to-VSS Circuitry 109 5.4 ESD Analog Circuit Design 109 5.4.1 Symmetry and Common Centroid Design for ESD Analog Circuits 110 5.4.2 Analog Signal Pin to Power Rail ESD Network 111 5.4.3 Common Centroid Analog Signal Pin to Power Rail ESD Network 111 5.4.4 Co-synthesis of Common Centroid Analog Circuit and ESD Networks 112 5.4.5 Signal Pin-to-Signal Pin Differential Pair ESD Network 113 5.4.6 Common Centroid Signal Pin Differential Pair ESD Protection 113 5.5 ESD Radio Frequency (RF) Design 115 5.5.1 ESD Radio Frequency (RF) Design Practices 115 5.5.2 ESD RF Circuits – Signal Pin ESD Networks 121 5.5.3 ESD RF Circuits – ESD Power Clamps 123 5.5.4 ESD RF Circuits – ESD RF VSS-to-VSS Networks 126 5.6 Summary and Closing Comments 127 References 127 6 ESD in Systems – Problems and Solutions 129 6.1 ESD System Solutions from Largest to Smallest 129 6.2 Aerospace Solutions 129 6.3 Oil Tanker Solutions 130 6.4 Automobile Solutions 130 6.5 Computers – Servers 131 6.5.1 Servers – Touch Pads and Handling Procedures 131 6.6 Mother Boards and Cards 131 6.6.1 System Card Insertion Contacts 131 6.6.2 System Level Board Design – Ground Design 131 6.7 System Level “On Board” ESD Protection 133 6.7.1 Spark Gaps 134 6.7.2 Field Emission Devices (FED) 136 6.8 System Level Transient Solutions 140 6.8.1 Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Devices 141 6.8.2 Polymer Voltage Suppression (PVS) Devices 143 6.9 Package-Level Mechanical ESD Solutions – Mechanical “Crowbars” 144 6.10 Disk Drive ESD Solutions 145 6.10.1 In Line “ESD Shunt” 145 6.10.2 Armature – Mechanical “Shunt” – A Built-In Electrical “Crowbar” 145 6.11 Semiconductor Chip Level Solutions – Floor Planning, Layout, and Architecture 147 6.11.1 Mixed Signal Analog and Digital Floor Planning 147 6.11.2 Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) Floor Planning 148 6.11.3 System-on Chip Design Floor Planning 148 6.12 Semiconductor Chip Solutions – Electrical Power Grid Design 149 6.12.1 HMM and IEC Specification Power Grid and Interconnect Design Considerations 150 6.12.2 ESD Power Clamp Design Synthesis – IEC 61000-4-2 Responsive ESD Power Clamps 151 6.13 ESD and EMC – When Chips Bring Down Systems 152 6.14 System Level and Component Level ESD Testing and System Level Response 152 6.14.1 Time Domain Reflection (TDR) and Impedance Methodology for ESD Testing 152 6.14.2 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) ESD Test System Evaluation 154 6.14.3 ESD Degradation System Level Method – Eye Tests 158 6.15 EMC and ESD Scanning 160 6.16 Summary and Closing Comments 163 References 164 7 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) in the Future 167 7.1 What is in the Future for ESD? 167 7.2 Factories and Manufacturing 167 7.3 Photo-Masks and Reticles 168 7.3.1 ESD Concerns in Photo-Masks 169 7.3.2 Avalanche Breakdown in Photo-Masks 170 7.3.3 Electrical Model in Photo-Masks 171 7.3.4 Failure Defects in Photo-Masks 172 7.4 Magnetic Recording Technology 174 7.5 Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Devices 176 7.5.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Devices 177 7.6 Micro-Motors 178 7.6.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Motors 178 7.7 Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) RF Switches 180 7.7.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) RF Switches 180 7.8 Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Mirrors 182 7.8.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Mirrors 182 7.9 Transistors 183 7.9.1 Transistors – Bulk vs. SOI Technology 184 7.9.2 Transistors and FinFETs 185 7.9.3 ESD in FinFETs 185 7.10 Silicon Nanowires 187 7.11 Carbon Nanotubes 187 7.12 Future Systems and System Designs 188 7.13 Summary and Closing Comments 189 References 190 Glossary 195 ESD Standards 199 Index 203

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Book SynopsisFocusing on the physical layer, Networking Fundamentals provides essential information on networking technologies that are used in both wired and wireless networks designed for local area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs). The book starts with an overview of telecommunications followed by four parts, each including several chapters. Part I explains the principles of design and analysis of information networks at the lowest layers. It concentrates on the characteristics of the transmission media, applied transmission and coding, and medium access control. Parts II and III are devoted to detailed descriptions of important WANs and LANs respectively with Part II describing the wired Ethernet and Internet as well as cellular networks while Part III covers popular wired LANs and wireless LANs (WLANs), as well as wireless personal area network (WPAN) technologies. Part IV concludes by examining security, localization and sensor networking. The partitioned structure of the Trade Review?5/5 stars? (IT Training, November 2009) ?I would wholeheartedly recommend the book to everyone, whether novices or expert, as it covers an incredible amount of knowledge on communication.? (BCS, September 2009)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. 1. Introduction to Information Networks. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Evolution of Wide-Area Networks. 1.3 Evolution of Local Networks. 1.4 Structure of the book. PART ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSMISSION AND ACCESS. 2. Characteristics of the Medium. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Guided Media. 2.3 Wireless Media. 3. Fundamentals of Physical Layer Transmission. 3.1 Information Transmission. 3.2 Transmission Techniques and Signal Constellation. 3.3 Performance of the Physical Layer. 3.4 Wideband Modems. 4. Coding and Reliable Packet Transmission. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Source Coding and Framing Techniques. 4.3 FEC Coding. 4.4 Coding for Spread-Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access Systems. 4.5 ARQ Schemes. 4.6 Flow Control Protocols. 5. Medium Access Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Centralized Assigned Access Schemes. 5.3 Distributed Random Access Networks. 5.4 Integration of Voice and Data Traffic. PART TWO: WIDE-AREA NETWORKS. 6. The Internet. 6.1 Introduction: Internet Infrastructure. 6.2 Addressing. 6.3 Quality of Service. 6.4 Bridges or LAN Switches. 6.5 Switches. 6.6 Routers. 7. Cellular Networks. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 General Architecture of a Cellular Network. 7.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment. 7.4 Protocol Stack in Cellular Networks. 7.5 Physical Layer in TDMA Air Interface. 7.6 Physical Layer in CDMA Air Interface. 7.7 Achieving Higher Data Rates in Cellular Networks. 7.8 Deployment of Cellular Networks. PART THREE: LOCAL AND PERSONAL-AREA NETWORKS. 8. IEEE 802-3 Ethernet. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Legacy 10 Mb/s Ethernet. 8.3 Evolution of the Physical Layer. 8.4 Emergence of Additional Features for Ethernet. 9. IEEE Wireless Local-Area Network Standards. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 IEEE 802.11 and WLANs. 9.3 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX). 10. IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Network. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth. 10.3 Interference between Bluetooth and 802.11. 10.4 IEEE 802.15.3 Ultra Wideband Wireless. 10.5 IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee. PART FOUR: SYSTEM ASPECTS. 11. Network Security. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Network Attacks and Security Issues. 11.3 Protection and Prevention. 11.4 Detection. 11.5 Assessment and Response. 12. Wireless Localization. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 What is Wireless Geolocation? 12.3 RF Location Sensing and Positioning Methodologies. 12.4 LCS Architecture for Cellular Systems. 12.5 Positioning in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. 13. Wireless Sensor Networks. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Sensor Network Applications. 13.3 Sensor Network Architecture and Sensor Devices. 13.4 The PHY Layer in Sensor Networks. 13.5 The MAC Layer in Sensor Networks. 13.6 Higher Layer Issues in Sensor Networks. References. Appendix A: What is Decibel? Appendix B: STC for Two Transmitters and One Receiver. Appendix C: Source Coding. C.1 Source Coding for Voice. C.2 Source Coding for Images and Video. Appendix D: Acronyms. Appendic E: List of Variables. