Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisContaining material resulting from many years' teaching and research, this book provides a comprehensive account of the theory of speech.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. Part I: Current Work. 1. High-Level and Low-Level Synthesis. 2. Low-Level Synthesisers: Current Status. 3. Text-To-Speech. 4. Different Low-Level Synthesisers: What Can Be Expected? 5. Low-Level Synthesis Potential. Part II: A New Direction for Speech Synthesis. 6. A View of Naturalness. 7. Physical Parameters and Abstract Information Channels. 8. Variability and System Integrity. 9. Automatic Speech Recognition. Part III: High-Level Control. 10. The Need for High-Level Control. 11. The Input to High-Level Control. 12. Problems for Automatic Text Markup. Part IV: Areas for Improvement. 13. Filling Gaps. 14. Using Different Units. 15. Waveform Concatenation Systems: Naturalness and Large Databases. 16. Unit Selection Systems. Part V: Markup. 17. VoiceXML. 18. Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML). 19. SABLE. 20. The Need for Prosodic Markup. Part VI: Strengthening the High-Level Model. 21. Speech. 22. Basic Concepts. 23. Underlying Basic Disciplines: Expression Studies. 24. Labelling Expressive/Emotive Content. 25. The Proposed Model. 26. Types of Model. Part VII: Expanded Static and Dynamic Modelling. 27. The Underlying Linguistics System. 28. Planes for Synthesis. Part VIII: The Prosodic Framework, Coding and Intonation. 29. The Phonological Prosodic Framework. 30. Sample Code. 31. XML Coding. 32. Prosody: General. 33. Phonological and Phonetic Models of Intonation. Part IX: Approaches to Natural-Sounding Synthesis. 34. The General Approach. 35. The Expression Wrapper in XML. 36. Advantages of XML in Wrapping. 37. Considerations in Characterising Expression/Emotion. 38. Summary. Part X: Concluding Overview. References. Author Index. Index.

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Book SynopsisModern, large-scale analog integrated circuits (ICs) are essentially composed of metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors and their interconnections. As technology scales down to deep sub-micron dimensions and supply voltage decreases to reduce power consumption, these complex analog circuits are even more dependent on the exact behavior of each transistor. High-performance analog circuit design requires a very detailed model of the transistor, describing accurately its static and dynamic behaviors, its noise and matching limitations and its temperature variations. The charge-based EKV (Enz-Krummenacher-Vittoz) MOS transistor model for IC design has been developed to provide a clear understanding of the device properties, without the use of complicated equations. All the static, dynamic, noise, non-quasi-static models are completely described in terms of the inversion charge at the source and at the drain taking advantage of the symmetry of the device. Thanks to its hierarchical strTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. 1.1 The Importance of Device Modeling for IC Design. 1.2 A Short History of the EKV MOST Model. 1.3 The Book Structure. PART I: THE BASIC LONG-CHANNELINTRINSIC CHARGE-BASED MODEL. 2. Introduction. 2.1 The N-channel Transistor Structure. 2.2 Definition of charges, current, potential and electric fields. 2.3 Transistor symbol and P-channel transistor. 3. The Basic Charge Model. 3.1 Poisson’s Equation and Gradual Channel Approximation. 3.2 Surface potential as a Function of Gate Voltage. 3.3 Gate Capacitance. 3.4 Charge Sheet Approximation. 3.5 Density of Mobile Inverted Charge. 3.6 Charge-Potential Linearization. 4. Static Drain Current. 4.1 Drain Current Expression. 4.2 Forward and Reverse Current Components. 4.3 Modes of Operation. 4.4 Model of Drain Current Based on Charge Linearization. 4.5 Fundamental Property: Validity and Application. 4.6 Channel Length Modulation. 5. The Small-Signal Model. 5.1 The Static Small-Signal Model. 5.2 A General Non-Quasi-Static Small-Signal Model. 5.3 The Quasi-Static Dynamic Small-Signal Model. 6. The Noise Model. 6.1 Noise Calculation Methods. 6.2 Low-Frequency Channel Thermal Noise. 6.3 Flicker Noise. 6.4 Appendices. Appendix : The Nyquist and Bode Theorems. Appendix : General Noise Expression. 7. Temperature Effects and Matching. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Temperature Effects. PART II: THE EXTENDED CHARGE-BASED MODEL. 8. Non-Ideal Effects Related to the Vertical Dimension. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Mobility Reduction Due to the Vertical Field. 8.3 Non-Uniform Vertical Doping. 8.4 Polysilicon Depletion. 8.4.1 Definition of the Effect. 8.5 Band Gap Widening. 8.6 Gate Leakage Current. 9. Short-Channel Effects. 9.1 Velocity Saturation. 9.2 Channel Length Modulation. 9.3 Drain Induced Barrier Lowering. 9.4 Short-Channel Thermal Noise Model. 10. The Extrinsic Model. 10.1 Extrinsic Part of the Device. 10.2 Access Resistances. 10.3 Overlap Regions. 10.4 Source and Drain Junctions. 10.5 Extrinsic Noise Sources. PART III: THE HIGH-FREQUENCY MODEL. 11. Equivalent Circuit at RF. 11.1 RF MOS Transistor Structure and Layout. 11.2 What Changes at RF?. 11.3 Transistor Figures of Merit. 11.4 Equivalent Circuit at RF. 12. The Small-Signal Model at RF. 12.1 The Equivalent Small-Signal Circuit at RF. 12.2 Y-Parameters Analysis. 12.3 The Large-Signal Model at RF. 13. The Noise Model at RF. 13.1 The HF Noise Parameters. 13.2 The High-Frequency Thermal Noise Model. 13.3 HF Noise Parameters of a Common-Source Amplifier. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisContent and Content Management are core topics in the IT and broadcast industry. However, these terms have not been clearly defined for those learning the field. This book helps to clarify the subject area, define problematic issues and establish a universal understanding of content and its management.Trade Review"For anyone working in this industry, the book is worth having as a long-term reference." (Computing Reviews.com, September 15, 2005) "…the most complete work in this area…I recommend this book to students, engineers, and managers involved or interested in the handling and management of multimedia content." (Computing Reviews.com, September 16, 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Content-Related Workflows. 3. Essence. 4. Content Representation and Metadata. 5. File Formats. 6. Content Management. 7. Content Management System Infrastructure. 8. System and Data Integration in CMS. 9. Applications. 10. Future Trends. References. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisFocuses on the basic working principles of distributed feedback (DFB) laser diodes and optical filters and details the development of a technique for enhanced system performance. This book considers the optical waveguiding characteristics and properties of semiconductor materials and the physics of DFB semiconductor lasers.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Glossary of Abbreviations. Glossary of Symbols. 1. An Introduction to Optical Communication Systems. 2. Principles of Distributed Feedback Semiconductor Laser Diodes: Coupled Wave Theory. 3. Structural Impacts on the Solutions of Coupled Wave Equations: An Overview. 4. Transfer Matrix Modelling in DFB Semiconductor Lasers. 5. Threshold Analysis and Optimization of Various DFB LDs Using the Transfer Matrix Method. 6. Above-Threshold Characteristics of DFB Laser Diodes: A TMM Approach. 7. Above-Threshold Analysis of Various DFB Lase r Structures Using the TMM. 8. Circuit and Transmission-Line Laser Modelling (TLLM) Techniques. 9. Analysis of DFB Laser Diode Characteristics Based on the Transmission-Line Modelling (TLLM). 10. Wavelength Tunable Optical Filters Based on DFB Laser Structures. 11. Other Wavelenght Tunable Optical Filters Based on the DFB Laser Structure. 12. Conclusion, Summary and Suggestions. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe futures of data, telecom and infocom industries in general are of great societal importance. The third generation wireless systems (3G) are on the verge of introduction and the industry as a whole is facing serious problems. This work takes a look at the scenario for this technology in 2015.Trade Review"The book provides good food for thought and should prove inspiring for anyone in the industry…"(IEE Communications Engineer, February 2004)Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 The Wireless Industry at a Crossroads 1 Be Prepared for 2015 4 Scenarios of the Wireless World in 2015 4 Challenges for the Future 6 Creating Scenarios 6 Guide to the Book 7 Part I Scenarios 9 2 Wireless Explosion—Creative Destruction 11 A Sunny Berlin Day in 2015 14 The Wireless Scene in 2015 16 Rapidly Growing Industry 16 Industry Fragmentation—Market Leaders Losing Hegemony 17 Debt-Burdened Operators Losing Market Dominance 18 Telco Equipment Vendors Lose to Datacom Attackers 19 Terminal Vendors Attacked from NICs and Datacom Industry Vendors 20 Active Users Driving Development and Undermining Copyright 21 A Mobile Lifestyle with Increasing Travel 22 An Explosion of Services and Applications 22 Spectrum—Abundant Release for Unlicensed Bands 24 No Real Problems with Integrity, Privacy, and Security 24 Fast Development in China and Other NICs 25 Batteries and Complexity Management No Showstoppers 25 Wireless Technology in 2015 26 A World with Many Different Wireless Systems 26 An Abundance of Services with Various QoS 28 Standardization Has Increased 28 3 Slow Motion 29 Ordinary Life in Stockholm and Business Life in Shanghai 32 A Day in the Life of an Ordinary Swede 32 A Business Day of a Mobile Professional in 2015 33 The Wireless Scene in 2015 35 Economic Recession and 3G Fiasco 35 Health Problems from Radiation 36 Security a Problem Still Waiting to Be Solved 37 The Mobile Lifestyle Loses Ground 38 No Service Explosion 39 Wireless Telecommunication Is a Mature Industry 40 The Big NICs Catching up after a Slow Start 42 Spectrum Shortage Not a Big Problem 43 Power Consumption and Complexity Management as Technical Limitations 44 Wireless Technology in 2015 45 Still Mostly Second-Generation Wireless Networks 45 Simple and Low-Radiating Terminals 46 Few and Basic Services 47 4 Rediscovering Harmony 49 A Weekday Morning in a Small Scandinavian Village 52 The Wireless Scene in 2015 54 A Sustainable Society in Balance with Itself 54 The Backlash for Marketing and Commercial Media 56 Market Segments Driving the Development 57 Less but More Travel 59 A Few Clouds in the Sky 60 The Industry Dilemma: Refocus or Die! 60 Peer-to-Peer Applications and Services a Hit 62 Content IPR Still Unresolved 64 Wireless Technology in 2015 64 Many Local and Few Global Wireless Systems 64 Simple Services 65 Standards 65 5 Big Moguls and Snoopy Governments 67 Early April Morning, Green Haven Gated Community, New York, US 70 The Wireless Scene in 2015 73 Moguls and Governments 73 Security Problems of the 2000s Solved 74 Moguls in Control 76 Slow Development in the NICs 77 Incumbent Telecom Players Keep Control of the Market 77 3G According to Plan 80 Applications and Services Focus on Convenience for the User 80 No Free Airwaves 81 Somewhat of a Complex World 81 Wireless Technology in 2015 82 Few Different Systems 82 Global Networks 82 Wireless and Wired Terminals 83 Quality of Service 83 Few Services but Sophisticated and Popular Services 83 Part II Drivers of Development and Technological Implications 85 6 Trends and Fundamental Drivers 87 Fourteen Trends Shaping the Scenarios 88 Scenario Abbreviations 88 Trend 1: Development Will Be More User Driven 88 Trend 2: User Mobility Will Increase 89 Trend 3: The Service and Application Market Will Grow 90 Trend 4: User Security, Integrity, and Privacy Will Become More Important 91 Trend 5: Real or Perceived Health Problems Due to Radiation Will Become More Important 92 Trend 6: Environmental Issues Will Become More Important 93 Trend 7: Spectrum Will Become an Increasingly Scarce Resource 94 Trend 8: The Wireless Industry Will Grow 95 Trend 9: The Big NICs Will Continue Their Positive Development 96 Trend 10: Market Concentration in the Wireless Industry Will Change 96 Trend 11: The Fight for Market Dominance in the Wireless Industry Will Intensify 97 Trend 12: Short Terminal Usage Time and Complexity Management Will Become Increasingly Important Problems 98 Trend 13: 3G Will Be Implemented 99 Trend 14: Protecting IPR on Content Will Become Increasingly Difficult 100 Fundamental Drivers 101 Technology Drivers 101 Socioeconomic and Political Drivers 104 Business and Industry Drivers 105 Users, Values, and Attitude Drivers 107 Theories Supporting Fundamental Drivers 108 Exponential Growth 108 Microprocessor and Other Growth Paths 109 Exponentially Falling Prices and the Experience Curve 110 Network Effects I (Metcalfe’s Law) 110 Network Effects II (Reed’s Law) 110 The S-curve and the Product Life Cycle 111 Technology and Market Forces Driving Industry Life Cycles 111 Disruptive Innovations 112 Architectural Shifts in IT and Other Industries 113 Empirical Support for Postmaterialistic Value Shift 114 7 Technological Conclusions from Scenarios 117 System Technology in 2015 118 The Wireless Infrastructure Will Be Heterogeneous 118 Efficient and Very High Rate Air Interfaces Will Exist 118 Traffic Will Be IP Based and Networks Will Be Transparent 119 Much of the Access Infrastructure Will Be Ad Hoc Deployed 119 Cost per Transmitted Bit Will Be Very Small 119 No Harmful Radiation from Base Stations 120 Decreased Power Consumption in the Wireless Systems 120 Mobile Terminals in 2015 120 Terminals Will Have a Wide Range of Shapes and Capabilities 120 Wireless Terminals Will Be Cheap, Very Small, and Modularized 121 Usage Time without Charging Batteries Will Be Very Long 121 User Interfaces Will Be Highly Developed and Advanced 121 M2M Will Be Everywhere 122 Wireless Devices Will Be Harmless to People and the Environment 122 Mobile Services in 2015 122 Wireless Services Will Become a Commodity 123 Services Will Be Independent of Infrastructure and Terminals 123 Telepresence and Emotional Communication Will Be Available 123 Content Will Be Personalized According to User Demand and Location 124 Global Roaming and Seamless Services Will Be Possible 124 Broadband Services Will Be Available for All Transportation Systems 124 The End User Will Be Always Best Connected 124 Powerful Computers Will Be Everywhere 125 Very High Levels of Security Will Be Provided 125 Part III Challenges for the Future 127 8 Challenges for Technical Research 129 Low-Cost Infrastructure and Services 129 Seamless Mobility 132 New and Advanced Services 134 Usability and Human–Machine Interface 135 Health and Environment 136 A Need for Cross-Disciplinary Research 137 9 Challenges for the Wireless Industry 139 Introduction 139 The Challenges 139 Threat from Disruptive Market Change 139 Speed up the Process of Spectrum Release 140 3G and the Telco Debt Threat 141 Complexity Management 141 Radiation a Problem, Real or Perceived 142 Better Batteries in Wireless Devices 142 Usability and the User in Focus 142 Cheaper Infrastructure and Viable Business Models 143 A Phone for Everyone 143 All Industries Mature 143 10 Challenges for Key Regions 145 US 146 An Immature Market for Mobile Services Waiting to Catch Up 146 Fragmented Operator Industry Being Consolidated 147 Multiple Cellular Network Standards 148 WLAN: A Market Growing Rapidly 148 Rather Weak Telco Vendor Industry 149 Poor Coverage 150 Lack of Spectrum Leading to Limited Capacity 150 The Threat of Terrorism and Crime 151 Europe 152 The GSM World Leader 152 Problems with Seamless Mobile Access 153 Telecom Debt Crisis 153 Strong in Telecom, Weak in Datacom 154 Health and the Environment Taken Seriously 154 Stagnation and Overregulated Economies 154 China 155 An Opaque and Overregulated Economy 156 Political Instability 156 Risks of Complacency 156 Challenges for the Chinese Wireless Industry 157 Risks and Opportunities with Chinese 3G Standard Wars 158 Japan and South Korea 158 Leading the Way into the Wireless Future 159 Oligopoly in the Operator Industry 160 Multiple Standards for 2.5G and 3G 160 A Slow Start for 3G 161 A Saturated Voice Market 161 3G Terminals Expensive to Subsidize 162 4G Already 162 No Major Infrastructure Vendors from Japan and Korea 162 The Japanese Recession 163 Political Uncertainty on the Korean Peninsula 163 Part IV Moving into the Future with Scenarios 165 11 Scenario Thinking and Scenario Making 167 Logics of Scenario Creation 167 Our Approach: Trends 168 Driving Forces: What Do We Care About? 169 Fundamental Drivers: What Do We Know? 169 Critical Uncertainties: What Do We Not Know? 170 Making Our Scenarios 170 Creating the Scenarios and Key Research Issues 171 Weak Signals and Provocative Questions 172 Information and Feedback 173 Commissioned Studies 174 Other Studies about the Future 174 The PCC Research Program 174 The WWRF Book of Visions 175 Swedish Technology Foresight 176 Beyond Mobile 177 Other Scenarios 177 12 Summary and Concluding Remarks 179 The Book in Brief 179 Wireless Explosion—Creative Destruction 180 Slow Motion 182 Rediscovering Harmony 184 Big Moguls and Snoopy Governments 187 Trends and Fundamental Drivers 189 Technological Conclusions from the Scenarios 191 Challenges for Research, Industry, and Key Regions 192 Moving into the Future 199 Dear Reader in 2015 201 Appendixes 203 Appendix A User Segments 205 Moklofs 205 Yupplots 206 Elders 207 Mobile Professionals 207 Industrial Users 208 Appendix B Wireless Foresight at Wireless@KTH 209 The Wireless Foresight Project 209 Wireless@KTH and the Vision-Driven Research Approach 210 Glossary 211 References 215 Author Biographies 219 Index 221

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Book SynopsisCovers the foundations for understanding Ultra-Wideband Radio (UWB) technology, and how governing bodies can influence the development of a technology and the standards involved.Trade Review"this book is designed to give a basic overview of the subject of ultra-wideband technology." (Microwave Journal, December 2004) "…offers a wealth of information…" (Microwaves & RF.com, October 22, 2004)Table of ContentsDedication ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xvii 1 History 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Basics of Radio 1 1.2 The History of Radio 6 1.3 About the Technology of the Time 14 1.4 Wireless Becomes Radio: The Era of Broadcasting and Regulations 14 1.5 Advantages in Wider Bandwidths 15 1.6 Radio Takes Another Wider-band Step 16 1.7 Still Wider has More Advantages 17 1.8 Summary 18 References 19 Further Reading 20 2 The Regulatory Climate 21 Introduction 21 2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum: “Separation by Wavelength” 21 2.2 Radio Regulations 24 2.3 Adoption of UWB in the United States 27 2.4 Summary of First Report and Order 29 2.5 Regulations in Asia: The UFZ in Singapore 32 2.6 Regulation Activities in the European Union (EU) 34 2.7 Summary 35 References 37 3 UWB in Standards 39 Introduction 39 3.1 High Data Rate UWB Standards Activities in IEEE 40 3.1.1 An OFDM Approach to UWB 44 3.1.2 A DS-UWB Approach to UWB 45 3.1.3 A TD/FDMA Approach to UWB 48 3.2 Positioning and Location in UWB Standards 50 3.3 European Standards Efforts 50 3.4 Summary 52 References 52 4 Generating and Transmitting UWB Signals 55 Introduction 55 4.1 UWB Signal Definitions 58 4.2 Approaches to Generating UWB Signals 59 4.2.1 UWB Signal Design 60 4.2.2 Precision Signal Design 62 4.2.3 Calculating Power for Repetitively Sent Pulses 65 4.3 Signal Pulse Design Examples 68 4.3.1 Pulse Design Constraints 68 4.3.2 Choosing a Pulse Shape 69 4.4 UWB System Band Plans 72 4.5 Overlaying Precision Pulses 75 4.6 Signal Modulation 77 4.6.1 PPM Modulation 79 4.6.2 M-ary Bi-Orthogonal Keying Modulation 80 4.6.3 Pulse Polarity, BPSK, and QPSK Modulation 81 4.6.4 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 82 4.6.5 Transmitted Reference Modulation 83 4.7 Summary 86 References 86 5 Radiation of UWB Signals 89 Introduction 89 5.1 Short Pulse Radiation Process 90 5.1.1 The Far-field of an Arbitrary Antenna 92 5.1.2 The Far-field of an Ideal Infinitesimal Radiator 96 5.2 The Receiving Antenna 96 5.2.1 The Arbitrarily Shaped Receiving Antenna 97 5.2.2 The Infinitesimal Receiving Antenna 99 5.2.3 Transmission in Free Space Between Constant Gain Antennas 100 5.2.4 Transmission with a Constant Aperture Receiving Antenna 101 5.3 Transmitted, Radiated, and Received Signals 102 5.3.1 Simulations Using Wideband Signals 102 5.3.2 UWB at Moderate Bandwidths 106 5.4 Some Antenna Effects in UWB 107 5.4.1 The TE10 Mode Horn Antenna 108 5.4.2 The Dipole-fed Parabolic Reflector Antenna 109 5.4.3 Wideband Antenna Considerations 111 5.5 Summary 111 References 112 6 Propagation of UWB Signals 115 Introduction 115 6.1 Signal Propagation in Free Space 116 6.2 Propagation with a Ground Reflection 117 6.2.1 UWB and Time-harmonic Signals with a Ground Reflection 119 6.2.2 Design Example of a 2-GHz UWB Wide Signal 121 6.2.3 EIRP of the 2-GHz Bandwidth Pulse 124 6.2.4 Propagation of a 2-GHz-Wide UWB Signal Near the Ground 125 6.3 Propagation of UWB Impulses in Multipath 128 6.3.1 An Impulse Propagating through a Building 129 6.3.2 Multipath and Delay Spread 132 6.3.3 UWB Signals Propagating in Multipath 134 6.3.4 Relation to Maximum Rake Gain 139 6.3.5 The SBY Median Multipath Propagation Model 139 6.3.6 Shadowing Variation and Statistical Link Design 140 6.3.7 Propagation Models and Parameters 141 6.4 Summary 142 References 143 7 Receiving UWB Signals 147 Introduction 147 7.1 Reception of UWB Signals 148 7.2 Noise and Interference 149 7.3 Receiver-detector Efficiency 150 7.4 Efficiency of Simple Templates 154 7.5 The Self-correlating Receiver 156 7.6 Summary 156 References 157 8 UWB System Limits and Capacity 159 Introduction 159 8.1 Limits in Communications 160 8.1.1 Noise 160 8.1.2 Shannon’s Capacity Formula 161 8.1.3 Communication Efficiency of Various Modulations 163 8.1.4 Regulatory Limits 165 8.1.5 Antenna Apertures and Propagation 166 8.2 The UWB Fundamental Limit 168 8.2.1 Fundamental Limit for UWB 168 8.2.2 Fundamental Limit for Conventional Systems 172 8.3 UWB Wireless Links 173 8.3.1 UWB Link Budgets 173 8.3.2 Receiver Sensitivity and System Gain 175 8.3.3 Advantage of UWB in Non-AWGN Channels 176 8.4 Link Capacity 178 8.4.1 A UWB Link in Multipath 179 8.4.2 A Capacity Model for UWB 180 8.4.3 Capacity Model for IEEE 802.11a 182 8.4.4 Capacity Model for IEEE 802.11b 183 8.4.5 Comparing UWB with the 802s 184 8.5 Summary 185 References 186 9 Applications and Future Directions 189 Introduction 189 9.1 A Time Line of Wireless 190 9.2 UWB Applications 192 9.2.1 Communications and Sensors 193 9.2.2 Position Location and Tracking 197 9.2.3 Radar 199 9.3 UWB Over Wires 199 9.4 Summary 200 References 201 Appendix A Excerpts from the FCC First Report and Order 203 I. Introduction 203 II. Executive Summary 204 FCC 02–48 Appendix D – Changes to the Regulations 207 Subpart F – Ultra-Wideband Operation 209 Appendix B Summary of Multipath Model for IEEE P802.15.3a 225 Channel Characteristics Desired to Model 227 References 230 Appendix C Free-space Transmission of Pulses 231 Pulse Equations and Pulse Energy 231 Energy Density and Antenna Pattern 233 The Friis Transmission Formula with Constant-gain Antennas 234 Constant-aperture Receive Antenna 234 References 236 Appendix D Glossary 237 Definitions and Constants 237 Index 241

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Book SynopsisThis volume is based on a new idea of gathering state of the art topics in Geometric Modeling together with techniques, applications, systems and tools.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Polygonal Subdivision Curves for Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling (Ahmad H. Nasri). 2. Planar Development of Digital Free-Form Surfaces (Phillip N. Azariadis and Nickolas S. Sapidis). 3. A Shape Preserving Representation for Rational Curves with Efficient Evaluation Algorithm (Jorge Delgado and Juan M. Peña). 4. Piecewise Power Basis Conversion of Dynamic B-spline Curves and Surfaces (Deok-Soo Kim and Joonghyun Ryu). 5. Computational Methods for Geometric Processing of Surfaces: Blending, Offsetting, Intersection, Implicitization (Andres Iglesias). 6. Weighted Nu Splines: An Alternative to NURBS (Muhammad Sarfraz). 7. Generation of Parting Surfaces Using Subdivision Technique (C. L. Li). 8. Triadic Subdivision of Non Uniform Powell-Sabin splines (Evelyne Vanraes, Paul Dierckx, and AdhemarBultheel). 9. Surface Interpolation Scheme By Distance Blending Over Convex Sets (Lizhuang Ma, Qiang Wang, and TonyChan K Y). 10. Family of G2 Spiral Transition Between Two Circles (Zulfiqar Habib and Manabu Sakai). 11. Optimal Hierarchical Adaptive Mesh Construction Using FCO Sampling (Panagiotis A. Dafas, Ioannis Kompatsiarisand Michael G. Strintzis). 12. Virtual Sculpting and Deformable Volume Modeling (K. C. Hui). 13. Free Form Modeling Method Based on Silhouette and Boundary Lines (Jun Kamiya and Hideki Aoyama). 14. Intuitive and Precise Solid Modeling in A Virtual Reality Environment (Yongmin Zhong, Wolfgang Müller-Wittig and Weiyin Ma). 15. Efficient Simplification of Triangular Meshes (Muhammad Hussain, Yoshihiro Okada, andKoichi Niijima). 16. Multiresolution and Diffusion Methods Applied to Surface Reconstruction Based on T-Surfaces Framework (Gilson A. Giraldi, Rodrigo L. S. Silva, WalterH. Jiménez, Edilberto Strauss, and Antonio A. F. Oliveira). 17. A Multiresolution Framework for NUBS (Muhammad Sarfraz and Mohammed Ali Siddiqui). 18. Irregular Topology Spline Surfaces and Texture Mapping (Jin J. Zheng and Jian J. Zhang). 19. Segmentation of Scanned Surfaces: Improved Extraction of Planes (R. Sacchi, J.F. Poliakoff, P.D. Thomas, and K.-H. Häfele). 20. Constraint-Based Visualization of Spatiotemporal Databases (Peter Revesz and Lixin Li). 21. Surface Oriented Triangulation of Unorganized 3D Points Based On Laszlo’s Algorithm (Thomas Schadlich, Guido Brunnett and Mark Vanco). 22. Modifying the Shape of Cubic B-spline and NURBS Curves by Means of Knots (Imre Juhász and Miklós Hoffmann). Index of Authors.

