Electricity, electromagnetism and magnetism Books

Book SynopsisElectrodynamics is a comprehensive study of the field produced by and interacting with charged particles, which in practice means almost all matter. This text offers a treatment of this branch of physics, from fundamental physical principles through to a relativistic Lagranian formulism.

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Book SynopsisElectrodynamics is a comprehensive study of the field produced by and interacting with charged particles, which in practice means almost all matter. This text offers a treatment of this branch of physics, from fundamental physical principles through to a relativistic Lagranian formulism.

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Book SynopsisBased on a course of lectures for advanced students. Part 1 is devoted to an introductory treatment of general concepts and methods to be used for describing nonlinear processes. Part 2 is concerned with the application of these concepts and methods to effects and processes.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: PART I: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF NONLINEAR OPTICS. Electromagnetic Fields. Classical Description. The Quantized Free Radiation Field. Interaction Between Radiation and Matter. Semiclassical Description of Nonlinear Optics. Statistical and Coherence Properties of the Radiation Field andTheir Measurement. Nonstationary Processes. PART II: EFFECTS AND PROCESSES OF NONLINEAR OPTICS. Nonlinear One-photon Processes in Lasers. Nonlinearities in Transient One-photon Processes. Nonlinearities and Qunatum Phenomena in Transient One-photonProcesses. Multiphoton Absorption and Emission. Generation of Harmonics and Sum and Difference Frequencies. Parametric Amplification and Oscillation. Stimulated Raman Scattering. Optical Bistability. APPENDIX A: Compilation of Quantum-Theoretical Definitions andRelations. General References. Index.

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Book SynopsisReflecting the growing importance of multi-mode transmission media in communications, radar, sensors, remote sensing, and many other industrial applications, this work presents analytic methods for calculating the transmission statistics of microwave and optical components with random imperfections. The emphasis here is on multi-mode waveguides, optical fibers, and directional couplers-described by the coupled line equations with random parameters-as well as multi-layer optical coatings used as windows, mirrors, or filters. The author clearly explains how to calculate the transmission statistics of these devices in terms of their coupling or optical thickness statistics, in both the time and frequency domains. This unique resource for engineers and researchers involved in the design of multi-mode transmission media: * Focuses on matrix techniques and the various types of problems to which they can be applied * Incorporates many new results developed by the author *Table of ContentsCoupled Line Equations. Guides with White Random Coupling. Examples- White Coupling. Directional Coupler with White Propagation Parameters. Guides with General Coupling Spectra. Four-Mode Guide with Exponential Coupling Covariance. Random Square-Wave Coupling. Multi-Layer Coatings with Random Optical Thickness. Conclusion. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth, up-to-date presentation of the physics and operational principles of all modern semiconductor devices The companion volume to Dr. Sze's classic Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Modern Semiconductor Device Physics covers all the significant advances in the field over the past decade.Table of ContentsBipolar Transistors (P. Asbeck). Compound-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (M. Shur & T. Fjeldly). MOSFETs and Related Devices (S. Hillenius). Power Devices (B. Baliga). Quantum-Effect and Hot-Electron Devices (S. Luryi & A. Zaslavsky). Active Microwave Diodes (H. Eisele & G. Haddad). High-Speed Photonic Devices (T. Lee & S. Chandrasekhar). Solar Cells (M. Green). Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisComprehensive coverage of theory and applications alike Superconductor Technology integrates research efforts from aroundthe world and provides the most comprehensive presentation ofsuperconducting technology available. It covers high- andlow-temperature superconductors (HTSC and LTSC) and, while thediscussion centers on the more practical HTSC applications (thosein the range of 77K), the advantages of LTSC technology in certaincircumstances are also explored. Author A. R. Jha examines the implementation of superconductingtechnology in every conceivable system or device, identifyingapplications and potential applications in diverse fields,including radio astronomical systems, laser radar, microwave andmillimeter-wave missile receivers, satellite communication systems,high-resolution medical equipment, and many more. Complete withnumerous illustrations and photographs and fully referenced,Superconductor Technology: * Covers theory and practice across a wide range oTable of ContentsPhenomenology and Theory of Superconductivity. Superconductor Forms and Their Critical Microwave Properties. Superconducting Substrate Materials. Application of Superconducting Technology to PassiveComponents. Applications of Superconducting Thin Films to Active Rf Componentsand Circuits. Performance Improvement of Solid-State Devices at CryogenicTemperatures. Application of Superconductor Technology to Components Used inRadar, Communication, Space, and Electronic Warfare. Applications of Superconducting Technology to ElectroopticalComponents and Systems. Applications of LTSC and HTSC Technology to Medical DiagnosticEquipment. Application of Superconducting Technology to Generators, Motors,and Transmission Lines. Cryogenic Refrigerator Systems. Index.

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Book SynopsisA practical one-volume guide to anechoic chamber designs for electromagnetic measurements The electromagnetic anechoic chamber has been with us since it was invented at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, in the early 1950s. Just about every major aerospace company has large numbers of them located throughout the United States and the world. Now, because of the stringent electromagnetic interference requirements that must be considered in the development of all new electronic products, these facilities are appearing in the automotive, telecommunications, aerospace, computer, and other industries. This handbook provides the designer/procurer of electromagnetic chambers with a single source of practical information on the full range of anechoic chamber designs. It reviews the current state of the art in indoor electromagnetic testing facilities and their design and specifications. You''ll find information on a large variety of anechoic chambers usedTrade Review"...a comprehensive, thorough text...that will not sit on the shelf...it is a text that will be referenced often by those individuals committed to ensuring?the highest quality of test results." (IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, March 2003)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Text Organization. References. 2 Measurement Principles Pertaining to Anechoic Chamber Design. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields. 2.2.1 Introduction. 2.2.2 Antennas. 2.2.3 Radiated Emissions. 2.2.4 Radiated Susceptibility. 2.2.5 Military Electromagnetic Compatibility. 2.2.6 Antenna System Isolation. 2.2.7 Radar Cross Section. 2.3 Free-Space Test Requirements. 2.3.1 Introduction. 2.3.2 Phase. 2.3.3 Amplitude. 2.3.4 Polarization. 2.3.5 The Friis Transmission Formula. 2.4 Supporting Measurement Concepts. 2.4.1 Introduction. 2.4.2 Coordinate Systems and Device Positioners. 2.4.3 Decibels. 2.4.4 Effects of Reflected Energy. 2.4.5 Effects of Antenna Coupling. 2.5 Outdoor Measurement Facilities. 2.5.1 Introduction. 2.5.2 Electromagnetic Design Considerations and Criteria. 2.5.3 Elevated Outdoor Antenna Range. 2.5.4 Ground Reflection Antenna Range. 2.5.5 Open-Area Test Sites (OATS). References. 3 Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Microwave Absorbing Materials. 3.2.1 Pyramidal Absorber. 3.2.2 Wedge Absorber. 3.2.3 Convoluted Microwave Absorber. 3.2.4 Multilayer Dielectric Absorber. 3.2.5 Hybrid Dielectric Absorber. 3.2.6 Walkway Absorber. 3.3 Low-Frequency Absorbing Material. 3.3.1 Introduction. 3.3.2 Ferrite Absorbers. 3.3.3 Hybrid Absorbers. 3.4 Absorber Modeling. 3.5 Absorber Testing. References. 4 The Chamber Enclosure. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Electromagnetic Interference. 4.3 Controlling the Environment. 4.4 Electromagnetic Shielding. 4.4.1 Introduction. 4.4.2 The Welded Shield. 4.4.3 The Clamped Seam or Prefabricated Shield. 4.4.4 The Single-Shield Systems. 4.5 Penetrations. 4.6 Performance Verification. 4.7 Shielded Enclosure Grounding. 4.8 Fire Protection. References. 5 Anechoic Chamber Design Techniques. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Practical Design Procedures. 5.2.1 Introduction. 5.2.2 Quick Estimate of Chamber Performance. 5.2.3 Detailed Ray-Tracing Design Procedure. 5.3 Computer Modeling. 5.3.1 Introduction. 5.3.2 Ray Tracing. 5.3.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Model. 5.4 Other Techniques. 5.5 Antennas Used In Anechoic Chambers. 5.5.1 Introduction. 5.5.2 Rectangular Chamber Antennas. 5.5.3 Antennas for Tapered Chambers. 5.5.4 EMI Chambers. References. 6 The Rectangular Chamber. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Antenna Testing. 6.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2 Design Considerations. 6.2.3 Design Example. 6.2.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.3 Radar Cross-Section Testing. 6.3.1 Design Considerations. 6.3.2 Design Example. 6.3.3 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.4 Near-Field Testing. 6.4.1 Introduction. 6.4.2 Chamber Design Considerations. 6.4.3 Design Example. 6.4.4 Acceptance Test Procedure. 6.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing. 6.5.1 Introduction. 6.5.2 Chamber Design Considerations. 6.5.3 Design Examples. 6.5.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.6 Immunity Testing. 6.6.1 Introduction. 6.6.2 Mode-Stirred Test Facility. 6.7 EM System Compatibility Testing. 6.7.1 Design Considerations. 6.7.2 Acceptance Testing. References. 7 The Compact Range Chamber. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Antenna Testing. 7.2.1 Prime Focus Compact Range. 7.2.2 Dual Reflector Compact Range. 7.2.3 Shaped Reflector Compact Range. 7.2.4 Compact Antenna Range Absorber Layout. 7.2.5 Acceptance Testing of the Compact Antenna Anechoic Chamber. 7.3 Compact RCS Ranges. 7.3.1 Introduction. 7.3.2 Design Example. 7.3.3 Acceptance Testing. References. 8 Incorporating Geometry in Anechoic Chamber Design. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Tapered Chamber. 8.2.1 Introduction. 8.2.2 Antenna Testing. 8.2.3 Radar Cross-Section Measurements. 8.3 The Double Horn Chamber. 8.3.1 Introduction. 8.3.2 Antenna Testing. 8.3.3 Emissions and Immunity Testing. 8.4 The Missile Hardware-in-the-Loop Chamber. 8.4.1 Introduction. 8.4.2 Design Considerations. 8.4.3 Design Example. 8.4.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 8.5 Consolidated Facilities. 8.5.1 Introduction. 8.5.2 Design Considerations. 8.5.3 Design Examples. 8.5.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 8.6 The TEM Cell. 8.6.1 Introduction. 8.6.2 TEM Principles of Operation. 8.6.3 Typical Performance. References. 9 Test Procedures. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Absorber Testing. 9.2.1 Introduction. 9.2.2 Testing of Microwave Absorber. 9.2.3 Low-Frequency Testing. 9.2.4 Compact Range Reflector Testing. 9.2.5 Fire-Retardant Testing. 9.3 Microwave Anechoic Chamber Test Procedures. 9.3.1 Introduction. 9.3.2 Free-Space VSWR Method. 9.3.3 Pattern Comparison Method. 9.3.4 X–Y Scanner Method. 9.3.5 RCS Chamber Evaluation. 9.4 EMC Chamber Acceptance Test Procedures. 9.4.1 Introduction. 9.4.2 Volumetric Site Attenuation. 9.4.3 Field Uniformity. 9.5 Shielding Effectiveness. References. 10 Examples of Indoor Electromagnetic Test Facilities. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Antenna Testing. 10.2.1 Introduction. 10.2.2 Rectangular Test Chamber. 10.2.3 Tapered Anechoic Chamber. 10.2.4 Compact Range Test Chamber. 10.2.5 Near-Field Test Chamber. 10.3 Radar Cross-Section Testing. 10.3.1 Introduction. 10.3.2 Compact Range Radar Cross-Section Facilities. 10.4 EMC Test Chambers. 10.4.1 Introduction. 10.4.2 Emission Test Chambers. 10.5 Electromagnetic System Compatibility Testing. 10.5.1 Introduction. 10.5.2 Aircraft Systems. 10.5.3 Spacecraft Test Facilities. References. Appendix A: Procedure for Determining the Area of Specular Absorber Treatment. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Fresnel Zone Analysis. Appendix B :Test Region Amplitude Taper. B.1 Introduction. B.2 Antenna Data. Appendix C: Design/Specification Checklists. C.1 Introduction. C.2 The Rectangular Chamber. C.2.1 Introduction. C.2.2 Antenna Testing. C.2.3 RCS Testing. C.2.4 Near-Field Testing. C.2.5 EMI Testing. C.2.6 Isolation Testing. C.2.7 Impedance Testing. C.3 Compact Range. C.3.1 Introduction. C.3.2 Antenna/Radome Testing. C.3.3 RCS Testing. C.4 Shaped Chambers. C.4.1 Introduction C.4.2 Tapered Chamber. C.4.3 Double Horn Chamber. C.4.4 Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing. C.5 Shielding Design Checklist. C.5.1 Introduction. C.5.2 Checklist for Prefabricated Shielding. C.5.3 Checklist for Welded Enclosures. C.5.4 Checklist for Architectural Shielding. C.5.5 Conventional Construction. C.5.6 Fire Protection. References. Glossary. Selected Bibliography. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisCircuit Theory and Field Theory are usually taught in separate courses. Electromagnetic field theory is an important part of basic physics. Because it is a very mathematical subject, the connection to everyday problems is not emphasized. Circuit theory on the other hand is by its very nature very practical.Trade Review"...you needn't be an engineer to learn a great deal from this refreshingly different approach to basic electrotechnology." (Electrical Apparatus, June 2002) "...loaded with practical information?any electrical engineer...will find this book an invaluable reference...circuit theory teachers could also find this excellent..." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 5, September/October 2002) "Recommended for libraries...upper-division undergraduates; professionals" (Choice, Vol. 40, No. 3, November 2002) "...it could very usefully find a place on the shelves of an electronics laboratory..." (Contemporary Physics, Vol.44, No.1, 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. The Electric Field. 2. Capacitors, Magnetic Fields, and Transformers. 3. Utility Power and Circuit Concepts. 4. A Few More Tools. 5. Analog Design. 6. Digital Design and Mixed Analog/Digital Design. 7. Facilities and Sites. Appendix I: Solutions to Problems. Appendix II: Glossary of Common Terms. Appendix III: Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the interdisciplinary field of solid electrodynamics and its applications in superconductor and microwave technologies. It gives scientists and engineers the foundation necessary to deal with theoretical and applied electromagnetics, continuum mechanics, applied superconductivity, high-speed electronic circuit design, microwave engineering and transducer technology.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Classical Electrodynamics. Continuum Electrodynamics of Deformable Solids. Electrodynamics of Superconductors in Weak Fields. Electrodynamics of Superconductors in Strong Fields. Electrodynamics of Josephson Junctions and Circuits. Electromagnetic Analysis of Transmission Lines and Waveguide. Electrodynamics of Deformable Superconductors. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscusses techniques that have important applications to wireless engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Notations and Mathematical Preliminaries 1 1.1 Notations and Abbreviations 1 1.2 Mathematical Preliminaries 2 1.2.1 Functions and Integration 2 1.2.2 The Fourier Transform 4 1.2.3 Regularity 4 1.2.4 Linear Spaces 7 1.2.5 Functional Spaces 8 1.2.6 Sobolev Spaces 10 1.2.7 Bases in Hilbert Space H 11 1.2.8 Linear Operators 12 Bibliography 14 2 Intuitive Introduction to Wavelets 15 2.1 Technical History and Background 15 2.1.1 Historical Development 15 2.1.2 When Do Wavelets Work? 16 2.1.3 A Wave Is a Wave but What Is a Wavelet? 17 2.2 What Can Wavelets Do in Electromagnetics and Device Modeling? 18 2.2.1 Potential Benefits of Using Wavelets 18 2.2.2 Limitations and Future Direction of Wavelets 19 2.3 The Haar Wavelets and Multiresolution Analysis 20 2.4 How Do Wavelets Work? 23 Bibliography 28 3 Basic Orthogonal Wavelet Theory 30 3.1 Multiresolution Analysis 30 3.2 Construction of Scalets 3.2.1 Franklin Scalet 32 3.2.2 Battle-Lemarie Scalets 39 3.2.3 Preliminary Properties of Scalets 40 3.3 Wavelet ^ ( r ) 42 3.4 Franklin Wavelet 48 3.5 Properties of Scalets (p(co) 51 3.6 Daubechies Wavelets 56 3.7 Coifman Wavelets (Coiflets) 64 3.8 Constructing Wavelets by Recursion and Iteration 69 3.8.1 Construction of Scalets 69 3.8.2 Construction of Wavelets 74 3.9 Meyer Wavelets 75 3.9.1 Basic Properties of Meyer Wavelets 75 3.9.2 Meyer Wavelet Family 83 3.9.3 Other Examples of Meyer Wavelets 92 3.10 Mallat's Decomposition and Reconstruction 92 3.10.1 Reconstruction 92 3.10.2 Decomposition 93 3.11 Problems 95 3.11.1 Exercise 1 95 3.11.2 Exercise 2 95 3.11.3 Exercise 3 97 3.11.4 Exercise 4 97 Bibliography 98 4 Wavelets in Boundary Integral Equations 100 4.1 Wavelets in Electromagnetics 100 4.2 Linear Operators 102 4.3 Method of Moments (MoM) 103 4.4 Functional Expansion of a Given Function 107 4.5 Operator Expansion: Nonstandard Form 110 4.5.1 Operator Expansion in Haar Wavelets 111 4.5.2 Operator Expansion in General Wavelet Systems 113 4.5.3 Numerical Example 114 4.6 Periodic Wavelets 120 4.6.1 Construction of Periodic Wavelets 120 4.6.2 Properties of Periodic Wavelets 123 4.6.3 Expansion of a Function in Periodic Wavelets 127 4.7 Application of Periodic Wavelets: 2D Scattering 128 4.8 Fast Wavelet Transform (FWT) 133 4.8.1 Discretization of Operation Equations 133 4.8.2 Fast Algorithm 134 4.8.3 Matrix Sparsification Using FWT 135 4.9 Applications of the FWT 140 4.9.1 Formulation 140 4.9.2 Circuit Parameters 141 4.9.3 Integral Equations and Wavelet Expansion 143 4.9.4 Numerical Results 144 4.10 Intervallic Coifman Wavelets 144 4.10.1 Intervallic Scalets 145 4.10.2 Intervallic Wavelets on [0, 1] 154 4.11 Lifting Scheme and Lazy Wavelets 156 4.11.1 Lazy Wavelets 156 4.11.2 Lifting Scheme Algorithm 157 4.11.3 Cascade Algorithm 159 4.12 Green's Scalets and Sampling Series 159 4.12.1 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 160 4.12.2 Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 166 4.13 Appendix: Derivation of Intervallic Wavelets on [0, 1] 172 4.14 Problems 185 4.14.1 Exercise 5 185 4.14.2 Exercise 6 185 4.14.3 Exercise 7 185 4.14.4 Exercise 8 186 4.14.5 Project 1 187 Bibliography 187 5 Sampling Biorthogonal Time Domain Method (SBTD) 189 5.1 Basis FDTD Formulation 189 5.2 Stability Analysis for the FDTD 194 5.3 FDTD as Maxwell's Equations with Haar Expansion 198 5.4 FDTD with Battle-Lemarie Wavelets 201 5.5 Positive Sampling and Biorthogonal Testing Functions 205 5.6 Sampling Biorthogonal Time Domain Method 215 5.6.1 SBTD versus MRTD 215 5.6.2 Formulation 215 5.7 Stability Conditions for Wavelet-Based Methods 219 5.7.1 Dispersion Relation and Stability Analysis 219 5.7.2 Stability Analysis for the SBTD 222 5.8 Convergence Analysis and Numerical Dispersion 223 5.8.1 Numerical Dispersion 223 5.8.2 Convergence Analysis 225 5.9 Numerical Examples 228 5.10 Appendix: Operator Form of the MRTD 233 5.11 Problems 236 5.11.1 Exercise 9 236 5.11.2 Exercise 10 237 5.11.3 Project 2 237 Bibliography 238 6 Canonical Multiwavelets 240 6.1 Vector-Matrix Dilation Equation 240 6.2 Time Domain Approach 242 6.3 Construction of Multiscalets 245 6.4 Orthogonal Multiwavelets yjr(t) 255 6.5 Intervallic Multiwavelets xj/(t) 258 6.6 Multiwavelet Expansion 261 6.7 Intervallic Dual Multiwavelets \j/(t) 264 6.8 Working Examples 269 6.9 Multiscalet-Based ID Finite Element Method (FEM) 276 6.10 Multiscalet-Based Edge Element Method 280 6.11 Spurious Modes 285 6.12 Appendix 287 6.13 Problems 296 6.13.1 Exercise 11 296 Bibliography 297 7 Wavelets in Scattering and Radiation 299 7.1 Scattering from a 2D Groove 299 7.1.1 Method of Moments (MoM) Formulation 300 7.1.2 Coiflet-Based MoM 304 7.1.3 Bi-CGSTAB Algorithm 305 7.1.4 Numerical Results 305 7.2 2D and 3D Scattering Using Intervallic Coiflets 309 7.2.1 Intervallic Scalets on [0,1] 309 7.2.2 Expansion in Coifman Intervallic Wavelets 312 7.2.3 Numerical Integration and Error Estimate 313 7.2.4 Fast Construction of Impedance Matrix 317 7.2.5 Conducting Cylinders, TM Case 319 7.2.6 Conducting Cylinders with Thin Magnetic Coating 322 7.2.7 Perfect Electrically Conducting (PEC) Spheroids 324 7.3 Scattering and Radiation of Curved Thin Wires 329 7.3.1 Integral Equation for Curved Thin-Wire Scatterers and Antennae 330 7.3.2 Numerical Examples 331 7.4 Smooth Local Cosine (SLC) Method 340 7.4.1 Construction of Smooth Local Cosine Basis 341 7.4.2 Formulation of 2D Scattering Problems 344 7.4.3 SLC-Based Galerkin Procedure and Numerical Results 347 7.4.4 Application of the SLC to Thin-Wire Scatterers and Antennas 355 7.5 Microstrip Antenna Arrays 357 7.5.1 Impedance Matched Source 358 7.5.2 Far-Zone Fields and Antenna Patterns 360 Bibliography 363 8 Wavelets in Rough Surface Scattering 366 8.1 Scattering of EM Waves from Randomly Rough Surfaces 366 8.2 Generation of Random Surfaces 368 8.2.1 Autocorrelation Method 370 8.2.2 Spectral Domain Method 373 8.3 2D Rough Surface Scattering 376 8.3.1 Moment Method Formulation of 2D Scattering 376 8.3.2 Wavelet-Based Galerkin Method for 2D Scattering 380 8.3.3 Numerical Results of 2D Scattering 381 8.4 3D Rough Surface Scattering 387 8.4.1 Tapered Wave of Incidence 388 8.4.2 Formulation of 3D Rough Surface Scattering Using Wavelets 391 8.4.3 Numerical Results of 3D Scattering 394 Bibliography 399 9 Wavelets in Packaging, Interconnects, and EMC 401 9.1 Quasi-static Spatial Formulation 402 9.1.1 What Is Quasi-static? 402 9.1.2 Formulation 403 9.1.3 Orthogonal Wavelets in L2([0, 1]) 406 9.1.4 Boundary Element Method and Wavelet Expansion 408 9.1.5 Numerical Examples 412 9.2 Spatial Domain Layered Green's Functions 415 9.2.1 Formulation 417 9.2.2 Prony's Method 423 9.2.3 Implementation of the Coifman Wavelets 424 9.2.4 Numerical Examples 426 9.3 Skin-Effect Resistance and Total Inductance 429 9.3.1 Formulation 431 9.3.2 Moment Method Solution of Coupled Integral Equations 433 9.3.3 Circuit Parameter Extraction 435 9.3.4 Wavelet Implementation 437 9.3.5 Measurement and Simulation Results 438 9.4 Spectral Domain Green's Function-Based Full-Wave Analysis 440 9.4.1 Basic Formulation 440 9.4.2 Wavelet Expansion and Matrix Equation 444 9.4.3 Evaluation of Sommerfeld-Type Integrals 447 9.4.4 Numerical Results and Sparsity of Impedance Matrix 451 9.4.5 Further Improvements 455 9.5 Full-Wave Edge Element Method for 3D Lossy Structures 455 9.5.1 Formulation of Asymmetric Functionals with Truncation Conditions 456 9.5.2 Edge Element Procedure 460 9.5.3 Excess Capacitance and Inductance 464 9.5.4 Numerical Examples 466 Bibliography 469 10 Wavelets in Nonlinear Semiconductor Devices 474 10.1 Physical Models and Computational Efforts 474 10.2 An Interpolating Subdivision Scheme 476 10.3 The Sparse Point Representation (SPR) 478 10.4 Interpolation Wavelets in the FDM 479 10.4.1 ID Example of the SPR Application 480 10.4.2 2D Example of the SPR Application 481 10.5 The Drift-Diffusion Model 484 10.5.1 Scaling 486 10.5.2 Discretization 487 10.5.3 Transient Solution 489 10.5.4 Grid Adaptation and Interpolating Wavelets 490 10.5.5 Numerical Results 492 10.6 Multiwavelet Based Drift-Diffusion Model 498 10.6.1 Precision and Stability versus Reynolds 499 10.6.2 MWFEM-Based ID Simulation 502 10.7 The Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) Model 504 10.7.1 Why BTE? 505 10.7.2 Spherical Harmonic Expansion of the BTE 505 10.7.3 Arbitrary Order Expansion and Galerkin's Procedure 509 10.7.4 The Coupled Boltzmann-Poisson System 515 10.7.5 Numerical Results 517 Bibliography 524 Index 527