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors describe the fundamental concepts and practical aspects of wireless sensor networks. The book provides a comprehensive view to this rapidly evolving field, including its many novel applications, ranging from protecting civil infrastructure to pervasive health monitoring.Table of ContentsAbout the Series Editors xv Preface xvii Part One: INTRODUCTION 1 Motivation for a Network of Wireless Sensor Nodes 3 1.1 Definitions and Background 4 1.2 Challenges and Constraints 9 2 Applications 17 2.1 Structural Health Monitoring 17 2.2 Traffic Control 26 2.3 Health Care 30 2.4 Pipeline Monitoring 35 2.5 Precision Agriculture 36 2.6 Active Volcano 38 2.7 Underground Mining 40 3 Node Architecture 47 3.1 The Sensing Subsystem 48 3.2 The Processor Subsystem 51 3.3 Communication Interfaces 58 3.4 Prototypes 62 4 Operating Systems 69 4.1 Functional Aspects 70 4.2 Nonfunctional Aspects 73 4.3 Prototypes 75 4.4 Evaluation 88 Part Two: BASIC ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK 5 Physical Layer 95 5.1 Basic Components 95 5.2 Source Encoding 96 5.3 Channel Encoding 101 5.4 Modulation 106 6 Medium Access Control 125 6.1 Overview 125 6.2 Wireless MAC Protocols 128 6.3 Characteristics of MAC Protocols in Sensor Networks 133 6.4 Contention-Free MAC Protocols 135 6.5 Contention-Based MAC Protocols 144 6.6 Hybrid MAC Protocols 154 6.7 Summary 157 7 Network Layer 163 7.1 Overview 163 7.2 Routing Metrics 165 7.3 Flooding and Gossiping 168 7.4 Data-Centric Routing 170 7.5 Proactive Routing 176 7.6 On-Demand Routing 178 7.7 Hierarchical Routing 180 7.8 Location-Based Routing 183 7.9 QoS-Based Routing Protocols 192 7.10 Summary 196 Part Three: NODE AND NETWORK MANAGEMENT 8 Power Management 207 8.1 Local Power Management Aspects 208 8.2 Dynamic Power Management 216 8.3 Conceptual Architecture 222 9 Time Synchronization 229 9.1 Clocks and the Synchronization Problem 229 9.2 Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks 231 9.3 Basics of Time Synchronization 234 9.4 Time Synchronization Protocols 237 10 Localization 249 10.1 Overview 249 10.2 Ranging Techniques 250 10.3 Range-Based Localization 252 10.4 Range-Free Localization 258 10.5 Event-Driven Localization 262 11 Security 267 11.1 Fundamentals of Network Security 267 11.2 Challenges of Security in Wireless Sensor Networks 269 11.3 Security Attacks in Sensor Networks 270 11.4 Protocols and Mechanisms for Security 274 11.5 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee Security 280 11.6 Summary 281 12 Sensor Network Programming 285 12.1 Challenges in Sensor Network Programming 285 12.2 Node-Centric Programming 286 12.3 Macroprogramming 293 12.4 Dynamic Reprogramming 295 12.5 Sensor Network Simulators 297 Exercises 299 References 300 Index 303

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Book SynopsisFacilitating Cooperation for Wireless Systems Cooperative Communications: Hardware, Channel & PHY focuses on issues pertaining to the PHY layer of wireless communication networks, offering a rigorous taxonomy of this dispersed field, along with a range of application scenarios for cooperative and distributed schemes, demonstrating how these techniques can be employed. The authors discuss hardware, complexity and power consumption issues, which are vital for understanding what can be realized at the PHY layer, showing how wireless channel models differ from more traditional models, and highlighting the reliance of PHY algorithm performance on the underlying channel models. Numerous transparent and regenerative relaying protocols are described in detail for a variety of transparent and regenerative cooperative schemes. Key Features: Introduces background, concepts, applications, milestones and thorough taxonomy ITable of ContentsPreface. Abbreviations. Functions. Symbols. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Book Structure. 1.2 Quick Introduction. 1.3 Application Scenarios. 1.4 Pros and Cons of Cooperation. 1.5 Cooperative Performance Bounds. 1.6 Definitions and Terminology. 1.7 Background and Milestones. 1.8 Concluding Remarks. 2 Wireless Relay Channel. 2.1 Introductory Note. 2.2 General Characteristics and Trends. 2.3 Regenerative Relaying Channel. 2.4 Transparent Relaying Channel. 2.5 Distributed MIMO Channel. 2.6 Concluding Remarks. 3 Transparent Relaying Techniques. 3.1 Introductory Note. 3.2 Transparent Relaying Protocols. 3.3 Transparent Space–Time Processing. 3.4 Distributed System Optimization. 3.5 Concluding Remarks. 4 Regenerative Relaying Techniques. 4.1 Introductory Note. 4.2 Regenerative Relay Protocols. 4.3 Distributed Space–Time Coding. 4.4 Distributed Network Coding. 4.5 Concluding Remarks. 5 Hardware Issues. 5.1 Introductory Note. 5.2 Analog Hardware Transceivers. 5.3 Digital Hardware Transceivers. 5.4 Architectural Comparisons. 5.5 Complexity of 3G UMTS Voice/HSDPA Relay. 5.6 Complexity of LTE/WiMAX Relay. 5.7 Hardware Demonstrators. 5.8 Concluding Remarks. 6 Conclusions and Outlook. 6.1 Contributions. 6.2 Real-World Impairments. 6.3 Open Research Problems. 6.4 Business Challenges. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFind out how modern IPTV technologies will change your experience of television. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) is rapidly being deployed as a compliment service to existing distribution technologies. Why IPTV? traces the changes in Internet Protocol Television since the mid-1990s and examines what IPTV means today. The author analyzes what delivery of TV over an IP network means, both in terms of possibilities for new services, and in terms of the impact on the network and how it has to be managed. In addition, Why IPTV? helps you understand how introducing IPTV into the Web 2.0 world will impact the new services. It looks at the current trends in the consumer electronics industry as well as the network industry, and describes how the new technology can enhance and extend the existing business models in the TV industry, particularly in advertising; and also how it creates new possibilities, for instance, through personalization. Why IPTV?Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Preface xi Chapter 1: Interactive, Personal, IPTV: From TV over Internet andWeb TV to Interactive Video Media 1 Introduction to IPTV 1 The Value Chain 3 Business Models and the Value Chain 5 Interactivity in Reality: The British Red Button 13 How IPTV ServicesWork 16 What is Next for IPTV Users? 21 Shape-Shifting Television: New Media for a New Millennium 23 Project LIVE: Interactive Sports Events 28 Me on TV: Five Minutes of Fame for Everyone with a Mobile Phone 31 Chapter 2: IPTV Standards and Solutions 33 Standardization of IPTV 34 The Open ITPV Forum Architecture 37 The ETSI IPTV Standard 42 Applying Standards to IPTV: An Implementation 49 Chapter 3: The Next-Generation Consumer Electronics and Interactive, Personal, IPTV 53 Home Connectivity: Ethernet,WiFi and Beyond 55 Making Home DevicesWork Together: UPnP and DLNA 58 What is UPnP? 59 Connecting the Home to the Outside: the Home Router 66 The Set-top Box Meets the Internet Model 72 The Browser in the Set-top Box 79 XML and Style Sheets – Format and Structure for Metadata 80 How does the Multimedia Home PlatformWork? 