Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book introduces the basic concepts necessary to understand Single Event phenomena which could cause random performance errors and catastrophic failures to electronics devices. As miniaturization of electronics components advances, electronics components are more susceptible in the radiation environment.Table of Contents1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Analysis of Single Event Experiments 7 1.2.1 Analysis of Data Integrity and Initial Data Corrections 7 1.2.2 Analysis of Charge Collection Experiments 7 1.2.3 Analysis of Device Characteristics from Cross-Section Data 7 1.2.4 Analysis of Parametric Studies of Device Sensitivity 8 1.3 Modeling Space and Avionics See Rates 8 1.3.1 Modeling the Radiation Environment at the Device 8 1.3.2 Modeling the Charge Collection at the Device 9 1.3.3 Modeling the Electrical Characteristic and Circuit Sensitivity for Upset 9 1.4 Overview of this Book 10 1.5 Scope of this Book 11 2. Foundations of Single Event Analysis and Prediction 13 2.1 Overview of Single Particle Effects 13 2.2 Particle Energy Deposition 15 2.3 Single Event Environments 18 2.3.1 The Solar Wind and the Solar Cycle 19 2.3.2 The Magnetosphere Cosmic Ray and Trapped Particle Motion 22 2.3.3 Galactic Cosmic Rays 24 2.3.4 Protons Trapped by the Earth’s Magnetic Fields 42 2.3.5 Solar Events 46 2.3.6 Ionization in the Atmosphere 48 2.4 Charge Collection and Upset 58 2.5 Effective Let 60 2.6 Charge Collection Volume and the Rectangular Parallelepiped (RPP) 61 2.7 Upset Cross Section Curves 62 2.8 Critical Charge 62 2.8.1 Critical Charge and LET Threshold 63 2.8.2 Critical Charge of an Individual Transistor Two Transistors in a Cell 64 2.8.3 Critical Charge from Circuit Modeling Studies 65 2.8.4 Sensitivity Distribution Across the Device 65 2.8.5 Intracell Variation 66 2.8.6 Summary Discussion of Critical Charge 66 2.9 Upset Sensitivity and Feature Size 67 2.10 Cross-Section Concepts 67 2.10.1 Nuclear Physics Cross-Section Concepts 67 2.10.2 Single Event Cross-Section Concepts 72 3. Optimizing Heavy Ion Experiments for Analysis 77 3.1 Sample Heavy Ion Data 78 3.2 Test Requirements 78 3.3 Curve Parameters 80 3.4 Angular Steps 85 3.5 Stopping Data Accumulation When You Reach the Saturation Cross Section 86 3.6 Device Shadowing Effects 88 3.7 Choice of Ions 89 3.8 Determining the LET in the Device 91 3.9 Energy Loss Spread 94 3.10 Data Requirements 95 3.10.1 Desired Precision 95 3.10.2 Desired Accuracy 97 3.11 Experimental Statistics and Uncertainties 97 3.12 Effect of Dual Thresholds 98 3.13 Fitting Cross-Section Data 99 3.14 Other Sources of Error and Uncertainties 101 4. Optimizing Proton Testing 103 4.1 Monitoring the Beam Intensity and Uniformity 103 4.2 Total Dose Limitations on Testing 104 4.3 Shape of the Cross-Section Curve 105 5. Data Qualification and Interpretation 111 5.1 Data Characteristics 111 5.1.1 Illegitimate Systematic and Random Errors 111 5.1.2 Inherent Random Errors 113 5.1.3 Fractional Standard Deviation of Your Data 117 5.1.4 Rejection of Data 119 5.2 Approaches to Problem Data 121 5.2.1 Examination of Systematic Errors 121 5.2.2 An Example of Voltage Variation 134 5.2.3 Data Inconsistent with LET 135 5.2.4 Beam Contamination 135 5.2.5 No Event Observed 138 5.2.6 Sloppy or Wrong Fits to the Data 139 5.2.7 Experiment Monitoring and Planning 141 5.3 Interpretation of Heavy Ion Experiments 142 5.3.1 Modification of Effective LET by the Funnel 142 5.3.2 Effects of True RPP Shape 144 5.3.3 Fitting Data to Determine Depth and Funnel Length 149 5.3.4 Deep Device Structures 152 5.3.5 Cross-Section Curves on Rotated RPP Structures 156 5.3.6 Charge Gain Effects on Cross Section 157 5.4 Possible Problems with Least Square Fitting Using the Weibull Function 158 5.4.1 Multiple Good Fits 158 5.4.2 Reason for Inconsistent Weibull Fitting 162 6. Analysis of Various Types of SEU Data 165 6.1 Critical Charge 165 6.2 Depth and Critical Charge 166 6.3 Charge Collection Mechanisms 168 6.3.1 Drift Process and Funneling 168 6.3.2 Diffusion Process 168 6.3.3 Plasma Wire Effect 169 6.3.4 ALPHEN (Alpha-Particle–Source–Drain Penetration Effect) 169 6.3.5 Bipolar Transistor Effect 169 6.3.6 Recombination Effects 169 6.4 Charge Collection and the Cross-Section Curve 170 6.4.1 CMOS 170 6.4.2 Hardened CMOS 171 6.4.3 Bipolar Devices 171 6.4.4 CMOS-SOI 172 6.4.5 NMOS–Depletion Load 172 6.4.6 NMOS–Resistive Load 172 6.4.7 GaAs HFETs 173 6.4.8 GaAs C-Higfet 173 6.4.9 VLSI Process Variation 173 6.5 Efficacy (Variation of SEU Sensitivity within a Cell) 174 6.5.1 Cross-Section and Efficacy Curves 174 6.5.2 SEU Efficacy as a Function of Area 176 6.5.3 Efficacy and SEU Sensitivity Derived from a Pulsed Laser SEU Experiment 178 6.6 Mixed-Mode Simulations 185 6.6.1 Warren Approach 186 6.6.2 Dodd Approach 188 6.6.3 Hirose Approach 189 6.6.4 Simplified Approach of Fulkerson 189 6.6.5 The Imax F (Tmax) Approach 190 6.6.6 Circuit Level Simulation to Upset Rate Calculations 194 6.6.7 Multiple Upset Regions 194 6.6.8 Efficacy and SEU Threshold 195 6.6.9 From Efficacy to Upset Rates 197 6.7 Parametric Studies of Device Sensitivity 198 6.7.1 Data Display and Fitting 198 6.7.2 Device Parameters and SEU Sensitivity 202 6.8 Influence of Ion Species and Energy 215 6.9 Device Geometry and the Limiting Cross Section 218 6.9.1 Bulk CMOS 218 6.9.2 CMOS/SOI 218 6.9.3 SRAMs 219 6.10 Track Size Effects 220 6.11 Cross-Section Curves and the Charge Collection Processes 221 6.11.1 Efficacy Curves and the Charge-Collection Process 222 6.11.2 Inverse LET Plots and Diffusion 225 6.12 Single Event Multiple-Bit Upset 226 6.12.1 Strictly Geometrical MBUs 227 6.12.2 Proton Induced Multibit Upsets 230 6.12.3 Dual Hits for Single-Bit Upset 231 6.12.4 MBU Due to Diffusion in DRAMs 231 6.12.5 Hits to Adjacent Sensitive Regions 236 6.12.6 Multibit Upset in FPGAs 236 6.12.7 Calculation of Upset Rate for Diffusion MBUs 237 6.12.8 Geometrical MBE Rates in EDAC Words 238 6.12.9 Statistical MBE Rates in the Space Environment 240 6.12.10Impact of Geometrical Errors on System Performance 243 6.12.11Statistical MBUs in a Test Environment 246 6.13 SEU in Logic Systems 246 6.14 Transient Pulses 249 7. Cosmic Ray Single Event Rate Calculations 251 7.1 Introduction to Rate Prediction Methods 252 7.2 The RPP Approach to Heavy Ion Upset Rates 252 7.3 The Integral RPP Approach 260 7.4 Shape of the Cross-Section Curve 264 7.4.1 The Weibull Distribution 264 7.4.2 Lognormal Distributions 266 7.4.3 Exponential Distributions 267 7.5 Assumptions Behind the RPP and IRPP Methods 270 7.5.1 Device Interaction Models 270 7.5.2 Critical Charge 270 7.5.3 Mathematical Basis of Rate Equations 271 7.5.4 Chord Length Models 274 7.5.5 Bradford Formulation 276 7.5.6 Pickel Formulation 279 7.5.7 Adams Formulation 280 7.5.8 Formulation of Integral RPP Approach 282 7.5.9 HICCUP Model 284 7.5.10 Requirements for Use of IRPP 285 7.6 Effective Flux Approach 285 7.7 Upper Bound Approaches 287 7.8 Figure of Merit Upset Rate Equations 288 7.9 Generalized Figure of Merit 290 7.9.1 Correlation of the FOM with Geosynchronous Upset Rates 291 7.9.2 Determination of Device Parameters 294 7.9.3 Calculation of the Figure of Merit from Tabulated Parts Characteristics 295 7.9.4 Rate Coefficient Behind Shielding 298 7.10 The FOM and the LOG Normal Distribution 299 7.11 Monte Carlo Approaches 300 7.11.1 IBM Code 300 7.11.2 GEANT4 300 7.11.3 Neutron Induced 301 7.12 PRIVIT 302 7.13 Integral Flux Method 302 8. Proton Single Event Rate Calculations 305 8.1 Nuclear Reaction Analysis 306 8.1.1 Monte Carlo Calculations 310 8.1.2 Predictions of Proton Upset Cross Sections Based on Heavy Ion Data 311 8.2 Semiempirical Approaches and the Integral Cross-Section Calculation 313 8.3 Relationship of Proton and Heavy Ion Upsets 316 8.4 Correlation of the FOM with Proton Upset Cross Sections 317 8.5 Upsets Due to Rare High Energy Proton Reactions 318 8.6 Upset Due to Ionization by Stopping Protons Helium Ions and Iron Ions 320 9. Neutron Induced Upset 329 9.1 Neutron Upsets in Avionics 330 9.1.1 BGR Calculation 330 9.1.2 Integral Cross-Section Calculation 331 9.1.3 Figure of Merit Calculation 332 9.1.4 Upper Bound Approach 333 9.1.5 Exposure During Flights 334 9.2 Upsets at Ground Level 335 10. Upsets Produced by Heavy Ion Nuclear Reactions 337 10.1 Heavy Ion Nuclear Reactions 337 10.2 Upset Rate Calculations for Combined Ionization and Reactions 340 10.3 Heavy Nuclear Ion Reactions Summary 342 11. Samples of Heavy Ion Rate Prediction 345 11.1 Low Threshold Studies 345 11.2 Comparison of Upset Rates for Weibull and Lognormal Functions 347 11.3 Low Threshold–Medium Lc data 352 11.4 See Sensitivity and LET Thresholds 353 11.5 Choosing Area and Depth for Rate Calculations 360 11.5.1 SOI Devices 360 11.5.2 Inclusion of Funnel in CREME Calculation 361 11.6 Running CREME96 Type Codes 361 11.6.1 CREME96/FLUX 363 11.6.2 CREME96/TRANS 364 11.6.3 CREME96/LETSPEC 364 11.6.4 CREME96/HUP 365 11.6.5 CREME96 Results 366 11.7 CREME-MC and SPENVIS 367 11.8 Effect of Uncertainties in Cross Section on Upset Rates 368 12. Samples of Proton Rate Predictions 371 12.1 Trapped Protons 371 12.2 Correlation of the FOM with Proton Upset Rates 371 13. Combined Environments 375 13.1 Relative Proton and Cosmic Ray Upset Rates 375 13.2 Calculation of Combined Rates Using the Figure of Merit 375 13.3 Rate Coefficients for a Particular New Orbit 380 13.4 Rate Coefficients for Any Circular Orbit About the Earth 381 13.5 Ratio of Proton to Heavy Ion Upsets for Near Earth Circular Orbits 381 13.6 Single Events from Ground to Outer Space 383 14. Samples of Solar Events and Extreme Situations 389 15. Upset Rates in Neutral Particle Beam (NPB) Environments 395 15.1 Characteristics of NPB Weapons 395 15.2 Upsets in the NPB Beam 397 16. Predictions and Observations of SEU Rates in Space 401 16.1 Results of Space Observations 402 16.2 Environmental Uncertainties 413 16.3 Examination of Outliers 417 16.4 Possible Reasons for Poor Upset Rate Predictions 418 16.5 Constituents of a Good Rate Comparison Paper 420 16.5.1 Reports on Laboratory and Space Measurements 421 16.5.2 Analysis of Ground Measurements 422 16.5.3 Environment for Space Predictions 422 16.5.4 Upset Rate Calculations 423 16.5.5 Characteristics of Space Experiment and Data 424 16.6 Summary and Conclusions 425 16.7 Recent Comparisons 427 16.8 Comparisons with Events During Solar Activity 427 17. Limitations of the IRPP Approach 429 17.1 The IRPP and Deep Devices 429 17.2 The RPP When Two Hits are Required 430 17.3 The RPP Approaches Neglect Track Size 430 17.4 The IRPP Calculates Number of Events not Total Number of Upsets 431 17.5 The RPP Approaches Neglect Effects that Arise Outside the Sensitive Volume 431 17.6 The IRPP Approaches Assume that the Effect of Different Particles with the Same LET is Equivalent 431 17.7 The IRPP Approaches Assume that the LET of the Particle is not Changing in the Sensitive Volume 432 17.8 The IRPP Approach Assumes that the Charge Collection Does Not Change with Device Orientation 433 17.9 The Status of Single Event Rate Analysis 433 Appendix A Useful Numbers 435 Appendix B Reference Equations 437 Appendix C Quick Estimates of Upset Rates Using the Figure of Merit 445 Appendix D Part Characteristics 448 Appendix E Sources of Device Data 452 References 455 Author Index 489 Subject Index 495

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Book SynopsisThe leading text in the field explains step by step how to write software that responds in real time From power plants to medicine to avionics, the world increasingly depends on computer systems that can compute and respond to various excitations in real time. The Fourth Edition of Real-Time Systems Design and Analysis gives software designers the knowledge and the tools needed to create real-time software using a holistic, systems-based approach. The text covers computer architecture and organization, operating systems, software engineering, programming languages, and compiler theory, all from the perspective of real-time systems design. The Fourth Edition of this renowned text brings it thoroughly up to date with the latest technological advances and applications. This fully updated edition includes coverage of the following concepts: Multidisciplinary design challenges Time-triggered architectures ATable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xxi 1 Fundamentals of Real-Time Systems 1 1.1 Concepts and Misconceptions, 2 1.1.1 Definitions for Real-Time Systems, 2 1.1.2 Usual Misconceptions, 14 1.2 Multidisciplinary Design Challenges, 15 1.2.1 Influencing Disciplines, 16 1.3 Birth and Evolution of Real-Time Systems, 16 1.3.1 Diversifying Applications, 17 1.3.2 Advancements behind Modern Real-Time Systems, 19 1.4 Summary, 21 1.5 Exercises, 24 References, 25 2 Hardware for Real-Time Systems 27 2.1 Basic Processor Architecture, 28 2.1.1 Von Neumann Architecture, 29 2.1.2 Instruction Processing, 30 2.1.3 Input/Output and Interrupt Considerations, 33 2.2 Memory Technologies, 36 2.2.1 Different Classes of Memory, 36 2.2.2 Memory Access and Layout Issues, 38 2.2.3 Hierarchical Memory Organization, 41 2.3 Architectural Advancements, 43 2.3.1 Pipelined Instruction Processing, 45 2.3.2 Superscalar and Very Long Instruction Word Architectures, 46 2.3.3 Multi-Core Processors, 48 2.3.4 Complex Instruction Set versus Reduced Instruction Set, 50 2.4 Peripheral Interfacing, 52 2.4.1 Interrupt-Driven Input/Output, 53 2.4.2 Direct Memory Access, 56 2.4.3 Analog and Digital Input/Output, 58 2.5 Microprocessor versus Microcontroller, 62 2.5.1 Microprocessors, 62 2.5.2 Standard Microcontrollers, 64 2.5.3 Custom Microcontrollers, 66 2.6 Distributed Real-Time Architectures, 68 2.6.1 Fieldbus Networks, 68 2.6.2 Time-Triggered Architectures, 71 2.7 Summary, 73 2.8 Exercises, 74 References, 76 3 Real-Time Operating Systems 79 3.1 From Pseudokernels to Operating Systems, 80 3.1.1 Miscellaneous Pseudokernels, 82 3.1.2 Interrupt-Only Systems, 87 3.1.3 Preemptive Priority Systems, 90 3.1.4 Hybrid Scheduling Systems, 90 3.1.5 The Task Control Block Model, 95 3.2 Theoretical Foundations of Scheduling, 97 3.2.1 Scheduling Framework, 98 3.2.2 Round-Robin Scheduling, 99 3.2.3 Cyclic Code Scheduling, 100 3.2.4 Fixed-Priority Scheduling: Rate-Monotonic Approach, 102 3.2.5 Dynamic Priority Scheduling: Earliest Deadline First Approach, 104 3.3 System Services for Application Programs, 106 3.3.1 Linear Buffers, 107 3.3.2 Ring Buffers, 109 3.3.3 Mailboxes, 110 3.3.4 Semaphores, 112 3.3.5 Deadlock and Starvation Problems, 114 3.3.6 Priority Inversion Problem, 118 3.3.7 Timer and Clock Services, 122 3.3.8 Application Study: A Real-Time Structure, 123 3.4 Memory Management Issues, 127 3.4.1 Stack and Task Control Block Management, 127 3.4.2 Multiple-Stack Arrangement, 128 3.4.3 Memory Management in the Task Control Block Model, 129 3.4.4 Swapping, Overlaying, and Paging, 130 3.5 Selecting Real-Time Operating Systems, 133 3.5.1 Buying versus Building, 134 3.5.2 Selection Criteria and a Metric for Commercial Real-Time Operating Systems, 135 3.5.3 Case Study: Selecting a Commercial Real-Time Operating System, 138 3.5.4 Supplementary Criteria for Multi-Core and Energy-Aware Support, 140 3.6 Summary, 142 3.7 Exercises, 143 References, 146 4 Programming Languages for Real-Time Systems 149 4.1 Coding of Real-Time Software, 150 4.1.1 Fitness of a Programming Language for Real-Time Applications, 151 4.1.2 Coding Standards for Real-Time Software, 152 4.2 Assembly Language, 154 4.3 Procedural Languages, 156 4.3.1 Modularity and Typing Issues, 156 4.3.2 Parameter Passing and Dynamic Memory Allocation, 157 4.3.3 Exception Handling, 159 4.3.4 Cardelli’s Metrics and Procedural Languages, 161 4.4 Object-Oriented Languages, 162 4.4.1 Synchronizing Objects and Garbage Collection, 162 4.4.2 Cardelli’s Metrics and Object-Oriented Languages, 164 4.4.3 Object-Oriented versus Procedural Languages, 165 4.5 Overview of Programming Languages, 167 4.5.1 Ada, 167 4.5.2 C, 169 4.5.3 C++, 170 4.5.4 C#, 171 4.5.5 Java, 172 4.5.6 Real-Time Java, 174 4.5.7 Special Real-Time Languages, 177 4.6 Automatic Code Generation, 178 4.6.1 Toward Production-Quality Code, 178 4.6.2 Remaining Challenges, 180 4.7 Compiler Optimizations of Code, 181 4.7.1 Standard Optimization Techniques, 182 4.7.2 Additional Optimization Considerations, 188 4.8 Summary, 192 4.9 Exercises, 193 References, 195 5 Requirements Engineering Methodologies 197 5.1 Requirements Engineering for Real-Time Systems, 198 5.1.1 Requirements Engineering as a Process, 198 5.1.2 Standard Requirement Classes, 199 5.1.3 Specifi cation of Real-Time Software, 201 5.2 Formal Methods in System Specification, 202 5.2.1 Limitations of Formal Methods, 205 5.2.2 Finite State Machines, 205 5.2.3 Statecharts, 210 5.2.4 Petri Nets, 213 5.3 Semiformal Methods in System Specification, 217 5.3.1 Structured Analysis and Structured Design, 218 5.3.2 Object-Oriented Analysis and the Unified Modeling Language, 221 5.3.3 Recommendations on Specification Approach, 224 5.4 The Requirements Document, 225 5.4.1 Structuring and Composing Requirements, 226 5.4.2 Requirements Validation, 228 5.5 Summary, 232 5.6 Exercises, 233 5.7 Appendix 1: Case Study in Software Requirements Specification, 235 5.7.1 Introduction, 235 5.7.2 Overall Description, 238 5.7.3 Specific Requirements, 245 References, 265 6 Software Design Approaches 267 6.1 Qualities of Real-Time Software, 268 6.1.1 Eight Qualities from Reliability to Verifiability, 269 6.2 Software Engineering Principles, 275 6.2.1 Seven Principles from Rigor and Formality to Traceability, 275 6.2.2 The Design Activity, 281 6.3 Procedural Design Approach, 284 6.3.1 Parnas Partitioning, 284 6.3.2 Structured Design, 286 6.3.3 Design in Procedural Form Using Finite State Machines, 292 6.4 Object-Oriented Design Approach, 293 6.4.1 Advantages of Object Orientation, 293 6.4.2 Design Patterns, 295 6.4.3 Design Using the Unified Modeling Language, 298 6.4.4 Object-Oriented versus Procedural Approaches, 301 6.5 Life Cycle Models, 302 6.5.1 Waterfall Model, 303 6.5.2 V-Model, 305 6.5.3 Spiral Model, 306 6.5.4 Agile Methodologies, 307 6.6 Summary, 311 6.7 Exercises, 312 6.8 Appendix 1: Case Study in Designing Real-Time Software, 314 6.8.1 Introduction, 314 6.8.2 Overall Description, 315 6.8.3 Design Decomposition, 316 6.8.4 Requirements Traceability, 371 References, 375 7 Performance Analysis Techniques 379 7.1 Real-Time Performance Analysis, 380 7.1.1 Theoretical Preliminaries, 380 7.1.2 Arguments Related to Parallelization, 382 7.1.3 Execution Time Estimation from Program Code, 385 7.1.4 Analysis of Polled-Loop and Coroutine Systems, 391 7.1.5 Analysis of Round-Robin Systems, 392 7.1.6 Analysis of Fixed-Period Systems, 394 7.1.7 Analysis of Nonperiodic Systems, 396 7.2 Applications of Queuing Theory, 398 7.2.1 Single-Server Queue Model, 398 7.2.2 Arrival and Processing Rates, 400 7.2.3 Buffer Size Calculation, 401 7.2.4 Response Time Modeling, 402 7.2.5 Other Results from Queuing Theory, 403 7.3 Input/Output Performance, 405 7.3.1 Buffer Size Calculation for Time-Invariant Bursts, 405 7.3.2 Buffer Size Calculation for Time-Variant Bursts, 406 7.4 Analysis of Memory Requirements, 408 7.4.1 Memory Utilization Analysis, 408 7.4.2 Optimizing Memory Usage, 410 7.5 Summary, 411 7.6 Exercises, 413 References, 415 8 Additional Considerations for the Practitioner 417 8.1 Metrics in Software Engineering, 418 8.1.1 Lines of Source Code, 419 8.1.2 Cyclomatic Complexity, 420 8.1.3 Halstead’s Metrics, 421 8.1.4 Function Points, 423 8.1.5 Feature Points, 427 8.1.6 Metrics for Object-Oriented Software, 428 8.1.7 Criticism against Software Metrics, 428 8.2 Predictive Cost Modeling, 429 8.2.1 Basic COCOMO 81, 429 8.2.2 Intermediate and Detailed COCOMO 81, 431 8.2.3 COCOMO II, 433 8.3 Uncertainty in Real-Time Systems, 433 8.3.1 The Three Dimensions of Uncertainty, 434 8.3.2 Sources of Uncertainty, 435 8.3.3 Identifying Uncertainty, 437 8.3.4 Dealing with Uncertainty, 438 8.4 Design for Fault Tolerance, 438 8.4.1 Spatial Fault-Tolerance, 440 8.4.2 Software Black Boxes, 443 8.4.3 N-Version Programming, 443 8.4.4 Built-in-Test Software, 444 8.4.5 Spurious and Missed Interrupts, 447 8.5 Software Testing and Systems Integration, 447 8.5.1 Testing Techniques, 448 8.5.2 Debugging Approaches, 454 8.5.3 System-Level Testing, 456 8.5.4 Systems Integration, 458 8.5.5 Testing Patterns and Exploratory Testing, 462 8.6 Performance Optimization Techniques, 465 8.6.1 Scaled Numbers for Faster Execution, 465 8.6.2 Look-Up Tables for Functions, 467 8.6.3 Real-Time Device Drivers, 468 8.7 Summary, 470 8.8 Exercises, 471 References, 473 9 Future Visions on Real-Time Systems 477 9.1 Vision: Real-Time Hardware, 479 9.1.1 Heterogeneous Soft Multi-Cores, 481 9.1.2 Architectural Issues with Individual Soft Cores, 483 9.1.3 More Advanced Fieldbus Networks and Simpler Distributed Nodes, 484 9.2 Vision: Real-Time Operating Systems, 485 9.2.1 One Coordinating System Task and Multiple Isolated Application Tasks, 486 9.2.2 Small, Platform Independent Virtual Machines, 487 9.3 Vision: Real-Time Programming Languages, 488 9.3.1 The UML++ as a Future “Programming Language”, 489 9.4 Vision: Real-Time Systems Engineering, 491 9.4.1 Automatic Verification of Software, 491 9.4.2 Conservative Requirements Engineering, 492 9.4.3 Distance Collaboration in Software Projects, 492 9.4.4 Drag-and-Drop Systems, 493 9.5 Vision: Real-Time Applications, 493 9.5.1 Local Networks of Collaborating Real-Time Systems, 494 9.5.2 Wide Networks of Collaborating Real-Time Systems, 495 9.5.3 Biometric Identification Device with Remote Access, 495 9.5.4 Are There Any Threats behind High-Speed Wireless Communications?, 497 9.6 Summary, 497 9.7 Exercises, 499 References, 500 Glossary 503 About the Authors 535 Index 537