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Book SynopsisThis study reviews an important reliability issue for both silicon and GaAs technologies. It surveys the status of electromigration physics in microelectronics, and summarizes various rate controlling details.Table of ContentsReliability and Electromigration Degradation of GaAs MicrowaveMonolithic Integrated Circuits (A. Christou). Simulation and Computer Models for Electromigration (P.Tang). Temperature Dependencies on Electromigration (M. Pecht & P.Lall). Electromigration and Related Failure Mechanisms in VLSIMetallizations (A. Christou & M. Peckerar). Metallic Electromigration Phenomena (S. Krumbein). Theoretical and Experimental Study of Electromigration (J.Zhao). GaAs on Silicon Performance and Reliability (P. Panayotatos, etal.). Electromigration and Stability of Multilayer Metal-SemiconductorSystems on GaAs (A. Christou). Electrothermomigration Theory and Experiments in Aluminum Thin FilmMetallizations (A. Christou). Reliable Metallization for VLSI (M. Peckerar). Index.

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Book SynopsisClimatic factors such as rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation can have a significant impact on the transmission of radio, light, or heat waves in the atmosphere. Communication systems may experience a loss of signal caused by the effects of rain on a radio link.Trade Review"Robert Crane has written a highly technical and useful manual that those in communications engineering will find useful." (E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 5)Table of ContentsEffects of Rain. Rain Structure and Rain-Rate Statistics. Rain-Rate Climate Models. Modeling Attenuation by Rain. Attenuation Mitigation via Diversity. Worst-Month Statistics. Estimating Risk. References. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom engineering fundamentals to cutting-edge clinical applications This book examines the biological effects of RF/microwaves and their medical applications. Readers will discover new developments in therapeutic applications in such areas as cardiology, urology, surgery, ophthalmology, and oncology. The authors also present developing applications in such areas as cancer detection and organ imaging. Focusing on frequency ranges from 100 kHz to 10 GHz, RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues is divided into six chapters: * Fundamentals in Electromagnetics--examines penetration of RF/microwaves into biological tissues; skin effect; relaxation effects in materials and the Cole-Cole model (display); the near field of an antenna; blackbody radiation and the various associated laws; and microwave measurements. * RF/Microwave Interaction Mechanisms in Biological Materials--includes a section devoted to the fundamentals of thermodynamics and a diTrade Review"... a powerful book that every scientist and engineer working in the area of biomedical applications of RF/microwave should read and keep for reference.... useful to a wider audience of engineers and medical specialists since the material is presented in a concise way emphasizing core concepts and relevant examples. This is an excellent book; we need more like it." (IEEE Microwave Magazine, October 2006) "…a well-researched document and a useful addition in the library for advanced RF/Microwave Engineering courses in universities, research labs working in this area as well as technologists having an interest in this field." (Desicritics.org, July 4, 2006) "...a reference to the medical physicist on a subject that is undergoing a great deal of development at this time and...a teaching reference in a course on nonionizing radiations." (Health Physics, June 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. 1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics. 1.1 RF and Microwave Frequency Ranges. 1.2 Fields. 1.3 Electromagnetics. 1.4 RF and Microwave Energy. 1.5 Penetration in Biological Tissues and Skin Effect. 1.6 Relaxation, Resonance, and Display. 1.7 Dielectric Measurements. 1.8 Exposure. References. Problems. 2 RF/Microwave Interaction Mechanisms in Biological Materials. 2.1 Bioelectricity. 2.2 Tissue Characterization. 2.3 Thermodynamics. 2.4 Energy. References. Problems. 3 Biological Effects. 3.1 Absorption. 3.2 Nervous System. 3.3 Cells and Membranes. 3.4 Molecular Level. 3.5 Low-Level Exposure and ELF Components. 3.6 Ear, Eye, and Heart. 3.7 Influence of Drugs. 3.8 Nonthermal, Microthermal, and Isothermal Effects. 3.9 Epidemiology Studies. 3.10 Interferences. 3.11 Radiation Hazards and Exposure Standards. References. Problems 150 4 Thermal Therapy. 4.1 Introduction to Thermotherapy. 4.2 Heating Principle. 4.3 Hyperthermia. 4.4 Method of Thermometry. References. Problems. 5 EM Wave Absorbers Protecting Biological and Medical Environment. 5.1 Foundation of EM Wave Absorbers. 5.2 Classification of Wave Absorbers. 5.3 Fundamental Principle. 5.4 Fundamental Theory of EM Wave Absorbers. 5.5 Application of EM Absorber. 5.6 EM Wave Absorbers Based on Equivalent Transformation Method of Material Constant. 5.7 Method for Improving RF Field Distribution in a Small Room. References. Problems. 6 RF/Microwave Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Applications. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Transmission Lines and Waveguides for Medical Applications. 6.3 Antennas. 6.4 RF and Microwave Ablation. 6.5 Perfusion Chamber. 6.6 RF Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. 6.7 Endometrial Ablation. 6.8 Microwave Measurement Techniques: Examples. 6.9 Future Research. References. Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis second edition of the well-known work stresses important aspects of magnetic resonance theory that are of increasing importance to the research worker. Presents mathematical background and the basic prototype two-spin 1/2-1/2 Hamiltonian treatment as a building block to the more specialized subjects developed: higher spins and anistropies, applications to atomic spectra, crystal field theory, Mossbauer resonance, types of double resonance, and dynamic polarization. Specialized extensions are then discussed at length, with the advantage of showing clearly their relationships to the main body of magnetic resonance theory: ENDOR, ELDOR, polarization, spin labels, saturation transfer and fourier transform methods, and NMR imaging. Much of this material is treated by means of the uniform formalism based on the direct product matrix expansion technique.Table of ContentsMathematical and Quantum-Mechanical Background. General Two-Spin (1/2,1/2) Systems. NMR Two-Spin (1/2,1/2) Systems. ESR Two-Spin (1/2, 1/2) Systems. Anisotropic Hamiltonians. Multispin Systems. High-Spin Systems. Mossbauer Resonance. Atomic Spectra and Crystal Field Theory. Line Shapes. Double Resonance. Electron Nuclear Double Resonance. Electron-Electron Double Resonance. Dynamic Polarization. Nuclear-Nuclear Double Resonance. Acoustic, Muon and Optical Magnetic Resonance. Spin Labels. Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Manchester Physics Series General Editors: D.J. Sandiford; F. Mandl; A.C. Phillips Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester Properties of Matter B.H. Flowers and E. Mendoza Optics Second Edition F.G. Smith and J.H. Thomson Statistical Physics Second Edition F. Mandl Electromagnetism Second Edition I.S. Grant and W.R.Table of Contents1 Force and Energy in Electrostatics 1.1 Electric Charge 2 1.2 The Electric Field 6 1.3 Electric Fields in Matter 10 1.3.1 The Atomic Charge Density 10 1.3 2 The Atomic Electric Field 11 1.3.3 The Macroscopic Electric Field 13 1.4 Gauss’ Law 16 1.4.1 The Flux of a Vector Field 17 1.4.2 The Flux of the Electric Field out of a Closed Surface 19 1.4.3 The Divergence of a Vector Field 24 1.4.4 The Differential Form of Gauss’ Law 26 1.5 Electrostatic Energy 28 1.5.1 The Electrostatic Potential 28 1.5.2 The Electric Field as the Gradient of the Potential 31 1.5.3 The Dipole Potential 35 1.5.4 Energy Changes Associated with the Atomic Field 38 1.5.5 Capacitors, and Energy in Macroscopic Fields 40 1.5.6 Energy Stored by a Number of Charged Conductors 44 Problems 1 46 2 Dielectrics 2.1 Polarization 49 2.2 Relative Permittivity and Electric Susceptibility 55 2.2.1 The Local Field 59 2.2.2 Polar Molecules 60 2.2.3 Non-polar Liquids 67 2.3 Macroscopic Fields in Dielectrics 70 2.3.1 The Volume Density of Polarization Charge 71 2.3.2 The Electric Displacement Vector 73 2.3.3 Boundary Conditions for D and E 76 2.4 Energy in the Presence of Dielectrics 79 2.4.1 Some Further Remarks about Energy and Forces 80 Problems 2 82 3 Electrostatic Field Calculations 3.1 Poisson’s Equation and Laplace’s Equation 85 3.1.1 The Uniqueness Theorem 88 3.1.2 Electric Fields in the Presence of Free Charge 89 3.2 Boundaries Between Different Regions 91 3.3 Boundary Conditions and Field Patterns 93 3.3.1 Electrostatic Images 93 3.3.2 Spheres and Spherical Cavities in Uniform External Field 97 3.4 Electrostatic Lenses 100 3.5 Numerical Solutions of Poisson’s Equation 103 3.6 Summary of Electrostatics 107 Problems 3 109 4 Steady Currents and Magnetic Fields 4.1 Electromotive Force and Conduction 112 4.1.1 Current and Resistance 112 4.1.2 The Calculation of Resistance 116 4.2 The Magnetic Field 119 4.2.1 The Lorentz Force 119 4.2.2 Magnetic Field Lines 123 4.3 The Magnetic Dipole 127 4.3.1 Current Loops in External Fields 127 4.3.2 Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Fields 130 4.4 Ampere’s Law 132 4.4.1 The Field of a Large Current Loop 132 4.4.2 The Biot-Savart Law 137 4.4.3 Examples of the Calculation of Magnetic Fields 139 4.5 The Differential Form of Ampere’s Law 144 4.5.1 The Operator Curl 144 4.5.2 The Vector Curl B 148 4.5.3 The Magnetic Vector Potential 148 4.6 Forces and Torques on Coils 150 4.6.1 Magnetic Flux 151 4.7 The Motion of Charged Particles in Electric and Magnetic Fields 154 4.7.1 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field 155 4.7.2 Magnetic Mirrors and Plasmas 157 4.7.3 Magnetic Quadrupole Lenses 159 Problems 4 163 5 Magnetic Materials 5.1 Magnetization 166 5.1.1 Diamagnetism 169 5.1.2 Paramagnetism 173 5.1.3 Ferromagnetism 175 5.2 The Macroscopic Magnetic Field Inside Media 176 5 2.1 The Surface Currents on a Uniformly Magnetized Body 178 5.2.2 The Distributed Currents Within a Magnetized Body 179 5.2.3 Magnetic Susceptibility and Atomic Structure 183 5.3 The Field Vector H 186 5.3.1 Ampere’s Law for the Field H 186 5.3.2 The Boundary Conditions on the Field B and H 191 5.4 Magnets 194 5.4.1 Electromagnets 194 5.4.2 Permanent Magnets 204 5.5 Summary of Magnetostatics 208 Problems 5 209 6 Electromagnetic Induction and Magnetic Energy 6.1 Electromagnetic Induction 212 6.1.1 Motional Electromotive Force 214 6.1.2 Faraday’s Law 218 6.1.3 Examples of Induction 221 6.1.4 The Differential Form of Faraday’s Law 228 6.2 Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance 230 6.2.1 Self-inductance 230 6.2.2 Mutual Inductance 232 6.3 Energy and Forces in Magnetic Fields 234 6.3.1 The Magnetic Energy Stored in an Inductor 234 6.3.2 The Total Magnetic Energy of a System of Currents 235 6.3.3 The Potential Energy of a Coil in a field and the Force on the Coil 237 6.3.4 The Total Magnetic Energy in Terms of the Fields B and H 239 6.3.5 Non-linear Media 241 6.3.6 Further Comments on Energy in Magnetic Fields 243 6.4. The Measurement of Magnetic Fields and Susceptibilities 246 6.4.1 The Measurement of Magnetic fields 246 6.4.2 The Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibilities 248 Problems 6 250 7 Alternating Currents and Transients 7.1 Alternating Current Generators 253 7.2 Amplitude, Phase and Period 256 7.3 Resistance, Capacitance and Inductance in A.C. Circuits 257 7.4 The Phasor Diagram and Complex Impedance 260 7.5 Power in A.C. Circuits 266 7.6 Resonance 268 7.7 Transients 274 Problems 7 280 8 Linear Circuits 8.1 Networks 282 8.1.1 Kirchhoff’s Rules 283 8.1.2 Loop Analysis, Node Analysis and Superposition 286 8.1.3 A.C. Networks 288 8.2 Audio-frequency Bridges 291 8.3 Impedance and Admittance 293 8.3.1 Input Impedance 296 8.3.2 Output Impedance and Thévenin’s Theorem 297 8.4 Fitters 299 8.4.1 Ladder Networks 301 8.4.2 Higher Order Filters and Delay Lines 303 8.5 Transformers 307 8.5.1 The Ideal Transformer 308 8.5.2 Applications of Transformers 311 8.5.3 Real Transformers 312 Problems 8 318 9 Transmission Lines 9.1 Propagation of Signals in a Lossless Transmission Line 324 9.2 Practical Types of Transmission Line 329 9.2.1 The Parallel Wire Transmission Line 339 9.2.2 The Coaxial Cable 331 9.2.3 Parallel Strip Lines 333 9.3 Reflections 335 9.4 The Input Impedance of a Mismatched Line 338 9.5 Lossy Lines 342 Problems 9 345 10 Maxwell’s Equations 10.1 The Equation of Continuity 348 10.2 Displacement Current 350 10.3 Maxwell’s Equations 356 10.4 Electromagnetic Radiation 359 10.5 The Microscopic Field Equations 360 Problems 10 362 11 Electromagnetic Waves 11.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Free Space 365 11.2 Plane Waves and Polarization 368 11.2.1 Plane Waves in Free Space 373 11.2.2 Plane Waves in Isotropic Insulating Media 375 11.3 Dispersion 379 11.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves 383 11.5 The Absorption of Plane Waves in Conductors and the Skin Effect 388 11.6 The Reflection and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves 391 11.6.1 Boundary Conditions on Electric and Magnetic Fields 392 11.6.2 Reflection at Dielectric Boundaries 396 11.6.3 Reflection at Metallic Boundaries 399 11.6.4 Polarization by Reflection 401 11.7 Electromagnetic Waves and Photons 404 Problems 11 406 12 Waveguides 12.1 The Propagation of Waves Between Conducting Plates 409 12.2 Rectangular Waveguides 415 12.2.1 The TE01 Mode 420 12.2 2 Further Comments on Waveguides 423 12.3 Cavities 426 Problems 12 430 13 The Generation of Electromagnetic Waves 13.1 The Retarded Potentials 433 13.2 The Hertzian Dipole 436 13.3 Antennas 443 Problems 13 450 14 Electromagnetism and Special Relativity 14.1 Introductory Remarks 451 14.2 The Lorentz Transformation 452 14.3 Charges and Field, as seen by Different Observers 455 14.4 Four-vectors 458 14.5 Maxwell’s Equations in Four-vector Form 461 14.6 Transformation of the Fields 464 14.7 Magnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon 469 14.8 Retarded Potentials from the Relativistic Standpoint 4 73 Problems 14 476 Appendix A Units A.1 Electrical Units and Standards 477 A.1.1 The Definition of the Ampere 477 A.1.2 Calibration and Comparison of Electrical Standards 479 A.2 Gaussian Units 482 A.3 Conversion between SI and Gaussian Units 485 Appendix B Fields and Differential Operators B.1 The Operators div, grad and curl 487 B.2 Formulae in Different Coordinate Systems 489 B.3 Identities 493 Appendix C the Derivation of the Biot–Savart Law Solution to Problems 497 Further Reading 518 Index 519

