Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Special Publications Series.Graduate school can be an exciting, challenging time for students, but it can be scary and intimidating at the same time. Navigating Graduate School and Beyond: A Career Guide for Graduate Students and a Must Read for Every Advisor outlines the steps and skills necessary to succeed in graduate school and in your career. Insider tips help students better understand their advisors, leading to more productive advisor/student relationships. The importance of sowing well now with good habits and management techniques in order to reap big later is the central focus of the volume.Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Sowing 7 Cast a Vision 7 Do a SWOT 10 Avoid the Resume 14 3 Your Advisor and You 19 What Your Advisor Expects From You 19 Manage Your Advisor 22 4 Skills 29 Work Ethics for a Graduate Student 29 Take Initiative: Becoming a Resource Center 32 Take Ownership 35 Work Hard and Smart 37 Be Whole 42 5 Organize 47 Now Is the Time 47 Manage Your Time 49 Beat the Stress 53 Don't Get Weary 56 6 Writing 61 Ditch the Dissertation 61 Write a Paper 65 7 Proposals 75 Why Write a Proposal 75 Budgets 80 The Actual Proposal 85 Top Ten Dos for Proposal Writing 92 Proposal Review Process 93 Proposal Evaluation 97 8 Communicating 101 Learn to Talk 101 Conferences 107 9 Teams 115 Pick Your Team 115 Become a Team Player 118 10 Jobs 125 Danger of Not Finishing 125 Staying on 126 Postdoc 129 Get a Job 130 Job Interview 139 11 Career Exercises 147 Job Hunting and CV Exercises 147 Proposal Writing Exercises 147 12 Concluding Thoughts: The Final Word 149 Index 153

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Book SynopsisA practical, authoritative guide to the assessment of wind resources for utility-scale wind projects?authored by a team of experts from a leading renewable energy consultancy The successful development of wind energy projects depends on an accurate assessment of where, how often, and how strongly the wind blows. A mistake in this stage of evaluation can cause severe financial losses and missed opportunities for developers, lenders, and investors. Wind Resource Assessment: A Practical Guide to Developing a Wind Project shows readers how to achieve a high standard of resource assessment, reduce the uncertainty associated with long-term energy performance, and maximize the value of their project assets. Beginning with the siting, installation, and operation of a high-quality wind monitoring program, this book continues with methods of data quality control and validation, extrapolating measurements from anemometer height to turbine height, adjusting short-term obserTable of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Where do Winds Come From? 2 1.2 Key Characteristics of the Wind 4 1.3 Wind Power Plants 6 1.4 Purpose and Organization of this Book 9 1.5 Questions for Discussion 10 PART 1 Wind Monitoring 13 2. Overview of a Wind Resource Assessment Campaign 15 2.1 Site Identification 16 2.2 Resource Monitoring 16 2.3 Wind Resource Analysis 20 3. Siting a Wind Project 23 3.1 Site Selection 23 3.2 Regional Wind Resource Information 25 3.3 Field Surveys 29 3.4 Tower Placement 30 3.5 Permitting for Wind Monitoring 33 3.6 Land Lease Agreements 34 3.7 Questions for Discussion 35 4. Monitoring Station Instrumentation and Measurements 37 4.1 Basic Measurements 37 4.2 Additional Measurements 45 4.3 Recorded Parameters and Sampling Intervals 49 4.4 Data Loggers 50 4.5 Data Storage Devices 51 4.6 Data Transfer Equipment 52 4.7 Power Sources 55 4.8 Towers and Sensor Support Hardware 56 4.9 Wiring 57 4.10 Measurement System Accuracy and Reliability 58 4.11 Questions for Review and Discussion 59 5. Installation of Monitoring Stations 61 5.1 Equipment Procurement 61 5.2 Equipment Acceptance Testing and Field Preparation 62 5.3 Installation Team 64 5.4 Safety 64 5.5 Determination of True North 65 5.6 Tower Installation 66 5.7 Sensor and Equipment Installation 70 5.8 Site Commissioning 80 5.9 Documentation 81 5.10 Cost and Labor Estimates 81 5.11 Questions for Discussion 84 6. Station Operation and Maintenance 87 6.1 Site Visits 88 6.2 Operation and Maintenance Procedures 88 6.3 Documentation 92 6.4 Spare Parts Inventory 93 6.5 Questions for Discussion 93 7. Data Collection and Handling 99 7.1 Raw Data Storage 99 7.2 Data Retrieval 101 7.3 Data Retrieval Frequency 101 7.4 Data Protection and Storage 101 7.5 Documentation 102 7.6 Questions for Discussion 103 8. Ground-Based Remote Sensing Systems 105 8.1 Sodar 106 8.2 Lidar 108 8.3 Remote Sensing Campaign Design and Siting 109 8.4 Data Collection and Processing 110 8.5 Comparisons with Conventional Anemometry 111 8.6 Questions for Discussion 113 PART 2 Data Analysis and Resource Assessment 115 9. Data Validation 117 9.1 Data Conversion 118 9.2 Data Validation 119 9.3 Post-Validation Adjustments 125 9.4 Data Substitution and Averaging 127 9.5 Questions for Discussion 128 10. Characterizing the Observed Wind Resource 130 10.1 Summarizing the Observed Wind Resource 130 10.2 Questions for Discussion 141 11. Estimating the Resource at Hub Height 143 11.1 Wind Speed 143 11.2 Time-Varying Speeds and Speed Distributions 150 11.3 Other Parameters 151 11.4 Questions for Discussion 152 12. The Climate Adjustment Process 155 12.1 Is the Wind Climate Stable? 156 12.2 Requirements for Accurate MCP 159 12.3 Sources of Reference Data 166 12.4 The Target–Reference Relationship 170 12.5 Questions for Discussion 174 13. Wind Flow Modeling 178 13.1 Types of Wind Flow Models 179 13.2 Application of Numerical Wind Flow Models 189 13.3 Questions for Discussion 191 14. Offshore Resource Assessment 195 14.1 Nature of the Offshore Wind Environment 197 14.2 Wind Resource Monitoring Systems 201 14.3 Operations and Maintenance of Offshore Systems 212 14.4 Satellite-Based Microwave Sensors 213 15. Uncertainty in Wind Resource Assessment 220 15.1 Measurement Uncertainty 221 15.2 Historical Wind Resource 221 15.3 Future Wind Resource 223 15.4 Wind Shear 224 15.5 Wind Flow Modeling Uncertainty 225 15.6 Combining Uncertainties 226 15.7 Questions for Discussion 230 16. Plant Design and Energy Production Estimation 233 16.1 Plant Design Software 233 16.2 Setting up the Project 235 16.3 Wind Resource Data 237 16.4 Selecting a Turbine 239 16.5 Designing and Optimizing a Turbine Layout 243 16.6 Gross and Net Energy Production 244 16.7 Special Topics 248 16.8 Questions for Discussion 256 Appendix A. Wind Resource Assessment Equipment Vendors 260 Wind Resource Assessment Equipment 261 Appendix B. Selected Source of GIS Data 263 Sources of GIS Data Related to Wind Resource Assessment 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisA real-world guide to practical applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) The nondestructive nature of ground penetrating radar makes it an important and popular method of subsurface imaging, but it is a highly specialized field, requiring a deep understanding of the underlying science for successful application. Introduction to Ground Penetrating Radar: Inverse Scattering and Data Processing provides experienced professionals with the background they need to ensure precise data collection and analysis. Written to build upon the information presented in more general introductory volumes, the book discusses the fundamental mathematical, physical, and engineering principles upon which GPR is built. Real-world examples and field data provide readers an accurate view of day-to-day GPR use. Topics include: 2D scattering for dielectric and magnetic targets 3D scattering equations and migration algorithms Host medium characterTable of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix Contributors xxi 1 Introduction to GPR Prospecting 1 1.1 What Is a GPR? 1 1.2 GPR Systems and GPR Signals 4 1.3 GPR Application Fields 5 1.4 Measurement Configurations, Bands, and Polarizations 6 1.5 GPR Data Processing 8 2 Characterization of the Host Medium 10 2.1 The Characteristics of the Host Medium 10 2.2 The Measure of the Propagation Velocity in a Masonry 11 2.3 The Measure of the Propagation Velocity in a Homogeneous Soil 13 2.3.1 Interfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Null Offset: The Case of a Point-like Target 13 2.3.2 Interfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Null Offset: The Case of a Circular Target 17 2.3.3 Interfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Non-null Offset: The Case of a Point-like Target 18 2.3.4 Noninterfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Null Offset: The Case of a Point-like Target 22 2.3.5 Interfacial Data in Common Midpoint (CMP) Mode 25 2.4 Lossy, Magnetic, and Dispersive Media 27 Questions 31 3 GPR Data Sampling: Frequency and Time Steps 32 3.1 Stepped Frequency GPR Systems: The Problem of the Aliasing and the Frequency Step 32 3.2 Shape and Thickness of the GPR Pulses 36 3.3 Stepped Frequency GPR Systems: The Problem of the Demodulation and the Frequency Step 40 3.4 Aliasing and Time Step for Pulsed GPR Systems 45 Questions 47 4 The 2d Scattering Equations for Dielectric Targets 48 4.1 Preliminary Remarks 48 4.2 Derivation of the Scattering Equations Without Considering the Effect of the Antennas 51 4.3 Calculation of the Incident Field Radiated by a Filamentary Current 61 4.4 The Plane Wave Spectrum of an Electromagnetic Source in a Homogeneous Space 61 4.5 The Insertion of the Source Characteristics in the Scattering Equations 65 4.6 The Far Field in a Homogeneous Lossless Space in Terms of Plane Wave Spectrum 69 4.7 The Effective Length of an Electromagnetic Source in a Homogeneous Space 73 4.8 The Insertion of the Receiver Characteristics in the Scattering Equations 75 Questions 77 5 The 2d Scattering Equations for Magnetic Targets 79 5.1 The Scattering Equations with Only Magnetic Anomalies 79 5.2 The Contribution of the x-Component of the Fitzgerald Vector 83 5.3 The Contribution of the z-Component of the Fitzgerald Vector 88 5.4 The Joined Contribution of Both the x- and z-Components of the Fitzgerald Vector 93 5.5 The Case with Both Dielectric and Magnetic Anomalies 94 Questions 95 6 ILL-posedness and Nonlinearity 96 6.1 Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering 96 6.2 Ill-Posedness 97 6.3 Nonlinearity 97 6.4 The Ill-Posedness of the Inverse Scattering Problem 100 6.5 The Nonlinearity of the Inverse Scattering Problem 103 Questions 103 7 Extraction of the Scattered Field Data From the GPR Data 105 7.1 Zero Timing 105 7.2 Muting of Interface Contributions 106 7.3 The Differential Configuration 110 7.4 The Background Removal 111 Questions 115 8 the Born Approximation 116 8.1 The Classical Born Approximation 116 8.2 The Born Approximation in the Presence of Magnetic Targets 119 8.3 Weak and Nonweak Scattering Objects 120 Questions 121 9 Diffraction Tomography 122 9.1 Introduction to Diffraction Tomography 122 9.2 Diffraction Tomography for Dielectric Targets 123 9.3 Diffraction Tomography for Dielectric Targets Seen Under a Limited View Angle 130 9.4 The Effective Maximum and Minimum View Angle 140 9.5 Horizontal Resolution 142 9.6 Vertical Resolution 145 9.7 Spatial Step 147 9.8 Frequency Step 148 9.9 Time Step 149 9.10 The Effect of a Non-null Height of the Observation Line 150 9.11 The Effect of the Radiation Characteristics of the Antennas 156 9.12 DT Relationship in the Presence of Magnetic Targets 158 9.13 DT Relationship for a Differential Configuration 160 9.14 DT Relationship in the Presence of Background Removal 163 Questions 168 10 Two-dimensional Migration Algorithms 169 10.1 Migration in the Frequency Domain 169 10.2 Migration in the Time Domain (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 175 Questions 181 11 Three-dimensional Scattering Equations 182 Lorenzo Lo Monte, Raffaele Persico, and Raffaele Solimene 11.1 Scattering in Three Dimensions: Redefinition of the Main Symbols 182 11.2 The Scattering Equations in 3D 184 11.3 Three-Dimensional Green’s Functions 184 11.4 The Incident Field 185 11.5 Homogeneous 3D Green’s Functions 187 11.6 The Plane Wave Spectrum of a 3D Homogeneous Green’s Fucntion 192 11.7 Half-Space Green’s Functions 197 Questions 204 12 Three-dimensional Diffraction Tomography 205 12.1 Born Approximation and DT in 3D 205 12.2 Ideal and Limited-View-Angle 3D Retrievable Spectral Sets 210 12.3 Spatial Step and Transect 212 12.4 Horizontal Resolution (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 213 12.5 Vertical Resolution, Frequency and Time Steps 217 Questions 218 13 Three-dimensional Migration Algorithms 219 13.1 3D Migration Formulas in the Frequency Domain 219 13.2 3D Migration Formulas in the Time Domain 222 13.3 3D Versus 2D Migration Formulas in the Time Domain 226 Questions 228 14 The Singular Value Decomposition 229 14.1 The Method of Moments 229 14.2 Reminders About Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 231 14.3 The Singular Value Decomposition 234 14.4 The Study of the Inverse Scattering Relationship by Means of the SVD 238 Questions 241 15 Numerical and Experimental Examples 242 15.1 Examples with Regard to the Measure of the Propagation Velocity 242 15.1.1 Common Offset Interfacial Data with Null Offset on a Homogeneous Soil 242 15.1.2 Common Offset Interfacial Data on a Wall, Neglecting the Offset Between the Antennas 245 15.1.3 Interfacial Common Offset Data on a Homogeneous Soil: The Effect on the Offset Between the Antennas 247 15.1.4 Noninterfacial Common Offset Data with a Null Offset Between the Antennas 249 15.1.5 Common Midpoint Data 250 15.2 Exercises on Spatial Step and Horizontal Resolution 252 15.3 Exercises on Frequency Step and Vertical Resolution 264 15.4 Exercises on the Number of Trial Unknowns 271 15.5 Exercises on Spectral and Spatial Contents 274 15.6 Exercises on the Effect of the Height of the Observation Line 280 15.7 Exercises on the Effect of the Extent of the Investigation Domain 284 15.8 Exercises on the Effects of the Background Removal 295 15.9 2D and 3D Migration Examples with a Single Set and Two Crossed Sets of B-Scans (Marcello Ciminale, Giovanni Leucci, Loredana Matera, and Raffaele Persico) 304 15.10 2D and 3D Inversion Examples (Ilaria Catapano and Raffaele Persico) 311 Appendices 327 Appendix A (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 329 Appendix B 334 Appendix C 335 Appendix D 337 Appendix E 340 Appendix F (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 346 Appendix G: Answers to Questions 349 References 358 Index 365

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Book SynopsisRemote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 7th Edition is designed to be primarily used in two ways: as a textbook in the introductory courses in remote sensing and image interpretation, and as a reference for the burgeoning number of practitioners who use geospatial information and analysis in their work.Trade Review“Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation by Lillesand, Kiefer, and Chipman is one of those three or four “must have” books that every remote sensing scientist has as part of their personal library.” (Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1 August 2015)Table of Contents1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles 4 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere 9 1.4 Energy Interactions with Earth Surface Features 12 1.5 Data Acquisition and Digital Image Concepts 30 1.6 Reference Data 39 1.7 The Global Positioning System and Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems 43 1.8 Characteristics of Remote Sensing Systems 45 1.9 Successful Application of Remote Sensing 49 1.10 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 52 1.11 Spatial Data Frameworks for GIS and Remote Sensing 57 1.12 Visual Image Interpretation 59 2 Elements of Photographic Systems 85 2.1 Introduction 85 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography 86 2.3 Photographic Basics 89 2.4 Film Photography 99 2.5 Digital Photography 115 2.6 Aerial Cameras 118 2.7 Spatial Resolution of Camera Systems 136 2.8 Aerial Videography 143 2.9 Conclusion 145 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry 146 3.1 Introduction 146 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs 150 3.3 Photographic Scale 159 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs 164 3.5 Area Measurement 167 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features 170 3.7 Image Parallax 177 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography 188 3.9 Determining the Elements of Exterior Orientation of Aerial Photographs 189 3.10 Production of Mapping Products from Aerial Photographs 194 3.11 Flight Planning 210 3.12 Conclusion 217 4 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing 218 4.1 Introduction 218 4.2 Across-Track Scanning 219 4.3 Along-Track Scanning 225 4.4 Example Across-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery 226 4.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery 230 4.6 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery 232 4.7 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner Imagery 241 4.8 Thermal Imaging 243 4.9 Thermal Radiation Principles 245 4.10 Interpreting Thermal Imagery 254 4.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Images and Temperature Mapping 265 4.12 FLIR Systems 269 4.13 Hyperspectral Sensing 271 4.14 Conclusion 282 5 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum 283 5.1 Introduction 283 5.2 General Characteristics of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems Operating in the Optical Spectrum 285 5.3 Moderate Resolution Systems 295 5.4 Landsat-1 to -7 296 5.5 Landsat-8 309 5.6 Future Landsat Missions and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems 322 5.7 SPOT-1 to -5 324 5.8 SPOT-6 and -7 336 5.9 Evolution of Other Moderate Resolution Systems 339 5.10 Moderate Resolution Systems Launched prior to 1999 340 5.11 Moderate Resolution Systems Launched since 1999 342 5.12 High Resolution Systems 349 5.13 Hyperspectral Satellite Systems 356 5.14 Meteorological Satellites Frequently Applied to Earth Surface Feature Observation 359 5.15 NOAA POES Satellites 360 5.16 JPSS Satellites 363 5.17 GOES Satellites 366 5.18 Ocean Monitoring Satellites 367 5.19 Earth Observing System 371 5.20 Space Station Remote Sensing 379 5.21 Space Debris 382 6 Microwave and Lidar Sensing 385 6.1 Introduction 385 6.2 Radar Development 386 6.3 Imaging Radar System Operation 389 6.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar 399 6.5 Geometric Characteristics of Radar Imagery 402 6.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals 409 6.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics 413 6.8 Radar Image Interpretation 417 6.9 Interferometric Radar 435 6.10 Radar Remote Sensing from Space 441 6.11 Seasat-1 and the Shuttle Imaging Radar Missions 443 6.12 Almaz-1 448 6.13 ERS, Envisat, and Sentinel-1 448 6.14 JERS-1, ALOS, and ALOS-2 450 6.15 Radarsat 452 6.16 TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and PAZ 455 6.17 The COSMO-SkyMed Constellation 457 6.18 Other High-Resolution Spaceborne Radar Systems 458 6.19 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 459 6.20 Spaceborne Radar System Summary 462 6.21 Radar Altimetry 464 6.22 Passive Microwave Sensing 466 6.23 Basic Principles of Lidar 471 6.24 Lidar Data Analysis and Applications 475 6.25 Spaceborne Lidar 482 7 Digital Image Analysis 485 7.1 Introduction 485 7.2 Preprocessing of Images 488 7.3 Image Enhancement 500 7.4 Contrast Manipulation 501 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation 507 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation 517 7.7 Image Classification 537 7.8 Supervised Classification 538 7.9 The Classification Stage 540 7.10 The Training Stage 546 7.11 Unsupervised Classification 556 7.12 Hybrid Classification 560 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels 562 7.14 The Output Stage and Postclassification Smoothing 568 7.15 Object-Based Classification 570 7.16 Neural Network Classification 573 7.17 Classification Accuracy Assessment 575 7.18 Change Detection 582 7.19 Image Time Series Analysis 587 7.20 Data Fusion and GIS Integration 591 7.21 Hyperspectral Image Analysis 598 7.22 Biophysical Modeling 602 7.23 Conclusion 608 8 Applications of Remote Sensing 609 8.1 Introduction 609 8.2 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping 611 8.3 Geologic and Soil Mapping 618 8.4 Agricultural Applications 628 8.5 Forestry Applications 632 8.6 Rangeland Applications 638 8.7 Water Resource Applications 639 8.8 Snow and Ice Applications 649 8.9 Urban and Regional Planning Applications 652 8.10 Wetland Mapping 654 8.11 Wildlife Ecology Applications 658 8.12 Archaeological Applications 662 8.13 Environmental Assessment and Protection 665 8.14 Natural Disaster Assessment 668 8.15 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation 678 8.16 Conclusion 697 Works Cited 699 Index 709 SI Units Frequently Used in Remote Sensing 720 Appendices—Available online at www.wiley.com/college/lillesand Appendix A: Radiometric Concepts, Terminology, and Units Appendix B: Sample Coordinate Transformation and Resampling Procedures Appendix C: Radar Signal Concepts, Terminology, and Units

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Book SynopsisThe mechanics of fluid flow is a fundamental engineering discipline explaining both natural phenomena and human-induced processes, and a thorough understanding of it is central to the operations of the oil and gas industry.Table of ContentsPreface 13 Part I. Fundamentals of the Mechanics of Continua 15 I. Basic Concepts of the Mechanics of Continua 15 II. Conservation Laws. Integral and Differential Equations of Continuous Medium 27 III. Continuous Medium Deformation Rate 45 IV. Liquids 57 V. Basics of the Dimensionality and Conformity Theory 73 Part II. Hydromechanics 91 VI. Hydrostatics 91 VII. Flow of Ideal Fluid 105 VIII. Parallel-Plane Flows of Ideal Incompressible Fluid 135 IX. Flow of Viscous Incompressible Fluid in Prismatic Tubes 153 X. Turbulent Flow of Fluids in Pipes 165 XI. Hydraulic Calculation for Pipelines 179 XII. Fluid’s Outflow from Orifices and Nozzles 191 XIII. Non-Stationary Flow of Viscous Fluid in Tubes 201 XIV. Laminar Boundary Layer 233 XV. Unidimensional Gas Flows 243 XVI. Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids 277 XVII. Two-Phase Flow in Pipes 299 Part III. Oil and Gas Subsurface Hydromechanics 317 XVIII. Main Definitions and Concepts of Fluid and Gas Flow, Darcy’s Law and Experiment 317 XIX. Mathematical Models of Uniphase Filtration 345 XX. Unidimensional Transient-Free Filtration of Incompressible Fluid and Gas in an Uniform Porous Medium 363 XXI. Unidemensional Filtration of Incompressible Liquid and Gas in a Nonuniform Reservoirs Under Darcy’s Law 395 XXII. Flat Transient-Free Filtration Flows 409 XXIII. Non-Stationary Flow of an Elastic Fluid in an Elastic Reservoir 427 XXIV. Non-Stationary Flow of Gas in a Porous Medium 469 XXV. Filtration of Non-Newtonian Liquid 489 XXVI. Liquid and Gas Flow in Fractured and Fractured-Porous Media 513 Appendix A 537 References 555 Subject Index 565

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsContributors xiii Foreword xiv Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii Acronyms xviii 1 Mean Climate and Seasonal Cycle 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rainfall and Evaporation Climatologies 3 1.3 Water Vapour and Clouds 12 1.4 Radiation, Dust, Sunshine Duration, Vegetation and Soil Water 14 1.5 Pressure, Temperature, Humidity and Wind at the Surface 18 1.6 Upper Air Wind, Mass and Humidity Fields 22 1.7 Summary Schematics of the January and July West African Monsoon System 33 2 Synoptic Systems 40 2.1 Scientific Background 40 2.2 Operational Methods and Canonical Synoptic Patterns 71 3 Deep Convection 90 3.1 Scientific Background 90 3.2 Operational Methods 115 4 Local Weather 130 4.1 Scientific Background 130 4.2 Operational Methods 160 5 Dust 175 5.1 Scientific Background 175 5.2 Operational Methods 188 6 Nowcasting 204 6.1 Scientific Background 204 6.2 Operational Methods for Nowcasting Severe Weather 221 7 Subseasonal Forecasting 255 7.1 Scientific Background 255 7.2 Operational Methods 277 8 Seasonal Forecasting 289 8.1 Scientific Background 289 8.2 Operational Methods 316 9 Remote Sensing 323 9.1 Scientific Background 323 9.2 Operational Methods 362 9.3 Case Study, Presentations and Other Resources 373 10 Numerical Weather Prediction over Africa 380 10.1 Scientific Background 380 10.2 Operational Numerical Weather Prediction over Africa 397 11 West African Synthetic Analysis and Forecast: WASA/F 423 11.1 Introduction 423 11.2 The intertropical discontinuity/intertropical front, or intertropical boundary in Ghana 425 11.3 The Heat Low or Thermal Depression 426 11.4 The Subtropical Jet 429 11.5 Features Associated with Mid]latitudes 430 11.6 Mid]level Dry Air 431 11.7 The Tropical Easterly Jet 431 11.8 The African Easterly Jet 433 11.9 African Easterly Waves and Cyclonic Vortices 435 11.10 The African Monsoon Layer and the Monsoon Trough 441 11.11 Dust or Sand 444 11.12 Convection 444

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Book SynopsisInvasive species have a critical and growing effect upon natural areas. They can modify, degrade, or destroy wildland ecosystem structure and function, and reduce native biodiversity. Landscape-level solutions are needed to address these problems.Table of ContentsList of contributors, vi Preface, viii 1 Integrating biological control into a conservation context: why is it necessary?, 1Kevin M. Heinz, Roy G. Van Driesche, and Daniel Simberloff 2 Designing restoration programs based on understanding the drivers of ecological change, 4Christian O. Marks and Roy G. Van Driesche 3 Matching tools to management goals, 22Charlotte Causton and Roy G. Van Driesche 4 Tools in action: understanding tradeoffs through case histories, 54Roy G. Van Driesche, Bernd Blossey, and Daniel Simberloff 5 Benefit–risk assessment of biological control in wildlands, 80Roy G. Van Driesche and Daniel Simberloff 6 Systematics and biological control, 105Jeremy C. Andersen and David L. Wagner 7 Forecasting unintended effects of natural enemies used for classical biological control of invasive species, 130Mark S. Hoddle 8 Measuring and evaluating ecological outcomes of biological control introductions, 161Bernd Blossey 9 Methods for evaluation of natural enemy impacts on invasive pests of wildlands, 189Roy G. Van Driesche 10 Cases of biological control restoring natural systems, 208Roy G. Van Driesche, Paul D. Pratt, Ted D. Center, Min B. Rayamajhi, Phil W. Tipping, Mary Purcell, Simon Fowler, Charlotte Causton, Mark S. Hoddle, Leyla Kaufman, Russell H. Messing, Michael E. Montgomery, Rieks van Klinken, Jian J. Duan, and Jean-Yves Meyer 11 Societal values expressed through policy and regulations concerning biological control releases, 247Andy W. Sheppard and Keith D. Warner 12 Managing conflict over biological control: the case of strawberry guava in Hawaii, 264M. Tracy Johnson 13 An ethical framework for integrating biological control into conservation practice, 277Keith D. Warner 14 Economics of biological control for species invading wildlands, 294Roy G. Van Driesche and Kevin M. Heinz 15 The future of biological control: a proposal for fundamental reform, 314Bernd Blossey Concluding thoughts on future actions, 329Roy G. Van Driesche, Daniel Simberloff, and David L. Wagner Index, 330