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Book SynopsisThis book will be focused on the modeling and control of the DFIM based wind turbines. In the first part of the book, the mathematical description of different basic dynamic models of the DFIM will be carried out. It will be accompanied by a detailed steady-state analysis of the machine. After that, a more sophisticated model of the machine that considers grid disturbances, such as voltage dips and unbalances will be also studied. The second part of the book surveys the most relevant control strategies used for the DFIM when it operates at the wind energy generation application. The control techniques studied, range from standard solutions used by wind turbine manufacturers, to the last developments oriented to improve the behavior of high power wind turbines, as well as control and hardware based solutions to address different faulty scenarios of the grid. In addition, the standalone DFIM generation system will be also analyzed.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction to A Wind Energy Generation System 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Concepts of a Fixed Speed Wind Turbine (FSWT) 2 1.2.1 Basic Wind Turbine Description 2 1.2.2 Power Control of Wind Turbines 5 1.2.3 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics 7 1.2.4 Example of a Commercial Wind Turbine 9 1.3 Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWTs) 10 1.3.1 Modeling of Variable Speed Wind Turbine 11 1.3.2 Control of a Variable Speed Wind Turbine 15 1.3.3 Electrical System of a Variable Speed Wind Turbine 22 1.4 Wind Energy Generation System Based on DFIM VSWT 25 1.4.1 Electrical Configuration of a VSWT Based on the DFIM 25 1.4.2 Electrical Configuration of a Wind Farm 33 1.4.3 WEGS Control Structure 34 1.5 Grid Code Requirements 39 1.5.1 Frequency and Voltage Operating Range 40 1.5.2 Reactive Power and Voltage Control Capability 41 1.5.3 Power Control 43 1.5.4 Power System Stabilizer Function 45 1.5.5 Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) 46 1.6 Voltage Dips and LVRT 46 1.6.1 Electric Power System 47 1.6.2 Voltage Dips 50 1.6.3 Spanish Verification Procedure 55 1.7 VSWT Based on DFIM Manufacturers 57 1.7.1 Industrial Solutions: Wind Turbine Manufacturers 57 1.7.2 Modeling a 2.4 MW Wind Turbine 72 1.7.3 Steady State Generator and Power Converter Sizing 79 1.8 Introduction to the Next Chapters 83 Bibliography 85 2 Back-to-Back Power Electronic Converter 87 2.1 Introduction 87 2.2 Back-to-Back Converter based on Two-Level VSC Topology 88 2.2.1 Grid Side System 89 2.2.2 Rotor Side Converter and dv/dt Filter 96 2.2.3 DC Link 99 2.2.4 Pulse Generation of the Controlled Switches 101 2.3 Multilevel VSC Topologies 114 2.3.1 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped VSC Topology (3L-NPC) 116 2.4 Control of Grid Side System 133 2.4.1 Steady State Model of the Grid Side System 133 2.4.2 Dynamic Modeling of the Grid Side System 139 2.4.3 Vector Control of the Grid Side System 143 2.5 Summary 152 References 153 3 Steady State of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 155 3.1 Introduction 155 3.2 Equivalent Electric Circuit at Steady State 156 3.2.1 Basic Concepts on DFIM 156 3.2.2 Steady State Equivalent Circuit 158 3.2.3 Phasor Diagram 163 3.3 Operation Modes Attending to Speed and Power Flows 165 3.3.1 Basic Active Power Relations 165 3.3.2 Torque Expressions 168 3.3.3 Reactive Power Expressions 170 3.3.4 Approximated Relations Between Active Powers, Torque, and Speeds 170 3.3.5 Four Quadrant Modes of Operation 171 3.4 Per Unit Transformation 173 3.4.1 Base Values 175 3.4.2 Per Unit Transformation of Magnitudes and Parameters 176 3.4.3 Steady State Equations of the DFIM in p.u 177 3.4.4 Example 3.1: Parameters of a 2 MW DFIM 179 3.4.5 Example 3.2: Parameters of Different Power DFIM 180 3.4.6 Example 3.3: Phasor Diagram of a 2 MW DFIM and p.u. Analysis 181 3.5 Steady State Curves: Performance Evaluation 184 3.5.1 Rotor Voltage Variation: Frequency, Amplitude, and Phase Shift 185 3.5.2 Rotor Voltage Variation: Constant Voltage–Frequency (V-F) Ratio 192 3.5.3 Rotor Voltage Variation: Control of Stator Reactive Power and Torque 195 3.6 Design Requirements for the DFIM in Wind Energy Generation Applications 202 3.7 Summary 207 References 208 4 Dynamic Modeling of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 209 4.1 Introduction 209 4.2 Dynamic Modeling of the DFIM 210 4.2.1 ab Model 212 4.2.2 dq Model 214 4.2.3 State-Space Representation of ab Model 216 4.2.4 State-Space Representation of dq Model 229 4.2.5 Relation Between the Steady State Model and the Dynamic Model 234 4.3 Summary 238 References 238 5 Testing the DFIM 241 5.1 Introduction 241 5.2 Off-Line Estimation of DFIM Model Parameters 242 5.2.1 Considerations About the Model Parameters of the DFIM 243 5.2.2 Stator and Rotor Resistances Estimation by VSC 245 5.2.3 Leakage Inductances Estimation by VSC 250 5.2.4 Magnetizing Inductance and Iron Losses Estimation with No-Load Test by VSC 256 5.3 Summary 262 References 262 6 Analysis of the DFIM Under Voltage Dips 265 6.1 Introduction 265 6.2 Electromagnetic Force Induced in the Rotor 266 6.3 Normal Operation 267 6.4 Three-Phase Voltage Dips 268 6.4.1 Total Voltage Dip, Rotor Open-Circuited 268 6.4.2 Partial Voltage Dip, Rotor Open-Circuited 273 6.5 Asymmetrical Voltage Dips 278 6.5.1 Fundamentals of the Symmetrical Component Method 278 6.5.2 Symmetrical Components Applied to the DFIM 281 6.5.3 Single-Phase Dip 283 6.5.4 Phase-to-Phase Dip 286 6.6 Influence of the Rotor Currents 290 6.6.1 Influence of the Rotor Current in a Total Three-Phase Voltage Dip 291 6.6.2 Rotor Voltage in a General Case 294 6.7 DFIM Equivalent Model During Voltage Dips 297 6.7.1 Equivalent Model in Case of Linearity 297 6.7.2 Equivalent Model in Case of Nonlinearity 299 6.7.3 Model of the Grid 300 6.8 Summary 300 References 301 7 Vector Control Strategies for Grid-Connected DFIM Wind Turbines 303 7.1 Introduction 303 7.2 Vector Control 304 7.2.1 Calculation of the Current References 305 7.2.2 Limitation of the Current References 307 7.2.3 Current Control Loops 308 7.2.4 Reference Frame Orientations 311 7.2.5 Complete Control System 313 7.3 Small Signal Stability of the Vector Control 314 7.3.1 Influence of the Reference Frame Orientation 314 7.3.2 Influence of the Tuning of the Regulators 320 7.4 Vector Control Behavior Under Unbalanced Conditions 327 7.4.1 Reference Frame Orientation 328 7.4.2 Saturation of the Rotor Converter 328 7.4.3 Oscillations in the Stator Current and in the Electromagnetic Torque 328 7.5 Vector Control Behavior Under Voltage Dips 331 7.5.1 Small Dips 333 7.5.2 Severe Dips 336 7.6 Control Solutions for Grid Disturbances 340 7.6.1 Demagnetizing Current 340 7.6.2 Dual Control Techniques 346 7.7 Summary 358 References 360 8 Direct Control of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 363 8.1 Introduction 363 8.2 Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 364 8.2.1 Basic Control Principle 365 8.2.2 Control Block Diagram 371 8.2.3 Example 8.1: Direct Torque Control of a 2 MW DFIM 377 8.2.4 Study of Rotor Voltage Vector Effect in the DFIM 379 8.2.5 Example 8.2: Spectrum Analysis in Direct Torque Control of a 2 MW DFIM 384 8.2.6 Rotor Flux Amplitude Reference Generation 386 8.3 Direct Power Control (DPC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 387 8.3.1 Basic Control Principle 387 8.3.2 Control Block Diagram 390 8.3.3 Example 8.3: Direct Power Control of a 2 MW DFIM 395 8.3.4 Study of Rotor Voltage Vector Effect in the DFIM 395 8.4 Predictive Direct Torque Control (P-DTC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine at Constant Switching Frequency 399 8.4.1 Basic Control Principle 399 8.4.2 Control Block Diagram 402 8.4.3 Example 8.4: Predictive Direct Torque Control of 15kW and 2 MW DFIMs at 800 Hz Constant Switching Frequency 411 8.4.4 Example 8.5: Predictive Direct Torque Control of a 15kW DFIM at 4 kHz Constant Switching Frequency 415 8.5 Predictive Direct Power Control (P-DPC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine at Constant Switching Frequency 416 8.5.1 Basic Control Principle 417 8.5.2 Control Block Diagram 419 8.5.3 Example 8.6: Predictive Direct Power Control of a 15 kW DFIM at 1 kHz Constant Switching Frequency 424 8.6 Multilevel Converter Based Predictive Direct Power and Direct Torque Control of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine at Constant Switching Frequency 425 8.6.1 Introduction 425 8.6.2 Three-Level NPC VSC Based DPC of the DFIM 428 8.6.3 Three-Level NPC VSC Based DTC of the DFIM 447 8.7 Control Solutions for Grid Voltage Disturbances, Based on Direct Control Techniques 451 8.7.1 Introduction 451 8.7.2 Control for Unbalanced Voltage Based on DPC 452 8.7.3 Control for Unbalanced Voltage Based on DTC 460 8.7.4 Control for Voltage Dips Based on DTC 467 8.8 Summary 473 References 474 9 Hardware Solutions for LVRT 479 9.1 Introduction 479 9.2 Grid Codes Related to LVRT 479 9.3 Crowbar 481 9.3.1 Design of an Active Crowbar 484 9.3.2 Behavior Under Three-Phase Dips 486 9.3.3 Behavior Under Asymmetrical Dips 488 9.3.4 Combination of Crowbar and Software Solutions 490 9.4 Braking Chopper 492 9.4.1 Performance of a Braking Chopper Installed Alone 492 9.4.2 Combination of Crowbar and Braking Chopper 493 9.5 Other Protection Techniques 495 9.5.1 Replacement Loads 495 9.5.2 Wind Farm Solutions 496 9.6 Summary 497 References 498 10 Complementary Control Issues: Estimator Structures and Start-Up of Grid-Connected DFIM 501 10.1 Introduction 501 10.2 Estimator and Observer Structures 502 10.2.1 General Considerations 502 10.2.2 Stator Active and Reactive Power Estimation for Rotor Side DPC 503 10.2.3 Stator Flux Estimator from Stator Voltage for Rotor Side Vector Control 503 10.2.4 Stator Flux Synchronization from Stator Voltage for Rotor Side Vector Control 506 10.2.5 Stator and Rotor Fluxes Estimation for Rotor Side DPC, DTC, and Vector Control 507 10.2.6 Stator and Rotor Flux Full Order Observer 508 10.3 Start-up of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine Based Wind Turbine 512 10.3.1 Encoder Calibration 514 10.3.2 Synchronization with the Grid 518 10.3.3 Sequential Start-up of the DFIM Based Wind Turbine 523 10.4 Summary 534 References 535 11 Stand-Alone DFIM Based Generation Systems 537 11.1 Introduction 537 11.1.1 Requirements of Stand-alone DFIM Based System 537 11.1.2 Characteristics of DFIM Supported by DC Coupled Storage 540 11.1.3 Selection of Filtering Capacitors 541 11.2 Mathematical Description of the Stand-Alone DFIM System 544 11.2.1 Model of Stand-alone DFIM 544 11.2.2 Model of Stand-alone DFIM Fed from Current Source 549 11.2.3 Polar Frame Model of Stand-alone DFIM 551 11.2.4 Polar Frame Model of Stand-alone DFIM Fed from Current Source 554 11.3 Stator Voltage Control 558 11.3.1 Amplitude and Frequency Control by the Use of PLL 558 11.3.2 Voltage Asymmetry Correction During Unbalanced Load Supply 567 11.3.3 Voltage Harmonics Reduction During Nonlinear Load Supply 569 11.4 Synchronization Before Grid Connection By Superior PLL 573 11.5 Summary 576 References 577 12 New Trends on Wind Energy Generation 579 12.1 Introduction 579 12.2 Future Challenges for Wind Energy Generation: What must be Innovated 580 12.2.1 Wind Farm Location 580 12.2.2 Power, Efficiency, and Reliability Increase 582 12.2.3 Electric Grid Integration 583 12.2.4 Environmental Concerns 583 12.3 Technological Trends: How They Can be Achieved 584 12.3.1 Mechanical Structure of the Wind Turbine 585 12.3.2 Power Train Technology 586 12.4 Summary 599 References 600 Appendix 603 A.1 Space Vector Representation 603 A.1.1 Space Vector Notation 603 A.1.2 Transformations to Different Reference Frames 606 A.1.3 Power Expressions 609 A.2 Dynamic Modeling of the DFIM Considering the Iron Losses 610 A.2.1 ab Model 611 A.2.2 dq Model 614 A.2.3 State-Space Representation of ab Model 616 References 618 Index 619 The IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering

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Book SynopsisThe straightforward guide to the new Canon EOS Rebel T2i/550D Popular tech blog Gizmodo.com called the Canon EOS Rebel T2i/550D an incredible camera everything a first DSLR should be. With 1080p digital video capability andan 18 megapixel sensor that improves low-light shooting all for under $900, the accolades are well-earned. And for less than $30, you can learn how to maximize your digital photography experience! Packed with more than 300 color photos and 100 color screen captures throughout, this beginner book walks you through the camera's controls, features, and shooting modes. If you''re new to the Canon EOS Rebel T2i/550D, this fun and friendly guide shifts you out of automatic mode and helps you shoot memorable digital photos. Aimed at first-time dSLR users looking for a guide that clearly and patiently explains the features and controls of the Canon EOS Rebel T2i/550D Explores the on-board controls and situational shooting Addresses Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 A Quick Look at What’s Ahead 2 Part I: Fast Track to Super Snaps 2 Part II: Taking Creative Control 2 Part III: Working with Picture Files 3 Part IV: The Part of Tens 3 Icons and Other Stuff to Note 4 About the Software Shown in This Book 5 eCheat Sheet 5 Practice, Be Patient, and Have Fun! 6 Part I: Fast Track to Super Snaps 7 Chapter 1: Getting the Lay of the Land 9 Getting Comfortable with Your Lens 10 Attaching a lens 10 Removing a lens 12 Using an IS (image stabilizer) lens 13 Shifting from autofocus to manual focus 14 Zooming in and out 15 Adjusting the Viewfinder Focus 15 Working with Memory Cards 17 Exploring External Camera Controls 18 Topside controls 18 Back-of-the-body controls 20 Front-left buttons 23 Viewing and Adjusting Camera Settings 24 Ordering from menus 25 Using the Shooting Settings display 27 Taking advantage of the Quick Control screen 29 Decoding viewfinder data 30 Checking the Camera Settings display 32 Reviewing Basic Setup Options 33 Setup Menu 1 33 Setup Menu 2 35 Setup Menu 3 37 Three more customization options 38 Chapter 2: Taking Great Pictures, Automatically 41 Getting Good Point-and-Shoot Results 42 Exploring Basic Flash Options 47 Using Red-Eye Reduction Flash 48 Shooting in the Fully Automatic Modes 49 Full Auto mode 50 Automatic scene modes ( Image Zone modes) 51 Gaining More Control with Creative Auto 58 Changing the Drive Mode 62 Chapter 3: Controlling Picture Quality 65 Diagnosing Quality Problems 66 Decoding the Quality Options 68 Considering Resolution: Large, Medium, or Small? 70 Pixels and print quality 71 Pixels and screen display size 72 Pixels and fi le size 73 Resolution recommendations 74 Understanding File Type (JPEG or Raw) 76 JPEG: The imaging (and Web) standard 76 Raw (CR2): The purist’s choice 79 Our take: Choose Fine or Raw 81 Chapter 4: Monitor Matters: Picture Playback, Live View, and Movie Mode 83 Disabling and Adjusting Instant Review 84 Viewing Images in Playback Mode 84 Viewing multiple images at a time 85 Jumping through images 86 Rotating vertical pictures 88 Zooming in for a closer view 90 Viewing Picture Data 91 Image Only display mode 92 Detailed Information display 93 Understanding Histogram display mode 96 Deleting Photos 100 Erasing single images 100 Erasing all images on your memory card 100 Erasing selected images 102 Protecting Photos 103 Using Your Monitor As a Viewfinder 105 Enabling Live View 108 Taking a shot in Live View mode 109 Customizing Live View shooting data 111 Using the Quick Control screen in Live View mode 113 Displaying an alignment grid 114 Recording Movies 115 Changing the information display 120 Setting basic recording options 121 Shooting your first movie 124 Playing movies 127 Editing movies 129 Part II: Taking Creative Control 133 Chapter 5: Getting Creative with Exposure and Lighting 135 Kicking Your Camera into Advanced Gear 136 Introducing the Exposure Trio: Aperture, Shutter Speed, and ISO 137 Understanding exposure-setting side effects 140 Doing the exposure balancing act 145 Monitoring Exposure Settings 146 Choosing an Exposure Metering Mode 149 Setting ISO, f-stop, and Shutter Speed 153 Controlling ISO 153 Adjusting aperture and shutter speed 157 Sorting through Your Camera’s Exposure-Correction Tools 160 Overriding autoexposure results with Exposure Compensation 160 Improving high-contrast shots with Highlight Tone Priority 164 Experimenting with Auto Lighting Optimization 166 Correcting lens vignetting with Peripheral Illumination Correction 169 Locking Autoexposure Settings 172 Bracketing Exposures Automatically 174 Enabling AEB 174 Putting AEB to work in HDR imaging 177 Using Flash in Advanced Exposure Modes 179 Understanding your camera’s approach to flash 180 Adjusting flash power with Flash Exposure Compensation 184 Locking the flash exposure 187 Exploring more flash options 188 Using an external flash unit 191 Chapter 6: Manipulating Focus and Color 193 Reviewing Focus Basics 193 Adjusting Autofocus Performance 196 Selecting an autofocus point 196 Changing the AF (autofocus) mode 198 Autofocusing in Live View and Movie Modes 200 Choosing the Live View or Movie mode autofocusing method 201 Quick mode autofocusing 202 Using Live mode autofocusing 205 Using Live mode autofocus with face detection 206 Manipulating Depth of Field 207 Using A-DEP mode 212 Checking depth of field 213 Controlling Color 214 Correcting colors with white balance 215 Changing the White Balance setting 217 Creating a custom White Balance setting 218 Fine-tuning White Balance settings 220 Bracketing shots with white balance 223 Choosing a Color Space: sRGB versus Adobe RGB 225 Taking a Quick Look at Picture Styles 227 Chapter 7: Putting It All Together 233 Recapping Basic Picture Settings 234 Setting Up for Specific Scenes 234 Shooting still portraits 235 Capturing action 240 Capturing scenic vistas 244 Capturing dynamic close-ups 248 Part III: Working with Picture Files 251 Chapter 8: Downloading, Organizing, and Archiving Your Photos 253 Sending Pictures to the Computer 254 Connecting your camera and computer 255 Starting the transfer process 257 Downloading images with Canon tools 258 Using ZoomBrowser EX/ImageBrowser 265 Getting acquainted with the program 266 Viewing photos in full-screen mode 268 Organizing your photos 271 Processing Raw (CR2) Files 273 Chapter 9: Printing and Sharing Your Photos 279 Avoiding Printing Problems 280 Check the pixel count before you print 280 Allow for different print proportions 282 Get print and monitor colors in sync 284 Printing Online or In-Store 287 Printing from ZoomBrowser EX/ImageBrowser 288 Preparing Pictures for E-Mail and Online Sharing 293 Creating an In-Camera Slide Show 299 Viewing Your Photos on a Television 302 Part IV: The Part of Tens 305 Chapter 10: Ten Fast Photo-Editing Tricks 307 Removing Red-Eye 308 Cropping Your Photo 312 Adjusting Color Saturation 315 Tweaking Color Balance 318 Adjusting Exposure 320 Three-point exposure control with the Level Adjustment filter 321 Gaining more control with the Tone Curve Adjustment filter 323 Sharpening Focus (Sort Of) 326 Shifting to AutoPilot 330 Adding Text 330 Saving Your Edited Files 332 Chapter 11: Ten Special-Purpose Features to Explore on a Rainy Day 333 Changing the Function of the Set Button 333 Customizing Exposure and Focus Lock Options 336 Disabling the AF-Assist Beam 337 Enabling Mirror Lockup 339 Adding Cleaning Instructions to Images 340 Turning Off the Shooting Settings Screen 342 Adding Original Decision Data 344 Creating Your Very Own Camera Menu 344 Tagging Files with Your Copyright Claim 347 Getting Free Help and Creative Ideas 349 Index 351