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Book SynopsisAddresses the application of both IP and ATM technologies to a cellular environment, including IP telephony protocols, the use of ATM/AAL2 and the AAL2 signalling protocol for voice/multimedia and data transport. This book explains the operation and integration of GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, CDMA2000, IP, and ATM.Trade Review"…this is an excellent volume, a must-have for systems architects…also to be commended for its cohesive and comprehensive assembly of many complex standards." (Computing Reviews.com, October 4, 2005) "This both is very detailed, yet readable. It would be an excellent read for both students and telecommunications professionals…" (Computing Reviews.com, June 8, 2005) "…well-structured…it provides detailed, and carefully selected and prepared, material." (Computing Reviews.com, October 21, 2004) "...very detailed yet readable...an excellent read for both students and professionals..." (The IEE Communications Engineer, June/July 2004)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. 1. Introduction. 2. Principles of Communications . 3. GSM Fundamentals. 4. General Packet Radio System. 5. IP Applications for GPRS/UMTS. 6. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 7. UMTS Transmission Networks. 8. IP Telephony for UMTS Release 4. 9. Release 5 and Beyond (All-IP). Glossary of Terms. Index.

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Book SynopsisHere is the first book to include a step--by--step process of how to design intelligent agents. Providing a full life--cycle methodology for developing intelligent agent systems, Developing Autonomous Agent Systems present a thoroughly developed and tested methodology to developing intelligent agent technologies.Table of ContentsForeword from the Series Editor. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. 2. Concepts for Building Agents. 3. Overview of the Prometheus Methodology. 4. System Specification. 5. Architectural Design: Specifying the Agent Types. 6. Architectural Design: Specifying the Interactions. 7. Finalizing the Architectural Design. 8. Detailed Design: Agents, Capabilities and Processes. 9. Detailed Design: Capabilities, Plans and Events. 10. Implementing Agent Systems. Appendix A: Electronic Bookstore. Appendix B: Descriptor Forms. Appendix C:The AUML Notaton. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisWCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), an ITU standard derived from code division multiple access (CDMA) is officially known as IMT-2000 direct spread. WCDMA is a third generation mobile wireless technology offering much higher data speeds to mobile and portable wireless devices than commonly offered in today's market. WCDMA is a relatively new technology and there is little information in the public domain about specific design issues. The proposed book will discuss UMTS/WCDMA from the perspective of a potential development engineer, who may have experience of GSM but none of WCDMA technology. The book will outline the design specifications and potential problems and solutions faced by by an engineer designing a mobile device such as a handset. WCDMA: Requirements and Practical Design: Offers in-depth coverage of the critical issues in designing a UMTS handset modem. Discusses the practical design elements ofa UMTS modem. AuTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution and Revolution of Mobile Telephony 1 1.2 The Third Generation Partnership Project 9 1.3 3GPP Terminology 13 1.4 The Journey of a Bit 14 1.5 Structure of the Book 18 2 RF and Baseband Processing 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 UMTS Radio Requirements 20 2.3 Receiver RF Design 25 2.4 Receiver Baseband Design 36 2.5 Transmitter Baseband Design 48 2.6 Transmitter RF Design 52 2.7 Future Trends 64 3 Physical Layer Chip Rate Processing 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Spreading and Scrambling 70 3.3 Physical Channels 75 3.4 The Receiver 84 3.5 Cell Search 95 3.6 Power Control 98 3.7 Handover 101 3.8 Transmit Diversity in the Downlink 104 3.9 Physical Layer Procedures 1073.10 Measurements 109 3.11 Compressed Mode 112 4 Physical Layer Bit Rate Processing 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Transport Channels, Formats and Combinations 124 4.3 Overview of the Bit Rate Processing Chain 129 4.4 Rate Matching 142 4.5 Convolutional Encoding and Decoding 153 4.6 Turbo Encoding and Decoding 167 4.7 TFC Detection 188 4.8 Compressed Mode and the BRP 192 4.9 BRP Limitations for Different TrCHs and CCTrCHs 196 4.10 Conclusions 197 5 Type Approval Testing: A Case Study 199 5.1 Introduction 199 5.2 History: the Making of the 3GPP DPCH BLER Requirements 202 5.3 Lab Testing 202 5.4 Exemplary Measurement Results 218 6 Medium Access Control 221 6.1 Introduction 221 6.2 MAC Functional Partitioning 226 6.3 MAC Receive Functionality 230 6.4 MAC Transmit Functionality 234 7 Radio Link Control 239 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Transparent Data Transfer Service 243 7.3 Unacknowledged Data Transfer Service 245 7.4 Acknowledged Data Transfer Service 250 8 PDCP 261 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Overall Architecture 263 8.3 PDCP Interface 264 8.4 Header Compression 2688.5 SRNS Relocation 271 8.6 PDCP Header Formats 273 8.7 Handling an Invalid PDU Type and PID 276 9 Broadcast/Multicast Control 277 9.1 Introduction 277 9.2 CTCH Scheduling 279 10 RRC 285 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Cell Selection and Reselection 292 10.3 Reception of Broadcast System Information 294 10.4 Paging and Notification 298 10.5 Establishment, Maintenance and Release of an RRC Connection Between the UE and UTRAN 299 10.6 Establishment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio Access Bearers 300 10.7 Assignment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio Resources for the RRC Connection 301 10.8 RRC Connection Mobility Functions 302 10.9 Routeing of Higher Layer PDUs 303 10.10 Control of Requested QoS 304 10.11 UE Measurements 305 10.12 Power Control 319 10.13 Arbitration of Radio Resources on Uplink DCH 320 10.14 Integrity Protection 320 10.15 Ciphering Management 321 10.16 PDCP Control 322 10.17 CBS Control 323 11 Speech Coding for UMTS 327 11.1 Introduction – the Adaptive Multirate (AMR) Speech Codec 327 11.2 AMR Structure 328 11.3 Linear Prediction Analysis 330 11.4 LSF Quantization 330 11.5 Pitch Analysis 330 11.6 Fixed Codebook with Algebraic Structure 331 11.7 Post Processing 332 11.8 The AMR Codec’s bit Allocation 332 11.9 Speech Codec’s Error Sensitivity 334 11.10 Conclusions 334 12 Future Developments 335 12.1 Introduction 335 12.2 3GPP Release 5: HSDPA 336 12.3 Location-based Services 359 12.4 CPICH Interference Cancellation and Mitigation 365 12.5 Transmit Diversity for Multiple Antennas 36912.6 Improved Baseband Algorithms and Technology Trends 372A Appendix A: ML detection for uncoded QPSK 391 B Appendix B: SIR computation 395 References 399 Index 417

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Book SynopsisIn the last fifty years, extensive studies have been carried out worldwide in the field of adaptive array systems. However, far from being a mature technology with little research left to tackle, there is seemingly unlimited scope to develop the fundamental characteristics and applications of adaptive antennas for future 3G and 4G mobile communications systems, ultra wideband wireless and satellite and navigation systems, and this informative text shows you how! Provides an accessible resource on adaptive array fundamentals as well as coverage of adaptive algorithms and advanced topics Analyses the performance of various wideband beamforming techniques in wideband array processing Comprehensively covers implementation issues related to such elements as circular arrays, channel modelling and transmit beam forming, highlighting the challenges facing a designer during the development phase Supports practical implementation considerations with detailed Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv List of Figures xvii List of Tables xxix Introduction xxxiii I.1 Adaptive Filtering xxxiii I.2 Historical Aspects xxxiv I.3 Concept of Spatial Signal Processing xxxv 1 Fundamentals of Array Signal Processing 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Key to Transmission 2 1.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.2.2 Interpretation 3 1.2.3 Key to Antennas 3 1.3 Hertzian Dipole 5 1.4 Antenna Parameters & Terminology 7 1.4.1 Polarisation 7 1.4.2 Power Density 7 1.4.3 Radiated Power 8 1.4.4 Radiation Resistance 9 1.4.5 Antenna Impedance 9 1.4.6 Equivalent Circuit 10 1.4.7 Antenna Matching 10 1.4.8 Effective Length and Area 10 1.4.9 Radiation Intensity 11 1.4.10 Radiation Pattern 11 1.4.11 Bandwidth 12 1.4.12 Directive Gain, Directivity, Power Gain 12 1.4.13 Radiation Efficiency 14 1.5 Basic Antenna Elements 14 1.5.1 Finite-Length Dipole 15 1.5.2 Mono-pole 17 1.5.3 Printed Antennas 17 1.5.4 Wideband Elements 18 1.5.5 Dual Polarised Elements 20 1.5.6 Sonar Sensors 21 1.6 Antenna Arrays 21 1.6.1 Linear Array 22 1.6.2 Circular Array 23 1.6.3 Planar Array 23 1.6.4 Conformal Arrays 24 1.7 Spatial Filtering 25 1.8 Adaptive Antenna Arrays 27 1.9 Mutual Coupling & Correlation 27 1.10 Chapter Summary 28 1.11 Problems 29 2 Narrowband Array Systems 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Adaptive Antenna Terminology 32 2.3 Beam Steering 35 2.3.1 Phase Weights 35 2.3.2 Main Beam Steering 36 2.3.3 Null Steering 38 2.4 Grating Lobes 41 2.5 Amplitude Weights 44 2.5.1 Window Functions 44 2.6 Chapter Summary 53 2.7 Problems 53 3 Wideband Array Processing 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Basic concepts 56 3.3 A Simple Delay-line Wideband Array 59 3.3.1 Angles of Grating Lobes 61 3.3.2 Beam Width 63 3.4 Rectangular Arrays as Wideband Beamformers 65 3.4.1 Rectangular Array Antenna in Azimuth 66 3.4.2 Beamforming using IDFT 69 3.4.3 Beamforming using Matrix Inversion 73 3.4.4 Numerical Examples 75 3.4.5 Summary of Wideband Frequency Selective Rectangular Arrays 82 3.5 Wideband Beamforming using FIR Filters 84 3.5.1 Continuous Linear Wideband Array 84 3.5.2 Beamformer Implementation 85 3.5.3 Sensor Locations 88 3.5.4 Design of Primary Filters 90 3.5.5 Design of Secondary Filters 92 3.5.6 Numerical Examples 92 3.6 Chapter Summary 93 3.7 Problems 94 4 Adaptive Arrays 97 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Spatial Covariance Matrix 98 4.3 Multi-beam Arrays 100 4.4 Scanning Arrays 100 4.5 Switched Beam Beamformers 101 4.6 Fully Adaptive Beamformers 104 4.6.1 Temporal Reference Beamforming 106 4.6.2 Spatial Reference Beamforming 107 4.7 Adaptive Algorithms 108 4.7.1 Wiener Solution 109 4.7.2 Method of Steepest-Descent 111 4.7.3 Least-Mean-Squares Algorithm (LMS) 112 4.7.4 Direct Matrix Inversion (DMI) Algorithm 113 4.7.5 Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithm 115 4.8 Source Location Techniques 116 4.9 Fourier Method 117 4.10 Capon’s Minimum Variance 118 4.11 The MUSIC Algorithm 118 4.12 ESPRIT 121 4.12.1 Unitary ESPRIT 122 4.13 Maximum Likelihood Techniques 124 4.14 Spatial Smoothing 125 4.14.1 Comparison of Spatial Parameter Estimation Techniques 127 4.15 Determination of Number of Signal Sources 127 4.16 Blind Beamforming 129 4.16.1 Decoupled Iterative Least Squares Finite Alphabet Space-Time (DILFAST) Algorithm 130 4.16.2 Spectral Self-Coherence Restoral (SCORE) Algorithm 131 4.16.3 Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) 132 4.16.4 Least-Squares Despread Respread Multitarget Constant Modulus Algorithm (LS-DRMTCMA) 133 4.17 Chapter Summary 133 4.18 Problems 134 5 Practical Considerations 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Signal Processing Constraints 136 5.2.1 Phase Error 136 5.2.2 Element Position Error 137 5.2.3 Element Failure 137 5.2.4 Steering Vector Error 137 5.2.5 Ill-Conditioned Signal Processing Matrices 137 5.2.6 Weight Jitter 138 5.3 Implementation Issues 138 5.3.1 System Linearity 145 5.3.2 Calibration 146 5.3.3 Mutual Coupling 154 5.3.4 Circular Arrays 156 5.4 Radiowave Propagation 160 5.4.1 Narrowband Single Antenna Channel Model 161 5.4.2 Multiple Antenna Channel Model 162 5.4.3 Wideband Multiple Antenna Channel Model 163 5.4.4 Uplink-Downlink Channel Modelling for FDD Systems 168 5.5 Transmit Beamforming 170 5.5.1 Blind Techniques 172 5.5.2 Feedback Based Techniques 177 5.5.3 Switched Beam Techniques 178 5.5.4 Downlink Signal Distribution Schemes 179 5.6 Chapter Summary 181 5.7 Problems 181 6 Applications 183 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Antenna Arrays for Radar Applications 183 6.3 Antenna Arrays for Sonar Applications 184 6.4 Antenna Arrays for Biomedical Applications 186 6.4.1 Medical Ultrasonic Arrays 186 6.4.2 Space-Time Beamforming for Microwave Imaging 192 6.5 Antenna Arrays for Wireless Communications 193 6.5.1 Uplink Beamforming for Second-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks 196 6.5.2 Downlink Beamforming for Third-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks 207 6.5.3 User Location and Tracking 219 6.5.4 Beamforming for Satellite Communications 231 6.6 Chapter Summary 235 6.7 Problems 236 References 239 Index 251

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Book SynopsisA guide to middleware technologies, and their pivotal role in communications networks. It discusses the fields of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and grid middleware detailing middleware platforms such as JXTA and the Globus middleware toolkit. It also shows how Middleware plays a significant role in mobile computing.Trade Review"The book addresses telecommunications workers, developers, middleware researchers, software engineers, and software architects." (IT Professional, July/August 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. Introduction. 1. Message-Oriented Middleware (E. Curry). 2. Adaptive and Reflective Middleware (E. Curry). 3. Transaction Middleware (S. Tai, et al.). 4. Peer-to-Peer Middleware (M. Junginger). 5. Grid Middleware (G. von Laszewski & K. Amin). 6. QoS-enabled Middleware (N. Wang, et al.). 7. Model Driven Middleware (A. Gokhale, et al.). 8. High Performance Middleware-Based Systems (S. Majumdar). 9. Concepts and Capabilities of Middleware Security (S. Demurjian, et al.). 10. Middleware for Scalable Data Dissemination (P. Chrysanthis, et al.). 11. Principles of Mobile Computing Middleware (C. Mascolo, et al.). 12. Application of Middleware Technologies to Mobile Enterprise Information Services (G. Wang, et al.). 13. Middleware for Location-based Services: Design and Implementation Issues (P. Langendörfer, et al.). 14. QoS-enabled Middleware for MPEG Video Streaming (K. Leung, et al.). 15. Middleware for Smart Cards (H. Vogt, et al.). 16. Application-Oriented Middleware for E-Commerce (J. Martínez, et al.). 17. Real-time CORBA Middleware (A. Krishna, et al.). 18. Middleware Support for Fault Tolerance (D. Szentiványi & S. Nadjm-Tehrani). Index.

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Book SynopsisBy 2008, some 2 billion people will be using mobile phones and devices, in many cases to access advanced data services. Against this backdrop, the need for efficient and effective network design will be critical to the success of increasingly complex mobile networks. Simon Beresford-Wylie (SVP, Nokia Networks) With the complexity of the cellular networks increasing day by day, a deeper understanding of the design and performance of end-to-end cellular networks is required. Moreover, all the types of networks from 2G-2.5G-3G seem to co-exist. Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation covers end-to-end network planning and optimisation aspects from second generation GSM to third generation WCDMA networks including GPRS and EDGE networks. All the sub-systems of the network i.e. radio network, transmission network and core network have been covered with focus on both practical and theoretical issues. By bringing all these concepts undTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Overview of Mobile Networks. PART I: SECOND-GENERATION NETWORK PLANNING AND OPTIMISATION (GSM). 2. Radio Network Planning and Optimisation. 3.Transmission Network Planning and Optimisation. 4.Core Network Planning and Optimisation. PART II: 2.5-GENERATION NETWORK PLANNING AND OPTIMISATION (GPRS AND EDGE). 5. GPRS: Network Planning and Optimisation. 6. EDGE: Network Planning and Optimisation. PART III: THIRD-GENERATION NETWORK PLANNING AND OPTIMISATION (WCDMA). 7. 3G Radio Network Planning and Optimisation. 8. 3G Transmission Network Planning and Optimisation. 9. 3G Core Network Planning and Optimisation. PART IV: FOURTH-GENERATION NETWORK PLANNING (OFDM/ALL-IP/WLAN). 10. 4G Network Planning. A. Integrated Network Planning Tool: Nokia NetAct Planner by Ari Niininen . B. MMS Network Planning by Christophe Landemaine. C. Location-based Services by Johanna Kahkonen. D. End-to-End System performance Measurement by N.B. Kamat. E. Erlang B Tables by Nezha Larhissi. Essential Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisCombines the theory and the practice of applied digital control This book presents the theory and application of microcontroller based automatic control systems. Microcontrollers are single-chip computers which can be used to control real-time systems.Table of ContentsPREFACE. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 The Idea Of System Control. 1.2 Computer In The Loop. 1.3 Centralized And Distributed Control Systems. 1.4 SCADA Systems. 1.5 Hardware Requirements For Computer Control. 1.6 Software Requirements For Computer Control. 1.7 Sensors Used In Computer Control. 1.8 Exercises. 2. SYSTEM MODELLING. 2.1 Mechanical Systems. 2.2 Electrical Systems. 2.3 Electromechanical Systems. 2.4 Fluid Systems. 2.5 Thermal Systems. 2.6 Exercises. 3. THE PIC MICROCONTROLLER. 3.1 The PIC Family. 3.2 Minimum PIC Configuration. 3.3 Some Popular PIC Microcontrollers. 3.4 Exercises. 4. PROGRAMMING PIC MICROCONTROLLERS. 4.1 PICC Lite Variable Types. 4.2 Variables. 4.3 Comments In Programs. 4.4 Storing Variables In The Program Memory. 4.5 Static Variables. 4.6 Volatile Variables. 4.7 Persistent Variables. 4.8 Absolute Address Variables. 4.9 Bank1 Qualifier. 4.10 Arrays. 4.11 ASCII Constants. 4.12 Arithmetic And Logic Operations. 4.13 Number Bases. 4.14 Structures. 4.15 Program Flow Control. 4.16 Functions In C. 4.17 Pointers In C. 4.18 Preprocessor Commands. 4.19 Accessing The EEPROM Memory. 4.20 Interrupts In C. 4.21 Delays In C Programs. 4.22 Structure Of A C Program. 4.23 PIC Microcontroller Input-Output Interface. 4.24 Exercises. 5. MICROCONTROLLER PROJECT DEVELOPMENT. 5.1 Hardware And Software Requirements. 5.2 Program Development Tool. 5.3 Exercises. 6. SAMPLED DATA SYSTEMS AND THE Z-TRANSFORM. 6.1 The Sampling Process. 6.2 Pulse Transfer Function And Manipulation Of Block Diagrams. 6.3 Exercises. 7. SYSTEM TIME RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS. 7.1 Time Response Comparison. 7.2 Time Domain Specifications. 7.3 Mapping The s-plane Into Z-plane. 7.4 Damping Ration And Undamped Natural Frequency In The Z-plane. 7.5 Damping Ratio And Undamped Natural Frequency Using Formulae. 7.6 Exercises. 8. SYSTEM STABILITY. 8.1 Factorizing The Characteristic Equation. 8.2 Jury’s Stability Test. 8.3 Routh-Hurwitz Criterion. 8.4 Root Locus. 8.5 Nyquist Criterion. 8.6 Bode Diagrams. 8.7 Exercises. 9. DISCRETE CONTROLLER DESIGN. 9.1 Digital Controllers. 9.2 PIC Control. 9.3 Exercises. 10. CONTROLLER REALIZATIONS. 10.1 Direct Structure. 10.2 Cascade Realization. 10.3 Parallel Realization. 10.4 PID Controller Realizations. 10.5 Microcontroller Implementations. 10.6 Choice Of Sampling Interval. 10.7 Exercises. 11. A CASE STUDY – LIQUID LEVEL DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM. 11.1 The System Schematic. 11.2 System Model. 11.3 Identification Of The System. 11.4 Designing A Controller. 11.5 Conclusions. APPENDIX A: TABLE OF Z-TRANSFORMS. APPENDIX B: MATLAB TUTORIAL. Index.