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Book SynopsisThe third in a trilogy of global overviews of conservation of diverse and ecologically important insect groups. The first two were Beetles in Conservation (2010) and Hymenoptera and Conservation (2012).Trade Review“For this reason, it will serve as an important introduction to Lepidoptera conservation for graduate students and biologists, as well as a reference for conservation practitioners.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 December 2015) “As with New’s previous books, this is well written, easy-to-understand, comprehensive, and highly organized, providing a valuable overview of the challenges and goals associated with conservation efforts. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; general readers.” (Choice, 1 October 2014) Table of ContentsPreface viii Acknowledgements xiii 1 Lepidoptera and Invertebrate Conservation 1 Introduction 1 Biological background 3 Sources of information 11 2 The Diversity of Lepidoptera 16 Introduction 16 Distinguishing taxa 19 Drivers of diversity 28 3 Causes for Concern 32 Introduction: Historical background 32 Extinctions and declines 33 4 Support for Flagship Taxa 40 Introduction 40 Community endeavour 41 Flagships 44 5 Studying and Sampling Lepidoptera for Conservation 48 Introduction 48 Sampling methods 50 Interpretation for conservation 64 Priorities amongst species 66 Priority for conservation 71 Species to areas 76 Critical faunas 82 Related approaches 85 6 Population Structures and Dynamics 94 Introduction: Distinguishing populations 94 Metapopulation biology 97 Vulnerability 108 7 Understanding Habitats 117 Introduction: The meaning of ‘habitat’ 117 Habitat loss 123 8 Communities and Assemblages 142 Introduction: Expanding the context 142 ‘Vulnerable groups’ 144 Habitats and landscapes 147 Assessing changes 152 Forests 152 Agriculture 153 Urbanisation 155 9 Single Species Studies: Benefits and Limitations 161 Introduction 161 Some case histories 168 The Large blue butterfly, Maculinea arion, in England 169 The Large copper butterfly, Lycaena dispar, in England 170 The Brenton blue butterfly, Orachrysops niobe, in South Africa 172 The Richmond birdwing butterfly, Ornithoptera richmondia, in Australia 173 The Golden sun-moth, Synemon plana, in south-eastern Australia 174 The New Forest burnet moth, Zygaena viciae, in Scotland 175 The Essex emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima, in England 176 The Fabulous green sphinx of Kaua’i, Tinostoma smaragditis, in Hawai’i 177 Blackburn’s sphinx moth, Manduca blackburni, in Hawai’i 177 Variety of contexts 179 10 Ex Situ Conservation 183 Introduction: Contexts and needs 183 Lepidoptera in captivity 187 Inbreeding 188 Pathogens 189 Translocations and quality control 190 Assisted colonisation 192 11 Lepidoptera and Protective Legislation 197 Introduction 197 Prohibition of collecting 201 12 Defining and Alleviating Threats: Recovery Planning 206 Introduction: The variety of threats to Lepidoptera 206 Alien species 207 Diseases 209 Climate change 210 Exploitation for human need 214 Light pollution 217 Pesticides 218 Habitat manipulation and management 219 Grazing 225 Mowing 228 Coppicing 229 Burning 229 13 Assessing Conservation Progress, Outcomes and Prospects 241 Introduction 241 Monitoring conservation progress 242 Indicators 246 Future priorities and needs 255 Index 260

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword ix 1 British Rivers: Status and Condition 1 2 River Types: A Brief Overview 9 3 River Types: Observations and Theory 19 4 “Reading” Rivers 123 5 Towards Sensitive and Appropriate Management 159 References 167 Place and River Index 187 Subject Index 189

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Book SynopsisRock magnetic cyclostratigraphy merges environmental magnetism, in which rock magnetic measurements are used to detect past environmental change, and cyclostratigraphy, in which cyclic variations of lithology or a sedimentary rock s physical properties are related to astronomically-forced paleoclimate change.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1 1.1 Rock Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy 1 1.2 Basic Steps of a Rock Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy Study 4 1.3 The Significance of Rock Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy 6 1.4 Layout of the Book 7 References 8 2 Rock Magnetism 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Types of Magnetism 12 2.3 Ferromagnetic Minerals 16 2.4 Fine Particle Magnetism 20 2.4.1 Hysteresis 20 2.4.2 Magnetic Particle Anisotropy 24 2.4.3 Domain State 25 2.5 Environmental Magnetic Parameters 26 2.5.1 Individual Environmental Magnetic Parameters 26 2.5.2 Ratios of Environmental Magnetic Parameters 29 2.6 Identification of Magnetic Mineralogies and Choosing a Rock Magnetic Parameter for Cyclostratigraphy 31 References 32 3 Magnetostratigraphy 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Measuring Magnetostratigraphy 37 3.2.1 Sampling Strategy 37 3.2.2 Sample Collection 37 3.2.3 Measurement and Demagnetization 38 3.2.4 Tests to Constrain the Age of Remanence 41 3.2.5 Plotting of Magnetostratigraphic Data and Determining a Reversal Stratigraphy 42 3.3 Tying to the GPTS 46 3.4 Providing the Best Time Resolution from Magnetostratigraphy 49 References 49 4 Time Series Analysis for Cyclostratigraphy 52 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Geological Time Series 53 4.3 Time Series Analysis Tools and Eocene Arguis Rock Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy 54 4.3.1 Sampling and Interpolation 54 4.3.2 Detrending, Smoothing, and “Prewhitening” 56 4.3.3 Filtering Basics 56 4.3.4 Digital Filters 58 4.3.5 Spectral Analysis 58 4.3.6 Hypothesis Testing and Noise Modeling 73 4.3.7 Time-Frequency Analysis 81 4.3.8 Coherency and Cross-Phase Analysis 83 References 87 5 Milankovitch Forcing Theory 90 5.1 Introduction 90 5.2 Astronomical Parameters 90 5.3 Insolation 93 5.4 Astronomical Tuning and Timescales 93 5.4.1 The Initial Timescale 93 5.4.2 Traditional Astronomical Tuning 96 5.4.3 Objective Astronomical Tuning 97 References 97 6 Case Studies of Rock Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy 99 6.1 Introduction and Environmental Shredding 99 6.2 Stirone River Section, Northern Italy 101 6.3 Arguis Formation, Spanish Pyrenees 104 6.4 Cupido Formation Platform Carbonates, Northeastern Mexico 107 6.5 Latemar Massif, Triassic Carbonates, Northern Italy 111 6.6 Daye Formation, Triassic Carbonates, South China 113 6.7 Mauch Chunk Formation: Mississippian Red Beds, Pottsville, Pennsylvania 117 6.8 Rainstorm Member of the Neoproterozoic Johnnie Formation, Death Valley, California 119 6.9 Encoding of Orbitally Forced Climate Signals 123 References 124 7 Doing Rock Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy 128 7.1 Study Design 128 7.2 Field Sampling 131 7.3 Laboratory Preparation 132 7.4 Remanence Measurements 134 7.5 Time Series Analysis: Summary of Procedures 137 7.5.1 Preparation of the Data Series 138 7.5.2 Spectral Estimation 138 7.5.3 Significance of the Spectral Peaks 139 7.5.4 Evolutionary Spectrogram 140 7.5.5 Tuning and Filtering 140 7.6 Identifying Astronomically Forced Climate Cycles 141 References 143 Appendix 145 Glossary 157 Index 161

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Book SynopsisProvides the first comprehensive review of the current state of the science on tills It is critical that glacial scientists continue to refine their interpretations of ancient archives of subglacial processes, specifically those represented by tills and associated deposits, as they form the most widespread and accessible record of processes at the ice-bed interface. Unfortunately, despite a long history of investigation and a lexicon of process-based nomenclature, glacial sedimentologists have yet to reach a consensus on diagnostic criteria for identifying till genesis in the geological record. What should be called till? Based on the author's extensive field research, as well as the latest literature on the subject, this book attempts to provide a definitive answer to that question. It critically reviews the global till literature and experimental and laboratory-based assessments of subglacial processes, as well as the theoretical constructs that have emerged from proTrade Review"If you are looking for a text that brings together a detailed review of the current state of Till science, then this book is highly recommended." Geoscientist OnlineTable of ContentsAcknowledgements vii 1 Glacigenic Diamictons – A Rationale for Study 1 2 A Brief History of Till Research and Developing Nomenclature 7 3 Till – When is it an Inappropriate Term? 30 4 Glacigenic Diamictons: A Strategy for Field Description and Analysis 35 4.1 Diamicton 35 4.2 (Glacigenic) Melange 37 4.3 Physics of Material Behaviour 40 4.4 Typical Structures 44 4.5 Clast Macrofabrics and Microfabrics 44 5 Subglacial Sedimentary Processes: Origins of Till Matrix and Terminal Grade 54 6 Subglacial Sedimentary Processes:Modern Observations on Till Evolution 59 6.1 Lodgement, Lee-Side Cavity Filling and Ploughing 59 6.2 Deformation 69 6.3 Soft-Bed Sliding (Ice Keel Ploughing), Meltwater Drainage and Ice–Bed Decoupling 77 6.4 Melt-Out 83 6.5 Glacitectonite Production, Rafting and Cannibalisation 86 7 Subglacial Sedimentary Processes: Laboratory and Modelling Experiments on Till Evolution 98 8 Measuring Strain Signatures in Glacial Deposits 104 9 The Geological Record: Products of Lodgement, Cavity Fill and the Boulder Pavement Problem 132 9.1 Introduction – Repositioning Field Studies and Experimental Reductionism 132 9.2 Lodgement 134 9.3 Clast (Boulder) Pavements 139 9.4 Lee-side Cavity Fills 142 10 The Geological Record: Deforming Bed Deposits 145 11 The Geological Record: Sliding Bed Deposits 179 12 The Geological Record: Impacts of PressurisedWater (Clastic Dykes) 188 13 The Geological Record: Melt-out Till 202 14 The Geological Record: Glacitectonite 222 15 Glacial Diamictons Unrelated to Subglacial Processes 259 16 Till Spatial Mosaics, Temporal Variability and Architecture 298 17 Concluding Remarks: The Case for a Simplified Nomenclature 333 References 342 Index 385

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to multiple-point geostatistics, where spatial continuity is described using training images. Multiple-point geostatistics aims at bridging the gap between physical modelling/realism and spatio-temporal stochastic modelling. The book provides an overview of this new field in three parts. Part I presents a conceptual comparison between traditional random function theory and stochastic modelling based on training images, where random function theory is not always used. Part II covers in detail various algorithms and methodologies starting from basic building blocks in statistical science and computer science. Concepts such as non-stationary and multi-variate modeling, consistency between data and model, the construction of training images and inverse modelling are treated. Part III covers three example application areas, namely, reservoir modelling, mineral resources modelling and climate model downscaling. This book will be an invaluable rTrade Review"I benefited from this book and plan to keep it as a resource on my bookshelf. I recommend Multiple-point Geostatistics: Stochastic Modeling with Training Images to my peers in mathematical geosciences." (Mathematical Geosciences, 2016)Table of ContentsPreface, vii Acknowledgments, xi Part I Concepts I.1 Hiking in the Sierra Nevada, 3 I.2 Spatial estimation based on random function theory, 7 I.3 Universal kriging with training images, 29 I.4 Stochastic simulations based on random function theory, 49 I.5 Stochastic simulation without random function theory, 59 I.6 Returning to the Sierra Nevada, 75 Part II Methods II.1 Introduction, 87 II.2 The algorithmic building blocks, 91 II.3 Multiple-point geostatistics algorithms, 155 II.4 Markov random fields, 173 II.5 Nonstationary modeling with training images, 183 II.6 Multivariate modeling with training images, 199 II.7 Training image construction, 221 II.8 Validation and quality control, 239 II.9 Inverse modeling with training images, 259 II.10 Parallelization, 295 Part III Applications III.1 Reservoir forecasting – the West Coast of Africa (WCA) reservoir, 303 III.2 Geological resources modeling in mining, 329 Coauthored by Cristian P´erez, Julian M. Ortiz, & Alexandre Boucher III.3 Climate modeling application – the case of the Murray–Darling Basin, 345 Index, 361

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Book SynopsisThe Holocene provides students, researchers and lay-readers with the remarkable story of how the natural world has been transformed since the end of the last Ice Age around 15,000 years ago. This period has witnessed a shift from environmental changes determined by natural forces to those dominated by human actions, including those of climate and greenhouse gases. Understanding the environmental changes - both natural and anthropogenic - that have occurred during the Holocene is of crucial importance if we are to achieve a sustainable environmental future. Revised and updated to take full account of the most recent advances, the third edition of this classic text includes substantial material on the scientific methods that are used to reconstruct and date past environments, as well as new concepts such as the Anthropocene. The book is fully-illustrated, global in coverage, and contains case studies, a glossary and more than 500 new references.Trade Review“In conclusion, we find the new edition highly recommendable to students and researchers but to those who are interested in how our modern envi­ronment came about and how human kind interacts with nature.” (Geologos Journal, 1 August 2015) “All the sections are very well referenced, making this a good book for serious research or to dip into a particular area of interest to the reader. For a reference work it is surprisingly easy to just sit and read, which I did, and found it interesting through to the last page. I particularly liked the way a wide range of ideas and disciplines were brought together to form a coherent thread throughout the book.” (Proceedings of the Open University Geological Society, 1 April 2015) “The text makes enjoyable reading, and although the author introduces many technical terms, they are all covered in a glossary at the end and included in the index. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above; general readers.” (Choice, 1 October 2014) “This excellent book should be mandatory reading for any student taking a palaeobased environmental change module, and academics will also very much enjoy reading Neil Roberts’ fine prose.” (The Holocene, 1 October 2014) Table of ContentsTechnical boxes viii Preface to the third edition ix Acknowledgements xi About the companion website xii 1 Introduction 1 Sources of information on past environments 2 Nature and society 5 The significance of the Holocene 6 References 7 2 Reconstructing Holocene environments 10 Dating the past 10 Historical and archaeological dating 11 Radiometric dating methods 13 Dendrochronology and radiocarbon calibration 19 Other dating methods 25 Conclusion 28 Palaeoecological techniques 32 Pollen analysis 33 Plant remains 40 Creatures great and small 44 Freshwater and marine organisms 46 Geological techniques 47 Ice and ocean 51 Stable isotope analysis 53 Geomorphology and climate 55 Geo-archaeology 59 Modelling the past 61 Models of environmental reconstruction 61 Computer model simulations 64 Conclusion 66 References 66 3 The Pleistocene prelude (>11 700 Cal. yr bp) 83 Ice Age environments 83 The glacial–interglacial cycle 83 Understanding the causes of long-term climatic change 88 The Last Glacial Maximum and after 92 The terminal Pleistocene (15 000–11 700 Cal. yr bp) 96 The Late Glacial in the North Atlantic region 96 Terminal Pleistocene climatic oscillation: a globally synchronous event? 102 Adjustment of geomorphic systems 105 Human ecology at the end of the Pleistocene 107 Megafaunal extinctions 110 References 115 4 Early Holocene adaptations (11 700–6000 Cal. yr bp) 128 Changes in the physical environment 128 Ice sheets and sea levels 128 Human adaptations to coastal environments 131 Lake ontogeny and soil development 135 The return of the forests 140 Europe 140 Eastern North America 142 Dry Mediterranean woodland 144 Tropical forests 145 Factors affecting forest re-advance 146 The ecology of Mesolithic Europe 151 The early Holocene in the tropics 154 Saharan palaeoecology 155 Early Holocene climates: Pattern and process 158 Conclusion 165 References 167 5 The first farmers 178 Agricultural origins 178 Southwest Asia 179 China and South Asia 184 Mesoamerica 186 Tropical domesticates 190 Independent innovation or diffusion? 193 The role of environmental change in early agriculture 194 Early agricultural impacts 199 European agricultural dispersals 201 Ecological consequences of early European agriculture 204 Conclusion 207 References 208 6 The taming of nature (6000–1000 Cal. yr bp) 217 Introduction 217 Changes in the natural environment 219 Climate and vegetation 219 The origin and development of blanket mires 228 Coasts and rivers 232 Cultural evolution 235 Hydraulic civilisation in Mesopotamia 236 Environmental impact in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica 239 Pastoral nomadism 241 Mediterranean ecosystems 242 The making of the landscape: The British Isles 249 The primaeval forest 250 Shaugh Moor – a Bronze Age landscape 254 The environmental impact of permanent agricultural clearance 256 Conclusion 261 References 262 7 The impact of modern times (1000–0 Cal. yr bp) 277 Introduction 277 Climatic changes in historical times 280 Climate history and global warming 282 Consequences of medieval and Little Ice Age climate change 288 Expansion at the periphery 291 Conquest of the Northlands 291 The Pacific 295 Ecological imperialism 300 Land-use history and soil erosion 303 Pollution histories 312 Eutrophication: natural or cultural? 312 Acidification and atmospheric pollution 318 References 323 8 The environmental future: A Holocene perspective 336 Holocene environmental crises 340 Environmental conservation and Holocene Environmental history 343 References 347 Appendix: Calibration table for radiocarbon ages 352 Glossary 353 Index 358

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Book SynopsisExplore the latest research in anthropological genetics and understand the genome's role in cultural and social development A Companion to Anthropological Genetics illustrates the role of genetic analysis in advancing the modern study of human origins, populations, evolution, and diversity. Broad in scope, this essential reference work establishes and explores the relationship between genetic research and the major questions of anthropological study. Through contributions by leading researchers, this collection explores molecular genetics and evolutionary mechanisms in the context of macro- and microevolution, paleontology, phylogeny, diet, and disease, with detailed explanations of quantitative methods, including coalescent and approximate Bayesian computation. With an emphasis on contextualizing new and developing genetic research within anthropological frameworks, this text offers critical perspective on the conditions of molecular evolution that accompany cultural and social traTable of ContentsAbout the Editor xi Notes on Contributors xiii Preface xix Part I Anthropological Genetics in Context 1 1 History and Evolution of Anthropological Genetics 3Michael H. Crawford 2 The Ethics of Genetic Ancestry Testing 17Nanibaa’ A. Garrison and Jessica D. Bardill 3 Community‐Oriented Research and the Future of Anthropological Genetics 37Ripan S. Malhi Part II Macroevolution and Phylogenetics 45 4 Calibrating the Clock 47Murray P. Cox 5 Primate Genomics and Phylogenetics 57Christopher A. Schmitt and Omer Gokcumen 6 The Neanderthal and Denisovan Genomes 69Sloan R. Williams 7 Evaluating Correspondence in Phenotypic Variation, Genetic Diversity, Geography, and Environmental Factors 89Noreen von Cramon‐Taubadel 8 Simulating Human Demographic Processes and Patterns of Genetic Variation 107Aida T. Miró‐Herrans Part III Microevolution: Colonization, Dispersal, and Differentiation 121 9 Human Population Structure and History 123John H. Relethford 10 Regional Patterns of Variation: Concepts and Applications 137Graciela S. Cabana 11 Genetic Variation and the Colonization of Eurasia 151Toomas Kivisild 12 Homo sapiens Dispersal and the Peopling of the Americas 165Rafael Bisso‐Machado and Nelson Jurandi Rosa Fagundes 13 Ancient DNA and Bioarcheology 187Jennifer A. Raff Part IV Human Adaptation: Natural Selection and Physiological Variation 199 14 Tempo of Recent Human Evolution 201Michael D. Weight and Henry C. Harpending 15 Natural Selection and Adaptation to Extreme Environments: High Latitudes and Altitudes 219Abigail W. Bigham 16 Sensory Polymorphisms and Dietary Adaptation 233Carrie C. Veilleux 17 The Evolution of the Human Pigmentation Phenotype 251Heather L. Norton 18 Anthropological Genetics and Growth and Development 267Bradford Towne, Ellen W. Demerath, and Stefan A. Czerwinski 19 Epigenetics and Human Variation 293Amy L. Non and Zaneta M. Thayer Part V Anthropology, Genetics, and the Evolution of Health and Disease 309 20 The Primate Immune System: A Survey of Innate and Acquired Immune Genes 311Leslie A. Knapp and Nicole S. Torosin 21 Genetics, Evolutionary Medicine, and the Evolution of Human Pathogens 327Amanda VanSteelandt and Anne C. Stone References 343 Index 445

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Book SynopsisSuitable for advanced undergraduate and first-semester graduate courses in the subject, this title provides a clear and concise understanding of the major topic areas facing environmental professionals. It also provides knowledge and background, as well as opportunities for application, through problems and examples that facilitate understanding.Trade Review“In summary, this textbook on Environmental Engineering: Principles and Practice can be recommended to all teachers with responsibility in environmental engineering. It focuses upon problem solving, introducing statistical analysis, examples with US and SI units, water and wastewater treatment design, sustainability, public health. It offers all major topics of an US environmental engineering curriculum with clear preference for wide-ranging knowledge on the one hand, water treatment on the other.” (International Journal of Environment & Pollution, 1 June 2014)Table of ContentsContributing Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xix About the Cover Artist xix About the Author xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Introduction to environmental engineering and problem solving 1 André J. Butler Learning Objectives 1 1.1 History of environmental engineering 1 1.2 Significant national and international environmental concerns 10 1.3 Prominent federal environmental statues – an overview 10 1.4 An approach to problem solving: a six-step method 15 1.5 Data collection, analysis, interpretation, and communication 18 Summary 38 Key words 40 References 40 Problems 41 2 Essential chemistry concepts 43 Richard O. Mines, Jr. Learning Objectives 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Dimensions, units, and conversions 43 2.3 Balancing reactions 50 2.4 Oxidation-reduction reactions 52 2.5 Thermodynamic equilibrium 53 2.6 Acid-base chemistry 60 2.7 Solubility (solubility product) 82 2.8 Gas phase laws 84 2.9 Organic chemistry overview 89 Summary 95 Key words 99 References 99 Problems 99 3 Water and wastewater characteristics 103 Richard O. Mines, Jr. Learning Objectives 103 3.1 Overview 103 3.2 Water quality parameters 103 3.3 Lumped parameter organic quantification 104 3.4 Physical parameters 110 3.5 Inorganic chemical parameters 116 3.6 Biological and microbiological characteristics 129 3.7 Sample water quality data 133 Summary 135 Key words 136 References 136 Problems 137 4 Essential biology concepts 139 Richard O. Mines, Jr. Learning Objectives 139 4.1 Introduction to microbiological unit processes 139 4.2 Cell basics 140 4.3 Energy and synthesis (carbon and energy transformations) 140 4.4 Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics 149 4.5 Introduction to ecology 153 4.6 Primary productivity 155 4.7 Introduction to biochemical cycles 160 4.8 Population dynamics 169 4.9 River water quality management 178 4.10 Limnology 184 Summary 188 Key words 189 References 190 Problems 191 5 Environmental systems: modeling and reactor design 195 Richard O. Mines, Jr. Learning Objectives 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Material balances 195 5.3 Reaction kinetics 202 5.4 Flow regimes and reactors 209 5.5 Energy balances 218 Summary 232 Key words 232 References 232 Problems 233 6 Design of water treatment systems 239 Richard O. Mines, Jr. Learning Objectives 239 6.1 Drinking water standards 239 6.2 Overview of typical processes used for contaminant removal 245 6.3 Design flows and capacities 247 6.4 Preliminary treatment 249 6.5 Mixing, coagulation, and flocculation 258 6.6 Water softening 267 6.7 Sedimentation 276 6.8 Filtration 283 6.9 Membrane treatment 293 6.10 Fluoridation 303 6.11 Disinfection in water treatment 303 6.12 Residuals, solids, and quantities of sludge 310 Summary 322 Key words 324 References 324 Problems 325 7 Design of wastewater treatment systems 331 Richard O. Mines, Jr. Learning Objectives 331 7.1 Wastewater standards 331 7.2 Design flows and loadings 333 7.3 Preliminary treatment 340 7.4 Primary sedimentation 345 7.5 Secondary wastewater treatment 348 7.6 Oxygen transfer and mixing 375 7.7 Attached-growth biological systems 381 7.8 Advanced biological treatment systems 388 7.9 Secondary clarification 401 7.10 Disinfection 408 7.11 Solids handling and treatment systems 411 Summary 434 Key words 435 References 436 Bibliography 438 Problems 438 8 Municipal solid waste management 449 Philip T. McCreanor Learning Objectives 449 8.1 Introduction 449 8.2 Regulations 450 8.3 Waste generation – international perspectives 451 8.4 Waste generation in the United States 451 8.5 Waste composition 451 8.6 Properties of municipal solid waste 456 8.6.1 Specific weight () 456 8.6.2 Moisture content 457 8.6.3 Field capacity 458 8.7 Municipal landfill design 461 8.8 Case study –Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (NC), USA 473 Summary 475 Key words 476 References 476 Problems 476 9 Air pollution 479 Arthur B. Nunn, III Learning Objectives 479 9.1 Principal air pollutants 479 9.2 Air pollution sources 481 9.3 Pollutant affects on humans and environment 484 9.4 Air pollution meteorology 488 9.5 Dispersion modeling 490 9.6 Air pollution control technologies 493 9.7 Indoor Air Pollution 514 Summary 514 Key words 515 References 515 Useful Websites 516 Problems 516 10 Environmental sustainability 519 John C. Little and Zhe Liu Learning Objectives 519 10.1 Overview 519 10.2 Unsustainable earth 521 10.3 Addressing climate change 527 10.4 Addressing resource depletion and environmental degradation 541 Key words 550 References 550 Problems 551 11 Environmental public health 555 Peter Vikesland Learning Objectives 555 11.1 Introduction 555 11.2 Toxicology 556 11.3 Epidemiology 567 11.4 Agents of infectious disease 578 11.5 Public health and engineering measures for control of disease 583 11.6 Emergent and reemergent infectious diseases 585 Summary 589 Key words 591 References 592 Problems 592 12 Hazardous waste management 595 John T. Novak and Paige J. Novak Learning Objectives 595 12.1 Introduction 595 12.2 Common hazardous compounds and wastes 598 12.3 Physical and chemical characteristics 603 12.4 Remediation 608 Summary 612 Key words 612 References 612 Problems 613 The Periodic Table 615 Index 617

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Book SynopsisA top priority in climate research is obtaining broad-extent and long-term data to support analyses of historical patterns and trends, and for model development and evaluation. Along with directly measured climate data from the present and recent past, it is important to obtain estimates of long past climate variations spanning multiple centuries and millennia. Dendroclimatic Studies at the North American Tree Linepresents an overview of the current state of dendroclimatology, its contributions over the past few decades, and its future potential. The material included is not useful not only to those who generate tree-ring records of past climate-dendroclimatologists, but also to users of their results-climatologists, hydrologists, ecologists and archeologists. In summary, this book: Sheds light on recent and future climate trends by assessing long term past climatic variations from tree rings Is a timely coverage of a crucial topic in climate sciTrade Review“I enjoyed the short format, and would support the production of further AGU OPUS themed syntheses, but would respectfully suggest that the programme reviews the format to permit a wider scope for general themes and greater detail for more specialist topics.” (The Holocene, 1 February 2015) Table of ContentsPreface v Acknowledgments vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Overview 1 1.2. Basic Tree-Ring Principles 1 1.3. Polar Amplification of Global Warming and Impacts on Forests 3 1.4. “Northern Archive” Synthesis 6 2. Tree-Ring Investigations at Northern Latitudes 7 2.1. Initial Studies 7 2.2. Site Selection 8 2.3. Tree-Ring Parameters and Processing: Ring Width and Maximum Latewood Density 9 3. Selected Local to Regional TRL-LDEO Northern Tree-Ring Studies 13 4. The Broader Context of Northern Dendroclimatic Studies 19 4.1. North America 19 4.2. Eurasia 21 4.3. Tree-Ring Chronology Networks 21 5. Temperature Reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere 23 5.1. Initial Attempts 23 5.2. Evolution of NH Temperature Reconstructions 25 5.3. Reconstructed NH Temperature Trends 31 5.4. Standardization of NH Tree-Ring Temperature Reconstructions 33 6. Tree Growth Issues in the Anthropogenic Era: CO2 Fertilization and the “Divergence Problem” 37 6.1. CO2 Fertilization 37 6.2. The Divergence Problem 38 7. Conclusions and Future Challenges 43 Glossary 51 References 57 Core TRL-LDEO Publications on Northern Forests 67 Index 75 Color plate section is located between pages 36 and 37.