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Book SynopsisCalling all mamarazzis! Every camera-toting mom will want this guide! Moms, if you can't seem to take enough great photos of the children in your life, this is the book for you. Now you can learn how to photograph children with the style, clarity, color, and beauty you see in professional photographs.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Take One: Roll Out the Red Carpet! Chapter 1: Get Ready Get Set. The Star. The Lights! The Set. The Show. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Rebecca Worple). Chapter 2: Get the Picture. Fill the Frame. Get Down, Get Down. Remember the Rule … of Thirds. Find your Focus. Shoot 'Em Up. Consider the Color. Decent Exposure. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Joyce Smith). Take Two: Lights! Chapter 3: Natural Beauty. Catchlight Clues. Watch Your Back. Shed Some Light on It. Find Direction. Silhouettes. Top/ Bottom Lighting. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Marla Carter). Chapter 4: Control Freak. Bounce Back. Spread the Love. Flash Mob. You've Got It. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Tara Whitney). Take Three: Camera! Chapter 5: Shopping Spree. The Mega Misunderstanding. Steady Does It. Find Junior with Face Finder. On the Move. Wait for It. The Little Guys. The Big Guns. Choose your Weapon. The Canon vs. Nikon Rivalry. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Lena Hyde). Chapter 6: Camera Crew. Need for (Shutter) Speed. Aper-what? ISO. The Triangle. Get out of the (Little Green) Box. Feed the Meter. Cheat Sheet. Quality Control. Best Bling (Stacy Wasmuth). Chapter 7: Compose and Create. Composition. Creativity. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Audrey Woulard). Take Four: (Inter)Action! Chapter 8: Ages and Stages. Ready-to-Pop Culture. A Star is Born. Tot-arazzi. The Backpack Set. Tweeny Boppers. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Carrie Sandoval). Chapter 9: What to Wear. Style Basics. Clothing Guidelines. Go Easy on Dad. Keep your Eye on the Prize. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Laura Siebert). Chapter 10: No Cheese Please. The Thing on My Head. No Peeking. The Silly Song. The Competition. The Group Effort. The Last Resort(s). Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Rebecca Mudrick). Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Gillian Gauthier). Chapter 11: Milestones and Memories. Vacation Photos. Special Events. Momentous Milestones. Pet-ography. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Amy Smith). Wrap: The After Party! Chapter 12: Finishing Touches. Choices, choices. Calibration. Work It Out. Color Blind. Proceed with Caution. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars (Sherry Petersik). Chapter 13: Show It Off. The Fine Print. A World Wide Wonder. Wall Flower. Décor Diva. Inside Scoop from Photography Superstars(Kelle Hampton). Chapter 14: Hired Help. Step Away from the Camera, Ma'am. Be Choosey. Find a Keeper. Invest in Quality Memories. Go for It. A Note on US Copyright. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe availability of position information will play an increasingly important role in today's communication society. Providing a common overview of positioning in wireless networks for the first time, this innovative guide demonstrates the principal differences and similarities of wireless communications systems and navigation systems.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Ground Based Positioning Systems 4 1.1.1 DECCA 4 1.1.2 LORAN 5 1.1.3 OMEGA 6 1.2 Satellite Based Positioning Systems 6 1.2.1 GPS 8 1.2.2 GLONASS 11 1.2.3 Galileo 11 1.3 GNSS Augmentation Systems 13 1.3.1 Differential GNSS – DGNSS 14 1.3.2 Wide Area Augmentation System – WAAS 15 1.3.3 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service – EGNOS 16 1.3.4 Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System – MSAS 17 1.3.5 GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation – GAGAN 17 1.4 Critical Environments 17 2 Positioning Principles 21 2.1 Propagation Time 22 2.1.1 Time of Arrival – TOA 23 2.1.2 Time Difference of Arrival – TDOA 26 2.1.3 Round-Trip Time of Arrival – RTTOA 28 2.1.4 Comparison of Circular and Hyperbolic Positioning 30 2.2 Angle of Arrival – AOA 32 2.2.1 Two-Dimensional 32 2.2.2 Three-Dimensional 33 2.2.3 AOA in the Uplink 35 2.2.4 The Problem of Non-Line-of-Sight Propagation 35 2.3 Fingerprinting 35 2.3.1 Cell-ID 36 2.3.2 Received Signal Strength – RSS 37 2.3.3 Power Delay Profile – PDP 38 3 Measurements and Parameter Extraction 41 3.1 Parameter Estimation 41 3.1.1 The Estimation Problem 41 3.1.2 Cramér – Rao Lower Bound – CRLB 43 3.2 Propagation Time 46 3.2.1 Cramér – Rao Lower Bound for Time Estimation 47 3.2.2 Timing Estimation in White Gaussian Noise 51 3.3 Angle of Arrival – AOA 59 3.3.1 Uniform Linear Array Antenna 59 3.3.2 AOA Estimation in Additive White Gaussian Noise 63 3.3.3 Cramér – Rao Lower Bound for AOA Estimation 65 4 Position Estimation 69 4.1 Triangulation 69 4.1.1 Triangulation with Ideal Measurements 70 4.1.2 Triangulation with Erroneous Measurements 79 4.2 Trilateration 82 4.2.1 Trilateration with Ideal Measurements 83 4.2.2 Trilateration with Erroneous Measurements 84 4.3 Multilateration 88 4.3.1 Multilateration with Ideal Measurements 88 4.3.2 Multilateration with Erroneous Measurements 91 4.4 Fingerprinting 93 4.5 Performance Bounds and Measures 94 4.5.1 Root Mean Square Error – RMSE 94 4.5.2 Cumulative Distribution Function – CDF 94 4.5.3 Circular Error Probability – CEP 94 4.5.4 Positioning Cramér – Rao Lower Bound – CRLB 95 4.5.5 Dilution of Precision – DOP 96 4.5.6 Complexity 99 5 Position Tracking 101 5.1 Kalman Filter 104 5.2 Extended Kalman Filter 108 5.3 Particle Filter 111 5.4 Further Approaches 115 5.4.1 Grid-Based Methods 115 5.4.2 Second Order Extended Kalman Filter 117 5.4.3 Unscented Kalman Filter 117 5.4.4 Gaussian Mixture Filter 117 5.4.5 Rao – Blackwellization 118 5.4.6 Map Matching 118 6 Scenarios and Models 119 6.1 Scenarios 119 6.1.1 Rural Environment 120 6.1.2 Urban Environment 121 6.1.3 Transition from Outdoor to Indoor 126 6.1.4 Indoor Environment 126 6.2 Channel Characterization 127 6.2.1 Channel Measurements 127 6.2.2 Ray Tracing 127 6.3 Channel Models 127 6.4 Mobility Models 129 7 Advanced Positioning Algorithms 135 7.1 Hybrid Data Fusion 135 7.1.1 General Hybrid Data Fusion Aspects 135 7.1.2 Extension of Derived Algorithms to More Sources 135 7.1.3 Simulation Results 137 7.2 Cooperative Positioning 139 7.2.1 General Cooperative Positioning Aspects 139 7.2.2 Example for Centralized Cooperative Positioning 141 7.2.3 Simulation Results 144 7.3 Multipath and Non-Line-of-Sight Mitigation 144 8 Systems 147 8.1 GSM 147 8.1.1 System Parameters 148 8.1.2 Measurements 151 8.1.3 Timing Advance – TA 151 8.1.4 Enhanced Observed Time Difference – EOTD 152 8.1.5 Uplink Time of Arrival – UTOA 154 8.1.6 Assisted GNSS – AGNSS 155 8.1.7 Cramér – Rao Lower Bounds 156 8.2 UMTS 158 8.2.1 System Parameters 159 8.2.2 Measurements 160 8.2.3 Cell-ID and Enhanced Cell-ID Based 162 8.2.4 Observed Time Difference of Arrival – OTDOA 163 8.2.5 Comparison of UMTS and GSM 165 8.2.6 Cramér – Rao Lower Bounds 165 8.3 3GPP-LTE 167 8.3.1 System Parameters 168 8.3.2 Measurements 171 8.3.3 Synchronization 173 8.3.4 Cramér – Rao Lower Bounds 173 8.3.5 Performance Results 179 8.4 Other Wide and Medium Range Systems 182 8.4.1 WiMAX 182 8.4.2 WLAN 183 8.5 Short Range 186 8.5.1 Bluetooth 186 8.5.2 ZigBee 188 8.5.3 Ultra-Wideband – UWB 189 8.5.4 Radio-Frequency Identification and Near Feld Communication – RFID and NFC 191 8.6 Standardization 193 9 Applications 197 9.1 Macro Diversity 197 9.1.1 Cellular Diversity 197 9.1.2 Location-Based Synchronization for Cellular OFDM 203 9.1.3 Position Aware Adaptive Communications Systems 209 9.2 Radio Resource Management – RRM 216 9.2.1 Location-Based Inter-Cell Interference Coordination – ICIC 216 9.2.2 Location-Aided Relay Selection 219 9.3 Mobility Management 223 9.3.1 Location Assisted Handover Prediction for WiFi and LTE – Algorithm 224 9.3.2 Scenario 225 9.3.3 Summary of Results 225 9.4 Emergency Calls 226 9.5 Location-Based Services – LBS 227 9.5.1 Mobile and Location Aware Advertising 228 9.5.2 Social Networks 228 9.5.3 Navigation and Route Planning 229 9.5.4 Mobile Gaming 229 9.5.5 Disruptive Applications 229 9.5.6 Future Applications 230 References 233 Index 245

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive presentation of the video communication techniques and systems, this book examines 4G wireless systems which are set to revolutionise ubiquitous multimedia communication. 4G Wireless Video Communications covers the fundamental theory and looks at systems' descriptions with a focus on digital video.Table of ContentsForward xiii Preface xv About the Authors xxi About the Series Editors xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why 4G? 1 1.2 4G Status and Key Technologies 3 1.2.1 3GPP LTE 3 1.2.2 Mobile WiMAX 4 1.3 Video Over Wireless 5 1.3.1 Video Compression Basics 5 1.3.2 Video Coding Standards 9 1.3.3 Error Resilience 10 1.3.4 Network Integration 12 1.3.5 Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Video Delivery 14 1.4 Challenges and Opportunities for 4G Wireless Video 15 References 17 2 Wireless Communications and Networking 19 2.1 Characteristics and Modeling of Wireless Channels 19 2.1.1 Degradation in Radio Propagation 19 2.1.2 Rayleigh Fading Channel 20 2.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 23 2.2.1 Basics of Modulation Schemes 23 2.2.2 System Model of AMC 25 2.2.3 Channel Quality Estimation and Prediction 26 2.2.4 Modulation and Coding Parameter Adaptation 28 2.2.5 Estimation Error and Delay in AMC 30 2.2.6 Selection of Adaptation Interval 30 2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 31 2.3.1 Background 31 2.3.2 System Model and Implementation 31 2.3.3 Pros and Cons 33 2.4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems 34 2.4.1 MIMO System Model 34 2.4.2 MIMO Capacity Gain: Multiplexing 35 2.4.3 MIMO Diversity Gain: Beamforming 35 2.4.4 Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-offs 35 2.4.5 Space-Time Coding 36 2.5 Cross-Layer Design of AMC and HARQ 37 2.5.1 Background 38 2.5.2 System Modeling 39 2.5.3 Cross-Layer Design 41 2.5.4 Performance Analysis 44 2.5.5 Performance 45 2.6 Wireless Networking 47 2.6.1 Layering Network Architectures 48 2.6.2 Network Service Models 50 2.6.3 Multiplexing Methods 51 2.6.4 Connection Management in IP-Based Data Networks 53 2.6.5 QoS Handoff 54 2.7 Summary 55 References 56 3 Video Coding and Communications 59 3.1 Digital Video Compression – Why and How Much? 59 3.2 Basics 60 3.2.1 Video Formats 60 3.3 Information Theory 64 3.3.1 Entropy and Mutual Information 65 3.3.2 Encoding of an Information Source 66 3.3.3 Variable Length Coding 68 3.3.4 Quantization 71 3.4 Encoder Architectures 73 3.4.1 DPCM 73 3.4.2 Hybrid Transform-DPCM Architecture 77 3.4.3 A Typical Hybrid Transform DPCM-based Video Codec 79 3.4.4 Motion Compensation 82 3.4.5 DCT and Quantization 83 3.4.6 Procedures Performed at the Decoder 84 3.5 Wavelet-Based Video Compression 86 3.5.1 Motion-Compensated Temporal Wavelet Transform Using Lifting 90 References 94 4 4G Wireless Communications and Networking 97 4.1 IMT-Advanced and 4G 97 4.2 LTE 99 4.2.1 Introduction 101 4.2.2 Protocol Architecture 102 4.2.3 LTE Layer 2 107 4.2.4 The Evolution of Architecture 110 4.2.5 LTE Standardization 110 4.3 WIMAX-IEEE 802.16m 112 4.3.1 Network Architecture 113 4.3.2 System Reference Model 114 4.3.3 Protocol Structure 114 4.3.4 Other Functions Supported by IEEE 802.16m for Further Study 125 4.4 3GPP2 UMB 125 4.4.1 Architecture Reference Model 126 4.4.2 Layering Architecture and Protocols 127 Acknowledgements 133 References 133 5 Advanced Video Coding (AVC)/H.264 Standard 135 5.1 Digital Video Compression Standards 135 5.2 AVC/H.264 Coding Algorithm 138 5.2.1 Temporal Prediction 139 5.2.2 Spatial Prediction 147 5.2.3 The Transform 148 5.2.4 Quantization and Scaling 151 5.2.5 Scanning 151 5.2.6 Variable Length Lossless Codecs 152 5.2.7 Deblocking Filter 155 5.2.8 Hierarchy in the Coded Video 156 5.2.9 Buffers 158 5.2.10 Encapsulation/Packetization 159 5.2.11 Profiles 160 5.2.12 Levels 163 5.2.13 Parameter Sets 167 5.2.14 Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) 167 5.2.15 Subjective Tests 168 References 168 6 Content Analysis for Communications 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Content Analysis 173 6.2.1 Low-Level Feature Extraction 174 6.2.2 Image Segmentation 179 6.2.3 Video Object Segmentation 185 6.2.4 Video Structure Understanding 200 6.2.5 Analysis Methods in Compressed Domain 208 6.3 Content-Based Video Representation 209 6.4 Content-Based Video Coding and Communications 212 6.4.1 Object-Based Video Coding 212 6.4.2 Error Resilience for Object-Based Video 215 6.5 Content Description and Management 217 6.5.1 MPEG-7 217 6.5.2 MPEG-21 219 References 219 7 Video Error Resilience and Error Concealment 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Error Resilience 224 7.2.1 Resynchronization Markers 224 7.2.2 Reversible Variable Length Coding (RVLC) 225 7.2.3 Error-Resilient Entropy Coding (EREC) 226 7.2.4 Independent Segment Decoding 228 7.2.5 Insertion of Intra Blocks or Frames 228 7.2.6 Scalable Coding 229 7.2.7 Multiple Description Coding 230 7.3 Channel Coding 232 7.4 Error Concealment 234 7.4.1 Intra Error Concealment Techniques 234 7.4.2 Inter Error Concealment Techniques 234 7.5 Error Resilience Features of H.264/AVC 236 7.5.1 Picture Segmentation 236 7.5.2 Intra Placement 236 7.5.3 Reference Picture Selection 237 7.5.4 Data Partitioning 237 7.5.5 Parameter Sets 237 7.5.6 Flexible Macroblock Ordering 238 7.5.7 Redundant Slices (RSs) 239 References 239 8 Cross-Layer Optimized Video Delivery over 4G Wireless Networks 241 8.1 Why Cross-Layer Design? 241 8.2 Quality-Driven Cross-Layer Framework 242 8.3 Application Layer 244 8.4 Rate Control at the Transport Layer 244 8.4.1 Background 244 8.4.2 System Model 246 8.4.3 Network Setting 246 8.4.4 Problem Formulation 248 8.4.5 Problem Solution 248 8.4.6 Performance Evaluation 249 8.5 Routing at the Network Layer 252 8.5.1 Background 252 8.5.2 System Model 254 8.5.3 Routing Metric 255 8.5.4 Problem Formulation 257 8.5.5 Problem Solution 258 8.5.6 Implementation Considerations 262 8.5.7 Performance Evaluation 263 8.6 Content-Aware Real-Time Video Streaming 265 8.6.1 Background 265 8.6.2 Background 265 8.6.3 Problem Formulation 266 8.6.4 Routing Based on Priority Queuing 267 8.6.5 Problem Solution 269 8.6.6 Performance Evaluation 270 8.7 Cross-Layer Optimization for Video Summary Transmission 272 8.7.1 Background 272 8.7.2 Problem Formulation 274 8.7.3 System Model 276 8.7.4 Link Adaptation for Good Content Coverage 278 8.7.5 Problem Solution 280 8.7.6 Performance Evaluation 283 8.8 Conclusions 287 References 287 9 Content-based Video Communications 291 9.1 Network-Adaptive Video Object Encoding 291 9.2 Joint Source Coding and Unequal Error Protection 294 9.2.1 Problem Formulation 295 9.2.2 Solution and Implementation Details 299 9.2.3 Application on Energy-Efficient Wireless Network 301 9.2.4 Application on Differentiated Services Networks 303 9.3 Joint Source-Channel Coding with Utilization of Data Hiding 305 9.3.1 Hiding Shape in Texture 308 9.3.2 Joint Source-Channel Coding 309 9.3.3 Joint Source-Channel Coding and Data Hiding 311 9.3.4 Experimental Results 315 References 322 10 AVC/H.264 Application – Digital TV 325 10.1 Introduction 325 10.1.1 Encoder Flexibility 326 10.2 Random Access 326 10.2.1 GOP Bazaar 327 10.2.2 Buffers, Before and After 332 10.3 Bitstream Splicing 335 10.4 Trick Modes 337 10.4.1 Fast Forward 338 10.4.2 Reverse 338 10.4.3 Pause 338 10.5 Carriage of AVC/H.264 Over MPEG-2 Systems 338 10.5.1 Packetization 339 10.5.2 Audio Video Synchronization 344 10.5.3 Transmitter and Receiver Clock Synchronization 344 10.5.4 System Target Decoder and Timing Model 344 References 345 11 Interactive Video Communications 347 11.1 Video Conferencing and Telephony 347 11.1.1 IP and Broadband Video Telephony 347 11.1.2 Wireless Video Telephony 348 11.1.3 3G-324M Protocol 348 11.2 Region-of-Interest Video Communications 351 11.2.1 ROI based Bit Allocation 351 11.2.2 Content Adaptive Background Skipping 356 References 366 12 Wireless Video Streaming 369 12.1 Introduction 369 12.2 Streaming System Architecture 370 12.2.1 Video Compression 370 12.2.2 Application Layer QoS Control 372 12.2.3 Protocols 374 12.2.4 Video/Audio Synchronization 376 12.3 Delay-Constrained Retransmission 377 12.3.1 Receiver-Based Control 378 12.3.2 Sender-Based Control 378 12.3.3 Hybrid Control 379 12.3.4 Rate-Distortion Optimal Retransmission 379 12.4 Considerations for Wireless Video Streaming 382 12.4.1 Cross-Layer Optimization and Physical Layer Consideration 383 12.5 P2P Video Streaming 384 References 385 Index 389