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Book SynopsisVSAT Networks: Second Edition covers all the important issues involved with the installation of VSAT systems.Since the first edition was published, the VSAT market has continued to expand steadily. VSAT technologies have advanced, prompting an increase in the take-up of VSAT services.Offering a comprehensive introduction to the topic followed by a detailed exploration of multiple access protocols, delay analysis and system dimensioning, this edition is a highly relevant update of VSAT Networks. Written by a well respected and established member of the satellite community, it will be welcomed be academics and engineers alike. Covers important issues of services, economics and regulatory aspects Provides a detailed technical insight on networking and radio frequency link aspects, therefore addressing the specific features of VSAT networks at the three lower layers of the OSI Reference Layer Model for data communications This timely secTable of ContentsPreface ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Notation xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 VSAT network definition 1 1.2 VSAT network configurations 5 1.3 User terminal connectivity 9 1.4 VSAT network applications and types of traffic 11 1.4.1 Civilian VSAT networks 11 1.4.2 Military VSAT networks 15 1.5 VSAT networks: involved parties 15 1.6 VSAT network options 17 1.6.1 Star or mesh? 17 1.6.2 Data/voice/video 21 1.6.3 Fixed/demand assignment 22 1.6.4 Frequency bands 24 1.6.5 Hub options 29 1.7 VSAT network earth stations 30 1.7.1 VSAT station 30 1.7.2 Hub station 35 1.8 Economic aspects 39 1.9 Regulatory aspects 41 1.9.1 Licensing 42 1.9.2 Access to the space segment 43 1.9.3 Local regulations 43 1.10 Conclusions 44 1.10.1 Advantages 44 1.10.2 Drawbacks 45 2 Use of satellites for VSAT networks 47 2.1 Introduction 48 2.1.1 The relay function 48 2.1.2 Transparent and regenerative payload 50 2.1.3 Coverage 52 2.1.4 Impact of coverage on satellite relay performance 55 2.1.5 Frequency reuse 59 2.2 Orbits 60 2.2.1 Newton’s universal law of attraction 60 2.2.2 Orbital parameters 61 2.3 The geostationary satellite 65 2.3.1 Orbit parameters 65 2.3.2 Launching the satellite 65 2.3.3 Distance to the satellite 68 2.3.4 Propagation delay 69 2.3.5 Conjunction of the sun and the satellite 69 2.3.6 Orbit perturbations 70 2.3.7 Apparent satellite movement 72 2.3.8 Orbit corrections 76 2.3.9 Doppler effect 77 2.4 Satellites for VSAT services 77 3 Operational aspects 79 3.1 Installation 79 3.1.1 Hub 79 3.1.2 VSAT 79 3.1.3 Antenna pointing 81 3.2 The customer’s concerns 85 3.2.1 Interfaces to end equipment 86 3.2.2 Independence from vendor 86 3.2.3 Set-up time 86 3.2.4 Access to the service 87 3.2.5 Flexibility 87 3.2.6 Failure and disaster recovery 87 3.2.7 Blocking probability 89 3.2.8 Response time 90 3.2.9 Link quality 91 3.2.10 Availability 91 3.2.11 Maintenance 96 3.2.12 Hazards 97 3.2.13 Cost 97 4 Networking aspects 99 4.1 Network functions 99 4.2 Some definitions 100 4.2.1 Links and connections 100 4.2.2 Bit rate 101 4.2.3 Protocols 103 4.2.4 Delay 103 4.2.5 Throughput 104 4.2.6 Channel efficiency 104 4.2.7 Channel utilisation 104 4.3 Traffic characterisation 105 4.3.1 Traffic forecasts 105 4.3.2 Traffic measurements 105 4.3.3 Traffic source modelling 106 4.4 The OSI reference model for data communications 110 4.4.1 The physical layer 112 4.4.2 The data link layer 112 4.4.3 The network layer 114 4.4.4 The transport layer 115 4.4.5 The upper layers (5 to 7) 116 4.5 Application to VSAT networks 116 4.5.1 Physical and protocol configurations of a VSAT network 116 4.5.2 Protocol conversion (emulation) 116 4.5.3 Reasons for protocol conversion 118 4.6 Multiple access 127 4.6.1 Basic multiple access protocols 129 4.6.2 Meshed networks 131 4.6.3 Star-shaped networks 134 4.6.4 Fixed assignment versus demand assignment 141 4.6.5 Random time division multiple access 149 4.6.6 Delay analysis 155 4.6.7 Conclusion 161 4.7 Network design 163 4.7.1 Principles 163 4.7.2 Guidelines for preliminary dimensioning 164 4.7.3 Example 168 4.8 Conclusion 169 5 Radio frequency link analysis 171 5.1 Principles 172 5.1.1 Thermal noise 173 5.1.2 Interference noise 174 5.1.3 Intermodulation noise 174 5.1.4 Carrier power to noise power spectral density ratio 176 5.1.5 Total noise 176 5.2 Uplink analysis 179 5.2.1 Power flux density at satellite distance 180 5.2.2 Effective isotropic radiated power of the earth station 181 5.2.3 Uplink path loss 188 5.2.4 Figure of merit of satellite receiving equipment 194 5.3 Downlink analysis 195 5.3.1 Effective isotropic radiated power of the satellite 197 5.3.2 Power Flux density at earth surface 197 5.3.3 Downlink path loss 198 5.3.4 Figure of merit of earth station receiving equipment 198 5.4 Intermodulation analysis 205 5.5 Interference analysis 207 5.5.1 Expressions for carrier-to-interference ratio 207 5.5.2 Types of interference 208 5.5.3 Self-interference 209 5.5.4 External interference 219 5.5.5 Conclusion 225 5.6 Overall link performance 226 5.7 Bit error rate determination 229 5.8 Power versus bandwidth exchange 231 5.9 Example 231 Appendices 239 Appendix 1: Traffic source models 239 Appendix 2: Automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols 242 Appendix 3: Interface protocols 245 Appendix 4: Antenna parameters 250 Appendix 5: Emitted and received power 254 Appendix 6: Carrier amplification 257 Appendix 7: VSAT products 260 References 265 Index 267

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Book SynopsisOffers an analysis of SDR baseband processing requirements of cellular handsets and basestations 3G handset baseband - ASIC, DSP, parallel processing, ACM and customised programmable architectures 3G basestation baseband - DSP, FPGA-based approaches, reconfigurable and parallel architectures.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword (Stephen Blust). Abbreviations. Biographies. Introduction (Walter Tuttlebee). PART I: REQUIREMENTS. 1. SDR Baseband Requirements and Direction to Solutions (Mark Cummings). PART II: HANDSET TECHNOLOGIES. 2. Open Mobile Handset Architectures based on the ZSP500 Embedded DSP Core (Jitendra Rayala and Wei-Jei Song). 3. DSP for Handsets: The Blackfin Processor (Jose Fridman and Zoran Zvonar). 4. XPP - An Enabling Technology for SDR Handsets (Eberhard Schler and Lorna Tan). 5. Adaptive Computing as the Enabling Technology for SDR (David Chou, et al.). 6. The Sandbridge Sandblaster Communications Processor (John Glossner, et al.). PART III: BASESTATION TECHNOLOGIES. 7. Cost Effective Software Radio for CDMA systems (Alan Gatherer, et al.). 8. DSP for Basestations - The TigerSHARC (Michael Lopez, et al.). 9. Altera System Architecture Solutions for SDR (Paul Ekas). 10. FPGAs: A Platform-Based Approach to Software Radios (Chris Dick and Jim Hwang). 11. Reconfigurable Parallel DSP - rDSP (Behzad Mohebbi and Fadi J. Kurdahi). 12. The picoArray: A Reconfigurable SDR Processor for Basestations (Rupert Baines). PART IV: EPILOGUE: STRATEGIC IMPACT. 13. The Impact of Technological Change (Walter Tuttlebee). Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamentals in probability and statistics along with relevant applications. This book explains the concept of probabilistic modelling and the process of model selection, verification and analysis. It also demonstrates practical problem solving with examples and exercises.Trade Review“For most practising engineers, this book would make a superb reference text, simply because there are so many worked examples, all extremely relevant to engineers.” (Significance, 1 March 2005) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. Part A: Probability and Random Variables. 2. Basic Probability Concepts. 3. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 4. Expectations And Moments. 5. Functions of Random Variables. 6. Some Important Discrete Distributions. 7. Some Important Continuous Distributions. Part B: Statistical Inference, Parameter Estimation, and Model Verification. 8. Observed Data and Graphical Representation. 9. Parameter Estimation. 10. Model Verification. 11. Linear Models and Linear Regression. Appendix A: Tables. Appendix B: Computer Software. Appendix C: Answers to Selected Problems. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamentals of the subject along with concepts of probabilistic modelling, and the process of model selection, verification and analysis. This book includes more than 100 examples and 200 exercises, along with a solutions manual for instructors. It presents the fundamentals in probability and statistics along with their applications.Trade Review“For most practising engineers, this book would make a superb reference text, simply because there are so many worked examples, all extremely relevant to engineers.” (Significance, 1 March 2005) "...the many engineering related examples and exercise problems are a strong feature..." (Technometrics, May 2005) "...designed for students, and as reference for lecturers, the book provides a comprehensive understanding of probability and statistics..." (New Civil Engineer, 18 March, 2004) "...written in an accessible and clear way...gives important techniques of the basic standard methods." (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.1049 2004) "...a good introduction to the ideas of probability and statistics...I would recommend it to anyone as a reference for basic theory..." (Journal of Applied Statistics, Vol 32 (6) August 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. Part A: Probability and Random Variables. 2. Basic Probability Concepts. 3. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 4. Expectations And Moments. 5. Functions of Random Variables. 6. Some Important Discrete Distributions. 7. Some Important Continuous Distributions. Part B: Statistical Inference, Parameter Estimation, and Model Verification. 8. Observed Data and Graphical Representation. 9. Parameter Estimation. 10. Model Verification. 11. Linear Models and Linear Regression. Appendix A: Tables. Appendix B: Computer Software. Appendix C: Answers to Selected Problems. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe field of telecommunications is becoming ever more complex. In order to manage the new Telecom industry it is necessary not only to understand its 3 main components, namelythe end users, the technology and networks,and the business aspects, but also their vital inter-relationships. Complexity leads to uncertainty, and one effect of uncertainty is for people to underestimate the complexity of the business and the technology. This book takes a holistic approach to the subject and can be used as a tool for decreasing this uncertainty. During 2000 many operators paid extremely high sums of money for 3G licenses in a number of European countries, supposing a potential corresponding and balancing revenue from mobile services in the new frequency band.Obviously today the licenses are questionable.Consequently, suppliers and operators were forced to reduce their international work force. What are the underlying reasons?Since the true rate and level of development was hardly Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Author xiii References and Acknowledgements xv Glossary xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Book in Brief 1 1.2 A Dynamic Situation 10 1.3 Success Factors for the Growth of Mobile Services 11 1.4 Comment on Terminology 12 2 End-User Needs and Demands 15 2.1 Objectives 15 2.2 The Role of the Unpredictable (?) End User 18 2.3 User Analysis and Segmentation 19 2.4 Basic Needs Model 33 2.5 Mapping of Needs and Services 35 2.6 The Human End User as a Traffic Generator and Receiver 41 2.7 The Future Most Common End User: A Machine 43 2.8 What are the Service Drivers? 45 2.9 User Perception 46 2.10 Summary 47 3 Networks and Technologies 49 3.1 Objectives 49 3.2 What is a Network? 51 3.3 What is a Vertical Network? 54 3.4 The Convergence (or Collision?) 57 3.5 What is a Horizontal Network? 63 3.6 Fundamental Plans 65 3.7 A Techno-Economic View of the Convergence 70 3.8 Adaptation of the Basic Triangle and FPs to the Converged Multi-Service Network 71 3.9 The Connectivity Layer 75 3.10 The Control Layer 78 3.11 The Service Layer 78 3.12 The Distributed Network Dimension 83 3.13 The Processing Dimension 87 3.14 Key Enablers 89 3.15 General Enabler Development 93 3.16 Enabler Overview 93 4 Telecom Business 99 4.1 Objectives 99 4.2 The Telemanagement Forum 101 4.3 Adopting a Telecom Business Perspective 105 4.4 Telecom Enterprise Strategy: Roles for Positioning 108 4.5 Tools for Profitability Calculations and Business Cases 122 4.6 Revenue 130 4.7 Cost Efficiency 135 5 Services 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 The Service Plan 154 5.3 A Common Segmentation of Services for Mobile Internet 157 5.4 Service Segmentation for Planning 159 5.5 Value-added Services 165 5.6 Economy of Service by Means of Caching 166 5.7 Economy of Service by Means of Saving Bandwidth 166 5.8 Bandwidth Requirements 170 5.9 Security 172 5.10 Future Service Development 172 5.11 Pricing: Charging in the New Telecom World 174 5.12 The Service Plan versus the New Architecture 177 5.13 The Core Network and the Service Plan 177 5.14 The Access Network and the Service Plan 180 5.15 Telecom Management and the Service Plan 183 6 Security 185 6.1 Objectives 185 6.2 The Goals of the User and Actor. Terminology 186 6.3 The Problem 187 6.4 Non-Availability for Non-Security Reasons 194 6.5 Connecting Security Terms into Telecommunication 194 6.6 Main Ways to Implement Security 196 6.7 Integrity and Confidentiality by Access Control – Authentication 202 6.8 Integrity by Access Control – Authorization in Enterprises 205 6.9 Integrity by Access Control – Firewalls 205 6.10 Confidentiality: Encryption and Key Management 207 6.11 Confidentiality by Tunnelling 210 6.12 Confidentiality and Integrity by IPsec 212 6.13 Confidentiality and Integrity for Mail by S/MIME 214 6.14 Applications and Solutions 215 6.15 Summary with IPsec and FP Focus 219 7 Quality of Service 221 7.1 Objective 221 7.2 Introduction 221 7.3 Perception of QoS 224 7.4 Threats to QoS 229 7.5 QoS Enablers 237 7.6 QoS at the Application Level 243 7.7 Implementation of QoS in UMTS 244 8 Service Implementation 247 8.1 Objectives 247 8.2 Chapter Structure 249 8.3 Target Network 250 8.4 Development Tracks 254 8.5 Introduction to Packet Design 256 8.6 The Role of Fundamental Technical Plans in Packet Design 258 8.7 Top-Down Approach to Packet Design 259 8.8 Specific Fundamental Technical Plans 266 8.9 Convergence Between Fundamental Technical Plans 275 8.10 Traffic Cases 280 9 Service Network 285 9.1 Objectives 285 9.2 Connection to Preceding Chapters 285 9.3 What is a Service Network? 286 9.4 Service Network Domain and Principles 288 9.5 Terminology 290 9.6 The Architecture of Service Networks 290 9.7 The Needs of the User Domain 295 9.8 The Needs of the Service Network Owner 296 9.9 Service Network Implementation 299 9.10 The (IP) Service Network Support Entities 300 9.11 Examples of Service Implementation 301 10 Terminals 305 10.1 What is a Terminal? 305 10.2 Business Aspects 308 10.3 History 309 10.4 Terminals for Mobile Networks 309 10.5 PDA Development 311 10.6 Terminal Convergence 312 10.7 The Changing Role of Terminating Devices 312 10.8 What is a Customer Premises Network? 313 10.9 Some Enablers 315 10.10 Terminal Functionality – Example 317 10.11 The Future 318 11 Edge Nodes 319 11.1 Introduction 319 11.2 Access and Backbone Networks 321 11.3 MGW Interfaces 323 11.4 Media Gateway Tasks 324 11.5 Summary 329 12 Packet Backbone 331 12.1 Objectives 331 12.2 Service Plan versus Packet Backbone 332 12.3 Capacity Development 334 12.4 Control Functions in the Packet Backbone 336 12.5 The Distributed Dimension 339 12.6 Traffic 339 12.7 ATM Solutions 340 12.8 IP Routing 342 12.9 IP QoS 344 12.10 Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 347 12.11 Multi-Layer Control 348 13 Access Network 351 13.1 Objectives 351 13.2 Introduction 351 13.3 What is an Access Network? 352 13.4 Access System Fragmentation 357 13.5 Unification 358 13.6 The Distributed Dimension 359 13.7 The Layered Dimension 361 13.8 Fundamental Plans in Access Networks 363 13.9 Mobility 364 13.10 Access Technologies in Mobile Networks 364 13.11 System Evolution 366 13.12 Fixed Systems 374 13.13 Fibre-Based Systems 376 13.14 Ethernet 376 13.15 Combined ADSL over Copper and Ethernet Over Fibre Solution 377 13.16 Cable Modem 378 13.17 WLAN 379 13.18 Satellite Technologies 381 13.19 High Speed Fixed Radio 382 14 Control Network 385 14.1 Introduction 385 14.2 The Environment of the Control Network 387 14.3 Fundamental Plans in the Control Network 388 14.4 A Simple Target Control Network Signalling 390 14.5 Circuit Mode Domain 394 14.6 Packet Mode Domain 397 14.7 IMS Domain = IP Multimedia Subsystem 399 14.8 HLR/HSS for all Previous Domains 402 14.9 The Domain of (Voice and) Signalling Over IP 402 14.10 Common Support Functions 406 15 Interconnection 409 15.1 Objectives 409 15.2 Introduction 410 15.3 Interconnection in Tele-Centric Fixed Voice Networks 413 15.4 Definition of an Actor Interface Reference Point 414 15.5 Service Level Agreements 415 15.6 Service Interworking 416 15.7 QoS Interworking 417 15.8 PDP Context Activation for Connection to a Data Network 418 15.9 Security Interworking 419 15.10 Signalling Interworking 420 15.11 Routing 421 15.12 Mobility Management 423 15.13 Charging and Accounting 424 15.14 Possible Interworking UMTS–WLAN 426 16 Telecom Management – Operations 429 16.1 Introduction 429 16.2 The Management System 431 16.3 Basic Process Part 438 16.4 The TMN Functional Areas 441 16.5 Service Management 443 16.6 TM Operations from a Roce Perspective 445 16.7 Customer Care and Data Warehousing 448 16.8 Security Management 451 16.9 QoS Management 452 16.10 Terminal Management 453 16.11 Access Network Management 454 16.12 Management of Layered and Serial Interworking 454 16.13 Conclusions 457 Appendix 1 Web Services and a Service-Oriented Architecture 459 Appendix 2 Financial Calculations 463 Appendix 3 Development Tracks 473 Appendix 4 Dimensioning Media Gateways and Associated Telephony Servers 481 Index 499