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Book SynopsisThe Galápagos Islands are renown for their unique flora and fauna, inspiring Charles Darwin in the elaboration of his theory of evolution. Yet in his Voyage of the Beagle, published in 1839, Darwin also remarked on the fascinating geology and volcanic origin of these enchanted Islands. Since then, the Galápagos continue to provide scientists with inspiration and invaluable information about ocean island formation and evolution, mantle plumes, and the deep Earth. Motivated by an interdisciplinary Chapman Conference held in the Islands, this AGU volume provides cross-disciplinary collection of recent research into the origin and nature of ocean islands, from their deepest roots in Earth''s mantle, to volcanism, surface processes, and the interface between geology and biodiversity. Volume highlights include: Case studies in biogeographical, hydrological, and chronological perspective Understanding the connection between geological processes anTable of ContentsContributors vii Foreword: Darwin’s Perspective Randal Keynes xi Foreword: The Galápagos as a Natural Laboratory Peter Grant xiii Acknowledgments xv 1. Introduction Eric Mittelstaedt, Noémi d’Ozouville, Karen S. Harpp, and David W. Graham 1 2. Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai‘i and the Galápagos Michael P. Poland 5 3. Galápagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots Karen S. Harpp, Paul S. Hall, and Matthew G. Jackson 27 4. Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano: A New Chronology at the Galápagos Hotspot Center Mark D. Kurz, Scott K. Rowland, Joshua Curtice, Alberto E. Saal, and Terry Naumann 41 5. Galápagos Magma Chambers Dennis J. Geist, George Bergantz, and William W. Chadwick, Jr 55 6. The Geology and Geochemistry of Isla Floreana, Galápagos: A Different Type of Late-Stage Ocean Island Volcanism Karen S. Harpp, Dennis J. Geist, Alison M. Koleszar, Branden Christensen, John Lyons, Melissa Sabga, and Nathan Rollins 71 7. Plate Tectonics, Evolution, and the Survival of Species: A Modern Day Hotspot Godfrey Merlen 119 8. A Paleogeographic Model of the Galápagos Islands and Biogeographical and Evolutionary Implications Dennis J. Geist, Howard Snell, Heidi Snell, Charlotte Goddard, and Mark D. Kurz 145 9. Hydrogeology of the Galápagos Archipelago: An Integrated and Comparative Approach Between Islands Sophie Violette, Noémi d’Ozouville, Alexandre Pryet, Benoît Deffontaines, Jérôme Fortin, and Mathilde Adelinet 167 10. Controls on the Hydrological and Topographic Evolution of Shield Volcanoes and Volcanic Ocean Islands Anne J. Jefferson, Ken L. Ferrier, J. Taylor Perron, and Ricardo Ramalho 185 11. Climate and the Global Reach of the Galápagos Archipelago: State of the Knowledge Kristopher B. Karnauskas, Raghu Murtugudde, and W. Brechner Owens 215 12. Assessment of the Chile 2010 and Japan 2011 Tsunami Events in the Galápagos Islands Willington Rentería and Patrick Lynett 233 13. Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume-Ridge Interaction Garrett Ito and Todd Bianco 245 14. Variations in Crustal Thickness, Plate Rigidity, and Volcanic Processes Throughout the Northern Galápagos Volcanic Province Eric Mittelstaedt, Adam S. Soule, Karen S. Harpp, and Daniel Fornari 263 15. Plume-Ridge Interaction in the Galápagos: Perspectives from Wolf, Darwin, and Genovesa Islands Karen S. Harpp, Karl R. Wirth, Rachel Teasdale, Susanna Blair, Leslie Reed, Jay Barr, Janna Pistiner, and Daniel Korich 285 16. A Preliminary Survey of the Northeast Seamounts, Galápagos Platform Christopher W. Sinton, Karen S. Harpp, and David M. Christie 335 17. Effect of Variations in Magma Supply on the Crustal Structure of Mid-Ocean Ridges: Insights from the Western Galápagos Spreading Center Juan Pablo Canales, Robert A. Dunn, Garrett Ito, Robert S. Detrick, and Valentí Sallarès 363 18. Helium Isotope Variations and Mantle Plume-Spreading Ridge Interactions Along the Galápagos Spreading Center David W. Graham, Barry B. Hanan, John E. Lupton, Kaj Hoernle, Reinhard Werner, David M. Christie, and John M. Sinton 393 Index 415

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Book SynopsisModeling Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows: Insights from Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations provides a broad overview of recent progress in using laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to model atmospheric and oceanic fluid motions. This volume not only surveys novel research topics in laboratory experimentation, but also highlights recent developments in the corresponding computational simulations. As computing power grows exponentially and better numerical codes are developed, the interplay between numerical simulations and laboratory experiments is gaining paramount importance within the scientific community. The lessons learnt from the laboratorymodel comparisons in this volume will act as a source of inspiration for the next generation of experiments and simulations. Volume highlights include: Topics pertaining to atmospheric science, climate physics, physical oceanography, marine geology and geophysics Overview of the most advaTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Simulations of Natural Flows in the Laboratory and on a Computer 1 Paul F Linden Section I: Baroclinic-Driven Flows 1 General Circulation of Planetary Atmospheres: Insights from Rotating Annulus and Related Experiments 9 Peter L Read, Edgar P Pérez, Irene M Moroz, and Roland M B Young 2 Primary Flow Transitions in the Baroclinic Annulus: Prandtl Number Effects 45 Gregory M Lewis, Nicolas Périnet, and Lennaert van Veen 3 Amplitude Vacillation in Baroclinic Flows 61 Wolf-Gerrit Früh Section II: Balanced and Unbalanced Flows 4 Rotation Effects on Wall-Bounded Flows: Some Laboratory Experiments 85 P Henrik Alfredsson and Rebecca J Lingwood 5 Altimetry in a GFD Laboratory and Flows on the Polar β-Plane 101 Yakov D Afanasyev 6 Instabilities of Shallow-Water Flows with Vertical Shear in the Rotating Annulus 119 Jonathan Gula and Vladimir Zeitlin 7 Laboratory Experiments on Flows Over Bottom Topography 139 Luis Zavala Sansón and Gert-Jan van Heijst 8 Direct Numerical Simulations of Laboratory-Scale Stratified Turbulence 159 Michael LWaite Section III: Atmospheric Flows 9 Numerical Simulation (DNS, LES) of Geophysical Laboratory Experiments: Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) Analogue and Simulations Toward Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) Analogue 179 Nils PWedi 10 Internal Waves in Laboratory Experiments 193 Bruce Sutherland, Thierry Dauxois, and Thomas Peacock 11 Frontal Instabilities at Density–Shear Interfaces in Rotating Two-Layer Stratified Fluids 213 Hélène Scolan, Roberto Verzicco, and Jan-Bert Flór Section IV: Oceanic Flows 12 Large-Amplitude Coastal Shelf Waves 231 Andrew L Stewart, Paul J Dellar, and Edward R Johnson 13 Laboratory Experiments With Abrupt Thermohaline Transitions and Oscillations 255 John A Whitehead 14 Oceanic Island Wake Flows in the Laboratory 265 Alexandre Stegner Section V: Advances in Methodology 15 Lagrangian Methods in Experimental Fluid Mechanics 279 Mickael Bourgoin, Jean-François Pinton, and Romain Volk 16 A High-Resolution Method for Direct Numerical Simulation of Instabilities and Transitions in a Baroclinic Cavity 297 Anthony Randriamampianina and Emilia Crespo del Arco 17 Orthogonal Decomposition Methods to Analyze PIV, LDV, and Thermography Data of Thermally Driven Rotating Annulus Laboratory Experiments 315 Uwe Harlander, Thomas von Larcher, Grady BWright, Michael Hoff, Kiril Alexandrov, and Christoph Egbers Index 337

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Book SynopsisThere is currently no basic text in wildlife law suitable for the wide range of courses in wildlife conservation and animal welfare at both bachelors and masters level, or for the large number of people who work in conservation and animal welfare; The Laws Protecting Animals and Ecosystems fills the gap in this significant market for a basic law text applicable to students and professionals whose primary training is in biology but who require a basic understanding of the laws relating to the protection of animals and ecosystems. The text is applicable to a wide range of subjects, including wildlife conservation, animal handling, animal welfare, animal husbandry, and veterinary science. This foundational text supports those studying animal and ecosystem law by providing an overview of the basic legal principles, national and international laws, terminology, the legal mechanisms used to protect animals and ecosystems, and a compendium of the major animal welfare and conservation laws Table of ContentsAbout the author 8 What is this book for? 9 Acknowledgements 10 Explanatory notes 11 The meaning of some terms used in the law 12 A note on sex 13 Abbreviations and Acronyms Glossary Introduction 14 PART I – Legal principles and concepts15 Chapter 1 Legal systems; national, European and international 1.1 Legal jurisdictions 15 1.2 National laws 15 1.2.1 What is national law? 15 1.2.2 The process of enacting new national laws 16 1.2.3 Delegated legislation 17 1.2.4 Looking for national laws 19 1.2.5 Federal systems of law 19 1.3 The European Union and European law 19 1.3.1 Principles 19 1.3.2 Institutions 20 1.3.3 EU Primary legislation 21 1.3.4 EU Secondary legislation 21 1.3.5 The role of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) 23 1.4 International law 24 1.4.1 Sources of international law 24 1.4.2 Principles 24 1.4.3 Titles 25 1.4.4 How a treaty is formed 25 1.4.5 Structure of international treaties 26 1.4.6 Soft law 33 1.4.7 Memoranda of understanding 36 1.4.8 International institutions 36 1.5 Case law and law reports 38 1.5.1 How are legal cases named? 39 1.6 Amending the law 40 1.7 Where to find the law 41 1.7.1 Legal encyclopaedias and websites 41 1.7.2 Where to find UK laws 42 1.7. 3 Where to find US laws 42 1.8 Reading legislation 43 1.9 Legal journals 45 2. Legal principles46 2.1 Legal personality, locus standi and ultra vires 46 2.1.1 Legal personality 46 2.1.2 Locus standi and pressure groups 46 2.1.3 Judicial review and ultra vires 48 2.2 Ethics, precaution, equity, and presumptions of guilt 48 2.2.1 Environmental ethics and animal rights 48 2.2.2 Intrinsic value 51 2.2.3 Precautionary principle 52 2.2.4 Rights of future generations: inter-generational equity 54 2.2.5 Strict liability and the burden of proof in wildlife offences 55 Chapter 3 Beliefs, ethics and history58 3.1 Totems, creation myths and fadies – the protection of animals and ecosystems by ancient beliefs 58 3.2 Ancient beliefs as a threat to wildlife 60 3.3 Animals and religion 61 3.4 A short and incomplete history of the laws protecting animals, plants and ecosystems 62 Chapter 4 Ownership of, and responsibility for, animals and access to wild places68 4.1 Who owns wildlife? 68 4.2 Theft of wildlife 72 4.3 Who is the keeper of an animal? 72 4.4 Liability for the action of animals. 73 4.5 Rights of access to open land and water 75 Chapter 5 Definitions of different categories of living things78 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 The binomial system of nomenclature 78 5.3 Definitions of a species? 80 5.4 What’s in a name? Problems with definitions 81 5.5 What is an animal? 82 5.6 What is a plant? 83 5.7 Defining habitat types 84 5.8 Definitions of wildlife and types of organisms 85 5.8.1 Wildlife and nature 85 5.8.2 Wild bird 86 5.8.3 Fishes 87 5.8.4 Game and furbearers 88 5.8.5 Parts, trophies and specimens 90 5.8.6 Alien species and animal and plant pests (weeds) 91 5.8.7 Captive and domestic animals 93 5.8.8 Dangerous animals and species 93 5.8.9 Farm animals and livestock 94 5.8.10 Companion animals, assistance animals and working dogs 95 5.8.11 Case law and definitions 97 PART II Mechanisms and enforcement98 Chapter 6 Legal mechanisms I: the protection of wild animals and plants98 6.1 Introduction 98 6.2 The species approach to wildlife conservation 98 6.2.1 Creating new organisations to protect specific taxa 98 6.2.2 Listing protected species – schedules, appendices and annexes 99 6.2.3 Problems with hybrids 103 6.3 Killing and harassment of animals and plant exploitation 104 6.3.1 Prohibition of taking, killing and capturing wild animals 104 6.3.2 Taking of females and their young 105 6.3.3 Protection from disturbance and harassment 108 6.3.4 Protection of breeding and sheltering places 110 6.3.5 Protection of birds’ eggs 112 6.3.6 Prohibition on picking, uprooting etc. of plants 112 6.3.7 Exemptions and the licensing of otherwise prohibited activities 114 6.4 Regulation of the methods and timing of taking, killing and capturing 116 6.4.1 Regulation of methods 116 6.4.2 Close seasons and emergency orders 125 6.5 Sustainable use of resources – hunting, fishing and bioprospecting 127 6.5.1 Prohibition of the exploration of biological resources 128 6.5.2 Use of resources by indigenous peoples 130 6.5.3 No take zones 135 6.5.4 Exclusive economic zones 136 6.5.5 Restrictions on the size of animals that may be taken 137 6.5.6 Sport hunting 139 Chapter 7 Legal mechanisms II: the protection of habitats and ecosystems145 7.1 Defining ecosystems and habitats 145 7.2 The protection of the Earth’s ecosystem and sites of global importance 145 7.2.1 World Heritage Sites 145 7.2.2 Biosphere reserves 146 7.2.3 Global protection of biodiversity 146 7.2.4 The protection of the global ecosystem: climate change 147 7.2.5 The protection of polar areas 148 7.2.6 Protection of freshwater habitats 149 7.2.7 Protection of marine waters 152 7.2.8 The protection of forests, trees and hedgerows 154 7.3 Protected areas and the protection of migratory routes 159 7.3.1 Privately owned nature reserves 160 7.3.2 The establishment of protected areas 161 7.3.3 Prohibition of certain activities in protected areas and forests 177 7.3.4 Protection of migration routes 181 7.3.5 Powers to acquire land 183 7.3.6 Conservation easements 183 7.3.7 Is there a need for airspace reserves? 184 Chapter 8 Legal mechanisms III: restoration, trade and conflicts186 8.1 The restoration of populations and ecosystems 186 8.1.1 Reintroduction of animals to the wild 186 8.1.2 Recovery plans, action plans and abatement plants 192 8.1.3 Restoration of rare and threatened habitats 194 8.1.4 Role of ex-situ conservation 195 8.1.5 Conservation of biodiversity – duty imposed on government departments etc. 196 8.1.6 Identification of animals bred in captivity 197 8.1.7 Prohibition on the introduction, spreading or release of exotic and pest species 197 8. 2 Restrictions on the trade and exhibition of protected species 201 8.2.1 The historical importance of wildlife as symbols of power and friendship 201 8.2.2 Restrictions on transportation and trade 201 8.2.3 Restriction on the exhibition of rare species 207 8.2.4 EIA in the USA: the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 208 8.2.5 Product labelling 209 8.3 Problem animals and human-animal conflict 212 8.3.1 Problem animals and food 212 8.3.2 Confining domestic and problem animals 214 8.3.3 Problem animal control 216 8.3.4 Reduction of human-animal conflict 220 Chapter 9 Legal mechanisms IV: planning, knowledge, funding and enforcement222 9.1 Planning policy and nature conservation 222 9.1.1 Requirement for an Environmental Impact Assessment 222 9.1.2 EIA in the European Union 222 9.2 Gathering and disseminating information 224 9.2.1 Identification and monitoring of wildlife 224 9.2.2 Public education and awareness 225 9.2.3 Transfer of knowledge and exchange of information 226 9.2.4 Promoting research 226 9.3 Funding and legislation 227 9.3.1 Transfer of funding between rich and poor states 228 9.3.2 Allocation of government funding for conservation 228 9.3.3 Agricultural payments 230 9.3.4 Fund raising for conservation 231 9.3.5 Tax benefits for conservation 232 9.3.6 Improving legislation and its enforcement 234 Chapter 10 Animal welfare and the law234 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2.1 Defining cruelty 236 10.2.2 The five freedoms 237 10.2.3 Animal cruelty and violence towards humans 238 10.2.4 Provision of veterinary treatment 238 10.3 Animal rights legal cases 240 10.4 Legal mechanisms used to protect and control domestic and captive animals 241 10.4.1 Limitation on, or prohibition of, excessive physical activity and types of restraint 241 10.4.2 Provision of sanctuaries for retired working and laboratory animals 244 10.4.3 Limitation on feeding methods 245 10.4.4 Prohibition of mutilation and other cruel practices 245 10.4.5 Regulation of animal experiments 246 10.4.6 Requirement for owners of animal to provide proper care and accommodation 249 10.4.7 Provision of public education 255 10.4.8 Licensing of premises used for keeping, breeding, boarding, selling and exhibiting animals 255 10.4.9 Control and licensing of domestic animals 260 10.4.10 Prohibition of animal fighting 270 10.4.11 Protection of animals used in entertainment and gambling 272 10.4.12 Regulation of the transportation and movement of animals 277 10.4.13 Control of diseased wild animals 283 10.4.14 Humane and religious slaughter 284 10.4.15 Bestiality 286 Chapter 11 Crime detection and law enforcement287 11.1 Wildlife crime reporting 287 11.2 Wildlife crime forensics 287 11.3 Criminal and civil sanctions 288 11.4 Liability of employers, principals and bodies corporate 289 11.5 Inspectors, animal control officers, water bailiffs and other specialist officers 291 11.5.1 Inspectors and other specialist officers 291 11.5.2 Forest officers 295 11.5.3 Wildlife wardens and rangers 295 11.5.4 Specialist conservation and wildlife police 297 11.5.5 International police and wildlife crime organisations 300 11.5.6 The role of non-governmental organisations in enforcing animal cruelty laws 301 11.5.7 NGOs and enforcement 302 11.5.8 Statutory nature conservation agencies 303 11.6 Penalties 305 11.6.1 Death 305 11.6.2 Imprisonment 306 11.6.3 Fines 307 11.6.4 Ban on keeping animals/ seizure of animals 308 11.6.5 Closure of facilities keeping animals 309 11.6.6 Seizure or forfeiture of firearms, vehicles, equipment and other items 310 11.6.7 Injunction 311 11.6.8 Restoration of ecosystems 311 11.7 The enforcement of international law 313 11.7.1 International Court of Justice (ICJ) and case law 313 11.7.2 International sanctions 314 Part III – Major national, European and international laws which protect animals, plants and ecosystems316 Chapter 12 National laws316 12.1 United Kingdom 316 12.2 United States of America 323 12.3 Canada 325 12.4 Australia 325 Australian state laws 326 12.5 New Zealand 326 12.6 India 327 12.7 Kenya 327 12.8 Nigeria 328 12.9 South Africa 328 12.10 Tanzania 328 12.11 Thailand 328 Chapter 13 European laws328 13.1 Directives and Regulations 329 13.2 EU case law 332 Chapter 14 International laws334 Appendix I 338 Appendix II. A chronology of major legislation affecting animals and nature conservation in the UK 342 Appendix III. A chronology of major legislation affecting animal and nature conservation law in the United States of America 346 References 347 Table of laws and cases 355 Legislation 355 NATIONAL LAWS 355 EUROPEAN LAW 365 INTERNATIONAL LAWS 367 CASE LAW 369 RESOLUTIONS AND NOTIFICATIONS 370 Index 376

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Book SynopsisStructure from Motion with Multi View Stereo provides hyperscale landform models using images acquired from standard compact cameras and a network of ground control points.Table of ContentsAbbreviations About the companion website Chapter 1: Introduction to Structure from Motion for the geosciences 1.1. The geosciences and related disciplines 1.2. Aim and scope of this book 1.3. The time and the place 1.4. What is Structure from Motion? 1.5. Structure of this book References Chapter 2: The place of Structure from Motion: a new paradigm in topographic surveying? 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Direct topographic surveying 2.3. Remote digital surveying 2.4. Chapter summary References Further Reading/Resources Chapter 3: Background to Structure from Motion 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Feature Detection 3.3. Keypoint Correspondence 3.4. Identifying Geometrically Consistent Matches 3.5. Structure from Motion 3.6. Scale and Georeferencing 3.7. Optimization of Image Alignment 3.8. Clustering for Multi View Stereo 3.9. Multi View Stereo Image Matching Algorithms 3.10. Summary References Further Reading/Resources Chapter 4: Structure from Motion in practice 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Platforms 4.3. Sensors 4.4. Acquiring images and control data 4.5. Software 4.6. Point cloud viewers 4.7. Filtering 4.8. Generating digital elevation models (DEMs) from point clouds 4.9. Key issues 4.10. Chapter summary References Further reading Chapter 5: Quality assessment: quantifying error in Structure from Motion-derived topographic data 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Validation Data Sets 5.3. Validation Methods 5.4. Survey Platform 5.5. Error Metrics 5.6. Distribution of Ground Control Points 5.7. Terrain 5.8. Software 5.9. Camera 5.10. Summary References Further Reading/Resources Chapter 6: Current applications of Structure from Motion in the geosciences 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Use of SfM-MVS-derived orthophotograph mosaics 6.3. Use of SfM-MVS for 3D point clouds 6.4. Use of SfM-MVS for gridded topography 6.5. Combined orthophotograph and point cloud analysis 6.6. Crossing temporal scales: Examples of change detection to suggest process dynamics 6.7. Practitioner-based SfM-MVS 6.8. Chapter summary References Further Reading/Resources Chapter 7: Developing Structure from Motion for the geosciences: future directions 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Developments in hardware 7.3. Progressive automation of acquisition 7.4. Efficient management and manipulation of photographs 7.5. Point cloud generation and decimation 7.6. Real-time SfM-MVS and instant maps: Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) 7.7. Augmented reality 7.8. Detection of object or surface motion: non-rigid SfM (NRSfM) 7.9. Chapter summary References Further Reading/Resources Chapter 8: Concluding recommendations 8.1. Key Recommendation 1: get ‘under the bonnet’ of SfM-MVS to become more critical end-users 8.2. Key Recommendation 2: get coordinated to understand the sources and magnitudes of error 8.3. Key Recommendation 3: focus on the research question 8.4. Key Recommendation 4: focus your efforts on data processing 8.5. Key Recommendation 5: learn from other disciplines 8.6. Key Recommendation 6: harness the democratising power of SfM-MVS Index

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Book SynopsisReliable and detailed information about the Earth's subsurface is of crucial importance throughout the geosciences. Quantitative integration of all available geophysical and geological data helps to make Earth models more robust and reliable. The aim of this book is to summarize and synthesize the growing literature on combining various types of geophysical and other geoscientific data. The approaches that have been developed to date encompass joint inversion, cooperative inversion, and statistical post-inversion analysis methods, each with different benefits and assumptions. Starting with the foundations of inverse theory, this book systematically describes the mathematical and theoretical aspects of how to best integrate different geophysical datasets with geological prior understanding and other complimentary data. This foundational basis is followed by chapters that demonstrate the diverse range of applications for which integrated methods have been used to date. These raTable of ContentsContributors vii Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 IntroductionMax Moorkamp, Peter G Lelièvre, Niklas Linde, and Amir Khan 1 Part I: Theory 7 2 Inverse Methods: Problem Formulation and Probabilistic SolutionsKlaus Mosegaard and Thomas Mejer Hansen 9 3 Inference Networks in Earth Models with Multiple Components and DataMiguel Bosch 29 4 Structural Coupling Approaches in Integrated Geophysical ImagingMax A Meju and Luis A Gallardo 49 5 Post]inversion Integration of Disparate Tomographic Models by Model Structure AnalysesHendrik Paasche 69 6 Probabilistic Integration of Geo]InformationThomas Mejer Hansen, Knud Skou Cordua, Andrea Zunino, and Klaus Mosegaard 93 Part II: Applications 117 7 Joint Inversion in Hydrogeophysics and Near]Surface GeophysicsNiklas Linde and Joseph Doetsch 119 8 Integrated Imaging for Mineral ExplorationPeter G Lelièvre and Colin G Farquharson 137 9 Joint Inversion in Hydrocarbon ExplorationMax Moorkamp, Björn Heincke, Marion Jegen, Richard W Hobbs, and Alan W Roberts 167 10 Imaging the Lithosphere and Upper Mantle: Where We Are At and Where We Are GoingJuan Carlos Afonso, Max Moorkamp, and Javier Fullea 191 11 Constitution and Structure of Earth’s Mantle: Insights from Mineral Physics and SeismologyAndrea Zunino, Amir Khan, Paul Cupillard, and Klaus Mosegaard 219 Index 245