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Book SynopsisThis advanced textbook emphasizes the physical and mathematical features of liquid state NMR spectroscopy, and examines important applications of the technique, such as NMR imaging, the study of molecular motions and structural determination.Table of ContentsStructure of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Basic Mathematics and Physics of NMR. Fourier Transform NMR and Data Processing. Dynamic Phenomena in NMR. Multipulse and Multidimensional NMR. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectricity, Relativity and Magnetism: A Unified Text presents the first complete and systematic derivation of the principles of magnetism and electromagnetism from Coulomb s law and the theory of special relativity alone.Table of ContentsRelativity: Einstein's Special Theory. Electric and Magnetic Fields and Potentials:Electromagnetism. Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Behaviour and Magnetic Design. Quantum Theory of Magnetism. Index.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisOffers advanced graduate students and researchers with a text that discusses the dynamic electromagnetism of the cosmos - that is, the vast magnetic fields that are carried bodily in the swirling ionized gases of stars and galaxies and throughout intergalactic space.Trade Review"I shall strongly recommend my students to read this book in addition to their standard reading ... not only to clarify their understanding of cosmic magnetism but also to learn how to present their ideas in a clear and understandable way."--Dimitri Sokoloff, Journal of Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid DynamicsTable of ContentsList of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 General Remarks 1 1.2 Electromagnetic Field Equations 3 1.3 Electrical Neutrality 7 1.4 Electric Charge and Magnetic Field Dominance 12 Chapter 2: Electric Fields 15 2.1 Basic Considerations 15 2.2 Definition of Charge and Field 16 2.3 Concept of Electric Field 17 2.4 Physical Reality of Electric Field 20 2.5 Electric Field Pressure 22 Chapter 3: Magnetic Fields 25 3.1 Basic Considerations 25 3.2 Experimental Connection 26 3.3 Differential Form of Ampere's Law 27 3.4 Energy and Stress 29 3.5 Detecting a Magnetic Field 32 Chapter 4: Field Lines 37 4.1 Basic Considerations 37 4.2 The Optical Analogy 39 Chapter 5: Maxwell's Equations 43 Chapter 6: Maxwell and Poynting 48 6.1 Poynting's Momentum and Energy Theorems 48 6.2 Applications 52 6.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields in Matter 52 6.4 SI Units 55 6.5 Systems of Units 59 6.6 Chaucer Units 63 Chapter 7: Moving Reference Frames 65 7.1 Lorentz Transformations 65 7.2 Electric Fields in the Laboratory 66 7.3 Occam's Razor and the Tree in the Forest 67 7.4 Electric Field in a Moving Plasma 68 7.5 Net Charge in a Swirling Plasma 71 Chapter 8: Hydrodynamics 74 8.1 Basic Considerations 74 8.2 Derivation of the HD Equations 76 8.3 The Pressure Tensor 79 8.4 Pressure Variation in Uniform Dilatations 82 8.5 Shear Flow 85 8.6 Effects of Collisions 86 8.7 Off-diagonal Terms and Viscosity 89 8.8 Summary 91 Chapter 9: Magnetohydrodynamics 92 9.1 Basic Considerations 92 9.2 Diffusion and Dissipation 96 9.3 Application of Magnetic Diffusion 98 9.4 Discussion 101 9.5 Partially Ionized Gases 102 9.6 An Electric Current to Satisfy Ampere 108 9.7 Particle Motion Along B 114 9.8 Time-varying Magnetic Field 119 9.9 Comments 121 Chapter 10: Singular Properties of the Maxwell Stress Tensor 123 10.1 Magnetic Equilibrium 123 10.2 Calculation of the Equilibrium Field 128 10.3 Equilibrium in Stretched Field 129 10.4 Resolving the Contradiction 132 10.5 Formation of TDs 133 10.6 Rapid Reconnection at an Incipient TD 137 10.7 Quasi-steady Dissipation at a TD 142 Chapter 11: Comments 147 11.1 Summary 147 11.2 Electric Circuit Analogy 148 11.3 A Simple Example of an Electric Circuit 149 11.4 Popular Electric and Magnetic Fields 154 Appendix A Electrostatically Driven Expansion of the Universe 157 Appendix B Relaxation of Electric Charge Inhomogeneity 159 Appendix C Imposition of a Large-scale Electric Field 162 Appendix D Electric Charge Density in an Electric Field 165 Appendix E The Transverse Invariant 167 Appendix F Blocking the Flow of Electric Current 169 References 173 Index 179

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the area of condensed matter in a nutshell. This textbook covers the standard topics, including crystal structures, energy bands, phonons, optical properties, ferroelectricity, superconductivity, and magnetism.Trade Review"Don't skip the introduction. It will not only re-energize those synapses which remember the history of chemistry, geology, and crystal growth, but it also poses some apparently simple questions which reveal the thrust of modern material research--all in eight pages."--Bruce L. Dietrich, PlanetarianTable of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 1900-1910 1 1.2 Crystal Growth 2 1.3 Materials by Design 4 1.4 Artificial Structures 5 Chapter 2: Crystal Structures 9 2.1 Lattice Vectors 9 2.2 Reciprocal Lattice Vectors 11 2.3 Two Dimensions 13 2.4 Three Dimensions 15 2.5 Compounds 19 2.6 Measuring Crystal Structures 21 2.6.1 X-ray Scattering 22 2.6.2 Electron Scattering 23 2.6.3 Neutron Scattering 23 2.7 Structure Factor 25 2.8 EXAFS 26 2.9 Optical Lattices 28 Chapter 3: Emergy Bands 31 3.1 Bloch's Theorem 31 3.1.1 Floquet's Theorem 32 3.2 Nearly Free Electron Bands 36 3.2.1 Periodic Potentials 36 3.3 Tight-binding Bands 38 3.3.1 s-State Bands 38 3.3.2 p-State Bands 41 3.3.3 Wannier Functions 43 3.4 Semiconductor Energy Bands 44 3.4.1 What Is a Semiconductor? 44 3.4.2 Si, Ge, GaAs 47 3.4.3 HgTe and CdTe 50 3.4.4 k * p Theory 51 3.4.5 Electron Velocity 55 3.5 Density of States 55 3.5.1 Dynamical Mean Field Theory 58 3.6 Pseudopotentials 60 3.7 Measurement of Energy Bands 62 3.7.1 Cyclotron Resonance 62 3.7.2 Synchrotron Band Mapping 63 Chapter 4: Insulators 68 4.1 Rare Gas Solids 68 4.2 Ionic Crystals 69 4.2.1 Madelung energy 71 4.2.2 Polarization Interactions 72 4.2.3 Van der Waals Interaction 75 4.2.4 Ionic Radii 75 4.2.5 Repulsive Energy 76 4.2.6 Phonons 77 4.3 Dielectric Screening 78 4.3.1 Dielectric Function 78 4.3.2 Polarizabilities 80 4.4 Ferroelectrics 82 4.4.1 Microscopic Theory 83 4.4.2 Thermodynamics 87 4.4.3 SrTiO3 89 4.4.4 BaTiO3 91 Chapter 5: Free Electron Metals 94 5.1 Introduction 94 5.2 Free Electrons 96 5.2.1 Electron Density 96 5.2.2 Density of States 97 5.2.3 Nonzero Temperatures 98 5.2.4 Two Dimensions 101 5.2.5 Fermi Surfaces 102 5.2.6 Thermionic Emission 104 5.3 Magnetic Fields 105 5.3.1 Integer Quantum Hall Effect 107 5.3.2 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect 110 5.3.3 Composite Fermions 113 5.3.4 deHaas-van Alphen Effect 113 5.4 Quantization of Orbits 117 5.4.1 Cyclotron Resonance 119 Chapter 6: Electron-Electron Interactions 127 6.1 Second Quantization 128 6.1.1 Tight-binding Models 131 6.1.2 Nearly Free Electrons 131 6.1.3 Hartree Energy: Wigner-Seitz 134 6.1.4 Exchange Energy 136 6.1.5 Compressibility 138 6.2 Density Operator 141 6.2.1 Two Theorems 142 6.2.2 Equations of Motion 143 6.2.3 Plasma Oscillations 144 6.2.4 Exchange Hole 146 6.3 Density Functional Theory 148 6.3.1 Functional Derivatives 149 6.3.2 Kinetic Energy 150 6.3.3 Kohn-Sham Equations 151 6.3.4 Exchange and Correlation 152 6.3.5 Application to Atoms 154 6.3.6 Time-dependent Local Density Approximation 155 6.3.7 TDLDA in Solids 157 6.4 Dielectric Function 158 6.4.1 Random Phase Approximation 159 6.4.2 Properties of P (q, w) 161 6.4.3 Hubbard-Singwi Dielectric Functions 164 6.5 Impurities in Metals 165 6.5.1 Friedel Analysis 166 6.5.2 RKKY Interaction 170 Chapter 7: Phonons 176 7.1 Phonon Dispersion 176 7.1.1 Spring Constants 177 7.1.2 Example: Square Lattice 179 7.1.3 Polar Crystals 181 7.1.4 Phonons 181 7.1.5 Dielectric Function 185 7.2 Phonon Operators 187 7.2.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillator 187 7.2.2 Phonons in One Dimension 189 7.2.3 Binary Chain 192 7.3 Phonon Density of States 195 7.3.1 Phonon Heat Capacity 197 7.3.2 Isotopes 199 7.4 Local Modes 203 7.5 Elasticity 205 7.5.1 Stress and Strain 205 7.5.2 Isotropic Materials 208 7.5.3 Boundary Conditions 210 7.5.4 Defect Interactions 211 7.5.5 Piezoelectricity 214 7.5.6 Phonon Focusing 215 7.6 Thermal Expansion 216 7.7 Debye-Waller Factor 217 7.8 Solitons 220 7.8.1 Solitary Waves 220 7.8.2 Cnoidal Functions 222 7.8.3 Periodic Solutions 223 Chapter 8: Boson Systems 230 8.1 Second Quantization 230 8.2 Superfluidity 232 8.2.1 Bose-Einstein Condensation 232 8.2.2 Bogoliubov Theory of Superfluidity 234 8.2.3 Off-diagonal Long-range Order 240 8.3 Spin Waves 244 8.3.1 Jordan-Wigner Transformation 245 8.3.2 Holstein-Primakoff Transformation 247 8.3.3 Heisenberg Model 248 Chapter 9: Electron-Phonon Interactions 254 9.1 Semiconductors and Insulators 254 9.1.1 Deformation Potentials 255 9.1.2 Frohlich Interaction 257 9.1.3 Piezoelectric Interaction 258 9.1.4 Tight-binding Models 259 9.1.5 Electron Self-energies 260 9.2 Electron-Phonon Interaction in Metals 263 9.2.1 ? 264 9.2.2 Phonon Frequencies 267 9.2.3 Electron-Phonon Mass Enhancement 268 9.3 Peierls Transition 272 9.4 Phonon-mediated Interactions 276 9.4.1 Fixed Electrons 276 9.4.2 Dynamical Phonon Exchange 278 9.5 Electron-Phonon Effects at Defects 281 9.5.1 F-Centers 281 9.5.2 Jahn-Teller Effect 284 Chapter 10: Extrinsic Semiconductors 287 10.1 Introduction 287 10.1.1 Impurities and Defects in Silicon 288 10.1.2 Donors 289 10.1.3 Statistical Mechanics of Defects 292 10.1.4 n-p Product 294 10.1.5 Chemical Potential 295 10.1.6 Schottky Barriers 297 10.2 Localization 301 10.2.1 Mott Localization 301 10.2.2 Anderson Localization 304 10.2.3 Weak Localization 304 10.2.4 Percolation 306 10.3 Variable Range Hopping 310 10.4 Mobility Edge 311 10.5 Band Gap Narrowing 312 Chapter 11: Transport Phenomena 320 11.1 Introduction 320 11.2 Drude Theory 321 11.3 Bloch Oscillations 322 11.4 Boltzmann Equation 324 11.5 Currents 327 11.5.1 Transport Coefficients 327 11.5.2 Metals 329 11.5.3 Semiconductors and Insulators 333 11.6 Impurity Scattering 335 11.6.1 Screened Impurity Scattering 336 11.6.2 T-matrix Description 337 11.6.3 Mooij Correlation 338 11.7 Electron-Phonon Interaction 340 11.7.1 Lifetime 341 11.7.2 Semiconductors 343 11.7.3 Saturation Velocity 344 11.7.4 Metals 347 11.7.5 Temperature Relaxation 348 11.8 Ballistic Transport 350 11.9 Carrier Drag 353 11.10 Electron Tunneling 355 11.10.1 Giaever Tunneling 356 11.10.2 Esaki Diode 358 11.10.3 Schottky Barrier Tunneling 361 11.10.4 Effective Mass Matching 362 11.11 Phonon Transport 364 11.11.1 Transport in Three Dimensions 364 11.11.2 Minimum Thermal Conductivity 365 11.11.3 Kapitza Resistance 366 11.11.4 Measuring Thermal Conductivity 368 11.12 Thermoelectric Devices 370 11.12.1 Maximum Cooling 371 11.12.2 Refrigerator 373 11.12.3 Power Generation 374 Chapter 12: Optical Properties 379 12.1 Introduction 379 12.1.1 Optical Functions 379 12.1.2 Kramers-Kronig Analysis 381 12.2 Simple Metals 383 12.2.1 Drude 383 12.3 Force-Force Correlations 385 12.3.1 Impurity Scattering 386 12.3.2 Interband Scattering 388 12.4 Optical Absorption 389 12.4.1 Interband Transitions in Insulators 389 12.4.2 Wannier Excitons 392 12.4.3 Frenkel Excitons 395 12.5 X-Ray Edge Singularity 396 12.6 Photoemission 399 12.7 Conducting Polymers 401 12.8 Polaritons 404 12.8.1 Phonon Polaritons 404 12.8.2 Plasmon Polaritons 405 12.9 Surface Polaritons 406 12.9.1 Surface Plasmons 408 12.9.2 Surface Optical Phonons 410 12.9.3 Surface Charge Density 413 Chapter 13: Magnetism 418 13.1 Introduction 418 13.2 Simple Magnets 418 13.2.1 Atomic Magnets 418 13.2.2 Hund's Rules 418 13.2.3 Curie's Law 420 13.2.4 Ferromagnetism 422 13.2.5 Antiferromagnetism 423 13.3 3d Metals 424 13.4 Theories of Magnetism 425 13.4.1 Ising and Heisenberg Models 425 13.4.2 Mean Field Theory 427 13.4.3 Landau Theory 431 13.4.4 Critical Phenomena 433 13.5 Magnetic Susceptibility 434 13.6 Ising Model 436 13.6.1 One Dimension 436 13.6.2 Two and Three Dimensions 437 13.6.3 Bethe Lattice 439 13.6.4 Order-Disorder Transitions 443 13.6.5 Lattice Gas 445 13.7 Topological Phase Transitions 446 13.7.1 Vortices 447 13.7.2 XY-Model 448 13.8 Kondo Effect 452 13.8.1 sd-Interaction 453 13.8.2 Spin-flip Scattering 454 13.8.3 Kondo Resonance 456 13.9 Hubbard Model 458 13.9.1 U = 0 Solution 459 13.9.2 Atomic Limit 460 13.9.3 U > 0 460 13.9.4 Half-filling 462 Chapter 14: Superconductivity 467 14.1 Discovery of Superconductivity 467 14.1.1 Zero resistance 467 14.1.2 Meissner Effect 468 14.1.3 Three Eras of Superconductivity 469 14.2 Theories of Superconductivity 473 14.2.1 London Equation 473 14.2.2 Ginzburg-Landau Theory 475 14.2.3 Type II 478 14.3 BCS Theory 479 14.3.1 History of Theory 479 14.3.2 Effective Hamiltonian 480 14.3.3 Pairing States 481 14.3.4 Gap Equation 483 14.3.5 d-Wave Energy Gaps 486 14.3.6 Density of States 487 14.3.7 Ultrasonic Attenuation 489 14.3.8 Meissner Effect 490 14.4 Electron Tunneling 492 14.4.1 Normal-Superconductor 494 14.4.2 Superconductor-Superconductor 497 14.4.3 Josephson Tunneling 498 14.4.4 Andreev Tunneling 501 14.4.5 Corner Junctions 502 14.5 Cuprate Superconductors 503 14.5.1 Muon Rotation 503 14.5.2 Magnetic Oscillations 506 14.6 Flux Quantization 507 Chapter 15: Nanometer Physics 511 15.1 Quantum Wells 512 15.1.1 Lattice Matching 512 15.1.2 Electron States 513 15.1.3 Excitons and Donors in Quantum Wells 515 15.1.4 Modulation Doping 518 15.1.5 Electron Mobility 520 15.2 Graphene 520 15.2.1 Structure 521 15.2.2 Electron Energy Bands 522 15.2.3 Eigenvectors 525 15.2.4 Landau Levels 525 15.2.5 Electron-Phonon Interaction 526 15.2.6 Phonons 528 15.3 Carbon Nanotubes 530 15.3.1 Chirality 530 15.3.2 Electronic States 531 15.3.3 Phonons in Carbon Nanotubes 536 15.3.4 Electrical Resistivity 537 Appendix 541 Index 553