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Book SynopsisOffers an overview of basic quantum computing algorithms and their enhanced versions such as efficient database searching, counting and phase estimation. This book introduces quantum-assisted solutions for telecom problems including multi-user detection in mobile systems, routing in IP based networks, and secure ciphering key distribution.Table of ContentsPreface. How to use this book. Acknowledgements. List of Figures. Acronyms. PART I: INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM COMPUTING. 1. Motivations. 2. Quantum Computing Basics. 3. Measurements. PART II: QUANTUM ALGORITHMS. 4. Two Simple Quantum Algorithms. 5. Quantum Parallelism. 6. Quantum Fourier Transform and its Applications. PART III: QUANTUM-ASSISTED SOLUTIONS OF INFOCOM PROBLEMS. 7. Searching in an Unsorted Database. 8. Quantum Based Multiuser Detection. 9. Quantum Based Code Breaking. 10. Quantum Based Key Distribution. 11. Surfing the WEB on Quantum Basics. PART IV: APPENDICES. 12. Mathematical Background. 13. Derivations Related to the Generalized Grover Algorithm. 14. Complex Baseband-Equivalent Description of Bandlimited Signals. 15. Useful Links. References. Solution of Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs audio and telecommunication technologies develop, there is an increasing need to evaluate the technical and perceptual performance of these innovations. A growing number of new technologies (e.g.Table of ContentsPreface. Organisation of the book. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Listening tests - motivation for. 1.2 Role of standardization. 1.3 Role of predictive models. I. EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS. 2. Definition of research question and hypothesis. 2.1 Principle of empiricism. 2.2 Principle of rationalism. 2.3 Other principles of scientific argumentation. 2.3.1 Probabilistic reasoning. 2.3.2 Argumentum ad hominem. 2.3.3 Conclusion by analogy. 2.4 Summary. 3. Fundamentals of experimentation. 4. Quantification of impression. 4.1 Response attribute. 4.1.1 Perceptual measurements. 4.1.2 Affective measurements. 4.2 Response format. 4.2.1 Direct scaling. 4.2.2 Indirect scaling. 4.2.3 Selection of appropriate scaling procedure. 4.2.4 Context and bias effects. 4.2.5 Other bias effects. 4.3 Overview of process. 5. Experimental variables. 5.1 Signal. 5.1.1 Signal category. 5.1.2 Recording technique, storage and encoding. 5.1.3 Time domain characteristics. 5.1.4 Spectral characteristics. 5.1.5 Spatial characteristics. 5.1.6 Reference signals. 5.2 Reproduction system. 5.3 Listening room. 5.4 Subject considerations. 5.4.1 Categorisation and applicability. 5.4.2 Listening panels. 5.4.3 Subject selection. 5.4.4 Training and monitoring. 6. Statistics. 6.1 Statistical experimental design. 6.2 Statistical analysis. 6.2.1 Classification of data type. 6.2.2 Levels of analysis. 6.2.3 Descriptive level. 6.2.4 Inferential level. 6.2.5 Statistical checklist. II. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 7. Electroacoustic considerations. 7.1 Listening rooms. 7.1.1 IEC 60268-13 listening rooms. 7.1.2 ITU-R BS.1116-1 listening rooms. 7.1.3 EBU 3276 listening rooms. 7.1.4 General characteristics. 7.2 Listening booths. 7.3 Other spaces. 7.4 Listener and loudspeaker positioning. 7.4.1 Monophonic reproduction. 7.4.2 Stereophonic reproduction. 7.4.3 Multichannel reproduction. 7.4.4 Separate bass loudspeakers. 7.4.5 Listener position. 7.5 Accompanying picture. 7.6 Commonly encountered problems. 7.7 Electrical considerations. 8. Calibration. 8.1 Level calibration. 8.1.1 Level calibration methods. 8.1.2 Level metric selection. 8.1.3 Preferred listening levels. 8.1.4 Reference reproduction levels. 8.2 Loudspeaker calibration. 8.2.1 Level calibration. 8.3 Headphone calibration. 8.3.1 Headphone types. 8.3.2 Ear measurement points. 8.3.3 Headphone measurement. 8.3.4 Target frequency response. 8.3.5 Level calibration. 9. Test planning, administration and reporting. 9.1 Planning. 9.1.1 Experimental planning. 9.1.2 Logistic considerations. 9.1.3 Ethical considerations. 9.2 Administration. 9.2.1 Subject matters. 9.2.2 Subject familiarisation. 9.2.3 Listening test software. 9.3 Reporting. III. APPLICATIONS. 10. Commonly encountered experimental paradigms. 10.1 Standards. 10.1.1 ITU-T P.800 methods. 10.1.2 ITU-R BS.1116-1. 10.1.3 ITU-R BS.1534-1. IV. APPENDICES. A: Standards and Recommendations. A.1 Audio Engineering Society. A.2 American National Standards Institute. A.3 European Broadcasting Union. A.4 International Electrotechnical Commission. A.5 The International Telecommunications Union standards. A.5.1 Telecommunications Standardisation Sector. B: Attribute lists. B.1 Speech quality. B.2 Spatial sound quality. B.2.1 Loudspeakers. B.2.2 Headphones. B.3 Other quality attributes. C: Audio source and demonstration material. D: A-, B-, C- and D- weighting curves. E: DRP-ERP compensation curves. F: Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers various aspects of digital speech coding, from an introduction to the background, sampling and analysis, quantization methods, and coders through to the research in areas such as voice activity detection and speech enhancement.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 2 Coding Strategies and Standards. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Speech Coding Techniques. 2.3 Algorithm Objectives and Requirements. 2.4 Standard Speech Coders. 2.5 Summary. Bibliography. 3 Sampling and Quantization. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Sampling. 3.3 Scalar Quantization. 3.4 Vector Quantization. 3.5 Summary. Bibliography. 4 Speech Signal Analysis and Modelling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Short-Time Spectral Analysis. 4.3 Linear Predictive Modelling of Speech Signals. 4.4 Pitch Prediction. 4.5 Summary. Bibliography. 5 Efficient LPC QuantizationMethods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Alternative Representation of LPC. 5.3 LPC to LSF Transformation. 5.4 LSF to LPC Transformation. 5.5 Properties of LSFs. 5.6 LSF Quantization. 5.7 Codebook Structures. 5.8 MSVQ Performance Analysis. 5.9 Inter-frame Correlation. 5.10 Improved LSF Estimation Through Anti-Aliasing Filtering. 5.11 Summary. Bibliography. 6 Pitch Estimation and Voiced–Unvoiced Classification of Speech. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Pitch Estimation Methods. 6.3 Voiced–Unvoiced Classification. 6.4 Summary. Bibliography. 7 Analysis by Synthesis LPC Coding. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Generalized AbS Coding. 7.3 Code-Excited Linear Predictive Coding. 7.4 Summary. Bibliography. 8 Harmonic Speech Coding. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sinusoidal Analysis and Synthesis. 8.3 Parameter Estimation. 8.4 Common Harmonic Coders. 8.5 Summary. Bibliography. 9 Multimode Speech Coding. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Design Challenges of a Hybrid Coder. 9.3 Summary of Hybrid Coders. 9.4 Synchronized Waveform-Matched Phase Model. 9.5 Hybrid Encoder. 9.6 Speech Classification. 9.7 Hybrid Decoder. 9.8 Performance Evaluation. 9.9 Quantization Issues of Hybrid Coder Parameters. 9.10 Variable Bit Rate Coding. 9.11 Acoustic Noise and Channel Error Performance. 9.12 Summary. Bibliography. 10 Voice Activity Detection. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Standard VAD Methods. 10.3 Likelihood-Ratio-Based VAD. 10.4 Summary. Bibliography. 11 Speech Enhancement. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Review of STSA-based Speech Enhancement. 11.3 Noise Adaptation. 11.4 Echo Cancellation. 11.5 Summary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisScattering based numerical methods are applied to the numerical simulation of distributed time dependent physical systems. These methods have appeared in various guises as the transmission line matrix method, multidimensional wave digital filtering, and digital waveguide methods. This book provides a framework for all of these techniques.Trade Review"...remarkable...the book is to be highly recommended..." (International Journal of Numerical Modelling, Vol 18 (4) July 2005)Table of ContentsPreface xi Foreword xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 An Overview of Scattering Methods 3 1.1.1 Remarks on Passivity 3 1.1.2 Case Study: The Kelly–Lochbaum Digital Speech Synthesis Model 4 1.1.3 Digital Waveguide Networks 12 1.1.4 A General Approach: Multidimensional Circuit Representations and Wave Digital Filters 18 1.2 Questions 24 2 Wave Digital Filters 25 2.1 Classical Network Theory 27 2.1.1 N-ports 27 2.1.2 Power and Passivity 28 2.1.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 30 2.1.4 Circuit Elements 31 2.2 Wave Digital Elements and Connections 32 2.2.1 The Bilinear Transform 33 2.2.2 Wave Variables 35 2.2.3 Pseudopower and Pseudopassivity 36 2.2.4 Wave Digital Elements 37 2.2.5 Adaptors 41 2.2.6 Signal and Coefficient Quantization 43 2.2.7 VectorWave Variables 45 2.3 Wave Digital Filters and Finite Differences 48 3 Multidimensional Wave Digital Networks 53 3.1 Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems 55 3.2 Coordinate Changes and Grid Generation 60 3.2.1 Structure of Coordinate Changes 61 3.2.2 Coordinate Changes in (1 +1)D 61 3.2.3 Coordinate Changes in Higher Dimensions 62 3.3 MD-passivity 65 3.4 MD Circuit Elements 68 3.4.1 The MD Inductor 68 3.4.2 Other MD Elements 70 3.4.3 Discretization in the Spectral Domain 71 3.4.4 Other Spectral Mappings 73 3.5 The (1 + 1)D Advection Equation 74 3.5.1 A Multidimensional Kirchhoff Circuit 75 3.5.2 Stability 76 3.5.3 An Upwind Form 77 3.6 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line 79 3.6.1 MDKC for the (1 + 1)D Transmission Line Equations 80 3.6.2 Digression: The Inductive Lattice Two-port 82 3.6.3 Energetic Interpretation 83 3.6.4 An MDWD Network for the (1 + 1)D Transmission Line 83 3.6.5 Simplified Networks 85 3.7 The (2 +1)D Parallel-plate System 86 3.7.1 MDKC and MDWD Network 87 3.8 Finite Difference Interpretation 89 3.8.1 MDWD Networks as Multistep Schemes 90 3.8.2 Numerical Phase Velocity and Parasitic Modes 93 3.9 Initial Conditions 97 3.10 Boundary Conditions 99 3.10.1 MDKC Modeling of Boundaries 101 3.11 Balanced Forms 105 3.12 Higher-order Accuracy 108 4 Digital Waveguide Networks 115 4.1 FDTD and TLM 117 4.2 Digital Waveguides 118 4.2.1 The Bidirectional Delay Line 118 4.2.2 Impedance 119 4.2.3 Wave Equation Interpretation 120 4.2.4 Note on the Different Definitions of Wave Quantities 121 4.2.5 Scattering Junctions 122 4.2.6 Vector Waveguides and Scattering Junctions 124 4.2.7 Transitional Note 126 4.3 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line 127 4.3.1 First-order System and the Wave Equation 127 4.3.2 Centered Difference Schemes and Grid Decimation 127 4.3.3 A (1+1)D Waveguide Network 129 4.3.4 Waveguide Network and the Wave Equation 131 4.3.5 An Interleaved Waveguide Network 133 4.3.6 Varying Coefficients 135 4.3.7 Incorporating Losses and Sources 141 4.3.8 Numerical Phase Velocity and Dispersion 143 4.3.9 Boundary Conditions 144 4.4 The (2 +1)D Parallel-plate System . 146 4.4.1 Defining Equations and Centered Differences 146 4.4.2 The Waveguide Mesh 149 4.4.3 Reduced Computational Complexity and Memory Requirements in the Standard Form of the Waveguide Mesh 156 4.4.4 Boundary Conditions 158 4.5 Initial Conditions 162 4.6 Music and Audio Applications of Digital Waveguides 164 5 Extensions of Digital Waveguide Networks 169 5.1 Alternative Grids in (2 +1)D 169 5.1.1 Hexagonal and Triangular Grids 170 5.1.2 The Waveguide Mesh in Radial Coordinates 173 5.2 The (3 + 1)D Wave Equation and Waveguide Meshes 180 5.3 The Waveguide Mesh in General Curvilinear Coordinates 182 5.4 Interfaces between Grids 186 5.4.1 Doubled Grid Density Across an Interface 187 5.4.2 Progressive Grid Density Doubling 193 5.4.3 Grid Density Quadrupling 196 5.4.4 Connecting Rectilinear and Radial Grids 198 5.4.5 Grid Density Doubling in (3 +1)D 202 5.4.6 Note 203 6 Scattering Methods: A Unified Perspective 205 6.1 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line Revisited 206 6.1.1 Multidimensional Unit Elements 207 6.1.2 Hybrid Form of the Multidimensional Unit Element 208 6.1.3 Alternative MDKC for the (1+1) D Transmission Line 210 6.2 Alternative MDKC for the (2 + 1) D Parallel-plate System 212 6.3 Higher-order Accuracy Revisited 214 6.4 Maxwell’s Equations 217 7 Applications to Vibrating Systems 223 7.1 Beam Dynamics 224 7.1.1 MDKC and MDWD network for Timoshenko’s System 226 7.1.2 Waveguide Network for Timoshenko’s System 228 7.1.3 Boundary Conditions in the DWN 230 7.1.4 Simulation: Timoshenko’s System for Beams of Uniform and Varying Cross-sectional Areas 232 7.1.5 Improved MDKC for Timoshenko’s System via Balancing 233 7.2 Plates 235 7.2.1 MDKCs and Scattering Networks for Mindlin’s System 238 7.2.2 Boundary Termination of the Mindlin Plate 242 7.2.3 Simulation: Mindlin’s System for Plates of Uniform and Varying Thickness 246 7.3 Cylindrical Shells 247 7.3.1 The Membrane Shell 248 7.3.2 The Naghdi–Cooper System II Formulation 250 7.4 Elastic Solids 252 7.4.1 Scattering Networks for the Navier System 255 7.4.2 Boundary Conditions 258 8 Time-varying and Nonlinear Systems 261 8.1 Time-varying and Nonlinear Circuit Elements 262 8.1.1 Lumped Elements 262 8.1.2 Distributed Elements 263 8.2 Linear Time-varying Distributed Systems 264 8.2.1 A Time-varying Transmission Line Model 266 8.3 Lumped Nonlinear Systems in Musical Acoustics 267 8.3.1 Piano Hammers 267 8.3.2 The Single Reed 270 8.4 From Wave Digital Principles to Relativity Theory 272 8.4.1 Origin of the Challenge 272 8.4.2 The Principle of Newtonian Limit 274 8.4.3 Newton’s Second Law 274 8.4.4 Newton’s Third Law and Some Consequences 276 8.4.5 Moving Electromagnetic Fields 277 8.4.6 The Bertozzi Experiment 277 8.5 Burger’s Equation 278 8.6 The Gas Dynamics Equations 280 8.6.1 MDKC and MDWD Network for the Gas Dynamics Equations 282 8.6.2 An Alternate MDKC and Scattering Network 283 8.6.3 Entropy Variables 285 9 Concluding Remarks 289 9.1 Answers 289 9.2 Questions 293 A Finite Difference Schemes for the Wave Equation 297 A.1 Von Neumann Analysis of Difference Schemes 298 A.1.1 One-step Schemes 299 A.1.2 Multistep Schemes 300 A.1.3 Vector Schemes 302 A.1.4 Numerical Phase Velocity 302 A.2 Finite Difference Schemes for the (2 + 1)D Wave Equation 303 A.2.1 The Rectilinear Scheme 304 A.2.2 The Interpolated Rectilinear Scheme 305 A.2.3 The Triangular Scheme 309 A.2.4 The Hexagonal Scheme 311 A.2.5 Note on Higher-order Accuracy 314 A.3 Finite Difference Schemes for the (3 + 1)D Wave Equation 315 A.3.1 The Cubic Rectilinear Scheme 315 A.3.2 The Octahedral Scheme 317 A.3.3 The (3 + 1) D Interpolated Rectilinear Scheme 318 A.3.4 The Tetrahedral Scheme 321 B Eigenvalue and Steady State Problems 325 B.1 Introduction 325 B.2 Abstract Time Domain Models 326 B.3 Typical Eigenvalue Distribution of a Discretized PDE 326 B.4 Excitation and Filtering 327 B.5 Partial Similarity Transform 327 B.6 Steady State Problems 329 B.7 Generalization to Multiple Eigenvalues 330 B.8 Numerical Example 331 Bibliography 333 Index 355

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Book SynopsisThe growing demand for instant and reliable communication means that photonic circuits are increasingly finding applications in optical communications systems. One of the prime candidates to provide satisfactory performance at low cost in the photonic circuit is silicon. Whilst silicon photonics is less well developed as compared to some other material technologies, it is poised to make a serious impact on the telecommunications industry, as well as in many other applications, as other technologies fail to meet the yield/performance/cost trade-offs. Following a sympathetic tutorial approach, this first book on silicon photonics provides a comprehensive overview of the technology. Silicon Photonics explains the concepts of the technology, taking the reader through the introductory principles, on to more complex building blocks of the optical circuit. Starting with the basics of waveguides and the properties peculiar to silicon, the book also features: Key design issues Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Foreword. Acknowledgements. 1. Fundamentals. 2. The Basics of Guided Waves. 3. Characteristics of Optical Fibres for Communications. 4. Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Photonics. 5. Fabrication of Silicon Waveguide Devices. 6. A Selection of Photonic Devices. 7. Polarisation-dependent Losses: Issues for Consideration. 8. Prospects for Silicon Light-emitting Devices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA unique treatment of polarization engineering focusing on Liquid Crystal Display projection systems, Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection explains how the performance and functionality of high definition displays can be improved through an understanding of polarization principles.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Case for Projection. 1.2 History and Projection Technology Overview. 1.3 Scope of the Book. 2 Liquid Crystal Projection System Basics. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Brightness and Color Sensitivity of the Human Eye. 2.3 Photometric Measurement. 2.4 Summary of What Constitutes a “Good” RPTV Display in the Current Marketplace. 2.5 System Engineering. 2.6 Étendue Considerations. 3 Polarization Basics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 3.3 Interaction with Media. 3.4 Index Ellipsoid Visualization. 3.5 Modeling Techniques. 4 System Components. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Retarders. 4.3 Polarizers. 4.4 Interference Filters. 4.5 Polarizing Beam Splitters (PBSs). 4.6 Other Components. 5 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). 5.1 Description and Brief History. 5.2 Anisotropic Properties of Liquid Crystals. 5.3 Frank Free Energy and Electromagnetic Field Contribution to Free Energy. 5.4 Alignment Layer and LC Pretilt Angle. 5.5 Rotational Viscosity. 5.6 Electro-optical Effect of LCs. 5.7 LC Modes for Projection. 5.8 FOV of LCDs. 6 Retarder Stack Filters. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Principle and Background of RSFs. 6.3 RSFs in LC Projection Systems. 6.4 Design of RSFs. 6.5 Properties of Retarder Stacks. 7 System Contrast. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 On-axis Contrast. 7.3 Off-axis Effects. 7.4 PBS/LCOS Compensation. 7.5 ANSI Contrast Enhancement. 7.6 Skew Ray Compensated Retarder Stack Filters. 7.7 Alternative Projection Systems. 7.8 Overall System Contrast. 8 Color Management. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 System Color Band Determination. 8.3 Color Management in Projection Systems. 9 Transmissive Three-panel Projection System. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Brief System Description. 9.3 System Throughput. 9.4 Contrast. 9.4.1 Negative c-plate Compensation. 10 Three-panel Reflective Systems. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 3×PBS/X-cube System. 10.3 Polarization Color Filter Systems. 10.4 Three-panel LCOS System Comparison. 11 Single and Dual Panel LC Projection Systems. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Generic Color Sequential Single Panel Reflective LC System. 11.3 Example Single Panel Color Sequential Systems. 11.4 Two-panel Systems. 11.5 Commercialized Single Panel Projection Systems Based on Spatial Color Separation. Appendix A. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis easy-to-read volume explains the principles of array and phased array antennas at an introductory level, without relying heavily on a thorough understanding of electromagnetics or even antenna theory. Although the principles are explained mathematically, the introduction is based on the array's physical characteristics rather than mathematics.Table of ContentsPreface. References. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1 Radiation. 1.1 The Early History of Electricity and Magnetism. 1.2 James Clerk Maxwell, The Union of Electricity and Magnetism. 1.3 Radiation by Accelerated Charge. 1.4 Reactive and Radiating Electromagnetic Fields. 2 Antennas. 2.1 The Early History of Antennas. 2.2 Antenna Developments During the First World War. 2.3 Antenna Developments in Between the Wars. 2.4 Antenna Developments During the Second World War. 2.5 Post-War Antenna Developments. 3 Antenna Parameters. 3.1 Radiation Pattern. 3.2 Antenna Impedance and Bandwidth. 3.3 Polarisation. 3.4 Antenna Effective Area and Vector Effective Length. 3.5 Radio Equation. 3.6 Radar Equation. 4 The Linear Broadside Array Antenna. 4.1 A Linear Array of Non-Isotropic Point-Source Radiators. 4.2 Plane Waves. 4.3 Received Signal. 4.4 Array Factor. 4.5 Side Lobes and Grating Lobes. 4.6 Amplitude Taper. 5 Design of a 4-Element, Linear, Broadside, Microstrip Patch Array Antenna. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna. 5.3 Split-T Power Divider. 5.4 Transmission and Reflection Coefficients for a Corporate Fed Array Antenna. 5.5 Simulation, Realisation and Measurement. 6 The Linear Endfire Array Antenna. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Phase Differences. 6.3 Hansen–Woodyard Endfire Array Antenna. 6.4 Mutual Coupling. 6.5 Yagi–Uda Array Antenna. 7 The Linear Phased Array Antenna. 7.1 Linear Phase Taper. 7.2 Beam Broadening. 7.3 Grating Lobes and Visible Space. 7.4 Means of Phase Shifting. 8 A Frequency Scanned Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna. 8.1 Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna. 8.2 Antenna Design. 8.3 Validation. 9 The Planar Array and Phased Array Antenna. 9.1 Geometry. 9.2 Planar Array Antenna. 9.3 Planar Phased Array Antenna. 10 Special Array Antenna Configurations. 10.1 Conformal Array and Phased Array Antennas. 10.2 Volume Array and Phased Array Antennas. 10.3 Sequential Rotation and Phasing. 10.4 Reactive Loading. 11 Array and Phased Array Antenna Measurement. 11.1 Input Impedance, Self-Coupling and Mutual Coupling. 11.2 Radiation Pattern Measurement. 11.3 Scan Element Pattern. 11.4 Waveguide Simulator. Appendix A: Complex Analysis. A.1 Complex Numbers. A.2 Use of Complex Variables. Appendix B: Vector Analysis. B.1 Notation. B.2 Addition and Subtraction. B.3 Products. B.4 Derivatives. Appendix C: Effective Aperture and Directivity. Appendix D: Transmission Line Theory. D.1 Distributed Parameters. D.2 Guided Waves. D.3 Input Impedance of a Transmission Line. D.4 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines. D.5 Quarter Wavelength Impedance Transformer. Appendix E: Scattering Matrix. E.1 Normalised Scattering Matrix. E.2 Unnormalised Scattering Matrix. Appendix F: Voltage Incident at a Transmission Line. Appendix :G Cascaded Scattering Matrices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe increasing demand for wireless communications has revolutionised the lifestyle of today's society and one of the key components of wireless technology is antenna design. Traditional antenna designs can be used but the increasingly sophisticated customer is demanding smaller, low profile designs.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Planar Radiators. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Bandwidth Definitions. 1.2.1 Impedance Bandwidth. 1.2.2 Pattern Bandwidth. 1.2.3 Polarization or Axial-ratio Bandwidth. 1.2.4 Summary. 1.3 Planar Antennas. 1.3.1 Suspended Plate Antennas. 1.3.2 Bent Plate Antennas. 1.4 Overview of this Book. References. 2 Broadband Microstrip Patch Antennas. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Important Features of Microstrip Patch Antennas. 2.2.1 Patch Shapes. 2.2.2 Substrates. 2.2.3 Feeding Structures. 2.2.4 Example: Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas. 2.3 Broadband Techniques. 2.3.1 Lowering the Q. 2.3.2 Using an Impedance Matching Network. 2.3.3 Case Study: Microstrip Patch Antenna with Impedance Matching Stub. 2.3.4 Introducing Multiple Resonances. 2.3.5 Case Study: Microstrip Patch Antenna with Stacked Elements. References. 3 Broadband Suspended Plate Antennas. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Techniques to Broaden Impedance Bandwidth. 3.2.1 Capacitive Load. 3.2.2 Slotted Plates. 3.2.3 Case Study: SPA with an -shaped Slot. 3.2.4 Electromagnetic Coupling. 3.2.5 Nonplanar Plates. 3.2.6 Vertical Feed Sheet. 3.3 Techniques to Enhance Radiation Performance. 3.3.1 Radiation Characteristics of SPAs. 3.3.2 SPA with Dual Feed Probes. 3.3.3 Case Study: Center-concaved SPA with Dual Feed Probes. 3.3.4 SPA with Half-wavelength Probe-fed Strip. 3.3.5 SPA with Probe-fed Center Slot. 3.3.6 Case Study: Center-fed SPA with Double L-shaped Probes. 3.3.7 SPA with Slots and Shorting Strips. 3.4 Arrays with Suspended Plate Elements. 3.4.1 Mutual Coupling between Two Suspended Plate Elements. 3.4.2 Reduced-size Array above Double-tiered Ground Plane. References. 4 Planar Inverted-L/F Antennas. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Inverted-L/F Antenna. 4.3 Broadband Planar Inverted-F/L Antenna. 4.3.1 Planar Inverted-F Antenna. 4.3.2 Planar Inverted-L Antenna. 4.4 Case Studies. 4.4.1 Handset Antennas. 4.4.2 Laptop Computer Antennas. References. 5 Planar Monopole Antennas and Ultra-wideband Applications. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Planar Monopole Antenna. 5.2.1 Planar Bi-conical Structure. 5.2.2 Planar Monopoles. 5.2.3 Roll Monopoles. 5.2.4 EMC Feeding Methods. 5.3 Planar Antennas for UWB Applications. 5.3.1 Ultra-wideband Technology. 5.3.2 Considerations for UWB Antennas and Source Pulses. 5.3.3 Planar UWB Antenna and Assessment. 5.4 Case Studies. 5.4.1 Planar UWB Antenna Printed on a PCB. 5.4.2 Planar UWB Antenna Embedded into a Laptop Computer. 5.4.3 Planar Directional UWB Antenna. References. Index

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Book SynopsisIn Thermal Infrared Sensors, the authors describe the measuring system comprising the sensor and also consider the relationship between radiation source, optical conditions and sensor. The main focus of this book is directed towards thermal (un-cooled) detectors which are the cheapest and most-used detector elements.Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface. List of Examples. List of Symbols. Indices. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Infrared Radiation. 1.1.1 Technical Applications. 1.1.2 Classification of Infrared Radiation. 1.2 Historical Development. 1.3 Advantages of Infrared Measuring Technology. 1.4 Comparison of Thermal and Photonic Infrared Sensors. 1.5 Temperature and Spatial Resolution of Infrared Sensors. 1.6 Single-Element Sensors Versus Array Sensors. References. 2 Radiometric Basics. 2.1 Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Solid-State Bodies. 2.1.1 Propagation of Radiation. 2.1.2 Propagation in Lossy Media. 2.1.3 Fields at Interfaces. 2.1.4 Transmission Through Thin Dielectric Layers. 2.2 Radiation Variables.- 2.2.1 Radiation-Field-Related Variables. 2.2.2 Emitter-Side Variables. 2.2.3 Receiver-Related Variables. 2.2.4 Spectral Variables. 2.2.5 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission. 2.2.6 Emissivity. 2.3 Radiation Laws. References. 3 Photometric Basics. 3.1 Solid Angle. 3.1.1 Definition. 3.1.2 Solid Angle Calculations. 3.2 Basic Law of Photometry. 3.2.1 Definition. 3.2.2 Calculation Methods and Examples. 3.2.3 Numerical Solution of the Projected Solid Angle. References. 4 Noise. 4.1 Mathematical Basics. 4.1.1 Introduction. 4.1.2 Time Functions. 4.1.3 Probability Functions. 4.1.4 Correlation Functions. 4.1.5 Spectral Functions. 4.1.6 Noise Analysis of Electronic Circuits. 4.2 Noise Source in Thermal Infrared Sensors. 4.2.1 Thermal Noise and tan δ. 4.2.2 Current Noise. 4.2.3 1/f Noise. 4.2.4 Radiation Noise. 4.2.5 Temperature Fluctuation Noise. References. 5 Sensor Parameters. 5.1 Responsivity. 5.1.1 Introduction. 5.1.2 Black Responsivity. 5.1.3 Spectral Responsivity. 5.1.4 Signal Transfer Function. 5.1.5 Uniformity. 5.2 Noise-Equivalent Power NEP. 5.3 Detectivity. 5.4 Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference. 5.5 Optical Parameters. 5.6 Modulation Transfer Function. 5.6.1 Definition. 5.6.2 Contrast. 5.6.3 Modulation Transfer Function of a Sensor. 5.6.4 Measuring the Modulation Transfer Function. References. 6 Thermal Infrared Sensors. 6.1 Operating Principles. 6.2 Thermal Models. 6.2.1 Simple Thermal Model. 6.2.2 Thermal Layer Model. 6.3 Network Models for Thermal Sensors. 6.4 Thermoelectric Radiation Sensors. 6.4.1 Principle. 6.4.2 Thermal Resolution. 6.4.3 Design of Thermoelectric Sensors. 6.5 Pyroelectric Sensors. 6.5.1 Principle. 6.5.2 Thermal Resolution. 6.5.3 Design of Pyroelectric Sensors. 6.6 Microbolometers. 6.6.1 Principle. 6.6.2 Thermal Resolution. 6.6.3 Design of a Microbolometer Array. 6.6.4 Read-Out Electronics of Microbolometers. 6.7 Other Thermal Infrared Sensors. 6.7.1 Bimorphous Infrared Sensors. 6.7.2 Micro-GOLAY Cells. 6.8 Comparison of Thermal Sensors. References. 7 Applications of Thermal Infrared Sensors. 7.1 General Considerations. 7.2 Pyrometry. 7.2.1 Design. 7.2.2 Emissivity of Real Emitters. 7.3 Thermal Imaging Cameras. 7.3.1 Design. 7.3.2 Calibration of Thermal Imaging Cameras. 7.4 Passive Infrared Motion Detector. 7.4.1 Design. 7.4.2 Infrared Optics. 7.4.3 Signal Processing. 7.5 Infrared Spectrometry. 7.5.1 Radiation Absorption of Gases. 7.5.2 Design of an Infrared Spectrometer. 7.6 Gas Analysis. References. Appendix A: Constants. Appendix B: PLANCK?s Law of Radiation and Derived Laws. Appendix C: Calculation of the Solid Angle of a Rectangular Area. Further Reading and Sources. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe main topic of this book is quantum mechanics, as the title indicates. It specifically targets those topics within quantum mechanics that are needed to understand modern semiconductor theory. It begins with the motivation for quantum mechanics and why classical physics fails when dealing with very small particles and small dimensions.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Author xvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Why Quantum Mechanics? 1 1.1.1 Photoelectric Effect 1 1.1.2 Wave–Particle Duality 2 1.1.3 Energy Equations 3 1.1.4 The Schrödinger Equation 5 1.2 Simulation of the One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation 7 1.2.1 Propagation of a Particle in Free Space 8 1.2.2 Propagation of a Particle Interacting with a Potential 11 1.3 Physical Parameters: The Observables 14 1.4 The Potential V(x) 17 1.4.1 The Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 17 1.4.2 A Particle in an Electric Field 17 1.5 Propagating through Potential Barriers 20 1.6 Summary 23 Exercises 24 References 25 2. Stationary States 27 2.1 The Infinite Well 28 2.1.1 Eigenstates and Eigenenergies 30 2.1.2 Quantization 33 2.2 Eigenfunction Decomposition 34 2.3 Periodic Boundary Conditions 38 2.4 Eigenfunctions for Arbitrarily Shaped Potentials 39 2.5 Coupled Wells 41 2.6 Bra-ket Notation 44 2.7 Summary 47 Exercises 47 References 49 3. Fourier Theory in Quantum Mechanics 51 3.1 The Fourier Transform 51 3.2 Fourier Analysis and Available States 55 3.3 Uncertainty 59 3.4 Transmission via FFT 62 3.5 Summary 66 Exercises 67 References 69 4. Matrix Algebra in Quantum Mechanics 71 4.1 Vector and Matrix Representation 71 4.1.1 State Variables as Vectors 71 4.1.2 Operators as Matrices 73 4.2 Matrix Representation of the Hamiltonian 76 4.2.1 Finding the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 77 4.2.2 A Well with Periodic Boundary Conditions 77 4.2.3 The Harmonic Oscillator 80 4.3 The Eigenspace Representation 81 4.4 Formalism 83 4.4.1 Hermitian Operators 83 4.4.2 Function Spaces 84 Appendix: Review of Matrix Algebra 85 Exercises 88 References 90 5. A Brief Introduction to Statistical Mechanics 91 5.1 Density of States 91 5.1.1 One-Dimensional Density of States 92 5.1.2 Two-Dimensional Density of States 94 5.1.3 Three-Dimensional Density of States 96 5.1.4 The Density of States in the Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 97 5.2 Probability Distributions 98 5.2.1 Fermions versus Classical Particles 98 5.2.2 Probability Distributions as a Function of Energy 99 5.2.3 Distribution of Fermion Balls 101 5.2.4 Particles in the One-Dimensional Infinite Well 105 5.2.5 Boltzmann Approximation 106 5.3 The Equilibrium Distribution of Electrons and Holes 107 5.4 The Electron Density and the Density Matrix 110 5.4.1 The Density Matrix 111 Exercises 113 References 114 6. Bands and Subbands 115 6.1 Bands in Semiconductors 115 6.2 The Effective Mass 118 6.3 Modes (Subbands) in Quantum Structures 123 Exercises 128 References 129 7. The Schrödinger Equation for Spin-1/2 Fermions 131 7.1 Spin in Fermions 131 7.1.1 Spinors in Three Dimensions 132 7.1.2 The Pauli Spin Matrices 135 7.1.3 Simulation of Spin 136 7.2 An Electron in a Magnetic Field 142 7.3 A Charged Particle Moving in Combined E and B Fields 146 7.4 The Hartree–Fock Approximation 148 7.4.1 The Hartree Term 148 7.4.2 The Fock Term 153 Exercises 155 References 157 8. The Green’s Function Formulation 159 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 The Density Matrix and the Spectral Matrix 161 8.3 The Matrix Version of the Green’s Function 164 8.3.1 Eigenfunction Representation of Green’s Function 165 8.3.2 Real Space Representation of Green’s Function 167 8.4 The Self-Energy Matrix 169 8.4.1 An Electric Field across the Channel 174 8.4.2 A Short Discussion on Contacts 175 Exercises 176 References 176 9. Transmission 177 9.1 The Single-Energy Channel 177 9.2 Current Flow 179 9.3 The Transmission Matrix 181 9.3.1 Flow into the Channel 183 9.3.2 Flow out of the Channel 184 9.3.3 Transmission 185 9.3.4 Determining Current Flow 186 9.4 Conductance 189 9.5 Büttiker Probes 191 9.6 A Simulation Example 194 Exercises 196 References 197 10. Approximation Methods 199 10.1 The Variational Method 199 10.2 Nondegenerate Perturbation Theory 202 10.2.1 First-Order Corrections 203 10.2.2 Second-Order Corrections 206 10.3 Degenerate Perturbation Theory 206 10.4 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 209 10.4.1 An Electric Field Added to an Infinite Well 212 10.4.2 Sinusoidal Perturbations 213 10.4.3 Absorption, Emission, and Stimulated Emission 215 10.4.4 Calculation of Sinusoidal Perturbations Using Fourier Theory 216 10.4.5 Fermi’s Golden Rule 221 Exercises 223 References 225 11. The Harmonic Oscillator 227 11.1 The Harmonic Oscillator in One Dimension 227 11.1.1 Illustration of the Harmonic Oscillator Eigenfunctions 232 11.1.2 Compatible Observables 233 11.2 The Coherent State of the Harmonic Oscillator 233 11.2.1 The Superposition of Two Eigentates in an Infinite Well 234 11.2.2 The Superposition of Four Eigenstates in a Harmonic Oscillator 235 11.2.3 The Coherent State 236 11.3 The Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 238 11.3.1 The Simulation of a Quantum Dot 238 Exercises 244 References 244 12. Finding Eigenfunctions Using Time-Domain Simulation 245 12.1 Finding the Eigenenergies and Eigenfunctions in One Dimension 245 12.1.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions 248 12.2 Finding the Eigenfunctions of Two-Dimensional Structures 249 12.2.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions in an Irregular Structure 252 12.3 Finding a Complete Set of Eigenfunctions 257 Exercises 259 References 259 Appendix A. Important Constants and Units 261 Appendix B. Fourier Analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 265 B.1 The Structure of the FFT 265 B.2 Windowing 267 B.3 FFT of the State Variable 270 Exercises 271 References 271 Appendix C. An Introduction to the Green’s Function Method 273 C.1 A One-Dimensional Electromagnetic Cavity 275 Exercises 279 References 279 Appendix D. Listings of the Programs Used in this Book 281 D.1 Chapter 1 281 D.2 Chapter 2 284 D.3 Chapter 3 295 D.4 Chapter 4 309 D.5 Chapter 5 312 D.6 Chapter 6 314 D.7 Chapter 7 323 D.8 Chapter 8 336 D.9 Chapter 9 345 D.10 Chapter 10 356 D.11 Chapter 11 378 D.12 Chapter 12 395 D.13 Appendix B 415 Index 419