86 Channel Switching 89 Speeding Up Channel Switching 91 IPTV in Japan 92 IPTV in the Mobile 96 Chapter 4: Designing Interactive IPTV Applications 99 Dynamic Creation of Interactive Television 101 Integrating Interaction in the Script 103 Using Profiles to Adapt the Show 105 Design of Interaction Objects 107 How to Handle Colors 109 Generic Interaction Models 110 Designing Menus and Text 113 Testing Interactive Applications 116 Quick and Dirty User Testing 118 Making Mashups in IMS-Controlled Interactive IPTV 119 User-Provided Content 123 Chapter 5: Monetizing IPTV: Advertising and Interaction 127 An IPTV Toolbox for Advertisers 134 The IPTV Advertising Design Project 137 Splicing Advertising into the Media – Or Putting it in the IPTV Set? 139 Inserting Advertising 140 Chapter 6: P2P, TV on theWeb, VoD and (n)PVR 143 Getting Paid for VoD: Advertising 148 Getting Paid for VoD: Charging for the Service 151 User-Provided Content 155 The Network and User-Provided Content 156 Peer-to-Peer Versus Central Server 156 P2P in the European Broadcasting Union and EU 159 Chapter 7: Digital Rights Management and Next-Generation IPTV 163 Exceptions to Copyright 166 Attaching Strings to Copyright Gifts: Creative Commons 168 Legal Constraints on User-Provided Content 171 Digital Rights Management 174 DRM: Simple Philosophy, Complicated Mechanism 175 Standards for DRM 177 Designing Copyright Policy 182 Chapter 8: Identities, Subscriptions, User Profiles and Presence 185 Managing and Federating User Profiles: XDMS and PGM 187 Presence in IMS 187 Presence Data Format, Lists and Profiles 193 The Presence Document 193 Lists in XDMS 199 IPTV Profiles 201 Advertising and Presence 204 Measuring Advertising in IPTV 205 Chapter 9: Beyond the EPG – Metadata in Interactive IPTV 211 Recommender Systems, Social Software, Presence and Personalized EPGs 215 Filtering and Personalizing IPTV Content 218 Metadata Types and Models 219 IPTC News Codes, NewsML and SportsML 220 Dublin Core 222 P/Meta 224 SMPTE Metadata Dictionary, MXF and UMID 224 Metadata and the EPG: TV-Anytime 225 TV-Anytime Document Structure 226 Identifying the Data: the CRID 234 Metadata for Production: MPEG-7 and MPEG-4 237 Drawing Conclusions from Metadata 244 Chapter 10: Protocols for Interaction 253 The HyperText Transfer Protocol 255 HTTP for IPTV Signaling 258 Caching in HTTP 260 Video on Demand: RTSP 265 SIP for IPTV Signaling 273 SIP MESSAGE 277 SIP SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY 279 SDP in SIP and RTSP 281 Chapter 11: Next-Generation IPTV Encoding – MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and beyond 285 Transporting the MPEG Stream 291 RTP 292 MPEG-2 Transport Stream and the MPEG-4 File Format 294 Forward Error Correction 295 Chapter 12: Next-Generation IPTV Networking and Streaming with IMS 297 What is IMS? 301 Registering in IMS 307 How IMS works with SIP 307 SIP INVITE 308 SIP SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY 308 Forking and Redirecting Sessions 308 Identity in IMS: the SIP URI, PUID and PSI 309 SDP 310 Setting Up and Tearing Down the IPTV Multicast 312 IMS Communications Services 314 Handling Quality of Service 317 Service Discovery 320 Control Function 320 NPVR Function 320 Connecting Application Servers: the ISC Interface 325 Chapter 13: Developing and Deploying IPTV 329 It’s life, Jim, but not as we know it 330 Enhancing Voting 331 Automating Scriptwriting 333 Inserting Advertising 336 Personalizing Television 341 Electronic Program Guides 343 Using the IPTV Technology 344 References 349 Index 355

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Book SynopsisThe explosion of traffic over data communications networks has resulted in a demand for Quality of Service (QoS) techniques to ensure network reliability, particularly in regard to e-commerce applications. This book covers the implementation of QoS techniques from an engineering point of view.Trade Review"...loaded with the traffic and QoS engineering knowledge necessary for any researcher or designer to keep pace with current progress in both ATM and IP networking..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2002) "The authors do an excellent job of describing the building blocks of QoS control..." (Computing Reviews)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Admission Control. Traffic Access Control. Packet Scheduling. Packet Fair Queuing Implementations. Buffer Management. Flow and Congestion Control. QoS Routing. Differentiated Services. Multiprotocol Label Switching. Appendix: SONET and ATM Protocols. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow large are the differences between the two samples to bematched? Can I use the measurement technique to help reproducethe color of a sample? These two questions can be critical to thesuccessful completion of a sale or the budgeting of a product, run,but they are not always easily answered. Some color measurementsoftware systems give the appearance of greater accuracy than theycan actually deliver. Practical Color Measurement tells youeverything you need to know about the principles and limitations ofcomputerized color measuring systems. Mathematics and opticaltheory are kept to a minimum, replaced by numerous real-lifeexamples based on normal production samples, detailed tables, andthe practical knowledge gained by Anni Berger-Schunn through manyyears of professional experience and research. You will learn howto: * Apply critical analysis to the numbers supplied by colormeasurement systems * Determine just how large the difference between two samples isUse the measuring techTable of ContentsDescription of Perceived Colors with the Aid of Numbers. Calculation of Color Difference. Metamerism. Color Measurement Systems; Measurement of Fluorescent Samples and Whiteness. Correlation Between Reflectance (Transmittance) and ColorantConcentration, Examination of Colorant Strength, and Computer ColorMatching. Influence of the Sample on the Accuracy of ColorMeasurements. Appendix. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThe effective design of high-speed, reliable switching systems is essential for moving the huge volumes of traffic and multimedia over modern communications networks. This book explains all the main packet-switching architectures, including all theoretical and practical topics relevant to the design and management of high-speed networks. Delivering the most systematic coverage available of the subject, the authors interweave fundamental concepts with real-world applications and include engineering case studies from wireless and fiber-optic communications. Market: Hardware and Software Engineers in the telecommunication industry, System Engineers, and Technicians.Trade Review"...addresses the basics, theory, architectures, and technologies for implementing ATM switches and IP routers." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002) "...a remarkable overview of switching architectures and techniques in different technological environments..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Basics of Packet Switching. Input-Buffered Switches. Shared-Memory Switches. Banyan-Based Switches. Knockout-Based Switches. The Abacus Switch. Crosspoint-Buffered Switches. The Tandem-Crosspoint Switch. Clos-Network Switches. Optical Packet Switches. Wireless ATM Switches. IP Route Lookups. Appendix: SONET and ATM Protocols. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive guide to designing highly usable, fully integrated computer-based information systems. Traditional human-computer interaction (HCI) and system design models have proven too narrow to adequately assess user needs and to design usable and efficient computer-based information support systems.Table of ContentsWork Domain Analysis. Activity Analysis. Analysis of Work Organization and System Users. User-Work Coupling. At the Periphery of Effective Coupling: Human Error. The Design Process and Its Guidance. Evaluation of Design Concepts and Products. Design of a Library System. BookHouse Design: Data Base and User Dialogue. BookHouse Design: Interface Displays. BookHouse Evaluation. Catalog of Annotated Displays. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to state-of-the-art phased array-basedsystems and applications First developed in 1937 to help improve communication links betweenthe United States and the United Kingdom, phased arrays haveevolved far beyond their original purpose. In addition to theirvalue in radio communications, phased arrays are now a vitalcomponent in national defense, space exploration, astronomy, andelectronic warfare. Phased Array-Based Systems and Applications was written forresearchers and engineers with a professional interest in phasedarray-based systems. Timely, authoritative, and comprehensive, itdiscusses the most current uses of phased arrays (operating at cmand mm wavelengths) in radar, radio astronomy, remote sensing,electronic warfare, spectrum surveillance, and communications. Thisexploration of systems that share the same principles and performsimilar functions helps phased array users in all these fieldslearn more about the systems and applications in whichTable of ContentsPhased Array-Based Systems and Applications. From Filled Apertures to Phased Arrays Mounted on Fully SteerableStructures. Phased Arrays: Canonical and Wideband. Transmit/Receive Modules. Antenna Elements. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive text that covers both receiver and transmitter circuits, reflecting the past decade's developments in solid-state technology. Emphasizes design using practical circuit elements, with basic ideas of electrical noise, resonant impedance-matching circuits, and modulation theory thoroughly explained. Contains the latest techniques in radio frequency power amplifier design, accepted state-of-the-art technology based on bipolar junction transistors, VMOS RF power FETs, high-efficiency techniques, envelope elimination and restoration, envelope feedback, and other newly emerging technologies. Requires a knowledge of complex algebra, Fourier series, and Fourier transforms. Also includes numerous worked-out examples that relate the theory to practical circuit applications, and homework problems keyed to corresponding sections of the text.Table of ContentsRadio Communication Systems. Electrical Noise. Resonant Circuits and Impedance Transformation. Small-Signal High-Frequency Amplifiers. Sinewave Oscillators. Phase-Locked Loops. Mixers. Modulation. Amplitude Modulation Receivers. FM and PM Receivers. Television Receivers. Linear Power Amplifiers. Tuned Power Amplifiers. High-Efficiency Power Amplifiers. CW, FN, and AM Transmitters. Single-Sideband Transmitters. Index.