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Book SynopsisThis monograph is the outcome of an American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference on longitude and hemispheric dependence of ionospheric space weather, including the impact of waves propagating from the lower atmosphere. The Chapman Conference was held in Africa as a means of focusing attention on an extensive geographic region where observations are critically needed to address some of the fundamental questions of the physical processes driving the ionosphere locally and globally. The compilation of papers from the conference describes the physics of this system and the mechanisms that control ionospheric space weather in a combination of tutorial-like and focused articles that will be of value to the upper atmosphere scientific community in general and to ongoing global magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere (MIT) modeling efforts in particular. A number of articles from each science theme describe details of the physics behind each phenomenon that help to solve the complexity of tTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi Part I Hemispherical Dependence of Magnetospheric Energy Injection and the Thermosphere-Ionosphere Response 1 1 Interhemispheric Asymmetries in Magnetospheric Energy Input 3Eftyhia Zesta, Athanasios Boudouridis, James M Weygand, Endawoke Yizengaw, Mark B Moldwin, and Peter Chi 2 Simultaneity and Asymmetry in the Occurrence of Counterequatorial Electrojet along African Longitudes 21A Babatunde Rabiu, Olanike O Folarin, Teiji Uozumi, and Akimasa Yoshikawa 3 Stormtime Equatorial Electrojet Ground-Induced Currents: Increasing Power Grid Space Weather Impacts at Equatorial Latitudes 33Mark B Moldwin and Justin S Tsu 4 Differences in Midlatitude Ionospheric Response to Magnetic Disturbances at Northern and Southern Hemispheres and Anomalous Response During the Last Extreme Solar Minimum 41Dalia Burešová and Jan Laštovička Part II Longitude Dependence of Storm-Enhanced Densities (SEDs) 59 5 Longitude and Hemispheric Dependencies in Storm-Enhanced Density 61Roderick A Heelis 6 Solar Cycle 24 Observations of Storm-Enhanced Density and the Tongue of Ionization 71Anthea J Coster, Philip J Erickson, John C Foster, Evan G Thomas, J Michael Ruohoniemi, and Joseph Baker 7 A Global Ionospheric Range Error Correction Model for Single-Frequency GNSS Users 85Norbert Jakowski and Mohammed Mainul HoquePart III Longitude Spatial Structure in Total Electron Content and Electrodynamics 93 8 Determining the Longitude Dependence of Vertical E × B Drift Velocities Associated with the Four-Cell, Nonmigrating Tidal Structure 95David Anderson and Tzu-Wei Fang 9 Imaging the Global Vertical Density Structure from the Ground and Space 105Endawoke Yizengaw and Brett A Carter 10 On the Longitudinal Dependence of the Equatorial Electrojet 115Vafi Doumbia and Oswald Didier Franck Grodji 11 Tomographic Reconstruction of Ionospheric Electron Density Using Altitude-Dependent Regularization Strength over the Eastern Africa Longitude Sector 127Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu, Gebreab Kidanu, and Gebregiorgis Abraha 12 Variation of the Total Electron Content with Solar Activity During the Ascending Phase of Solar Cycle 24 Observed at Makerere University, Kampala 145Florence M D’ujanga, Phillip Opio, and Francis Twinomugisha 13 Longitudinal Dependence of Day-to-Day Variability of Critical Frequency of Equatorial Type Sporadic E (foEsq) 155Emmanuel O Somoye, Andrew O Akala, Aghogho Ogwala, Eugene O Onori, Rasaq A Adeniji-Adele, and Enerst E Iheonu Part IV Temporal Response to Lower Atmosphere Disturbances 163 14 Impact of Migrating Tides on Electrodynamics During the January 2009 Sudden Stratospheric Warming 165Timothy J Fuller-Rowell, Tzu-Wei Fang, Houjun Wang, Vivien Matthias, Peter Hoffmann, Klemens Hocke, and Simone Studer 15 Simultaneous Measurements and Monthly Climatologies of Thermospheric Winds and Temperatures in the Peruvian and Brazilian Longitudinal Sectors 175John W Meriwether, Jonathan J Makela, and Daniel J Fisher 16 Observations of TIDs over South and Central America 187Cesar E Valladares, Robert Sheehan, and Edgardo E Pacheco 17 Modeling the East African Ionosphere 207Melessew Nigussie, Baylie Damtie, Endawoke Yizengaw, and Sandro M Radicella Part V Response of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere to Variability in Solar Radiation 225 18 Ionospheric Response to X-Ray and EUV Flux Changes During Solar Flares: A Review 227 Ludger Scherliess 19 Spectrally Resolved X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Irradiance Variations During Solar Flares 243Thomas N Woods, Francis G Eparvier, and James P Mason Part VI Ionospheric Irregularities and Scintillation 255 20 Effect of Magnetic Declination on Equatorial Spread F Bubble Development 257Joseph D Huba 21 Global Ionospheric Electron Density Disturbances During the Initial Phase of a Geomagnetic Storm on 5 April 2010 263Chigomezyo M Ngwira and Anthea J Coster Index 281

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Book SynopsisThis important new text introduces conservation criminology as the interdisciplinary study of environmental exploitation and risks at the intersection of human and natural systems.Table of ContentsNotes on Contributors xiii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Global Risks, Conservation, and Criminology 1Meredith L. Gore 1.1 Conservation Crimes Are a Global Problem 1 1.2 Three Foundational Fields of Conservation Criminology 4 1.3 Foundation 1: Natural Resource Management and Policy 4 1.3.1 Different Values Underlie Natural Resource Management and Conservation 4 1.3.2 The Precautionary Principle and Prevention 6 1.3.3 Community–Based Conservation 6 1.3.4 Protected Areas 7 1.4 Foundation 2: Criminology, Crime Science, and Criminal Justice 8 1.4.1 Opportunity Structures of Crime 9 1.4.2 Crime Prevention 10 1.4.3 Criminological Typologies 11 1.5 Foundation 3: Risk and Decision Science 11 1.5.1 Risk Assessment and Perception 13 1.5.2 Risk Communication 14 1.5.3 Risk Governance 14 1.6 Combining the Three Foundations: Conservation Criminology 15 1.6.1 Strengths 16 1.6.2 Shortcomings 16 1.7 How to “Do” Conservation Criminology 17 1.8 Roadmap 18 References 20 Part I Conceptual Advancements in Conservation Criminology 2 Conservation Crime Science 27Jessica S. Kahler and Meredith L. Gore 2.1 Exploitation of Natural Resources in a Globalized World 27 2.2 The Limits of Criminology for Conservation Practice 28 2.3 Overcoming the Limits of Criminology with Crime Science 30 2.4 State of Knowledge: Conservation Criminology and Conservation Crime Science 31 2.4.1 Describing the Literature 32 2.5 Limitations 36 2.6 Utility of Using Conservation Crime Science 37 2.7 Setting Expectations for Conservation Crime Science 38 2.8 Conclusion 39 References 41 3 Deterrence, Legitimacy, and Wildlife Crime in Protected Areas 45William D. Moreto and Jacinta M. Gau 3.1 Wildlife Crime in Protected Areas 46 3.2 Criminological and Criminal Justice Perspectives on Deterrence 46 3.2.1 Theoretical Foundations 46 3.3 Empirical Findings 48 3.4 Limitations with Deterrence–based Approaches in Protected Areas 48 3.5 Legitimacy and Its Role in Establishing Normative and Instrumental Forms of Compliance in Conservation 51 3.6 Alternatives to Deterrence–Based Approaches 52 3.6.1 Enhancing Legitimacy 52 3.7 Future Considerations 53 References 54 Part II Case Studies and Examples 4 Governance for Conservation Risks and Crime 61Mark A. Axelrod, Austin Flowers, Katherine Groff, and Julia Novak Colwell 4.1 Defining Governance 61 4.2 General Concepts of Governance for Conservation Risks 62 4.3 Strict Enforcement by Official Authorities and Governments 63 4.4 International Movement of Electronic Waste 63 4.5 Regulatory Efforts to Limit E–waste Trade 65 4.6 People–Centered Approaches Focused Local Livelihoods 67 4.7 Limits to Enforcement Actions in Chiquibul National Park, Belize 68 4.8 Limits of Alternative Livelihood Strategies 68 4.9 Unintended Effects and Collateral Impacts of Conservation Governance 69 4.10 Conclusion 71 References 71 5 Gaining Compliance and Cooperation with Regulated Wildlife Harvest 77Brent A. Rudolph and Shawn J. Riley 5.1 Importance of Compliance and Cooperation 78 5.2 What Drives Violations of Natural Resource Regulations? 80 5.3 Unintentional Violations 81 5.4 Intentional Violations 81 5.5 Violations Motivated by Direct Personal Gains 82 5.6 Violations Motivated by Indirect Personal Gains 83 5.7 Violations and Instrumental Judgments of Government Policy and Regulators 84 5.8 Violations and Normative Influence 85 5.9 What Drives Cooperation? 86 5.10 Considerations for Increasing Compliance and Cooperation 87 5.10.1 Applying Regulations to Influence Compliance 88 5.10.2 Applying Economic Instruments to Influence Compliance and Cooperation 89 5.10.3 Applying Communication to Influence Compliance and Cooperation 90 5.10.4 Communication to Influence Instrumental Judgments 90 5.10.5 Communication to Influence Behavior Through Norms 91 5.10.6 Communication to Influence Procedural Justice 91 5.11 Conclusion 92 References 92 6 Corruption and Organized Crime in Conservation 97Aksel Sundström and Tanya Wyatt 6.1 Connecting Corruption and Organized Crime to Conservation 99 6.1.1 Defining Corruption and Organized Crime 99 6.1.2 The Role and Extent of Corruption and Organized Crime in Conservation Crime 100 6.1.3 Why do Environmental Black Markets Exist? 102 6.2 Case Study on Abalone Poaching 102 6.2.1 The Context of Bureaucratic Corruption and Presence of Criminal Groups 102 6.2.2 The Investigation 104 6.2.3 Non–Corrupt Inspectors are Threatened 104 6.3 Case Study on Illegal Trade in Russian Raptors 105 6.4 A Policy–Oriented Discussion of Solutions 107 6.4.1 Supporting Non–Corrupt Officials That Receive Threats 107 6.4.2 Complement Merit–Based Reforms with External Monitoring Mechanisms 107 6.4.3 Public Awareness Campaigns May Help Decrease Demand for Illicit Goods 108 6.4.4 A Cooperative Network Approach to Combating Organized Crime 109 6.5 Conclusion 109 References 110 7 Problem–Oriented Policing for Natural Resource Conservation 115Mark C. G. Gibson 7.1 What is Problem–Oriented Policing? 115 7.2 The Opportunity for POP in Natural Resource Management 119 7.3 A Case Study of Australian Commonwealth Fisheries Management 120 7.3.1 The Australian Fisheries Management Authority 120 7.3.2 Scanning 123 7.3.3 Analysis 124 7.3.4 Response 125 7.3.5 Assessment 126 7.4 Adapting POP for More Effective Conservation 127 7.5 Conclusion 129 References 129 8 Exploring the Sociology of Wildlife Tourism, Global Risks, and Crime 133Jessica Bell Rizzolo 8.1 Wildlife Tourism 134 8.1.1 Types of Wildlife Tourism 134 8.1.2 Benefits of Wildlife Tourism Link Biodiversity Conservation and Livelihood Preservation 134 8.1.3 Risks Associated with Wildlife Tourism 135 8.2 Conservation Criminology and Wildlife Tourism 136 8.2.1 Natural Resources Management and Conservation Biology 137 8.2.2 Risk and Decision Science 137 8.2.3 Criminology 138 8.3 Theoretical Insights on Wildlife Tourism from Sociology 139 8.3.1 Wildlife Tourism and Power 139 8.3.2 Authenticity as a Sociological Aspect of Tourism 141 8.4 Elephant Tourism and Crime in Thailand 144 8.4.1 Elephant Tourism in Thailand 144 8.4.2 Wild Live Elephant Trafficking 144 8.4.3 Illegal Ivory Trade 145 8.4.4 Animal Welfare 145 8.4.5 Elephant Tourism and Crime: Insights From Conservation Criminology and Sociological Theory 148 8.5 Conclusion 150 References 151 Part III Models and Innovations 9 Technological Innovations Supporting Wildlife Crime Detection, Deterrence, and Enforcement 157Heidi Kretser, Emma Stokes, Serge Wich, David Foran, and Alexa Montefiore 9.1 Challenges for Wildlife Crime Detection and Enforcement 158 9.2 Technological Advances in Conservation 160 9.3 Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) 161 9.3.1 Limitations of SMART Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 163 9.4 Conservation Drones 164 9.4.1 Limitations of Drone Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 166 9.5 Mobile Device Applications 167 9.5.1 Limitations of Mobile App Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 168 9.6 Conservation Forensics 171 9.6.1 Limitations of Forensic Technology and Opportunities for Future Improvements 173 9.7 Conclusion 174 References 175 10 PAWS: Game Theory Based Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security 179Fei Fang, Benjamin Ford, Rong Yang, Milind Tambe, and Andrew M. Lemieux 10.1 Applying Game Theoretic Analysis to Poaching 180 10.2 Modeling Human Behavior to Create Optimal Patrol Strategies 181 10.3 Domain Feature Modeling 181 10.4 The Genesis of PAWS from Synthesizing Conservation, Computer Science, and Criminology 182 10.4.1 Describing the Poaching Domain to Create Patrols that Prevent Poaching 184 10.5 The PAWS Model 185 10.5.1 The Basis of Game–Theoretic Analysis in PAWS 186 10.5.2 Modeling Human Behavior for PAWS 188 10.5.3 Incorporating Learning into the Behavioral Model 189 10.6 PAWS–Learn 189 10.6.1 Domain Feature Modeling 190 10.7 Discussion 192 References 193 11 Estimating Poaching Opportunity and Potential 197Adrian Treves, Christine Browne-Nuñez, Jamie Hogberg, Jens Karlsson Frank, Lisa Naughton-Treves, Nicole Rust, and Zachary Voyles 11.1 Understanding Attitudes and Behaviors of Realized and Potential Poachers 198 11.2 Social Psychological Approaches for Understanding the Potential to Poach 200 11.3 Case Study on Wolf Poaching 200 11.3.1 Theoretical Approach and Sampling 200 11.3.2 Methods 203 11.3.3 Study Site 203 11.3.4 Study Respondents 204 11.3.5 Survey Items 204 11.3.6 Inclination to Poach 205 11.3.7 Modeling Potential to Poach 205 11.4 Results 206 11.4.1 Potential to Poach 206 11.4.2 Effects on Wolf Population 207 11.4.3 Implications for Theory and Practice 207 11.4.4 Deer Hunters 208 11.4.5 Complainant Sample 209 11.5 Theoretical Considerations on the Causes of Poaching 210 References 212 Index 217

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Book SynopsisA digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of ground surface topography or terrain. It is also widely known as a digital terrain model (DTM). A DEM can be represented as a raster (a grid of squares) or as a vector based triangular irregular network (TIN). DEMs are commonly built using remote sensing techniques, but they may also be built from land surveying. DEMs are used often in geographic information systems, and are the most common basis for digitally-produced relief maps. The terrain surface can be described as compromising of two different elements; random and systematic. The random (stochastic) elements are the continuous surfaces with continuously varying relief. It would take an endless number of points to describe exactly the random terrain shapes, but these can be described in practice with a network of point. It is usual to use a network that creates sloping triangles or regular quadrants. This book examines how the methods and data sources used to generTable of ContentsList of Figures x List of Tables xiv Preface xvi Abbreviations xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Role of DEMS 3 1.2 Role of Scale 6 1.3 Survey of Applications 12 1.4 Study Site and Software Tools 16 1.5 Structure of Book 20 2 Constructing Digital Elevation Models 23 2.1 Elevation Data Networks 23 2.2 Elevation Data Sources 29 2.2.1 Ground Surveys 31 2.2.2 Kinematic GPS Surveys 32 2.2.3 Topographic Maps 33 2.2.4 Photogrammetry Datasets 35 2.2.5 Airborne Laser Scanning Datasets 36 2.2.6 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Datasets 37 2.2.7 Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission DEMs 38 2.2.8 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer DEMs 40 2.2.9 WorldDEM Datasets 43 2.3 Fitness]For]Use 43 2.4 Data Preprocessing and DEM Construction 44 2.5 US National Elevation Dataset 50 3 Calculating Land Surface Parameters 53 3.1 Primary Land Surface Parameters 54 3.1.1 Elevation and Surface Area 54 3.1.2 Slope, Aspect, and Curvature 59 3.1.3 Slope Direction and Width 69 3.1.4 Flow Accumulation 100 3.1.5 Elevation Residuals 105 3.1.6 Statistical Parameters 109 3.1.7 Upslope Parameters 113 3.1.8 Downslope Parameters 114 3.1.9 Visibility and Visual Exposure 114 3.2 Secondary Land Surface Parameters 115 3.2.1 Water Flow and Soil Redistribution 116 3.2.2 Energy and Thermal Regimes 135 3.3 Final Comments 148 4 Delineating Land Surface Objects and Landforms 150 4.1 Extracting and Classifying Specific Landform Elements 152 4.1.1 Fuzzy Concepts and Fuzzy Classification Methods 154 4.2 Extraction and Classification of Land Surface Objects Based on Flow Variables 158 4.2.1 Drainage Networks and Channel Attributes 159 4.2.2 Basin Boundaries and Attributes 164 4.3 Extracting and Classifying Specific (Fuzzy) Landforms 165 4.4 Extracting and Classifying Repeating Landform Types 168 4.5 Discrete Geomorphometry: Coupling Multiscale Pattern Analysis and Object Delineation 174 5 Measuring Error and Uncertainty 179 5.1 Identification and Treatment of Error and Uncertainty 180 5.1.1 Error 182 5.1.2 Uncertainty 194 5.2 Fitness]for]Use Revisited 199 5.2.1 Predictive Vegetation Modeling 199 5.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion and Deposition 203 5.2.3 Numerical Simulations of Landscape Development 205 5.2.4 Modeling Soil–Water–Vegetation Interactions 207 5.2.5 Modeling Global Wetlands 209 5.3 Multiscale Analysis and Cross]scale Inference 214 5.4 The US National Water Model 223 6 Terrain Modeling Software and Services 228 6.1 Changes in Data Capture and Computing Systems 230 6.2 Esri’s ArcGIS Ecosystem 234 6.3 Third]party Esri Add]ons 244 6.3.1 ArcGIS Geomorphometry Toolbox 244 6.3.2 ArcGIS Geomorphometry and Gradient Metrics Toolbox 245 6.3.3 ArcGeomorphometry Toolbox 246 6.4 Other Software Choices 248 6.4.1 GRASS 248 6.4.2 ILWIS 250 6.4.3 LandSerf 251 6.4.4 MicroDEM 252 6.4.5 QGIS 253 6.4.6 RiverTools 254 6.4.7 SAGA 255 6.4.8 TauDEM 257 6.4.9 Whitebox GAT 258 6.5 Future Trends 259 7 Conclusions 261 7.1 Current State of the Art 263 7.2 Future Needs and Opportunities 269 7.2.1 Finding Ways to Use Provenance, Credibility, and Digital Terrain Modeling Application context Knowledge 269 7.2.2 Rediscovering and Using What We Already Know! 270 7.2.3 Developing New Digital Terrain Methods 272 7.2.4 Clarifying and Strengthening the Role of Theory 274 7.2.5 Developing High]fidelity, Multi]resolution Digital Elevation Models 275 7.2.6 Developing and Embracing New Visualization Opportunities 275 7.2.7 Adopting and Using New Information Technologies and Workflows 276 7.2.8 Solving “Wicked” Problems of Varying Magnitudes 277 7.3 Call To Action 278 References 279 Index 333

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Book SynopsisA revised introduction to aeolian geomorphology written by noted experts in the field The new, revised and updated edition of Aeolian Geomorphology offers a concise and highly accessible introduction to the subject. The text covers the topics of deserts and coastlines, as well as periglacial and planetary landforms. The authors review the range of aeolian characteristics that include soil erosion and its consequences, continental scale dust storms, sand dunes and loess. Aeolian Geomorphology explores the importance of aeolian processes in the past, and the application of knowledge about aeolian geomorphology in environmental management. The new edition includes contributions from eighteen experts from four continents. All the chapters demonstrate huge advances in observation, measurement and mathematical modelling. For example, the chapter on sand seas shows the impact of greatly enhanced and accessible remote sensing and the chapter on active dunes clearly demonstrates the impact of improvements in field techniques. Other examples reveal the power of greatly improved laboratory techniques. This important text: Offers a comprehensive review of aeolian geomorphologyContains contributions from an international panel of eighteen experts in the fieldIncludes the results of the most recent research on the topicFilled with illustrative examples that demonstrate the advances in laboratory approaches Written for students and professionals in the field, Aeolian Geomorphology provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic in twelve new chapters with contributions from noted experts in the field.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Global Frameworks for Aeolian Geomorphology 1Andrew Warren 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Wind 1 1.2.1 Wind Systems with Daily Rhythm and Local Scale 1 1.2.1.1 Dust Devils 1 1.2.1.2 Haboobs 1 1.2.1.3 Low‐Level Jets 4 1.2.1.4 Sea Breezes 4 1.2.1.5 Hurricanes, Cyclones, Typhoons 5 1.2.1.6 Mountain Winds 7 1.2.2 Wind Systems with Annual Rhythms and Semi‐Global Scale 8 1.2.2.1 Westerlies 8 1.2.2.2 The Trade Winds 11 1.2.2.3 The Harmattan 12 1.2.2.4 Monsoons 12 1.2.3 The Calmer Globe 13 1.3 Rhythms of Erosivity and Erodibility from the Semi‑Decadal to Hundreds of Thousands of Years 13 1.3.1 Multiannual Rhythms 13 1.3.2 Century‐Scale Rhythms 13 1.3.3 Orbitally‐Forced Rhythms 13 1.4 Frameworks of Sedimentary Supply 16 1.4.1 Hard Rock 16 1.4.2 Sand (63–2000 μm) 16 1.4.2.1 The Fluvial Origins of Most Quartz Sand 18 1.4.3 Coarse Dust (10–63 μm) 18 1.4.4 Fine Dust (<10 μm) 18 1.5 Plate‐Tectonic Frameworks: A Glimpse 19 1.6 Conclusion 20 Acknowledgements 20 Note 20 Further Reading 20 References 20 2 Grains in Motion 27Andreas C.W. Baas 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 The Nature of Wind 27 2.2.1 Turbulent Boundary Layers 27 2.2.2 Turbulence and Coherent Flow Structures 30 2.3 Transport Modes 31 2.4 Ripples 32 2.5 Initiation of Grain Motion 33 2.5.1 Thresholds 33 2.5.2 Grain Size Control and Dust Emission 35 2.5.3 Other Sedimentary Controls 36 2.6 Sand Transport: Steady‐State 36 2.6.1 Saltation Trajectories 36 2.6.2 The Vertical Profile 38 2.6.3 Modification of the Wind 39 2.6.4 Bulk Transport Models 40 2.7 Sand Transport: Natural Environments 44 2.7.1 Fetch and Saturation 45 2.7.2 Spatio‐Temporal Variability 46 2.7.3 Slope 47 2.7.4 Vegetation 48 2.7.5 Sand Roses 50 2.8 Conclusion 51 Further Reading 51 References 52 3 Wind Erosion 61Jasper Knight 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 The Processes of Wind Abrasion 61 3.2.1 Environmental Controls on the Wind Transport of Particles 62 3.3 Ventifacts 63 3.3.1 Morphology 64 3.3.2 Wind Abrasion Microfeatures 65 3.3.3 Ventifact Evolution 67 3.4 Yardangs 68 3.4.1 Yardang Morphology and Evolution 69 3.5 Hamadas and Stone Pavements 71 3.6 Deflation Basins and Pans 72 3.7 Discussion 73 3.7.1 Wind Erosion and Boundary Layer Climates 73 3.7.2 Reconstructing Past Wind Patterns from Wind‐Eroded Features 74 3.8 Conclusions 74 Acknowledgements 75 Further Reading 75 References 75 4 Dust: Sources, Entrainment, Transport 81Joanna Bullard and Matthew Baddock 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 What Is Dust? 82 4.3 Production and Entrainment 83 4.4 Sources 85 4.5 Dust Events and Weather Systems 93 4.6 Dust in Suspension 98 Further Reading 100 References 100 5 Loess 107Helen M. Roberts 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Definitions of Loess and its Relationship to Dust 107 5.3 Distribution and Thickness of Loess Deposits 109 5.4 Loess Morphology 112 5.5 The Generation of Loess Sediments 114 5.5.1 The ‘Glacial’ Model 116 5.5.2 The ‘Desert’ Model 117 5.5.3 Seasonality and Continuity 118 5.6 Other Accumulations of Dust 119 5.6.1 Dust on the Ocean Floor 120 5.6.2 Ice Cores 120 5.7 The Palaeoclimatic and Palaeoenvironmental Records from Loess and Dust 121 5.8 Dating Loess and Dust Deposits 122 5.9 The Role of Dust in Climate Change 124 5.10 Cultural,Economic, and Environmental Significance of Loess and Dust 125 5.11 Conclusion 127 Further Reading 127 References 128 6 Desert Dunes: Form and Process 133Giles Wiggs 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 The Classification of Dunes 134 6.2.1 Major Dune Types and Their Controls 135 6.3 Dune Dynamics 137 6.4 Dune Morphology 141 6.4.1 Barchan Dunes and Transverse Ridges 141 6.4.2 Linear Dunes 143 6.4.3 Star Dunes 145 6.5 Dune Orientation and Alignment 146 6.6 Dune Interactions and Equilibrium 148 6.6.1 Complex Systems Models 148 6.6.2 Analytical Models 150 6.7 Conclusion 151 Further Reading 151 References 151 7 Anchored Dunes 157Patrick A. Hesp and Thomas A.G. Smyth 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Nebkhas and Nebkha Fields 157 7.2.1 Generalities 157 7.2.2 Evolutionary Trends 159 7.3 Shadow Dunes 159 7.4 Foredunes 160 7.5 Lunette or Clay Dunes 162 7.6 Blowouts 163 7.7 Parabolic Dunes 165 7.8 Coastal Transgressive Sand Sheets and Dunefields 166 7.8.1 Semi‐fixed (Stabilising) and Fixed (Stabilised) Desert Dunefields 166 7.9 Echo Dunes 168 7.10 Climbing,Clifftop, Falling, and Lee Dunes 170 7.11 The Influence of Topography on Wind Flow and Dune Orientation and Migration 172 7.12 Conclusion 172 Acknowledgements 172 Further Reading 172 References 172 8 Sand Seas 179Paul Hesse 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 The Distribution of Sand Seas 180 8.3 Climatic Factors 181 8.3.1 Wind 181 8.3.2 Precipitation 182 8.4 Topography 186 8.5 Sorting Processes 189 8.6 Geological Factors 190 8.6.1 Lithology 190 8.6.2 Tectonic Setting 190 8.7 A Basin Model of Sand‐Sea Formation 192 8.8 Dune Patterns and Their Origins 195 8.8.1 Sediment Properties (Grain Size and Composition) 195 8.8.2 Climate Change and Changing Wind Regime 197 8.8.3 Sand Supply and Flow Paths 200 8.8.4 Climatic Gradients 200 8.9 Conclusion 200 Further Reading 204 References 204 9 Dune Sediments 209Charles Bristow and Ian Livingstone 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Dune Sands: Mineralogy, Shape, Surface Textures, and Colour 210 9.2.1 Mineralogy 210 9.2.2 Shape 212 9.2.3 Surface Textures 213 9.2.4 Colour 214 9.3 Particle Size Characteristics 216 9.3.1 Particle Size Patterns 219 9.4 Dune Structure 220 9.4.1 Sedimentary Structures in Sand Dunes 220 9.4.2 Bounding Surfaces 223 9.4.3 Sedimentary Models for Dunes and Interdunes 227 9.5 Eolianites 230 9.6 Conclusion 231 Further Reading 231 References 231 10 Dune Palaeoenvironments 237David S.G. Thomas 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 A Date with Dunes 238 10.3 A Challenge: Inactive Versus Active Dunes 240 10.3.1 Vegetation 240 10.3.2 Interacting Environmental Controls 241 10.4 Complex Dune Development 245 10.4.1 Complex Dune Profile Records 246 10.5 Interpreting Dated Dune Records 247 10.6 A Schematic View of Interpreting Dune Palaeoenvironmental Records 249 10.6.1 Accumulation: A Better Way to Look at Dune Palaeoenvironmental Sequences? 250 10.7 Conclusion 254 Further Reading 254 References 254 11 Planetary Aeolian Geomorphology 261Mary C. Bourke, Matthew Balme, Stephen Lewis, Ralph D. Lorenz, and Eric Parteli 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Planetary Atmospheres 261 11.2.1 Mars 261 11.2.2 Titan 263 11.2.3 Venus 263 11.3 Planetary Sediment Transport (Mars, Titan, Venus) 263 11.3.1 Mars 264 11.3.2 Venus and Titan 266 11.4 From Sediment Transport to Aeolian Bedforms 266 11.4.1 Deriving Sediment Transport Characteristics from Planetary Bedform Characteristics 267 11.5 Planetary Aeolian Deposition Features: Dunes, Sand Seas, Sediment Source 269 11.5.1 Mars 269 11.5.2 Titan 270 11.5.3 Venus 272 11.6 Aeolian Dust 273 11.6.1 Dust in the Martian Atmosphere 273 11.6.2 Sources of Martian Dust 276 11.6.3 Landforms Associated with Aeolian Dust on Mars 276 11.7 Planetary Wind‐Eroded Landforms 278 11.7.1 Ventifacts 279 11.7.2 Yardangs 279 11.8 Conclusion 280 Further Reading 281 References 281 12 Application 287Andrew Warren 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Wind Erosion and Dust Production from Agricultural and Grazing Land 287 12.2.1 The Dust Bowl 287 12.2.2 Field‐Scale Application of Aeolian Research After the Dust Bowl 290 12.2.3 Field‐Scale Research into Wind Erosion in the Sahel of West Africa 290 12.2.4 Application at Expanding Scales 291 12.2.4.1 More Types of Land Use 291 12.2.4.2 New Sources of Information 292 12.2.4.3 Larger Scales Bring New End‐Users 293 12.2.4.4 Modelling 293 12.3 Shelter,Wind Erosion, and Dust Production: A Possible Confusion of Scale? 296 12.3.1 The Plains Shelterbelt 297 12.4 Blown Sand in the Desert 297 12.4.1 Oasis Agriculture 297 12.4.1.1 Contemporary Sand Fences 298 12.5 Blown Sand on the Coast 299 12.5.1 Blown Sand and Recreation 299 12.5.2 Coastal Protection 300 12.6 Conclusion: Learning from Past Mistakes 300 Notes 302 Further Reading 302 References 303 Index 307