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the basics needed to develop sensor network software and supplements it with many case studies covering network applications. It also examines how to develop onboard applications on individual sensors, how to interconnect these sensors, and how to form networks of sensors, although the major aim of this book is to provide foundational principles of developing sensor networking software and critically examine sensor network applications.Trade Review"Intended for high level undergraduate and beginning graduate students in computer engineering, this textbook provides practical information for developing software for sensor networks." (Booknews, 1 June 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Foreword. Acknowledgments. About the Authors. Notations and Abbreviations. I OVERVIEW. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Some Foundational Information. 1.2 Next-Generation Sensor Networked Tiny Devices. 1.3 Sensor Network Software. 1.4 Performance-Driven Network Software Programming. 1.5 Unique Characteristics of Programming Environments for Sensor Networks. 1.6 Goals of the Book. 1.7 Why TinyOS and NesC. 1.8 Organization of the Book. 1.9 Future Demands on Sensor-Based Software. Problems. References. 2 Wireless Sensor Networks. 2.1 Sensor Network Applications. 2.2 Characteristics of Sensor Networks. 2.3 Nature of Data in Sensor Networks. Problems. References. 3 Sensor Technology. 3.1 Sensor Level. 3.2 Server Level. 3.3 Client Level. 3.4 Programming Tools. Problems. References. II BACKGROUND. 4 Data Structures for Sensor Computing. 4.1 Introduction to Sensor Computing. 4.2 Communication Capabilities. 4.3 General Structure of Programming. 4.4 Details on Embedded Data Structures. 4.5 Linked List. 4.6 Importance of Graph Concepts in Sensor Programming. 4.7 Graph and Trees. 4.8 Trees. 4.9 Graph Traversal. 4.10 Connectivity. 4.11 Planar Graphs. 4.12 Coloring and Independence. 4.13 Clique Covering. 4.14 Intersection Graph. 4.15 Defining Data Structure of Spanning Tree Protocols. Problems. References. 5 Tiny Operating System (TinyOS). 5.1 Components of TinyOS. 5.2 An Introduction to NesC. 5.3 Event-Driven Programming. Problems. References. 6 Programming in NesC. 6.1 NesC Programming. 6.2 A Simple Program. Problems. References. III SENSOR NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION. 7 Sensor Programming. 7.1 Programming Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks. 7.2 Sensing the World. 7.3 Applications Using the Interface SplitControl. Problems. References. 8 Algorithms forWireless Sensor Networks. 8.1 Structural Characteristics of Sensor Nodes. 8.2 Distinctive Properties of Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.3 Sensor Network Stack. 8.4 Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.5 Collision Avoidance: Token-Based Approach. 8.6 Carrier Sensing Versus Decoding. Problems. References. 9 Techniques for Protocol Programming. 9.1 The Mediation Device Protocol. 9.2 Contention-Based Protocols. 9.3 Programming with Link-Layer Protocols. 9.4 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Protocol. 9.5 Transmitter Role. 9.6 Alternating-Bit-Based ARQ Protocols. 9.7 Selective Repeat/Selective Reject. 9.8 Naming and Addressing. 9.9 Distributed Assignment of Networkwide Addresses. 9.10 Improved Algorithms. 9.11 Content-Based Addressing. 9.12 Flooding. 9.13 Rumor Routing. 9.14 Tracking. 9.15 Querying in Rumor Routing. Problems. References. IV REAL-WORLD SCENARIOS. 10 Sensor Deployment Abstraction. 10.1 Sensor Network Abstraction. 10.2 Data Aggregation. 10.3 Collaboration Group Abstractions. 10.4 Programming Beyond Individual Nodes. Problems. References. 11 Standards for Building Wireless Sensor Network Applications. 11.1 802.XX Industry Frequency and Data Rates. 11.2 ZigBee Devices and Components. 11.3 ZigBee Application Development. 11.4 Dissemination and Evaluation. Problems. References. 12 INSPIRE: Innovation in Sensor Programming Implementation for Real-Time Environment. 12.1 Motivation and Background. 12.2 Software Microframework Requirements. References. 13 Performance Analysis of Power-Aware Algorithms. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Service Architecture. 13.3 Approaches To WSN Programmability. 13.4 Simulation Capabilities. 13.5 Benchmarking. 13.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. 14 Modeling Sensor Networks Through Design and Simulation. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Why a New Simulator. 14.3 Currently Available Simulators. 14.4 Simulation Design. 14.5 Implementation Details. 14.6 Experimental Results. 14.7 Final Comments. Appendix. Acknowledgments. Problems. References. 15 MATLAB Simulation of Airport Baggage-Handling System. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Background. 15.3 Proposed Architecture. 15.4 Simulation Results and Discussion. 15.5 Source Code. Problems. References. 16 Security in Sensor Networks. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Security Constraints. 16.3 Denial-of-Service Attacks in Multiple Layers. 16.4 Some Well-Known Algorithms for Security Problems. 16.5 Secure Information Routing. 16.6 Security Protocols for Sensor Networks. 16.7 Final Comments. Problems. References. 17 Closing Comments. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisToday, formal methods are widely recognized as an essential step in the design process of industrial safety-critical systems. In its more general definition, the term formal methods encompasses all notations having a precise mathematical semantics, together with their associated analysis methods, that allow description and reasoning about the behavior of a system in a formal manner. Growing out of more than a decade of award-winning collaborative work within the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems: A Survey of Applications presents a number of mainstream formal methods currently used for designing industrial critical systems, with a focus on model checking. The purpose of the book is threefold: to reduce the effort required to learnformal methods, whichhas beena major drawback for their industrial dissemination; to help designers to adopt the formal methods which are most appropriate for their systems; Table of ContentsFOREWORD by Mike Hinchey xiii FOREWORD by Alessandro Fantechi and Pedro Merino xv PREFACE xvii CONTRIBUTORS xix PART I INTRODUCTION AND STATE OF THE ART 1 1 FORMAL METHODS: APPLYING {LOGICS IN, THEORETICAL} COMPUTER SCIENCE 3 Diego Latella 1.1 Introduction and State of the Art 3 1.2 Future Directions 9 PART II MODELING PARADIGMS 15 2 A SYNCHRONOUS LANGUAGE AT WORK: THE STORY OF LUSTRE 17 Nicolas Halbwachs 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 A Flavor of the Language 18 2.3 The Design and Development of Lustre and Scade 20 2.4 Some Lessons from Industrial Use 25 2.5 And Now . . . 28 3 REQUIREMENTS OF AN INTEGRATED FORMAL METHOD FOR INTELLIGENT SWARMS 33 Mike Hinchey, James L. Rash, Christopher A. Rouff, Walt F. Truszkowski, and Amy K.C.S. Vanderbilt 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Swarm Technologies 35 3.3 NASA FAST Project 39 3.4 Integrated Swarm Formal Method 41 3.5 Conclusion 55 PART III TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 61 4 SOME TRENDS IN FORMAL METHODS APPLICATIONS TO RAILWAY SIGNALING 63 Alessandro Fantechi, Wan Fokkink, and Angelo Morzenti 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 CENELEC Guidelines 65 4.3 Software Procurement in Railway Signaling 66 4.4 A Success Story: The B Method 70 4.5 Classes of Railway Signaling Equipment 71 4.6 Conclusions 80 5 SYMBOLIC MODEL CHECKING FOR AVIONICS 85 Radu I. Siminiceanu and Gianfranco Ciardo 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Application: The Runway Safety Monitor 87 5.3 A Discrete Model of RSM 95 5.4 Discussion 107 PART IV TELECOMMUNICATIONS 113 6 APPLYING FORMAL METHODS TO TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES WITH ACTIVE NETWORKS 115 María del Mar Gallardo, Jesús Martínez, and Pedro Merino 6.1 Overview 115 6.2 Active Networks 116 6.3 The Capsule Approach 117 6.4 Previous Approaches on Analyzing Active Networks 118 6.5 Model Checking Active Networks with SPIN 122 6.6 Conclusions 129 7 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PROBABILISTIC MODEL CHECKING TO COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS 133 Marie Dufl ot, Marta Kwiatkowska, Gethin Norman, David Parker, Sylvain Peyronnet, Claudine Picaronny, and Jeremy Sproston 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 PTAs 134 7.3 Probabilistic Model Checking 136 7.4 Case Study: CSMA/CD 139 7.5 Discussion and Conclusion 146 PART V INTERNET AND ONLINE SERVICES 151 8 DESIGN FOR VERIFIABILITY: THE OCS CASE STUDY 153 Johannes Neubauer, Tiziana Margaria, and Bernhard Steffen 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 The User Model 155 8.3 The Models and the Framework 158 8.4 Model Checking 159 8.5 Validating Emerging Global Behavior via Automata Learning 161 8.6 Related Work 170 8.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 173 9 AN APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL CHECKING IN THE INDUSTRY: USER-CENTERED MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF COLLABORATION IN THINKTEAM 179 Maurice H. ter Beek, Stefania Gnesi, Diego Latella, Mieke Massink, Maurizio Sebastianis, and Gianluca Trentanni 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 thinkteam 182 9.3 Analysis of the thinkteam Log File 184 9.4 thinkteam with Replicated Vaults 189 9.5 Lessons Learned 201 9.6 Conclusions 201 PART VI RUNTIME: TESTING AND MODEL LEARNING 205 10 THE TESTING AND TEST CONTROL NOTATION TTCN-3 AND ITS USE 207 Ina Schieferdecker and Alain-Georges Vouffo-Feudjio 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 The Concepts of TTCN-3 210 10.3 An Introductory Example 216 10.4 TTCN-3 Semantics and Its Application 219 10.5 A Distributed Test Platform for the TTCN-3 220 10.6 Case Study I: Testing of Open Service Architecture (OSA)/Parlay Services 223 10.7 Case Study II: Testing of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Equipment 225 10.8 Conclusion 230 11 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ACTIVE AUTOMATA LEARNING 235 Falk Howar, Maik Merten, Bernhard Steffen, and Tiziana Margaria 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Regular Extrapolation 239 11.3 Challenges in Regular Extrapolation 244 11.4 Interacting with Real Systems 247 11.5 Membership Queries 250 11.6 Reset 253 11.7 Parameters and Value Domains 256 11.8 The NGLL 260 11.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 263 References 264 INDEX 269

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Book SynopsisThis book will appeal to scientists and engineers who are concerned with the design of microwave wideband devices and systems. For advanced (ultra)-wideband wireless systems, the necessity and design methodology of wideband filters will be discussed with reference to the inherent limitation in fractional bandwidth of classical bandpass filters.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background on UWB Technology 2 1.2 UWB Regulations 3 1.3 UWB Bandpass Filters 8 1.4 Organization of the Book 11 2 TRANSMISSION LINE CONCEPTS AND NETWORKS 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Transmission Line Theory 19 2.3 Microwave Network Parameters 26 2.4 Relative Theories of Network Analysis 42 2.5 Summary 52 3 CONVENTIONAL PARALLEL-COUPLED LINE FILTER 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Lumped-Element Lowpass Filter Prototype 54 3.3 Impedance and Frequency Transformation 65 3.4 Immittance Inverters 70 3.5 Lowpass Prototype Filter with Immittance Inverter 71 3.6 Parallel-Coupled Line Bandpass Filter 76 3.7 Summary 84 4 PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINE RESONATORS 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Uniform Impedance Resonator 87 4.3 Stepped Impedance Resonators 94 4.4 Multiple-Mode Resonator 104 4.5 Summary 113 5 MMR-BASED UWB BANDPASS FILTERS 116 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 An Initial MMR-Based UWB Bandpass Filter 118 5.3 UWB Bandpass Filters with Varied Geometries 121 5.4 UWB Filters with Improved Out-of-Band Performance 130 5.5 UWB Bandpass Filter with a Notch Band 142 5.6 Summary 146 6 SYNTHESIS APPROACH FOR UWB FILTERS 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Transfer Function 150 6.3 Transmission Line Network with Pure Shunt/Series Stubs 152 6.4 Transmission Line Network with Hybrid Series and Shunt Stubs 163 6.5 MMR-Based UWB Filter with Parallel-Coupled Lines 178 6.6 Summary 187 7 OTHER TYPES OF UWB FILTERS 188 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 UWB Filters with Highpass and Lowpass Filters 188 7.3 UWB Filters with Optimum Shunt Short-Circuited Stubs 191 7.4 UWB Filters with Quasi-Lumped Elements 195 7.5 UWB Filters with Composite CPW and Microstrip Structure 197 7.6 UWB Filter with Microstrip Ring Resonator 199 7.7 UWB Filter using Multilayer Structures 203 7.8 UWB Filter with Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) 205 7.9 UWB Filter with Notch Band 207 7.10 Summary 210 References 210 INDEX 214

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Book SynopsisQuickly Engages in Applying Algorithmic Techniques to Solve Practical Signal Processing Problems With its active, hands-on learning approach, this text enables readers to master the underlying principles of digital signal processing and its many applications in industries such as digital television, mobile and broadband communications, and medical/scientific devices. Carefully developed MATLAB examples throughout the text illustrate the mathematical concepts and use of digital signal processing algorithms. Readers will develop a deeper understanding of how to apply the algorithms by manipulating the codes in the examples to see their effect. Moreover, plenty of exercises help to put knowledge into practice solving real-world signal processing challenges. Following an introductory chapter, the text explores: Sampled signals and digital processing Random signals Representing signals and systems TemporTrade Review"Intended for undergraduate or graduate students in engineering or related disciplines, this introductory volume examines key theories in signal processing and presents this information optimized for use with MATLAB technical computing software." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. What Is Signal Processing? 1 1.1 Chapter Objectives 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.3 Book Objectives 2 1.4 DSP and ITS Applications 3 1.5 Application Case Studies Using DSP 4 1.6 Overview of Learning Objectives 12 1.7 Conventions Used in This Book 15 1.8 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter 2. Matlab for Signal Processing 19 2.1 Chapter Objectives 19 2.2 Introduction 19 2.3 What Is MATLAB? 19 2.4 Getting Started 20 2.5 Everything Is a Matrix 20 2.6 Interactive Use 21 2.7 Testing and Looping 23 2.8 Functions and Variables 25 2.9 Plotting and Graphing 30 2.10 Loading and Saving Data 31 2.11 Multidimensional Arrays 35 2.12 Bitwise Operators 37 2.13 Vectorizing Code 38 2.14 Using MATLAB for Processing Signals 40 2.15 Chapter Summary 43 Chapter 3. Sampled Signals and Digital Processing 45 3.1 Chapter Objectives 45 3.2 Introduction 45 3.3 Processing Signals Using Computer Algorithms 45 3.4 Digital Representation of Numbers 47 3.5 Sampling 61 3.6 Quantization 64 3.7 Image Display 74 3.8 Aliasing 81 3.9 Reconstruction 84 3.10 Block Diagrams and Difference Equations 88 3.11 Linearity, Superposition, and Time Invariance 92 3.12 Practical Issues and Computational Efficiency 95 3.13 Chapter Summary 98 Chapter 4. Random Signals 103 4.1 Chapter Objectives 103 4.2 Introduction 103 4.3 Random and Deterministic Signals 103 4.4 Random Number Generation 105 4.5 Statistical Parameters 106 4.6 Probability Functions 108 4.7 Common Distributions 112 4.8 Continuous and Discrete Variables 114 4.9 Signal Characterization 116 4.10 Histogram Operators 117 4.11 Median Filters 122 4.12 Chapter Summary 125 Chapter 5. Representing Signals and Systems 127 5.1 Chapter Objectives 127 5.2 Introduction 127 5.3 Discrete-Time Waveform Generation 127 5.4 The z Transform 137 5.5 Polynomial Approach 144 5.6 Poles, Zeros, and Stability 146 5.7 Transfer Functions and Frequency Response 152 5.8 Vector Interpretation of Frequency Response 153 5.9 Convolution 156 5.10 Chapter Summary 160 Chapter 6. Temporal and Spatial Signal Processing 165 6.1 Chapter Objectives 165 6.2 Introduction 165 6.3 Correlation 165 6.4 Linear Prediction 177 6.5 Noise Estimation and Optimal Filtering 183 6.6 Tomography 188 6.7 Chapter Summary 201 Chapter 7. Frequency Analysis of Signals 203 7.1 Chapter Objectives 203 7.2 Introduction 203 7.3 Fourier Series 203 7.4 How Do the Fourier Series Coefficient Equations Come About? 209 7.5 Phase-Shifted Waveforms 211 7.6 The Fourier Transform 212 7.7 Aliasing in Discrete-Time Sampling 231 7.8 The FFT as a Sample Interpolator 233 7.9 Sampling a Signal over a Finite Time Window 236 7.10 Time-Frequency Distributions 240 7.11 Buffering and Windowing 241 7.12 The FFT 243 7.13 The DCT 252 7.14 Chapter Summary 266 Chapter 8. Discrete-Time Filters 271 8.1 Chapter Objectives 271 8.2 Introduction 271 8.3 What Do We Mean by “Filtering”? 272 8.4 Filter Specification, Design, and Implementation 274 8.5 Filter Responses 282 8.6 Nonrecursive Filter Design 285 8.7 Ideal Reconstruction Filter 293 8.8 Filters with Linear Phase 294 8.9 Fast Algorithms for Filtering, Convolution, and Correlation 298 8.10 Chapter Summary 311 Chapter 9. Recursive Filters 315 9.1 Chapter Objectives 315 9.2 Introduction 315 9.3 Essential Analog System Theory 319 9.4 Continuous-Time Recursive Filters 326 9.5 Comparing Continuous-Time Filters 339 9.6 Converting Continuous-Time Filters to Discrete Filters 340 9.7 Scaling and Transformation of Continuous Filters 361 9.8 Summary of Digital Filter Design via Analog Approximation 371 9.9 Chapter Summary 372 Bibliography 375 Index 379