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Book SynopsisSpheroidal coordinates and wave functions are employed in applications such as antenna analysis and design and electromagnetic compatibility. This treatment of the subject is complete with computer calculations that allow rigorous solutions to problems.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Spheroidal Coordinates and Wave Functions. Dyadic Green's Functions in Spheroidal Systems. EM Scattering by a Conducting Spheroid. EM Scattering by a Coated Dielectric Spheroid. Spheroidal Antennas. SAR Distributions in a Spheroidal Head Model. Analysis of Rainfall Attenuation Using Oblate Raindrops. EM Eigenfrequencies in a Spheroidal Cavity. Appendix A: Expressions of Spheroidal Vector Wave Functions. Appendix B: Intermediates I_t,¯m_l¯n(c) in Closed Form. Appendix C: ¯q(i),t and ¯q(i),t Used in the Matrix Equation System. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisDespite our growing understanding of the properties and capabilities of nonlinear filters, there persists the belief among engineers that these filters are too complex to implement. This book debunks the myth that all nonlinear filters are complex with its coverage of the polynomial filter.Trade Review"A first-year graduate-level text that provides an overview of the state of the art in the area of nonlinear signal processing known as polynomial signal processing." (SciTech Book News Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001) "The text is clear and easy to follow - an excellent way of getting started in this area." (Ultramicroscopy, Vol.87, 2001)Table of ContentsVolterra Series Expansions. Realization of Truncated Volterra Filters. Multidimensional Volterra Filters. Parameter Estimation. Frequency-Domain Methods for Volterra System Identification. Adaptive Truncated Volterra Filters. Recursive Polynomial Systems. Inversion and Time Series Analysis. Applications of Polynomial Filters. Some Related Topics and Recent Developments. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of microstrip and printed antennas-antennas that have been the subject of much research in recent years due to their potential applications in communications and radar systems.Table of ContentsProbe-Fed Microstrip Antennas (K. Lee, et al.). Aperture-Coupled Multilayer Microstrip Antennas (K. Luk, et al.). Microstrip Arrays: Analysis, Design, and Applications (J. Huang & D. Pozar). Dual and Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas (P. Hall & J. Dahele). Computer-Aided Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antennas (D. Jackson, et al.). Multifunction Printed Antennas (J. James & G. Andrasic). Superconducting Microstrip Antennas (J. Williams, et al.). Active Microstrip Antennas (J. Navarro & K. Chang). Tapered Slot Antenna (R. Lee & R. Simons). Efficient Modeling of Microstrip Antennas Using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (S. Chebolu, et al.). Analysis of Dielectric Resonator Antennas (K. Luk, et al.). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers the essential components, operation and protection of the electric power system in a single volume. Discusses how the system operation and components are protected from abnormal operation such as short circuits, and the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power.Table of ContentsThe Electric Utility Industry. The Power System. Power Generation. Power From Steam and Combustion Turbines. Power From Nuclear Fuel. Power From Water. Power Transmission. Transformers. Switchgear. Substations. Distribution. Protective Relaying. Stability. System Operation. System Design. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the only book currently available that covers this subject. The authors piece together information from diverse areas which is essential to understand integrated and integrated active antennas. Emphasis is placed on active antennas and power combining applications, consolidating the work from numerous researchers.Table of ContentsOscillators and Synchronization. Antennas and Arrays. Power Combining. Integrated and Active Antenna Testing. Active Antennas: Early Work Before 1987. Active Microstrip Patch Antennas and Power Combining. Integrated and Active Grids. Endfire Notches and Other Slotline Active Antennas. Integrated and Active Inverted Stripline Antennas and Other Active Antenna Configurations. Integrated Antennas with Passive Solid-State Devices. Beam Steering for Active Antenna Arrays and Spatial Power Combiners. Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes the operating principles of analog MOS integrated circuits and how to design and use such circuits. The initial section explores general properties of analog MOS integrated circuits and the math and physics background required. The remainder of the book is devoted to the design of circuits.Table of ContentsTransformation Methods. MOS Devices as Circuit Elements. MOS Operational Amplifiers. Switched-Capacitor Filters. Nonfiltering Applications of Switched-Capacitor Circuits. Nonideal Effects in Switched-Capacitor Circuits. Systems Considerations and Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the introductory theory and applications of Maxwell''s equations to electromagnetic field problems. Unlike other texts, Maxwell''s equations and the associated vector mathematics are developed early in the work, allowing readers to apply them at the outset. Its unified treatment of coordinate systems saves time in developing the rules for vector manipulations in ways other than the rectangular coordinate system. The following chapters cover static and quasi-static electric and magnetic fields, wave reflection and transmission at plane boundaries, the Poynting power theorem, rectangular waveguide mode theory, transmission lines, and an introduction to the properties of linear antennas and aperture antennas. Includes an expanded set of problems, many of which extend the material developed in the chapters.Table of ContentsVector Analysis and Electromagnetic Fields in Free Space. Vector Differential Relations and Maxwell's Differential Relationsin Free Space. Maxwell's Equations and Boundary Conditions for Material Regions atRest. Static and Quasistatic Electric Fields. Static and Quasistatic Magnetic Fields. Wave Reflection and Transmission at Plane Boundaries. The Poynting Theorem and Electromagnetic Power. Mode Theory of Waveguides. TEM Waves on Two-Conductor Transmission Lines. Phasor Analysis of Reflective Transmission Lines. Radiation from Antennas in Free Space. Appendixes. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook stresses the enduring theoretical principles of the design of measurement systems. The material is organized to correspond to the sequence in which a management system is first conceived, then designed, built, installed, and maintained.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Theory and Philosophy of Measurement (L. Finklestein). Standardization of Measurement Fundamentals and Practices (P. H.Sydenham). Signals and Systems in the Time and Frequency Domain (E. G.Woschni). Discrete Signals and Frequency Spectra (M. J. Miller). Measurement Errors, Probability and Information Theory (D.Hofmann). Signal-to-noise Ratio Improvement (D. M. Munroe). Transmission of Data (R. W. Grimes).

