Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisThis comprehensive book provides a thorough scientific foundation on the growth and care of plants common to all horticultural commodities. Continuing in the tradition of the first edition, it incorporates the principles behind the techniques described in other ``how-to'''' horticulture texts. By providing readers with a thorough grounding in the science of horticulture, it successfully prepares them for more specialized studies in nursery management, floriculture, landscaping, vegetable and fruit science.Table of ContentsPART 1 HORTICULTURAL BIOLOGY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Horticulture Defined 4 History of Horticulture 6 2 PLANT CLASSIFICATION 13 Early Classification Systems 13 Botanical Classification/Taxonomy 14 Horticultural Classification 18 References 22 3 PLANT STRUCTURE 23 The Cell 23 Organs 30 Flowers 49 Fruits 57 References 63 4 PLANT GENOTYPE 65 Genetic Improvements 66 Genetic Terminology 67 Fertilization 74 Heritability 74 Cloning Plants 77 Plant Breeding 79 Molecular Biology 81 Cross-Fertilization 83 Mutations 86 Pest Resistance 91 Summary 93 References 93 PART II THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT 95 5 LIGHT 97 Photosynthesis 99 Spacing and Orienting Plants for Light Interception 103 Etiolation 109 Effect of Pigments 113 Photoperiodism 120 Light Quantity and Plant Growth 127 Light Sources and Their Use 133 Systems for Measuring Light 136 Summary 139 References 139 6 TEMPERATURE 141 Temperature and Plant Growth 142 Sugar and Starch Conversions 147 Soil Temperature 149 Temperature Monitoring and Control 154 Cooling Controlled Environments 155 Heating and Energy Conservation in Controlled Environments 160 Temperature and Site Selection 166 Vernalization 168 Dormancy 169 Temperature Stress 172 Low-Temperature Effects 172 High-Temperature Effects 183 Temperature Fluctuations 185 Summary 186 References 186 PART III THE RHIZOSPHERE (ROOT ZONE) 187 7 WATER 189 Properties of Water 190 Horticultural Applications and Water Management 198 Irrigation 204 Timing and Amount of Water 218 Soil Moisture Measurement 220 Summary 226 References 226 8 SOILS AND SOIL MANAGEMENT 229 Characteristics of Soil 230 Aeration and Drainage 239 References 249 9 MINERAL NUTRITION 251 Early Knowledge of Essential Elements 251 Mineral Nutrient Uptake 252 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 256 Macronutrients 257 Micronutrients 259 Fertilizer Practices 261 Fertilizer Sources 266 Inorganic Fertilizers 270 Fertilizer Application Methods 273 References 279 10 MULCHES 281 Advantages of Mulches 282 Use of Organic Mulches 282 Winter Mulching 284 Nonorganic Mulches 285 Limitations of Mulching 290 Summary 291 References 291 PART IV PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES 293 11 PLANT HORMONES 295 Major Plant Hormones 297 Growth-Promoting Hormones 297 Wounding and Stress Hormones 297 Growth-Promoting Hormones: Auxins 298 Gibberellins 304 Cytokinins 307 Brassinosteroids 311 Wounding and Stress Hormones: Ethylene 311 Abscisic Acid 315 Jasmonates 316 Other Plant Growth Substances 317 References 317 12 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH 319 Dormancy 320 Apical Dominance 322 Apical Dominance 323 Growth Retardation 324 Vegetative Growth Promotion 326 Flowering 326 Sex Expression 328 Fruiting 329 Abscission and Harvest Aids 332 Summary 334 References 334 PART V HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES 335 13 PRUNING 337 Pruning 337 Summary 345 References 345 14 PLANT PROPAGATION 347 Vegetative Propagation 349 Cutting Propagation 349 Cutting Types 356 Layering 359 Specialized Plant Structures 360 Grafting and Budding 361 Micropropagation 364 Seed Propagation 368 Hardening-Off 376 Summary 377 References 377 15 POSTHARVEST HANDLING 379 Quality and Maturity 380 Biological Factors Involved in Deterioration 385 Environmental Factors Influencing Deterioration 387 Food Safety 389 Harvesting 390 Preparation for Market 391 Storage 397 Keys to Successful Handling of Horticultural Crops 403 References 405 Internet Resources 407 PART VI PLANT PROBLEMS 409 16 PLANT PESTS AND OTHER PROBLEMS 411 Plant Diseases 413 Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms 416 Deuteromycetes or Fungi Imperfecti 425 Bacteria 425 Mollicutes (Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas) 427 Viruses and Viroids 427 Parasitic Higher Plants 430 Nematodes 431 Horticultural Practices and Plant Disease 432 Insects 432 Types of Insect Damage to Plants 437 Mites 445 Snails and Slugs 446 Vertebrate Pests 447 Weeds 450 Organic Approaches to Pest Management 453 Safety in the Use of Pesticides 454 Summary 455 References 455 APPENDIX 457 SCHEDULE A Field-Grown Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 458 SCHEDULE B Greenhouse-Grown Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) 460 SCHEDULE C Balled and Burlapped Spreading Yew (Taxus cuspidata) 464 SCHEDULE D Apple, a Temperate Tree Fruit (Malus pumila) 466 SCHEDULE E Orange, a Subtropical Tree Fruit (Citrus sinensis) 470 SCHEDULE F Kentucky Bluegrass Sod (Poa pratensis) 474 Glossary 477 Index 493