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Finalist for the PROSE Award in Popular Science and Popular Mathematics, Association of American Publishers""[A] remarkably diverse story . . . full of vitality."---Andrew Robinson, Lancet"[A] chatty, wide-ranging tour of electricity’s role in biology and medicine."---Jerome Groopman, The New Yorker"A fascinating history of humanity’s gradual understanding of electricity. . . . Jorgensen’s study is full of entertaining details, and his passion is evident . . . The result is a sparkling reminder of the strange wonders of life." * Publishers Weekly *"Jorgensen weaves together tales of serendipitous revelations, strange misconceptions, and emerging understandings, showing how the ancients’ first impression of electricity’s animating role has been borne out by the discoveries of modern neuroscience."---Laurence A. Marschall, Natural History"A fascinating biomedical approach to the history of knowledge about electricity and its future uses."---E. J. Delaney, Choice

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"One of Choice Reviews' Outstanding Academic Titles of 2018"

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Finalist for the PROSE Award in Popular Science and Popular Mathematics, Association of American Publishers""[A] remarkably diverse story . . . full of vitality."---Andrew Robinson, Lancet"[A] chatty, wide-ranging tour of electricity’s role in biology and medicine."---Jerome Groopman, The New Yorker"A fascinating history of humanity’s gradual understanding of electricity. . . . Jorgensen’s study is full of entertaining details, and his passion is evident . . . The result is a sparkling reminder of the strange wonders of life." * Publishers Weekly *"Jorgensen weaves together tales of serendipitous revelations, strange misconceptions, and emerging understandings, showing how the ancients’ first impression of electricity’s animating role has been borne out by the discoveries of modern neuroscience."---Laurence A. Marschall, Natural History"A fascinating biomedical approach to the history of knowledge about electricity and its future uses."---E. J. Delaney, Choice

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Book SynopsisTreating both integral and differential equation formulations in a unified manner, this book should be a useful reference for graduate use or self-study. Its primary focus is on open-region formulations, and the majority of the material is presented in the context of electromagnetic scattering.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Electromagnetic Theory. Integral Equation Methods for Scattering from Infinite Cylinders. Differential Equation Methods for Scattering from Infinite Cylinders. Algorithms for the Solution of Linear Systems of Equations. The Discretization Process. Basis/Testing Functions and Convergence. Alternative Surface Integral Equation Formulations. Strip Gratings and Other Two-Dimensional Structures with One-Dimensional Periodicity. Three-Dimensional problems with Translational or Rotational Symmetry. Subsectional Basis Functions for MultiDimensional and Vector Problems. Integral Equation Methods for Three-Dimensional Bodies. Frequency-Domain Differential Equation Formulations for Open Three-Dimensional Problems. Finite-Difference Time-Domain Methods on Orthogonal Meshes. Appendix A: Quadrature. Appendix B: Source-Field Relationships for Cylinders Illuminated by an Obliquely Incident Field. Appendix C: Fortran Codes for TM Scattering From Perfect Electric Conducting Cylinders. Appendix D: Additional Software Available Via the Internet. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisElectrical Engineering Magnetic Hysteresis Understanding magnetic hysteresis is vitally important to the development of the science of magnetism as a whole and to the advancement of practical magnetic device applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Physics of Magnetism. The Preisach Model. Irreversible and Locally Reversible Magnetization. The Moving Model and the Product Model. Aftereffect and Accomodation. Vector Models. Preisach Applications. Appendix A: The Play and Stop Models. Appendix B: The Log-Normal Distribution. Appendix C: Definitions. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisStudents and amateur astronomers alike will appreciate the readable prose and comprehensive coverage of The Magnetic Universe.Trade ReviewWritten in a clear, readable style, the book should be accessible to anyone with a high-school or college background in physics or astronomy. Physics Today 2010 An excellent, up-to-date overview of what is known about magnetism and its myriad manifestations in astrophysics... Highly recommended. Choice 2010 Extremely readable... The author's enthusiasm is apparent through every chapter. -- Nigel Weiss The Observatory 2010 Students and amateur astronomers alike will appreciate the readable prose and comprehensive coverage of this book. Spaceflight 2011Table of ContentsPreface1. Getting Reacquainted with Magnetism2. The Earth3. Sunspots and the Solar Cycle4. The Violent Sun5. The Heliosphere: Winds, Waves, and Fields6. The Earth's Magnetosphere and Space Weather7. The Planets8. Magnetic Fields and the Birth of Stars9. Abnormal Stars10. Compact Objects11. The Galaxies12. Something From Nothing: Seed FieldsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisFilled with new approaches and basic results connected with the discontinuities of the electromagnetic field, this new book offers an important resource for graduate and undergraduate students.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1. Introduction 1 2. Distributions and Derivatives in the Sense of Distribution 7 2.1 Functions and Distributions, 7 2.2 Test Functions. The Space C∞ 0 , 9 2.3 Convergence in D, 14 2.4 Distribution, 16 2.5 Some Simple Operations in D, 21 2.5.1 Multiplication by a Real Number or a Function, 21 2.5.2 Translation and Rescaling, 21 2.5.3 Derivation of a Distribution, 22 2.6 Order of a Distribution, 26 2.7 The Support of a Distribution, 31 2.8 Some Generalizations, 33 2.8.1 Distributions on Multidimensional Spaces, 33 2.8.2 Vector-Valued Distributions, 38 3. Maxwell Equations in the Sense of Distribution 49 3.1 Maxwell Equations Reduced into the Vacuum, 49 3.1.1 Some Simple Examples, 53 3.2 Universal Boundary Conditions and Compatibility Relations, 54 3.2.1 An Example. Discontinuities on a Combined Sheet, 57 3.3 The Concept of Material Sheet, 59 3.4 The Case of Monochromatic Fields, 62 3.4.1 Discontinuities on the Interface Between Two Simple Media that Are at Rest, 64 4. Boundary Conditions on Material Sheets at Rest 67 4.1 Universal Boundary Conditions and Compatibility Relations for a Fixed Material Sheet, 67 4.2 Some General Results, 69 4.3 Some Particular Cases, 70 4.3.1 Planar Material Sheet Between Two Simple Media, 70 4.3.2 Cylindrically or Spherically Curved Material Sheet Located Between Two Simple Media, 91 4.3.3 Conical Material Sheet Located Between Two Simple Media, 93 5. Discontinuities on a Moving Sheet 109 5.1 Special Theory of Relativity, 110 5.1.1 The Field Created by a Uniformly Moving Point Charge, 112 5.1.2 The Expressions of the Field in a Reference System Attached to the Charged Particle, 114 5.1.3 Lorentz Transformation Formulas, 115 5.1.4 Transformation of the Electromagnetic Field, 118 5.2 Discontinuities on a Uniformly Moving Surface, 120 5.2.1 Transformation of the Universal Boundary Conditions, 123 5.2.2 Transformation of the Compatibility Relations, 126 5.2.3 Some Simple Examples, 126 5.3 Discontinuities on a Nonuniformly Moving Sheet, 138 5.3.1 Boundary Conditions on a Plane that Moves in a Direction Normal to Itself, 139 5.3.2 Boundary Conditions on the Interface of Two Simple Media, 143 6. Edge Singularities on Material Wedges Bounded by Plane Boundaries 149 6.1 Introduction, 149 6.2 Singularities at the Edges of Material Wedges, 153 6.3 The Wedge with Penetrable Boundaries, 154 6.3.1 The H Case, 156 6.3.2 The E Case, 171 6.4 The Wedge with Impenetrable Boundaries, 174 6.5 Examples. Application to Half-Planes, 175 6.6 Edge Conditions for the Induced Surface Currents, 176 7. Tip Singularities at the Apex of a Material Cone 179 7.1 Introduction, 179 7.2 Algebraic Singularities of an H-Type Field, 185 7.2.1 Contribution of the Energy Restriction, 185 7.2.2 Contribution of the Boundary Conditions, 186 7.3 Algebraic Singularities of an E-Type Field, 191 7.4 The Case of Impenetrable Cones, 193 7.5 Confluence and Logarithmic Singularities, 195 7.6 Application to some Widely used Actual Boundary Conditions, 197 7.7 Numerical Solutions of the Transcendental Equations Satisfied by the Minimal Index, 200 7.7.1 The Case of Very Sharp Tip, 200 7.7.2 The Case of Real-Valued Minimal v, 201 7.7.3 A Function-Theoretic Method to Determine Numerically the Minimal v, 203 8. Temporal Discontinuities 209 8.1 Universal Initial Conditions, 209 8.2 Linear Mediums in the Generalized Sense, 211 8.3 An Illustrative Example, 212 References 215 Index 219 IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory

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Book SynopsisPresents all-new laboratory-tested theory for calculating more accurate ionized electric fields to aid in designing high-voltage devices and its components Understanding and accurately calculating corona originated electric fields are important issues for scientists who are involved in electromagnetic and electrostatic studies. High-voltage dc lines and equipment, in particular, can generate ion flows that can give rise to environmental inconveniences. Filamentary Ion Flow: Theory and Experiments provides interdisciplinary theoretical arguments to attain a final model for computational electrostatics in the presence of flowing space charge. Based on years of extensive lab tests pertaining to the physical performance of unipolar corona ion flows, the book covers the enlarging of conventional electrostatic applications, which allows for some emerging and uncharted interests to be explored. Filamentary Ion Flow: Examines theTrade Review“This made the book very interesting and well worth reading if you are involved in modeling electrostatic ion flows.” (IEEE Electrical Engineering magazine, 1 March 2015) Table of ContentsPREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION xvii PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS xxv 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Ionization Processes in Gases 1 1.2.1 Ionization by Electron Impact 2 1.2.2 Townsend First Ionization Coefficient 3 1.2.3 Electron Avalanches 5 1.2.4 Photoionization 6 1.2.5 Other Ionization Processes 6 1.3 Deionization Processes in Gases 7 1.3.1 Deionization by Recombination 7 1.3.2 Deionization by Attachment 7 1.4 Ionization and Attachment Coefficients 9 1.5 Electrical Breakdown of Gases 10 1.5.1 Breakdown in Steady Uniform Field: Townsend's Breakdown Mechanism 11 1.5.2 Paschen's Law 12 1.6 Streamer Mechanism 13 1.7 Breakdown in Nonuniform DC Field 14 1.8 Other Streamer Criteria 16 1.9 Corona Discharge in Air 17 1.9.1 DC Corona Modes 17 1.9.2 Negative Corona Modes 18 1.9.3 Positive Corona Modes 20 1.10 AC Corona 22 1.11 Kaptzov's Hypothesis 23 2 ION-FLOW MODELS: A REVIEW 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 The Unipolar Space-Charge Flow Problem 26 2.2.1 General Formulation 26 2.2.2 Iterative Procedure 29 2.2.3 The Unipolar Charge-Drift Formula 29 2.3 Deutsch's Hypotheses (DH) 30 2.4 Some Unipolar Ion-Flow Field Problems 31 2.4.1 Analytical Methods 33 2.4.2 Numerical Methods 40 2.5 Special Models 51 2.5.1 Drift of Charged Spherical Clouds 51 2.5.2 Graphical Approach 53 2.6 More on DH and Concluding Remarks 58 3 INTRODUCTORY SURVEY ON FLUID DYNAMICS 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Continuum Motion of a Fluid 64 3.3 Fluid Particle 65 3.4 Field Quantities 66 3.5 Conservation Laws in Differential Form 67 3.5.1 Generalization 67 3.5.2 Mass Conservation 68 3.5.3 Momentum Conservation 69 3.5.4 Total Kinetic Energy Conservation 70 3.6 Stokesian and Newtonian Fluids 71 3.7 The Navier–Stokes Equation 72 3.8 Deterministic Formulation for et 73 3.9 Incompressible (Isochoric) Flow 73 3.9.1 Mass Conservation 73 3.9.2 Subsonic Flow 74 3.9.3 Momentum Conservation 74 3.9.4 Total Kinetic Energy Conservation 75 3.10 Incompressible and Irrotational Flows 75 3.11 Describing the Velocity Field 76 3.11.1 Decomposition 76 3.11.2 The v-Field of Incompressible and Irrotational Flows 76 3.11.3 Some Practical Remarks and Anticipations 77 3.12 Variational Interpretation in Short 78 3.12.1 Bernoulli's Equation for Incompressible and Irrotational Flows 78 3.12.2 Lagrange's Function 80 4 ELECTROHYDRODYNAMICS OF UNIPOLAR ION FLOWS 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Reduced Mass-Charge 88 4.3 Unified Governing Laws 90 4.3.1 Mass-Charge Conservation Law 90 4.3.2 Fluid Reaction to Excitation Electromagnetic Fields 92 4.3.3 Invalid Application of Gauss's Law: A Pertaining Example 93 4.3.4 Laplacian Field and Boundary Conditions 95 4.3.5 Vanishing Body Force of Electrical Nature 96 4.3.6 Unified Momentum and Energy Conservation Law 97 4.3.7 Mobility in the Context of a Coupled Model 98 4.3.8 Some Remarks on the Deutsch Hypothesis (DH) 100 4.4 Discontinuous Ion-Flow Parameters 103 4.4.1 Multichanneled Structure 103 4.4.2 Current Distribution 104 4.4.3 More on the Average Quantities 108 4.5 Departures from Previous Theories 109 4.5.1 Ion-Drift Formulation 110 4.5.2 Comparative Discussion 112 4.5.3 Ionic Wind in the Drift Zone 117 4.6 Concluding Remarks on the Laplacian Structure of Ion Flows 120 5 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON UNIPOLAR ION FLOWS 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 V-Shaped Wire Above Plane 136 5.2.1 Main Observables 144 5.3 Two-Wire Bundle 146 5.3.1 Main Observables 154 5.4 Inclined Rod 156 5.4.1 Main Observables 159 5.5 Partially Covered Wire 162 5.5.1 Main Observables 167 5.6 Pointed-Pole Sphere 168 5.6.1 Main Observables 170 5.7 Straight Wedge 170 5.7.1 Main Observables 174 5.8 Discussion 175 5.8.1 Supplementary Theoretical Analysis 175 5.9 Generalization According to Invariance Principles 179 REFERENCES 185 INDEX 193