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Book SynopsisThere has long been a strong collaboration between geologists and archaeologists, and the sub-field of geoarchaeology is well developed as a discipline in its own right. This book now bridges the gap between those fields and the geophysical technique of ground-penetrating radar (GPR), which allows for three-dimensional analysis of the ground to visualize both geological and archaeological materials. This method has the ability to produce images of the ground that display complex packages of materials, and allows researchers to integrate sedimentary units, soils and associated archaeological features in ways not possible using standard excavation techniques. The ability of GPR to visualize all these buried units can help archaeologists place ancient people within the landscapes and environments of their time, and understand their burial and preservation phenomena in three-dimensions. Readership: Advanced students in archaeology and geoarchaeology, as well as practicing Table of ContentsAbout the Author vii Acknowledgments viii 1 Introduction to Ground]penetrating Radar in Geoarchaeology Studies 1 Introduction 1 Scales and Applications of Geoarchaeological Studies with GPR 3 Basics of the GPR Method 4 Integrating GPR with the Geological and Archaeological Record 6 References 10 2 Basic Method and Theory of Ground]penetrating Radar 12 Introduction 12 Production of Reflections, Depth of Penetration, and Resolution 14 Data Collection and Recording 15 Production and Processing of Reflection Profiles 16 More Advanced Data Processing Steps 18 Interpretation of GPR Reflections in Profiles 19 Resolution of Stratigraphic Units 22 Weather and Moisture Differences as They Affect Resolution 27 References 32 3 Integration of Geology, Archaeology, and Ground]penetrating Radar 34 Introduction 34 Examples of Correlating Radar Reflections to Define Stratigraphic Interfaces 35 References 44 4 Fluvial, Alluvial Fan, and Floodplain Environments 46 Introduction 46 Fluvial Systems 47 Fluvial Terraces 51 Alluvial Fans 56 References 60 5 Soils Horizons, Peat Bogs, and Swamps 62 Introduction 62 Soil Horizons 63 Swamps and Peat Bogs 69 References 71 6 Beaches, Sand Dunes, and other Coastal Environments 73 Introduction 73 Beaches 74 Erosion Features along Coasts 77 Lagoon and Tidal Flats 79 Aeolian Dunes 81 References 90 7 Lakes and Deltas 92 Introduction 92 Lakes 93 Deltas 94 References 97 8 Caves and Rock Shelters 99 Introduction 99 Rock Shelters 100 Mapping Adjacent to Rock Shelters 104 Caves 106 References 111 9 Anthropogenic Features and Urban Environments 113 Introduction 113 Middens 114 Anthropogenic Deposits 118 Urban Settings 122 References 130 10 Conclusions 132 Collection of Data for this Book and the Future of GPR in Geoarchaeology 132 Environments Where GPR is Most Applicable in Geoarchaeology 134 The Future of GPR in Geoarchaeology 136 References 136 Glossary of Common GPR Terms 138 Index 143

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Book SynopsisWater Wells and Boreholes focuses on wells that are used for drinking, industry, agriculture or other supply purposes. Other types of wells and boreholes are also covered, including boreholes for monitoring groundwater level and groundwater quality. This fully revised second edition updates and expands the content of the original book whilst maintaining its practical emphasis. The book follows a life-cycle approach to water wells, from identifying a suitable well site through to successful implementation, operation and maintenance of the well, to its eventual decommissioning. Completely revised and updated throughout, Water Wells and Boreholes, Second edition, is the ideal reference for final-year undergraduate students in geology and civil engineering; graduate students in hydrogeology, civil engineering and environmental sciences; research students who use well data in their research; professionals in hydrogeology, water engineering, environmental engineering and geoTrade Review"This book is important. There are now many books on hydrogeology and groundwater, but there are very few that deal with the most essential fundamental part of hydrogeology. Whether you work in the field, lab or office, you need to know how to get into the subsurface, and how to make observations and take measurements that enable an understanding of the characteristics of the groundwater flow and bio-chemical system in the rocks and soils." (David Ball, Irish Groundwater Newsletter, Issue 55, May 2017)"An excellent resource for the geologist-in-training as well as the seasoned groundwater professional." (Michael Schnieders, Groundwater, April 2018)Table of ContentsPreface to Second Edition x Preface to First Edition xi Lewis Clark (1937–2004): An Appreciation xiii Acknowledgements xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Wells and boreholes 1 1.2 Groundwater occurrence 5 1.2.1 Aquifers, aquicludes and aquitards 5 1.2.2 Porosity and aquifer storage 12 1.3 Groundwater flow 17 1.3.1 Darcy’s equation 17 1.3.2 General equations of groundwater flow 21 1.3.3 Radial flow to wells 25 2 Groundwater Investigations for Locating Well Sites 28 2.1 Desk studies 31 2.2 Field reconnaissance 35 2.3 Well survey 36 2.4 Geophysical surveys 41 2.4.1 Electrical resistivity 42 2.4.2 Electromagnetics 49 2.5 Drilling investigations 52 2.6 Groundwater resources assessment 59 2.6.1 Inflow estimation: direct recharge 61 2.6.2 Inflow estimation: indirect recharge 64 2.6.3 Aquifer response analysis 65 2.6.4 Outflow estimation 66 2.6.5 Catchment water balance and modelling 66 2.7 Groundwater quality 69 2.7.1 Introduction 69 2.7.2 Chemical composition of groundwater 69 2.7.3 Groundwater for potable supply 72 2.7.4 Groundwater for irrigation 77 2.8 Pollution risk assessment and prevention 78 2.8.1 Groundwater vulnerability 79 2.8.2 Wellhead protection areas 81 2.8.3 Estimating the pollution risk for a new well site 85 2.9 Planning the well scheme 87 3 An Introduction to Well and Borehole Design 91 3.1 Drilled wells 91 3.1.1 General design principles 91 3.1.2 Wells in crystalline aquifers 96 3.1.3 Wells in consolidated aquifers 100 3.1.4 Wells in unconsolidated aquifers 104 3.1.5 Economic considerations in well design 107 3.2 Hand‐dug wells 109 3.2.1 Design for yield 113 3.2.2 Design for health 114 3.3 Infiltration galleries 116 3.4 Radial collector wells 120 3.5 Observation boreholes 120 3.6 Exploration boreholes 125 3.7 Pump selection 125 3.7.1 Vertical turbine pumps 128 3.7.2 Electrical submersible pumps 129 3.7.3 Motorized suction pumps 133 3.7.4 Helical rotor pumps 134 3.7.5 Hand pumps 135 4 Issues in Well Design and Specialist Applications 140 4.1 Choice of construction materials 140 4.1.1 Strength 141 4.1.2 Jointing system 141 4.1.3 Durability 143 4.1.4 Chemical inertness 143 4.1.5 Standards 144 4.2 Casing 145 4.2.1 Steel casing 145 4.2.2 Plastic and fibreglass casing 146 4.3 Screen 147 4.3.1 Slot design and open area 147 4.3.2 Slot width 149 4.4 Gravel pack design 150 4.4.1 Natural gravel pack 150 4.4.2 Artificial gravel pack 151 4.5 Hydraulic design 154 4.5.1 Partial penetration effects 156 4.5.2 The damage zone and well bore skin 158 4.5.3 Gravel pack loss 159 4.5.4 Screen entrance loss 159 4.5.5 Well upflow losses 162 4.6 Economic optimization of well design 167 4.6.1 General principles 167 4.6.2 Example 168 4.7 Groundwater and wells for heating and cooling 171 4.7.1 Groundwater for cooling 172 4.7.2 Heating with groundwater: geothermal fluids 173 4.7.3 Heating with groundwater: heat pumps 174 4.7.4 Well configurations 175 4.8 Well doublets 177 4.8.1 Hydraulic equations 178 4.8.2 Feedback and breakthrough 178 4.8.3 Water chemistry 179 4.9 Recharge wells 180 4.9.1 Purpose 180 4.9.2 Construction of injection wells 182 4.9.3 Installations 183 4.9.4 Testing and operation 184 4.9.5 Clogging of recharge wells 184 4.9.6 Seismic risk from water injection 188 4.10 Aquifer storage and recovery 188 5 Well and Borehole Construction 191 5.1 Percussion (cable‐tool) drilling 193 5.1.1 Drilling in hard‐rock formations 196 5.1.2 Drilling in soft, unstable formations 198 5.1.3 Light‐percussion drilling 201 5.2 Rotary drilling 202 5.2.1 Direct circulation rotary 202 5.2.2 Fluids used in direct circulation rotary drilling 208 5.2.3 Reverse circulation 212 5.2.4 Top‐hole and down‐the‐hole hammer drilling 215 5.2.5 Dual rotary 217 5.2.6 Borehole testing during drilling 218 5.2.7 Methods of casing and screen installation 220 5.3 Sonic drilling 221 5.4 Auger drilling 222 5.5 Jetting 223 5.6 Direct push and drive sampling 224 5.7 Driving of well‐points 226 5.8 Manual construction 226 5.9 Well development 228 5.9.1 Well and aquifer damage 229 5.9.2 Developing the well 229 5.9.3 Developing the aquifer around the well 229 5.9.4 Methods of development 231 5.9.5 Disinfecting the well 240 5.10 Wellhead completion 240 6 Formation Sampling and Identification 244 6.1 Observing the drilling process 244 6.1.1 Observing the drilling process in hard‐rock aquifers 247 6.2 Collecting formation samples 248 6.2.1 Disturbed formation sampling 248 6.2.2 Undisturbed formation sampling 256 6.3 Description and analysis of drilling samples 260 6.3.1 Characterizing disturbed samples 261 6.3.2 Characterization of representative samples 261 6.3.3 Characterization of undisturbed samples 267 6.4 Downhole geophysical logging 269 6.4.1 The geophysical logging package 270 6.4.2 Organizing a geophysical logging mission 275 6.4.3 On arriving on site 275 6.4.4 Formation logs 276 6.4.5 Fluid logs 283 6.4.6 Well construction logs 287 6.5 Downhole geophysical imaging 287 6.6 Distributed (fibre‐optic) temperature sensing (DTS) 290 6.7 Preparing a composite well log 292 7 Well and Borehole Testing 295 7.1 Objectives of test pumping 295 7.1.1 Well performance 295 7.1.2 Water quality 296 7.1.3 Sustainability 296 7.1.4 Environmental impacts 298 7.1.5 Aquifer properties 298 7.2 Planning a well pumping test 298 7.2.1 Before starting 298 7.2.2 When to test pump 301 7.2.3 Consents and permissions 301 7.2.4 Equipment 302 7.2.5 The observation network 308 7.2.6 Recording of data 313 7.3 Types of pumping test 315 7.3.1 Dimension pumping 315 7.3.2 The step test 315 7.3.3 Medium to long‐term (constant rate) test 316 7.3.4 Recovery test 317 7.4 Analysis of test pumping data from single wells 317 7.4.1 Fundamentals 317 7.4.2 The misuse of test pumping analysis 318 7.4.3 Well performance – the step test 320 7.4.4 Steady-state analyses 323 7.4.5 Time‐variant analysis 326 7.4.6 Analysis of recovery tests 331 7.5 Multiple wells 334 7.5.1 Steady-state analysis of multiple pumping wells 334 7.5.2 Time‐variant analysis of multiple wells 334 7.5.3 Application of the Cooper‐ Jacob approximation to multiple wells 334 7.6 The shape of the yield‐drawdown curve: Deviations from the ideal response 335 7.6.1 A non‐infinite aquifer: Presence of an impermeable barrier 336 7.6.2 Recharge during a pumping test 336 7.6.3 Unconfined aquifers: Delayed yield 339 7.6.4 Poroelasticity, subsidence and the ‘Noordbergum Effect’ 341 7.6.5 Large diameter wells 341 7.6.6 Diagnostic plots 342 7.7 Interpretation of pumping and recovery test data in hard‐rock aquifers 344 7.7.1 High yielding hard‐rock wells 345 7.7.2 Low‐yielding hard‐rock wells 346 7.7.3 Sustainable yield of hardrock wells 348 7.8 Single borehole tests: slug tests 350 7.8.1 Slug tests 350 7.8.2 Packer testing 352 7.9 Tracer tests 353 7.10 Geophysical logging during pumping tests 355 7.11 Test pumping a major well field: the Gatehampton case study 356 7.12 Record‐keeping 359 8 Groundwater Sampling and Analysis 361 8.1 Water quality parameters and sampling objectives 363 8.1.1 Master variables 363 8.1.2 Main physicochemical parameters 363 8.1.3 Major ions 364 8.1.4 Drinking water 365 8.1.5 Water for agricultural and industrial purposes 367 8.1.6 Pollution‐related parameters 367 8.1.7 Indicator parameters 369 8.1.8 Microbiological quality and indicator parameters 370 8.2 Field determinations 373 8.2.1 The purpose of field determinations 373 8.2.2 Downhole sondes and throughflow cells 374 8.2.3 Field kits for other parameters 375 8.2.4 Emergency water supply 377 8.3 Collecting water samples from production wells 380 8.3.1 The sample line 380 8.3.2 When to sample: well testing 380 8.3.3 When to sample: production wells 382 8.4 Collecting water samples from observation boreholes 383 8.4.1 Preparation for sampling 383 8.4.2 Bailers and depth samplers 384 8.4.3 Simple pumps 386 8.4.4 Submersible pumps 386 8.4.5 Other pumps 387 8.4.6 Sampling at specific depths 389 8.4.7 Sampling for non‐aqueous phase liquids 391 8.5 Sample filtration, preservation and packaging 392 8.5.1 Sampling order 394 8.5.2 Physicochemical parameters 394 8.5.3 Microbial parameters 396 8.5.4 Inorganic parameters: acidification and filtration 397 8.5.5 Inorganic parameters: sampling 400 8.5.6 Organic parameters 400 8.5.7 Stable isotopes 403 8.5.8 Dissolved gases 404 8.6 Packing and labelling samples 406 8.7 Quality control and record keeping 407 8.8 Sample chemical analysis 408 8.9 Hydrochemical databases 412 9 Well Monitoring and Maintenance 414 9.1 Factors affecting well system performance 415 9.1.1 Physical processes 415 9.1.2 Chemical processes 416 9.1.3 Microbiological processes 421 9.1.4 Well design and construction 423 9.1.5 Well system operation 423 9.2 Monitoring well system performance 424 9.2.1 Monitoring well performance 425 9.2.2 Well inspection tools 433 9.2.3 Pump performance 434 9.2.4 Water quality monitoring 436 9.2.5 Monitoring microbial processes 436 9.3 Well maintenance and rehabilitation measures 437 9.4 Well decommissioning 443 10 Well and Borehole Records 446 10.1 Well archives 446 10.2 Operational well databases 447 10.3 An example of a hydrogeological database ‐ Afghanistan 454 Appendix 1 Units and Conversion Tables 458 Appendix 2 Hydraulic Equations for Groundwater Engineers 460 Appendix 3 Health and Safety Plans 464 Appendix 4 World Health Organization Drinking Water Guidelines 467 Appendix 5 FAO Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines 473 References 475 Index 506

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Book SynopsisUrban tree management is the key basis for greener cities of the future. It is a practical discipline which includes tree selection, planting, care and protection and the overall management of trees as a collective resource.Table of ContentsList of contributors, xiii1 Intro: Urban trees – Importance, benefits, problems, 1Andreas Roloff1.1 Introduction, 11.2 Aesthetics, sensory impressions, 11.3 Psychology, well]being, health, 31.4 Environmental education, ecology, 91.5 Orientation, spacious ordering, architecture, 91.6 Protection, quality of life, 91.7 Food/diet, healing powers, 111.8 Utilization of trees, 111.9 Economic and social advantages, 111.10 Issues, 121.11 Conclusion, 13References, 132 Urban trees: Features and requirements, 15Andreas Roloff2.1 Urban tree site categories, 152.2 Special conditions for urban trees, 152.3 Requirements and selection criteria, 152.4 Conclusions, 19References, 193 Fundamentals of tree biology for urban trees, 20Doris Krabel3.1 Morphological and anatomical features, 203.1.1 Trunk, 203.1.2 Roots, 223.1.3 Mycorrhizae, 243.1.4 Secondary growth, 253.1.5 Periderm and bark, 273.2 Tree growth and growth reactions, 283.2.1 Photosynthesis – the fundamental growth process, 283.2.2 The role of water, 293.2.3 Seasonal dynamics, 303.2.4 Wound reactions, 313.3 Conclusions, 33References, 344 Urban tree roots: Problems and peculiarities, 36Sandra Korn4.1 Damages to and influences on the root system of urban trees, 364.1.1 Site conditions, 364.1.2 Human activity, 374.1.3 Construction sites, 394.2 Damage caused by the root system of urban trees, 414.3 Precautions/preventing damage, 434.4 Conclusions, 44References, 455 Drought stress: Adaptation strategies, 47Sandra Korn5.1 What is stress? – Stress concepts, 475.2 Stress responses, 475.2.1 Adaptation to drought stress – stress escape, 485.2.2 Adaptation to drought stress – stress resistance by avoidance, 495.2.3 Adaptation to drought stress – stress resistance by tolerance, 515.3 Identifying tree species adapted to stress, 535.3.1 Responses and adaptations to drought stress, 535.3.2 Identifying suitable tree species, 535.4 Conclusions, 56References, 566 Aspects of urban tree pathology, 58Rolf Kehr6.1 Definitions, terms and concepts, 586.2 Abiotic damage and disorders, 596.3 Virus diseases, 616.4 Diseases caused by bacteria and other prokaryotes, 616.5 Diseases caused by oomycetes, 646.6 Fungal diseases, 656.6.1 Systemic fungal infections, 656.6.2 Leaf and needle diseases, 676.6.3 Shoot and stem diseases and cankers, 686.6.4 Rust diseases, 706.6.5 Root diseases, 706.6.6 Wood decay, 716.7 Parasitic plants, 726.8 Plant]parasitic nematodes and insect pests, 736.9 Damage by herbivorous mammals, 766.10 Impact of introduced pests and diseases, 766.11 Aspects of control methods for pests and diseases of urban trees, 766.12 Conclusions, 77References, 777 Vitality assessment, tree architecture, 82Andreas Roloff7.1 Introduction, 827.2 Decline and stress symptoms of tree crowns: “leaf loss” vs. crown structure, 827.3 Tree architecture and reiterations, 837.3.1 Architectural models, 837.3.2 Reiterations, 857.4 Changes in the crown structure with decreasing vitality, 877.4.1 Shoot morphology: shoot base scars, short] and long]shoots, 877.4.2 Model of growth stages, 887.4.3 Vitality classes, 907.4.4 Vitality and tree life expectancy, 927.5 Conclusions, 94References, 948 Body language of trees, tree diagnostics, 95Andreas Roloff8.1 Terms and definition, 958.2 Adaptation and optimization in trees, 958.3 Examples and explanation: branches, trunk/bark, roots, 968.3.1 Branch]shedding collar, 968.3.2 Hazard beams, 978.3.3 Bottle butts, 988.3.4 Forked trees, 988.3.5 Nose]like ribs on forked trees, 998.3.6 Sunburn, 998.3.7 Stem crack, 1008.3.8 Longitudinal splitting, 1008.3.9 Knobs and nodules, 1008.3.10 Bark stripes on ribs, 1028.3.11 Supply shadow, 1038.3.12 Elephant’s foot, 1038.3.13 Hollow trunks, 1048.3.14 Crown/root relationship, 1048.3.15 Root symphysis, 1058.3.16 Tension roots on slopes, 1058.3.17 Covered root collars, 1068.3.18 Root collar strangling, 1078.3.19 Sealing of the root area, 1078.3.20 Inner roots, 1088.3.21 Adventitious roots, 1088.4 Conclusions, 109References, 1109 Tree inventory, risk assessment and management, 111Steffen Rust9.1 Introduction, 1119.2 Tree inventory, 1129.2.1 Inventory parameters, 1129.2.2 Technology, 1129.3 Tree risk assessment, 1139.3.1 Terms and concepts, 1139.3.2 Visual assessment, 1159.3.3 Advanced assessment, 1229.3.4 Risk categorization and reporting, 1309.4 Conclusions, 132References, 13210 Tree preservation, maintenance and repair, 135Steffen Rust10.1 Introduction, 13510.2 Preserving existing trees during development, 13510.2.1 Tree constraints plan, 13610.2.2 Tree survey, 13610.2.3 Root protection area, 13810.2.4 Tree Protection Plan, 13810.2.5 Arboricultural method statement, 13810.2.6 Pre]development treatments, 13910.3 Maintenance of planted and established trees, 13910.3.1 Physical support, 13910.3.2 Protection against collisions, 14310.3.3 Solar radiation, 14410.3.4 Wound treatment, 14410.3.5 Water management, 14410.3.6 Mulching, 14610.3.7 Mycorrhizae, 14810.3.8 Soil compaction, 14810.3.9 De]icing salt, 15010.3.10 Pruning to mitigate risk, 15010.3.11 Ancient and veteran trees, 15110.3.12 Precautionary measures, 15110.4 Conclusions, 152References, 15311 Tree pruning: Methods and parameters, 154Ulrich Pietzarka11.1 Introduction, 15411.2 Consequences of pruning, 15411.3 Important parameters, 15711.4 The pruning system, 16011.4.1 Palms, 16211.5 Intensity of pruning, 16411.6 Date of pruning, 16511.6.1 Reduction of assimilates and reserves, 16611.6.2 Species and nature conservation, 16711.6.3 Hazard of fungal infestation, 16711.6.4 Risk of sunburn, 16711.6.5 Severe frost, 16711.6.6 Visibility, 16711.7 Conclusion, 168References, 16812 Transplanting large trees, 169Ulrich Pietzarka12.1 Introduction, 16912.2 Definitions, tasks, decisions, 16912.3 Preparation, 17212.4 Transplantation practices, 17312.5 Post]planting care, 17512.6 Conclusion, 175References, 17513 Dust and noise reduction, 177Britt Kniesel13.1 Dust, 17713.1.1 Dust definition and origins, 17713.1.2 Interaction between dust particles and vegetation, 17713.1.3 Planting design, 18013.2 Noise, 18013.2.1 Noise control, 18013.2.2 Noise attenuation by vegetation, 18013.2.3 Planting design, 18213.3 Conclusions, 183References, 18314 Invasive species, indigenous vs. alien dendroflora, 185Matthias Meyer14.1 Introduction, 18514.2 Floristic statuses – important definitions for urban dendroflora, 18514.2.1 “Indigenous” vs. “alien”, 18614.2.2 “Casual” and “naturalized” vs. “invasive”, 18714.3 Invasibility of habitats and invasiveness of dendroflorain urban landscapes, 18814.4 Arguments pro or contra “alien” woody species and risk assessment, 18914.5 The example of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), 19014.6 Prevention and control measures against invasive woodyspecies or tree weeds, 19114.7 Conclusions, 193References, 19315 Criteria for species selection: Development of a database for urban trees, 196Sten Gillner, Mathias Hofmann, Andreas Tharang and Juliane Vogt15.1 Introduction, 19615.2 Species description, growth conditions, and risks relatedto species use, 19815.2.1 Data pool and nomenclature, 19815.2.2 Literature review and evaluation, 19815.2.3 Structure of the database, 19915.3 Urban Tree Location Categorization, 19915.3.1 Urban tree location types, 20215.3.2 Specific demographic groups, 20415.4 Psychological aspects of the database, 20515.4.1 User]based urban green space categorization, 20515.4.2 Tree perception and tree preferences, 20615.5 Application possibilities and limitation of use, 20715.6 Conclusions, 208References, 20916 Genetic aspects, 211Doris Krabel16.1 The problem of trees from a genetic point of view, 21116.2 Diversity, monoculture, variety and clones – some general comments, 21416.3 The risk of missing diversity, 21516.4 Genetic diversity as an element of design and planning in urban spaces, 21716.5 Conclusions, 219References, 21917 Governance in urban forestry, 221Jürgen Pretzsch17.1 Introduction: challenges and need for action, 22117.2 Objectives and definitions, 22117.2.1 Objectives, 22117.2.2 Definitions, 22217.3 Diagnosis and conceptual framework, 22217.3.1 Socio]ecological co]evolution model for urban forestry, 22217.3.2 Historical development of urban forestry governance, 22317.3.3 Increasing complexity and paradigm change, 22417.3.4 Stakeholder analysis and differentiation in participant groups, 22517.3.5 Assessment by the livelihood framework, 22617.4 Governance models for urban forestry, 22717.4.1 Introduction to urban forestry governance models, 22717.4.2 Public administration: changing functions and diversification, 22717.4.3 Public]private partnerships, 22817.4.4 Governance based on private urban forestry, 22817.4.5 Donations, 22817.4.6 Allotment gardens, 22817.4.7 Neighborhood groups and collective gardening, 23017.5 Lessons learned for the future development of urban forestry, 23017.5.1 Paradigm change, 23017.5.2 Chances and limits of collective action in urban forestry, 23117.5.3 Exclusion and conflict management, 23117.5.4 Adaptive management, 23117.5.5 Forthcoming steps in practice and research, 23217.6 Conclusions, 232References, 23418 Allotment gardens and privately managed greenspace in urban environment, 236Eckhard Auch18.1 Introduction, 23618.2 Some definitions, 23618.2.1 Green space as urban soft infrastructure, 23618.2.2 Urban gardening vs. urban horticulture, agricultureand agroforestry, 23718.3 Urban gardens, 23718.3.1 Generic types of urban gardens, 23718.3.2 Urban gardens in history, 23818.3.3 Urban gardens for the disadvantaged in the 20th Century, 23918.4 Function and benefits/services of trees and gardens in urban contexts, 24118.5 Recent forms of urban gardening in the global North and global South, 24218.5.1 Factors facilitating the emergence, 24218.5.2 Newer urban garden forms (selection), 24318.6 Conclusions, 245References, 24519 Urban woods for relaxation and inspiration, 247Eckhard Auch, Hubertus Pohris and Markus Biernath19.1 Introduction, 24719.2 Some definitions, 24719.3 Forest ecosystem functions and services, 24819.4 Changing demands on urban and peri]urban forests – the case of Dresden, 25119.4.1 Change in forest functions, 25119.4.2 Functional transformation of the Dresdner Heide forest, with focus onrecreation, 25119.5 Urban forestry and silviculture, 25419.5.1 Urban forests as recreational resource, 25419.5.2 Silvicultural operations for recreational resources, 25419.6 Silvicultural specifics of urban and peri]urban forest management, 25619.7 Conclusions, 259References, 25920 Acceptance for urban trees: Environmental education programs, 262Ulrich Pietzarka20.1 Introduction, 26220.2 Education for sustainable development, 26220.3 Features of successful education programs, 26420.3.1 Specific to target groups, 26420.3.2 Inviting, 26620.3.3 Focused, 26620.3.4 Relevant, 26720.3.5 Active, 26720.3.6 Entertaining, 26820.4 The search for professional partners, 26820.5 Conclusions, 269References, 270Index, 271