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Book SynopsisIntroduces the benefits and techniques of performing burn-in on components, sub-assemblies, and complete systems. An engineering approach, this text emphasizes practical applications of reliability theory. Presents numerous real-life examples. Provides the fundamental information needed to design and analyze a meaningful and effective burn-in procedure.Table of ContentsA Model For The Basic Time-to-Failure Pattern of Components. The Biomodal Time-to-Failure Distribution of Systems. Analysis of Component and System Failure Patterns. Burn-In Procedures For Components or Systems Without Repair. Burn-In Procedures For Systems With Repair. Acceleration of Burn-In Tests. Burn-In For Reliability and Economy. Planning and Controlling Production Burn-In of Systems. Bibliography. Appendixes. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook stresses the enduring theoretical principles of the design of measurement systems. The material is organized to correspond to the sequence in which a management system is first conceived, then designed, built, installed, and maintained.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Static and Steady-State Considerations (P. Sydenham). Fundamentals of Transducers: Description by Mathematical Models (L.Finkelstein & R. Watts). Measurement of Electrical Signals and Quantities (L.Schnell). Electrical and Electronic Regime of Measuring Instruments (P.Sydenham). Transducer Practice: Displacement (P. Sydenham). Transducer Practice: Thermal (P. Sydenham). Design and Manufacture of Measurement Systems (F. Peuscher). Management of Existing Measurement Systems (J. Hobson). Sources of Information on Measurement (P. Sydenham). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisContains the most extensive coverage of digital integrated circuits available in a single source. Provides complete qualitative descriptions of circuit operation followed by in-depth analytical analyses and spice simulations. The circuit families described in detail are transistor-transistor logic (TTL, STTL, and ASTTL), emitter-coupled logic (ECL), NMOS logic, CMOS logic, dynamic CMOS, BiCMOS structures and various GASFET technologies. In addition to detailed presentation of the basic inverter circuits for each digital logic family, complete details of other logic circuits for these families are presented.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Properties and Definitions of Digital ICS. Diodes. Bipolar Junction Transistors. Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL). Schottky Transistor-Transistor (STTL). Other TTL Gates. Basic Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL). MECL III and ECL 10K. Other ECL Gates. Introduction to MOS Digital Circuits. Resistor Loaded NMOS Inverter. Enhancement-Depletion Loaded NMOS Inverter. NMOS Gates. CMOS Inverter. CMOS Tri-State Gates. CMOS Drivers. Dynamic CMOS. BiCMOS. Latches and Flip-Flops. Semiconductor Read-Only Memories. Direct Coupled NMESFET Logic (DCFL) Inverter. Schottky Diode NMESFET Logic (SDFL) Inverter. Other Gallium Arsenide Logic Family Inverters. Gallium Arsenide NMESFET Gates. Appendices. Supplementary Reading. Selected Answers. Index.

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Book SynopsisReflecting the growing importance of multi-mode transmission media in communications, radar, sensors, remote sensing, and many other industrial applications, this work presents analytic methods for calculating the transmission statistics of microwave and optical components with random imperfections. The emphasis here is on multi-mode waveguides, optical fibers, and directional couplers-described by the coupled line equations with random parameters-as well as multi-layer optical coatings used as windows, mirrors, or filters. The author clearly explains how to calculate the transmission statistics of these devices in terms of their coupling or optical thickness statistics, in both the time and frequency domains. This unique resource for engineers and researchers involved in the design of multi-mode transmission media: * Focuses on matrix techniques and the various types of problems to which they can be applied * Incorporates many new results developed by the author *Table of ContentsCoupled Line Equations. Guides with White Random Coupling. Examples- White Coupling. Directional Coupler with White Propagation Parameters. Guides with General Coupling Spectra. Four-Mode Guide with Exponential Coupling Covariance. Random Square-Wave Coupling. Multi-Layer Coatings with Random Optical Thickness. Conclusion. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisLow power circuit design is a rapidly-growing field of research driven by the popularity of portable computers and the introduction of multimedia systems that rely on portable hardware.Trade Review"This is a highly recommended book for all academic engineering libraries." (E-Streams, Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2001)Table of ContentsLow-Power CMOS VLSI Design. Physics of Power Dissipation in CMOS FET Devices. Power Estimation. Synthesis for Low Power. Design and Test of Low-Voltage CMOS Circuits. Low-Power Static Ram Architectures. Low-Energy Computing Using Energy Recovery Techniques. Software Design for Low Power. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the design and realization of components, circuits, and systems in microwave coplanar integrated circuit technology. The theoretical background for the simulation of coplanar waveguides, coplanar waveguide discontinuities, lumped elements, couplers, and filters are explored intensively.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 References, 9 2 Transmission Properties of Coplanar Waveguides 11 2.1 Rigorous, Full-Wave Analysis of Transmission Properties, 11 2.1.1 The Coplanar Waveguide with a Single Center Strip and Finite Ground-Plane Width, 12 2.1.2 The Coplanar Waveguide with a Single Center Strip and Infinite Ground-Plane Width, 26 2.1.3 Coupled Coplanar Waveguides, 34 2.1.3.1 Scattering Matrix of Coupled Coplanar Waveguides, 36 2.1.3.2 Coupled Coplanar Waveguides and Microstrip Lines—A Comparison, 40 2.2 Quasi-Static Analysis of Coplanar Waveguides Using the Finite Difference Method, 46 2.2.1 Introduction, 46 2.2.2 The Finite Difference Method as Applied to the Analysis of Coplanar Waveguide Structures, 48 2.2.3 The Solution of Laplace’s Equation for Planar and Coplanar Line Structures Using the Finite Difference Method, 48 2.2.4 Application of the Quasi-Static Techniques to the Analysis of Coplanar Waveguides, 55 2.2.5 Characteristic Parameters of Coplanar Waveguides, 63 2.2.6 The Influence of the Metalization Thickness on the Line Parameters, 72 2.2.7 The Influence of the Ground Strip Width on the Line Parameters, 74 2.2.8 The Influence of the Shielding on the Line Parameters, 75 2.2.9 Special Forms of Coplanar Waveguides, 76 2.2.10 Coplanar-like Waveguides, 80 2.2.11 Coupled Coplanar Waveguide Structures, 89 2.2.11.1 Analysis