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive coverage of the physical properties and real-world applications of magnetic nanostructures This book discusses how the important properties of materials such as the cohesive energy, and the electronic and vibrational structures are affected when materials have at least one length in the nanometer range.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgment xi 1 Properties of Nanostructures 1 1.1 Cohesive Energy 1 1.2 Electronic Properties 7 1.3 Quantum Dots 10 1.4 Vibrational Properties 12 1.5 Summary 17 References 17 2 The Physics of Magnetism 19 2.1 Kinds of Magnetism 19 2.2 Paramagnetism 20 2.2.1 Theory of Paramagnetism 20 2.2.2 Methods of Measuring Susceptibility 22 2.3 Ferromagnetism 25 2.3.1 Theory of Ferromagnetism 25 2.3.2 Magnetic Resonance 29 2.4 Antiferromagnetism 32 References 34 3 Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles 35 3.1 Superparamagnetism 35 3.2 Effect of Particle Size on Magnetization 35 3.3 Dynamical Behavior of Magnetic Nanoparticles 37 3.4 Magnetic Field]Aligned Particles in Frozen Fluids 41 3.5 Magnetism Induced by Nanosizing 47 3.6 Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles 48 3.7 Magnetoresistive Materials 50 References 53 4 Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 55 4.1 Ferromagnetic Solids With Nanosized Grains 55 4.2 Low]Dimensional Magnetic Nanostructures 57 4.2.1 Magnetic Quantum Wells 57 4.2.2 Magnetic Quantum Wires 61 4.2.3 Building One]Dimensional Magnetic Arrays One Atom at a Time 65 4.3 Magnetoresistance in Bulk Nanostructured Materials 67 References 74 5 Magnetism in Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanostructures 75 5.1 Carbon Nanostructures 75 5.1.1 Fullerene, C60 75 5.1.2 Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanotubes 78 5.1.3 Graphene 81 5.2 Experimental Observations of Magnetism in Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanostructures 81 5.2.1 Magnetism in C60 81 5.2.2 Ferromagnetism in Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanotubes 87 5.2.3 Magnetism in Graphene 88 References 93 6 Nanostructured Magnetic Semiconductors 95 6.1 Electron–Hole Junctions 95 6.2 MOSFET 98 6.3 N anosized MOSFETs 99 6.4 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 100 6.5 N anostructuring in Magnetic Semiconductors 103 6.6 Dms Quantum Wells 106 6.7 DMS Quantum Dots 106 6.8 Storage Devices Based on Magnetic Semiconductors 107 6.9 Theoretical Predictions of Nanostructured Magnetic Semiconductors 108 References 111 7 Applications of Magnetic Nanostructures 113 7.1 Ferrofluids 113 7.2 Magnetic Storage (Hard Drives) 118 7.3 Electric Field Control of Magnetism 121 7.4 Magnetic Photonic Crystals 123 7.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Catalysts 125 7.6 Magnetic Nanoparticle Labeling of Hazardous Materials 127 References 129 8 Medical Applications of Magnetic Nanostructures 131 8.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 131 8.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia 132 8.3 Magnetic Separation 134 8.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles For Enhanced Contrast in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 135 8.5 Detection of Bacteria 139 8.6 Analysis of Stored Blood 144 References 146 9 Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures 147 9.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 147 9.2 Magnetic Quantum Wells 149 9.3 Magnetic Nanowires 152 9.4 Magnetic Quantum Dots 153 References 154 APPENDIX A A Table of Number of Atoms Versus Size in Face Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 155 APPENDIX B Definition of a Magnetic Field 157 APPENDIX C Density Functional Theory 159 APPENDIX D Tight Binding Model of Electronic Structure of Metals 163 APPENDIX E Periodic Boundary Conditions 165 Index 167

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetic modeling is essential to the design and modeling of antenna, radar, satellite, medical imaging, and other applications. In Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation, author Levent Sevgi explains techniques for solving real-time complex physical problems using MATLAB-based short scripts and comprehensive virtual tools.Table of ContentsPreface xvii About the Author xxvii Acknowledgments xxix 1 Introduction to MODSIM 1 1.1 Models and Modeling, 2 1.2 Validation, Verifi cation, and Calibration, 5 1.3 Available Core Models, 7 1.4 Model Selection Criteria, 9 1.5 Graduate Level EM MODSIM Course, 11 1.5.1 Course Description and Plan, 11 1.5.2 Available Virtual EM Tools, 12 1.6 EM-MODSIM Lecture Flow, 12 1.7 Two Level EM Guided Wave Lecture, 17 1.8 Conclusions, 19 References, 19 2 Engineers Speak with Numbers 23 2.1 Introduction, 23 2.2 Measurement, Calculation, and Error Analysis, 24 2.3 Significant Digits, Truncation, and Round-Off Errors, 27 2.4 Error Propagation, 28 2.5 Error and Confi dence Level, 29 2.5.1 Predicting the Population’s Confidence Interval, 33 2.6 Hypothesis Testing, 36 2.6.1 Testing Population Mean, 38 2.6.2 Testing Population Proportion, 39 2.6.3 Testing Two Population Averages, 39 2.6.4 Testing Two Population Proportions, 39 2.6.5 Testing Paired Data, 40 2.7 Hypothetical Tests on Cell Phones, 41 2.8 Conclusions, 45 References, 45 3 Numerical Analysis in Electromagnetics 47 3.1 Taylor’s Expansion and Numerical Differentiation, 47 3.1.1 Taylor’s Expansion and Ordinary Differential Equations, 50 3.1.2 Poisson and Laplace Equations, 52 3.1.3 An Iterative (Finite-Difference) Solution, 53 3.2 Numerical Integration, 58 3.2.1 Rectangular Method, 58 3.3 Nonlinear Equations and Root Search, 62 3.4 Linear Systems of Equations, 64 References, 69 4 Fourier Transform and Fourier Series 71 4.1 Introduction, 71 4.2 Fourier Transform, 72 4.2.1 Fourier Transform (FT), 72 4.2.2 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), 74 4.2.3 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 76 4.2.4 Aliasing, Spectral Leakage, and Scalloping Loss, 77 4.2.5 Windowing and Window Functions, 80 4.3 Basic Discretization Requirements, 81 4.4 Fourier Series Representation, 85 4.5 Rectangular Pulse and Its Harmonics, 92 4.6 Conclusions, 92 References, 94 5 Stochastic Modeling in Electromagnetics 95 5.1 Introduction, 95 5.2 Radar Signal Environment, 98 5.2.1 Random Number Generation, 98 5.2.2 Noise Generation, 101 5.2.3 Signal Generation, 108 5.2.4 Clutter Generation, 108 5.3 Total Radar Signal, 111 5.4 Decision Making and Detection, 114 5.4.1 Hypothesis Operating Characteristics (HOCs), 115 5.4.2 A Communication/Radar Receiver, 119 5.5 Conclusions, 129 References, 130 6 Electromagnetic Theory: Basic Review 133 6.1 Maxwell Equations and Reduction, 133 6.2 Waveguiding Structures, 134 6.3 Radiation Problems and Vector Potentials, 136 6.4 The Delta Dirac Function, 138 6.5 Coordinate Systems and Basic Operators, 139 6.6 The Point Source Representation, 141 6.7 Field Representation of a Point/Line Source, 142 6.8 Alternative Field Representations, 143 6.9 Transverse Electric/Magnetic Fields, 145 6.9.1 The 3D TE/TM Waves, 145 6.9.2 The 2D TE/TM Waves, 146 6.10 The TE/TM Source Injection, 151 6.11 Second-Order EM Differential Equations, 154 6.12 EM Wave–Transmission Line Analogy, 155 6.13 Time Dependence in Maxwell Equations, 157 6.14 Physical Fundamentals, 158 References, 158 7 Sturm–Liouville Equation: The Bridge between Eigenvalue and Green’s Function Problems 161 7.1 Introduction, 161 7.2 Guided Wave Scenarios, 162 7.3 The Sturm–Liouville Equation, 165 7.3.1 The Eigenvalue Problem, 167 7.3.2 The Green’s Function (GF) Problem, 168 7.3.3 Finite z-Domain Problem, 169 7.3.4 Infi nite z-Domain Problem, 170 7.3.5 Relation between Eigenvalue and Green’s Function Problems, 171 7.4 Conclusions, 172 References, 173 8 The 2D Nonpenetrable Parallel Plate Waveguide 175 8.1 Introduction, 176 8.2 Propagation Inside a 2D-PEC Parallel Plate Waveguide, 177 8.2.1 Formulation of the TE- and TM-Type Problems, 178 8.2.2 The Green’s Function Problem, 181 8.2.3 Accessing the Spectral Domain: Separation of Variables, 182 8.2.4 Spectral Representations: Eigenvalue Problems, 183 8.2.5 Spectral Representations: 1D Characteristic Green’s Functions, 184 8.2.6 The 2D Green’s Function Problem: Alternative Representations, 185 8.3 Alternative Representation: Eigenray Solution, 187 8.3.1 Relation between Eigenmode and Eigenray Representations, 191 8.3.2 2D GF and Hybrid Ray-Mode Decomposition, 192 8.4 A 2D-PEC Parallel Plate Waveguide Simulator, 194 8.4.1 Representations Used for Mode, Ray, and Hybrid Solutions, 195 8.4.2 MATLAB Packages: RayMode and Hybrid, 207 8.4.3 Numerical Examples, 210 8.5 Eigenvalue Extraction from Propagation Characteristics, 215 8.5.1 Longitudinal Correlation Function, 215 8.5.2 Numerical Illustrations, 217 8.6 Tilted Beam Excitation, 221 8.7 Conclusions, 223 References, 225 9 Wedge Waveguide with Nonpenetrable Boundaries 227 9.1 Introduction, 228 9.2 Statement of the Problem: Physical Configuration and Ray-Asymptotic Guided Wave Schematizations, 229 9.3 Source-Free Solutions, 230 9.3.1 Separable Coordinates: Conventional NM, 230 9.3.2 Weakly Nonseparable Coordinates: AM, 231 9.3.3 Uniformizing the AM Near Caustics: IM, 232 9.4 Test Problem: The 2D Line-Source-Excited Nonpenetrable Wedge Waveguide, 234 9.4.1 Exact Solution in Cylindrical Coordinate, 234 9.4.2 Approximate Solutions in Rectangular Coordinates, 241 9.4.3 IM Spectral Representation, 244 9.5 The MATLAB Package “WedgeGUIDE,” 247 9.6 Numerical Tests and Illustrations, 249 9.7 Conclusions, 256 Appendix 9A: Formation of the Spectral IM Integral in Section 9.3.3, 257 References, 262 10 High Frequency Asymptotics: The 2D Wedge Diffraction Problem 265 10.1 Introduction, 266 10.2 Plane Wave Illumination and HFA Models, 268 10.2.1 Exact Solution by Series Summation, 268 10.2.2 The Physical Optics (PO) Solution, 270 10.2.3 The PTD Solution, 272 10.2.4 The UTD Solution, 273 10.2.5 The Parabolic Equation (PE) Solution, 275 10.3 HFA Models under Line Source (LS) Excitations, 275 10.3.1 Exact Solution by Series Summation, 276 10.3.2 Exact Solution by Integral, 277 10.3.3 The Parabolic Equation (PE) Solution, 277 10.4 Basic MATLAB Scripts, 278 10.5 The WedgeGUI Virtual Tool and Some Examples, 291 10.6 Conclusions, 297 References, 298 11 Antennas: Isotropic Radiators and Beam Forming/Beam Steering 301 11.1 Introduction, 301 11.2 Arrays of Isotropic Radiators, 303 11.3 The ARRAY Package, 306 11.4 Beam Forming/Steering Examples, 310 11.5 Conclusions, 317 References, 318 12 Simple Propagation Models and Ray Solutions 319 12.1 Introduction, 320 12.2 Ray-Tracing Approaches, 321 12.3 A Ray-Shooting MATLAB Package, 323 12.4 Characteristic Examples, 329 12.5 Flat-Earth Problem and 2Ray Model, 333 12.6 Knife-Edge Problem and 4Ray Model, 338 12.7 Ray Plus Diffraction Models, 348 12.8 Conclusions, 351 References, 351 13 Method of Moments 353 13.1 Introduction, 353 13.2 Approximating a Periodic Function by Other Functions: Fourier Series Representation, 354 13.3 Introduction to the MoM, 359 13.4 Simple Applications of MoM, 361 13.4.1 An Ordinary Differential Equation, 361 13.4.2 The Parallel Plate Capacitor, 364 13.4.3 Propagation over PEC Flat Earth, 366 13.5 MoM Applied to Radiation and Scattering Problems, 372 13.5.1 A Complex Antenna Structure, 372 13.5.2 Ground Wave Propagation Modeling, 373 13.5.3 EM Scattering from Infinitely Long Cylinder, 376 13.5.4 3D RCS Modeling, 381 13.6 MoM Applied to Wedge Diffraction Problem, 386 13.7 MoM Applied to Wedge Waveguide Problem, 397 13.8 Conclusions, 402 References, 402 14 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 407 14.1 FDTD Representation of EM Plane Waves, 407 14.1.1 Maxwell Equations and Plane Waves, 408 14.1.2 FDTD and Discretization, 410 14.1.3 A One-Dimensional FDTD MATLAB Script, 417 14.1.4 MATLAB-Based FDTD1D Package, 417 14.2 Transmission Lines and Time-Domain Reflectometer, 429 14.2.1 Transmission Line (TL) Theory, 430 14.2.2 Plane Wave–Transmission Line Analogy, 434 14.2.3 FDTD Representation of TL Equations, 437 14.2.4 MATLAB-Based TDRMeter Package, 447 14.2.5 Fourier Analysis and Reflection Characteristics, 454 14.2.6 Laplace Analysis and Fault Identification, 456 14.2.7 Step Response, 464 14.3 1D FDTD with Second-Order Differential Equations, 468 14.4 Two-Dimensional (2D) FDTD Modeling, 472 14.4.1 Field Components and FDTD Equations, 476 14.4.2 FDTD-Based Virtual Tool: MGL2D Package, 477 14.4.3 Characteristic Examples, 479 14.5 Canonical 2D Wedge Scattering Problem, 494 14.5.1 Problem Postulation, 494 14.5.2 Review of Analytical Models, 496 14.5.3 The FDTD Model, 499 14.5.4 Discretization and Dey–Mittra Approach, 502 14.5.5 The WedgeFDTD Package and Examples, 505 14.5.6 Wedge Diffraction and FDTD versus MoM, 510 14.6 Conclusions, 512 References, 512 15 Parabolic Equation Method 515 15.1 Introduction, 516 15.2 The Parabolic Equation (PE) Model, 518 15.3 The Split-Step Parabolic Equation (SSPE) Propagation Tool, 520 15.4 The Finite Element Method-Based PE Propagation Tool, 528 15.5 Atmospheric Refractivity Effects, 531 15.6 A 2D Surface Duct Scenario and Reference Solutions, 533 15.7 LINPE Algorithm and Canonical Tests/Comparisons, 538 15.8 The GrSSPE Package, 558 15.9 The Single-Knife-Edge Problem, 566 15.10 Accurate Source Modeling, 571 15.11 Dielectric Slab Waveguide, 580 15.11.1 Even and Odd Symmetric Solutions, 582 15.11.2 The SSPE Propagator and Eigenvalue Extraction, 584 15.11.3 The Matlab-Based DiSLAB Package, 585 15.12 Conclusions, 591 References, 591 16 Parallel Plate Waveguide Problem 595 16.1 Introduction, 595 16.2 Problem Postulation and Analytical Solutions: Revisited, 599 16.2.1 Green’s Function in Terms of Mode Summation, 602 16.2.2 Mode Summation for a Tilted/Directive Antenna, 604 16.2.3 Eigenray Representation, 606 16.2.4 Hybrid Ray + Image Method, 613 16.3 Numerical Models, 613 16.3.1 Split Step Parabolic Equation Model, 613 16.3.2 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Model, 617 16.3.3 Method of Moments (MoM), 622 16.4 Conclusions, 638 References, 639 Appendix A Introduction to MATLAB 643 Appendix B Suggested References 653 Appendix C Suggested Tutorials and Feature Articles 655 Index 659