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Book SynopsisThis book investigates sand production problems in the development of unconsolidated sand reservoirsand suggests novel technical solutions and improvements to sand management issues. This book is divided into six chapters: (1) geologic characteristics of unconsolidated sand heavy oil reservoirs and concept of sand management technology; (2) sand production mechanisms and its effect on reservoir petrophysical quality; (3) sand production quantity prediction and well productivity evaluation methods, especially for fluid-solid coupling prediction model; (4) completion technology for sand management; (5) sand flow in well bore and surface processing; (6) the application of sand management technology in China's Bohai heavy oil field. Readership: Petroleum reservoir engineers and production managers worldwide.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Geological Characteristics of Unconsolidated Heavy Oil Sandstone Reservoirs 1 1.1.1 Distribution Characteristics of Unconsolidated Heavy Oil Sandstone Reservoirs 1 1.1.2 Sedimentary Characteristics of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 2 1.1.3 Diagenetic Features of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 2 1.1.4 Characteristics of Reservoir Space of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 4 1.1.5 Fluid Properties of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 8 1.1.6 Flowing Characteristics of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 10 1.2 Development Technologies Management of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 12 1.2.1 Development Characteristics of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 12 1.2.2 Technical Philosophy of Sand Production Management 13 1.2.3 Key Technologies 14 1.2.4 Limited Sand Production Management 16 1.2.5 Measures of Controlling Sand Production 21 1.2.6 Application of Sand Production Management 27 1.2.7 Development Prospects of Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs 29 2 Sand Production Mechanism and Changes of Rock Properties Affected by Sand Production 31 2.1 Sand Production Mechanism and the Factors Affecting Sand Production 31 2.1.1 Mechanism of Sand Production 31 2.1.2 Factors Affecting Sand Production 33 2.2 Changes of Formation Properties due to Sand Production 36 2.2.1 Experiments Observing Influence of Sand Production on Permeability 36 2.2.2 Influence of Sand Production on Porosity Structure 45 3 Sand Production Rate Prediction and Productivity Index Appraisal 56 3.1 Evolvement of Sand Production Rate Prediction Method 57 3.1.1 Wellsite Engineering Method 57 3.1.2 Stress]Strain Model 58 3.1.3 Wormhole Model 60 3.1.4 Solid–Fluid Coupling Model 62 3.2 Sand Production Rate Prediction by Using Fluid–Solid Coupling Model 64 3.2.1 The Principle of Calculation 64 3.2.2 Erosion Model 68 3.2.3 Denudation Model 75 3.3 Productivity Appraisal Methods of Wells Producing with Sands 79 3.3.1 Model of Skin Factor 79 3.3.2 Improved Permeability Model 80 3.3.3 Equivalent Wellbore Model of Sanding Tunnels 81 3.3.4 Solving Process 82 3.4 Cases of Increasing Production Rate by Allowing Sand Production 83 3.4.1 Required Parameters for Calculation 83 3.4.2 Controlling the Bottom Hole Pressure 84 3.4.3 Results of Calculation 84 4 Well Completion Approaches of Sanding Management 89 4.1 Methods of Excluding Sand Production 89 4.1.1 Conventional Methods of Excluding Sand Production 90 4.1.2 Methods of Excluding Sand Production of Sand Production Management 90 4.2 Design of Sand Exclusion Parameters 92 4.2.1 Designing Aperture Width of Sand Production Exclusion Screens 92 4.2.2 Designing Methods of Sand Exclusion Precision for Premium Screens 96 4.2.3 Approach of Gravel]packing 98 4.3 Physical Simulation of Evaluating Sand Control Results 99 4.3.1 Experimental Devices 100 4.3.2 Experimental Evaluation Index 102 4.3.3 Evaluation Experiments of Sand Exclusion Precision of Premium Screens 103 4.3.4 Evaluation Experiments of Packing Gravel Sizes 105 5 Sand Carrying in Wellbore and Surface Treatment of Produced Sands 108 5.1 Critical Flowing Velocity of Carrying Sand in Wellbore when Producing with Sands 108 5.1.1 Basic Theoretical Model 109 5.1.2 Experimental Research of Sand Carrying in Wellbore 112 5.1.3 Analysis of Experimental Data and Improvement of Formulas 119 5.2 Techniques of Artificial Lift and Production Optimization When Producing with Sands 122 5.2.1 Artificial Lift and Supporting Techniques 122 5.2.2 Production Optimization 131 5.3 Surface Treatment of Produced Crude with Sand Particles 134 5.3.1 Characteristic of Oilfields in Bohai Bay and Requirements of Treatment 134 5.3.2 Principles of Treatment 136 5.3.3 Examples of Surface Treatment of Fluid with Sands 138 6 Sand Production Management in Heavy Oilfields in Bohai Bay 143 6.1 Core Technologies of Sand Production Management 144 6.1.1 Studies of Formation Sanding Patterns 144 6.1.2 Well Completion and Artificial Lift Techniques 144 6.1.3 Surface Treatment Techniques 144 6.1.4 Comprehensive Economical Evaluation 145 6.2 Implementation Workflow of Sand Production Management 145 6.2.1 Reservoir Simulation Appraisal 145 6.2.2 Analysis of Formation Strength 146 6.2.3 Selection of Well Completion 147 6.2.4 Quantitative Evaluation of the Risk of Sand Production 147 6.2.5 Prediction of Initial Condition of Sand Production 147 6.2.6 Prediction of the Volume of Sand Production 148 6.2.7 Estimation of Sand]Carrying Capacity of Wellbore 148 6.2.8 Evaluation of the Erosion Rate of Devices 148 6.2.9 Surface Treatment Techniques when Producing with Limited Sand Production 149 6.2.10 Pilot Application of Sand Production Management 149 6.3 Application of Sand Production Management in Oilfields of Bohai Bay 150 6.3.1 Introduction of Oilfields 150 6.3.2 Model of Sand Production Management 150 6.3.3 Prediction of Volume of Sand Production 152 6.3.4 Design of Aperture Sizes 154 6.3.5 Calculation of Sand Carrying in Wellbore 155 6.3.6 Artificial Lift and Surface Oily Sands Treatment 159 Bibliography 161 Index 164

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Book SynopsisTheory and Application of Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Methods presents a comprehensive review of all popular multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Methods developed thus far and is aimed at researchers and practitioners within relevant Earth Science disciplines as well as Petroleum, Chemical, Mechanical and Geological Engineering. Clearly structured throughout, this book will be an invaluable reference on the current state of all popular multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Methods (LBMs). The advantages and disadvantages of each model are presented in an accessible manner to enable the reader to choose the model most suitable for the problems they are interested in. The book is targeted at graduate students and researchers who plan to investigate multiphase flows using LBMs. Throughout the text most of the popular multiphase LBMs are analyzed both theoretically and through numerical simulation. The authors present many of the mathematical derivations of the models in greater detail tTable of ContentsPreface xi About the companion website xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 History of the Lattice Boltzmann method 2 1.2 The Lattice Boltzmann method 3 1.3 Multiphase LBM 6 1.3.1 Color-gradient model 7 1.3.2 Shan–Chen model 7 1.3.3 Free-energy model 8 1.3.4 Interface tracking model 9 1.4 Comparison of models 9 1.5 Units in this book and parameter conversion 11 1.6 Appendix: Einstein summation convention 14 1.6.1 Kronecker δ function 15 1.6.2 Lattice tensors 15 1.7 Use of the Fortran code in the book 16 2 Single-component multiphase Shan–Chen-type model 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.1.1 "Equilibrium" velocity in the SC model 20 2.1.2 Inter-particle forces in the SC SCMP LBM 20 2.2 Typical equations of state 21 2.2.1 Parameters in EOS 27 2.3 Thermodynamic consistency 28 2.3.1 The SCMP LBM EOS 29 2.3.2 Incorporating other EOS into the SC model 31 2.4 Analytical surface tension 32 2.4.1 Inter-particle Force Model A 32 2.4.2 Inter-particle Force Model B 33 2.5 Contact angle 34 2.6 Capillary rise 36 2.7 Parallel flow and relative permeabilities 39 2.8 Forcing term in the SC model 40 2.8.1 Schemes to incorporate the body force 42 2.8.2 Scheme overview 44 2.8.3 Theoretical analysis 44 2.8.4 Numerical results and discussion 46 2.9 Multirange pseudopotential (Inter-particle Force Model B) 55 2.10 Conclusions 58 2.11 Appendix A: Analytical solution for layered multiphase flow in a channel 58 2.12 Appendix B: FORTRAN code to simulate single component multiphase droplet contacting a wall as shown in Figure 2.7(c) 60 3 Shan and Chen-type multi-component multiphase models 71 3.1 Multi-component multiphase SC LBM 71 3.1.1 Fluid–fluid cohesion and fluid–solid adhesion 73 3.2 Derivation of the pressure 73 3.2.1 Pressure in popular papers (2D) 74 3.2.2 Pressure in popular papers (3D) 75 3.3 Determining Gc and the surface tension 76 3.4 Contact angle 78 3.4.1 Application of Young's equation to MCMP LBM 79 3.4.2 Contact angle measurement 79 3.4.3 Verification of proposed equation 80 3.5 Flow through capillary tubes 83 3.6 Layered two-phase flow in a 2D channel 85 3.7 Pressure or velocity boundary conditions 87 3.7.1 Boundary conditions for 2D simulations 87 3.7.2 Boundary conditions for 3D simulations 89 3.8 Displacement in a 3D porous medium 91 4 Rothman–Keller multiphase Lattice Boltzmann model 94 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 RK color-gradient model 96 4.3 Theoretical analysis (Chapman–Enskog expansion) 99 4.3.1 Discussion of above formulae 103 4.4 Layered two-phase flow in a 2D channel 103 4.4.1 Cases of two fluids with identical densities 104 4.4.2 Cases of two fluids with different densities 106 4.5 Interfacial tension and isotropy of the RK model 110 4.5.1 Interfacial tension 110 4.5.2 Isotropy 110 4.6 Drainage and capillary filling 111 4.7 MRT RK model 113 4.8 Contact angle 114 4.8.1 Spurious currents 115 4.9 Tests of inlet/outlet boundary conditions 117 4.10 Immiscible displacements in porous media 118 4.11 Appendix A 121 4.12 Appendix B 122 5 Free-energy-based multiphase Lattice Boltzmann model 136 5.1 Swift free-energy based single-component multiphase LBM 136 5.1.1 Derivation of the coefficients in the equilibrium distribution function 138 5.2 Chapman–Enskog expansion 143 5.3 Issue of Galilean invariance 146 5.4 Phase separation 149 5.5 Contact angle 154 5.5.1 How to specify a desired contact angle 154 5.5.2 Numerical verification 155 5.6 Swift free-energy-based multi-component multiphase LBM 158 5.7 Appendix 158 6 Inamuro's multiphase Lattice Boltzmann model 167 6.1 Introduction 167 6.1.1 Inamuro's method 167 6.1.2 Comment on the presentation 169 6.1.3 Chapman–Enskog expansion analysis 170 6.1.4 Cahn–Hilliard equation (equation for order parameter) 173 6.1.5 Poisson equation 174 6.2 Droplet collision 175 6.3 Appendix 178 7 He–Chen–Zhang multiphase Lattice Boltzmann model 196 7.1 Introduction 196 7.2 HCZ model 196 7.3 Chapman–Enskog analysis 199 7.3.1 N–S equations 199 7.3.2 CH equation 202 7.4 Surface tension and phase separation 202 7.5 Layered two-phase flow in a channel 204 7.6 Rayleigh–Taylor instability 205 7.7 Contact angle 210 7.8 Capillary rise 213 7.9 Geometric scheme to specify the contact angle and its hysteresis 215 7.9.1 Examples of droplet slipping in shear flows 218 7.10 Oscillation of an initially ellipsoidal droplet 219 7.11 Appendix A 222 7.12 Appendix B: 2D code 223 7.13 Appendix C: 3D code 238 8 Axisymmetric multiphase HCZ model 253 8.1 Introduction 253 8.2 Methods 253 8.2.1 Macroscopic governing equations 253 8.2.2 Axisymmetric HCZ LBM (Premnath and Abraham 2005a) 255 8.2.3 MRT version of the axisymmetric LBM (McCracken and Abraham 2005) 256 8.2.4 Axisymmetric boundary conditions 258 8.3 The Laplace law 258 8.4 Oscillation of an initially ellipsoidal droplet 259 8.5 Cylindrical liquid column break 263 8.6 Droplet collision 265 8.6.1 Effect of gradient and Laplacian calculation 267 8.6.2 Effect of BGK and MRT 274 8.7 A revised axisymmetric HCZ model (Huang et al. 2014) 276 8.7.1 MRT collision 276 8.7.2 Calculation of the surface tension 277 8.7.3 Mass correction 278 8.8 Bubble rise 279 8.8.1 Numerical validation 281 8.8.2 Surface-tension calculation effect 283 8.8.3 Terminal bubble shape 284 8.8.4 Wake behind the bubble 284 8.9 Conclusion 286 8.10 Appendix A: Chapman–Enskog analysis 288 8.10.1 Preparation for derivation 288 8.10.2 Mass conservation 289 8.10.3 Momentum conservation 289 8.10.4 CH equation 291 9 Extensions of the HCZ model for high-density ratio two-phase flows 292 9.1 Introduction 292 9.2 Model I (Lee and Lin 2005) 293 9.2.1 Stress and potential form of intermolecular forcing terms 293 9.2.2 Model description 294 9.2.3 Implementation 297 9.2.4 Directional derivative 298 9.2.5 Droplet splashing on a thin liquid film 299 9.3 Model II (Amaya-Bower and Lee 2010) 301 9.3.1 Implementation 302 9.4 Model III (Lee and Liu 2010) 304 9.5 Model IV 305 9.6 Numerical tests for different models 306 9.6.1 A drop inside a box with periodic boundary conditions 306 9.6.2 Layered two-phase flows in a channel 311 9.6.3 Galilean invariance 313 9.7 Conclusions 316 9.8 Appendix A: Analytical solutions for layered two-phase flow in a channel 317 9.9 Appendix B: 2D code based on Amaya-Bower and Lee (2010) 319 10 Axisymmetric high-density ratio two-phase LBMs (extension of the HCZ model) 334 10.1 Introduction 334 10.2 The model based on Lee and Lin (2005) 334 10.2.1 The equilibrium distribution functions I 336 10.2.2 The equilibrium distribution functions II 336 10.2.3 Source terms 337 10.2.4 Stress and potential form of intermolecular forcing terms 337 10.2.5 Chapman–Enskog analysis 338 10.2.6 Implementation 340 10.2.7 Droplet splashing on a thin liquid film 342 10.2.8 Head-on droplet collision 342 10.3 Axisymmetric model based on Lee and Liu (2010) 345 10.3.1 Implementation 347 10.3.2 Head-on droplet collision 348 10.3.3 Bubble rise 353 Index 371

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Book SynopsisThe Terrestrial Water Cycle: Natural and Human-Induced Changes is a comprehensive volume that investigates the changes in the terrestrial water cycle and the natural and anthropogenic factors that cause these changes. This volume brings together recent progress and achievements in large-scale hydrological observations and numerical simulations, specifically in areas such as in situ measurement network, satellite remote sensing and hydrological modeling. Our goal is to extend and deepen our understanding of the changes in the terrestrial water cycle and to shed light on the mechanisms of the changes and their consequences in water resources and human well-being in the context of global change. Volume highlights include: Overview of the changes in the terrestrial water cycle Human alterations of the terrestrial water cycle Recent advances in hydrological measurement and observation Integrated modeling of the terrestrial wateTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Part I: Overview of the Changes in the Terrestrial Water Cycle 1 1 Macroscale Hydrological Modeling and Global Water BalanceTaikan Oki and Hyungjun Kim 3 2 Historical and Future Changes in Streamflow and Continental Runoff: A ReviewAiguo Dai 17 3 Changes in the Global Terrestrial Water Cycle: A Review and SynthesisQiuhong Tang, Xuejun Zhang, Ming Pan, and Xingcai Liu 39 Part II: Human Alterations of the Terrestrial Water Cycle 55 4 Human-Induced Changes in the Global Water CycleTian Zhou, Ingjerd Haddeland, Bart Nijssen, and Dennis P Lettenmaier 57 5 Impacts of Groundwater Pumping on Regional and Global Water ResourcesYoshihide Wada 71 6 Land Use/Cover Change Impacts on Hydrology in Large River Basins: A ReviewLan Cuo 103 Part III: Recent Advances in Hydrological Measurement and Observation 135 7 GRACE-Based Estimates of Global Groundwater DepletionMin-Hui Lo, James S Famiglietti, John T Reager, Matthew Rodell, Sean Swenson, and Wen-Ying Wu 137 8 Regional-Scale Combined Land-Atmosphere Water Balance Based on Daily Observations in IllinoisPat J-F Yeh 147 Part IV: Integrated Modeling of the Terrestrial Water Cycle 167 9 Drivers of Change in Managed Water Resources: Modeling the Impacts of Climate and Socioeconomic Changes Using the US Midwest as a Case StudyNathalie Voisin, Lai-Yung R Leung, and Mohamad I Hejazi 169 10 Modeling the Role of Vegetation in Hydrological Responses to Climate ChangeXingcai Liu, Qiuhong Tang, Xuejun Zhang, and Guoyong Leng 193 11 Estimating Virtual Water Contents Using a Global Hydrological Model: Basis and ApplicationsNaota Hanasaki 209 Index 229

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Book SynopsisThe aurora is the most visible manifestation of the connection of the Earth to the space environment and has inspired awe, curiosity, and scientific inquiry for centuries.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi Part I: Aurora Types and Dynamics 1 1 Investigations of the Many Distinct Types of AurorasChristopher A Colpitts 3 2 Quasiperiodic Aurora: Outstanding Problems and Recent ResultsEric J Lund 19 3 Inverted]V Auroral Arcs and Alfvén WavesChristopher C Chaston 29 4 Auroral Arcs and Ion OutflowRomain Maggiolo 39 5 Isolated Proton Auroras and Pc1/EMIC Waves at Subauroral LatitudesKaori Sakaguchi, Kazuo Shiokawa, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, and Martin Connors 59 6 Dynamics of the Dayside Aurora as Viewed from the South PoleDonald J McEwen, Gulamabas Gulamhusen Sivjee, and Yongliang Zhang 71 7 Structures in Polar Rain AurorasYongliang Zhang, Larry J Paxton, and Hyosub Kil 81 8 Dynamics Related to Plasmasheet Flow Bursts as Revealed from the AuroraLarry R Lyons, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Beatrice Gallardo]Lacourt, Ying Zou, Eric F Donovan, Stephen Mende, Vassills Angelopoulos, John M Ruohoniemi, Kathryn A McWilliams, Don L Hampton, and Michael J Nicolls 95 9 Role of Multiple Atmospheric Reflections in Formation of Electron Distribution Function in the Diffuse Aurora RegionGeorge V Khazanov, Elizabeth W Himwich, Alex Glocer, and David G Sibeck 115 Part II: Hemispheric Conjugacy of Auroras 131 10 Mechanisms that Produce Auroral Asymmetries in Conjugate HemispheresNikolai Østgaard, Jone Peter Reistad, Paul Tenfjord, Karl Magnus Laundal, Kristian Snekvik, Steve Milan, and Stein Haaland 133 11 Interhemispheric Symmetries and Asymmetries of Aurora from Ground]Based Conjugate ObservationsNatsuo Sato, Akira Kadokura, Tetsuo Motoba, Keisuke Hosokawa, Gunnlaugur Björnsson, and Thorsteinn Saemundsson 145 Part III: Substorm Aurora 163 12 Magnetospheric Substorm Onset by Current Disruption ProcessesAnthony T Y Lui 165 13 Substorm Auroral Dynamics Reproduced by Advanced Global Magnetosphere−Ionosphere (M–I) Coupling SimulationTakashi Tanaka 177 Part IV: Radio Aurora 191 14 The Radar AuroraDavid L Hysell 193 15 GPS Phase Scintillation at High Latitudes during Two Geomagnetic StormsPaul Prikryl, Reza Ghoddousi]Fard, John M Ruohoniemi, and Evan G Thomas 211 16 Radio Absorption in Auroral RegionJohn K Hargreaves 233 17 Auroral Kilometric Radiation: Polarization and Spectra Observed Far from EarthKozo Hashimoto, Yoshitaka Goto, Yoshiya Kasahara, Hiroshi Matsumoto, and Roger R Anderson 255 Part V: Auroral Models and Predictions 275 18 Auroral Precipitation Models and Space WeatherPatrick T Newell, Kan Liou, Yongliang Zhang, Thomas S Sotirelis, Larry J Paxton, and Elizabeth J Mitchell 277 19 Space Weather Products and Tools Used in Auroral Monitoring and Forecasting at CCMC/SWRCYihua Zheng and Lutz Rastaetter 291 Index 303

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments viii About the Companion Website ix 1 Introduction and Concepts 1 1.1 Why Are we Interested in Reconstructing Marine Carbonate Chemistry? 1 Acknowledgments 8 References 8 Further Reading/Resources 12 2 Boron Systematics 13 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 What Determines the Sensitivity of δ11B and B/Ca to Marine Carbonate Chemistry? 15 2.3 Boron Proxy Systematics in Synthetic Carbonates 21 2.4 Boron Isotopes in Biogenic Marine Carbonates 42 2.5 Secular Evolution of [BT] and δ11B in Seawater 81 2.6 The B/Ca Proxy in Foraminifera 88 References 105 3 Reconstructing Paleo‐Acidity, pCO2 and Deep‐Ocean [CO32–] 120 3.1 Introduction 120 3.2 Estimating Paleoseawater pH from Boron Isotopes 122 3.3 Estimating Marine Carbonate Chemistry from B/Ca Ratios 150 3.4 Guidelines for Selecting Sediment Core Sites and Sample Sizes 155 References 156 4 Boron Concentration and Isotope Ratio Analysis 165 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Inter‐Laboratory Comparison Studies 170 4.3 Standard Reference Materials and Data Quality Assurance 172 4.4 Boron Concentration and Isotope Ratio Analysis 175 4.5 Sample Preparation and Cleaning 179 4.6 Boron Separation and Purification 183 4.7 Instrumental Techniques 188 4.8 Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) 201 4.9 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 204 4.10 Other Techniques 206 4.11 Outlook and Future Directions 210 References 211 Index 224