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Book SynopsisCaptures state-of-the-art in Cloud Computing Indentifies potential research directions and technologies Chapters written by industry experts and contain real world case studies Example illustrating problems and review questions for each chapter .Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Part I. Foundations. 1. Introduction to Cloud Computing (Willliam Voorsluys, James Broberg, and Rajkumar Buyya). 2. Migrating into a Cloud (T. S. Mohan). 3. Enriching the “Integration as a Service” Paradigm for the Cloud Era (Pethuru Raj). 4. The Enterprise Cloud Computing Paradigm (Tariq Ellahi, Benoit Hudzia, Hui Li, Maik A. Lindner, and Philip Robinson). Part II. Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS). 5. Virtual Machines Provisioning and Migration Services (Mohamed El-Refaey). 6. On the Management of Virtual Machines for Cloud Infrastructures (Ignacio M. Llorente, Rubén S. Montero, Borja Sotomayor, David Breitgand, Alessandro Maraschini, Eliezer Levy, and Benny Rochwerger). 7. Enhancing Cloud Computing Environments Using a Cluster as a Service (Michael Brock and Andrzej Goscinski). 8. Secure Distributed Data Storage in Cloud Computing (Yu Chen, Wei-Shinn Ku, Jun Feng, Pu Liu, and Zhou Su). Part III. Platform and Software as a Service (PAAS/IAAS). 9. Aneka—Integration of Private and Public Clouds (Christian Vecchiola, Xingchen Chu, Michael Mattess, and Rajkumar Buyya). 10. CometCloud: An Autonomic Cloud Engine (Hyunjoo Kim and Manish Parashar). 11. T-Systems’ Cloud-Based Solutions for Business Applications (Michael Pauly). 12. Workflow Engine for Clouds (Suraj Pandey, Dileban Karunamoorthy, and Rajkumar Buyya). 13. Understanding Scientific Applications for Cloud Environments (Shantenu Jha, Daniel S. Katz, Andre Luckow, Andre Merzky, and Katerina Stamou). 14. The MapReduce Programming Model and Implementations (Hai Jin, Shadi Ibrahim, Li Qi, Haijun Cao, Song Wu, and Xuanhua Shi). Part IV. Monitoring and Management. 15. An Architecture for Federated Cloud Computing (Benny Rochwerger, Constantino Vázquez, David Breitgand, David Hadas, Massimo Villari, Philippe Massonet, Eliezer Levy, Alex Galis, Ignacio M. Llorente, Rubén S. Montero, Yaron Wolfsthal, Kenneth Nagin, Lars Larsson, and Fermín Galán). 16. SLA Management in Cloud Computing: A Service Provider’s Perspective (Sumit Bose, Anjaneyulu Padala, Dheepak R A, Sridhar Murthy, and Ganesan Malaiyandisamy). 17. Performance Prediction for HPC on Clouds (Rocco Aversa, Beniamino Di Martino, Massimiliano Rak, Salvatore Venticinque, and Umberto Villano). Part V. Applications. 18. Best Practices in Architecting Cloud Applications in the AWS Cloud (Jinesh Varia). 19. Massively Multiplayer Online Game Hosting on Cloud Resources (Vlad Nae, Radu Prodan, and Alexandru Iosup). 20. Building Content Delivery Networks Using Clouds (James Broberg). 21. Resource Cloud Mashups (Lutz Schubert, Matthias Assel, Alexander Kipp, and Stefan Wesner). Part VI. Governance and Case Studies. 22. Organizational Readiness and Change Management in the Cloud Age (Robert Lam). 23. Data Security in the Cloud (Susan Morrow). 24. Legal Issues in Cloud Computing (Janine Anthony Bowen). 25. Achieving Production Readiness for Cloud Services (Wai-Kit Cheah and Henry Kasim). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book is written as primer hand book for addressing the fundamentals of smart grid. It provides the working definition the functions, the design criteria and the tools and techniques and technology needed for building smart grid. The book is needed to provide a working guideline in the design, analysis and development of Smart Grid.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 SMART GRID ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Today's Grid versus the Smart Grid 2 1.3 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: Rationale for the Smart Grid 2 1.4 Computational Intelligence 4 1.5 Power System Enhancement 5 1.6 Communication and Standards 5 1.7 Environment and Economics 5 1.8 Outline of the Book 5 1.9 General View of the Smart Grid Market Drivers 6 1.10 Stakeholder Roles and Function 6 1.11 Working Definition of the Smart Grid Based on Performance Measures 11 1.12 Representative Architecture 12 1.13 Functions of Smart Grid Components 12 1.14 Summary 15 2 SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY 16 2.1 Communication and Measurement 16 2.2 Monitoring, PMU, Smart Meters, and Measurements Technologies 19 2.3 GIS and Google Mapping Tools 23 2.4 Multiagent Systems (MAS) Technology 24 2.5 Microgrid and Smart Grid Comparison 27 2.6 Summary 27 3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN 29 3.1 Introduction to Load Flow Studies 29 3.2 Challenges to Load Flow in Smart Grid and Weaknesses of the Present Load Flow Methods 30 3.3 Load Flow State of the Art: Classical, Extended Formulations, and Algorithms 31 3.4 Congestion Management Effect 37 3.5 Load Flow for Smart Grid Design 38 3.6 DSOPF Application to the Smart Grid 41 3.7 Static Security Assessment (SSA) and Contingencies 43 3.8 Contingencies and Their Classification 44 3.9 Contingency Studies for the Smart Grid 48 3.10 Summary 49 4 STABILITY ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID 51 4.1 Introduction to Stability 51 4.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Voltage Stability Analysis Tools 51 4.3 Voltage Stability Assessment 56 4.4 Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques 62 4.5 Voltage Stability Indexing 65 4.6 Analysis Techniques for Steady-State Voltage Stability Studies 68 4.7 Application and Implementation Plan of Voltage Stability 70 4.8 Optimizing Stability Constraint through Preventive Control of Voltage Stability 71 4.9 Angle Stability Assessment 73 4.10 State Estimation 81 5 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN 100 5.1 Introduction to Computational Tools 100 5.2 Decision Support Tools (DS) 101 5.3 Optimization Techniques 103 5.4 Classical Optimization Method 103 5.5 Heuristic Optimization 108 5.6 Evolutionary Computational Techniques 112 5.7 Adaptive Dynamic Programming Techniques 115 5.8 Pareto Methods 117 5.9 Hybridizing Optimization Techniques and Applications to the Smart Grid 118 5.10 Computational Challenges 118 5.11 Summary 119 6 PATHWAY FOR DESIGNING SMART GRID 122 6.1 Introduction to Smart Grid Pathway Design 122 6.2 Barriers and Solutions to Smart Grid Development 122 6.3 Solution Pathways for Designing Smart Grid Using Advanced Optimization and Control Techniques for Selection Functions 125 6.4 General Level Automation 125 6.5 Bulk Power Systems Automation of the Smart Grid at Transmission Level 130 6.6 Distribution System Automation Requirement of the Power Grid 132 6.7 End User/Appliance Level of the Smart Grid 137 6.8 Applications for Adaptive Control and Optimization 137 6.9 Summary 138 7 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND STORAGE 140 7.1 Renewable Energy Resources 140 7.2 Sustainable Energy Options for the Smart Grid 141 7.3 Penetration and Variability Issues Associated with Sustainable Energy Technology 148 7.4 Demand Response Issues 150 7.5 Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids 151 7.6 PHEV Technology 151 7.7 Environmental Implications 152 7.8 Storage Technologies 154 7.9 Tax Credits 158 7.10 Summary 159 8 INTEROPERABILITY, STANDARDS, AND CYBER SECURITY 160 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 Interoperability 161 8.3 Standards 163 8.4 Smart Grid Cyber Security 166 8.5 Cyber Security and Possible Operation for Improving Methodology for Other Users 173 8.6 Summary 174 9 RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND TRAINING FOR THE SMART GRID 176 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Research Areas for Smart Grid Development 176 9.3 Research Activities in the Smart Grid 178 9.4 Multidisciplinary Research Activities 178 9.5 Smart Grid Education 179 9.6 Training and Professional Development 182 9.7 Summary 183 10 CASE STUDIES AND TESTBEDS FOR THE SMART GRID 184 10.1 Introduction 184 10.2 Demonstration Projects 184 10.3 Advanced Metering 185 10.4 Microgrid with Renewable Energy 185 10.5 Power System Unit Commitment (UC) Problem 186 10.6 ADP for Optimal Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Automation 191 10.7 Case Study of RER Integration 196 10.8 Testbeds and Benchmark Systems 197 10.9 Challenges of Smart Transmission 198 10.10 Benefits of Smart Transmission 198 10.11 Summary 198 References 199 11 EPILOGUE 200 Index 203

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Book SynopsisNow in an completely revised, updated, and enlarged Second Edition, Small Antennas in Portable Devices reviews recent significant theoretical and practical developments in the electrically small antenna area.Trade Review“It could be used in a graduate course in statistics, or by statisticians who want to learn the reasoning behind the Bayesian methods.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 May 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii 1. QUALITY FACTORS OF ESA 1 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.2 Chu Antenna Q / 4 1.3 Collin and Rothschild Q Analysis / 8 1.4 Thal Antenna Q / 14 1.5 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TE Modes / 16 1.6 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TM Modes / 22 1.7 Effects of Core Losses / 28 1.8 Q for Spheroidal Enclosures / 34 References / 36 2. BANDWIDTH AND MATCHING 39 2.1 Introduction / 39 2.2 Foster’s Reactance Theorem and Smith Chart / 39 2.3 Fano’s Matching Limitations / 41 2.4 Matching Circuit Loss Magnification / 46 2.5 Network and Z0 Matching / 48 2.6 Non-Foster Matching Circuits / 50 2.7 Matched and High-Z Preamp Monopoles / 51 2.7.1 A Short Monopole Matched at One Frequency / 52 2.7.2 Short Monopole with High-Impedance Amplifier / 54 References / 55 3. ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS: CANONICAL TYPES 59 3.1 Introduction / 59 3.2 Dipole Basic Characteristics / 59 3.2.1 Dipole Impedance and Bandwidth / 59 3.2.2 Resistive and Reactive Loading / 67 3.2.3 Other Loading Configurations / 76 3.2.4 Short Flat Resonant Dipoles / 78 3.2.5 Spherical Helix Antennas / 82 3.2.6 Multiple Resonance Antennas / 84 3.2.6.1 Spherical Dipole; Arc Antennas / 84 3.2.6.2 Multiple Mode Antennas / 86 3.2.6.3 Q Comparisons / 87 3.2.7 Evaluation of Moment Method Codes for Electrically Small Antennas / 88 3.3 Partial Sleeve, PIFA, and Patch / 93 3.3.1 Partial Sleeve / 93 3.3.2 PIFA Designs / 94 3.3.3 Patch with Permeable Substrate / 98 3.4 Loops / 101 3.4.1 Air Core Loops, Single and Multiple Turns / 101 3.4.2 Permeable Core Loops / 107 3.4.3 Receiving Loops / 114 3.4.4 Vector Sensor / 116 3.5 Dielectric Resonator Antennas / 120 References / 127 4. CLEVER PHYSICS, BUT BAD NUMBERS 135 4.1 Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna / 135 4.2 Transmission Line Antennas / 138 4.3 Halo, Hula Hoop, and DDRR Antennas / 138 4.4 Dielectric-Loaded Antennas / 140 4.5 Meanderline Antennas / 141 4.6 Cage Monopole / 142 References / 143 5. PATHOLOGICAL ANTENNAS 147 5.1 Crossed-Field Antenna / 147 5.2 Infinite Efficiency Antenna / 149 5.3 E–H Antenna / 150 5.4 TE–TM Antenna / 150 5.5 Crossed Dipoles / 151 5.6 Snyder Dipole / 152 5.7 Loop-Coupled Loop / 155 5.8 Multiarm Dipole / 158 5.9 Complementary Pair Antenna / 158 5.10 Integrated Antenna / 159 5.11 Q ¼ 0 Antenna / 160 5.12 Antenna in a NIM Shell / 161 5.13 Fractal Antennas / 162 5.14 Antenna on a Chip / 170 5.15 Random Segment Antennas / 171 5.16 Multiple Multipoles / 171 5.17 Switched Loop Antennas / 173 5.18 Electrically Small Focal Spots / 174 5.19 ESA Summary / 174 References / 175 6. SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS 181 6.1 History and Motivation / 181 6.2 Maximum Directivity / 182 6.2.1 Apertures / 182 6.2.2 Arrays / 183 6.2.2.1 Broadside Arrays of Fixed Spacing / 183 6.2.2.2 Endfire Arrays / 186 6.2.2.3 Minimization Codes / 192 6.2.2.4 Resonant Endfire Arrays / 192 6.3 Constrained Superdirectivity / 194 6.3.1 Dolph–Chebyshev Superdirectivity / 194 6.3.2 Superdirective Ratio Constraint / 198 6.3.3 Bandwidth or Q Constraint / 200 6.3.4 Phase or Position Adjustment / 200 6.3.5 Tolerance Constraint / 201 6.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances / 201 6.4.1 Bandwidth / 201 6.4.2 Efficiency / 205 6.4.3 Tolerances / 208 6.5 Miscellaneous Superdirectivity / 209 6.6 Superdirective Antenna Summary / 210 References / 210 7. SUPERCONDUCTING ANTENNAS 215 7.1 Introduction / 215 7.2 Superconductivity Concepts for Antenna Engineers / 215 7.3 Dipole, Loop, and Patch Antennas / 221 7.3.1 Loop and Dipole Antennas / 222 7.3.2 Microstrip Antennas / 223 7.3.3 Array Antennas / 225 7.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Antennas / 229 7.3.4.1 Waveguide Flat Plane Array / 229 7.3.4.2 Microstrip Planar Array / 230 7.3.5 Submillimeter Antennas / 232 7.3.6 Low-Temperature Superconducting Antennas / 232 7.4 Phasers and Delay Lines / 233 7.5 Superconducting Antenna Summary / 236 References / 236 APPENDIX A A WORLD HISTORY OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS 243 APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USEFUL TO ESA 277 APPENDIX C SPHERICAL SHELL OF ENG METAMATERIAL SURROUNDING A DIPOLE ANTENNA 279 APPENDIX D FREQUENCY DISPERSION LIMITS RESOLUTION IN VESELAGO LENS 307 AUTHOR INDEX 335 SUBJECT INDEX 343

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Book SynopsisWhile the field of computer vision drives many of today's digital technologies and communication networks, the topic of color has emerged only recently in most computer vision applications. One of the most extensive works to date on color in computer vision, this book provides a complete set of tools for working with color in the field of image understanding. Based on the authors' intense collaboration for more than a decade and drawing on the latest thinking in the field of computer science, the book integrates topics from color science and computer vision, clearly linking theories, techniques, machine learning, and applications. The fundamental basics, sample applications, and downloadable versions of the software and data sets are also included. Clear, thorough, and practical, Color in Computer Vision explains: Computer vision, including color-driven algorithms and quantitative results of various state-of-the-art methods Color science toTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 From Fundamental to Applied 2 1.2 Part I: Color Fundamentals 3 1.3 Part II: Photometric Invariance 3 1.4 Part III: Color Constancy 4 1.5 Part IV: Color Feature Extraction 5 1.6 Part V: Applications 7 1.7 Summary 9 PART I Color Fundamentals 11 2 Color Vision 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Stages of Color Information Processing 14 2.3 Chromatic Properties of the Visual System 18 2.4 Summary 24 3 Color Image Formation 26 3.1 Lambertian Reflection Model 28 3.2 Dichromatic Reflection Model 29 3.3 Kubelka–Munk Model 32 3.4 The Diagonal Model 34 3.5 Color Spaces 36 3.6 Summary 44 PART II Photometric Invariance 47 4 Pixel-Based Photometric Invariance 49 4.1 Normalized Color Spaces 50 4.2 Opponent Color Spaces 52 4.3 The HSV Color Space 52 4.4 Composed Color Spaces 53 4.5 Noise Stability and Histogram Construction 58 4.6 Application: Color-Based Object Recognition 64 4.7 Summary 68 5 Photometric Invariance from Color Ratios 69 5.1 Illuminant Invariant Color Ratios 71 5.2 Illuminant Invariant Edge Detection 73 5.3 Blur-Robust and Color Constant Image Description 74 5.4 Application: Image Retrieval Based on Color Ratios 77 5.5 Summary 80 6 Derivative-Based Photometric Invariance 81 6.1 Full Photometric Invariants 84 6.2 Quasi-Invariants 101 6.3 Summary 111 7 Photometric Invariance by Machine Learning 113 7.1 Learning from Diversified Ensembles 114 7.2 Temporal Ensemble Learning 119 7.3 Learning Color Invariants for Region Detection 120 7.4 Experiments 124 7.5 Summary 134 PART III Color Constancy 135 8 Illuminant Estimation and Chromatic Adaptation 137 8.1 Illuminant Estimation 139 8.2 Chromatic Adaptation 141 9 Color Constancy Using Low-level Features 143 9.1 General Gray-World 143 9.2 Gray-Edge 146 9.3 Physics-Based Methods 150 9.4 Summary 151 10 Color Constancy Using Gamut-Based Methods 152 10.1 Gamut Mapping Using Derivative Structures 155 10.2 Combination of Gamut Mapping Algorithms 157 10.3 Summary 160 11 Color Constancy Using Machine Learning 161 11.1 Probabilistic Approaches 161 11.2 Combination Using Output Statistics 162 11.3 Combination Using Natural Image Statistics 163 11.4 Methods Using Semantic Information 167 11.5 Summary 171 12 Evaluation of Color Constancy Methods 172 12.1 Data Sets 172 12.2 Performance Measures 175 12.3 Experiments 180 12.4 Summary 185 PART IV Color Feature Extraction 187 13 Color Feature Detection 189 13.1 The Color Tensor 191 13.2 Color Saliency 205 13.3 Conclusions 218 14 Color Feature Description 221 14.1 Gaussian Derivative-Based Descriptors 225 14.2 Discriminative Power 229 14.3 Level of Invariance 235 14.4 Information Content 236 14.5 Summary 243 15 Color Image Segmentation 244 15.1 Color Gabor Filtering 245 15.2 Invariant Gabor Filters Under Lambertian Reflection 247 15.3 Color-Based Texture Segmentation 247 15.4 Material Recognition Using Invariant Anisotropic Filtering 249 15.5 Color Invariant Codebooks and Material-Specific Adaptation 256 15.6 Experiments 258 15.7 Image Segmentation by Delaunay Triangulation 263 15.8 Summary 268 PART V Applications 269 16 Object and Scene Recognition 271 16.1 Diagonal Model 272 16.2 Color SIFT Descriptors 273 16.3 Object and Scene Recognition 276 16.4 Results 280 16.5 Summary 285 17 Color Naming 287 17.1 Basic Color Terms 288 17.3 Color Names from Uncalibrated Data 304 17.4 Experimental Results 313 17.5 Conclusions 316 18 Segmentation of Multispectral Images 318 18.1 Reflection and Camera Models 319 18.2 Photometric Invariant Distance Measures 321 18.3 Error Propagation 325 18.4 Photometric Invariant Region Detection by Clustering 328 18.5 Experiments 330 18.6 Summary 338 Citation Guidelines 339 References 341 Index 363

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive depository of information relating to the scientific and technological aspects of Shale Gas and Alternative Energy. This book includes practical applications of existing technologies, from design to operating and troubleshooting. It is suitable for student looking for practical and applied energy information.Trade Review"As a reliable and current reference book, the 912-page Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Shale Gas contains a total of 76 articles [and] covers multiple important alternate energy and renewable energy sources and shale gas topics.... The book... has great value as a current energy reference book in public and university libraries, as well as on the bookshelves of those interested in getting a quick overview of alternate energy sources and shale gas." (The Professional Geologist, 23/01/2017) "Overall the book has a lot of information, some of it of interest to the public and politicians and some of it of interest to engineers. For both groups, this is a useful source of information. The articles have full bibliographies so topics can be taken further." (John Goodier, Reference Reviews, Vol 31, No 3)Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHINGHoward C. Hayden xi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxv PART I WIND 1 Acceptance of Wind Power: An Introduction to Drivers and Solutions 3Jacob Ladenburg 2 Wind Power Forecasting Techniques 10Michael Negnevitsky 3 Maximizing the Loading inWind Turbine Plants: (A) The Betz Limit, (B) Ducting the Turbine 20D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos 4 Modeling Wind Turbine Wakes for Wind Farms 28Angus C. W. Creech and Wolf-Gerrit Fr¨uh 5 Fatigue Failure inWind Turbine Blades 52Juan C. Marin, Alberto Barroso, Federico Paris, and Jose Canas 6 Floating Wind Turbines: The New Wave in Offshore Wind Power 69Antoine Peiffer and Dominique Roddier 7 Wind Power—Aeole Turns Marine 80Roger H. Charlier and Alexandre C. Thys 8 Impacts of Wind Farms on Weather and Climate at Local and Global Scales 88Justin J. Traiteur and Somnath Baidya Roy 9 Power Curves and Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 104Kevin Pope and Greg F. Naterer 10 Windmill Brake State Models Used in Predicting Wind Turbine Performance 116Panu Pratumnopharat and Pak Sing Leung 11 Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines and Associated Phenomena 120Petar Sarajcev 12 Wind Turbine Wake Modeling—Possibilities with Actuator Line/Disc Approaches 141Stefan Ivanell and Robert Mikkelsen 13 Random Cascade Model for Surface Wind Speed 153R. Baile and J. F. Muzy 14 Wind Power Budget 163Hugo Abi Karam 15 Identification ofWind Turbines in Closed-Loop Operation in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Turbulence Wind Speed: Torque Demand to Measured Generator Speed Loop 169Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dor´e Landau 16 Identification in Closed-Loop Operation of Models for Collective Pitch Robust Controller Design 180Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dore Landau 17 Wind Basics—Energy from Moving Air 194 18 Wind—Chronological Development 201 PART II SOLAR 19 Solar Air Conditioning 205Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 20 Energy Performance of Hybrid Cogeneration Versus Side-by-Side Solar Water Heating and Photovoltaic for Subtropical Building Application 212Tin-Tin Chow, Ka-Kui Tse, and Norman Tse 21 Polycrystalline Silicon for Thin Film Solar Cells 226Nicolas Budini, Roberto D. Arce, Roman H. Buitrago, and Javier A. Schmidt 22 Solar Basics – Energy from the Sun 233 23 NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Solar-Power Research 241 24 Solar Thermal – Chronological Development 247 25 Photovoltaic – Chronological Development 249 PART III GEOTHERMAL 26 Geothermal: History, Classification, and Utilization for Power Generation 253Mathew C. Aneke and Mathew C. Menkiti 27 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 265Rosemarie Mohais, Choashui Xu, Peter A. Dowd, and Martin Hand 28 Thermodynamic Analysis of Geothermal Power Plants 290Mehmet Kanoglu and Ali Bolatturk 29 Sustainability Assessment of Geothermal Power Generation 301Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov, and Tim J. Evans 30 Geothermal Energy and Organic Rankine Cycle Machines 310Bertrand F. Tchanche 31 Low Temperature Geothermal Energy: Geospatial and Economic Indicators 318Alberto Gemelli, Adriano Mancini, and Sauro Longhi 32 Dry Cooling Towers for Geothermal Power Plants 333Zhiqiang Guan, Kamel Hooman, and Hal Gurgenci 33 Thermal Storage 350Marc A. Rosen 34 Shallow Geothermal Systems: Computational Challenges and Possibilities 368Rafid Al-Khoury 35 Geothermal Basics—What is Geothermal Energy? 390 36 Geothermal—Chronologic Development 394 PART IV HYDROPOWER 37 Sustainability of Hydropower 399Joerg Hartmann 38 Environmental Issues Related to Conventional Hydropower 404Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Alison H. Colotelo, Richard S. Brown, and Thomas J. Carlson 39 Social Issues Related to Hydropower 410Joerg Hartmann 40 Safety in Hydropower Development and Operation 413Urban Kjellen 41 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage 423John P. Deane and Brian O’Gallachoir 42 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Dams in Tropical Forests 426Philip M. Fearnside 43 Physical and Multidimensional Numeric Hydraulic Modeling of Hydropower Systems and Rivers 437Timothy C. Sassaman and Daniel Gessler 44 Experimental and Numerical Modeling Tools for Conventional Hydropower Systems 448Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Thomas J. Carlson, Gene R. Ploskey, Richard S. Brown, Gary E. Johnson, and Alison H. A. Colotelo 45 The State of Art on Large Cavern Design for Underground Powerhouses and Some Long-Term Issues 465Omer Aydan 46 Hydroelectric Power for the Nation 488 47 Hydropower Basics—Energy from Moving Water 492 48 Hydropower—Chronologic Development 497 PART V BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS 49 Fuel Cell Control 501Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 50 Recent Trends in the Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems 509Amornchai Arpornwichanop and Suthida Authayanun 51 Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Electrical Power Generation—A Review 526Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Vorachatra Sukwattanajaroon, and Dang Saebea 52 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Secondary Batteries 547Fiona M. Gray and Michael J. Smith 53 Recycling and Disposal of Battery Materials 566Michael J. Smith and Fiona M. Gray 54 AC OR DC 578M. Aram Azadpour PART VI RENEWABLE ENERGY CONCEPTS 55 Will Renewables Cut Carbon Dioxide Emissions Substantially? 581Herbert Inhaber 56 The Concept of Base-Load Power 585Mark Diesendorf 57 Tidal Power Harnessing 590Roger H. Charlier 58 The Loading ofWater Current Turbines: The Betz Limit and Ducted Turbines 601D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos 59 Bottled Gas as Household Energy 606Masami Kojima 60 Exergy Analysis: Theory and Applications 628Marc A. Rosen 61 Global Transport Energy Consumption 651Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery 62 Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 657 63 Planting and Managing Switchgrass as a Biomass Energy Crop 663 64 Municipal SolidWaste—Chronological Development 675 65 Ethanol—Chronological Development 677 66 Thermal Properties of Methane Hydrate by Experiment and Modeling and Impacts Upon Technology 680Robert P. Warzinski, Isaac K. Gamwo, Eilis J. Rosenbaum, Evgeniy M. Myshakin, Hao Jiang, Kenneth D. Jordan, Niall J. English, and David W. Shaw (Public Domain) PART VII SHALE GAS 67 Shale Gas Will Rock theWorld 689Amy Myers Jaffe 68 What is Shale Gas? 692Energy Information Administration (Public Domain) 69 Directional and Horizontal Drilling in Oil and Gas Wells 695Public Domain 70 Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled in Shale 697Public Domain 71 Hydraulic Fracturing: A Game-Changer for Energy and Economies 700Isaac Orr 72 Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well Development 720West Virginia Water Research Institute (Public Domain) 73 About Oil Shale—What is Oil Shale? 723Public Domain 74 Natural Gas Basics—How Was Natural Gas Formed? 725Public Domain 75 Natural Gas—Chronological Development 732Public Domain 76 Energy Mineral Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Shale Gas and Liquids Committee Annual Report, FY 2014 734Neil S. Fishman, Chair INDEX 857

