Geochemical and geophysical monitoring techniques of ca
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Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity, edited by Stéphanie Vialle, Jonathan Ajo-Franklin, and J. William Carey, ISBN 978-1-119-11864-0, 2018, American Geophysical Union and Wiley, 364 p., US$199.95 (print), US$159.99 (eBook).
This volume is a part of the AGU/Wiley Geophysical Monograph Series. The editors assembled an international team of earth scientists who present a comprehensive approach to the major problem of placing unwanted and/or hazardous fluids beneath a cap rock seal to be impounded.
The compact and informative preface depicts the nature of cap rocks and the problems that may occur over time or with a change in the formation of the cap rock. I have excerpted a quote from the preface that describes the scope of the volume in a concise and thorough matter. "Caprocks can be defined as a rock that prevents the flow of a given fluid at certain temperature, pressure, and chemical conditions.... A fundamental understanding of these units and of their evolution over time in the context of subsurface carbon storage is still lacking."
This volume describes the scope of current research being conducted on a global scale, with 31 of the 83 authors working outside of the United States. The studies vary but can be generalized as monitoring techniques for cap rock integrity and the consequence of the loss of that integrity. The preface ends by calling out important problems that remain to be answered. These include imaging cap rocks in situ, detecting subsurface leaks before they reach the surface, and remotely examining the state of the cap rock to avert any problems.
Chapter 3 describes how newer methods are used to classify shale. These advanced techniques reveal previously unknown microscopic properties that complicate classification. This is an example of the more we know, the more we don't know.
A sedimentologic study of the formation of shale (by far the major sedimentary rock and an important rock type) is described in Chapter 4. The authors use diagrammatic examples to illustrate how cap rocks may fail through imperfect seal between the drill and wall rock, capillary action, or a structural defect (fault). Also, the shale pore structures vary in size, and this affects the reservoir. There are descriptions of the pore structure in the Eagle Ford and Marcellus shales and several others. Pore structures are analyzed using state-of-the-art ultra-small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering. They determine that the overall porosity decreases nonlinearly with time. There are examples of cap rock performance under an array of diagnostic laboratory analyses and geologic field examples (e.g., Marcellus Formation). The importance of the sequestration of CO2 and other contaminants highlights the significance of this volume. The previous and following chapters illuminate the life history of the lithologic reservoir seal.
I would like to call out Chapter 14 in which the authors illustrate the various mechanisms by which a seal can fail and Chapter 15 in which the authors address the general problems of the effect of CO2 sequestration on the environment. They establish a field test, consisting of a trailer and large tank of fluids with numerous monitoring instruments to replicate the effect of a controlled release of CO2-saturated water into a shallow aquifer. This chapter's extensive list of references will be of interest to petroleum engineers, rock mechanics, and environmentalists.
The authors of this volume present a broad view of the underground storage of CO2. Nuclear waste and hydrocarbons are also considered for underground storage. There are laboratory, field, and in situ studies covering nearly all aspects of this problem. I cannot remember a study in which so many different earth science resources were applied to a single problem. The span of subjects varies from traditional geochemical analysis with the standard and latest methods in infrared and X-ray techniques, chemical and petroleum engineering, sedimentary mineralogy, hydrology, and geomechanical studies.
This volume is essential to anyone working in this field as it brings several disciplines together to produce a comprehensive study of carbon sequestration.
While the volume is well illustrated, there is a lack of color figures. Each chapter should have at least two color figures, or there should be several pages of color figures bound in the center of the volume. Many of the figures would be more meaningful if they had been rendered in color. Also, the acronyms are defined in the individual chapters, but it would be helpful to have a list of acronyms after the extensive index.
I recommend this monograph to all earth scientists but especially petroleum engineers, structural geologists, mineralogists, and environmental scientists. Since these chapters cover a broad range of studies, it would be best if the reader has a broad background.
—Patrick Taylor, Davidsonville, Maryland
Table of Contents
Contributors vii
Preface xi
Part I: Caprock Characterization
1. Microstructural, Geomechanical, and Petrophysical Characterization of Shale Caprocks 3
David N. Dewhurst, Claudio Delle Piane, Lionel Esteban, Joel Sarout, Matthew Josh,Marina Pervukhina, and M. Ben Clennell
2. Transport in Tight Rocks 31
Marc Fleury and Etienne Brosse
3. Pore‐to‐Core Characterization of Shale Multiphysics 45
Thomas Dewers, Jason Heath, Hongkyu Yoon, Mathew Ingraham, Joseph Grigg, Peter Mozley, Enrico Quintana, and Zuleima Karpyn
4. Analysis of the Pore Structures of Shale Using Neutron and X‐Ray Small Angle Scattering 71
Lawrence M. Anovitz and David R. Cole
Part II: Fracture Generation, Permeability, and Geochemical Reactions in Damaged Shale
5. Fracture Initiation, Propagation, and Permeability Evolution 121
Russell L. Detwiler and Joseph P. Morris
6. Effect of Fracture Density on Effective Permeability of Matrix‐Fracture System in Shale Formations 137
Li Chen, Jeffrey De’Haven Hyman, Zhou Lei, Ting Min, Qinjun Kang, Esteban Rougier, and Hari Viswanathan
7. Gas‐Water‐Mineral Reactivity in Caprocks: Measurements, Estimates, and Observations 147
Julie K. Pearce and Grant K.W. Dawson
8. Fluid‐Rock Interactions in Clay‐Rich Seals: Impact on Transport and Mechanical Properties 167
Elin Skurtveit, Rohaldin Miri, and Helge Hellevang
9. Coupled Processes in a Fractured Reactive System: A Dolomite Dissolution Study with Relevance to GCS Caprock Integrity 187
Jonathan Ajo‐Franklin, Marco Voltolini, Sergi Molins, and Li Yang
10. Leakage Processes in Damaged Shale: In Situ Measurements of Permeability, CO2 Sorption Behavior, and Acoustic Properties
J. William Carey, Ronny Pini, Manika Prasad, Luke P. Frash, and Sanyog Kumar 207
Part III: Monitoring Caprock Failure
11. In‐Zone and Above‐Zone Pressure Monitoring Methods for CO2 Geologic Storage 227
Seyyed A. Hosseini, Mahmood Shakiba, Alexander Sun, and Susan Hovorka
12. Monitoring and Modeling Caprock Integrity at the In Salah Carbon Dioxide Storage Site, Algeria 243
Donald W. Vasco, Robert C. Bissell, Bahman Bohloli, Thomas M. Daley, Alessandro Ferretti, William Foxall, Bettina P. Goertz‐Allmann, Valeri Korneev, Joseph P. Morris, Volker Oye, Abe Ramirez, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Alessio Rucci, Jonny Rutqvist, Josh White, and Rui Zhang
13. Evaluation of Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as Tracers for CO2 Containment and Migration Monitoring 271
Matthew Myers and Cameron White
Part IV: Environmental Impacts and Remediation Techniques
14. Migration and Leakage of CO2 from Deep Geological Storage Sites 285
Andreas Busch and Niko Kampman
15. A Review of Studies Examining the Potential for Groundwater Contamination from CO2 Sequestration 305
Charuleka Varadharajan, Ruth M. Tinnacher, Robert C. Trautz, Liange Zheng, Baptiste Dafflon, Yuxin Wu, Matthew T. Reagan, Jens T. Birkholzer, and J. William Carey
16. Review of CO2 Leakage Mitigation and Remediation Technologies 327
Cesar A. Castaneda‐Herrera, Geoffrey W. Stevens, and Ralf R. Haese
Index 339