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Book SynopsisAll magnetized planets in our solar system interact strongly with the solar wind and possess well developed magneto tails. This book includes a discussion of why a magnetotail is a fundamental issue in magneto spheric physics. It is a collection of tutorials that cover a large range of magneto tails in our solar system; and more.Table of ContentsContributors vii PrefaceAndreas Keiling, Caitríona Jackman, and Peter Delamereix Section I: Introduction 1 Magnetotail: Unsolved Fundamental Problem of Magnetospheric PhysicsVytenis M Vasyliūnas 3 Section II: Tutorials 2 Mercury’s MagnetotailT Sundberg and J A Slavin 23 3 Magnetotails of Mars and VenusE Dubinin and M Fraenz 43 4 Earth’s MagnetotailRobert L McPherron 61 5 Jupiter’s MagnetotailNorbert Krupp , Elena Kronberg , and Aikaterini Radioti 85 6 Saturn’s MagnetotailCaitríona M Jackman 99 7 Magnetotails of Uranus and NeptuneC S Arridge 119 8 Satellite MagnetotailsXianzhe Jia 135 9 Moon’s Plasma WakeJ S Halekas, D A Brain and M Holmström 149 10 Physics of Cometary MagnetospheresTamas I Gombosi 169 11 HeliotailDavid J McComas 189 Section III: Specialized Topics 12 Formation of Magnetotails: Fast and Slow Rotators ComparedD J Southwood 199 13 Solar Wind Interaction with Giant Magnetospheres and Earth’s MagnetosphereP A Delamere 217 14 Solar Wind Entry Into and Transport Within Planetary MagnetotailsSimon Wing and Jay R Johnson 235 15 Magnetic Reconnection in Different Environments: Similarities and DifferencesMichael Hesse, Nicolas Aunai, Masha Kuznetsova, Seiji Zenitani, and Joachim Birn 259 16 Origin and Evolution of Plasmoids and Flux Ropes in the Magnetotails of Earth and MarsJ P Eastwood and S A Kiehas 269 17 Current Sheets Formation in Planetary MagnetotailAntonius Otto, Min-Shiu Hsieh, and Fred Hall IV 289 18 Substorms: Plasma and Magnetic Flux Transport from Magnetic Tail into MagnetosphereGerhard Haerendel 307 19 Injection, Interchange, and Reconnection: Energetic Particle Observations in Saturn’s MagnetosphereD G Mitchell, P C Brandt, J F Carbary, W S Kurth, S M Krimigis, C Paranicas, Norbert Krupp, D C Hamilton, B H Mauk, G B Hospodarsky, M K Dougherty, and W R Pryor 327 20 Radiation Belt Electron Acceleration and Role of MagnetotailGeoffrey D Reeves 345 21 Substorm Current Wedge at Earth and MercuryL Kepko, K-H Glassmeier, J A Slavin, and T Sundberg 361 22 Review of Global Simulation Studies of Effect of Ionospheric Outflow on Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System DynamicsM Wiltberger 373 Index 393

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Book SynopsisQuantum Wells, Wires and Dotsprovides all the essential information, both theoretical and computational, to develop an understanding of the electronic, optical and transport properties of these semiconductor nanostructures. The book will lead the reader through comprehensive explanations and mathematical derivations to the point where they can design semiconductor nanostructures with the required electronic and optical properties for exploitation in these technologies. This fully revised and updated 4thedition features new sections that incorporate modern techniques and extensive new material including: Properties of non-parabolic energy bands Matrix solutions of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations Critical thickness of strained materials Carrier scattering by interface roughness, alloy disorder and impurities Density matrix transport modelling Thermal modelling Written by well-known authors in tTable of ContentsDedication iii List of Contributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Introduction xxiii References xxiv 1 Semiconductors and heterostructures 1 1.1 The mechanics of waves 1 1.2 Crystal structure 3 1.3 The effective mass approximation 5 1.4 Band theory 5 1.5 Heterojunctions 7 1.6 Heterostructures 7 1.7 The envelope function approximation 10 1.8 Band non-parabolicity 11 1.9 The reciprocal lattice 13 Exercises 16 References 17 2 Solutions to Schrödinger’s equation 19 2.1 The infinite well 19 2.2 In-plane dispersion 22 2.3 Extension to include band non-parabolicity 24 2.4 Density of states 26 2.4.1 Density-of-states effective mass 28 2.4.2 Two-dimensional systems 29 2.5 Subband populations 31 2.5.1 Populations in non-parabolic subbands 33 2.5.2 Calculation of quasi-Fermi energy 35 2.6 Thermalised distributions 36 2.7 Finite well with constant mass 37 2.7.1 Unbound states 43 2.7.2 Effective mass mismatch at heterojunctions 45 2.7.3 The infinite barrier height and mass limits 49 2.8 Extension to multiple-well systems 50 2.9 The asymmetric single quantum well 53 2.10 Addition of an electric field 54 2.11 The infinite superlattice 57 2.12 The single barrier 63 2.13 The double barrier 65 2.14 Extension to include electric field 71 2.15 Magnetic fields and Landau quantisation 72 2.16 In summary 74 Exercises 74 References 76 3 Numerical solutions 79 3.1 Bisection root-finding 79 3.2 Newton–Raphson root finding 81 3.3 Numerical differentiation 83 3.4 Discretised Schrödinger equation 84 3.5 Shooting method 84 3.6 Generalized initial conditions 86 3.7 Practical implementation of the shooting method 88 3.8 Heterojunction boundary conditions 90 3.9 Matrix solutions of the discretised Schrödinger equation 91 3.10 The parabolic potential well 94 3.11 The Pöschl–Teller potential hole 98 3.12 Convergence tests 98 3.13 Extension to variable effective mass 99 3.14 The double quantum well 103 3.15 Multiple quantum wells and finite superlattices 104 3.16 Addition of electric field 106 3.17 Extension to include variable permittivity 106 3.18 Quantum confined Stark effect 108 3.19 Field–induced anti-crossings 108 3.20 Symmetry and selection rules 110 3.21 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 110 3.22 Extension to include band non-parabolicity 113 3.23 Poisson’s equation 114 3.24 Matrix solution of Poisson’s equation 118 3.25 Self-consistent Schrödinger–Poisson solution 119 3.26 Modulation doping 121 3.27 The high-electron-mobility transistor 122 3.28 Band filling 123 Exercises 124 References 125 4 Diffusion 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Theory 129 4.3 Boundary conditions 130 4.4 Convergence tests 131 4.5 Numerical stability 133 4.6 Constant diffusion coefficients 133 4.7 Concentration dependent diffusion coefficient 135 4.8 Depth dependent diffusion coefficient 136 4.9 Time dependent diffusion coefficient 138 4.10 δ-doped quantum wells 138 4.11 Extension to higher dimensions 141 Exercises 142 References 142 5 Impurities 145 5.1 Donors and acceptors in bulk material 145 5.2 Binding energy in a heterostructure 147 5.3 Two-dimensional trial wave function 152 5.4 Three-dimensional trial wave function 158 5.5 Variable-symmetry trial wave function 164 5.6 Inclusion of a central cell correction 170 5.7 Special considerations for acceptors 171 5.8 Effective mass and dielectric mismatch 172 5.9 Band non-parabolicity 173 5.10 Excited states 173 5.11 Application to spin-flip Raman spectroscopy 174 5.11.1 Diluted magnetic semiconductors 174 5.11.2 Spin-flip Raman spectroscopy 176 5.12 Alternative approach to excited impurity states 178 5.13 The ground state 180 5.14 Position dependence 181 5.15 Excited states 181 5.16 Impurity occupancy statistics 184 Exercises 188 References 189 6 Excitons 191 6.1 Excitons in bulk 191 6.2 Excitons in heterostructures 193 6.3 Exciton binding energies 193 6.4 1s exciton 198 6.5 The two-dimensional and three-dimensional limits 202 6.6 Excitons in single quantum wells 206 6.7 Excitons in multiple quantum wells 208 6.8 Stark ladders 210 6.9 Self-consistent effects 211 6.10 2s exciton 212 Exercises 214 References 215 7 Strained quantum wells 217 7.1 Stress and strain in bulk crystals 217 7.2 Strain in quantum wells 221 7.3 Critical thickness of layers 224 7.4 Strain balancing 226 7.5 Effect on the band profile of quantum wells 228 7.6 The piezoelectric effect 231 7.7 Induced piezoelectric fields in quantum wells 234 7.8 Effect of piezoelectric fields on quantum wells 236 Exercises 239 References 240 8 Simple models of quantum wires and dots 241 8.1 Further confinement 241 8.2 Schrödinger’s equation in quantum wires 243 8.3 Infinitely deep rectangular wires 245 8.4 Simple approximation to a finite rectangular wire 247 8.5 Circular cross-section wire 251 8.6 Quantum boxes 255 8.7 Spherical quantum dots 256 8.8 Non-zero angular momentum states 259 8.9 Approaches to pyramidal dots 262 8.10 Matrix approaches 263 8.11 Finite difference expansions 263 8.12 Density of states 265 Exercises 267 References 268 9 Quantum dots 269 9.1 0-dimensional systems and their experimental realization 269 9.2 Cuboidal dots 271 9.3 Dots of arbitrary shape 272 9.3.1 Convergence tests 277 9.3.2 Efficiency 279 9.3.3 Optimization 281 9.4 Application to real problems 282 9.4.1 InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots 282 9.4.2 Working assumptions 282 9.4.3 Results 283 9.4.4 Concluding remarks 286 9.5 A more complex model is not always a better model 288 Exercises 289 References 290 10 Carrier scattering 293 10.1 Introduction 293 10.2 Fermi’s Golden Rule 294 10.3 Extension to sinusoidal perturbations 296 10.4 Averaging over two-dimensional carrier distributions 296 10.5 Phonons 298 10.6 Longitudinal optic phonon scattering of two-dimensional carriers 301 10.7 Application to conduction subbands 313 10.8 Mean intersubband LO phonon scattering rate 315 10.9 Ratio of emission to absorption 316 10.10 Screening of the LO phonon interaction 318 10.11 Acoustic deformation potential scattering 319 10.12 Application to conduction subbands 324 10.13 Optical deformation potential scattering 326 10.14 Confined and interface phonon modes 328 10.15 Carrier–carrier scattering 328 10.16 Addition of screening 336 10.17 Mean intersubband carrier–carrier scattering rate 337 10.18 Computational implementation 339 10.19 Intrasubband versus intersubband 340 10.20 Thermalized distributions 341 10.21 Auger-type intersubband processes 342 10.22 Asymmetric intrasubband processes 343 10.23 Empirical relationships 344 10.24 A generalised expression for scattering of two-dimensional carriers 345 10.25 Impurity scattering 346 10.26 Alloy disorder scattering 351 10.27 Alloy disorder scattering in quantum wells 354 10.28 Interface roughness scattering 355 10.29 Interface roughness scattering in quantum wells 359 10.30 Carrier scattering in quantum wires and dots 362 Exercises 362 References 364 11 Optical properties of quantum wells 367 11.1 Carrier–photon scattering 367 11.2 Spontaneous emission lifetime 372 11.3 Intersubband absorption in quantum wells 374 11.4 Bound–bound transitions 376 11.5 Bound–free transitions 377 11.6 Rectangular quantum well 379 11.7 Intersubband optical non-linearities 382 11.8 Electric polarization 383 11.9 Intersubband second harmonic generation 384 11.10 Maximization of resonant susceptibility 387 Exercises 390 References 391 12 Carrier transport 393 12.1 Introduction 393 12.2 Quantum cascade lasers 393 12.3 Realistic quantum cascade laser 398 12.4 Rate equations 400 12.5 Self-consistent solution of the rate equations 402 12.6 Calculation of the current density 404 12.7 Phonon and carrier–carrier scattering transport 404 12.8 Electron temperature 405 12.9 Calculation of the gain 408 12.10 QCLs, QWIPs, QDIPs and other methods 411 12.11 Density matrix approaches 412 12.11.1 Time evolution of the density matrix 415 12.11.2 Density matrix modelling of terahertz QCLs 416 Exercises 418 References 420 13 Optical waveguides 423 13.1 Introduction to optical waveguides 423 13.2 Optical waveguide analysis 425 13.2.1 The wave equation 425 13.2.2 The transfer matrix method 428 13.2.3 Guided modes in multi-layer waveguides 431 13.3 Optical properties of materials 434 13.3.1 Semiconductors 434 13.3.2 Influence of free-carriers 436 13.3.3 Carrier mobility model 438 13.3.4 Influence of doping 439 13.4 Application to waveguides of laser devices 440 13.4.1 Double heterostructure laser waveguide 441 13.4.2 Quantum cascade laser waveguides 443 13.5 Thermal properties of waveguides 447 13.6 The heat equation 449 13.7 Material properties 450 13.7.1 Thermal conductivity 450 13.7.2 Specific heat capacity 451 13.8 Finite difference approximation to the heat equation 453 13.9 Steady-state solution of the heat equation 454 13.10 Time-resolved solution 457 13.11 Simplified RC thermal models 458 Exercises 461 References 462 14 Multiband envelope function (k.p) method 465 14.1 Symmetry, basis states and band structure 465 14.2 Valence band structure and the 6 × 6 Hamiltonian 466 14.3 4 × 4 valence band Hamiltonian 470 14.4 Complex band structure 471 14.5 Block-diagonalization of the Hamiltonian 472 14.6 The valence band in strained cubic semiconductors 474 14.7 Hole subbands in heterostructures 476 14.8 Valence band offset 478 14.9 The layer (transfer matrix) method 479 14.10 Quantum well subbands 483 14.11 The influence of strain 484 14.12 Strained quantum well subbands 484 14.13 Direct numerical methods 485 Exercises 486 References 486 15 Empirical pseudo-potential bandstructure 487 15.1 Principles and approximations 487 15.2 Elemental band structure calculation 488 15.3 Spin–orbit coupling 496 15.4 Compound semiconductors 498 15.5 Charge densities 501 15.6 Calculating the effective mass 504 15.7 Alloys 504 15.8 Atomic form factors 506 15.9 Generalization to a large basis 507 15.10 Spin–orbit coupling within the large basis approach 510 15.11 Computational implementation 511 15.12 Deducing the parameters and application 512 15.13 Isoelectronic impurities in bulk 515 15.14 The electronic structure around point defects 520 Exercises 520 References 521 16 Pseudo-potential calculations of nanostructures 523 16.1 The superlattice unit cell 523 16.2 Application of large basis method to superlattices 526 16.3 Comparison with envelope function approximation 530 16.4 In-plane dispersion 531 16.5 Interface coordination 532 16.6 Strain-layered superlattices 533 16.7 The superlattice as a perturbation 534 16.8 Application to GaAs/AlAs superlattices 539 16.9 Inclusion of remote bands 541 16.10 The valence band 542 16.11 Computational effort 542 16.12 Superlattice dispersion and the interminiband laser 543 16.13 Addition of electric field 545 16.14 Application of the large basis method to quantum wires 549 16.15 Confined states 552 16.16 Application of the large basis method to tiny quantum dots 552 16.17 Pyramidal quantum dots 554 16.18 Transport through dot arrays 555 16.19 Recent progress 556 Exercises 556 References 557 Concluding remarks 559 A Materials parameters 561 B Introduction to the simulation tools 563 B.1 Documentation and support 564 B.2 Installation and dependencies 564 B.3 Simulation programs 565 B.4 Introduction to scripting 566 B.5 Example calculations 567