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete and comprehensive overview of 3G UMTS charging services Evolving from offline billing of traditional telecommunications, charging for IP services in mobile networks is challenging; charging convergence is one of the major trends in the telecom industry.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Charging for Mobile All-IP Networks. 1.2 Online Charging. 1.3 Concluding Remarks. 1.4 Review Questions. 1.5 References. Chapter 2: Telecommunications Networks. 2.1 Public Switched Telephone Network. 2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications. 2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 2.4 IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem. 2.5 WLAN and Cellular Interworking. 2.6 Concluding Remarks. 2.7 Review Questions. 2.8 References. Chapter 3: Telecommunications Services. 3.1 Automated Attendant. 3.2 Charging Services. 3.3 Routing Services. 3.4 Dialing Services. 3.5 Screening Services. 3.6 Interrupt Services. 3.7 Mass Call. 3.8 Universal Personal Telecommunications Number. 3.9 Interactive Voice Response Techniques. 3.10 Other Telephone Services. 3.11 Mobile Telecommunications Services. 3.12 Concluding Remarks. 3.13 Review Questions. 3.14 References. Chapter 4: GPRS Tunneling Protocol Extension. 4.1 The GTP' Protocol. 4.2 Connection Setup Procedure. 4.3 CDR Transfer Procedure. 4.4 Prepaid Quota Management. 4.5 Prepaid Quota Management Procedure. 4.6 Concluding Remarks. 4.7 Review Questions. 4.8 References. Chapter 5: Mobile Charging Protocols. 5.1 Customized Application for the Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL). 5.2 Remote Access Dial In User Service (RADIUS). 5.3 Diameter. 5.4 Diameter-based Offline Charging. 5.5 Diameter-based Online Charging. 5.6 Session Initiation Protocol: IMS Charging Headers. 5.7 Concluding Remarks. 5.8 Review Questions. 5.9 References. Chapter 6: UMTS CS/PS Charging Management. 6.1 Circuit Switched Service Domain. 6.2 Packet Switched Service Domain. 6.3 Concluding Remarks. 6.4 Review Questions . 6.5 References. Chapter 7: IMS and MMS Offline Charging Management. 7.1 Offline Charging for IMS. 7.2 IMS Charging Correlation. 7.3 Multimedia Messaging Service Domain. 7.4 Mediation Device. 7.5 Concluding Remarks. 7.6 Review Questions. 7.7 References. Chapter 8: UMTS Online Charging. 8.1 UMTS Charging Architecture (Release 6). 8.2 Online Charging Scenarios. 8.3 Concluding Remarks. 8.4 Review Questions. 8.5 References. Chapter 9: Service Data Flow-based Charging. 9.1 Online Flow Based Charging Architecture. 9.2 Content-based Service for Online TPF/GPRS. 9.3 Online IMS Flow-based Charging. 9.4 Policy and Charging Control Integration. 9.5 Concluding Remarks. 9.6 Review Questions. 9.7 References. Chapter 10: Billing for VoIP Services. 10.1 A VoIP Network Architecture. 10.2 Call Detail Record Generation. 10.3 Deriving Call Holding Time Distributions. 10.4 Observations form the Call Holding Time Statistics. 10.5 Concluding Remarks. 10.6 Review Questions. 10.7 References. Appendix A. Connection Failure Detection for GTP'. A.1 GTP' Failure Detection. A.2 Numerical Examples. A.3 Concluding Remarks. A.4 Notation. A.5 References. Appendix B. Charging for Integrated Prepaid VoIP and Messaging Services. B.1 Prepaid Application Server of SIP-based Services. B.2 Charging Integration for Prepaid Calls and Instant Messaging. B.2.1 Prepaid IMS-to-PSTN Call Setup and Release. B.2.2 Prepaid Instant Messaging Delivery. B.2.3 Charging Policy of the Prepaid Application Server. B.3 Performance for the PAS Charging Policy. B.4 Concluding Remarks. B.5 Notation. B.6 References. Appendix C. Modeling Credit Reservation for OCS. C.1 Recharge Threshold-based Credit Reservation. C.2 Numerical Examples and Conclusions. C.3 Notation. C.4 References. Appendix D. Reducing Credit Re-authorization Cost. D.1 Credit Re-authorization Procedure. D.2 The Threshold-based Scheme. D.3 Numerical Examples. D.4 Concluding Remarks. D.5 Notation. D.6 References. Appendix E. Credit Redistribution for UMTS Prepaid Service through CAMEL. E.1 The IN Approach for the UMTS Prepaid Service. E.2 The Prepaid Charging Message Flow . E.3 The Prepaid Credit Reclaim (PCR) Mechanism. E.4 Concluding Remarks. E.5 Notation. E.6 References. Appendix F. An Example of IMS Charging Application Server. F.1 Rf/Ro Interface and Session Initialization. F.2 Creating Rf/Ro Requests. F.3 Receiving Answers. F.4 Error/Timeout Handling and Debugging. F.5 References. Appendix G. Non-IP-Based Prepaid Phone Service. G.1 Non-IP-based Mobile Prepaid Services. G.2 Wireless Intelligent Network Approach. G.2.1 WIN Call Origination. G.2.2 WIN Call Termination. G.2.3 WIN Prepaid Recharging. G.3 Service Node Approach. G.4 Hot Billing Approach. G.4.1 Hot Billing Initialization and Call Origination. G.4.2 Hot Billing Customer Query and Recharging. G.5 Handset-Based Approach. G.5.1 SIM Card Issues. G.5.2 Handset-Based Call Origination. G.5.3 Handset-Based Prepaid Recharging. G.6 Comparison of the Prepaid Solutions. G.6.1 Roaming to other networks. G.6.2 Scalability. G.6.3 Fraud Risk. G.6.4 Initial System Setup. G.6.5 Service Features. G.6.6 Real-Time Rating. G.7 Business Issues. G.8 Concluding Remarks. G.9. Review Questions. G.10. References. Appendix H. Performance of Service Node Based Mobile Prepaid Service. H.1 The Service Node Approach. H.2 Numeric Examples. H.2.1 Effects of the Variation of Call Charges. H.2.2 Effect of I on E[BL*]/I. H.2.3 The Cost Function. H.3 Concluding Remarks. H.4 Notation. H.5 References.

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Book SynopsisComprehensive textbook covering the essentials in circuit analysis, laws, design and behaviour, offering worked problems and solutions. Contains only the basic and most important information on electrical engineering for 'non-EE' students Includes phasor diagrams and a clear description of complex currents and voltages.Trade Review"This relatively short, exceptionally well-written book introduces non-electrical engineering students to the world of circuits." (Choice Reviews, June 2009)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. 1 The Design Process. 2 Electronic circuits. Overview: DC Circuits. 3 Circuit Laws and Equivalences. 4 Circuit analysis. 5 Controlled Sources and Nonlinear components. Overview:Operational Amplifiers. 6 The Operational Amplifier. 7 Linear operation of the opamp. 8 Mixed and dynamic opamp circuits. Overview: AC Circuits. 9 AC Circuits and Phasor diagrams. 10 Complex currents and voltages. 11 Frequency domain behaviour. Overview: The analysis of change. 12 Change behaviour. 13 Small signal analysis. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisCommunications technologies increasingly pervade our everyday lives, yet the underlying principles are a mystery to most. Even among engineers and technicians, understanding of this complex subject remains limited. However, there is undeniably a growing need for all technology disciplines to gain intimate awareness of how their fields are affected by a more densely networked world. The computer science field in particular is profoundly affected by the growing dominance of communications, and computer scientists must increasingly engage with electrical engineering concepts. Yet communications technology is often perceived as a challenging subject with a steep learning curve. To address this need, the authors have transformed classroom-tested materials into this accessible textbook to give readers an intimate understanding of fundamental communications concepts. Readers are introduced to the key essentials, and each selected topic is discussed in detail to promote mastery. EngTable of ContentsPreface. 1 An Overview of Computer Communications. Further Reading. 2 Signal Space Representation. 2.1 The Vector Space. 2.2 The Signal Space. 2.3 Summary. Further Reading. Exercises. 3 Fourier Representations of Signals. 3.1 The Fourier Series. 3.2 Cosine-only Expansion of Fourier Series. 3.3 Fourier Series in Complex Exponentials. 3.4 The Fourier Transform. 3.5 Physical Meaning of Fourier Transform. 3.6 Properties of the Fourier Transform. 3.7 Fourier Transform Representations for Periodic Signals. 3.8 The Discrete Fourier Transform. 3.9 The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform. 3.10 Physical Meaning of the Discrete Fourier Transform. Further Reading. Exercises. 4 Analog Modulation Techniques. 4.1 Amplitude Modulation. 4.2 Double-sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC). 4.3 Single-sideband (SSB) Modulation. 4.4 Frequency Modulation (FM). 4.5 Superheterodyne AM and FM Receivers. 4.6 Analog Modulation with Frequency Division Multiplexing. 4.7 Concluding Remarks. Further Reading. Exercises. 5 Digital Modulation Techniques. 5.1 Baseband Pulse Transmission. 5.2 Amplitude-shift Keying (ASK). 5.3 Binary Phase-shift Keying (BPSK). 5.4 Binary Frequency-shift Keying (FSK). 5.5 Quadriphase-shift Keying (QPSK). 5.6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. 5.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). 5.8 OFDM in Wireless Local Area Networks. 5.9 Digital Audio Broadcast Using OFDM and TDMA. 5.10 The Role of Inner Product in Digital Modulation. 5.11 Review of Digital Modulation Techniques. Further Reading. Exercises. 6 Multiple-access Communications. 6.1 Frequency-division Multiple Access (FDMA). 6.2 Time-division Multiple Access (TDMA). 6.3 Code-division Multiple Access (CDMA). 6.4 Carrier-sense Multiple Access (CSMA). 6.5 The Multiplexing Transmission Problem. Further Reading. Exercises. 7 Spread-spectrum Communications. 7.1 The Basic Concept of Spread-spectrum. 7.2 Baseband Transmission for Direct-sequence Spread-spectrum (DSSS) Communications. 7.3 BPSK Modulation for DSSS. 7.4 Pseudo-random Binary Sequence. 7.5 Frequency-hopping Spread-spectrum. 7.6 Application of Spread-spectrum Techniques to Multiple-access Systems. Further Reading. Exercises. 8 Source Coding and Channel Coding. 8.1 Average Codeword Length of Source Coding. 8.2 Prefix Codes. 8.3 Huffman Coding. 8.4 Channel Coding. 8.5 Error-correcting Capability and Hamming Distance. 8.6 Hamming Codes. 8.7 Convolutional Codes. Further Reading. Exercises. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisHVDC is a critical solution to several major problems encountered when trying to maintain systemic links and quality in large-scale renewable energy environments. HDVC can resolve a number of issues, including voltage stability of AC power networks, reducing fault current, and optimal management of electric power, ensuring the technology will play an increasingly important role in the electric power industry. To address the pressing need for an up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of the subject, Kim, Sood, Jang, Lim and Lee have collaborated to produce this key text and reference. Combining classroom-tested materials from North America and Asia, HVDC Transmission compactly summarizes the latest research results, and includes the insights of experts from power systems, power electronics, and simulation backgrounds. The authors walk readers through basic theory and practical applications, while also providing the broader historical context and future development of HVDC tecTrade Review?This book succeeds in providing a comprehensive textbook on HVDC system design, planning, and application issues. A wide range of subjects including power electronics, power systems. substation design, and control system design are covered.? IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Jan/Feb 2010)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Author Biographies. List of Symbols. 1 Development of HVDC Technology. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Advantages of HVDC Systems. 1.3 HVDC System Costs. 1.4 Overview and Organization of HVDC Systems. 1.5 Review of the HVDC System Reliability. 1.6 HVDC Characteristics and Economic Aspects. References. 2 Power Conversion. 2.1 Thyristor. 2.2 3-Phase Converter. 2.3 3-Phase Full Bridge Converter. 2.4 12-Pulse Converter. References. 3 Harmonics of HVDC and Removal. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Determination of Resulting Harmonic Impedance. 3.3 Active Power Filter. References. 4 Control of HVDC Converter and System. 4.1 Converter Control for an HVDC System. 4.2 Commutation Failure. 4.3 HVDC Control and Design. 4.4 HVDC Control Functions. 4.5 Reactive Power and Voltage Stability. 4.6 Summary. References. 5 Interactions between AC and DC Systems. 5.1 Definition of Short Circuit Ratio and Effective Short Circuit Ratio. 5.2 Interaction between HVDC and AC Power System. References. 6 Main Circuit Design. 6.1 Converter Circuit and Components. 6.2 Converter Transformer. 6.3 Cooling System. 6.4 HVDC Overhead Line. 6.5 HVDC Earth Electrodes. 6.6 HVDC Cable. 6.7 HVDC Telecommunications. 6.8 Current Sensors. 6.9 HVDC Noise and Vibration. References. 7 Fault Behavior and Protection of HVDC System. 7.1 Valve Protection Functions. 7.2 Protective Action of an HVDC System. 7.3 Protection by Control Actions. 7.4 Fault Analysis. References. 8 Insulation Coordination of HVDC. 8.1 Surge Arrester. 8.2 Functions of the Arresters in an HVDC Station. 8.3 Insulation Coordination of Cheju HVDC System. References. 9 A Practical Example of an HVDC System. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 System Description. 9.3 Phase Control. References. 10 Other Converter Configurations for HVDC Transmission. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Voltage Source Converter (VSC). 10.3 CCC and CSCC HVDC System. 10.4 Multi-Terminal DC Transmission. References. 11 Modeling and Simulation of HVDC Systems. 11.1 Simulation Scope and Range. 11.2 Fast Methods for Accurate Simulation. 11.3 HVDC Modeling and Simulation. 11.4 Cheju?Haenam HVDC Real-Time Digital Simulator. References. 12 Present and Proposed Future Installations of HVDC Systems. 12.1 USA. 12.2 Japan. 12.3 Europe. 12.4 China. 12.5 India. 12.6 Malaysia/Philippines. 12.7 Australia/New Zealand. 12.8 Brazil. 12.9 Africa. 13 Trends for HVDC Applications. 13.1 Wind Farm Technology. 13.2 Modern Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC Systems. 13.3 800 kV HVDC System. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisInduction motors are the most important workhorses in industry. They are mostly used as constant-speed drives when fed from a voltage source of fixed frequency. Advent of advanced power electronic converters and powerful digital signal processors, however, has made possible the development of high performance, adjustable speed AC motor drives.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xxi List of Symbols xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Induction Motor 1 1.2 Induction Motor Control 2 1.3 Review of Previous Work 2 1.3.1 Scalar Control 3 1.3.2 Vector Control 3 1.3.3 Speed Sensorless Control 4 1.3.4 Intelligent Control of Induction Motor 4 1.3.5 Application Status and Research Trends of Induction Motor Control 4 1.4 Present Study 4 2 Philosophy of Induction Motor Control 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Induction Motor Control Theory 10 2.2.1 Nonlinear Feedback Control 10 2.2.2 Induction Motor Models 11 2.2.3 Field-Oriented Control 13 2.2.4 Direct Self Control 14 2.2.5 Acceleration Control Proposed 15 2.2.6 Need for Intelligent Control 16 2.2.7 Intelligent Induction Motor Control Schemes 17 2.3 Induction Motor Control Algorithms 19 2.4 Speed Estimation Algorithms 23 2.5 Hardware 25 3 Modeling and Simulation of Induction Motor 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Modeling of Induction Motor 32 3.3 Current-Input Model of Induction Motor 34 3.3.1 Current (3/2) Rotating Transformation Sub-Model 35 3.3.2 Electrical Sub-Model 35 3.3.3 Mechanical Sub-Model 37 3.3.4 Simulation of Current-Input Model of Induction Motor 37 3.4 Voltage-Input Model of Induction Motor 40 3.4.1 Simulation Results of ‘Motor 1’ 43 3.4.2 Simulation Results of ‘Motor 2’ 43 3.4.3 Simulation Results of ‘Motor 3’ 44 3.5 Discrete-State Model of Induction Motor 45 3.6 Modeling and Simulation of Sinusoidal PWM 49 3.7 Modeling and Simulation of Encoder 51 3.8 Modeling of Decoder 54 3.9 Simulation of Induction Motor with PWM Inverter and Encoder/Decoder 54 3.10 MATLAB/Simulink Programming Examples 55 3.11 Summary 73 4 Fundamentals of Intelligent Control Simulation 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Getting Started with Fuzzy Logical Simulation 75 4.2.1 Fuzzy Logic Control 75 4.2.2 Example: Fuzzy PI Controller 77 4.3 Getting Started with Neural-Network Simulation 83 4.3.1 Artificial Neural Network 83 4.3.2 Example: Implementing Park’s Transformation Using ANN 85 4.4 Getting Started with Kalman Filter Simulation 90 4.4.1 Kalman Filter 92 4.4.2 Example: Signal Estimation in the Presence of Noise by Kalman Filter 94 4.5 Getting Started with Genetic Algorithm Simulation 98 4.5.1 Genetic Algorithm 98 4.5.2 Example: Optimizing a Simulink Model by Genetic Algorithm 100 4.6 Summary 107 5 Expert-System-based Acceleration Control 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Relationship between the Stator Voltage Vector and Rotor Acceleration 110 5.3 Analysis of Motor Acceleration of the Rotor 113 5.4 Control Strategy of Voltage Vector Comparison and Voltage Vector Retaining 114 5.5 Expert-System Control for Induction Motor 118 5.6 Computer Simulation and Comparison 122 5.6.1 The First Simulation Example 123 5.6.2 The Second Simulation Example 125 5.6.3 The Third Simulation Example 126 5.6.4 The Fourth Simulation Example 127 5.6.5 The Fifth Simulation Example 129 5.7 Summary 131 6 Hybrid Fuzzy/PI Two-Stage Control 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Two-Stage Control Strategy for an Induction Motor 135 6.3 Fuzzy Frequency Control 136 6.3.1 Fuzzy Database 138 6.3.2 Fuzzy Rulebase 139 6.3.3 Fuzzy Inference 141 6.3.4 Defuzzification 142 6.3.5 Fuzzy Frequency Controller 142 6.4 Current Magnitude PI Control 143 6.5 Hybrid Fuzzy/PI Two-Stage Controller for an Induction Motor 145 6.6 Simulation Study on a 7.5 kW Induction Motor 145 6.6.1 Comparison with Field-Oriented Control 146 6.6.2 Effects of Parameter Variation 148 6.6.3 Effects of Noise in the Measured Speed and Input Current 149 6.6.4 Effects of Magnetic Saturation 149 6.6.5 Effects of Load Torque Variation 150 6.7 Simulation Study on a 0.147 kW Induction Motor 152 6.8 MATLAB/Simulink Programming Examples 158 6.8.1 Programming Example 1: Voltage-Input Model of an Induction Motor 158 6.8.2 Programming Example 2: Fuzzy/PI Two-Stage Controller 163 6.9 Summary 165 7 Neural-Network-based Direct Self Control 167 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Neural Networks 168 7.3 Neural-Network Controller of DSC 170 7.3.1 Flux Estimation Sub-Net 170 7.3.2 Torque Calculation Sub-Net 171 7.3.3 Flux Angle Encoder and Flux Magnitude Calculation Sub-Net 173 7.3.4 Hysteresis Comparator Sub-Net 178 7.3.5 Optimum Switching Table Sub-Net 180 7.3.6 Linking of Neural Networks 183 7.4 Simulation of Neural-Network-based DSC 184 7.5 MATLAB/Simulink Programming Examples 187 7.5.1 Programming Example 1: Direct Self Controller 187 7.5.2 Programming Example 2: Neural-Network-based Optimum Switching Table 192 7.6 Summary 196 8 Parameter Estimation Using Neural Networks 199 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Integral Equations Based on the ‘T’ Equivalent Circuit 200 8.3 Integral Equations based on the ‘G’ Equivalent Circuit 203 8.4 Parameter Estimation of Induction Motor Using ANN 205 8.4.1 Estimation of Electrical Parameters 206 8.4.2 ANN-based Mechanical Model 208 8.4.3 Simulation Studies 210 8.5 ANN-based Induction Motor Models 214 8.6 Effect of Noise in Training Data on Estimated Parameters 217 8.7 Estimation of Load, Flux and Speed 218 8.7.1 Estimation of Load 218 8.7.2 Estimation of Stator Flux 222 8.7.3 Estimation of Rotor Speed 226 8.8 MATLAB/Simulink Programming Examples 231 8.8.1 Programming Example 1: Field-Oriented Control (FOC) System 231 8.8.2 Programming Example 2: Sensorless Control of Induction Motor 234 8.9 Summary 240 9 GA-Optimized Extended Kalman Filter for Speed Estimation 243 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Extended State Model of Induction Motor 244 9.3 Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm for Rotor Speed Estimation 245 9.3.1 Prediction of State 245 9.3.2 Estimation of Error Covariance Matrix 245 9.3.3 Computation of Kalman Filter Gain 245 9.3.4 State Estimation 246 9.3.5 Update of the Error Covariance Matrix 246 9.4 Optimized Extended Kalman Filter 247 9.5 Optimizing the Noise Matrices of EKF Using GA 250 9.6 Speed Estimation for a Sensorless Direct Self Controller 253 9.7 Speed Estimation for a Field-Oriented Controller 255 9.8 MATLAB/Simulink Programming Examples 260 9.8.1 Programming Example 1: Voltage-Frequency Controlled (VFC) Drive 260 9.8.2 Programming Example 2: GA-Optimized EKF for Speed Estimation 264 9.8.3 Programming Example 3: GA-based EKF Sensorless Voltage-Frequency Controlled Drive 268 9.8.4 Programming Example 4: GA-based EKF Sensorless FOC Induction Motor Drive 269 9.9 Summary 270 10 Optimized Random PWM Strategies Based On Genetic Algorithms 273 10.1 Introduction 273 10.2 PWM Performance Evaluation 274 10.2.1 Fourier Analysis of PWM Waveform 276 10.2.2 Harmonic Evaluation of Typical Waveforms 277 10.3 Random PWM Methods 283 10.3.1 Random Carrier-Frequency PWM 283 10.3.2 Random Pulse-Position PWM 285 10.3.3 Random Pulse-Width PWM 285 10.3.4 Hybrid Random Pulse-Position and Pulse-Width PWM 286 10.3.5 Harmonic Evaluation Results 287 10.4 Optimized Random PWM Based on Genetic Algorithm 288 10.4.1 GA-Optimized Random Carrier-Frequency PWM 289 10.4.2 GA-Optimized Random-Pulse-Position PWM 290 10.4.3 GA-Optimized Random-Pulse-Width PWM 292 10.4.4 GA-Optimized Hybrid Random Pulse-Position and Pulse-Width PWM 293 10.4.5 Evaluation of Various GA-Optimized Random PWM Inverters 295 10.4.6 Switching Loss of GA-Optimized Random Single-Phase PWM Inverters 296 10.4.7 Linear Modulation Range of GA-Optimized Random Single-Phase PWM Inverters 297 10.4.8 Implementation of GA-Optimized Random Single-Phase PWM Inverter 298 10.4.9 Limitations of Reference Sinusoidal Frequency of GA-Optimized Random PWM Inverters 298 10.5 MATLAB/Simulink Programming Examples 299 10.5.1 Programming Example 1: A Single-Phase Sinusoidal PWM 299 10.5.2 Programming Example 2: Evaluation of a Four-Pulse Wave 302 10.5.3 Programming Example 3: Random Carrier-Frequency 10.6 Experiments on Various PWM Strategies 305 10.6.1 Implementation of PWM Methods Using DSP 305 10.6.2 Experimental Results 307 10.7 Summary 310 11 Experimental Investigations 313 11.1 Introduction 313 11.2 Experimental Hardware Design for Induction Motor Control 314 11.2.1 Hardware Description 314 11.3 Software Development Method 320 11.4 Experiment 1: Determination of Motor Parameters 321 11.5 Experiment 2: Induction Motor Run Up 321 11.5.1 Program Design 322 11.5.2 Program Debug 324 11.5.3 Experimental Investigations 327 11.6 Experiment 3: Implementation of Fuzzy/PI Two-Stage Controller 330 11.6.1 Program Design 330 11.6.2 Program Debug 338 11.6.3 Performance Tests 339 11.7 Experiment 4: Speed Estimation Using a GA-Optimized Extended Kalman Filter 344 11.7.1 Program Design 345 11.7.2 GA-EKF Experimental Method 345 11.7.3 GA-EKF Experiments 346 11.7.4 Limitations of GA-EKF 349 11.8 DSP Programming Examples 352 11.8.1 Generation of 3-Phase Sinusoidal PWM 354 11.8.2 RTDX Programming 359 11.8.3 ADC Programming 361 11.8.4 CAP Programming 364 11.9 Summary 370 12 Conclusions and Future Developments 373 12.1 Main Contributions of the Book 374 12.2 Industrial Applications of New Induction Motor Drives 375 12.3 Future Developments 377 12.3.1 Expert-System-based Acceleration Control 378 12.3.2 Hybrid Fuzzy/PI Two-Stage Control 378 12.3.3 Neural-Network-based Direct Self Control 378 12.3.4 Genetic Algorithm for an Extended Kalman Filter 378 12.3.5 Parameter Estimation Using Neural Networks 378 12.3.6 Optimized Random PWM Strategies Based on Genetic Algorithms 378 12.3.7 AI-Integrated Algorithm and Hardware 379 Appendix A Equivalent Circuits of an Induction Motor 381 Appendix B Parameters of Induction Motors 383 Appendix C M-File of Discrete-State Induction Motor Model 385 Appendix D Expert-System Acceleration Control Algorithm 387 Appendix E Activation Functions of Neural Network 391 Appendix F M-File of Extended Kalman Filter 393 Appendix G ADMC331-based Experimental System 395 Appendix H Experiment 1: Measuring the Electrical Parameters of Motor 3 397 Appendix I DSP Source Code for the Main Program of Experiment 2 403 Appendix J DSP Source Code for the Main Program of Experiment 3 407 Index.