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Book SynopsisIn the near future, wireless sensor networks will become an integral part of our day-to-day life. To solve different sensor networking related issues, researchers have been putting various efforts and coming up with innovative ideas. Within the last few years, we have seen a steep growth of research works particularly on various sensor node organization issues. The objective of this book is to gather recent advancements in the fields of self-organizing wireless sensor networks as well as to provide the readers with the essential information about sensor networking.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi 1 INTRODUCTION: SERVICE RELIABILITY 1 1.1 Motivation 4 1.2 Technical Challenges 5 1.3 Summary of Earlier Solutions 7 1.4 Summary of New Ways to Verify Web Services 8 1.5 Structure of the Book 10 References 11 2 MODEL CHECKING 15 2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Model Checking 18 2.2 State-Space Explosion 19 2.3 Model-Checking Tools 22 References 25 3 PETRI NETS 27 3.1 Colored Petri Nets 31 3.1.1 CPN ML 31 3.1.2 CPN Syntax and Semantics 35 3.1.3 Timed Colored Petri Nets 41 3.1.4 Multisets 47 3.1.5 CPN Definitions 47 3.2 Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets 49 References 55 4 WEB SERVICES 57 4.1 Business Process Execution Language 59 4.2 Spring Framework 70 4.3 JAXB 2 APIs 74 4.3.1 Unmarshaling XML Documents 74 4.3.2 Marshaling Java Objects 75 References 76 5 MEMORY-EFFICIENT STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS IN SOFTWARE MODEL CHECKING 77 5.1 Motivation 78 5.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 79 5.3 Related Work 83 5.4 Models for Memory-Efficient State-Space Analysis 86 5.4.1 Sequential Model 87 5.4.2 Tree Model 98 5.5 Experimental Results 108 5.6 Discussion 112 5.7 Summary 113 References 113 6 TIME-EFFICIENT STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS IN SOFTWARE MODEL CHECKING 115 6.1 Motivation 116 6.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 118 6.3 Overview of Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets 119 6.4 Related Work 123 6.5 Technique for Time-Efficient State-Space Analysis 125 6.5.1 Access Tables and Parameterized Reachability Graph 126 6.5.2 Exploring a Module 129 6.5.3 Access Table and Parameterized Reachability Graph for a Super-module 134 6.5.4 Algorithms for Generating Access Tables and Parameterized Reachability Graphs 137 6.5.5 Additional Memory Cost for Storing Access Tables and Parameterized Reachability Graphs 143 6.5.6 Theoretical Evaluation of the Reduction in Delay 145 6.6 Experimental Results 149 6.7 Discussion 151 6.8 Summary 152 References 153 7 GENERATING HIERARCHICAL MODELS BY IDENTIFYING STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES 155 7.1 Motivation 156 7.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 158 7.3 Basics of Substitution Transition 160 7.4 Related Work 161 7.5 Method for Installing Hierarchy 162 7.5.1 Lookup Method 163 7.5.2 Clustering Method 189 7.5.3 Time Complexity of the Lookup Algorithm 193 7.6 Experimental Results 194 7.7 Discussion 201 7.8 Summary 202 References 203 8 FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING, SIMULATION, AND VERIFICATION OF A BPEL SPECIFICATION 205 8.1 Motivation 206 8.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 208 8.3 Related Work 209 8.4 Colored Petri Net Semantics for BPEL 211 8.4.1 Component A 211 8.4.2 Component B 214 8.4.3 Object Model for BPEL Activities 217 8.4.4 XML Templates 221 8.4.5 Algorithm for Cloning Templates 234 8.5 Results 236 8.6 Discussion 241 8.7 Summary 242 References 242 9 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 245 9.1 Results 246 9.2 Discussion 249 9.3 What Could Be Improved? 251 References 252 INDEX 255

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Book SynopsisDiscusses the growth mechanisms of tin whiskers and the effective mitigation strategies necessary to reduce whisker growth risks This book covers key tin whisker topics, ranging from fundamental science to practical mitigation strategies.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Introduction xi 1 A Predictive Model forWhisker Formation Based on Local Microstructure and Grain Boundary Properties 1Pylin Sarobol, Ying Wang, Wei-Hsun Chen, Aaron E. Pedigo, John P. Koppes, John E. Blendell and Carol A. Handwerker 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Characteristics of Whisker and Hillock Growth from Surface Grains, 3 1.3 Summary and Recommendations, 17 Acknowledgments, 18 References, 19 2 Major Driving Forces and Growth Mechanisms for TinWhiskers 21Eric Chason and Nitin Jadhav 2.1 Introduction, 21 2.2 Understanding the Mechanisms Behind Imc-Induced Stress Evolution and Whisker Growth, 24 2.3 Relation of Stress to Whisker Growth, 34 2.4 Conclusions, 39 Acknowledgments, 40 References, 40 3 Approaches of Modeling and Simulation of Stresses in Sn Finishes 43Peng Su and Min Ding 3.1 Introduction, 43 3.2 Constitutive Model, 44 3.3 Strain Energy Density, 46 3.4 Grain Orientation, 46 3.5 Finite Element Modeling of Triple-Grain Junction, 48 3.6 Finite Element Modeling of Sn Finish with Multiple Grains, 55 References, 66 4 Properties and Whisker Formation Behavior of Tin-Based Alloy Finishes 69Takahiko Kato and Asao Nishimura 4.1 Introduction, 69 4.2 General Properties of Tin-based Alloy Finishes (Asao Nishimura), 70 4.3 Effect of Alloying Elements on Whisker Formation and Mitigation (Asao Nishimura), 75 4.4 Dependence of Whisker Propensity of Matte Tin–Copper Finish on Copper Lead-Frame Material (Takahiko Kato), 89 4.5 Conclusions, 118 Acknowledgments, 118 References, 119 5 Characterization Techniques for Film Characteristics 125Takahiko Kato and Yukiko Mizuguchi 5.1 Introduction, 125 5.2 TEM (Takahiko Kato), 125 5.3 SEM (Yukiko Mizuguchi), 140 5.4 EBSD (Yukiko Mizuguchi), 146 5.5 Conclusions, 154 Acknowledgments, 155 References, 155 6 Overview of Whisker-Mitigation Strategies for High-Reliability Electronic Systems 159David Pinsky 6.1 Overview of Tin Whisker Risk Management, 159 6.2 Details of Tin Whisker Mitigation, 164 6.3 Managing Tin Whisker Risks at the System Level, 173 6.4 Control of Subcontractors and Suppliers, 183 6.5 Conclusions, 185 References, 185 7 Quantitative Assessment of Stress Relaxation in Tin Films by the Formation of Whiskers, Hillocks, and Other Surface Defects 187Nicholas G. Clore, Dennis D. Fritz, Wei-Hsun Chen, Maureen E. Williams, John E. Blendell and Carol A. Handwerker 7.1 Introduction, 187 7.2 Surface-Defect Classification and Measurement Method, 189 7.3 Preparation and Storage Conditions of Electroplated Films on Substrates, 194 7.4 Surface Defect Formation as a Function of Tin Film Type, Substrate, and Storage Condition, 195 7.5 Conclusions, 209 Appendix, 209 Acknowledgments, 209 References, 213 8 Board Reflow Processes and their Effect on Tin Whisker Growth 215Jasbir Bath 8.1 Introduction, 215 8.2 The Effect of Reflowed Components on Tin Whisker Growth in Terms of Grain Size and Grain Orientation Distribution, 215 8.3 Reflow Profiles and the Effect on Tin Whisker Growth, 216 8.4 Influence of Reflow Atmosphere and Flux on Tin Whisker Growth, 219 8.5 Effect of Solder Paste Volume on Component Tin Whisker Growth during Electronics Assembly, 220 8.6 Conclusions, 221 Acknowledgments, 222 References, 222 9 Mechanically Induced TinWhiskers 225Tadahiro Shibutani and Michael Osterman 9.1 Introduction, 225 9.2 Overview of Mechanically Induced Tin Whisker Formation, 227 9.3 Theory, 228 9.4 Case Studies, 237 9.5 Conclusions, 245 References, 246 Index 249

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together experts in the field who present material on a number of important and growing topics including lighting, displays, solar concentrators.The first chapter provides an overview of the field of nonimagin and illumination optics. Included in this chapter are terminology, units, definitions, and descriptions of the optical components used in illumination systems. The next two chapters provide material within the theoretical domain, including etendue, etendue squeezing, and the skew invariant. The remaining chapters focus on growing applications. This entire field of nonimaging optics is an evolving field, and the editor plans to update the technological progress every two to three years.The editor, John Koshel, is one of the most prominent leading experts in this field, and he is the right expert to perform the task.Trade Review“Aside from illumination engineers, the book could be useful for graduate electrical or optical engineering students.” (Optics & Photonics News, 13 September 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CONTRIBUTORS xvii GLOSSARY xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 1 1.1 What Is Illumination? 1 1.2 A Brief History of Illumination Optics 2 1.3 Units 4 1.3.1 Radiometric Quantities 4 1.3.2 Photometric Quantities 6 1.4 Intensity 9 1.5 Illuminance and Irradiance 10 1.6 Luminance and Radiance 11 1.6.1 Lambertian 13 1.6.2 Isotropic 14 1.7 Important Factors in Illumination Design 15 1.7.1 Transfer Effi ciency 15 1.7.2 Uniformity of Illumination Distribution 16 1.8 Standard Optics Used in Illumination Engineering 17 1.8.1 Refractive Optics 18 1.8.2 Refl ective Optics 20 1.8.3 TIR Optics 22 1.8.4 Scattering Optics 24 1.8.5 Hybrid Optics 24 1.9 The Process of Illumination System Design 25 1.10 Is Illumination Engineering Hard? 28 1.11 Format for Succeeding Chapters 29 References 30 CHAPTER 2 ÉTENDUE 31 2.1 Étendue 32 2.2 Conservation of Étendue 33 2.2.1 Proof of Conservation of Radiance and Étendue 34 2.2.2 Proof of Conservation of Generalized Étendue 36 2.2.3 Conservation of Étendue from the Laws of Thermodynamics 40 2.3 Other Expressions for Étendue 41 2.3.1 Radiance, Luminance, and Brightness 41 2.3.2 Throughput 42 2.3.3 Extent 43 2.3.4 Lagrange Invariant 43 2.3.5 Abbe Sine Condition 43 2.3.6 Confi guration or Shape Factor 44 2.4 Design Examples Using Étendue 45 2.4.1 Lambertian, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 45 2.4.2 Isotropic, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 48 2.4.3 Isotropic, Spatially Nonuniform Disk Emitter 50 2.4.4 Tubular Emitter 52 2.5 Concentration Ratio 59 2.6 Rotational Skew Invariant 61 2.6.1 Proof of Skew Invariance 61 2.6.2 Refi ned Tubular Emitter Example 63 2.7 Étendue Discussion 67 References 68 CHAPTER 3 SQUEEZING THE ÉTENDUE 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Étendue Squeezers versus Étendue Rotators 71 3.2.1 Étendue Rotating Mappings 74 3.2.2 Étendue Squeezing Mappings 77 3.3 Introductory Example of Étendue Squeezer 79 3.3.1 Increasing the Number of Lenticular Elements 80 3.4 Canonical Étendue-Squeezing with Afocal Lenslet Arrays 82 3.4.1 Squeezing a Collimated Beam 82 3.4.2 Other Afocal Designs 83 3.4.3 Étendue-Squeezing Lenslet Arrays with Other Squeeze-Factors 85 3.5 Application to a Two Freeform Mirror Condenser 88 3.6 Étendue Squeezing in Optical Manifolds 95 3.7 Conclusions 95 Appendix 3.A Galilean Afocal System 96 Appendix 3.B Keplerian Afocal System 98 References 99 CHAPTER 4 SMS 3D DESIGN METHOD 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 State of the Art of Freeform Optical Design Methods 101 4.3. SMS 3D Statement of the Optical Problem 103 4.4 SMS Chains 104 4.4.1 SMS Chain Generation 105 4.4.2 Conditions 106 4.5 SMS Surfaces 106 4.5.1 SMS Ribs 107 4.5.2 SMS Skinning 108 4.5.3 Choosing the Seed Rib 109 4.6 Design Examples 109 4.6.1 SMS Design with a Prescribed Seed Rib 110 4.6.2 SMS Design with an SMS Spine as Seed Rib 111 4.6.3 Design of a Lens (RR) with Thin Edge 115 4.6.4 Design of an XX Condenser for a Cylindrical Source 117 4.6.5 Freeform XR for Photovoltaics Applications 129 4.7 Conclusions 140 References 144 CHAPTER 5 SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 147 5.1 Concentrated Solar Radiation 147 5.2 Acceptance Angle 148 5.3 Imaging and Nonimaging Concentrators 156 5.4 Limit Case of Infi nitesimal Étendue: Aplanatic Optics 164 5.5 3D Miñano–Benitez Design Method Applied to High Solar Concentration 171 5.6 Köhler Integration in One Direction 180 5.7 Köhler Integration in Two Directions 195 5.8 Appendix 5.A Acceptance Angle of Square Concentrators 201 5.9 Appendix 5.B Polychromatic Effi ciency 204 Acknowledgments 207 References 207 CHAPTER 6 LIGHTPIPE DESIGN 209 6.1 Background and Terminology 209 6.1.1 What is a Lightpipe 209 6.1.2 Lightpipe History 210 6.2 Lightpipe System Elements 211 6.2.1 Source/Coupling 211 6.2.2 Distribution/Transport 211 6.2.3 Delivery/Output 212 6.3 Lightpipe Ray Tracing 212 6.3.1 TIR 212 6.3.2 Ray Propagation 212 6.4 Charting 213 6.5 Bends 214 6.5.1 Bent Lightpipe: Circular Bend 214 6.5.2 Bend Index for No Leakage 215 6.5.3 Refl ection at the Output Face 216 6.5.4 Refl ected Flux for a Specifi c Bend 217 6.5.5 Loss Because of an Increase in NA 218 6.5.6 Other Bends 219 6.6 Mixing Rods 220 6.6.1 Overview 220 6.6.2 Why Some Shapes Provide Uniformity 221 6.6.3 Design Factors Infl uencing Uniformity 223 6.6.4 RGB LEDs 226 6.6.5 Tapered Mixers 228 6.7 Backlights 233 6.7.1 Introduction 233 6.7.2 Backlight Overview 234 6.7.3 Optimization 235 6.7.4 Parameterization 235 6.7.4.1 Vary Number 236 6.7.4.2 Vary Size 236 6.7.5 Peak Density 237 6.7.6 Merit Function 237 6.7.7 Algorithm 238 6.7.8 Examples 239 6.8 Nonuniform Lightpipe Shapes 245 6.9 Rod Luminaire 246 Acknowledgments 247 References 247 CHAPTER 7 SAMPLING, OPTIMIZATION, AND TOLERANCING 251 7.1 Introduction 251 7.2 Design Tricks 253 7.2.1 Monte Carlo Processes 254 7.2.2 Reverse Ray Tracing 257 7.2.3 Importance Sampling 260 7.2.4 Far-Field Irradiance 263 7.3 Ray Sampling Theory 266 7.3.1 Transfer Effi ciency Determination 266 7.3.2 Distribution Determination: Rose Model 268 7.4 Optimization 272 7.4.1 Geometrical Complexity 273 7.4.2 Merit Function Designation and Calculation 280 7.4.3 Optimization Methods 281 7.4.4 Fractional Optimization with Example: LED Collimator 282 7.5 Tolerancing 289 7.5.1 Types of Errors 290 7.5.2 System Error Sensitivity Analysis: LED Die Position Offset 290 7.5.3 Process Error Case Study: Injection Molding 291 References 297 INDEX 299

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Book SynopsisThe latest frequency synthesis techniques, including sigma-delta, Diophantine, and all-digital Sigma-delta is a frequency synthesis technique that has risen in popularity over the past decade due to its intensely digital nature and its ability to promote miniaturization. A continuation of the popular Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock, Second Edition, this timely resource provides a broad introduction to sigma-delta by pairing practical simulation results with cutting-edge research. Advanced Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock discusses both sigma-delta and fractional-nthe still-in-use forerunner to sigma-deltaemploying Simulink models and detailed simulations of results to promote a deeper understanding. After a brief introduction, the book shows how spurs are produced at the synthesizer output by the basic process and different methods for overcoming them. It investigates how various defects in sigma-delta synthesis contribute to spurs or noise in the synthesized signal. SyntTable of ContentsPreface xv Symbols List and Glossary xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Phase-Locked Synthesizer 2 1.2 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesis 3 1.3 Representing a Change in Divide Number 3 1.4 Units 5 1.5 Representing Phase Noise 5 1.6 Phase Noise at the Synthesizer Output 7 1.7 Observing the Output Spectrum 7 2 Fractional-N and Basic ΣΔ Synthesizers 9 2.1 First-Order Fractional-N 9 2.1.1 Canceling Quantization Noise 11 2.1.2 Cancellation with a PFD 13 2.1.3 Cancellation Techniques 15 2.1.4 Spectrum without Cancellation 16 2.1.5 Influence of N 17 2.2 Second-Order Fractional-N 17 2.2.1 Purpose 17 2.2.2 Form 18 2.2.3 Performance 19 2.2.4 Interpreting the Spectrum 21 2.3 Higher Order Fractional-N 24 2.3.1 Constant Sampling Rate 25 2.3.2 Noise Shaping Versus Cancellation 28 2.3.3 Effect of a Varying Sampling Rate 28 2.4 Spectrums with Constant Sampling Rate 31 2.4.1 100.625 MHz with Zero Initial Condition 31 2.4.2 100.62515... with Zero Initial Condition 34 2.4.3 100.625 MHz with Seed 36 2.5 Summary of Spectrums 36 2.6 Summary 36 3 Other Spurious Reduction Techniques 39 3.1 LSB Dither 39 3.2 Maximum Sequence Length 43 3.3 Shortened Accumulators and Lower Primes 48 3.4 Long Sequence 51 3.5 Summary 53 4 Defects in ΣΔ Synthesizers 55 4.1 Noise Models 55 4.1.1 VCO Noise 55 4.1.2 Basic-Reference Noise 56 4.1.3 Equivalent Input Noise 56 4.1.4 ΣΔ Quantization Noise 57 4.1.5 Parameter Dependence 57 4.1.6 Synthesizer Output Noise 57 4.1.6.1 Nominal Parameters 59 4.1.6.2 Higher Fout 60 4.1.6.3 Higher Fref 62 4.1.6.4 Summary 63 4.2 Levels of Other Noise in ΣΔ Synthesizers 64 4.2.1 Dither 65 4.2.2 Varying Sample Rate 65 4.2.3 Mismatched (Unbalanced) Charge Pumps 66 4.2.4 Levels for All Four Loop Configurations 67 4.2.5 Simple Charge Pump 69 4.2.6 System Performance 71 4.3 Noise Sources, Equivalent Input Noise 71 4.3.1 Without ΣΔ Modulation 72 4.3.2 Increase with ΣΔ Modulation 73 4.4 Discrete Sidebands 74 4.4.1 At Offsets Related to ffract 74 4.4.1.1 Due to Current Mismatch 74 4.4.1.2 Not Necessarily Related to Mismatch 75 4.4.2 At Offsets of nFref 75 4.4.2.1 Due to SD Modulation 76 4.4.2.2 Due to Delays in the PFD 77 4.4.2.3 Due to Leakage Current 77 4.4.2.4 Due to All Three 77 4.4.2.5 With Resampling 78 4.4.2.6 Significance of Levels 78 4.4.3 Charge Pump Dead Zone 80 4.5 Summary 80 5 Other ΣΔ Architectures 81 5.1 Stability 81 5.2 Feedback 82 5.3 Feedforward 85 5.4 Quantizer Offset 89 5.5 MASH-n1n2n3 91 5.6 Cancellation of Quantization Noise in the General Modulator 92 5.7 Fractional Swallows 93 5.7.1 Resulting Spurs 96 5.7.2 Estimate of Achievable Suppression 96 5.7.3 Fractional Swallows in a ΣΔ Synthesizer 96 5.8 Hardware Reduction 97 5.8.1 Analysis 97 5.8.2 Simulation 100 6 Simulation 103 6.1 SandH.mdl 103 6.1.1 The Synthesizer Loop 105 6.1.2 MASH Modulator 105 6.1.3 Setting Parameters 105 6.1.4 Accumulator Size 106 6.1.5 Scopes 107 6.1.6 Spectrum Analyzers 107 6.1.7 Spectrums Observed 108 6.1.8 Reason for Frequency Conversion 110 6.1.9 Synchronization 111 6.2 SandHreverse.mdl 111 6.3 CPandI.mdl 111 6.4 Dither.mdl 111 6.5 HandK.mdl 113 6.6 SimplePD.mdl 114 6.7 CPandIplus.mdl 114 6.7.1 CP Balance 114 6.7.2 PFD Delays 116 6.7.3 Data Acquisition 116 6.7.4 Log Plots 116 6.8 CPandITrunc.mdl 117 6.9 Adapting a Model 118 6.10 EFeedback.mdl 118 6.11 FeedForward.mdl 120 6.12 MASH modulator scripts 120 6.13 SynStep__.mdl 121 6.14 Other Methods 121 7 Diophantine Synthesizer 123 7.1 Two-Loop Synthesizer 124 7.2 Multi Loop Synthesizers 126 7.3 MATLAB Scripts 126 7.3.1 loop2tune 126 7.3.2 loopxtune 128 7.3.3 Algorithm 128 7.4 Signal Mixing 129 7.5 Reference-Frequency Coupling 132 7.6 Center Frequencies 133 8 Operation at Extreme Bandwidths 135 8.1 Determining the Effects of Sampling 135 8.2 A Particular Case 136 8.3 When are Sampling Effects Important? 141 8.4 Computer Program 141 8.5 Sampling Effects in ΣΔ Synthesizers 141 9 All-Digital Frequency Synthesizers 145 9.1 The Flying Adder Synthesizer 146 9.1.1 The Concept 146 9.1.2 Frequencies Generated 147 9.1.3 Jitter 149 9.1.4 Suppression of Spurs 150 9.1.5 Further Development 151 9.2 ADPLL Synthesizer 151 9.2.1 ADPLL Concept 151 9.2.2 The Numbers 152 9.2.3 Mathematical Representation 152 9.2.4 DCO 153 9.2.5 Loop Filter 154 9.2.6 Synchronization 154 9.2.7 Phase Noise 154 9.2.7.1 In-Band Noise, Critical Source 154 9.2.7.2 Improving Resolution 155 9.2.8 Reference Spurs 157 9.2.9 Fractional Spurs 157 9.2.10 Modulation Response 159 9.2.11 ΣΔ Cancellation 159 9.2.12 Simulation 159 9.2.13 Dead Zone 160 Appendix A. All Digital 163 A.1 Flying Adder Circuits 163 A.2 ADPLL Synthesizer 164 A.2.1 Alternative Architecture 164 A.2.2 Reference Jitter and the Dead Zone 165 A.2.3 Reference Jitter and Calibration 167 A.2.4 Initial Plan for a Model of an ADPLL Synthesizer 168 Appendix C. Fractional Cancellation 171 C.1 Modulator Details 171 C.2 First Accumulator 173 C.3 Second Accumulator 173 C.4 Additional Accumulators 174 C.5 Accumulator without Input Register 176 Appendix E. Excess PPSD 177 E.1 Development of Eq. (2.4) 177 E.2 Approximating kp as constant 180 E.3 Approximation in Eq. (E.8) 181 Appendix F. References to FS2 183 Appendix G. Using GSMPL 185 G.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function 185 G.1.1 Without Sampling 185 G.1.2 Using Gsmpl 186 G.1.3 Sampling Effects 186 G.2 Closed-Loop Responses 187 G.3 Saving Results 187 G.4 Version Number 187 G.5 Example Session 187 G.6 Generating Analysis Plots 189 G.7 Verification of Gardner’s Stability Limits 191 G.8 The Nyquist Plot 192 G.8.1 Without Sampling 193 G.8.2 With Sampling 193 Appendix H. Sample-and-Hold Circuit 195 H.1 Transient Performance 195 H.1.1 No Sampling 196 H.1.2 Ideal Sampler 196 H.1.3 Hold with Integrator 196 H.1.4 Modified Hold with Integrator 200 H.2 Filter Capacitor Before Sampler 202 Appendix L. Loop Response 207 L.1 Primary Loop 207 L.1.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function 207 L.1.2 Error Transfer Function 208 L.1.3 Forward Transfer Function 209 L.1.4 Output PPSD Shape 211 L.2 Damped Loop 213 Appendix M. Mash PSD 215 M.1 MASH Modulator: First Stage 217 M.2 MASH Modulator: Second Order 219 M.3 MASH Modulator: Higher Order 219 M.4 Variances 221 M.5 Some Parameters of S 222 M.6 Previous Development 222 M.7 Some MASH Modulator Characteristics 222 M.8 Characteristics of MATLAB scripts mashone and mashall_ 223 Appendix N. Sampled Noise 225 N.1 Case 1: Wn ≪ fref 225 N.2 Case 2: 1/ T ≫ Wn ≫ fref 225 N.3 Case 3: Wn ≫ 1/ T ≫ fref 226 N.4 Variance of Sampled Noise (1/ T ≫ fref) 226 N.5 Convolution of PSDs 227 N.6 Representing Squared PSDs 228 Appendix O. Oscillator Spectrums 229 Appendix P. Phase Detectors 231 Appendix Q. Quantization PPSD 233 Q.1 Development of Eq. (Q.1) 234 Q.2 Superposition 235 Q.3 New Synthesized Frequency 236 Q.4 Loop Response 237 Q.5 Verification of the Effect of Sampling on the Loop 237 Appendix R. Reference Frequency Spurs 241 R.1 Leakage Current 242 R.2 Pulse Offset 242 R.3 ΣΔ Modulation 243 R.4 Effect of ΣΔ Modulation on Pulse Offset Spurs 244 R.5 Effect of ΣΔ Modulation on Leakage Spurs 247 R.6 Effects of Resampling 247 Appendix S. Spectrum Analysis 249 S.1 Spectrums 249 S.1.1 Periodicity 249 S.1.2 Accurate Representation 250 S.1.3 Approximate Representation 251 S.1.4 Representation of a Sequence 252 S.2 The Spectrum Analyzer 253 S.3 The Window Function 253 S.4 Density and Discrete Spurs 254 S.5 Control Parameters 255 S.6 Frequency Conversion in an Analyzer 255 S.7 Displaying L, FPSD, and PPSD 256 S.8 Spectral Overlaps 256 S.8.1 Aliasing 256 S.8.2 Spectral Folding 257 S.8.3 Image 258 S.9 Anomalous Spurs 258 Appendix T. Toolboxes 259 Appendix U. Noise Produced By Charge Pump Current Unbalance (Mismatch) 261 Appendix W. Getting Files From the Wiley Internet Site 265 Appendix X. Some Tables 267 X.1 Accumulator Shortening 267 X.2 Sequence Lengths 268 End Notes 269 References 277 Index 283