of the Characteristic Parameter Matrices, 90 2.2.11.2 Determination of the Scattering Matrix of Coupled Coplanar Waveguides, 92 2.3 Closed Formula Static Analysis of Coplanar Waveguide Properties, 95 2.3.1 Analysis of a Generalized Coplanar Waveguide with Supporting Substrate Layers, 95 2.3.1.1 Structure SCPW1, 98 2.3.1.2 Structure SCPW2, 100 2.3.1.3 Structure SCPW3, 100 2.3.1.4 Numerical Results, 100 2.3.2 Static Formulas for Calculating the Parameters of General Broadside-Coupled Coplanar Waveguides, 109 2.3.2.1 Analytical Formulas and Results for the General Broadside-Coupled Coplanar Waveguide, 110 2.3.2.2 Analysis of an Asymmetric Supported BSC-CPW, 115 2.3.2.3 Application of the GBSC-CPW as Single CPW, 117 2.3.2.4 Criteria for the Coplanar Behavior of the Structure, 118 Bibliography and References, 120 3 Coplanar Waveguide Discontinuities 145 3.1 The Three-Dimensional Finite Difference Analysis, 145 3.2 Computation of the Electric Field Strength, 147 3.3 Computation of the Magnetic Field Strength, 150 3.3.1 Convergence and Error Discussion for the Analysis Technique, 152 3.4 Coplanar Waveguide Discontinuities, 154 3.4.1 Modeling the Discontinuities, 156 3.4.2 Extraction of the Model Parameters, 157 3.5 Description of Coplanar Waveguide Discontinuities, 161 3.5.1 The Coplanar Open End, 162 3.5.2 The Coplanar Waveguide Short-Circuited End, 167 3.5.3 The Gap in a Coplanar Waveguide, 169 3.5.4 The Coplanar Waveguide Step, 175 3.5.5 Air Bridges in Coplanar Waveguides, 183 3.5.6 The Coplanar Waveguide Bend, 192 3.5.7 The Coplanar Waveguide T-Junction, 202 3.5.7.1 Analysis of the Odd-Mode Excitation, 221 3.5.8 The Coplanar T-Junction as a Mode Converter, 225 3.5.9 The Coplanar Waveguide Crossing, 234 Bibliography and References, 241 4 Coplanar Lumped Elements 249 4.1 Introduction, 249 4.2 The Coplanar Interdigital Capacitor, 250 4.2.1 The Lumped Element Modeling Approach, 250 4.2.2 Enhancement of the Interdigital Capacitor Model for Application at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, 269 4.3 The Coplanar Metal–Insulator–Metal (MIM) Capacitor, 272 4.4 The Coplanar Spiral Inductor, 276 4.4.1 Enhancement of the Inductor Model for Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, 290 4.4.2 Coupled Coplanar Rectangular Inductors, 291 4.5 The Coplanar Rectangular Spiral Transformer, 295 4.6 The Coplanar Thin-Film Resistor, 303 Bibliography and References, 304 5 Coplanar Element Library and Circuit Design Program 309 5.1 Introduction, 309 5.2 Modeling, Convergence, and Accuracy, 312 5.3 Overview on Coplan for ADSTM, 315 5.3.1 Data Items, 317 5.3.2 Library Elements, 319 5.4 Cache Management, 321 5.5 Layout, 321 5.6 Coplanar Data Items, 322 5.6.1 Overview, 322 5.6.2 Description of the Data Items, 324 5.6.2.1 Coplanar Substrate Data Definition C_SUB, 325 5.6.2.2 Coplanar Line-Type Data Definition C_LINTYP, 327 5.6.2.3 Coplanar Coupled Lines Data Definition C_NL_TYP, 328 5.6.2.4 Coplanar Bridge-Type Data Definition C_AIRTYP, 331 5.6.2.5 Coplanar Grid Data Definition C_GRID, 333 5.6.2.6 Process (Foundry) Used for Fabrication C_PROCES, 335 5.6.2.7 Technological Data Definition (Default Foundry) C_TECH, 336 5.6.2.8 Layer Data Definition (Default Foundry) C_LAYER, 338 5.7 The Coplanar Components and Their Models, 339 5.7.1 Coplanar Waveguide RF-Port C_PORT, 341 5.7.2 Coplanar Transmission Line C_LIN, 344 5.7.3 Coplanar Inter-Metal via (No Step) Connection C_METIA, 345 5.7.4 Coplanar Resistively Loaded Transmission Line C_TFG, 347 5.7.5 Coplanar MIM-Capacitor to Ground C_CAPLIN, 349 5.7.6 Coplanar Open-Ended Transmission Line C_OPEN, 351 5.7.7 Coplanar Short-Circuited Transmission Line C_SHORT, 353 5.7.8 Gap in a Coplanar Transmission Line C_GAP, 354 5.7.9 Step in a Coplanar Transmission Line C_STEP, 355 5.7.10 Coplanar Waveguide Taper C_TAPER, 357 5.7.11 Coplanar Air Bridges C_AIR, 359 5.7.12 Bend in a Coplanar Transmission Line C_BEND, 360 5.7.13 T-Junction in Coplanar Transmission Lines C_TEE, 362 5.7.14 Crossing of Coplanar Transmission Lines C_CROSS, 364 5.7.15 Coplanar Interdigital Capacitor C_IDC, 366 5.7.16 Coplanar Rectangular Inductor C_RIND, 368 5.7.17 Coplanar Thin-Film Resistor C_TFR, 370 5.7.18 Coplanar Metal–Insulator–Metal Capacitor C_MIM, 371 Bibliography, 373 6 Coplanar Filters and Couplers 377 6.1 Coplanar Lumped Element Filters, 377 6.1.1 The Coplanar Spiral Inductor as a Filter, 377 6.1.2 Design and Realization, 379 6.1.3 Results, 381 6.1.4 Phase-Shifting Filter Circuits, 386 6.2 Coplanar Passive Lumped-Element Band-Pass Filters, 388 6.2.1 Theoretical Background, 389 6.2.2 Properties of the Coplanar Hybrid Band-Pass Filters, 390 6.3 Special Coplanar Waveguide Filters, 392 6.3.1 The Coplanar Band-Reject Filter, 394 6.3.1.1 The Hybrid Band-Reject Filter, 394 6.3.1.2 The Monolithic Band-Reject Filter, 395 6.3.2 Coplanar Millimeter-Wave Filters, 398 6.4 Coplanar Edge-Coupled Line Structures, 404 6.4.1 Verification of Coupling Between Coupled Coplanar Waveguides, 405 6.4.2 End-Coupled Coplanar Line Structures, 409 6.4.3 Coplanar Waveguide End-Coupled to an Orthogonal Coplanar Waveguide, 411 6.5 Coupled Coplanar Waveguide Filters and Couplers, 414 6.5.1 Interdigital Filter Design, 414 6.5.2 Coplanar Waveguide Couplers, 420 6.6 Coplanar MMIC Wilkinson Couplers, 426 6.6.1 Conventional Wilkinson Couplers, 427 6.6.2 Wilkinson Couplers with Discrete Elements, 427 6.6.3 MMIC Applicable Wilkinson Couplers with Coplanar Lumped Elements, 429 6.6.4 Wilkinson Coupler in Coplanar Waveguide Technique for Millimeter-Wave Frequencies, 431 Bibliography and References, 434 7 Coplanar Microwave Integrated Circuits 439 7.1 Introduction, 439 7.1.1 The Effect of the Shielding on Modeling, 440 7.1.2 The Waveguide Properties, 441 7.2 Coplanar Transistors and Coplanar Switches, 444 7.2.1 Active Power Dividers and Combiners and Switches, 444 7.2.1.1 Power Dividers and Combiners, 444 7.2.1.2 Fundamental Coplanar Switch Circuits, 446 7.2.1.3 Results and Measurements, 447 7.2.1.4 Device Scaling, 450 7.2.1.5 Design and Realization of Coplanar RF Switches, 453 7.3 Coplanar Microwave Active Filters, 457 7.3.1 Introduction, 457 7.3.2 The Coplanar Active Inductor, 458 7.3.3 The First-Order Active Coplanar Band-Pass Filter, 460 7.3.4 The Fixed Center Frequency Second-Order Active Filter, 460 7.3.5 The Coplanar Active Tunable Filter, 463 7.4 Coplanar Microwave Amplifiers, 471 7.4.1 Coplanar Microwave Amplifiers in Waveguide Design, 471 7.4.1.1 Introduction, 471 7.4.1.2 Circuit Design and Technological Aspects, 472 7.4.1.3 Results and Comparison with Measurements, 475 7.4.2 Coplanar Lumped-Element MMIC Amplifiers, 477 7.4.2.1 Introduction, 477 7.4.2.2 MMIC Design and Results, 478 7.4.3 Influence of the Backside Metalization on the Design of a Coplanar Low-Noise Amplifier, 481 7.4.3.1 Modeling the Transistor and Its Noise Properties, 481 7.4.3.2 The Coplanar LNA Design, 484 7.4.3.3 Simulation Results, 484 7.4.3.4 Measurement Results, 485 7.4.4 Miniaturized Ka-band MMIC High-Gain Medium-Power Amplifier in Coplanar Waveguide Technique, 488 7.4.4.1 Introduction, 488 7.4.4.2 MMIC Design and Results, 488 7.5 Coplanar Electronic Circulators, 491 7.6 Coplanar Frequency Doublers, 495 7.6.1 Different Realization Concepts of FET Frequency Doublers, 495 7.6.1.1 The Single-Device FET Frequency Doubler, 495 7.6.1.2 The Balanced (Push–Push) FET Frequency Doubler, 495 7.6.1.3 The Wideband FET Frequency Doubler, 497 7.6.2 Realization of Coplanar Frequency Doublers, 497 7.6.2.1 The Coplanar Balanced Hybrid MIC Frequency Doubler, 498 7.6.2.2 The Coplanar Balanced Monolithic MIC Frequency Doubler, 500 7.6.3 A Coplanar Times Five Frequency Multiplier, 504 7.7 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Oscillators in Coplanar Technology, 508 7.7.1 Coplanar Microwave Oscillators, 508 7.7.2 A 5-GHz Coplanar Voltage-Controlled Oscillator, 514 Bibliography and References, 518 Index 537