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Book SynopsisApplies the four-dimensional formalism with an extended toolbox of operation rules, allowing readers to define more general classes of electromagnetic media and to analyze EM waves that can exist in them. This book covers various properties of electromagnetic media in terms of which they can be set in different classes.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Multivectors and Multiforms 1 1.1 Vectors and One-Forms, 1 1.1.1 Bar Product | 1 1.1.2 Basis Expansions 2 1.2 Bivectors and Two-Forms, 3 1.2.1 Wedge Product ∧ 3 1.2.2 Basis Expansions 4 1.2.3 Bar Product 5 1.2.4 Contraction Products ⌋ and ⌊ 6 1.2.5 Decomposition of Vectors and One-Forms 8 1.3 Multivectors and Multiforms, 8 1.3.1 Basis of Multivectors 9 1.3.2 Bar Product of Multivectors and Multiforms 10 1.3.3 Contraction of Trivectors and Three-Forms 11 1.3.4 Contraction of Quadrivectors and Four-Forms 12 1.3.5 Construction of Reciprocal Basis 13 1.3.6 Contraction of Quintivector 14 1.3.7 Generalized Bac-Cab Rules 14 1.4 Some Properties of Bivectors and Two-Forms, 16 1.4.1 Bivector Invariant 16 1.4.2 Natural Dot Product 17 1.4.3 Bivector as Mapping 17 Problems, 18 2 Dyadics 21 2.1 Mapping Vectors and One-Forms, 21 2.1.1 Dyadics 21 2.1.2 Double-Bar Product || 23 2.1.3 Metric Dyadics 24 2.2 Mapping Multivectors and Multiforms, 25 2.2.1 Bidyadics 25 2.2.2 Double-Wedge Product ∧∧ 2.2.3 Double-Wedge Powers 28 2.2.4 Double Contractions ⌊⌊ and ⌋⌋ 30 2.2.5 Natural Dot Product for Bidyadics 31 2.3 Dyadic Identities, 32 2.3.1 Contraction Identities 32 2.3.2 Special Cases 33 2.3.3 More General Rules 35 2.3.4 Cayley–Hamilton Equation 36 2.3.5 Inverse Dyadics 36 2.4 Rank of Dyadics, 39 2.5 Eigenproblems, 41 2.5.1 Eigenvectors and Eigen One-Forms 41 2.5.2 Reduced Cayley–Hamilton Equations 42 2.5.3 Construction of Eigenvectors 43 2.6 Metric Dyadics, 45 2.6.1 Symmetric Dyadics 46 2.6.2 Antisymmetric Dyadics 47 2.6.3 Inverse Rules for Metric Dyadics 48 Problems, 49 3 Bidyadics 53 3.1 Cayley–Hamilton Equation, 54 3.1.1 Coefficient Functions 55 3.1.2 Determinant of a Bidyadic 57 3.1.3 Antisymmetric Bidyadic 57 3.2 Bidyadic Eigenproblem, 58 3.2.1 Eigenbidyadic C− 60 3.2.2 Eigenbidyadic C+ 60 3.3 Hehl–Obukhov Decomposition, 61 3.4 Example: Simple Antisymmetric Bidyadic, 64 3.5 Inverse Rules for Bidyadics, 66 3.5.1 Skewon Bidyadic 67 3.5.2 Extended Bidyadics 70 3.5.3 3D Expansions 73 Problems, 74 4 Special Dyadics and Bidyadics 79 4.1 Orthogonality Conditions, 79 4.1.1 Orthogonality of Dyadics 79 4.1.2 Orthogonality of Bidyadics 81 4.2 Nilpotent Dyadics and Bidyadics, 81 4.3 Projection Dyadics and Bidyadics, 83 4.4 Unipotent Dyadics and Bidyadics, 85 4.5 Almost-Complex Dyadics, 87 4.5.1 Two-Dimensional AC Dyadics 89 4.5.2 Four-Dimensional AC Dyadics 89 4.6 Almost-Complex Bidyadics, 91 4.7 Modified Closure Relation, 93 4.7.1 Equivalent Conditions 94 4.7.2 Solutions 94 4.7.3 Testing the Two Solutions 96 Problems, 98 5 Electromagnetic Fields 101 5.1 Field Equations, 101 5.1.1 Differentiation Operator 101 5.1.2 Maxwell Equations 103 5.1.3 Potential One-Form 105 5.2 Medium Equations, 106 5.2.1 Medium Bidyadics 106 5.2.2 Potential Equation 107 5.2.3 Expansions of Medium Bidyadics 107 5.2.4 Gibbsian Representation 109 5.3 Basic Classes of Media, 110 5.3.1 Hehl–Obukhov Decomposition 110 5.3.2 3D Expansions 112 5.3.3 Simple Principal Medium 114 5.4 Interfaces and Boundaries, 117 5.4.1 Interface Conditions 117 5.4.2 Boundary Conditions 119 5.5 Power and Energy, 123 5.5.1 Bilinear Invariants 123 5.5.2 The Stress–Energy Dyadic 125 5.5.3 Differentiation Rule 127 5.6 Plane Waves, 128 5.6.1 Basic Equations 128 5.6.2 Dispersion Equation 130 5.6.3 Special Cases 132 5.6.4 Plane-Wave Fields 132 5.6.5 Simple Principal Medium 134 5.6.6 Handedness of Plane Wave 135 Problems, 136 6 Transformation of Fields and Media 141 6.1 Affine Transformation, 141 6.1.1 Transformation of Fields 141 6.1.2 Transformation of Media 142 6.1.3 Dispersion Equation 144 6.1.4 Simple Principal Medium 145 6.2 Duality Transformation, 145 6.2.1 Transformation of Fields 146 6.2.2 Involutionary Duality Transformation 147 6.2.3 Transformation of Media 149 6.3 Transformation of Boundary Conditions, 150 6.3.1 Simple Principal Medium 152 6.3.2 Plane Wave 152 6.4 Reciprocity Transformation, 153 6.4.1 Medium Transformation 153 6.4.2 Reciprocity Conditions 155 6.4.3 Field Relations 157 6.4.4 Time-Harmonic Fields 158 6.5 Conformal Transformation, 159 6.5.1 Properties of the Conformal Transformation 160 6.5.2 Field Transformation 164 6.5.3 Medium Transformation 165 Problems, 166 7 Basic Classes of Electromagnetic Media 169 7.1 Gibbsian Isotropy, 169 7.1.1 Gibbsian Isotropic Medium 169 7.1.2 Gibbsian Bi-isotropic Medium 170 7.1.3 Decomposition of GBI Medium 171 7.1.4 Affine Transformation 173 7.1.5 Eigenfields in GBI Medium 174 7.1.6 Plane Wave in GBI Medium 176 7.2 The Axion Medium, 178 7.2.1 Perfect Electromagnetic Conductor 179 7.2.2 PEMC as Limiting Case of GBI Medium 180 7.2.3 PEMC Boundary Problems 181 7.3 Skewon–Axion Media, 182 7.3.1 Plane Wave in Skewon–Axion Medium 184 7.3.2 Gibbsian Representation 185 7.3.3 Boundary Conditions 187 7.4 Extended Skewon–Axion Media, 192 Problems, 194 8 Quadratic Media 197 8.1 P Media and Q Media, 197 8.2 Transformations, 200 8.3 Spatial Expansions, 201 8.3.1 Spatial Expansion of Q Media 201 8.3.2 Spatial Expansion of P Media 203 8.3.3 Relation Between P Media and Q Media 204 8.4 Plane Waves, 205 8.4.1 Plane Waves in Q Media 205 8.4.2 Plane Waves in P Media 207 8.4.3 P Medium as Boundary Material 208 8.5 P-Axion and Q-Axion Media, 209 8.6 Extended Q Media, 211 8.6.1 Gibbsian Representation 211 8.6.2 Field Decomposition 214 8.6.3 Transformations 215 8.6.4 Plane Waves in Extended Q Media 215 8.7 Extended P Media, 218 8.7.1 Medium Conditions 218 8.7.2 Plane Waves in Extended P Media 219 8.7.3 Field Conditions 220 Problems, 221 9 Media Defined by Bidyadic Equations 225 9.1 Quadratic Equation, 226 9.1.1 SD Media 227 9.1.2 Eigenexpansions 228 9.1.3 Duality Transformation 229 9.1.4 3D Representations 231 9.1.5 SDN Media 234 9.2 Cubic Equation, 235 9.2.1 CU Media 235 9.2.2 Eigenexpansions 236 9.2.3 Examples of CU Media 238 9.3 Bi-Quadratic Equation, 240 9.3.1 BQ Media 241 9.3.2 Eigenexpansions 242 9.3.3 3D Representation 244 9.3.4 Special Case 245 Problems, 246 10 Media Defined by Plane-Wave Properties 249 10.1 Media with No Dispersion Equation (NDE Media), 249 10.1.1 Two Cases of Solutions 250 10.1.2 Plane-Wave Fields in NDE Media 255 10.1.3 Other Possible NDE Media 257 10.2 Decomposable Media, 259 10.2.1 Special Cases 259 10.2.2 DC-Medium Subclasses 263 10.2.3 Plane-Wave Properties 267 Problems, 269 Appendix A Solutions to Problems 273 Appendix B Transformation to Gibbsian Formalism 369 Appendix C Multivector and Dyadic Identities 375 References 389 Index 395

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Book SynopsisProvides a detailed and systematic description of the Method of Moments (Boundary Element Method) for electromagnetic modeling at low frequencies and includes hands-on, application-based MATLAB modules with user-friendly and intuitive GUI and a highly visualized interactive output. Includes a full-body computational human phantom with over 120 triangular surface meshes extracted from the Visible Human Project Female dataset of the National library of Medicine and fully compatible with MATLAB and major commercial FEM/BEM electromagnetic software simulators. This book covers the basic concepts of computational low-frequency electromagnetics in an application-based format and hones the knowledge of these concepts with hands-onMATLABmodules. The book is divided into five parts. Part 1 discusses low-frequency electromagnetics, basic theory of triangular surface mesh generation, and computational human phantoms. Part Table of ContentsPREFACE xiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xviiPART I LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETICS.COMPUTATIONAL MESHES.COMPUTATIONAL PHANTOMS 11 Classification of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Problems. Poisson and Laplace Equations in Integral Form 3Introduction 31.1 Classification of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Problems 41.2 Poisson and Laplace Equations Boundary Conditions and Integral Equations 18References 302 Triangular Surface Mesh Generation and Mesh Operations 35Introduction 352.1 Triangular Mesh and its Quality 362.2 Delaunay Triangulation. 3D Volume and Surface Meshes 462.3 Mesh Operations and Transformations 562.4 Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Mesh Decimation 752.5 Summary of MATLAB® Scripts 81References 853 Triangular Surface Human Body Meshes for Computational Purposes 89Introduction 893.1 Review of Available Computational Human Body Phantoms and Datasets 923.2 Triangular Human Body Shell Meshes Included with the Text 963.3 VHP-F Whole-Body Model Included with the Text 108References 126PART II ELECTROSTATICS OF CONDUCTORS AND DIELECTRICS. DIRECT CURRENT FLOW 1314 Electrostatics of Conductors. Fundamentals of the Method of Moments. Adaptive Mesh Refinement 133Introduction 1334.1 Electrostatics of Conductors. MoM (Surface Charge Formulation) 1344.2 Gaussian Quadratures. Potential Integrals. Adaptive Mesh Refinement 1474.3 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 162References 1675 Theory and Computation of Capacitance. Conducting Objects in External Electric Field 169Introduction 1695.1 Capacitance Definitions: Self-Capacitance 1705.2 Capacitance of Two Conducting Objects 1805.3 Systems of Three Conducting Objects 1885.4 Isolated Conducting Object in an External Electric Field 1965.5 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 204References 2126 Electrostatics of Dielectrics and Conductors 215Introduction 2156.1 Dielectric Object in an External Electric Field 2166.2 Combined Metal–Dielectric Structures 2296.3 Application Example: Modeling Charges in Capacitive Touchscreens 2396.4 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 245References 2537 Transmission Lines: Two-Dimensional Version of the Method of Moments 257Introduction 2577.1 Transmission Lines: Value of the Electrostatic Model—Analytical Solutions 2587.2 The 2D Version of the MoM for Transmission Lines 2737.3 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 284References 2878 Steady-State Current Flow 289Introduction 2898.1 Boundary Conditions. Integral Equation. Voltage and Current Electrodes 2908.2 Analytical Solutions for DC Flow in Volumetric Conducting Objects 3008.3 MoM Algorithm for DC Flow. Construction of Electrode Mesh 3118.4 Application Example: EIT 3208.5 Application Example: tDCS 3278.6 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 336References 341PART III LINEAR MAGNETOSTATICS 3479 Linear Magnetostatics: Surface Charge Method 349Introduction 3499.1 Integral Equation of Magnetostatics: Surface Charge Method 3509.2 Analytical versus Numerical Solutions: Modeling Magnetic Shielding 3589.3 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 367References 36910 Inductance. Coupled Inductors. Modeling of a Magnetic Yoke 371Introduction 37110.1 Inductance 37210.2 Mutual Inductance and Systems of Coupled Inductors 38510.3 Modeling of a Magnetic Yoke 40410.4 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 415References 421PART IV THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF EDDY CURRENTS 42311 Fundamentals of Eddy Currents 425Introduction 42511.1 Three Types of Eddy Current Approximations 42611.2 Exact Solution for Eddy Currents without Surface Charges Created by Horizontal Loops of Current 44011.3 Exact Solution for a Sphere in an External AC Magnetic Field 45311.4 A Simple Approximate Solution for Eddy Currents in a Weakly Conducting Medium 46011.5 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 464References 47012 Computation of Eddy Currents via the Surface Charge Method 473Introduction 47312.1 Numerical Solution in a Weakly Conducting Medium with External Magnetic Field 47412.2 Comparison with FEM Solutions from Maxwell 3D of ANSYS: Solution Convergence 48112.3 Eddy Currents Excited by a Coil 48812.4 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 497References 504PART V NONLINEAR ELECTROSTATICS 50713 Electrostatic Model of a pn-Junction: Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions 509Introduction 50913.1 Built-in Voltage of a pn-Junction 51013.2 Complete Electrostatic Model of a pn-Junction 533References 54514 Numerical Simulation of pn-Junction and Related Problems: Gummel’s Iterative Solution 547Introduction 54714.1 Iterative Solution for Zero Bias Voltage 54814.2 Numerical Solution for the Electric Field Region 56014.3 Analytical Solution for the Diffusion Region: Shockley Equation 57914.4 Summary of MATLAB® Modules 587References 588INDEX 591

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the application of c-axis aligned crystalline In-Ga-Zn oxide (CAAC-IGZO) technology in large-scale integration (LSI) circuits. The applications include Non-volatile Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory (NOSRAM), Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory (DOSRAM), central processing unit (CPU), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), image sensors, and etc. The book also covers the device physics (e.g., off-state characteristics) of the CAAC-IGZO field effect transistors (FETs) and process technology for a hybrid structure of CAAC-IGZO and Si FETs. It explains an extremely low off-state current technology utilized in the LSI circuits, demonstrating reduced power consumption in LSI prototypes fabricated by the hybrid process. A further two books in the series will describe the fundamentals; and the specific application of CAAC-IGZO to LCD and OLED displays. Key features: Outlines the physics and characteristics of CAAC-IGZO FETs that Table of ContentsAbout the Editors x List of Contributors xii Series Editor’s Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of this Book 1 1.2 Background 3 1.2.1 Typical Characteristics of CAAC-IGZO FETs 3 1.2.2 Possible Applications of CAAC-IGZO FETs 4 1.3 Summary of Each Chapter 7 References 9 2 Device Physics of CAAC-IGZO FET 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Off-State Current 14 2.2.1 Off-State Current Comparison between Si and CAAC-IGZO FETs 14 2.2.2 Measurement of Extremely Low Off-State Current 16 2.2.3 Theoretical Discussion with Energy Band Diagram 23 2.2.4 Conclusion 28 2.3 Subthreshold Characteristics 29 2.3.1 Estimation of Icut by SS 30 2.3.2 Extraction Method of Interface Levels 33 2.3.3 Reproduction of Measured Value and Estimation of Icut 35 2.3.4 Conclusion 38 2.4 Technique for Controlling Threshold Voltage (Vth) 39 2.4.1 Vth Control by Application of Back-Gate Bias 39 2.4.2 Vth Control by Formation of Circuit for Retaining Back-Gate Bias 42 2.4.3 Vth Control by Charge Injection into the Charge Trap Layer 45 2.4.4 Conclusion 49 2.5 On-State Characteristics 49 2.5.1 Channel-Length Dependence of Field-Effect Mobility 50 2.5.2 Measurement of Cut-off Frequency 59 2.5.3 Summary 62 2.6 Short-Channel Effect 62 2.6.1 Features of S-ch CAAC-IGZO FETs 63 2.6.2 Effect of S-ch Structure 70 2.6.3 Intrinsic Accumulation-Mode Device 71 2.6.4 Dielectric Anisotropy 74 2.6.5 Numerical Calculation of the Band Diagrams in IGZO FETs 76 2.6.6 Summary 82 2.7 20-nm-Node CAAC-IGZO FET 83 2.7.1 TGSA CAAC-IGZO FET 83 2.7.2 Device Characteristics 86 2.7.3 Memory-Retention Characteristics 89 2.7.4 Summary 92 2.8 Hybrid Structure 92 2.8.1 TGTC Structure 93 2.8.2 TGSA Structure 94 2.8.3 Hybrid Structure 96 Appendix: Comparison between CAAC-IGZO and Si 98 References 99 3 NOSRAM 102 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 Memory Characteristics 103 3.3 Application of CAAC-IGZO FETs to Memory and their Operation 104 3.4 Configuration and Operation of NOSRAM Module 106 3.4.1 NOSRAM Module 106 3.4.2 Setting Operational Voltage of NOSRAM Module 106 3.4.3 Operation of NOSRAM Module 108 3.5 Multilevel NOSRAM 108 3.5.1 4-Level (2 Bits/Cell) NOSRAM Module 110 3.5.2 8-Level (3 Bits/Cell) NOSRAM Module 112 3.5.3 16-Level (4 Bits/Cell) NOSRAM Module 114 3.5.4 Stacked Multilevel NOSRAM 119 3.6 Prototype and Characterization 120 3.6.1 2-Level NOSRAM 120 3.6.2 4-Level NOSRAM 128 3.6.3 8-Level NOSRAM 128 3.6.4 16-Level NOSRAM 129 3.6.5 Comparison of Prototypes 133 References 136 4 DOSRAM 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Characteristics and Problems of DRAM 138 4.3 Operations and Characteristics of DOSRAM Memory Cell 138 4.4 Configuration and Basic Operation of DOSRAM 139 4.4.1 Circuit Configuration and Operation of DOSRAM 139 4.4.2 Hybrid Structure of DOSRAM 139 4.5 Operation of Sense Amplifier 140 4.5.1 Writing Operation 140 4.5.2 Reading Operation 141 4.6 Characteristic Measurement 143 4.6.1 Writing Characteristics 143 4.6.2 Reading Characteristics 144 4.6.3 Data-Retention Characteristics 145 4.6.4 Summary of 8-kbit DOSRAM 146 4.7 Prototype DOSRAM Using 60-nm Technology Node 147 4.7.1 Configuration of Prototype 147 4.7.2 Measurements of Prototype Characteristics 148 4.7.3 Summary for Prototype DOSRAM 151 4.8 Conclusion 151 References 152 5 CPU 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Normally-Off Computing 153 5.3 CPUs 156 5.3.1 Flip-Flop (FF) 158 5.3.2 8-Bit Normally-Off CPU 166 5.3.3 32-Bit Normally-Off CPU (MIPS-Like CPU) 170 5.3.4 32-Bit Normally-Off CPU (ARM® Cortex®-M0) 174 5.4 CAAC-IGZO Cache Memory 181 References 192 6 FPGA 194 6.1 Introduction 194 6.2 CAAC-IGZO FPGA 195 6.2.1 Overview 195 6.2.2 PRS 197 6.2.3 PLE 200 6.2.4 Prototype 202 6.3 Multicontext FPGA Realizing Fine-Grained Power Gating 209 6.3.1 Overview 209 6.3.2 Normally-Off Computing 209 6.3.3 Prototype 216 6.4 Subthreshold Operation of FPGA 226 6.4.1 Overview 226 6.4.2 Subthreshold Operation 227 6.4.3 Prototype 234 6.5 CPU + FPGA 240 6.5.1 Overview 240 6.5.2 CPU Computing 241 6.5.3 CPU + GPU Computing 242 6.5.4 CPU + FPGA Computing 243 6.5.5 CAAC-IGZO CPU + CAAC-IGZO FPGA Computing 246 References 247 7 Image Sensor 250 7.1 Introduction 250 7.2 Global Shutter Image Sensor 251 7.2.1 Sensor Pixel 251 7.2.2 Global and Rolling Shutters 252 7.2.3 Challenges Facing Adoption of Global Shutter 254 7.2.4 CAAC-IGZO Image Sensor 255 7.3 Image Sensor Conducting High-Speed Continuous Image Capture 262 7.3.1 Overview 262 7.3.2 Conventional High-Speed Continuous-Capturing Image Sensor 263 7.3.3 High-Speed Continuous-Capturing CAAC-IGZO Image Sensor 263 7.3.4 Application to Optical Flow System 276 7.4 Motion Sensor 278 7.4.1 Overview 278 7.4.2 Configuration 278 7.4.3 Prototype 283 7.4.4 Sensor Pixel Threshold-Compensation Function 285 References 291 8 Future Applications/Developments 293 8.1 Introduction 293 8.2 RF Devices 294 8.2.1 Overview 294 8.2.2 NOSRAM Wireless IC Tag 294 8.2.3 Application Examples of NOSRAM Wireless IC Tags 298 8.3 X-Ray Detector 303 8.3.1 Outline 303 8.3.2 X-Ray Detection Principle 303 8.3.3 CAAC-IGZO X-Ray Detector 304 8.3.4 Fabrication Example and Evaluation 308 8.4 CODEC 310 8.4.1 Introduction 310 8.4.2 Encoder/Decoder 311 8.4.3 CAAC-IGZO CODEC 313 8.5 DC–DC Converters 314 8.5.1 Introduction 314 8.5.2 Non-hybrid DC–DC Converter 315 8.5.3 Fabricated CAAC-IGZO Bias Voltage Sampling Circuit with Amplifier 315 8.5.4 Evaluation Results of Fabricated CAAC-IGZO Bias Voltage Sampling Circuit with Amplifier 317 8.5.5 Proposed DC–DC Converter 318 8.6 Analog Programmable Devices 322 8.6.1 Overview 322 8.6.2 Design 322 8.6.3 Prototype 323 8.6.4 Possible Application to Phase-Locked Loop 330 8.7 Neural Networks 330 8.7.1 Introduction 330 8.7.2 Neural Networks 330 8.7.3 CAAC-IGZO Neural Network 332 8.7.4 Conclusion 334 8.8 Memory-Based Computing 335 8.9 Backtracking Programs with Power Gating 339 References 341 Appendix 343 Index 345