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Book SynopsisUncertainties are pervasive in natural hazards, and it is crucial to develop robust and meaningful approaches to characterize and communicate uncertainties to inform modeling efforts. In this monograph we provide a broad, cross-disciplinary overview of issues relating to uncertainties faced in natural hazard and risk assessment. We introduce some basic tenets of uncertainty analysis, discuss issues related to communication and decision support, and offer numerous examples of analyses and modeling approaches that vary by context and scope. Contributors include scientists from across the full breath of the natural hazard scientific community, from those in real-time analysis of natural hazards to those in the research community from academia and government. Key themes and highlights include: Substantial breadth and depth of analysis in terms of the types of natural hazards addressed, the disciplinary perspectives represented, and the number of studies included TaTrade Review"This volume, edited by Karin Riley, Peter Webley, and Matthew Thompson, tackles the often-neglected topic of uncertainty in judging the effectiveness of the natural disaster models used when informing action...While not for casual reading, this volume nonetheless provides an approachable way to learn about the realities of natural disaster modelling. In addition, it highlights the importance of uncertainty, an inseparable part of science that is very often ignored." (Phenotype June 2017) Table of ContentsContributors vii 1 Uncertainty in Natural Hazards, Modeling and Decision Support: An Introduction to This Volume 1Karin Riley, Matthew Thompson, Peter Webley, and Kevin D Hyde Part I: Uncertainty, Communication, and Decision Support 9 2 Natural Hazard Modeling and Uncertainty Analysis 11Matthew Thompson and Jord J Warmink3 Understanding Uncertainty as a Key Interdisciplinary Problem in Earth System Science 21Florian Rauser and Gernot Geppert 4 Uncertainty and Probability in Wildfire Management Decision Support: An Example from the United States 31Matthew Thompson, David Calkin, Joe H Scott, and Michael Hand 5 Role of Uncertainty in Decision Support for Volcanic Ash Cloud Modeling 43Peter Webley Part II: Geological Hazards 57 6 Building an Uncertainty Modeling Framework for Real-Time VATD 59Peter Webley, Abani Patra, Marcus Bursik, E Bruce Pitman, Jonathan Dehn, Tarung Singh, Puneet Singla, Matthew D Jones, Reza Madankan, E Ramona Stefanescu, and Solene Pouget 7 Uncertainties in Estimating Magma Source Parameters from InSAR Observation 89Wenyu Gong, Zhong Lu, and Franz Meyer 8 Improving Model Simulations of Volcanic Emission Clouds and Assessing Model Uncertainties 105Nina Iren Kristiansen, Delia Arnold, Christian Maurer, Julius Vira, Razvan Rădulescu, Damien Martin, ndreas Stohl, Kerstin Stebel, Mikhail Sofiev, Colin O’Dowd, and Gerhard Wotawa 9 Uncertainty Assessment of Pyroclastic Density Currents at Mount Vesuvius (Italy) Simulated Through the Energy Cone Model 125Pablo Tierz, Laura Sandri, Antonio Costa, Roberto Sulpizio, Lucia Zaccarelli, Mauro Antonio Di Vito, and Warner Marzocchi 10 Earthquake Loss Estimation in the Gyeongju Area, Southeastern Korea, Using a Site Classification Map 147Su Young Kang and Kwang-Hee Kim 11 Implications of Different Digital Elevation Models and Preprocessing Techniques to Delineate Debris Flow Inundation Hazard Zones in El Salvador 167Eric Ross Anderson, Robert E Griffin, and Daniel E Irwin 12 Evaluating the Performance of FLO2D for Simulating Past Lahar Events at the Most Active Mexican Volcanoes: Popocatépetl and Volcán de Colima 179Lizeth Caballero, Lucia Capra, and Rosario Vázquez Part III: Biophysical and Climatic Hazards 191 13 An Uncertainty Analysis of Wildfire Modeling 193Karin Riley and Matthew Thompson 14 Fire and Smoke Remote Sensing and Modeling Uncertainties: Case Studies in Northern Sub]Saharan Africa 215Charles Ichoku, Luke T Ellison, Yun Yue, Jun Wang, and Johannes W Kaiser 15 Uncertainty and Complexity Tradeoffs When Integrating Fire Spread with Hydroecological Projections 231Maureen C Kennedy and Donald McKenzie 16 Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation for Projections of Extremes in Monthly Area Burned Under Climate Change: A Case Study in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA 245Adam J Terando, Brian Reich, Krishna Pacifici, Jennifer Costanza, Alexa McKerrow, and Jaime A Collazo 17 Simulating Vegetation Change, Carbon Cycling, and Fire Over the Western United States Using CMIP5 Climate Projections 257D Bachelet, T Sheehan, K Ferschweiler, and J Abatzoglou 18 Sensitivity of Vegetation Fires to Climate, Vegetation, and Anthropogenic Drivers in the HESFIRE Model: Consequences for Fire Modeling and Projection Uncertainties 277Yannick Le Page 19 Uncertainties in Predicting Debris Flow Hazards Following Wildfire 287Kevin D Hyde, Karin Riley, and Cathelijne Stoof 20 Capturing Spatiotemporal Variation in Wildfires for Improving Postwildfire Debris-Flow Hazard Assessments 301 Jessica R Haas, Matthew Thompson, Anne Tillery, and Joe H Scott 21 Uncertainty in Estimation of Debris-Flow Triggering Rainfall: Evaluation and Impact on Identification of Threshold Relationships 319E I Nikolopoulos, F Marra, and M Borga 22 Prospects in Landslide Prediction: Confronting the Challenges of Precipitation Uncertainty 329Natasha Markuzon, Catherine Slesnick, Erin Leidy, John Regan, Xiang Gao, and Adam Schlosser Index 337

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Book SynopsisOver a half century of exploration of the Earth's space environment, it has become evident that the interaction between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere plays a dominant role in the evolution and dynamics of magnetospheric plasmas and fields. Interestingly, it was recently discovered that this same interaction is of fundamental importance at other planets and moons throughout the solar system. Based on papers presented at an interdisciplinary AGU Chapman Conference at Yosemite National Park in February 2014, this volume provides an intellectual and visual journey through our exploration and discovery of the paradigm-changing role that the ionosphere plays in determining the filling and dynamics of Earth and planetary environments. The 2014 Chapman conference marks the 40th anniversary of the initial magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling conference at Yosemite in 1974, and thus gives a four decade perspective of the progress of space science research in understanding these fundamentaTable of ContentsContributors ix Prologue xvii Acknowledgments xxi Part I Introduction Video J. L. Burch (1974) with Remarks by C. R. Chappell (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3C30S 1 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling, Past to FutureJames L. Burch 3 Part II The Earth's Ionosphere as a Source Video W. I. Axford (1974) with Remarks by P. M. Banks (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T35K5N 2 Measurements of Ion Outflows from the Earth's IonosphereAndrew W. Yau, William K. Peterson, and Takumi Abe 21 3 Low-energy Ion Outflow Observed by Cluster: Utilizing the Spacecraft PotentialS. Haaland, M. Andre, A. Eriksson, K. Li, H. Nilsson, L. Baddeley, C. Johnsen, L. Maes, B. Lybekk, and A. Pedersen 33 Video W. B. Hanson (1974) with Remarks by R. A. Heelis (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T31S3Q 4 Advances in Understanding Ionospheric Convection at High LatitudesR. A. Heelis 49 5 Energetic and Dynamic Coupling of the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere SystemGang Lu 61 Video R. G. Johnson (1974) with Remarks by C. R. Chappell (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3X30R 6 The Impact of O+ on Magnetotail DynamicsLynn M. Kistler 79 7 Thermal and Low-energy Ion Outflows in and through the Polar Cap: The Polar Wind and the Low-energy Component of the Cleft Ion FountainNaritoshi Kitamura, Kanako Seki, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Takumi Abe, Manabu Yamada, Shigeto Watanabe, Atsushi Kumamoto, Atsuki Shinbori, and Andrew W. Yau 91 8 Ionospheric and Solar Wind Contributions to Magnetospheric Ion Density and Temperature throughout the MagnetotailMichael W. Liemohn and Daniel T. Welling 101 Part III The Effect of Low-energy Plasma on the Stability of Energetic Plasmas Video (1974) and Remarks (2014) by R. M. ThorneURL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3HS32 9 How Whistler-Mode Waves and Thermal Plasma Density Control the Global Distribution of the Diffuse Aurora and the Dynamical Evolution of Radiation Belt ElectronsRichard M. Thorne, Jacob Bortnik, Wen Li, Lunjin Chen, Binbin Ni, and Qianli Ma 117 10 Plasma Wave Measurements from the Van Allen ProbesGeorge B. Hospodarsky, W. S. Kurth, C. A. Kletzing, S. R. Bounds, O. Santolik, Richard M. Thorne, Wen Li, T. F. Averkamp, J. R. Wygant, and J. W. Bonnell 127 Video D. J. Williams (1974) with Remarks by L. J. Lanzerotti (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3GW2D 11 Ring Current Ions Measured by the RBSPICE Instrument on the Van Allen Probes MissionLouis J. Lanzerotti and Andrew J. Gerrard 145 12 Global Modeling of Wave Generation Processes in the Inner MagnetosphereVania K. Jordanova 155 Part IV Unified Global Modeling of Ionosphere and Magnetosphere at Earth Video P. M. Banks (1974) with Remarks by R. W. Schunk (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T30W22 13 Modeling Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling via Ion Outflow: Past, Present, and FutureR. W. Schunk 169 14 Coupling the Generalized Polar Wind Model to Global Magnetohydrodynamics: Initial ResultsDaniel T. Welling, Abdallah R. Barakat, J. Vincent Eccles, R. W. Schunk, and Charles R. Chappell 179 Video D. H. Fairfield (1974) with Remarks by J. A. Slavin (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T38C78 15 Coupling Ionospheric Outflow into Magnetospheric Models: Transverse Heating from Wave-Particle InteractionsAlex Glocer 195 16 Modeling of the Evolution of Storm-Enhanced Density Plume during the 24 to 25 October 2011 Geomagnetic StormShasha Zou and Aaron J. Ridley 205 Video (1974) and Remarks by R. A. Wolf (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T34K5B 17 Forty-Seven Years of the Rice Convection ModelR. A. Wolf, R. W. Spiro, S. Sazykin, F. R. Toffoletto, and J. Yang 215 18 Magnetospheric Model Performance during Conjugate AuroraWilliam Longley, Patricia Reiff, Jone Peter Reistad, and Nikolai Ostgaard 227 Video C. G. Park (1974) with Remarks by D. L. Carpenter (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3NK50 19 Day-to-Day Variability of the Quiet-Time Plasmasphere Caused by Thermosphere WindsJonathan Krall, Joseph D. Huba, Douglas P. Drob, Geoff Crowley, and Richard E. Denton 235 Part V The Coupling of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere at Other Planets and Moons in the Solar System Video (1974) and Remarks (2014) by A. F. NagyURL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3RC7M 20 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling at Planets and SatellitesThomas E. Cravens 245 21 Plasma Measurements at Non-Magnetic Solar System BodiesAndrew J. Coates 259 Video F. V. Coroniti (1976) with Remarks by M. G. Kivelson (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3W30F 22 Plasma Wave Observations with Cassini at SaturnGeorge B. Hospodarsky, J. D. Menietti, D. Piša, W. S. Kurth, D. A. Gurnett, A. M. Persoon, J. S. Leisner, and T. F. Averkamp 277 23 Titan's Interaction with Saturn's MagnetosphereJoseph H. Westlake, Thomas E. Cravens, Robert E. Johnson, Stephen A. Ledvina, Janet G. Luhmann, Donald G. Mitchell, Matthew S. Richard, Ilkka Sillanpaa, Sven Simon, Darci Snowden, J. Hunter Waite, Jr., and Adam K.Woodson 291 Part VI The Unified Modeling of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere at Other Planets and Moons in the Solar System Video T. W. Hill and P. H. Reiff (1976) with Remarks by T. W. Hill (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T37C7Z 24 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling at Jupiter and SaturnThomas W. Hill 309 25 Global MHD Modeling of the Coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System at SaturnXianzhe Jia, Margaret G. Kivelson, and Tamas I. Gombosi 319 Video G. C. Reid (1976) with Remarks by R. L. McPherron (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3S888 26 Simulation Studies of Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Coupling in Saturn's MagnetosphereRaymond J. Walker and Keiichiro Fukazawa 335 27 Characterizing the Enceladus Torus by Its Contribution to Saturn's MagnetosphereYing-Dong Jia, Hanying Wei, and Christopher T. Russell 345 Part VII Future Directions for Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Research Video E. R. Schmerling and L. D. Kavanagh (1974) with Remarks by P. M. Banks (2014) and J. R. Doupnik (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3MK5P 28 Future Atmosphere-Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Study RequirementsThomas E. Moore, Kevin S. Brenneman, Charles R. Chappell, James H. Clemmons, Glyn A. Collinson, Christopher Cully, Eric Donovan, Gregory D. Earle, Daniel J. Gershman, R. A. Heelis, Lynn M. Kistler, Larry Kepko, George Khazanov, David J. Knudsen, Marc Lessard, Elizabeth A. MacDonald, Michael J. Nicolls, Craig J.Pollock, Robert Pfaff, Douglas E. Rowland, Ennio Sanchez, R. W. Schunk, Joshua Semeter, Robert J.Strangeway, and Jeffrey Thayer 357 DOI List 377 Index 379

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Book SynopsisSeismic reservoir characterizationaimsto build 3-dimensional models of rock and fluid properties, including elastic and petrophysicalvariables, to describe andmonitor the state of the subsurfacefor hydrocarbonexploration andproduction andforCO2 sequestration. Rock physics modeling and seismic wave propagation theory provide a set of physical equations to predict the seismic response of subsurface rocks based on their elastic and petrophysical properties. However, the rock and fluid properties are generally unknown and surface geophysical measurements areoftenthe only available data to constrain reservoir models far away from well control. Therefore,reservoirproperties are generally estimated from geophysical data as a solution of an inverse problem, by combining rock physics and seismic models with inverse theory and geostatistical methods, in the context of the geologicalmodelingof the subsurface. A probabilistic approach to the inverse problem provides the probability distributionTrade Review"This is a very timely book that combines traditional geoscience disciplines, rock physics and geostatistics with recent developments in inversion theory, all within an overall probabilistic framework. It will serve as both a reference and a source of inspiration for future development in this rapidly advancing field."—Patrick Alexander Connolly, Mathematical GeosciencesTable of ContentsPreface x Acknowledgments xii 1 Review of Probability and Statistics 1 1.1 Introduction to Probability and Statistics 1 1.2 Probability 3 1.3 Statistics 6 1.3.1 Univariate Distributions 6 1.3.2 Multivariate Distributions 12 1.4 Probability Distributions 16 1.4.1 Bernoulli Distribution 16 1.4.2 Uniform Distribution 17 1.4.3 Gaussian Distribution 17 1.4.4 Log-Gaussian Distribution 19 1.4.5 Gaussian Mixture Distribution 21 1.4.6 Beta Distribution 23 1.5 Functions of Random Variable 23 1.6 Inverse Theory 25 1.7 Bayesian Inversion 27 2 Rock Physics Models 29 2.1 Rock Physics Relations 29 2.1.1 Porosity – Velocity Relations 29 2.1.2 Porosity – Clay Volume – Velocity Relations 31 2.1.3 P-Wave and S-Wave Velocity Relations 32 2.1.4 Velocity and Density 33 2.2 Effective Media 34 2.2.1 Solid Phase 34 2.2.2 Fluid Phase 39 2.3 Critical Porosity Concept 43 2.4 Granular Media Models 44 2.5 Inclusion Models 46 2.6 Gassmann’s Equations and Fluid Substitution 51 2.7 Other Rock Physics Relations 56 2.8 Application 60 3 Geostatistics for Continuous Properties 66 3.1 Introduction to Spatial Correlation 66 3.2 Spatial Correlation Functions 70 3.3 Spatial Interpolation 77 3.4 Kriging 79 3.4.1 Simple Kriging 80 3.4.2 Data Configuration 85 3.4.3 Ordinary Kriging and Universal Kriging 88 3.4.4 Cokriging 90 3.5 Sequential Simulations 94 3.5.1 Sequential Gaussian Simulation 94 3.5.2 Sequential Gaussian Co-Simulation 100 3.6 Other Simulation Methods 102 3.7 Application 105 4 Geostatistics for Discrete Properties 109 4.1 Indicator Kriging 109 4.2 Sequential Indicator Simulation 114 4.3 Truncated Gaussian Simulation 118 4.4 Markov Chain Models 120 4.5 Multiple-Point Statistics 123 4.6 Application 127 5 Seismic and Petrophysical Inversion 129 5.1 Seismic Modeling 130 5.2 Bayesian Inversion 133 5.3 Bayesian Linearized AVO Inversion 135 5.3.1 Forward Model 135 5.3.2 Inverse Problem 137 5.4 Bayesian Rock Physics Inversion 141 5.4.1 Linear – Gaussian Case 142 5.4.2 Linear – Gaussian Mixture Case 143 5.4.3 Non-linear – Gaussian Mixture Case 146 5.4.4 Non-linear – Non-parametric Case 149 5.5 Uncertainty Propagation 152 5.6 Geostatistical Inversion 154 5.6.1 Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods 156 5.6.2 Ensemble Smoother Method 157 5.6.3 Gradual Deformation Method 159 5.7 Other Stochastic Methods 163 6 Seismic Facies Inversion 165 6.1 Bayesian Classification 165 6.2 Bayesian Markov Chain Gaussian Mixture Inversion 172 6.3 Multimodal Markov Chain Monte Carlo Inversion 176 6.4 Probability Perturbation Method 179 6.5 Other Stochastic Methods 181 7 Integrated Methods 183 7.1 Sources of Uncertainty 184 7.2 Time-Lapse Seismic Inversion 186 7.3 Electromagnetic Inversion 188 7.4 History Matching 189 7.5 Value of Information 192 8 Case Studies 194 8.1 Hydrocarbon Reservoir Studies 194 8.1.1 Bayesian Linearized Inversion 194 8.1.2 Ensemble Smoother Inversion 198 8.1.3 Multimodal Markov Chain Monte Carlo Inversion 203 8.2 CO2 Sequestration Study 206 Appendix: MATLAB Codes 211 A.1 Rock Physics Modeling 211 A.2 Geostatistical Modeling 213 A.3 Inverse Modeling 217 A.3.1 Seismic Inversion 218 A.3.2 Petrophysical Inversion 220 A.3.3 Ensemble Smoother Inversion 223 A.4 Facies Modeling 226 References 229 Index 242

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Book SynopsisCompanion to Dental Anthropology presents a collection of original readings addressing all aspects and sub-disciplines of the field of dental anthropologyfrom its origins and evolution through to the latest scientific research. Represents the most comprehensive coverage of all sub-disciplines of dental anthropology available todayFeatures individual chapters written by experts in their specific area of dental researchIncludes authors who also present results from their research through case studies or voiced opinions about their workOffers extensive coverage of topics relating to dental evolution, morphometric variation, and pathologyTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors viii Foreword xv Acknowledgments xviii Part I Context 1 1 Introduction to Dental Anthropology 3Joel D. Irish and G. Richard Scott 2 A Brief History of Dental Anthropology 7G. Richard Scott Part II Dental Evolution 19 3 Origins and Functions of Teeth: From “Toothed” Worms to Mammals 21Peter S. Ungar 4 The Teeth of Prosimians, Monkeys, and Apes 37Frank P. Cuozzo 5 The Hominins 1: Australopithecines and Their Ancestors 52Lucas K. Delezene 6 The Hominins 2: The Genus Homo 67Maria Martinon‐Torres and Jose Maria Bermudez de Castro Part III The Human Dentition 85 7 Terms and Terminology Used in Dental Anthropology 87Joel D. Irish 8 Anatomy of Individual Teeth and Tooth Classes 94Loren R. Lease 9 The Masticatory System and Its Function 108Peter W. Lucas Part IV Dental Growth and Development 121 10 An Overview of Dental Genetics 123Toby Hughes, Grant Townsend, and Michelle Bockmann 11 Odontogenesis 142Edward F. Harris 12 Tooth Eruption and Timing 159Helen M. Liversidge 13 Tooth Classes, Field Concepts, and Symmetry 172Grant Townsend, Alan Brook, Robin Yong, and Toby Hughes Part V Dental Histology from the Inside Out 189 14 The Pulp Cavity and Its Contents 191Scott S. Legge and Anna M. Hardin 15 Dentine and Cementum Structure and Properties 204Nancy Tang, Adeline Le Cabec, and Daniel Antoine 16 Enamel Structure and Properties 223Daniel Antoine and Simon Hillson Part VI Dental Morphometric Variation in Populations 245 17 Identifying and Recording Key Morphological (Nonmetric) Crown and Root Traits 247G. Richard Scott, Christopher Maier and Kelly Heim 18 Assessing Dental Nonmetric Variation among Populations 265Joel D. Irish 19 Measurement of Tooth Size (Odontometrics) 287Brian E. Hemphill 20 Assessing Odontometric Variation among Populations 311Brian E. Hemphill Part VII Dental Morphometric Variation in Individuals 337 21 Forensic Odontology 339Heather J.H. Edgar and Anna L.M. Rautman 22 Estimating Age, Sex, and Individual ID from Teeth 362Christopher W. Schmidt 23 Indicators of Idiosyncratic Behavior in the Dentition 377Christopher M. Stojanowski, Kent M. Johnson, Kathleen S. Paul, and Charisse L. Carver 24 Dentition, Behavior, and Diet Determination 396Kristin L. Krueger Part VIII Dental Health and Disease 413 25 Crown Wear: Identification and Categorization 415Scott E. Burnett 26 Caries: The Ancient Scourge 433Daniel H. Temple 27 Dental Stress Indicators from Micro‐ to Macroscopic 450Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg 28 A Host of Other Dental Diseases and Disorders 465Greg C. Nelson Part IX The Future of Dental Anthropology 485 29 New Directions in Dental Development Research 487John P. Hunter and Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg 30 Chemical and Isotopic Analyses of Dental Tissues 499Louise T. Humphrey 31 Non‐Invasive Imaging Techniques 514Jose Braga Index 528

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Book SynopsisGeological Carbon Storage Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity Seals and caprocks are an essential component of subsurface hydrogeological systems, guiding the movement and entrapment of hydrocarbon and other fluids.Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrityoffers a survey of the wealth of recent scientific work on caprock integrity with a focus on the geological controls of permanent and safe carbon dioxide storage, and the commercial deployment of geological carbon storage. Volume highlights include: Low-permeability rock characterization from the pore scale to the core scale Flow and transport properties of low-permeability rocks Fundamentals of fracture generation, self-healing, and permeability Coupled geochemical, transport and geomechanical processes in caprock Analysis of caprock behavior from natural analogues Geochemical and geophysical monitoring techniques of caTrade ReviewGeological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity, edited by Stéphanie Vialle, Jonathan Ajo-Franklin, and J. William Carey, ISBN 978-1-119-11864-0, 2018, American Geophysical Union and Wiley, 364 p., US$199.95 (print), US$159.99 (eBook). This volume is a part of the AGU/Wiley Geophysical Monograph Series. The editors assembled an international team of earth scientists who present a comprehensive approach to the major problem of placing unwanted and/or hazardous fluids beneath a cap rock seal to be impounded. The compact and informative preface depicts the nature of cap rocks and the problems that may occur over time or with a change in the formation of the cap rock. I have excerpted a quote from the preface that describes the scope of the volume in a concise and thorough matter. "Caprocks can be defined as a rock that prevents the flow of a given fluid at certain temperature, pressure, and chemical conditions.... A fundamental understanding of these units and of their evolution over time in the context of subsurface carbon storage is still lacking." This volume describes the scope of current research being conducted on a global scale, with 31 of the 83 authors working outside of the United States. The studies vary but can be generalized as monitoring techniques for cap rock integrity and the consequence of the loss of that integrity. The preface ends by calling out important problems that remain to be answered. These include imaging cap rocks in situ, detecting subsurface leaks before they reach the surface, and remotely examining the state of the cap rock to avert any problems. Chapter 3 describes how newer methods are used to classify shale. These advanced techniques reveal previously unknown microscopic properties that complicate classification. This is an example of the more we know, the more we don't know. A sedimentologic study of the formation of shale (by far the major sedimentary rock and an important rock type) is described in Chapter 4. The authors use diagrammatic examples to illustrate how cap rocks may fail through imperfect seal between the drill and wall rock, capillary action, or a structural defect (fault). Also, the shale pore structures vary in size, and this affects the reservoir. There are descriptions of the pore structure in the Eagle Ford and Marcellus shales and several others. Pore structures are analyzed using state-of-the-art ultra-small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering. They determine that the overall porosity decreases nonlinearly with time. There are examples of cap rock performance under an array of diagnostic laboratory analyses and geologic field examples (e.g., Marcellus Formation). The importance of the sequestration of CO2 and other contaminants highlights the significance of this volume. The previous and following chapters illuminate the life history of the lithologic reservoir seal. I would like to call out Chapter 14 in which the authors illustrate the various mechanisms by which a seal can fail and Chapter 15 in which the authors address the general problems of the effect of CO2 sequestration on the environment. They establish a field test, consisting of a trailer and large tank of fluids with numerous monitoring instruments to replicate the effect of a controlled release of CO2-saturated water into a shallow aquifer. This chapter's extensive list of references will be of interest to petroleum engineers, rock mechanics, and environmentalists. The authors of this volume present a broad view of the underground storage of CO2. Nuclear waste and hydrocarbons are also considered for underground storage. There are laboratory, field, and in situ studies covering nearly all aspects of this problem. I cannot remember a study in which so many different earth science resources were applied to a single problem. The span of subjects varies from traditional geochemical analysis with the standard and latest methods in infrared and X-ray techniques, chemical and petroleum engineering, sedimentary mineralogy, hydrology, and geomechanical studies. This volume is essential to anyone working in this field as it brings several disciplines together to produce a comprehensive study of carbon sequestration. While the volume is well illustrated, there is a lack of color figures. Each chapter should have at least two color figures, or there should be several pages of color figures bound in the center of the volume. Many of the figures would be more meaningful if they had been rendered in color. Also, the acronyms are defined in the individual chapters, but it would be helpful to have a list of acronyms after the extensive index. I recommend this monograph to all earth scientists but especially petroleum engineers, structural geologists, mineralogists, and environmental scientists. Since these chapters cover a broad range of studies, it would be best if the reader has a broad background.—Patrick Taylor, Davidsonville, Maryland Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi Part I: Caprock Characterization 1. Microstructural, Geomechanical, and Petrophysical Characterization of Shale Caprocks 3David N. Dewhurst, Claudio Delle Piane, Lionel Esteban, Joel Sarout, Matthew Josh,Marina Pervukhina, and M. Ben Clennell 2. Transport in Tight Rocks 31Marc Fleury and Etienne Brosse 3. Pore‐to‐Core Characterization of Shale Multiphysics 45Thomas Dewers, Jason Heath, Hongkyu Yoon, Mathew Ingraham, Joseph Grigg, Peter Mozley, Enrico Quintana, and Zuleima Karpyn 4. Analysis of the Pore Structures of Shale Using Neutron and X‐Ray Small Angle Scattering 71Lawrence M. Anovitz and David R. Cole Part II: Fracture Generation, Permeability, and Geochemical Reactions in Damaged Shale 5. Fracture Initiation, Propagation, and Permeability Evolution 121Russell L. Detwiler and Joseph P. Morris 6. Effect of Fracture Density on Effective Permeability of Matrix‐Fracture System in Shale Formations 137Li Chen, Jeffrey De’Haven Hyman, Zhou Lei, Ting Min, Qinjun Kang, Esteban Rougier, and Hari Viswanathan 7. Gas‐Water‐Mineral Reactivity in Caprocks: Measurements, Estimates, and Observations 147Julie K. Pearce and Grant K.W. Dawson 8. Fluid‐Rock Interactions in Clay‐Rich Seals: Impact on Transport and Mechanical Properties 167Elin Skurtveit, Rohaldin Miri, and Helge Hellevang 9. Coupled Processes in a Fractured Reactive System: A Dolomite Dissolution Study with Relevance to GCS Caprock Integrity 187Jonathan Ajo‐Franklin, Marco Voltolini, Sergi Molins, and Li Yang 10. Leakage Processes in Damaged Shale: In Situ Measurements of Permeability, CO2 Sorption Behavior, and Acoustic PropertiesJ. William Carey, Ronny Pini, Manika Prasad, Luke P. Frash, and Sanyog Kumar 207 Part III: Monitoring Caprock Failure 11. In‐Zone and Above‐Zone Pressure Monitoring Methods for CO2 Geologic Storage 227Seyyed A. Hosseini, Mahmood Shakiba, Alexander Sun, and Susan Hovorka 12. Monitoring and Modeling Caprock Integrity at the In Salah Carbon Dioxide Storage Site, Algeria 243Donald W. Vasco, Robert C. Bissell, Bahman Bohloli, Thomas M. Daley, Alessandro Ferretti, William Foxall, Bettina P. Goertz‐Allmann, Valeri Korneev, Joseph P. Morris, Volker Oye, Abe Ramirez, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Alessio Rucci, Jonny Rutqvist, Josh White, and Rui Zhang 13. Evaluation of Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as Tracers for CO2 Containment and Migration Monitoring 271Matthew Myers and Cameron White Part IV: Environmental Impacts and Remediation Techniques 14. Migration and Leakage of CO2 from Deep Geological Storage Sites 285Andreas Busch and Niko Kampman 15. A Review of Studies Examining the Potential for Groundwater Contamination from CO2 Sequestration 305Charuleka Varadharajan, Ruth M. Tinnacher, Robert C. Trautz, Liange Zheng, Baptiste Dafflon, Yuxin Wu, Matthew T. Reagan, Jens T. Birkholzer, and J. William Carey 16. Review of CO2 Leakage Mitigation and Remediation Technologies 327Cesar A. Castaneda‐Herrera, Geoffrey W. Stevens, and Ralf R. Haese Index 339