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Book SynopsisA step-by-step guide through the entire process of preparing andpublishing high-quality technical manuals The Complete Guide to Writing and Producing Technical Manuals showsthe reader how to create clear, well-organized technical manualsfor any equipment, simple or complex. Requiring no specializedbackground knowledge, this unique guide lays out all the aspects ofthe job--from initial concept to final publication. The authordraws on more than twenty-five years'' experience as a technicianand technical writer to provide authoritative, easy-to-followinstructions on how to organize detailed technical information intoa finished, high-quality technical manual. Major topics include: * Planning procedures for technical manuals * Manual types and arrangements, including operation manuals,maintenance and repair instructions, illustrated parts lists, andmore * Layout and format, including sample page layouts * Writing style and technical editing techniques *Table of ContentsTechnical Writing as a Career. Technical Manuals and Handbooks. Planning a Technical Manual. Publishing Systems. Layout and Format. Manual Writing Style. Preparing a Manual Specification. Front Matter and Introductory Material. Illustrations. Table Preparation. Operation. Maintenance and Repair Instructions. Illustrated Parts Breakdown. Appendixes and Addenda. Amending Manuals. Preparing Camera-Ready Copy. Printing and Binding. The Technical Editor. A Technical Handbook Department--From Concept to Operation. Appendices. Glossary of Technical Terms. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis revised and expanded edition emphasizes the basic concepts underlying the analysis and design of all discrete and integrated circuits. Contains an extensive treatment of semiconductor fundamentals; new material on power supplies and Schottky barrier diodes including useful models for diodes in avalanche breakdown and cutoff; a more accurate linear model for the biopolar transistor; the concept of the Early voltage; and an improved account of frequency response. Features two new chapters devoted to the operational amplifier and its specifications and the use of the op-amp, with a number of its important applications such as voltage references, comparators, differentiators and intergrators. Many of the examples and all of the problems are new.Table of ContentsDiodes, Diode Models, and Applications. Bipolar and Field-Effect Transistors. Transistor dc Models. Designing for a Stable Operating Point. Small-Signal Circuit Models. Single-Stage Amplifiers at Mid-Frequencies. Single-Stage Amplifiers at Low and High Frequencies. Multistage Amplifiers. The Operational Amplifier. Applications of Operational Amplifiers. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA proven, cost-effective approach to solving analog signal processing design problems Most design problems involving analog circuits require a great deal of creativity to solve. But, as the authors of this groundbreaking guide demonstrate, finding solutions to most analog signal processing problems does not have to be that difficult. Analog Signal Processing presents an original, five-step, design-oriented approach to solving analog signal processing problems using standard ICs as building blocks. Unlike most authors who prescribe a bottom-up approach, Professors Pallás-Areny and Webster cast design problems first in functional terms and then develop possible solutions using available ICs, focusing on circuit performance rather than internal structure. The five steps of their approach move from signal classification, definition of desired functions, and description of analog domain conversions to error classification and error analysis. Featuring 90 worked exTable of ContentsSignals and Signal Processing. Voltage Amplification. Current-to-Voltage and Voltage-to-Current Conversion. Linear Analog Functions. AC/DC Signal Conversion. Other Nonlinear Analog Functions. Analog Signal Filtering. Analog Signal Switching, Multiplexing and Sampling. Error Analysis and Reduction. Interference and Its Reduction. Noise, Drift and Their Reduction. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisResonant power converters have many applications in the computer industry, telecommunications and in industrial electronics. Their advantage over traditional converters lies in their ability to transform power at very high frequencies. This book discusses resonant power converters.Table of ContentsRECTIFIERS. Class D Current-Driven Rectifiers. Class D Voltage-Driven Rectifiers. Class E Low dv/dt Rectifiers. Class E Low di/dt Rectifiers. INVERTERS. Class D Series Resonant Inverter. Class D Parallel Resonant Inverter. Class D Series-Parallel Resonant Inverter. Class D CLL Resonant Inverter. Class D Zero-Voltage-Switching Resonant Inverters. Class D Current-Source Resonant Inverter. Phase-Controlled Resonant Inverters. Class E Zero-Voltage-Switching Resonant Inverter. Class E Zero-Current-Switching Resonant Inverter. CONVERTERS. Class D Series Resonant Converter. Class D Parallel Resonant Converter. Class D Series-Parallel Resonant Converter. Class D CLL Resonant Converter. Class D Current-Source Resonant Converter. Class D-E Resonant Converter. Phase-Controlled Resonant Converters. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisPATTERN CLASSIFICATION a unified view of statistical and neural approaches The product of years of research and practical experience in pattern classification, this book offers a theory-based engineering perspective on neural networks and statistical pattern classification. Pattern Classification sheds new light on the relationship between seemingly unrelated approaches to pattern recognition, including statistical methods, polynomial regression, multilayer perceptron, and radial basis functions. Important topics such as feature selection, reject criteria, classifier performance measurement, and classifier combinations are fully covered, as well as material on techniques that, until now, would have required an extensive literature search to locate. A full program of illustrations, graphs, and examples helps make the operations and general properties of different classification approaches intuitively understandable. Offering a lucid presentation of complex appTable of ContentsStatistical Decision Theory. Need for Approximations: Fundamental Approaches. Classification Based on Statistical Models Determined by First-and-Second Order Statistical Moments. Classification Based on Mean-Square Functional Approximations. Polynomial Regression. Multilayer Perceptron Regression. Radial Basis Functions. Measurements, Features, and Feature Section. Reject Criteria and Classifier Performance. Combining Classifiers. Conclusion. STATMOD Program: Description of ftp Package. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the full life cycle of a design from conception through abandonment, and shows what human factor inputs engineers and designers need at each stage of development.Table of ContentsSystems and Systems Engineering. Standards, Codes, Specifications, and Other Work Products. Human-Factors Methods. Human Physical Characteristics. Human Mental Characteristics. Personnel Selection and Training. System Requirements. Postscript. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the design and analysis of switch architectures suitable for broad-band integrated networks. In particular, the emphasis is on packet-switched interconnection networks with distributed routing algorithms. The text examines the mathematical properties of networks, rather than specific implementation technologies.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. 1 Introduction and Overview. 1.1 Switching and Transmission. 1.1.1 Roles of Switching and Transmission. 1.1.2 Telephone Network Switching and Transmission Hierarchy. 1.2 Multiplexing and Concentration. 1.3 Timescales of Information Transfer. 1.3.1 Sessions and Circuits. 1.3.2 Messages. 1.3.3 Packets and Cells. 1.4 Broadband Integrated Services Network. Problems. 2 Circuit Switch Design Principles. 2.1 Space-Domain Circuit Switching. 2.1.1 Nonblocking Properties. 2.1.2 Complexity of Nonblocking Switches. 2.1.3 Clos Switching Network. 2.1.4 Benes Switching Network. 2.1.5 Baseline and Reverse Baseline Networks. 2.1.6 Cantor Switching Network. 2.2 Time-Domain and Time-Space-Time Circuit Switching. 2.2.1 Time-Domain Switching. 2.2.2 Time-Space-Time Switching. Problems. 3 Fundamental Principles of Packet Switch Design. 3.1 Packet Contention in Switches. 3.2 Fundamental Properties of Interconnection Networks. 3.2.1 Definition of Banyan Networks. 3.2.2 Simple Switches Based on Banyan Networks. 3.2.3 Combinatoric Properties of Banyan Networks. 3.2.4 Nonblocking Conditions for the Banyan Network. 3.3 Sorting Networks. 3.3.1 Basic Concepts of Comparison Networks. 3.3.2 Sorting Networks Based on Bitonic Sort. 3.3.3 The Odd-Even Sorting Network. 3.3.4 Switching and Contention Resolution in Sort-Banyan Network. 3.4 Nonblocking and Self-Routing Properties of Clos Networks. 3.4.1 Nonblocking Route Assignment. 3.4.2 Recursiveness Property. 3.4.3 Basic Properties of Half-Clos Networks. 3.4.4 Sort-Clos Principle. Problems. 4 Switch Performance Analysis and Design Improvements. 4.1 Performance of Simple Switch Designs. 4.1.1 Throughput of an Internally Nonblocking Loss System. 4.1.2 Throughput of an Input-Buffered Switch. 4.1.3 Delay of an Input-Buffered Switch. 4.1.4 Delay of an Output-Buffered Switch. 4.2 Design Improvements for Input Queueing Switches. 4.2.1 Look-Ahead Contention Resolution. 4.2.2 Parallel Iterative Matching. 4.3 Design Improvements Based on Output Capacity Expansion. 4.3.1 Speedup Principle. 4.3.2 Channel-Grouping Principle. 4.3.3 Knockout Principle. 4.3.4 Replication Principle. 4.3.5 Dilation Principle. Problems. 5 Advanced Switch Design Principles. 5.1 Switch Design Principles Based on Deflection Routing. 5.1.1 Tandem-Banyan Network. 5.1.2 Shuffle-Exchange Network. 5.1.3 Feedback Shuffle-Exchange Network. 5.1.4 Feedback Bidirectional Shuffle-Exchange Network. 5.1.5 Dual Shuffle-Exchange Network. 5.2 Switching by Memory I/O. 5.3 Design Principles for Scalable Switches. 5.3.1 Generalized Knockout Principle. 5.3.2 Modular Architecture. Problems. 6 Switching Principles for Multicast, Multirate, and Multimedia Services. 6.1 Multicast Switching. 6.1.1 Multicasting Based on Nonblocking Copy Networks. 6.1.2 Performance Improvement of Copy Networks. 6.1.3 Multicasting Algorithm for Arbitrary Network Topologies. 6.1.4 Nonblocking Copy Networks Based on Broadcast Clos Networks. 6.2 Path Switching. 6.2.1 Basic Concept of Path Switching. 6.2.2 Capacity and Route Assignments for Multirate Traffic. 6.2.3 Trade-Off Between Performance and Complexity. 6.2.4 Multicasting in Path Switching. 6.A Appendix. 6.A.1 A Formulation of Effective Bandwidth. 6.A.2 Approximations of Effective Bandwidth Based on On–Off Source Model. Problems. 7 Basic Concepts of Broadband Communication Networks. 7.1 Synchronous Transfer Mode. 7.2 Delays in ATM Network. 7.3 Cell Size Consideration. 7.4 Cell Networking, Virtual Channels, and Virtual Paths. 7.4.1 No Data Link Layer. 7.4.2 Cell Sequence Preservation. 7.4.3 Virtual-Circuit Hop-by-Hop Routing. 7.4.4 Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths. 7.4.5 Routing Using VCI and VPI. 7.4.6 Motivations for VP/VC Two-Tier Hierarchy. 7.5 ATM Layer, Adaptation Layer, and Service Class. 7.6 Transmission Interface. 7.7 Approaches Toward IP over ATM. 7.7.1 Classical IP over ATM. 7.7.2 Next Hop Resolution Protocol. 7.7.3 IP Switch and Cell Switch Router. 7.7.4 ARIS and Tag Switching. 7.7.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching. Appendix 7.A ATM Cell Format. 7.A.1 ATM Layer. 7.A.2 Adaptation Layer. Problems. 8 Network Traffic Control and Bandwidth Allocation. 8.1 Fluid-Flow Model: Deterministic Discussion. 8.2 Fluid-Flow On-Off Source Model: Stochastic Treatment. 8.3 Traffic Shaping and Policing. 8.4 Open-Loop Flow Control and Scheduling. 8.4.1 First-Come-First-Serve Scheduling. 8.4.2 Fixed-Capacity Assignment. 8.4.3 Round-Robin Scheduling. 8.4.4 Weighted Fair Queueing. 8.4.5 Delay Bound in Weighted Fair Queueing with Leaky-Bucket Access Control. 8.5 Closed-Loop Flow Control. Problems. 9 Packet Switching and Information Transmission. 9.1 Duality of Switching and Transmission. 9.2 Parallel Characteristics of Contention and Noise. 9.2.1 Pseudo Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Packet Switch. 9.2.2 Clos Network with Random Routing as a Noisy Channel. 9.3 Clos Network with Deflection Routing. 9.3.1 Cascaded Clos Network. 9.3.2 Analysis of Deflection Clos Network. 9.4 Route Assignments and Error-Correcting Codes. 9.4.1 Complete Matching in Bipartite Graphs. 9.4.2 Graphical Codes. 9.4.3 Route Assignments of Benes Network. 9.5 Clos Network as Noiseless Channel-Path Switching. 9.5.1 Capacity Allocation. 9.5.2 Capacity Matrix Decomposition. 9.6 Scheduling and Source Coding. 9.6.1 Smoothness of Scheduling. 9.6.2 Comparison of Scheduling Algorithms. 9.6.3 Two-Dimensional Scheduling. 9.7 Conclusion. Bibliography.

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