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Book Synopsis* DFR records, oscillograms and numerical relay fault records are analyzed * Functional system diagrams showing monitored voltages and currents are provided * Provides real world case studies involving protection systems for generators, transformers, overhead transmission lines, etc.Trade Review"The author has published a unique and valuable reference book on disturbance analysis for power systems and is to be honored for his life-long dedication and significant contributions to the electric power community. His book enhances power system engineers to understand power system phenomena which impact protective relaying practices. Adequate and safe system operations is the result of understanding power system disturbances and protection system response during power system disturbances. I strongly recommend reading the author book, titled “Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems” published by Wiley on October, 2011, documenting his over 40 years of experience in the protection and control and system disturbance analysis areas."— Simon R. Chano Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Power System Disturbance Analysis Function 1 1.1 Analysis Function of Power System Disturbances 2 1.2 Objective of DFR Disturbance Analysis 4 1.3 Determination of Power System Equipment Health Through System Disturbance Analysis 5 1.4 Description of DFR Equipment 6 1.5 Information Required for the Analysis of System Disturbances 7 1.6 Signals to be Monitored by a Fault Recorder 8 1.7 DFR Trigger Settings of Monitored Voltages and Currents 10 1.8 DFR and Numerical Relay Sampling Rate and Frequency Response 11 1.9 Oscillography Fault Records Generated by Numerical Relaying 11 1.10 Integration and Coordination of Data Collected from Intelligent Electronic Devices 12 1.11 DFR Software Analysis Packages 12 1.12 Verification of DFR Accuracy in Monitoring Substation Ground Currents 21 1.13 Using DFR Records to Validate Power System Short-Circuit Study Models 24 1.14 COMTRADE Standard 31 2 Phenomena Related To System Faults and The Process of Clearing Faults From A Power System 33 2.1 Shunt Fault Types Occurring in a Power System 33 2.2 Classification of Shunt Faults 34 2.3 Types of Series Unbalance in a Power System 39 2.4 Causes of Disturbance in a Power System 39 2.5 Fault Incident Point 40 2.6 Symmetric and Asymmetric Fault Currents 41 2.7 Arc-Over or Flashover at the Voltage Peak 44 2.8 Evolving Faults 48 2.9 Simultaneous Faults 51 2.10 Solid or Bolted (RF¼0) Close-in Phase-to-Ground Faults 52 2.11 Sequential Clearing Leading to a Stub Fault that Shows a Solid (RF¼0) Remote Line-to-Ground Fault 53 2.12 Sequential Clearing Leading to a Stub Fault that Shows a Resistive Remote Line-to-Ground Fault 54 2.13 High-Resistance Tree Line-to-Ground Faults 56 2.14 High-Resistance Line-to-Ground Fault Confirming the Resistive Nature of the Fault Impedance When Fed from One Side Only (Stub) 58 2.15 Phase-to-Ground Faults on an Ungrounded System 59 2.16 Current in Unfaulted Phases During Line-to-Ground Faults 60 2.17 Line-to-Ground Fault on the Grounded-Wye (GY) Side of a Delta/GY Transformer 63 2.18 Line-to-Line Fault on the Grounded-Wye Side of a Delta/GY Transformer 65 2.19 Line-to-Line Fault on the Delta Side of a Delta/GY Transformer with No Source Connected to the Delta Winding 66 2.20 Subcycle Relay Operating Time During an EHV Double-Phase-to-Ground Fault 68 2.21 Self-Clearing of a C-g Fault Inside an Oil Circuit Breaker Tank 69 2.22 Self-Clearing of a B-g Fault Caused by a Line Insulator Flashover 70 2.23 Delayed Clearing of a Pilot Scheme Due to a Delayed Communication Signal 71 2.24 Sequential Clearing of a Line-to-Ground Fault 72 2.25 Step-Distance Clearing of an L-g Fault 74 2.26 Ground Fault Clearing in Steps by an Instantaneous Ground Element at One End and a Ground Time Overcurrent Element at the Other End 76 2.27 Ground Fault Clearing by Remote Backup Following the Failures of Both Primary and Local Backup (Breaker Failure) Protection Systems 78 2.28 Breaker Failure Clearing of a Line-to-Ground Fault 79 2.29 Determination of the Fault Incident Point and Classification of Faults Using a Comparison Method 81 3 Power System Phenomena and Their Impact On Relay System Performance 85 3.1 Power System Oscillations Leading to Simultaneous Tripping of Both Ends of a Transmission Line and the Tripping of One End Only on an Adjacent Line 86 3.2 Generator Oscillations Triggered by a Combination of L-g Fault, Loss of Generation, and Undesired Tripping of Three 138-kV Lines 91 3.3 Stable Power Swing Generated During Successful Synchronization of a 200-MW Unit 95 3.4 Major System Disturbance Leading to Different Oscillations for Different Transmission Lines Emanating from the Same Substation 96 3.5 Appearance of 120-Hz Current at a Generator Rotor During a High-Side Phase-to-Ground Fault 98 3.6 Generator Negative-Sequence Current Flow During Unbalanced Faults 101 3.7 Inadvertent (Accidental) Energization of a 170-MW Hydro Generating Unit 102 3.8 Appearance of Third-Harmonic Voltage at Generator Neutral 104 3.9 Variations of Generator Neutral Third-Harmonic Voltage Magnitude During System Faults 106 3.10 Generator Active and Reactive Power Outputs During a GSU High-Side L-g Fault 107 3.11 Loss of Excitation of a 200-MW Unit 108 3.12 Generator Trapped (Decayed) Energy 110 3.13 Nonzero Current Crossing During Faults and Mis-Synchronization Events 112 3.14 Generator Neutral Zero-Sequence Voltage Coupling Through Step-Up Transformer Interwinding Capacitance During a High-Side Ground Fault 113 3.15 Energizing a Transformer with a Fault on the High Side within the Differential Zone 115 3.16 Transformer Inrush Currents 118 3.17 Inrush Currents During Energization of the Grounded-Wye Side of a YG/Delta Transformer 120 3.18 Inrush Currents During Energization of a Transformer Delta Side 121 3.19 Two-Phase Energization of an Autotransformer with a Delta Winding Tertiary During a Simultaneous L-g Fault and an Open Phase 124 3.20 Phase Shift of 30_ Across the Delta/Wye Transformer Banks 127 3.21 Zero-Sequence Current Contribution from a Remote Two-Winding Delta/YG Transformer 128 3.22 Conventional Power-Regulating Transformer Core Type Acting as a Zero-Sequence Source 129 3.23 Circuit Breaker Re-Strikes 130 3.24 Circuit Breaker Pole Disagreement During a Closing Operation 132 3.25 Circuit Breaker Opening Resistors 133 3.26 Secondary Current Backfeeding to Breaker Failure Fault Detectors 134 3.27 Magnetic Flux Cancellation 136 3.28 Current Transformer Saturation 138 3.29 Current Transformer Saturation During an Out-of-Step System Condition Initiated by Mis-Synchronization of a Generator Breaker 141 3.30 Capacitive Voltage Transformer Transient 143 3.31 Bushing Potential Device Transient During Deenergization of an EHV Line 144 3.32 Capacitor Bank Breaker Re-Strike Following Interruption of a Capacitor Normal Current 146 3.33 Capacitor Bank Closing Transient 147 3.34 Shunt Capacitor Bank Outrush into Close-in System Faults 149 3.35 SCADA Closing into a Three-Phase Fault 153 3.36 Automatic Reclosing into a Permanent Line-to-Ground Fault 154 3.37 Successful High-Speed Reclosing Following a Line-to-Ground Fault 155 3.38 Zero-Sequence Mutual Coupling–Induced Voltage 156 3.39 Mutual Coupling Phenomenon Causing False Tripping of a High-Impedance Bus Differential Relay During a Line Phase-to-Ground Fault 159 3.40 Appearance of Nonsinusoidal Neutral Current During the Clearing of Three-Phase Faults 162 3.41 Current Reversal on Parallel Lines During Faults 164 3.42 Ferranti Voltage Rise 166 3.43 Voltage Oscillation on EHV Lines Having Shunt Reactors at their Ends 168 3.44 Lightning Strike on an Adjacent Line Followed by a C-g Fault Caused by a Separate Lightning Strike on the Monitored Line 172 3.45 Spill Over of a 345-kV Surge Arrester Used to Protect a Cable Connection, Prior to its Failure 173 3.46 Scale Saturation of an A/D Converter Caused by a Calibration Setting Error 174 3.47 Appearance of Subsidence Current at the Instant of Fault Interruption 176 3.48 Energizing of a Medium Voltage Motor that has an Incorrect Formation of the Stator Winding Neutral 177 3.49 Phase Angle Change from Loading Condition to Fault Condition 179 4 Case Studies Related To Generator System Disturbances 183 4.1 Generator Protection Basics 184 Case Studies 186 Case Study 4.1 Appearance of Double-Frequency (120-Hz) Current in a Hydrogenerator Rotor Due to Stator Negative-Sequence Current Flow During a 115-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault 186 Case Study 4.2 Inadvertent (Accidental) Energization of a 170-MW Hydro Unit 193 Case Study 4.3 Loss of Excitation for a 200-MW Generating Unit Caused by Human Error 204 Case Study 4.4 Loss-of-Excitation Trip in an 1100-MW Unit 212 Case Study 4.5 Mis-synchronization of a 50-MW Steam Unit for a Combined-Cycle Plant 214 Case Study 4.6 Mis-synchronization of a 200-MW Hydro Unit 222 Case Study 4.7 Undesired Tripping of a Numerical Differential Relay During Manual Synchronization of a Hydro Unit 231 Case Study 4.8 Tripping of a 500-MW Combined-Cycle Plant Triggered by a High-Side 138-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault 236 Case Study 4.9 Tripping of a 110-MW Combustion Turbine Unit in a Combined-Cycle Plant During a Power Swing 244 Case Study 4.10 Analysis of an 800-MW Generating Plant DFR Record for a Normally Cleared 345-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault 247 Case Study 4.11 Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant Due to a Failed Lead of One Generator Terminal Surge Capacitor 250 Case Study 4.12 Generator Stator Ground Fault in an 800-MW Fossil Unit 260 Case Study 4.13 Three-Phase Fault at the Terminal of an 800-MW Generator Unit 265 Case Study 4.14 Three-Phase Fault at the Terminal of a 50-MW Generator Due to a Cable Connection Failure 271 Case Study 4.15 Generator Stator Phase-to-Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Failure of the Rotor Fan Blade 276 Case Study 4.16 Undesired Tripping of a Pump Storage Plant During a Close-in Phase-to-Ground 345-kV Line Fault 286 Case Study 4.17 Tripping of an 800-MW Plant and the Associated EHV Lines During a 345-kV Bus Fault 293 Case Study 4.18 Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant During an External 138-kV Three-Phase Fault 296 Case Study 4.19 Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant During a Disturbance in the 138-kV Transmission System 303 Case Study 4.20 Undesired Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant Following Successful Clearing of a 138-kV Double-Phase-to-Ground Fault 308 Case Study 4.21 Undesired Tripping of an Induction Generator by a Differential Relay Having a Capacitor Bank Within the Protection Zone 311 Case Study 4.22 Undesired Tripping of a Steam Unit Upon Its First Synchronization to the System During the Commissioning Phase of a Combined-Cycle Plant 314 Case Study 4.23 Sequential Shutdown of a Steam-Driven Generating Unit as Part of a 500-MWCombined-Cycle Plant 318 Case Study 4.24 Wiring Errors Leading to Undesired Generator Numerical Differential Relay Operation During the Commissioning Phase of a New Unit 320 Case Study 4.25 Phasing a New Generator into the System Prior to Commissioning 324 Case Study 4.26 Third-Harmonic Undervoltage Element Setting Procedure for 100% Stator Ground Fault Protection 327 Case Study 4.27 Basis for Setting the Generator Relaying Elements to Provide System Backup Protection 330 5 Case Studies Related To Transformer System Disturbances 335 5.1 Transformer Basics 336 5.2 Transformer Differential Protection Basics 344 5.3 Case Studies 347 Case Study 5.1 Energization of a 5-MVA 13.8/4.16-kV Station Service Transformer with a 13.8-kV Phase-to-Phase Bus Fault Within the Transformer Differential Protection Zone 347 Case Study 5.2 Lack of Protection Redundancy for a Generator Step-up Transformer Leads to Interruption of a 230-kV Area 353 Case Study 5.3 Undesired Operation of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay Due to a Relay Setting Error in the Winding Configuration 357 Case Study 5.4 Location of a 13.8-kV Switchgear Phase-to-Phase Fault Using Transformer Differential Numerical Relay Fault Records 363 Case Study 5.5 Operation of a Unit Step-Up Transformer with an Open Phase on the 13.8-kV Delta Winding 370 Case Study 5.6 Using a Transformer Phasing Diagram, Digital Fault Recorder Record, and Relay Targets to Confirm the Damaged Phase of a Unit Auxiliary Transformer Failure 375 Case Study 5.7 Failure of a 450-MVA 345/138/13.2-kV Autotransformer 381 Case Study 5.8 Failure of a 750-kVA 13.8/0.480-kV Station Service Transformer Due to a Possible Ferroresonance Condition 387 Case Study 5.9 Undesired Tripping of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay During an External Line-to-Ground Fault 394 Case Study 5.10 Undesired Operation of Numerical Transformer Differential Relays During Energization of Two 75-MVA 138/13.8-kV GSU Transformers 407 Case Study 5.11 Undesired Operation of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay During Energization of a 5-MVA 13.8/4.16-kV Station Service Transformer 411 Case Study 5.12 Phase-to-Phase Fault Evolving into a Three-Phase Fault at the High Side of a 5-MVA 13.8/4.16-kV Station Service Transformer 414 Case Study 5.13 Phase-to-Phase Fault Evolving into a Three-Phase Fault at the 13.8-kV Bus Connection of a 2-MVA 13.8/0.480-kV Station Service Enclosure 420 Case Study 5.14 Phase-to-Phase Fault in a 13.8-kV Switchgear Caused by Heavy Rain Evolving into a Three-Phase Fault 426 Case Study 5.15 Undesired Operation of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay Due to a Missing CT Cable Connection as an Input to the Relay Wiring 430 Case Study 5.16 Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Flashover of a Transformer 115-kV Bushing Due to a Bird Droppings 434 Case Study 5.17 Using a Transformer Numerical Relay Oscillography Record to Analyze Phase-to-Ground Faults in a 4.16-kV Low-Resistance Grounding Supply 439 Case Study 5.18 Phase-to-Phase Fault Caused by a Squirrel in a 13.8-kV Cable Bus Which Evolves into a Three-Phase Fault 447 Case Study 5.19 13.8-kV Transformer Lead Phase-to-Phase Fault Due to Animal Contact, Evolving into a 115-kV Transformer Bushing Fault 451 Case Study 5.20 Undesired Tripping of a Numerical Multifunction Transformer Relay by Assertion of a Digital Input Wired to the Buchholz Relay Trip Output 456 6 Case Studies Related To Overhead Transmission-Line System Disturbances 461 6.1 Line Protection Basics 463 6.2 Case Studies 466 Case Study 6.1 Using a DFR Record From One End Only to Determine Local and Remote-End Clearing Times for a Line-to-Ground Fault 466 Case Study 6.2 Analysis of Clearing Times for a Phase-to-Ground Fault from Both Ends of a 345-kV Transmission Line Using Oscillograms from One End Only 469 Case Study 6.3 Analysis of a Three-Phase Fault Caused by Lightning 471 Case Study 6.4 Analysis of a Double-Phase-to-Ground 765-kV Fault Caused by Lightning 473 Case Study 6.5 Assessment of Transmission Tower Footing Resistance by Analyzing a Three-Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Lightning 476 Case Study 6.6 115-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault Cleared First from a Solidly Grounded System, Then Connected and Cleared from an Ungrounded System 478 Case Study 6.7 345-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault (C-g) Caused by an Act of Vandalism 485 Case Study 6.8 345-kV Phase-to-Ground (A-g) Fault Due to an Accident Along the Line Right-of-Way 489 Case Study 6.9 False Tripping of a 138-kV Current Differential Relaying System During an External Phase-to-Ground Fault 495 Case Study 6.10 Undesired Operation of a 13.8-kV Feeder Ground Relay During a Three-Phase Fault Due to an Extra CT Circuit Ground 502 Case Study 6.11 Correction of a System Model Error from Analysis of a Failure of a Post Insulator Associated with a 115-kV Disconnect Switch 512 Case Study 6.12 Location of a 345-kV Line Fault Protected by Electromechanical Distance Relays Using Information from a DFR Record 519 Case Study 6.13 Location of an Outdoor 13.8-kV Switchgear Fault at a Cogeneration Facility Using a DFR Fault Record from a Remote Substation 524 Case Study 6.14 Breakage (Failure) of a 345-kV Subconductor Bundle During a High-Resistance Tree Fault, Due to the Heavily Loaded Line Sagging to a Tree 529 Case Study 6.15 115-kV Phase-to-Phase Fault Caused by Failure of a Circuit Switcher 536 Case Study 6.16 Undesired Tripping of a 115-kV Feeder Due to a Setting Application Error in the Time Overcurrent Element for a Numerical Line Protection Relay 539 Case Study 6.17 Mitigation of Mutual Coupling Effects on the Reach of Ground Distance Relays Protecting High and Extrahigh-Voltage Transmission Lines 544 7 Case Studies Related To Cable Transmission Feeder System Disturbances 571 Case Studies 572 Case Study 7.1 Optimum Design of Relaying Protection Zones Leads to Quick Identification of a Faulted 345-kV Submarine Cable Section 572 Case Study 7.2 Undesired Operation of a 138-kV Cable Feeder Differential Relay During the Commissioning Phase of a 500-MW Plant 578 Case Study 7.3 Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Failure of a 345-kV Cable Connection Between the Generator and the Switchyard, Accompanied by Mechanical Failure of One of the Cable Pot Head Phases 588 Case Study 7.4 Troubleshooting a 345-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault Using Relay Targets Only 595 Case Study 7.5 Failure of a 345-kV Cable Connection Between a 300-MW Generator and a 345-kV Switchyard, Causing a Phase-to-Ground Fault 603 Case Study 7.6 138-kV Cable Pot Head Failure Analysis Using Numerical Current Differential Relay Oscillography and Event Records 607 8 Case Studies Related To Breaker Failure Protection System Disturbances 615 8.1 Breaker Failure Protection Basics 616 Case Studies 626 Case Study 8.1 Tripping of a Combined-Cycle 150-MW Plant by Undesired Operation of a Solid-State Breaker Failure Relaying System 626 Case Study 8.2 115-kV Dual Breaker Failures Resulting in the Loss of a 1000-MW Plant and Associated Substations 634 Case Study 8.3 230-kV Substation Outage Due to Circuit Breaker Problems During the Clearing of a Close-in Phase-to-Ground Fault 640 Case Study 8.4 Failure of a 230-kV Circuit Breaker Leading to Isolation of a 1000-MW Plant and Associated Substations 646 Case Study 8.5 Generator CB Failure During Automatic Synchronization of the Circuit Breaker 654 Case Study 8.6 Circuit Breaker Re-strikes While Clearing Simultaneous Phase-to-Ground Faults on a 230-kV Double-Circuit Tower 660 Case Study 8.7 345-kV Capacitor Bank Breaker Fault Coupled with an Additional Failure of a Dual SF6 Pressure 345-kV Breaker During the Clearing of the Fault 664 Case Study 8.8 Oil Circuit Breaker Failure Following the Clearing of a Failed 230-kV Surge Arrester 671 Case Study 8.9 Detection of a Remote Circuit Breaker Problem from Analysis of a Local Oscillogram Monitoring Line Currents and Voltages 676 Case Study 8.10 Blackout of a 138-kV Load Area Due to a Primary Relay System Failure and the Lack of DC Control Power for the Secondary Relay System Circuit 678 Case Study 8.11 Installation of Two 345-kV Breakers in Series Within a Ring Substation Configuration to Mitigate the Loss of Critical Lines During Breaker Failure Events 682 Case Study 8.12 Design of Two 138-kV Circuit Breakers in Series to Fulfill the Need of Breaker Failure Protection 682 9 Problems 685 Index 715

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Book SynopsisMicrosystems are systems that integrate, on a chip or a package, one or more of many different categories of microdevices. As the past few decades were dominated by the development and rapid miniaturization of circuitry, the current and coming decades are witnessing a similar revolution in the miniaturization of sensors, actuators, and electronics; and communication, control and power devices. Applications ranging from biomedicine to warfare are driving rapid innovation and growth in the field, which is pushing this topic into graduate and undergraduate curricula in electrical, mechanical, and biomedical engineering.Table of ContentsAbout The Authors Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Micro Sensors, Actuators, Systems And Smart Materials: An Overview Chapter 3 Micromachining Technologies Chapter 4 Mechanics Of Slender Solids In Microsystems Chapter 5 Finite Element Method Chapter 6 Modeling Of Coupled Electromechanical Systems Chapter 7 Electronics Circuits And Control For Micro And Smart Systems Chapter 8 Integration Of Micro And Smart Systems Chapter 9 Scaling Effects In Microsystems Chapter 10 Simulation Of Microsystems Using Fea Software Acronyms Notation Glossary Appendix Index

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