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Book SynopsisSince the first light-emitting diode (LED) was invented by Holonyak and Bevacqua in 1962, LEDs have made remarkable progress in the past few decades with the rapid development of epitaxy growth, chip design and manufacture, packaging structure, processes, and packaging materials. LEDs have superior characteristics such as high efficiency, small size, long life, low power consumption, and high reliability. The market for white LED is growing rapidly in various applications. It has been widely accepted that white LEDs will be the fourth illumination source to substitute the incandescent, fluorescent, and high-pressure sodium lamps. With the development of LED chip and packaging technologies, the efficiency of high power white LED will broaden the application markets of LEDs while changing the lighting concepts of our lives. In LED Packaging for Lighting Applications, Professors Liu and Luo cover the full spectrum of design, manufacturing, and testing. Many concepts are proposeTrade Review"The book will be useful as a resource for engineers in LED design or packaging, and as an introduction to the field for advanced students, researchers, lighting designers, and product managers." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsForeword (Magnus George Craford). Foreword (C. P. Wong). Foreword (B. J. Lee). Preface. Acknowledgments. About the Authors. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Historical Evolution of Lighting Technology. 1.2 Development of LEDs. 1.3 Basic Physics of LEDs. 1.3.1 Materials. 1.3.2 Electrical and Optical Properties. 1.3.3 Mechanical and Thermal Properties. 1.4 Industrial Chain of LED. 1.4.1 LED Upstream Industry. 1.4.2 LED Midstream Industry. 1.4.3 LED Downstream Industry. 1.5 Summary. References. 2 Fundamentals and Development Trends of High Power LED Packaging. 2.1 Brief Introduction to Electronic Packaging. 2.1.1 About Electronic Packaging and Its Evolution. 2.1.2 Wafer Level Packaging, More than Moore, and SiP. 2.2 LED Chips. 2.2.1 Current Spreading Efficiency. 2.2.2 Internal Quantum Efficiency. 2.2.3 High Light Extraction Efficiency. 2.3 Types and Functions of LED Packaging. 2.3.1 Low Power LED Packaging. 2.3.2 High Power LED Packaging. 2.4 Key Factors and System Design of High Power LED Packaging. 2.5 Development Trends and Roadmap. 2.5.1 Technology Needs. 2.5.2 Packaging Types. 2.6 Summary. References. 3 Optical Design of High Power LED Packaging Module. 3.1 Properties of LED Light. 3.1.1 Light Frequency and Wavelength. 3.1.2 Spectral Distribution. 3.1.3 Flux of Light. 3.1.4 Lumen Efficiency. 3.1.5 Luminous Intensity, Illuminance and Luminance. 3.1.6 Color Temperature, Correlated Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index. 3.1.7 White Light LED. 3.2 Key Components and Packaging Processes for Optical Design. 3.2.1 Chip Types and Bonding Process. 3.2.2 Phosphor Materials and Phosphor Coating Processes. 3.2.3 Lens and Molding Process. 3.3 Light Extraction. 3.4 Optical Modeling and Simulation. 3.4.1 Chip Modeling. 3.4.2 Phosphor Modeling. 3.5 Phosphor for White LED Packaging. 3.5.1 Phosphor Location for White LED Packaging. 3.5.2 Phosphor Thickness and Concentration for White LED Packaging. 3.5.3 Phosphor for Spatial Color Distribution. 3.6 Collaborative Design. 3.6.1 Co-design of Surface Micro-Structures of LED Chips and Packages. 3.6.2 Application Specific LED Packages. 3.7 Summary. References. 4 Thermal Management of High Power LED Packaging Module. 4.1 Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer. 4.1.1 Conduction Heat Transfer. 4.1.2 Convection Heat Transfer. 4.1.3 Thermal Radiation. 4.1.4 Thermal Resistance. 4.2 Thermal Resistance Analysis of Typical LED Packaging. 4.3 Various LED Packages for Decreasing Thermal Resistance. 4.3.1 Development of LED Packaging. 4.3.2 Thermal Resistance Decrease for LED Packaging. 4.3.3 SiP/COB LED Chip Packaging Process. 4.4 Summary. References. 5 Reliability Engineering of High Power LED Packaging. 5.1 Concept of Design for Reliability (DfR) and Reliability Engineering. 5.1.1 Fundamentals of Reliability. 5.1.2 Life Distribution. 5.1.3 Accelerated Models. 5.1.4 Applied Mechanics. 5.2 High Power LED Packaging Reliability Test. 5.2.1 Traditional Testing Standards, Methods, and Evaluation. 5.2.2 Methods for Failure Mechanism Analysis. 5.2.3 Failure Mechanisms Analysis. 5.3 Rapid Reliability Evaluation. 5.3.1 Material Property Database. 5.3.2 Numerical Modeling and Simulation. 5.4 Summary. References. 6 Design of LED Packaging Applications. 6.1 Optical Design. 6.1.1 Introduction of Light Control. 6.1.2 Reflectors. 6.1.3 Lenses. 6.1.4 Diffuser. 6.1.5 Color Design and Control in LED Applications. 6.2 Thermal Management. 6.2.1 Analysis of System Thermal Resistance. 6.2.2 Types of Heat Dissipation to Environment. 6.2.3 Design and Optimization of Fin Heat Sink. 6.2.4 Design Examples of Thermal Management of Typical LED Lighting Systems. 6.3 Drive Circuit and Intelligent Control Design. 6.3.1 Typical LED Wireless Intelligent Control System. 6.3.2 Working Principles of Wireless Intelligent Control System. 6.4 Summary. References. 7 LED Measurement and Standards. 7.1 Review of Measurement for LED Light Source. 7.2 Luminous Flux and Radiant Flux. 7.3 Measurement for Luminous Intensity. 7.4 LED Chromaticity Coordinate. 7.5 Dominant Wavelength Determination Algorithm. 7.5.1 Curve Fitting Method. 7.6 LED Color Purity. 7.7 Color Temperature and Correlated Color Temperature of Light Source. 7.8 Automatic Sorting for LEDs. 7.9 Measurement for LED Road Lights. 7.9.1 Electrical Characteristics. 7.9.2 Color Characteristics. 7.9.3 Light Distribution Characteristics. 7.9.4 Dynamic Characteristics. 7.9.5 Test of Reliability. 7.10 Summary. References. Appendix: Measurement Method for Integral LED Road Lights Approved by China Solid State Lighting Alliance. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents a material on computerized optical processes, computerized ray tracing, and the Fourier transform, Bibre-Bragg sensors, and temporal phase unwrapping. This book provides discussion on lasers and laser principles, including an introduction to radiometry and photometry. It offers coverage of the CCD camera.Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition Basics Gaussian Optics Interference Diffraction Light Sources and Detectors Holography Moire Methods, Triangulation Speckle Methods Photoelasticity and Polarized Light Digital Image Processing Fringe Analysis Computerized Optical Processes Fibre Optics Metrology Appendix: Complex Numbers Appendix: Fourier Optics Appendix Fourier Series Appendix The Least Squares Error Method Appendix Semiconductor Devices

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Book SynopsisThe compression schemes applied for the storage and transmission of digital video data leave content sensitive to transmission errors, information loss and quality degradation. Recent developments in error resilience techniques allow improved quality of service of video communication over a range of network platforms. Digital video communications, supported by the Internet, ATM networks and Broadband ISDN, have undergone significant development over the past few years. Emerging applications include videoconferencing, tele-medicine and distance learning. This leading edge text addresses the problems associated with the delivery and design of video communication services. * Presents a comprehensive overview of the principles and techniques employed in the improvement of the performance of video codecs in error prone environments * Provides a performance evaluation and comparison of video coding standards, MPEG-4, H.261 and H.263 * Outlines methods of video communication oTrade Review"...offers an overview of the basic technologies and applications of digital video compression." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. About the Author. Introduction. Overview of Digital Video Compression Algorithms. Flow Control in Compressed Video Communications. Error Resilience in Compressed Video Communications. Video Communications Over Mobile IP Networks. Video Transcoding for Inter-network Communications. Appendix A: Layering syntax of ITU-T H.263 Video Coding Standard. Appendix B: Description of the Video Clips on the Supplementary CD. Glossary of Terms. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom simple thermistors to intelligent silicon microdevices with powerful capabilities to communicate information across networks, sensors play an important role in such diverse fields as biomedical and chemical engineering to wireless communications.Trade Review"...this book provides a good basis for anyone entering or studying the field of smart sensors...not only...for the inexperienced...but also...very useful to those with some experience." (IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, December 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Abbreviations and Symbols. Introduction. Smart Sensors for Electrical and Non-Electrical, Physical and Chemical Variables: Tendencies and Perspectives. Converters for Different Variables to Frequency-Time Parameters of the Electric Signal. Data Acquisition Methods for Multichannel Sensor Systems. Methods of Frequency-to-Code Conversion. Advanced and Self-Adapting Methods of Frequency-to-Code Conversion. Signal Processing in Quasi-Digital Smart Sensors. Digital Output Smart Sensors with Software-Controlled Performances and Functional Capabilities. Multichannel Intelligent and Virtual Sensor Systems. Smart Sensor Design at Software Level. Smart Sensor Buses and Interface Circuits. Future Directions. References. Appendix A: What is on the Sensors Web Portal? Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisSoftware radio SWR (or software defined radio, SDR), is a radio, whose channel modulation waveforms are defined in software. As a result, the operation of such a radio can be imperceptibly updated or configured by the service provider, automated system or user in the field for another service or application.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword - by Dr Joseph Mitola iii xvii Abbreviations xix Biographies xxvii Introduction xxxv Part I: Perspective 1 1 Software Based Radio 3 Stephen Blust – Cingular Wireless 1.1 A Multi-Dimensional Model Sets the Stage 3 1.2 What is Software Based Radio 5 1.2.1 Software Defined Radio and Software Radio 5 1.2.2 Adaptive Intelligent Software Radio and Other Definitions 8 1.2.3 Functionality, Capability and SBR Evolution 10 1.3 Architectural Perspectives for a Software Based Radio 11 1.3.1 The Radio Implementer plane 11 1.3.2 The Network Operator plane 12 1.4 Software Radio Concepts 13 1.5 Adoption Timeframes for Software Based Radio 15 1.6 Realization of Software Based Radio Requires New Technology 17 1.7 Power/Performance/Price Limitations of Handsets Dictates Inflexible Networks 17 1.8 Regulatory Concepts Facilitate SBR Introduction 18 1.9 Conclusions 20 Acknowledgements 21 References 21 Part II: Front End Technology 23 2 Radio Frequency Translation for Software Defined Radio 25 Mark Beach, Paul Warr & John MacLeod - University of Bristol 2.1 Requirements and Specifications 26 2.1.1 Transmitter Specifications 26 2.1.2 Receiver Specifications 27 2.1.3 Operating Frequency Bands 27 2.2 Receiver Design Considerations 30 2.2.1 Basic Considerations 30 2.2.2 Receiver Architectures 32 2.2.3 Dynamic Range Issues and Calculation 35 2.2.4 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) and Noise Power Ratio (NPR) 41 2.2.5 Receiver Signal Budget 42 2.2.6 Image Rejection 45 2.2.7 Filter Functions within the Receiver 47 2.3 Transmitter Design Considerations 47 2.3.1 Filtering Analogies between Receiver and Transmitter 47 2.3.2 Transmitter Architectures 48 2.3.3 Transmitter Efficiency and Linearity 50 2.4 Candidate Architectures for SDR 56 2.4.1 Zero IF Receivers 56 2.4.2 Quadrature Local Oscillator 59 2.4.3 Variable Preselect Filters 61 2.4.4 Low IF Receivers 66 2.5 Conclusions 70 Acknowledgements 71 References 71 Appendix 73 3 Radio Frequency Front End Implementations for Multimode SDRs 79 Mark Cummings - enVia 3.1 Evolution of Radio Systems 80 3.2 Evolution of RF Front Ends – Superheterodyne Architecture 83 3.3 The AN2/6 Product Family – Dual Band, Six Mode 85 3.3.1 The AN2/6 Architecture 86 3.3.2 Lessons Learned From the AN2/ 6 88 3.4 Alternative RF Front End Architectures 93 3.4.1 Direct Conversion RF Front Ends 93 3.4.2 Pure Digital RF Front Ends 96 3.4.3 Analog Digital Combination Solutions 96 3.4.4 Directions for a Completely Successful SDR RF Front End 97 3.5 Conclusion 98 Acknowledgements 98 References 98 4 Data Conversion in Software Defined Radios 99 Brad Brannon, Chris Cloninger, Dimitrios Efstathiou, Paul Hendriks, Zoran Zvonar – AnalogDevices 4.1 The Importance of Data Converters in Software Defined Radios 99 4.1.1 ADCs for SDR Base Stations 100 4.1.2 ADCs for SDR Handsets 101 4.1.3 DACs for SDR Applications 101 4.2 Converter Architectures 102 4.2.1 Flash Converters 102 4.2.2 Multistage Converters 104 4.2.3 Sigma-Delta Converters 105 4.2.4 Digital-to-Analog Converters 107 4.3 Converter Performance Impact on SDR 109 4.3.1 Noise Sources – Impact on SDR Sensitivity 109 4.3.2 SNR of Data Converter 112 4.3.3 Spurious Impact on Performance 114 4.3.4 Digital-to-Analog Converter Specification 121 4.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 123 References 125 5 Superconductor Microelectronics: A Digital RF Technology for Software Radios 127 Darren K. Brock – HYPRES, Inc. 5.1 Introduction 127 5.1.1 Superconductivity and the Josephson Effect 128 5.1.2 Established Applications of Superconductors 130 5.1.3 Emerging Applications - Software Defined Radio 131 5.2 Rapid Single Flux Quantum Digital Logic 132 5.2.1 Circuit Characteristics 132 5.2.2 Example RSFQ Logic Gate - RS Flip Flop 134 5.2.3 RSFQ Data Converters 135 5.2.4 RSFQ Scaling theory 138 5.3 Cryogenic Aspects 139 5.4 Superconductor SDR for Commercial Applications 140 5.4.1 Superconductors in Wireless Communications 140 5.4.2 Advantages of Superconductor Receivers 141 5.4.3 Trends in Spread Spectrum Communications 143 5.4.4 High Power Amplifier Linearization 145 5.4.5 Digital RF Transceiver 145 5.5 Superconductor SDR for Military Applications 146 5.5.1 Co-Site Interference 146 5.5.2 Digitally Dehopping Spread Spectrum Signals 147 5.5.3 Satellite Communications 148 5.5.4 Accommodating New Waveforms 148 5.5.5 Massive Time Multiplexing 149 5.6 Conclusions 149 Acknowledgements 149 References 150 6 The Digital Front End: Bridge Between RF and Baseband Processing 151 Gerhard Fettweis & Tim Hentschel – Technische Universität Dresden 6.1 Introduction 151 6.1.1 The Front End of a Digital Transceiver 151 6.1.2 Signal Characteristics 153 6.1.3 Implementation Issues 155 6.2 The Digital Front End 155 6.2.1 Functionalities of the Digital Front End 155 6.2.2 The Digital Front End in Mobile Terminals and Base Stations 157 6.3 Digital Up- and Down-Conversion 158 6.3.1 Initial Thoughts 158 6.3.2 Theoretical Aspects 158 6.3.3 Implementation Aspects 161 6.3.4 The CORDIC Algorithm 163 6.3.5 Digital Down-Conversion with the CORDIC Algorithm 165 6.3.6 Digital Down-Conversion by Subsampling 165 6.4 Channel Filtering 167 6.4.1 Low-Pass Filtering after Digital Down-Conversion 167 6.4.2 Band-Pass Filtering before Digital Down-Conversion 172 6.4.3 Filterbank Channelizers 175 6.5 Sample Rate Conversion 181 6.5.1 Resampling after Reconstruction 181 6.5.2 Rational Factor SRC 184 6.5.3 Integer Factor SRC 185 6.5.4 Concepts for SRC 185 6.5.5 Systems for SRC 187 6.6 Example 192 6.6.1 Design Parameters 192 6.6.2 Digital Down-Conversion 193 6.6.3 Sample Rate Conversion 193 6.6.4 Channel Filtering 194 6.6.5 Summary 196 6.7 Conclusion 196 Acknowledgements 197 References 197 Part III: Baseband Technology 199 7 Baseband Processing for SDR 201 David Lund - HW Communications Ltd & Bahram Honary - Lancaster University 7.1 The Role of Baseband Architectures 201 7.2 Software Radio – From Silicon to Software 202 7.3 Baseband Component Technologies 206 7.3.1 Digital Signal Processors 208 7.3.2 Field Programmable Gate Arrays 210 7.3.3 Recent Digital Developments 214 7.3.4 Reconfigurable Analog Components 215 7.3.5 Component Technology Evolution 216 7.4 Design Tools and Methodologies 217 7.4.1 Design Tool Concepts – an Analogy 218 7.4.2 ASIC Design 219 7.4.3 FPGA Design 220 7.4.4 Future Design Flows and Tools 221 7.5 System Design and Maintenance 223 7.5.1 Object Orientation 223 7.5.2 Distributed Resource Management in SDR Processors 224 7.6 Conclusions 230 References and Further Reading 231 8 Parametrization – a Technique for SDR Implementation 233 Friedrich Jondral - University of Karlsruhe 8.1 Definitions 234 8.2 Adaptability 235 8.3 Parametrization of Standards 236 8.3.1 Second Generation – Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 236 8.3.2 Second Generation - IS-136 (DAMPS) 238 8.3.3 Third Generation – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 240 8.4 Parametrization Example 246 8.4.1 A General Modulator 247 8.4.2 Effects of GMSK Linearization 251 8.5 Signal Processing Issues 254 8.5.1 DSP Capabilities and Limitations 254 8.5.2 FPGA Capabilities 255 8.6 Conclusions 255 References 256 9 Adaptive Computing IC Technology for 3G Software-Defined Mobile Devices 257 Paul Master & Bob Plunkett – QuickSilver Technology 9.1 Software Defined Radio – A Solution for Mobile Devices 257 9.1.1 Evolution of Wireless Standards 258 9.1.2 Market Forces Driving SDR for Wireless Devices 260 9.2 The Mobile Application Space and the Need for Processing Power 261 9.2.1 Processing Needs of the 3G Air Interface 261 9.2.2 Processing Needs of Mobile Vocoders 262 9.2.3 Processing Needs of Mobile Video 263 9.3 SDR Baseband Processing – The Implementation Dilemma 265 9.3.1 Limitations of Conventional IC Technologies 266 9.3.2 Resolving the Dilemma 267 9.4 Trade-Offs of Conventional IC Technologies 267 9.4.1 Limitations of Microprocessor and DSP Implementations 268 9.4.2 Limitations of ASIC Implementations 270 9.4.3 Limitations of FPGA Implementations 271 9.5 Hardware with Software Programmability 271 9.5.1 Adaptive Computing Technology 272 9.5.2 The ACM Implementation 273 9.5.3 Design Tools for Adaptive Computing 275 9.6 The Computational Power Efficiency Required by 3G Algorithms 277 9.7 Example Case Studies and Benchmarks 278 9.7.1 CDMA Rake Receiver 278 9.7.2 FIR and IIR Filtering 279 9.7.3 Vocoder 280 9.7.4 Multimedia – MPEG-4 Implementation 284 9.8 Conclusions 286 9.9 Looking to 4G and Beyond 287 References 288 Part IV: Software Technology 289 10 Software Engineering for Software Radios: Experiences at MIT and Vanu, Inc. 291 John Chapin – Vanu, Inc. 10.1 Overview of Vanu Systems 292 10.1.1 Representative Implementations 293 10.1.2 Difference from Other Software Radios 294 10.2 The Importance of Software in Software Radio 295 10.3 Software Portability 295 10.3.1 The Effects of Moore’s Law 296 10.3.2 Exploiting Moore’s Law 297 10.3.3 Generic Data Path 297 10.3.4 Temporal Decoupling 298 10.4 Commodity PC Hardware 300 10.5 Signal Processing Software 300 10.5.1 Data Pull 300 10.5.2 Signal Processing Stages as Objects 301 10.5.3 Stream Abstraction 302 10.5.4 Out of Band Communication 303 10.6 Control Software 303 10.6.1 Code Generation 303 10.6.2 Radio Description Language 304 10.7 Performance 307 10.8 Future Directions 308 Acknowledgements 309 References 309 11 Software Download for Mobile Terminals 311 Paul Bucknell & Steve Pitchers - Philips Research Laboratories 11.1 Why Software Download? 312 11.1.1 Software Reconfiguration 312 11.1.2 Software Downloading Terminals 312 11.1.3 Downloading New Air Interfaces 314 11.2 Downloading Technologies for SDR 314 11.2.1 Granularity 315 11.2.2 Component Communication and Binding 316 11.2.3 Content Function 316 11.2.4 Installation 317 11.2.5 Terminal Wide Aspects 317 11.2.6 Version Management 317 11.3 Standards for Downloading 317 11.3.1 Mobile Standards - 2G/3G Cellular 318 11.3.2 Software Standards 318 11.4 Seamless Upgrading ‘On the Fly’ 320 11.5 Security of Download 321 11.5.1 Secure Downloading of Applications 321 11.5.2 Secure Downloading of Native Software 322 11.6 Software Architectures for Download 323 11.7 Software Download Today - Digital TV 325 11.8 ‘Over the Air’, ‘On the Fly’ Reconfiguration: A Practical Example 326 11.8.1 Architecture 327 11.8.2 Basic Operation 328 11.8.3 Example Reconfigurations 328 11.8.4 Reconfiguration Manager 330 11.8.5 Reconfiguration Procedure 334 11.9 Future Applications of SDR Downloading 336 Acknowledgements 337 References 337 12 Protocols and Network Aspects of SDR 339 Klaus Moessner – Surrey University & Mobile VCE 12.1 Protocol Stacks: SAPs vs Reconfigurability 339 12.1.1 Service Provision via Service Access Points 340 12.1.2 Protocol Configuration and Reconfiguration 341 12.1.3 Interfaces vs SAPs 342 12.2 Approaches to Protocol Stack Reconfiguration 343 12.2.1 Protocols and Protocol Stacks 343 12.2.2 Modular Approaches: Adaptive, Composable & Reconfigurable Protocols 344 12.2.3 Active Networks 349 12.3 Reconfiguration Management And Control 351 12.3.1 The Scope of Reconfiguration Management 352 12.3.2 Requirements of a Management Architecture 354 12.3.3 Management Architecture Implications 357 12.4 Network Support for Software Radios 358 12.4.1 The Network Access and Connectivity Channel 358 12.4.2 The Bootstrap Channel 359 12.4.3 A Global or Universal Control Channel 359 12.4.4 The Interconnected Seamless Network 360 12.5 Conclusions 363 References 363 13 The Waveform Description Language 365 Edward Willink – Thales Research 13.1 The Specification Problem 366 13.2 WDL Overview 367 13.2.1 Decomposition 367 13.2.2 Communication 367 13.2.3 Influences 369 13.2.4 Hierarchical Diagrams 371 13.3 FM3TR Example 374 13.3.1 Protocol Layers 374 13.3.2 Physical Layer Modules 375 13.3.3 Physical Layer Finite State Machine 376 13.3.4 Voice and Data Finite State Machines 377 13.3.5 Hop Modulator 378 13.3.6 Hop Waveform 378 13.3.7 Rise Modulator 379 13.3.8 Summary 381 13.4 Refinement to an Implementation 381 13.4.1 Traditional Development Process 382 13.4.2 Refinement Process 382 13.4.3 Automation 385 13.4.4 The Reference Model 386 13.4.5 Target Environments 387 13.5 WDL Details 388 13.5.1 Type Abstractions 388 13.5.2 Scheduling Abstractions 389 13.5.3 Unified Scheduling Model 391 13.5.4 Leaf Specifications 393 13.6 A Practical WDL Support Environment 394 13.7 Conclusions 396 Acknowledgements 397 References 397 Index 399