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Book SynopsisProvides a self-contained account on applications of electromagnetic reciprocity theorems to multiport antenna systems The reciprocity theorem is among the most intriguing concepts in wave field theory and has become an integral part of almost all standard textbooks on electromagnetic (EM) theory. This book makes use of the theorem to quantitatively describe EM interactions concerning general multiport antenna systems. It covers a general reciprocity-based description of antenna systems, their EM scattering properties, and further related aspects. Beginning with an introduction to the subject, Electromagnetic Reciprocity in Antenna Theory provides readers first with the basic prerequisites before offering coverage of the equivalent multiport circuit antenna representations, EM coupling between multiport antenna systems and their EM interactions with scatterers, accompanied with the corresponding EM compensation theorems. In addition, the text: Presents basic prerequisites includiTable of ContentsIntroduction xi 1 Basic Prerequisites 1 1.1 Laplace Transformation 3 1.2 Time Convolution 4 1.3 Time Correlation 5 1.4 EMReciprocity Theorems 6 1.4.1 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 8 1.4.2 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 9 1.4.3 Application of the Reciprocity Theorems to an Unbounded Domain 11 1.5 Description of the Antenna Configuration 13 1.5.1 Antenna Power Conservation 14 1.5.2 Antenna Interface Relations 16 2 Antenna Uniqueness Theorem 19 2.1 Problem Description 19 2.2 Problem Solution 19 3 Forward-Scattering Theorem in Antenna Theory 23 3.1 Problem Description 23 3.2 Problem Solution 23 4 Antenna Matching Theorems 31 4.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Correlation Type 31 4.1.1 Transmitting State 31 4.1.2 Receiving State 34 4.1.3 EquivalentMatching Condition 35 5 Equivalent Kirchhoff Network Representations of a Receiving Antenna System 41 5.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Convolution Type 41 5.1.1 Equivalent Circuits for Plane-Wave Incidence 41 5.1.2 Equivalent Circuits for a Known Volume-Current Distribution 45 6 The Antenna Systemin the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.1 Receiving Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.2 Transmitting Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 56 6.2.1 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 57 6.2.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 59 7 EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antenna Systems 65 7.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 65 7.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 68 7.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 71 8 Compensation Theorems for the EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antennas 77 8.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 77 8.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 79 8.2.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 79 8.2.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 82 8.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 85 8.3.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 85 8.3.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 88 9 Compensation Theorems for the EMScattering of an Antenna System 95 9.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 95 9.2 Reciprocity Analysis 96 9.2.1 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Electric Current-excited Sensing EM Fields 99 9.2.2 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Voltage-Excited Sensing EM Fields 100 9.2.3 Power Reciprocity Expressions 101 AppendixA Lerch’s Uniqueness Theorem 107 A.1 Problem ofMoments 107 A.2 Proof of Lerch’s Theorem 108 References 111 Index 115

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Book SynopsisA practical and comprehensive reference that explores Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) in semiconductor components and electronic systems The ESD Handbookoffers a comprehensivereference that explores topics relevant to ESD design in semiconductor components and explores ESD in various systems. Electrostatic discharge is a common problem in the semiconductor environment and this reference fills a gap in the literature by discussing ESD protection. Written by a noted expert on the topic, the text offers a topic-by-topic reference that includes illustrative figures, discussions, and drawings. The handbook covers a wide-range of topics including ESD in manufacturing (garments, wrist straps, and shoes); ESD Testing; ESD device physics; ESD semiconductor process effects; ESD failure mechanisms; ESD circuits in different technologies (CMOS, Bipolar, etc.); ESD circuit types(Pin, Power, Pin-to-Pin, etc.); and much more. In addition, the text includes a glossary, index, tables, illustrations, aTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxxvii Acknowledgements xxxix 1 ESD, EOS, EMI, EMC, and Latchup 1 2 ESD in Manufacturing 21 3 ESD Standards 55 4 ESD Testing 65 5 ESD Device Physics 117 6 ESD Events and Protection Circuits 189 7 ESD Failure Mechanism 235 8 ESD Design Synthesis 281 9 On-chip ESD Protection Circuits – Input Circuitry 363 10 On-Chip ESD Protection Circuits – ESD Power Clamps 441 11 ESD Architecture and Floor Planning 491 12 ESD Digital Design 551 13 ESD Analog Design 583 14 ESD RF Design 629 15 ESD Power Electronics Design 681 16 ESD in Advanced CMOS 709 17 ESD in Silicon on Insulator 783 18 ESD in Analog Circuits 821 19 ESD in RF CMOS 865 20 ESD in Silicon Germanium 891 21 ESD in Silicon Germanium Carbon 935 22 ESD in GaAs 951 23 ESD in Bulk and SOI FINFET 971 24 MEMs 979 25 Magnetic Recording 991 26 Photomasks 1003 Appendix Table of Acronyms 1013 A Glossary of Terms – EMC Terminology 1015 B Appendix B. ESD Standards 1017 C Index 1021 D Wiley Series in Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and Electrical Overstress (EOS) 1055 E ESD Design Rules 1057 F Guard Ring Design Rules 1061 G EOS Design Rules and Checklist 1067 H Latchup Design Rules 1069 I ESD Cookbook 1077 J EOS Cookbook 1079 K Latchup Cookbook 1081 L ESD Design and Release Check List 1087 M EOS Design and Release Checklist 1089 N Latchup Design and Release Checklist 1093 Index 1097

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Book SynopsisThe Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA) for Solving Large-Scale Computational Electromagnetic Problems provides a detailed and instructional overview of implementing MLFMA. The book: Presents a comprehensive treatment of the MLFMA algorithm, including basic linear algebra concepts, recent developments on the parallel computation, and a number of application examples Covers solutions of electromagnetic problems involving dielectric objects and perfectly-conducting objects Discusses applications including scattering from airborne targets, scattering from red blood cells, radiation from antennas and arrays, metamaterials etc. Is written by authors who have more than 25 years experience on the development and implementation of MLFMA The book will be useful for post-graduate students, researchers, and academics, studying in the areas of computational electromagnetics, numerical analTable of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Basics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Simulation Environments Based on MLFMA 2 1.3 From Maxwell’s Equations to Integro-Differential Operators 3 1.4 Surface Integral Equations 7 1.5 Boundary Conditions 9 1.6 Surface Formulations 10 1.7 Method of Moments and Discretization 12 1.7.1 Linear Functions 15 1.8 Integrals on Triangular Domains 21 1.8.1 Analytical Integrals 22 1.8.2 Gaussian Quadratures 26 1.8.3 Adaptive Integration 26 1.9 Electromagnetic Excitation 29 1.9.1 Plane-Wave Excitation 29 1.9.2 Hertzian Dipole 31 1.9.3 Complex-Source-Point Excitation 31 1.9.4 Delta-Gap Excitation 32 1.9.5 Current-Source Excitation 34 1.10 Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm 35 1.11 Low-Frequency Breakdown of MLFMA 39 1.12 Iterative Algorithms 41 1.12.1 Symmetric Lanczos Process 42 1.12.2 Nonsymmetric Lanczos Process 44 1.12.3 Arnoldi Process 45 1.12.4 Golub-Kahan Process 45 1.13 Preconditioning 46 1.14 Parallelization of MLFMA 50 2 Solutions of Electromagnetics Problems with Surface Integral Equations 53 2.1 Homogeneous Dielectric Objects 53 2.1.1 Surface Integral Equations 54 2.1.2 Surface Formulations 55 2.1.3 Discretizations of Surface Formulations 58 2.1.4 Direct Calculations of Interactions 60 2.1.5 General Properties of Surface Formulations 67 2.1.6 Decoupling for Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 73 2.1.7 Accuracy with Respect to Contrast 74 2.2 Low-Contrast Breakdown and Its Solution 77 2.2.1 A Combined Tangential Formulation 77 2.2.2 Nonradiating Currents 80 2.2.3 Conventional Formulations in the Limit Case 81 2.2.4 Low-Contrast Breakdown 82 2.2.5 Stabilization by Extraction 82 2.2.6 Double-Stabilized Combined Tangential Formulation 87 2.2.7 Numerical Results for Low Contrasts 88 2.2.8 Breakdown for Extremely Low Contrasts 91 2.2.9 Field-Based-Stabilized Formulations 93 2.2.10 Numerical Results for Extremely Low Contrasts 95 2.3 Perfectly Conducting Objects 105 2.3.1 Comments on the Integral Equations 106 2.3.2 Internal-Resonance Problem 108 2.3.3 Formulations of Open Surfaces 108 2.3.4 Low-Frequency Breakdown 111 2.3.5 Accuracy with the RWG Functions 115 2.3.6 Compatibility of the Integral Equations 122 2.3.7 Convergence to Minimum Achievable Error 124 2.3.8 Alternative Implementations of MFIE 130 2.3.9 Curl-Conforming Basis Functions for MFIE 131 2.3.10 LN-LT Type Basis Functions for MFIE and CFIE 137 2.3.11 Excessive Discretization Error of the Identity Operator 160 2.4 Composite Objects with Multiple Dielectric and Metallic Regions 165 2.4.1 Special Case: Homogeneous Dielectric Object 168 2.4.2 Special Case: Coated Dielectric Object 169 2.4.3 Special Case: Coated Metallic Object 172 2.5 Concluding Remarks 175 3 Iterative Solutions of Electromagnetics Problems with MLFMA 177 3.1 Factorization and Diagonalization of the Green’s Function 177 3.1.1 Addition Theorem 177 3.1.2 Factorization of the Translation Functions 180 3.1.3 Expansions 183 3.1.4 Diagonalization 184 3.2 Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm 186 3.2.1 Recursive Clustering 186 3.2.2 Far-Field Interactions 187 3.2.3 Radiation and Receiving Patterns 188 3.2.4 Near-Field Interactions 190 3.2.5 Sampling 190 3.2.6 Computational Requirements 192 3.2.7 Anterpolation 194 3.3 Lagrange Interpolation and Anterpolation 196 3.3.1 Two-Step Method 198 3.3.2 Virtual Extension 199 3.3.3 Sampling at the Poles 201 3.3.4 Interpolation of Translation Operators 205 3.4 MLFMA for Hermitian Matrix-Vector Multiplications 211 3.5 Strategies for Building Less-Accurate MLFMA 213 3.6 Iterative Solutions of Surface Formulations 215 3.6.1 Hybrid Formulations of PEC Objects 216 3.6.2 Iterative Solutions of Normal Equations 226 3.6.3 Iterative Solutions of Dielectric Objects 238 3.6.4 Iterative Solutions of Composite Objects with Multiple Dielectric and Metallic Regions 247 3.7 MLFMA for Low-Frequency Problems 252 3.7.1 Factorization of the Matrix Elements 256 3.7.2 Low-Frequency MLFMA 259 3.7.3 Broadband MLFMA 261 3.7.4 Numerical Results 261 3.8 Concluding Remarks 268 4 Parallelization of MLFMA for the Solution of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems 269 4.1 On the Parallelization of MLFMA 269 4.2 Parallel Computing Platforms for Numerical Examples 270 4.3 Electromagnetics Problems for Numerical Examples 271 4.4 Simple Parallelizations of MLFMA 271 4.4.1 Near-Field Interactions 271 4.4.2 Far-Field Interactions 273 4.5 The Hybrid Parallelization Strategy 274 4.5.1 Aggregation Stage 275 4.5.2 Translation Stage 277 4.5.3 Disaggregation Stage 278 4.5.4 Communications in Hybrid Parallelizations 278 4.5.5 Numerical Results with the Hybrid Parallelization Strategy 279 4.6 The Hierarchical Parallelization Strategy 283 4.6.1 Hierarchical Partitioning of Tree Structures 283 4.6.2 Aggregation Stage 285 4.6.3 Translation Stage 286 4.6.4 Disaggregation Stage 286 4.6.5 Communications in Hierarchical Parallelizations 287 4.6.6 Irregular Partitioning of Tree Structures 288 4.6.7 Comparisons with Previous Parallelization Strategies 289 4.6.8 Numerical Results with the Hierarchical Parallelization Strategy 291 4.7 Efficiency Considerations for Parallel Implementations of MLFMA 295 4.7.1 Efficient Programming 295 4.7.2 System Software 297 4.7.3 Load Balancing 297 4.7.4 Memory Recycling and Optimizations 302 4.7.5 Parallel Environment 306 4.7.6 Parallel Computers 315 4.8 Accuracy Considerations for Parallel Implementations of MLFMA 317 4.8.1 Mesh Quality 324 4.9 Solutions of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems Involving PEC Objects 324 4.9.1 PEC Sphere 326 4.9.2 Other Canonical Problems 338 4.9.3 NASA Almond 342 4.9.4 Flamme 354 4.10 Solutions of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems Involving Dielectric Objects 358 4.11 Concluding Remarks 368 5 Applications 369 5.1 Case Study: External Resonances of the Flamme 369 5.2 Case Study: Realistic Metamaterials Involving Split-Ring Resonators and Thin Wires 373 5.3 Case Study: Photonic Crystals 377 5.4 Case Study: Scattering from Red Blood Cells 380 5.5 Case Study: Log-Periodic Antennas and Arrays 389 5.5.1 Nonplanar Trapezoidal-Tooth Log-Periodic Antennas 389 5.5.2 Circular Arrays of Log-Periodic Antennas 395 5.5.3 Circular-Sectoral Arrays of Log-Periodic Antennas 403 5.6 Concluding Remarks 410 Appendix 411 A.1 Limit Part of the Operator 411 A.2 Post Processing 412 A.2.1 Near-Zone Electromagnetic Fields 413 A.2.2 Far-Zone Fields 414 A.3 More Details of the Hierarchical Partitioning Strategy 423 A.3.1 Aggregation/Disaggregation Stages 423 A.3.2 Translation Stage 424 A.4 Mie-Series Solutions 425 A.4.1 Definitions 426 A.4.2 Debye Potentials 426 A.4.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields 427 A.4.4 Incident Fields 427 A.4.5 Perfectly Conducting Sphere 428 A.4.6 Dielectric Sphere 428 A.4.7 Coated Perfectly Conducting Sphere 429 A.4.8 Coated Dielectric Sphere 430 A.4.9 Far-Field Expressions 432 A.5 Electric-Field Volume Integral Equation 433 A.6 Calculation of Some Special Functions 437 A.6.1 Spherical Bessel Functions 437 A.6.2 Legendre Functions 437 A.6.3 Gradient of Multipole-to-Monopole Shift Functions 439 A.6.4 Gaunt Coefficients 439 References 441

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Book SynopsisSpurred on by extensive research in recent years, organic semiconductors are now used in an array of areas, such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), photovoltaics, and other optoelectronics. In all of these novel applications, the photoexcitations in organic semiconductors play a vital role. Exploring the early stages of photoexcitations that follow photon absorption, Ultrafast Dynamics and Laser Action of Organic Semiconductors presents the latest research investigations on photoexcitation ultrafast dynamics and laser action in pi-conjugated polymer films, solutions, and microcavities.In the first few chapters, the book examines the interplay of charge (polarons) and neutral (excitons) photoexcitations in pi-conjugated polymers, oligomers, and molecular crystals in the time domain of 100 fs2 ns. Summarizing the state of the art in lasing, the final chapters introduce the phenomenon of laser action in organics and cover the latest optoelectronic Table of ContentsPreface. Ultrafast Photoexcitation Dynamics in pi-Conjugated Polymers. Universality in the Photophysics of pi-Conjugated Polymers and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Mechanism of Carrier Photogeneration and Carrier Transport in pi-Conjugated Polymers and Molecular Crystals. Conformational Disorder and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers. Laser Action in pi-Conjugated Polymers. Ultrafast Photonics in Polymer Nanostructures. Index.

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