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Book SynopsisSeismoelectric coupling and its current andpotential future applications The seismoelectric methodthe naturally-occurringcoupling of seismic waves to electromagnetic fieldscan provide insight into important properties of porous media. With a variety of potential environmental and engineering uses, as well as larger scale applications such as earthquake detection and oil and gas exploration, it offers a number of advantages over conventional geoEdit HTML Sourcephysical methods. Seismoelectric Exploration: Theory, Experiments, and Applications explores the coupling between poroelastic and electromagnetic disturbances, discussing laboratory experiments, numericalmodeling techniques, recent theoretical developments, and field studies. Volume highlights include: Physics of the seismoelectric effect at the microscaleGoverning equations describing coupled seismo-electromagnetic fieldsExamples of successful seismoelectric field experiments in different geological settingsCurrent and potentiTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Foreword 1: Steve Pride xiii Foreword 2: M Nafi Toksöz xv Preface xvii Part I: Theory 1 1 The Microscale Origin of the Seismoelectric Effect: Electrokinetics, Streaming Potential 3Niels Grobbe and André Revil 2 The Governing Set of Coupled Seismo-electromagnetic Equations 9Niels Grobbe, André Revil, and Evert Slob 3 Green’s Functions for Moment Tensor Sources Including the Double Couple Source 31Yongxin Gao and Hengshan Hu Part II: Laboratory Experiments 47 4 Streaming Potential Measurements in Natural and Artificial Porous Samples 49Luong Duy Thanh and Rudolf Sprik 5 Saturation Dependence of the Streaming Potential Coefficient 73Laurence Jouniaux, Vincent Allègre, Renaud Toussaint, and Fabio Zyserman 6 Seismoelectric Coupling Coefficients 101Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz 7 Laboratory Measurements of Coseismic Fields: Toward a Validation of Pride’s Theory 109Clarisse Bordes, Daniel Brito, Stéphane Garambois, Julia Holzhauer, Laurence Jouniaux, and Michel Dietrich 8 Water Saturated Rock Sample in Air 123Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz 9 Porous Rock Samples in Water 129Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Dan Burns 10 Seismoelectric Conversion in a Sample With Anisotropic Permeability 137Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Xin Zhan 11 Scaled Physical Models: Layered Models 14711a A Study of the Seismoelectric Effect of a Frozen-unfrozen Interface Based Upon Ultrasonic Experiment 148Zhengping Liu, Lei Yuan, Xin Zhang, Zhihui Liu, and Haiyan Wu 11b An Experimental Study to the Seismoelectric Responses of Unfrozen Water Content 153Zhengping Liu, Lang Song, and Lei Yuan 11c An Experimental Study of Rayleigh Waves Based on Seismoelectric Measurements 160Ziying Xiong, Zhengping Liu, and Kai Zhang 11d Scaled Layer Model 174Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Jun Wang 12 Scaled Physical Models: Borehole Models 177 12a Borehole Model in a Horizontally Layered Strata 178Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Matthijs W Haartsen 12b Borehole Model with Fractures 183Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz 13 Experimental Study of Correlation Imaging With Seismoelectromagnetic Waves 191Sareh Nakhaee and Rudolf Sprik 14 Tool Wave in Acoustic Logging While Drilling 203Zhenya Zhu and M Nafi Toksöz 15 Multipole Seismoelectric Well Logging While Drilling 213Zhenya Zhu, M Nafi Toksöz, and Xin Zhan Part III: Numerical Modeling 217 16 Earthquake Sources: Moment Tensor Point Source 219Yongxin Gao and Hengshan Hu 17 Earthquake Sources: Finite Fault Sources 235Yongxin Gao and Hengshan Hu 18 Finite Element Modeling of Electroseismics and Seismoelectrics 245Fabio Zyserman, Patricia Gauzellino, and Laurence Jouniaux 19 Seismoelectric Signals Produced by Mesoscopic Heterogeneities: Spectroscopic Analysis of Fractured Media 269Marina Rosas-Carbajal, Damien Jougnot, J Germán Rubino, Leonardo Monachesi, Niklas Linde, and Klaus Holliger 20 Evanescent EM Waves Generated by Seismoelectric Conversion at an Interface 289Hengxin Ren, Qinghua Huang, and Xiaofei Chen Part IV: Field Experiments and Applications 319 21 Design of Field Instrumentation and Noise Removal Techniques for Seismoelectric Measurements 321J Christian Dupuis, Anton W Kepic, and Karl E Butler 22 Seismoelectric Field Measurements in Unconsolidated Sediments in Comparison With Other Methods of Near-Surface Prospecting 347Wolfgang Rabbel, Katja Iwanowski-Strahser, Matthias Strahser, Laura Dzieran, and Martin Thorwart 23 Investigating the Interfacial Seismoelectric Response at Field Scale 365Julia Holzhauer and Ugur Yaramanci 24 Seismoelectric Characterization of Ice Sheets and Glaciers 383Bernd Kulessa, Stéphane Garambois, Michel Dietrich, Karl E Butler, Sarah S Thompson, and Graham Stuart 25 Seismoelectric Ground Response to Local and Regional Earthquakes 401Laura Dzieran, Wolfgang Rabbel, Martin Thorwart, and Oliver Ritter 26 Electromagnetic Signals Associated With Earthquakes: A Review of Observations, Data Processing, and Mechanisms in China 415Qinghua Huang, Peng Han, Katsumi Hattori, and Hengxin Ren 27 Field Observations of the Seismo-electromagnetic Effect Related to Earthquakes 437Yukio Fujinawa and Yoichi Noda Nomenclature 451 Index 455

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Book SynopsisHydrodynamics of Time-Periodic Groundwater Flowintroduces the emerging topic of periodic fluctuations in groundwater. While classical hydrology has often focused on steady flow conditions, many systems display periodic behavior due to tidal, seasonal, annual, and human influences. Describing and quantifying subsurface hydraulic responses to these influences may be challenging to those who are unfamiliar with periodically forced groundwater systems. The goal of this volume is to present a clear and accessible mathematical introduction to the basic and advanced theory of time-periodic groundwater flow, which is essential for developing a comprehensive knowledge of groundwater hydraulics and groundwater hydrology. Volume highlights include: Overview of time-periodic forcing of groundwater systems Definition of the Boundary Value Problem for harmonic systems in space and time Examples of 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional flow in various media Table of ContentsPreface vii Notation xi Acknowledgments xvii Part I: Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 Part II: Problem Definition 7 2 Initial Boundary Value Problem for Hydraulic Head 9 3 Hydraulic Head Components and Their IBVPs 13 4 Periodic Transient Components 15 5 BVP for Harmonic Constituents 21 6 Polar Form of Space BVP 29 7 Complex-Variable Form of Space BVP 37 8 Comparison of Space BVP Forms 43 Part III: Elementary Examples 45 9 Examples: 1D Flow in Ideal Media 47 10 Examples: 1D Flow in Exponential Media 63 11 Examples: 1D Flow in Power Law Media 89 12 Examples: 2D and 3D Flow in Ideal Media 95 13 Examples: Uniform-Gradient Flow 107 Part IV: Essential Concepts 121 14 Attenuation, Delay, and Gradient Collinearity 123 15 Time Variation of Specific-Discharge Constituent 131 Part V: Stationary Points 149 16 Stationary Points: Basic Concepts 151 17 Stationary Points: Amplitude and Phase 157 18 Flow Stagnation 171 Part VI: Wave Propagation 181 19 Harmonic, Hydraulic Head Waves 183 20 Wave Distortion 199 21 Waves in One Dimension 215 22 Wave Equation 225 Part VII: Energy Transport 231 23 Mechanical Energy of Groundwater 233 24 Mechanical Energy: Time Averages 239 25 Mechanical Energy of Single-Constituent Fields 249 Part VIII: Conclusion 261 26 Conclusion 263 Part IX: Appendices 269 A Hydraulic Head Components 271 B Useful Results from Trigonometry 273 C Linear Transformation of Space Coordinates 275 D Complex Variables 281 E Kelvin Functions 283 Bibliography 291 Index 295

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Book SynopsisEarthquakes are some of the most dynamic features of the Earth. This multidisciplinary volume presents an overview of earthquake processes and properties including the physics of dynamic faulting, fault fabric and mechanics, physical and chemical properties of fault zones, dynamic rupture processes, and numerical modeling of fault zones during seismic rupture. This volume examines questions such as: What are the dynamic processes recorded in fault gouge? What can we learn about rupture dynamics from laboratory experiments? How do on-fault and off-fault properties affect seismic ruptures? How do fault zones evolve over time? Fault Zone Dynamic Processes: Evolution of Fault Properties During Seismic Rupture is a valuable resource for scientists, researchers and students from across the geosciences interested in the earthquakes processes.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi Part I: Structural Evidences of Coseismic Slip 1 1 Incipient Pulverization at Shallow Burial Depths Along the San Jacinto Fault, Southern CaliforniaJames J. Whearty, Thomas K. Rockwell, and Gary H. Girty 3 2 Seismic Rupture Parameters Deduced From a Pliocene]Pleistocene Fault Pseudotachylyte in TaiwanCaitlyn S. Korren, Eric C. Ferre, En-Chao Yeh, Yu]Min Chou, and Hao]Tsu Chu 21 3 Fluid Inclusion Evidence of Coseismic Fluid Flow Induced by Dynamic RuptureThomas M. Mitchell, Jose M. Cembrano, Kazuna Fujita, Kenichi Hoshino, Daniel R. Faulkner, Pamela Perez Flores, Gloria Arancibia, Marieke Rempe, and Rodrigo Gomila 37 4 Coseismic Damage Generation and Pulverization in Fault Zones: Insights From Dynamic Split]Hopkinson Pressure Bar ExperimentsFranciscus M. Aben, Mai-Linh Doan, Jean]Pierre Gratier, and François Renard 47 5 “Coseismic Foliations” in Gouge and Cataclasite: Experimental Observations and Consequences for Interpreting the Fault Rock RecordSteven A. F. Smith, James R. Griffiths, Michele Fondriest, and Giulio Di Toro 81 Part II: Fault Properties During Dynamic Rupture 103 6 The Transition From Frictional Sliding to Shear Melting in Laboratory Stick]Slip ExperimentsDavid A. Lockner, Brian D. Kilgore, Nicholas M. Beeler, and Diane E. Moore 105 7 Powder Rolling as a Mechanism of Dynamic Fault WeakeningXiaofeng Chen, Andrew S. Elwood Madden, and Ze’ev Reches 133 8 Earthquake Source Properties From Instrumented Laboratory Stick]SlipBrian D. Kilgore, Art McGarr, Nicholas M. Beeler, and David A. Lockner 151 9 Dynamic Weakening and the Depth Dependence of Earthquake FaultingNicolas Brantut and John D. Platt 171 Part III: Influence of Fault Properties on Coseismic Rupture 195 10 Scaling of Fault Roughness and Implications for Earthquake MechanicsFrançois Renard and Thibault Candela 197 11 Fault Branching and Long]Term Earthquake Rupture Scenario for Strike]Slip EarthquakesYann Klinger, Jin-Hyuck Choi, and Amaury Vallage 217 12 Influence of Fault Strength on Precursory Processes During Laboratory EarthquakesFrançois. X. Passelègue, Soumaya Latour, Alexandre Schubnel, Stefan Nielsen, Harsha S. Bhat, and Raúl Madariaga 229 13 Upper Limit on Damage Zone Thickness Controlled by Seismogenic DepthJean Paul Ampuero and Xiaolin Mao 243 14 Effect of Brittle Off]Fault Damage on Earthquake Rupture DynamicsMarion Y. Thomas, Harsha S. Bhat, and Yann Klinger 255 Index 281

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Book SynopsisThe monograph covers the fundamentals and the consequences of extreme geophysical phenomena like asteroid impacts, climatic change, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, flooding, and space weather. This monograph also addresses their associated, local and worldwide socio-economic impacts. The understanding and modeling of these phenomena is critical to the development of timely worldwide strategies for the prediction of natural and anthropogenic extreme events, in order to mitigate their adverse consequences. This monograph is unique in as much as it is dedicated to recent theoretical, numerical and empirical developments that aim to improve: (i) the understanding, modeling and prediction of extreme events in the geosciences, and, (ii) the quantitative evaluation of their economic consequences. The emphasis is on coupled, integrative assessment of the physical phenomena and their socio-economic impacts. With its overarching theme, <Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 IntroductionMario Chavez, Michael Ghil, and Jaime Urrutia]Fucugauchi 1 Part I: Fundamentals and Theory 7 2 Applications of Extreme Value Theory to Environmental Data AnalysisGwladys Toulemonde, Pierre Ribereau, and Philippe Naveau 9 3 Dynamical Systems Approach to Extreme EventsCatherine Nicolis and Gregoire Nicolis 23 4 Skill of Data]based Predictions versus Dynamical Models: A Case Study on Extreme Temperature AnomaliesStefan Siegert, Jochen Bröcker, and Holger Kantz 35 5 Detecting and Anticipating Climate Tipping PointsTimothy M Lenton and Valerie N Livina 51 6 Understanding ENSO Variability and Its Extrema: A Delay Differential Equation ApproachMichael Ghil and Ilya Zaliapin 63 Part II: Extreme Events in Earth’s Space Environment 79 7 Drivers of Extreme Space Weather Events: Fast Coronal Mass EjectionsAlexander Ruzmaikin, Joan Feynman, and Stilian Stoev 81 8 Chicxulub Asteroid Impact: An Extreme Event at the Cretaceous/Paleogene BoundaryJaime Urrutia]Fucugauchi and Ligia Pérez]Cruz 93 Part III: Climate and Weather Extremes 113 9 Weather and Climatic Drivers of Extreme Flooding Events over the Midwest of the United StatesAndrew W Robertson, Yochanan Kushnir, Upmanu Lall, and Jennifer Nakamura 115 10 Analysis of the Hazards and Vulnerability of the Cancun Beach System: The Case of Hurricane WilmaEdgar Mendoza, Rodolfo Silva, Cecilia Enriquez]Ortiz, Ismael Mariño]Tapia, and Angélica Felix 125 11 Observations and Modeling of Environmental and Human Damage Caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean TsunamiKazuhisa Goto, Fumihiko Imamura, Shunichi Koshimura, and Hideaki Yanagisawa 137 12 Extreme Capillary Wave Events Under Parametric ExcitationMichael G Shats, Hua Xia, and Horst Punzmann 153 Part IV: Extreme Events in the Solid Earth 163 13 A Review of Great Magnitude Earthquakes and Associated Tsunamis along the Guerrero, Mexico Pacific Coast: A Multiproxy ApproachMaría]Teresa Ramírez]Herrera, Néstor Corona, and Gerardo Suárez 165 14 Landslide Risk to the Population of Italy and Its Geographical and Temporal VariationsPaola Salvati, Mauro Rossi, Cinzia Bianchi, and Fausto Guzzetti 177 15 An Extreme Event Approach to Volcanic Hazard AssessmentServando De la Cruz]Reyna and Ana Teresa Mendoza]Rosas 195 Part V: Socioeconomic Impacts of Extreme Events 205 16 Economic Impact of Extreme Events: An Approach Based on Extreme Value TheoryRichard W Katz 207 17 Extreme Magnitude Earthquakes and Their Direct Economic Impacts: A Hybrid ApproachMario Chavez, Eduardo Cabrera, Silvia Garcia, Erik Chavez, Mike Ashworth, Narciso Perea, and Alejandro Salazar 219 18 Tropical Cyclones: From the Influence of Climate to Their Socioeconomic ImpactsSuzana J Camargo and Solomon M Hsiang 303 19 Impacts of Natural Disasters on a Dynamic EconomyAndreas Groth, Patrice Dumas, Michael Ghil, and Stéphane Hallegatte 343 Part VI: Prediction and Preparedness 361 20 Extreme Tsunami Events in the Mediterranean and Its Impact on the Algerian CoastsLubna A Amir, Walter Dudley, and Brian G McAdoo 363 21 High]Tech Risks: The 2011 Tôhoku Extreme EventsHeriberta Castaños and Cinna Lomnitz 381 22 On Predictive Understanding of Extreme Events: Pattern Recognition Approach; Prediction Algorithms; Applications to Disaster PreparednessVladimir Keilis]Borok, Alexandre Soloviev, and Andrei Gabrielov 391 Index 407

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Book SynopsisWritten in an informal and engaging style, Saving the Earth as a Career is an ideal resource for students and professionals pursuing a career in conservation. The book explores the major skills needed to become an effective conservation professional by offering useful advice on a range of topics. Chapters include: Is this the right career for you? Designing a program of study Designing and executing a project Attending conferences and making presentations Writing papers Finding a job Making a difference Saving the Earth as a Career 2e is a friendly, accessible guide with a global perspective for anyone interested in becoming a conservation or environmental professional, and teachers will find this an invaluable resource for university students at all levels.Table of ContentsPreface ix Preface to the second edition xi Read this road map before you begin xiii 1 Is this the right career for you? 1 What is a conservation professional? 1 Conservation contributors 3 Diverse compensations 6 Location, location, location 8 Your image 10 Talk and experience 11 2 Establishing an undergraduate foundation 14 Universities and degrees 14 Course work 15 Course performance 17 Experiences outside the classroom 18 References 24 Standardized tests 25 Changing course 26 Switching careers 27 Next steps 28 3 Selecting an educational program 30 The key elements: University, topic, degree, and advisor 30 When to begin? 37 Some scenarios 37 4 Applying for admission 46 Making contact 46 Personal essay or letter 49 Initial conversations 50 Application mechanics 50 References 51 Visiting 52 First impressions 54 Interviewing a prospective advisor 55 Interviewing other students 58 Interviewing other faculty 60 Making a decision 60 5 Designing a program of study 62 Your goal 62 A project 64 Course work 65 A balancing act 65 Teaching 67 Internships 68 Comprehensive exam 69 Investing in your department and yourself 70 Extracurricular activities 73 Communicating with your advisor 75 An advisory committee 77 When things go very wrong 79 A final word on work styles 82 6 Designing and executing a project 84 Selecting a topic 84 Setting realistic expectations 85 Framing the problem 87 Writing and presenting a proposal 92 Executing a project 98 Non-completion 111 Writing a thesis or final report 112 Final defense 114 7 Attending conferences and making presentations 116 Which to attend? 116 Conference information 120 Attending talks and other sessions 121 Networking 122 Professional-society activities 124 Presentations 126 8 Writing papers 138 A thesis versus a collection of papers 139 Writing a professional paper 141 Authorship 148 Selecting a journal for your paper 149 Submitting a paper to a journal 152 Your paper comes back from the journal 152 Other kinds of publications 158 9 Finding a job 162 What to seek 162 How to search 165 When to apply 167 How to apply 170 Accepting a job 176 10 Making a difference 179 Savior syndrome 179 Compassion fatigue: The flip side of the savior syndrome 183 Making a difference as a student 184 Making a difference as a conservation professional 188 Life style 193 Conservation ethics 194 Index 199

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Book SynopsisGlobal Flood Hazard Subject Category Winner, PROSE Awards 2019, Earth Science Selected from more than 500 entries, demonstrating exceptional scholarship and making a significant contribution to the field of study. Flooding is a costly natural disaster in terms of damage to land, property and infrastructure. This volume describes the latest tools and technologies for modeling, mapping, and predicting large-scale flood risk. It also presents readers with a range of remote sensing data sets successfully used for predicting and mapping floods at different scales. These resources can enable policymakers, public planners, and developers to plan for, and respond to, flooding with greater accuracy and effectiveness. Describes the latest large-scale modeling approaches, including hydrological models, 2-D flood inundation models, and global flood forecasting models Showcases new tools and technologies such as Aqueduct, a neTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi 1 The Need for Mapping, Modeling, and Predicting Flood Hazard and Risk at the Global ScalePhilip J. Ward, Erin Coughlan de Perez, Francesco Dottori, Brenden Jongman, Tianyi Luo, Sahar Safaie, and Steffi Uhlemann‐Elmer 1 Part I: Flood Hazard Mapping and Modeling from Remote Sensing 2 Rainfall Information for Global Flood ModelingDaniel B. Wright 19 3 Flood Risk Mapping From Orbital Remote SensingG. Robert Brakenridge 43 4 Flood Mapping Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Sensors From Local to Global ScalesAntara Dasgupta, Stefania Grimaldi, RAAJ Ramsankaran, Valentijn R. N. Pauwels, Jeffrey P. Walker, Marco Chini, Renaud Hostache, and Patrick Matgen 55 5 Flood Hazard Mapping in Data‐Scarce Areas: An Application Example of Regional Versus Physically Based Approaches for Design Flood EstimationKun Yan, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, and Florian Pappenberger 79 6 Global Flood Monitoring Using Satellite Precipitation and Hydrological ModelingHuan Wu, Guojun Gu, Yan Yan, Zhen Gao, and Robert F. Adler 87 7 Flood Hazard Mapping for the Humanitarian Sector: An Opinion Piece on Needs and ViewsKashif Rashid 115 Part II: Flood Hazard Modeling and Forecasting 8 Modeling and Mapping of Global Flood Hazard LayersAndrew Smith, Christopher Sampson, Jefferey Neal, Paul D. Bates, Mark Trigg, Jim Freer, Rob Porter, Melanie Kappes, Alanna Simpson, Brenden Jongman, and Kris Johnson 133 9 Estimating Change in Flooding for the 21st Century Under a Conservative RCP Forcing: A Global Hydrological Modeling AssessmentAlbert J. Kettner, Sagy Cohen, Irina Overeem, Balazs M. Fekete, G. Robert Brakenridge, and James P. M. Syvitski 157 10 From Precipitation to Damage: A Coupled Model Chain for Spatially Coherent, Large‐Scale Flood Risk AssessmentBruno Merz, Heiko Apel, Dung Nguyen, Daniela Falter, Björn Guse, Yeshewatesfa Hundecha, Heidi Kreibich, Kai Schröter, and Sergiy Vorogushyn 169 11 Global Flood Risk Modeling and Projections of Climate Change ImpactsDai Yamazaki, Satoshi Watanabe, and Yukiko Hirabayashi 185 12 Global Flood Forecasting for Averting Disasters WorldwideF. A. Hirpa, Florian Pappenberger, L. Arnal, C. A. Baugh, H. L. Cloke, E. Dutra, R. E. Emerton, B. Revilla‐Romero, Peter Salamon, P. J. Smith, E. Stephens, F. Wetterhall, E. Zsoter, and J. Thielen‐del Pozo 205 13 Data Assimilation and River Hydrodynamic Modeling Over Large ScalesKonstantinos M. Andreadis 229 14 Global Flood Hazard Mapping, Modeling, and Forecasting: Challenges and PerspectivesGuy Schumann, Paul D. Bates, Heiko Apel, and Giuseppe T. Aronica 239 Index 245

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Book SynopsisFloods can have a devastating impact on life, property and economic resources. However, the systematic collection of damage data in the aftermath of flood events can contribute to future risk mitigation. Such data can support a variety of actions including the identification of priorities for intervention during emergencies, the creation of complete event scenarios to tailor risk mitigation strategies, the definition of victim compensation schemes, and the validation of damage models to feed cost-benefit analysis of mitigation actions. Volume highlights include: Compilation of real world case studies elaborating on the survey experiences and best practices associated with flood damage data collection, storage and analysis, that can help strategize flood risk mitigation in an efficient manner Coverage of different flooding phenomena such as riverine and mountain floods, spatial analysis from local to global scales, and stakeholder perspectives, e.g. publiTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Part I: Introduction 1 Overview of the United Nations Global Loss Data Collection InitiativeJulio Serje 3 2 Technical Recommendations for Standardizing Loss DataDaniele Ehrlich, Christina Corbane, and Tom De Groeve 17 Part II: Data Storage 3 Overview of Loss Data Storage at Global ScaleRoberto Rudari, Marco Massabo, and Tatiana Bedrina 33 4 Direct and Insured Flood Damage in the United StatesMelanie Gall 53 5 HOWAS21, the German Flood Damage DatabaseHeidi Kreibich, Annegret Thieken, Soren-Nils Haubrock, and Kai Schroter 65 Part III: Data Collection 6 Best Practice of Data Collection at the Local Scale: The RISPOSTA ProcedureNicola Berni, Daniela Molinari, Francesco Ballio, Guido Minucci, and Carolina Arias Munoz 79 7 Data Collection for a Better Understanding of What Causes Flood Damage–Experiences with Telephone SurveysAnnegret Thieken, Heidi Kreibich, Meike Muller, and Jessica Lamond 95 8 Utilizing Post]Disaster Surveys to Understand the Social Context of Floods–Experiences from Northern AustraliaDavid King and Yetta Gurtner 107 9 Understanding Crowdsourcing and Volunteer Engagement: Case Studies for Hurricanes, Data Processing, and FloodsShadrock Roberts and Tiernan Doyle 121 Part IV: Data Analysis 10 After the Flood Is Before the Next Flood: The Post]Event Review Capability Methodology Developed by Zurich’s Flood Resilience AllianceMichael Szoenyi, Kanmani Venkateswaran, Adriana Keating, and Karen MacClune 137 11 Defining Complete Post]Flood Scenarios to Support Risk Mitigation StrategiesScira Menoni, Funda Atun, Daniela Molinari, Guido Minucci, and Nicola Berni 151 12 Rebuild and Improve Queensland: Continuous Improvement After the 2010–2011 Floods in AustraliaBrendan Moon 173 13 Forensic Disaster Analysis of Flood Damage at Commercial and Industrial FirmsMartin Dolan, Nicholas Walliman, Shahrzad Amouzad, and Ray Ogden 195 Part V: Information and Communication Technology Tools 14 Response to Flood Events: The Role of Satellite]based Emergency Mapping and the Experience of the Copernicus Emergency Management ServiceAndrea Ajmar, Piero Boccardo, Marco Broglia, Jan Kucera, Fabio Giulio]Tonolo, and Annett Wania 213 15 Data Collection and Analysis at Local Scale: The Experience within the Poli]RISPOSTA ProjectCarolina Arias Munoz, Mirjana Mazuran, Guido Minucci, Danilo Ardagna, and Maria Brovelli 229 ConclusionsDaniela Molinari, Scira Menoni, and Francesco Ballio 247 Index 257

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