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Book SynopsisThis text provides a technical history of the development of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) standards and the early evolution of UMTS (Univerisal Mobile Telecommunicaitons System). It presents background information and descriptions of the technical features of the GSM standards.Trade Review"a useful source of reference" (World Surface Coatings Abstracts, January 2002) "The author has done GSM industry a great service with this book-without it in twenty years time no one would remember anything about the early days of GSM." (GSM Daily)Table of ContentsGSM's Achievements (Friedhelm Hillebrand). The Agreement on the Concepts and the Basic Parameter of the GSM Standard (Mid-1982 to Mid-1987) (Thomas Haug, Philippe Dupuis and Stephen Temple). The Detailed Specification Work Leading to the GSM Phase 1 Standard used for the Opening of Service (1987-1991) (Thomas Haug). Consolidating GSM Phase 1 and Evolving the Services and System Features to GSM Phase 2 in ETSI SMG (1992-1995) (Philippe Dupuis). Evolving the Services and System features to Generation 2.5 by the GSM Phase 2+ Program (1993-2000) (Phillipe Dupuis, Friedhelm Hillebrand and Ansgar Bergmann). GSM Goes to North America (Don Zelmer). The UMTS Related Work of the European Commsiions, UMTS Taskforce, UMTS Forum and GSM Association (Joao da Silva, Ruprecht Niepold, Bosco Fernandez, Thomas Beijer and Josef Huber). The UMTS Standardisation Work in ETSI (Philippe Dupuis and Friedhelm Hillebrand). The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) (Karl Heinz Rosenbrock and Niels P.S. Andersen). Services and Services' Capabilities (Friedhelm Hillebrand and Alan Cox). System Architecture Evolution (Michel Mouly). Radio Aspects (Didier Verhulst and Michael Färber). The Subscriber Identity Module: Past, Present anf Future (Klaus Vedder). Voice Codes (Kari Järvinen). Security Aspects (Mike Walker and Timothy Wright). Short Message and Data Service (Friedhelm Hillebrand, Kevin Holley, Wolfgang Roth and Jürgen Baumann). Mobile Stations Type Appproval (Remi Thomas and David Barnes). Operations and Maintenance (Gisela Hertel). Professional Technical Support and its Evolution (Bernard Mallinder, Ansgar Bergmann and Adrian Scrase). Working Methods and their Evolution (Ansgar Bergmann). The Contributions of the GSM Association (Renzo Failli, George Schmitt, Arne Foxman, Petter Bliksrud, Armin Toepfer, Michael Giessler and Neil Lilly). GSM and UMTS Acceptance in the World (Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernd Eylert). GSM Success Factors (Friedhelm Hillebrand). Appendices. Index. List of Authors.

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates the role of coding in communication and data storage systems design, illustrating the correct use of codes and the selection of the right code parameters. Relevant decoding techniques and their implementation are discussed in detail, while emphasizing the fundamental concepts of coding theory with minimal mathematical tools.Table of ContentsThe Principles of Coding in Digital Communications. Convolutional Codes. Linear Block Codes. Cyclic Codes. Finite Field Arithmetic. BCH Codes. Reed Solomon Codes. Performance Calculations for Block Codes. Multistage Coding. Iterative Decoding. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn networks, Quality of Service (QoS) is the idea that transmission rates, error rates, and other characteristics can be measured, improved, and, to some extent, guaranteed in advance. QoS is of particular concern for the continuous transmission of high--bandwidth video and multimedia information.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. The Meaning of Quality of Service. Why QOS? Defining QOS. Book Preview. 2. Working at Layer 2. The IEEE 802.1p Signalling Technique. Configuring Cisco(r) Equipment. 3. QOS into the WAN. The IP Protocol Stack. Data Delivery. Queuing Addresses. The IPv4 Header. Router Queuing. First-in, First-out Queuing. Priority Queuing. Classifying Traffic Via the Arrival Interface. 4. Diffserv and MPLS. Differentiated Services. Supporting DiffServ in a Cisco Environment. Multi-Protocol Label Switching. Configuring MPLS. 5. The Resource Preservation Protocol. Understanding RSVP. Configuring RSVP. 6. QOS Enhancement Techniques. Enabling Static Routing. Enhancing the Address Resolution Process. Tailor the Access Line. Enabling RTP Header Compression. Enabling Other Compression Methods. Eliminate Directed Broadcasts. Enable Selective Acknowledgements. Enable Link Fragmentaton and Interleaving. 7. Monitoring Your Network. The Show Command. IP-Related Show Commands. Appendix: Testing Tools. Index.

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Book SynopsisSoftware radio SWR (or software defined radio, SDR), is a radio, whose channel modulation waveforms are defined in software. As a result, the operation of such a radio can be imperceptibly updated or configured by the service provider, automated system or user in the field for another service or application.Trade Review"...interesting book, highly relevant for broadcasters...The book is comphrehensive and representative, easy-to-read, and gives a lot of real-life information..." (EBU Technical Review, July 2002)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Foreword xv Abbreviations xvii Biographies xxvii Introduction xxxv Part I: Origins and Drivers 1 1 Setting the Scene – The What, How and Why of Software Defined Radio (SDR) 3 Walter Tuttlebee References17 2 US Defense Initiatives in Software Radio 19 Wayne Bonser Acknowledgements 70 References 70 3 The Softwore Defined Radio Forum 73 Allan Margulies Part II: Market Opportunity and Requirements 93 4 A Market Perspective: Software Defined Radio as the Dominant Design 95 John D.Ralston References 121 5 Software Radio: The User Dimension 123 Kate Cook Acknowledgements 146 References 147 6 Software Radio: The Mobile Network Operator Dimension 149 Eduardo Ballesteros and Carlos Martinez Part III: The Global Context 171 7 Reconfigurable Radio in Europe 173 Markus Dillinger and Didier Bourse Acknowledgements 197 References 197 8 Software Radio in Japan 199 Ryuji Kohno and Shinichiro Haruyama References 212 9 First Steps to Software Defined Radio Standards: MExE, the Mobile Execution Environment 215 Pubudu Chandrasiri References 241 10 European Regulation of Software Radio 243 Paul Bender and Stephen O’ Fee Further Reading 261 11 Regulation of Software defined Radio – United States 263 Mike Grable Part IV: Early Products 271 12 Defense: A Realized Software Defined Radio family for Military Applications 273 Rainer Bott and Ruediger Leschhorn References 299 13 Commercial: Digital Broadcast Receivers and Third-generation Products 301 David Hislop and Gavin Ferris Acknowledgements 323 References and Further Reading 323 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThe Moving Pictures Expert Group recently produced the MPEG--4 International Standard. One of the more revolutionary parts of the new standard is the Face and Body Animation, or FBA: the specification for efficient coding of shape and animation of human faces and bodies. This book concentrates on the animation of faces.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Author Biographies. Foreword. Preface. PART 1: BACKGROUND. The Origins of the MPEG-4 Facial Animation Standard (Igor S. Pandzic and Robert Forchheimer). PART 2: THE STANDARD. Face Animation in MPEG-4 (Jörn Ostermann). MPEG-4 Face Animation Conformance (Eric Petajan). PART 3: IMPLEMENTATIONS. MPEG-4 Facial Animation Framework for the Web and Mobile Applications (Igor S. Pandzic). The Facial Animation Engine (Fabio Lavagetto and Roberto Pockaj). Extracting MPEG-4 FAPS from Video (Jörgen Ahlberg). Real-Time Speech-Driven Face Animation (Pengyu Hong, Zhen Wen and Thomas S. Huang). Visual Text-to-Speech (Catherine Pelachaud). Emotion Recognition and Synthesis Based on MPEG-4 FAPs (Nicolas Tsapatsoulis, Amaryllis Raouzaiou, Stefanos Kollias, Roddy Cowie and Ellen Douglas-Cowie). The InterFace Software Platform for Interactive Virtual Characters (Igor S. Pandzic, Michele Cannella, Franck Davoine, Robert Forchheimer, Fabio Lavagetto, Haibo Li, Andrew Marriott, Sotiris Malassiotis, Montse Pardas, Roberto Pockaj and Gael Sannier). PART 4: APPLICATIONS. Model-based Coding: The Complete System (Haibo Li and Robert Forchheimer). A Facial Animation Case Study for HCI: The VHML-Based Mentor System (Andrew Marriott). PlayMail ? Put Words into Other People?s Mouth (Jörn Ostermann). E-Cogent: An Electronic Convincing aGENT (Jörn Ostermann). alterEGO: Video Analysis for Facial Animation (Eric Petajan). EPTAMEDIA: Virtual Guides and Other Applications (Fabio Lavagetto and Roberto Pockaj). Appendix 1: Evaluating MPEG-4 Facial Animation Players (Jörgen Ahlberg, Igor S. Pandzic and Liwen You). Appendix 2: Web Resources. Index.

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Book SynopsisInternet based applications are the emerging major source of traffic for wireless networks. Soon we will all be able to access the Internet from our mobile phones, PDAs, hand--held devices, etc. This book describes the networking technologies that will enable the seamless transmission of data to us, wherever we are.Trade Review"...excellent text book style...essential reading for those interested in or studying the topic..." (TelecomWorldWire, 25 June 2003) "...an excellent addition to the literature on the wireless mobile Internet...a must-read for seasoned professionals and also for those who are new to the subject...." (Computing Reviews) "...easy-to-read reference text is essential reading for those interested in or studying the topic..." (M2 Best Books, 25 June 2003) "...a survival guide that helps introduce us to issues related to providing Internet networking for wireless mobile terminals..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. PART I: THE WIRELESS INTERNET. An Introduction to Wireless Mobile Internet. Wireless Cellular Data Networks. Cellular Mobile Networks. Mobile Networks of the Future. PART II: FUNDAMENTAL TOPICS IN WIRELESS IP. Quality of Service in a Mobile Environment. Traffic Modeling for Wireless IP. Traffic Management for Wireless IP. Mobility in Cellular Networks. Transport Protocols for Wireless IP. Internet Protocol for Wireless IP. PART III: ADVANCED TOPICS IN WIRELESS IP. Internet Perspectives on Wireless IP. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and Future Challenges. Satellites in Wireless IP. Acronyms. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisProvides the information needed to know to plan, implement, manage and upgrade Ethernet networks. This book helps to: improve your skills in employing Ethernet hubs, switches, and routers; learn how to set up and operate a wireless Local Area Network; discover how to extend a wired Ethernet via wireless LANs; and, understand cabling standards.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction to Networking Concepts. Networking Standards. Ethernet Networks. Frame Operations. Networking Hardware and Software. Bridging and Switching Methods and Performance Issues. Routers. Wireless Ethernet. Security. Managing the Network. The Future of Ethernet. Index.

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Book SynopsisMicrowave materials are used in applications ranging from personal communication devices to military satellite services. The increasing requirement for the development of high frequency circuits and systems requires an understanding of the properties of materials functioning at the microwave level. This book discusses about microwave electronics.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Electromagnetic Properties of Materials. 2. Microwave Theory and Techniques for Materials Characterization. 3. Reflection Methods. 4. Transmission/Reflection Methods. 5. Resonator Methods. 6. Resonant-perturbation Methods. 7. Planar-circuit Methods. 8. Measurements of Permittivity and Permeability Tensors. 9. Measurement of Ferroelectric Materials. 10. Microwave Measurement of Chiral Materials. 11. Measurement of Microwave Electrical Transport Properties. 12. Measurement of Dieletric Properties of Materials at High Temperatures. Index.

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Book SynopsisUbiquitous computing is about distributed systems with a difference. It is about hundreds and thousands of computers embedded in everyday devices (such as phones, washing machines, TVs, heating sytems, smartcards, etc) communicating with each other over ad--hoc wireless networks.Trade Review"...a remarkably readable introduction to the topic...rich in background material." (IEEE Network, New Books & Multimedia Column, November 2002)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Forward. Preface. Acknowledgements. Contact Information. 1. Introduction. Scenario. Essential terminology. Problems. Notation. 2. Ubiquitous computing. Xerox PARC. Norman's Invisible Computer. MIT. HP's Cooltown. ORL/AT&T Labs Cambridge. Security issues. 3. Computer security. Confidentiality. Integrity. Availability. Authentication. Security policies. 4. Authentication. New preconditions. The Resurrecting Duckling security policy model. The many ways of being a master. 5. Confidentiality. Cryptographic primitives for peanut processors. Personal privacy. 6. Integrity. Message integrity. Device integrity. 7. Availability. Threats to the communications channel. Threats to the battery energy. Threats from mobile code. 8. Anonymity. The Cocaine Auction Protocol. The anonymity layer. 9. Conclusions. Appendix A: A Short Primer on Functions. Appendix B: Existing Network Security Solutions. Annotated bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhotovoltaics (PV), the direct conversion of light from the sun into electricity, is an increasingly important means of distributed power generation. Using SPICE, the tool of choice for circuits and electronics designers, this book highlights the increasing importance of modelling techniques in the quantitative analysis of PV systems.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction to Photovoltaic Systems and PSpice. Spectral Response and Short-Circuit Current. Electrical Characteristics of the Solar Cell. Solar Cell Arrays, PV Modules and PV Generators. Interfacing PV Modules to Loads and Battery Modelling. Power Conditioning and Inverter Modelling. Standalone PV Systems. Grid-connected PV Systems. Small Photovoltaics. Annex 1 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 1. Annex 2 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 2. Annex 3 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 3. Annex 4 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 4. Annex 5 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 5. Annex 6 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 6. Annex 7 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 7. Annex 8 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 8. Annex 9 PSpice Files Used in Chapter 9. Annex 10 Summary of Solar Cell Basic Theory. Annex 11 Estimation of the Radiation in an Arbitrarily Oriented Surface. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhotovoltaics (PV), the direct conversion of light from the sun into electricity, is an increasingly important means of distributed power generation. Using SPICE, the tool of choice for circuits and electronics designers, this book highlights the increasing importance of modelling techniques in the quantitative analysis of PV systems.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Photovoltaic Systems and Pspice Spectral Response and Short Circuit Current Electrical Characteristics of the Solar Cell Solar Cell Arrays PV Modules and PV Generators Interfacing PV Modules to Loads and Battery Modelling Power Conditioning and Inverter Modelling Stand - Alone PV Systems Grid Connected PV Systems Small Photovoltaics

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Book SynopsisWireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path and the network is the totality of switches, transmission links and terminals used for the generation, handling and receiving of telecoms traffic.Trade Review"…covers a broad spectrum of both traditional and contemporary wireless technologies…well-written...well organized...should be a useful reference for any wireless practitioner or researcher." (IEEE Distributed Systems Online, May 2004)Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction to Wireless Networks 1 1.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks 2 1.1.1 Early Mobile Telephony 2 1.1.2 Analog Cellular Telephony 3 1.1.3 Digital Cellular Telephony 4 1.1.4 Cordless Phones 7 1.1.5 Wireless Data Systems 1.1.6 Fixed Wireless Links 11 1.1.7 Satellite Communication Systems 11 1.1.8 Third Generation Cellular Systems and Beyond 12 1.2 Challenges 12 1.2.1 Wireless Medium Unreliability 13 1.2.2 Spectrum Use 13 1.2.3 Power Management 13 1.2.4 Security 14 1.2.5 Location/Routing 14 1.2.6 Interfacing with Wired Networks 14 1.2.7 Health Concerns 14 1.3 Overview 15 1.3.1 Chapter 2: Wireless Communications Principles and Fundamentals 15 1.3.2 Chapter 3: First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems 16 1.3.3 Chapter 4: Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems 16 1.3.4 Chapter 5: Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 17 1.3.5 Chapter 6: Future Trends: Fourth Generation (4G) Systems and Beyond 18 1.3.6 Chapter 7: Satellite Networks 19 1.3.7 Chapter 8: Fixed Wireless Access Systems 19 1.3.8 Chapter 9: Wireless Local Area Networks 20 1.3.9 Chapter 10: Wireless ATM and Ad Hoc Routing 21 1.3.10 Chapter 11: Personal Area Networks (PANs) 21 1.3.11 Chapter 12: Security Issues in Wireless Systems 22 1.3.12 Chapter 13: Simulation of Wireless Network Systems 22 1.3.13 Chapter 14: Economics of Wireless Networks 23 WWW Resources 23 References 23 2 Wireless Communications Principles and Fundamentals 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 26 2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 26 2.2.1 Transmission Bands and their Characteristics 27 2.2.2 Spectrum Regulation 30 2.3 Wireless Propagation Characteristics and Modeling 32 2.3.1 The Physics of Propagation 32 2.3.2 Wireless Propagation Modeling 36 2.3.3 Bit Error Rate (BER) Modeling of Wireless Channels 41 2.4 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 41 2.4.1 Voice Coding 43 2.5 Modulation Techniques for Wireless Systems 46 2.5.1 Analog Modulation 47 2.5.2 Digital Modulation 49 2.6 Multiple Access for Wireless Systems 54 2.6.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 55 2.6.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 56 2.6.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 58 2.6.4 ALOHA-Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 59 2.6.5 Polling Protocols 61 2.7 Performance Increasing Techniques for Wireless Networks 67 2.7.1 Diversity Techniques 67 2.7.2 Coding 71 2.7.3 Equalization 74 2.7.4 Power Control 75 2.7.5 Multisubcarrier Modulation 76 2.8 The Cellular Concept 77 2.8.1 Mobility Issues: Location and Handoff 80 2.9 The Ad Hoc and Semi Ad Hoc Concepts 81 2.9.1 Network Topology Determination 82 2.9.2 Connectivity Maintenance 83 2.9.3 Packet Routing 84 2.9.4 The Semi Ad Hoc Concept 84 2.10 Wireless Services: Circuit and Data (Packet) Mode 85 2.10.1 Circuit Switching 85 2.10.2 Packet Switching 86 2.11 Data Delivery Approaches 87 2.11.1 Pull and Hybrid Systems 88 2.11.2 Push Systems 88 2.11.3 The Adaptive Push System 89 2.12 Overview of Basic Techniques and Interactions Between the Different Network Layers 90 2.13 Summary 92 WWW Resources 92 References 93 Further Reading 94 3 First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.1.1 Analog Cellular Systems 96 3.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 97 3.2 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 97 3.2.1 AMPS Frequency Allocations 97 3.2.2 AMPS Channels 98 3.2.3 Network Operations 99 3.3 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 102 3.3.1 NMT Architecture 102 3.3.2 NMT Frequency Allocations 103 3.3.3 NMT Channels 103 3.3.4 Network Operations: Mobility Management 104 3.3.5 Network Operations 106 3.3.6 NMT Security 107 3.4 Summary 109 WWW Resources 109 References 109 4 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems 111 4.1 Introduction 111 4.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 113 4.2 D-AMPS 113 4.2.1 Speech Coding 114 4.2.2 Radio Transmission Characteristics 114 4.2.3 Channels 115 4.2.4 IS-136 116 4.3 cdmaOne (IS-95) 117 4.3.1 cdmaOne Protocol Architecture 117 4.3.2 Network Architecture-Radio Transmission 118 4.3.3 Channels 118 4.3.4 Network Operations 120 4.4 GSM 121 4.4.1 Network Architecture 122 4.4.2 Speech Coding 125 4.4.3 Radio Transmission Characteristics 125 4.4.4 Channels 129 4.4.5 Network Operations 129 4.4.6 GSM Authentication and Security 132 4.5 IS-41 133 4.5.1 Network Architecture 133 4.5.2 Inter-system Handoff 134 4.5.3 Automatic Roaming 135 4.6 Data Operations 136 4.6.1 CDPD 136 4.6.2 HCSD 138 4.6.3 GPRS 138 4.6.4 D-AMPS1 139 4.6.5 cdmaTwo (IS-95b) 140 4.6.6 TCP/IP on Wireless-Mobile IP 140 4.6.7 WAP 142 4.7 Cordless Telephony (CT) 143 4.7.1 Analog CT 143 4.7.2 Digital CT 144 4.7.3 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Standard (DECT) 144 4.7.4 The Personal Handyphone System (PHS) 147 4.8 Summary 147 WWW Resources 148 References 148 5 Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.1.1 3G Concerns 153 5.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 154 5.2 3G Spectrum Allocation 154 5.2.1 Spectrum Requirements 154 5.2.2 Enabling Technologies 157 5.3 Third Generation Service Classes and Applications 158 5.3.1 Third Generation Service Classes 159 5.3.2 Third Generation Applications 160 5.4 Third Generation Standards 161 5.4.1 Standardization Activities: IMT-2000 161 5.4.2 Radio Access Standards 162 5.4.3 Fixed Network Evolution 183 5.5 Summary 185 WWW Resources 186 References 186 6 Future Trends: Fourth Generation (4G) Systems and Beyond 189 6.1 Introduction 189 6.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 190 6.2 Design Goals for 4G and Beyond and Related Research Issues 190 6.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 192 6.3 4G Services and Applications 195 6.4 Challenges: Predicting the Future of Wireless Systems 196 6.4.1 Scenarios: Visions of the Future 6.4.2 Trends for Next-generation Wireless Networks 197 6.4.3 Scenario 1: Anything Goes 198 6.4.4 Scenario 2: Big Brother 199 6.4.5 Scenario 3: Pocket Computing 200 6.5 Summary 200 WWW Resources 201 References 201 7 Satellite Networks 203 7.1 Introduction 203 7.1.1 Historical Overview 203 7.1.2 Satellite Communications Characteristics 204 7.1.3 Spectrum Issues 205 7.1.4 Applications of Satellite Communications 206 7.1.5 Scope of the Chapter 207 7.2 Satellite Systems 207 7.2.1 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 208 7.2.2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 209 7.2.3 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) 210 7.2.4 Elliptical Orbits 212 7.3 VSAT Systems 213 7.4 Examples of Satellite-based Mobile Telephony Systems 215 7.4.1 Iridium 215 7.4.2 Globalstar 220 7.5 Satellite-based Internet Access 222 7.5.1 Architectures 222 7.5.2 Routing Issues 224 7.5.3 TCP Enhancements 225 7.6 Summary 226 WWW Resources 227 References 228 Further Reading 228

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Book SynopsisMulti--antenna techniques are widely considered to be the most promising avenue for significantly increasing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless data transmission systems. In so called MIMO (multiple input multiple output) systems, multiple antennas are deployed both at the transmitter and the receiver.Trade Review"…This book can be recommended to researchers and engineers interested in acquiring knowledge…"(IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. PART I: INTRODUCTION. Background. Diversity Gain, SNR Gain and Rate Increase. PART II: OPEN-LOOP METHODS. Open-loop Concepts: Background. Matrix Modulation: Low SNR Aspects. Increasing Symbol Rate: Quasi-orthogonal Layers. Receiver Algorithms. Matrix Modulation: High SNR Aspects. Robust and Practical Open-loop Designs. High-rate Designs for MIMO Systems. PART III: CLOSED-LOOP METHODS. Closed-loop Methods: Selected Multi-antenna Extensions. Analysis of Closed-loop Concepts. Hybrid Closed-loop and Open-loop Methods. Appendix A: Symmetries, Invariants and Inequalities. Appendix B: Matrix Representations of Clifford Algebras. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) is the third generation telecommunications system based on WCDMA. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the radio interface for UMTS. WCDMA is characterised by use of a wider band than CDMA.Table of ContentsPreface. Digital Data Transmission. Cellular Mobile Radio Networks. Standardisation and Spectrum. UMTS System Architecture. The Protocol Stack at the Radio Interface. Data Transmission at the UMTS Radio Interface. The Physical Layer at the Radio Interface. Physical Channels and Procedures at the Radio Interface. Cellular CDMA Networks. Service Architectures and Services in UMTS. The Next Generation of Mobile Radio Systems. Answers to Questions. List of UMTS Release 4 Specifications. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdaptive Wireless Transceivers provides the reader with abroad overview of near-instantaneously adaptive transceivers in thecontext of TDMA, CDMA and OFDM systems. The adaptive transceiversexamined employ powerful turbo codecs, turbo equalisers andspace-time codecs, equipping the reader with a future-prooftechnological road map. It demonstrates that adaptive transceiversare capable of mitigating the channel quality fluctuations of thewireless channel as a lower-complexity alternative to space-timecoding. By contrast, if the higher complexity of multipletransmitters and multiple receiver-assisted systems is deemedacceptable, the advantages of adaptability erode. * Provides an in-depth introduction to channel equalisers andKalman filtering and discusses the associated complexity versusperformance trade-offs * Introduces wideband near-instantaneously adaptive transceiversand studies their performance both with and without turbo channelcoding * Describes how to optimise adaptivTrade Review"...provides an overview of near-instantaneously adaptive transceivers." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002)Table of Contents1 Prologue 1 1.1 Motivation of the Book 1 1.2 Adaptation Principles 4 1.3 Channel Quality Metrics 5 1.4 Transceiver Parameter Adaptation 5 1.5 Milestones in Adaptive Modulation History 7 1 .5 . 1 Adaptive Single- and Multi-carrier Modulation 7 1.6 Outline of the book 14 I Near-instantaneously Adaptive Modulation and Filtering Based Equalisation 19 2 Introduction To Equalizers 21 2.1 Coherent Demodulation of Square-QAM 23 2.2 Intersymbol Interference 29 2.3 Basic Equalizer Theory 29 2.4 Signal to Noise Ratio Loss of the DFE 40 2.5 Equalization in Multi-level Modems 41 2.6 Review and Discussion 42 3 Adaptive Equalization 45 3.1 Derivation of the Recursive Kalman Algorithm 46 3.2 Application of the Kalman Algorithm 54 3.3 Complexity Study 71 3.4 Adaptive Equalization in Multilevel Modems 72 3.5 Review and Discussion 77 4 Adaptive Modulation 81 4.1 Adaptive Modulation for Narrow-band Fading Channels 81 4.2 Power Control Assisted Adaptive Modulation 86 4.3 Adaptive Modulation and Equalization in a Wideband Environment 99 4.4 Review and Discussion 119 5 Turbo-Coded and Turbo-Equalised Adaptive Modulation 123 5.1 Turbo Coding 124 5.2 System Parameters 127 5.3 Turbo Block Coding Performance of the Fixed QAM Modes 128 5.4 Fixed Coding Rate, Fixed Interleaver Size Turbo Coded AQAM 131 5.5 Fixed Coding Rate. Variable Interleaver Size Turbo Coded AQAM 135 5.6 Blind Modulation Detection 139 5.7 Variable Coding Rate Turbo Block Coded Adaptive Modulation 146 5.8 Comparisons of the Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes 152 5.9 Turbo Convolutional Coded AQAM Schemes 161 5.10 Turbo Equalization 165 5.11 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Wideband Coded Modulation 173 5.12 Review and Discussion 186 6 Adaptive Modulation Mode Switching Optimization 191 6 .l Introduction 191 6.2 Increasing the Average Transmit Power as a Fading Counter-Measure 192 6.3 System Description 196 6.4 Optimum Switching Levels 203 6.5 Results and Discussions 221 6.6 Review and Discussion 254 7 Practical Considerations of Wideband AQAM 257 7.1 Impact of Error Propagation 257 7.2 Channel Quality Estimation Latency 259 7.3 Effect of CO-channel Interference on AQAM 271 7.4 Review and Discussion 292 I1 Near-instantaneously Adaptive Modulation and Neural Network Based Equalisation 2978 Neural Network Based Equalization 299 8 .l Discrete Time Model for Channels Exhibiting Intersymbol Interference 299 8.2 Equalization as a Classification Problem 300 8.3 Introduction to Neural Networks 305 8.4 Equalization Using Neural Networks 311 8.5 Multilayer Perceptron Based Equaliser 311 8.6 Polynomial Perceptron Based Equaliser 314 8.7 Radial Basis Function Networks 316 8.8 K-means Clustering Algorithm 329 8.9 Radial Basis Function Network Based Equalisers 330 8.10 Scalar Noise-free Channel Output States 340 8.1 l Decision Feedback Assisted Radial Basis Function Network Equaliser 342 8.12 Simulation Results 354 8.13 Review and Discussion 382 9 RBF-Equalized Adaptive Modulation 385 9 .l Background to Adaptive Modulation in a Narrowband Fading Channel 386 9.2 Background on Adaptive Modulation in a Wideband Fading Channel 389 9.3 Brief Overview of Part I of the Book 390 9.4 Joint Adaptive Modulation and RBF Based Equalization 395 9.5 Performance of the AQAM RBF DFE Scheme 4 10 9.6 Review and Discussion 414 9.4.4 Simulation Model for Best-case Performance 399 10 RBF Equalization Using nrbo Codes 417 10.1 Introduction to Turbo Codes 417 10.2 Jacobian Logarithmic RBF Equalizer 419 10.3 System Overview 423 10.4 Turbo-coded RBF-equalized M-QAM Performance 427 10.5 Channel Quality Measure 432 10.6 Turbo Coding and RBF Equalizer Assisted AQAM 433 10.7 Review and Discussion 452 11 RBF Turbo Equalization 453 1 1 . 1 Introduction to Turbo equalization 453 11.2 RBF Assisted Turbo equalization 455 11.3 Comparison of the RBF and MAP Equaliser 457 11.4 Comparison of the Jacobian RBF and Log-MAP Equaliser 460 1 1.5 RBF Turbo Equaliser Performance 463 1 1.6 Reduced-complexity RBF Assisted Turbo equalization 471 11.7 In-phase/Quadrature-phase Turbo equalization 476 11.8 Turbo Equalized Convolutional and Space Time Trellis Coding 485 11.9 Review and Discussion 493 III Near-Instantaneously Adaptive CDMA and Adaptive Space-Time Coded OFDM 495 12 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Multiuser Detection CDMA 497 12.1 Motivation 497 12.2 Multiuser Detection 498 12.3 Multiuser Equaliser Concepts 501 12.4 Adaptive CDMA Schemes 518 12.5 Burst-by-Burst AQAM/CDMA 521 12.6 Review and Discussion 533 13 Adaptive Multicarrier Modulation 535 13.1 Introduction 535 13.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 536 13.3 OFDM Transmission over Frequency Selective Channels 543 13.4 OFDM Performance with Frequency Errors and Timing Errors 547 13.5 Synchronization Algorithms 556 13.6 Adaptive OFDM 563 13.7 Pre-Equalization 579 13.8 Review and Discussion 584 14 Space-Time Coding versus Adaptive Modulation 589 14.1 Introduction 589 14.2 Space-Time Trellis Codes 590 14.3 Space-Time Coded Transmission Over Wideband channels 594 14.4 Simulation Results 603 14.5 Space-Time Coded Adaptive Modulation for OFDM 626 14.6 Review and Discussion 635 15 Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research 639 15.1 Book Summary and Conclusions 639 15.2 Suggestions for Future Research 649 15.3 Closing Remarks 651 A Appendices 653 Bibliography 687 Index 713 Author Index 723

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Book SynopsisThis volume is the first in a series of three books addressing Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) physics, devices, circuits and design across the full range of integrated circuit technologies. ESD Physics and Devices provides a concise treatment of the ESD phenomenon and the physics of devices operating under ESD conditions. Voldman presents an accessible introduction to the field for engineers and researchers requiring a solid grounding in this important area. The book contains advanced CMOS, Silicon On Insulator, Silicon Germanium, and Silicon Germanium Carbon. In addition it also addresses ESD in advanced CMOS with discussions on shallow trench isolation (STI), Copper and Low K materials. Provides a clear understanding of ESD device physics and the fundamentals of ESD phenomena. Analyses the behaviour of semiconductor devices under ESD conditions. Addresses the growing awareness of the problems resulting from ESD phenomena in advanced integrated circuiTrade Review"…this is a good device book about ESD. Many useful equations are derived and explained." (IEEE Circuits & Devices, January/February 2006)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Electrostatics and Electrothermal Physics. 2. Electrothermal and Methods of Analysis ESD Models. 3. Semiconductor Device Physics and ESD. 4. Substrates and ESD. 5. Wells and Sub-collectors and ESD. 6. Isolation Technology and ESD. 7. Drain Engineering, Salicides and ESD. 8. Dielectrics and ESD. 9. Interconnects and ESD. 10. Silicon on Insulator (SOI) and ESD. 11. Silicon-Germanium and ESD. 12. Nanostructures and ESD. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectrostatic Discharge (ESD) within RF devices can result in the malfunctioning of nearby electronic equipment. This volume is designed as the third in a series of three books addressing Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) physics, devices, circuits and design.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. RF DESIGN and ESD. 1.1 Fundamental Concepts of ESD design. 1.2 Fundamental Concepts of RF ESD Design. 1.3 Key RF ESD Contributions. 1.4 Key RF ESD Patents. 1.5 ESD Failure Mechanisms. 1.6 RF Basics. 1.7 Two-Port Network Parameters. 1.8. Stability: RF Design Stability and ESD. 1.9 Device Degradation and ESD Failure. 1.10 RF ESD Testing. 1.11 Time Domain Reflection (TDR) and Impedance Methodology. 1.12 Product Level ESD Test and RF Functional Parameter Failure. 1.13 Combined RF and ESD TLP Test Systems. 1.14 Closing Comments and Summary. Problems. References. Chapter 2. RF ESD Design. 2.1 ESD Design Methods: Ideal ESD networks and RF. 2.2 RF ESD Design Methods: Linearity. 2.3 RF ESD Design: Passive Element Quality Factors and Figures of Merit. 2.4 RF ESD Design Methods: Method of Subsitution. 2.5 RF ESD Design Methods: Matching Networks and RF ESD Networks. 2.6 RF ESD Design Methods: Inductive Shunt. 2.7 RF ESD Design Methods: Cancellation Method. 2.8 RF ESD Design Methods: Impedance Isolation Technique Using. 2.9 RF ESD Design Methods: Lumped versus Distributed Loads. 2.10 ESD RF Design Synthesis and Floor Planning: RF, Analog, and Digital Integration. 2.11 ESD Circuits and RF Bond Pad Integration. 2.12 ESD Structures Under Wire Bond Pads. 2.13 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 3. RF CMOS and ESD. 3.1 RF CMOS: ESD Device Comparisons. 3.2 Circular RF ESD Devices. 3.3 RF ESD Design—ESD Wiring Design. 3.4 RF Passives: ESD and Schottky Barrier Diodes. 3.5 RF Passives: ESD and Inductors. 3.6 RF Passives: ESD and Capacitors. 3.7 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 4. RF CMOS ESD Networks. 4.1 RF CMOS Input Circuits. 4.2 RF CMOS: Diode–Inductor ESD Networks. 4.3 RF CMOS Impedance Isolation LC Resonator ESD Networks. 4.4 RF CMOS LNA ESD Design. 4.5 RF CMOS T-Coil Inductor ESD Input Network. 4.6 RF CMOS Distributed ESD Networks. 4.7 RF CMOS Distributed ESD Networks: Transmission Lines. 4.8 RF CMOS: ESD and RF LDMOS Power Technology. 4.9 RF CMOS ESD Power Clamps. 4.10 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 5. Bipolar Physics. 5.1 Bipolar Device Physics. 5.2 Transistor Breakdown. 5.3 Kirk Effect. 5.4 Johnson Limit: Physical Limitations of the Transistor. 5.5 RF Instability: Emitter Collapse. 5.6 ESD RF Design Layout: Emitter, Base, and Collector Configurations. 5.7 ESD RF Design Layout: Utilization of a Second. 5.8 ESD RF Design Layout: Emitter Ballasting. 5.9 ESD RF Design Layout: Thermal Shunts and Thermal Lenses. 5.10 Base-Ballasting and RF Stability. 5.11 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 6. Silicon Germanium and ESD. 6.1 Heterojunctions and Silicon Germanium Technology. 6.2 Silicon Germanium Physics. 6.3 Silicon Germanium Carbon. 6.4 Silicon Germanium ESD Measurements. 6.5. Silicon Germanium Carbon Collector–Emitter ESD Measurements. 6.6 Silicon Germanium Transistor Emitter–Base Design. 6.7 Field-Oxide (FOX) Isolation Defined Silicon Germanium. 6.8 Silicon Germanium HBT Multiple-Emitter Study. 6.9 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 7. Gallium Arsenide and ESD. 7.1 Gallium Arsenide Technology and ESD. 7.2 Gallium Arsenide Energy-to-Failure and Power-to-Failure. 7.3 Gallium Arsenide ESD Failures in Active and Passive Elements. 7.4 Gallium Arsenide HBT Devices and ESD. 7.5 Gallium Arsenide HBT-Based Passive Elements. 7.6 Gallium Arsenide Technology Table of Failure Mechanisms. 7.7 Indium Gallium Arsenide and ESD. 7.8 Indium Phosphide (InP) and ESD. 7.9 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 8. Bipolar Receiver Circuits and Bipolar ESD Networks. 8.1 Bipolar Receivers and ESD. 8.2 Single Ended Common-Emitter Receiver Circuits. 8.3 Bipolar Differential Receiver Circuits. 8.4 Bipolar ESD Input Circuits. 8.5 Bipolar-based ESD Power Clamps. 8.6 Bipolar ESD Diode String and Triple-Well Power Clamps. 8.7 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 9. RF and ESD Computer-Aided Design (CAD). 9.1 RF ESD Design Environment. 9.2 ESD Design with Hierarchical Parameterized Cells. 9.3 ESD Design of RF CMOS-Based Hierarchical Parameterized Cells. 9.4 RF BiCMOS ESD Hierarchical Parameterized Cell. 9.5 Advantages and Limitations of the ESD Design System. 9.6 Guard Ring P-Cell Methodology. 9.7 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Chapter 10. Alternative ESD Concepts: On-Chip and Off-Chip. 10.1 Spark Gaps. 10.2 Field Emission Devices. 10.3 Off-chip Protection and Off-Chip Transient Suppression Devices. 10.4 Off-Chip Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Devices. 10.5 Off-Chip Polymer Voltage Suppression (PVS) Devices. 10.6 Package-Level Mechanical ESD Solutions. 10.7 RF Proximity Communications Chip-to-Chip ESD Design Practices. 10.8 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe capacity of wireless data communications is lagging behind demands due to unsatisfactory performance of the existing wireless networks, such as low data rates, low spectral efficiency and low quality of service. This book is about space time coding which is an effective transmit diversity technique to combat fading in wireless communications.Table of ContentsList of Acronyms. List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Performance Limits of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Communication Systems. Space-Time Coding Performance Analysis and Code Design. Space-Time Block Codes. Space-Time Trellis Codes. Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes. Layered Space-Time Codes. Differential Space-Time Block Codes. Space-Time Coding for Wideband Systems. Index.

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Book SynopsisReal--time software is indispensable to all ultrareliable and safety critical applications. Providing an introduction to real--time scheduling within centralised and distributed systems, this work covers issues such as clocks, specification, design and modelling.Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1. Basic Concepts. Real-time applications. Basic notions for real-time task scheduling. 2. Scheduling of Independent Tasks. Basic on-line algorithms for periodic tasks. Hybrid task sets scheduling. 3. Scheduling of Dependent Tasks. Tasks for precedence relationships. Tasks sharing critical resources. 4. Scheduling Schemes for Handling Overload. Scheduling techniques in overload conditions. Handling real-time tasks with varying timing parameters. Handling overload conditions for hybrid task sets. 5. Multiprocessor Scheduling. Introduction. First results and comparison with uniprocessor scheduling. Multiprocessor scheduling anomalies. Schedulability conditions. Scheduling algorithms. 6. Joint Scheduling of Tasks and Messages in Distributed Systems. Overview of distributed real-time systems. Task allocation in real-time distributed systems. Real-time traffic. Message scheduling. Conclusion. 7. Packet Scheduling in Networks. Introduction. Network and traffic models. Service disciplines. Work-conserving service disciplines. Non-work-conserving service disciplines. 8. Software Environment. Real-time operating system and real-time kernel. Real-time languages. Real-time middleware. Summary of scheduling capabilities of standardized components. 9. Case Studies. Real-time acquisition and analysis of rolling mill signals. Embedded real-time application: Mars Pathfinder mission. Distributed automotive application.

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Book SynopsisCompetition within the telecommunications companies is growing fiercer by the day. Therefore, it is vital to ensure a high level of quality and reliability within all telecommunications systems in order to guard against faults and the failure of components and network services. Within large scale systems such quality and reliability problems are ever higher. The metrics of Quality and Reliability have to date only been available in journals and technical reports of companies which have designed or produced major parts of systems used in large applications. This book provides a self-contained treatment enabling the reader to be able to produce, define and utilise the metrics of Quality and Reliability required for the design and implementation of a large application such as a world class event as the Olympic Games. An additional outcome is that this book can be used as a guide for producing an ISO standard for large scale Systems such as the Olympic Games. * Provides Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgement. 1 Introduction. 2 Reliability. Introduction. Reliability of Emerging Internet-based Services (H. Eslambolchi and M. Daneshmand). Reliability Issues in IP over Photonic Networks (S. Arakawa and M. Murata). 3 Survivability. Introduction. Key Issues in Survivable Cellular Systems (H. Sandalidis and P. Stavroulakis). Survivability in Wireless Mobile Networks (T. Dahlberg, et al.). 4 Quality. Introduction. Quality of Service Mechanisms in Multimedia Telecommunication Services (G. Rovithakis, et al.). QoS Metrics for Performance Assessment in Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Multimedia Systems (A. Iera and A. Molinaro). TCP/IP-based Protocols over Satellite Systems: A Telecommunication Issue (M. Marchese). Outage Performance Considerations in Cellular Mobile Radio Networks (G. Karagiannidis and S. Kotsopoulos). Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio in Communication Systems as a Quality Measure (A. Sampath and D. Jeske). 5 A pplications. Introduction. Quality Wireless Broadband Home Networking (H. Zhang). A Reliable ATM Switch Design (Z. El-Saghir and A. Grzech). Quality of Service via an Optimal Routing Model (E. Aboelela and C. Douligeris). Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisUMTS as a technology allows for exciting new applications of some of the best ideas of services in the fixed telecoms, cellular/mobile telecoms, and internet environments, with many revolutionary new possibilities which simply do not exist in the current media and communications vehicles.The current worldwide interest in UMTS/3G is driven partly by the iminent roll-out of the new infrastructure during 2002/3. The general consensus in the telecoms industry is that that services will be driving this new UMTS/3G industry, and with no historical reference points, a large worldwide demand exists for this type of book. ''m-Profits: Making Money from 3G Servives'' will discuss 3G services from the view of what is needed for the service to provide value to the user, which technical features of the 3G network will be used, what is the value proposition for the user, how will money be made out of delivering the service, and discussions on how revenue sharing propositions might work to benefit coTrade Review"...A visionary theory of the future of telecoms economics..." (www.Wap Insigt, 16 September 2002) "...a fresh attempt to throw light on how that unwired world will develop...a sound primer...a valuable guide to the coming revolution..." (Information Age. January 2003) "...fascinating...a must for anyone in the business..." (M2 Best Books, 30 September 2002)Table of ContentsForeword. Acknowledgements. Intro to m-Profits: Show Me the Money. Characteristics of Mobile Services: What Makes Them Different. Mobile Phone the Most Personal Device: Cannot Live Without It. Micro-payments: The Magical Key to Content Revenues. The 5 M's of 3G Services: Recipe for Killer Cocktails. The Profits of Movement Services: Escaping the Fixed Place. The Profits of Mobile Services: Expanding the Concept of Time. The Profits of 'Me' Services. The Profits of Money Services: Expending Financial Resources. The Profits of Machine Services: Empowering Gadgets and Devices. Money Patterns in Cellular Networks: The 'Hockey Stick' Curves. Tariffing: Just Below the Pain Threshold. Marketing 3G Services. Competition in 3G Services: More Competitors. Revenue Sharing and Partnering: When You Cannot Do It Alone. Business Case of 3G for the Operator: Revenues, Cost and Profitability. Money Migration: Know the Streams. 4G: What Next? Postscript: Final Thoughts. m-Dictionary. Abbreviations. Bibliography. Websites. Services Index. Index.

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Book SynopsisCan you afford not to read this book?. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) offers a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users and numerous different radio access technologies will co-exist within the UMTS system's core network - security is, therefore, of the utmost importance.Trade Review"...perfectly described by its title...well structured...definitive and highly recommended..." (The IEE Communications Engineer, June/July 2004)Table of ContentsPreface xi PART I: SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR UMTS 1 1 Introduction to Security and to UMTS 3 1.1 Security in Telecommunications 3 1.1.1 General security principles 4 1.1.2 GSM security 7 1.2 The Background to 3G 11 1.3 The 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) 12 1.4 3GPP Network Architecture 14 1.4.1 Elements in the architecture 15 1.4.2 Protocols in the 3GPP system 18 1.5 WCDMA Radio Technology 20 1.5.1 CDMA: an example 22 1.5.2 Basic facts of WCDMA 23 1.5.3 Handovers 25 1.5.4 Power control 25 2 UMTS Security Features in Release 1999 29 2.1 Access Security to UMTS 29 2.1.1 Mutual authentication 30 2.1.2 Temporary identities 42 2.1.3 UTRAN encryption 44 2.1.4 Integrity protection of RRC signalling 54 2.1.5 Set-up of UTRAN security mechanisms 59 2.1.6 Summary of access security in the CS and PS domains 63 2.2 Interworking with GSM 63 2.2.1 Interworking scenarios 65 2.2.2 Cases with SIM 66 2.2.3 Cases with USIM 67 2.2.4 Handovers from one system to another 68 2.3 Additional Security Features in Release 1999 69 2.3.1 Ciphering indicator 69 2.3.2 Identification of the UE 69 2.3.3 Security for Location Services (LCs) 70 2.3.4 User-to-USIM authentication 70 2.3.5 Security in the USIM application toolkit 70 2.3.6 Mobile Execution Environment (MExE) 70 2.3.7 Lawful interception 71 3 Security Features in Releases 4 and 5 73 3.1 Network Domain Security 73 3.1.1 MAPsec 74 3.1.2 IPsec 81 3.1.3 IPsec-based mechanisms in UMTS 84 3.1.4 Role of firewalls 86 3.2 IMS Security 87 3.2.1 Basics of SIP 87 3.2.2 IMS architecture 90 3.2.3 Architecture for securing access to the IMS 91 3.2.4 Principles for IMS access security 93 3.2.5 Use of HTTP Digest AKA 95 3.2.6 Security mode set-up 100 3.2.7 Integrity protection with ESP 101 3.2.8 Error case handling 104 3.3 Other Security Systems 106 3.3.1 Higher layer security systems 106 3.3.2 Link layer security systems 108 PART II: CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 111 4 Introduction to Cryptography 113 4.1 The Science of Cryptology 113 4.1.1 Cryptographic systems 113 4.1.2 Security and vulnerability 115 4.1.3 Developing cryptology into a publicly available science 116 4.1.4 Public cryptographic development efforts 118 4.2 Requirements and Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms 119 4.2.1 Block ciphers 120 4.2.2 Stream ciphers 125 4.2.3 Message authentication codes 127 5 3GPP Algorithm Specification Principles 131 6 Confidentiality and Integrity Algorithms 135 6.1 Requirements for the Confidentiality Algorithm 135 6.1.1 Functional requirements 135 6.1.2 Algorithm operation 136 6.1.3 Interfaces to the algorithm 137 6.2 Requirements for the Integrity Algorithm 139 6.2.1 Overview 139 6.2.2 Interface 140 6.3 Design Task Force 142 6.4 Getting Started 142 6.4.1 SAGE contribution to SA3 143 6.4.2 Modes around MISTY1 143 6.4.3 Particular security criteria 144 6.5 Design Process 144 6.5.1 The teams 145 6.5.2 Design documentation 145 6.5.3 Conclusion of evaluation 148 6.6 Confidentiality Algorithm 149 6.6.1 The f8 stream cipher mode 149 6.6.2 Description of f8 149 6.6.3 Security 151 6.7 Extension of the UMTS Confidentiality Algorithm 152 6.7.1 Background 152 6.7.2 List of variables 153 6.7.3 Core function KGCORE 154 6.7.4 A5/3 algorithm for GSM encryption 157 6.7.5 A5/3 algorithm for ECSD encryption 158 6.7.6 GEA3 algorithm for GPRS encryption 160 6.7.7 Specification of the 3GPP confidentiality algorithm f8 161 6.7.8 Summary of the confidentiality functions 162 6.8 Integrity Algorithm 163 6.8.1 The f9 MAC mode 163 6.8.2 Description 164 6.8.3 Security 165 6.9 Implementation 168 6.9.1 Length of data 168 6.10 IPR Issues and Exportability 169 6.10.1 IPR issues 169 6.10.2 Exportability 169 7 Kernel Algorithm KASUMI 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 MISTY Block Cipher Algorithms 172 7.2.1 Design principles of MISTY1 172 7.2.2 Security of MISTY 176 7.3 Changes between MISTY1 and KASUMI 178 7.3.1 Changes to the data encryption part 178 7.3.2 Changes to the key-scheduling part 179 7.4 Description of KASUMI 179 7.4.1 General structure 179 7.4.2 KASUMI encryption function 181 7.4.3 Key schedule 187 7.5 Mathematical Analysis of KASUMI by the Task Force 188 7.5.1 Properties of components 188 7.5.2 Differential cryptanalysis 192 7.5.3 Truncated differentials 195 7.5.4 Linear cryptanalysis 196 7.5.5 Higher order differential attacks 196 7.6 Public Research on KASUMI 197 7.7 Implementation issues 198 7.7.1 Parallel operation 198 7.7.2 Implementation attacks 199 8 Authentication and Key Generation Algorithm 201 8.1 Design Task Force 201 8.2 Requirements 202 8.2.1 Authentication specification 202 8.2.2 Functional requirements for UMTS authentication 205 8.2.3 General requirements 209 8.2.4 Additional requirements from SA3 209 8.3 Design Process 210 8.3.1 Work plan 210 8.3.2 SAGE’s contribution to the UMTS security architecture 212 8.3.3 Cryptographic requirements 213 8.3.4 Operator-variant algorithm configuration field 214 8.3.5 Criteria for the cryptographic kernel 214 8.4 Description of the Modes 216 8.4.1 The algorithm framework 216 8.4.2 Notation 216 8.4.3 Specification of the modes 217 8.5 The MILENAGE Architecture 219 8.5.1 Use of OP 220 8.5.2 Rotation and offset constants 220 8.5.3 Protection against side-channel attacks 220 8.5.4 The number of kernel operations 220 8.5.5 Modes of operation 221 8.6 Kernel Algorithm 221 8.6.1 Block ciphers versus hash functions 221 8.6.2 The kernel of MILENAGE 223 8.7 Customization Options 224 8.7.1 Operator variant parameter 224 8.7.2 Kernel algorithm 225 8.7.3 Rotation and offset parameters 225 8.7.4 Length of RES 226 8.8 Conversion to and Compatibility with A3/A8 226 8.8.1 Conversion rules 227 8.8.2 GSM–MILENAGE 228 8.9 Security analysis of MILENAGE 230 8.9.1 Assumptions and security claims 230 8.9.2 Operational context 231 8.9.3 The soundness of the f2–f5* construction 232 8.9.4 Soundness of the f1–f1* construction and its cryptographic separation from the other modes 234 8.9.5 Investigation of forgery or distinguishing attacks with 264 queries 236 8.9.6 Conclusions 240 Notation of Parameters, Sets and Functions 243 Abbreviations 249 References 257 Index 267

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Book SynopsisFeatures SiGe products which include chip sets for wireless cellular handsets as well as WLAN and high-speed wired network applications. This book describes the physics and technology of SiGe HBTs, with coverage of Si and Ge bipolar transistors. It explains the operating principles and applications of bipolar transistor technology.Table of ContentsPreface. Physical Constants Properties of Silicon and Silicon-Germanium. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Bipolar Transistor Theory. 3. Heavy Doping Effects. 4. Second-Order Effects. 5. High-Frequency Performance. 6. Polysilicon Emitters. 7. Properties and Growth of Silicon-Germanium. 8. Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. 9. Silicon Bipolar Technology. 10. Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Technology. 11. Compact Models of Bipolar Transistors. 12. Optimization of Silicon and Silicon-Germanium Bipolar Technologies. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhase lock loop frequency synthesis finds uses in a myriad of wireless applications - from local oscillators for receivers and transmitters to high performance RF test equipment. This title examines the various components that make up the phase lock loop design, including oscillators (crystal, voltage controlled), dividers and phase detectors.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Basic Equations of the PLLs. 2. PLLs of the First and Second Order. 3. PLLs of the Third and Higher Orders. 4. Stability of the PLL Systems. 5. Tracking. 6. Working Ranges of PLLs. 7. Acquisition of PLLs. 8. Basic Blocks of PLLs. 9. Noise and Time Jitter. 10. Digital PLLs (Sampled Systems). 11. PLLs in Frequency Synthesis. 12. PLLs and Digital Frequency Synthesizers. Appendix: List of Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisTheory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA: Wideband Wireless Communications helps the reader to develop a sound knowledge of wideband communications, such as OFDM, applied in digital audio broadcasting, and CDMA, the foundation of third generation mobile communications.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Basics of Digital Communications. 1.1 Orthogonal Signals and Vectors. 1.2 Baseband and Passband Transmission. 1.3 The AWGN Channel. 1.4 Detection of Signals in Noise. 1.5 Linear Modulation Schemes. 1.6 Bibliographical Notes. 1.7 Problems. 2 Mobile Radio Channels. 2.1 Multipath Propagation. 2.2 Characterization of Fading Channels. 2.3 Channel Simulation. 2.4 Digital Transmission over Fading Channels. 2.5 Bibliographical Notes. 2.6 Problems. 3 Channel Coding. 3.1 General Principles. 3.2 Convolutional Codes. 3.3 Reed–Solomon Codes. 3.4 Bibliographical Notes. 3.5 Problems. 4 OFDM. 4.1 General Principles. 4.2 Implementation and Signal Processing Aspects for OFDM. 4.3 Synchronization and Channel Estimation Aspects for OFDM Systems. 4.4 Interleaving and Channel Diversity for OFDM Systems. 4.5 Modulation and Channel Coding for OFDM Systems. 4.6 OFDM System Examples. 4.7 Bibliographical Notes. 4.8 Problems. 5 CDMA. 5.1 General Principles of CDMA. 5.2 CDMA Transmission Channel Models. 5.3 Receiver Structures for Synchronous Transmission. 5.4 Receiver Structures for MC-CDMA and Asynchronous Wideband CDMA Transmission. 5.5 Examples for CDMA Systems. 5.6 Bibliographical Notes. 5.7 Problems. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisWireless LAN networking can enable small teams, communities to communicate via their mobile devices without cables. This work provides a comprehensive guide to the implementation, planning and monitoring of the various aspects of Wireless LAN security in small offices/small to medium business (SMBs).Trade Review"...an intelligent and thorough analysis, both using common sense and technical solutions..." (Information Security Bulletin, Dec 03) "...a publication that will be of a great use to wireless newcomers and intermediate readers..." (Help Net Security Review, 2004) "...very professional...structure is clear, logical and very well signposted...interesting, even if you're not a security expert..." (Communications Engineer, August/September 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Introduction to Wireless LANs. Chapter 2. Frame Formats and Basic Security Operation. Chapter 3. Understanding Wireless Signals. Chapter 4. Understanding WEP. Chapter 5. Security Risks and Countermeasures. Chapter 6. Proprietary Security Enhancement Techniques. Chapter 7. Standards Based Security. Appendix A: Wireless LAN Security Checklist.

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Book SynopsisHarmonic distortion problems include equipment overheating, motor failures, capacitor failure and inaccurate power metering. The topic of power system harmonics was covered for the first time 20 years ago and the first edition has become a standard reference work in this area.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Subject Definition and Objectives. 2. Harmonic Analysis. 3. Harmonic Sources. 4. Effects of Harmonic Distortion. 5. Harmonic Monitoring. 6. Harmonic Elimination. 7. Computation of Harmonic Flows. 8. Advanced Harmonic Assessment. Index.

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Book SynopsisFlexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is a generic term used to describe a vast new array of advanced power system controllers based upon the power electronics technology. FACTS controllers are set to be revolutionise power transmission systems resulting in transmission networks of increased efficiency and stability.Trade Review"I certainly recommend this book to all power system planning engineers and students who wish to follow careers in this area." (IEEE Canadian Review, Summer 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Modelling of FACTS Controllers. Modelling of Conventional Power Plant. Conventional Power Flow. Power Flow including FACTS Controllers. Three-phase Power Flow. Optimal Power Flow. Power Flow Tracing. Appendix A: Jacobian Elements for FACTS Controllers in Positive Sequence Power Flow. Appendix B: Gradient and Hessian Elements for Optimal Power Flow Newton's Method. Appendix C: Matlab® Computer Program for Optimal Power Flow Solutions using Newton's Method. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe development of large scale integrated systems on a chip has had a dramatic effect on circuit design methodology. This book provides readers with the methodology by which simple equations for the estimation of transistor geometries and circuit behaviour can be deduced.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors. Symbols. 1. Semiconductor Physics. 2. pn-Junction. 3. Bipolar Transistor. 4. MOS-Transistor. 5. Basics Digital CMOS Circuits. 6. Combinational and Sequential CMOS Circuits. 7. MOS Memories. 8. Basic Analog CMOS Circuits. 9. CMOS Amplifiers. 10. BICMOS. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn how to design scalable, robust software for cutting-edge communications productsâ? Carrier-grade software must satisfy the stringent quality requirements of network operators whose systems provide mission-critical communications services. This book describes proven carrier-grade software techniques used in flagship products designed by industry leaders such as Lucent, Nortel, and Ericsson. In the age of 24/7, software robustness is a competitive advantage. This authoritative guide for software engineers, managers, and testers of products that face carrier-grade requirements helps you to develop state-of-the-art software that will give you an edge in todayâ??s marketplace. Robust Communications Software: Extreme Availability, Reliability and Scalability for Carrier-Grade Systems offers advice on choosing the right technologies for building reliable software incorporates real-world examples and design rationales whTable of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Overview. Object Orientation. Using Objects Effectively. Scheduling Threads. Distributing Work. Protecting Against Software Faults. Recovering from Software Faults. Messaging. Overload Controls. Failover. Software Installation. System Operability. Software Optionality. Debugging in the Field. Managing Capacity. Staging Carrier-Grade Software. Assessing Carrier-Grade Software. Glossary. References.

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