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, 2nd Edition, describes the rapidly developing field of near-surface geophysics. The book covers a range of applications including mineral, hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration, and emphasises the use of geophysics in civil engineering and in environmental investigations. Following on from the international popularity of the first edition, this new, revised, and much expanded edition contains additional case histories, and descriptions of geophysical techniques not previously included in such textbooks. The level of mathematics and physics is deliberately kept to a minimum but is described qualitatively within the text. Relevant mathematical expressions are separated into boxes to supplement the text. The book is profusely illustrated with many figures, photographs and line drawings, many never previously published. Key source literature is provided in an extensive reference section; a list ofTrade Review"A course using it will provide as much geophysics as many want or need, he says, but can also establish a foundation for more advanced courses. It discusses some topics rarely covered in introductory texts, such as geophysical survey design and line optimization techniques, image processing of potential field data, recent developments in high-resolution seismic reflection profiling, and electrical resistivity sub-surface imaging." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface to the 2nd Edition xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What are ‘applied’ and ‘environmental’ geophysics? 1 1.2 Geophysical methods 3 1.3 Matching geophysical methods to applications 5 1.4 Planning a geophysical survey 5 1.5 Geophysical survey design 9 2 Gravity Methods 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Physical basis 19 2.3 Measurement of gravity 24 2.4 Gravity meters 26 2.5 Corrections to gravity observations 34 2.6 Interpretation methods 45 2.7 Applications and case histories 59 3 Geomagnetic Methods 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Basic concepts and units of geomagnetism 83 3.3 Magnetic properties of rocks 87 3.4 The Earth’s magnetic field 89 3.5 Magnetic instruments 95 3.6 Magnetic surveying 100 3.7 Qualitative interpretation 103 3.8 Quantitative interpretation 107 3.9 Applications and case histories 123 4 Applied Seismology: Introduction and Principles 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Seismic waves 144 4.3 Raypath geometry in layered ground 149 4.4 Loss of seismic energy 152 4.5 Seismic energy sources 154 4.6 Detection and recording of seismic waves 169 5 Seismic Refraction Surveying 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 General principles of refraction surveying 179 5.3 Geometry of refracted raypaths 182 5.4 Interpretational methods 186 5.5 Applications and case histories 193 5.6 Shear wave methods 208 6 Seismic Reflection Surveying 217 6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 Reflection surveys 217 6.3 Reflection data processing 228 6.4 Correlating seismic data with borehole logs and cones 246 6.5 Interpretation 250 6.6 Applications 257 7 Electrical Resistivity Methods 289 7.1 Introduction 289 7.2 Basic principles 289 7.3 Electrode configurations and geometric factors 293 7.4 Modes of deployment 301 7.5 Interpretation methods 311 7.6 ERT applications and case histories 326 7.7 Mise-`a-la-masse (MALM) method 336 7.8 Leak detection through artificial membranes 346 8 Spontaneous (Self) Potential Methods 349 8.1 Introduction 349 8.2 Occurrence of self-potentials 349 8.3 Origin of self-potentials 349 8.4 Measurement of self-potentials 353 8.5 Corrections to SP data 354 8.6 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 354 8.7 Applications and case histories 357 8.8 Electrokinetic (EK) surveying 371 9 Induced Polarisation 373 9.3 Measurement of induced polarisation 376 9.4 Applications and case histories 384 10 Electromagnetic Methods: Introduction and Principles 403 10.1 Introduction 403 10.2 Principles of EM surveying 407 10.3 Airborne EM surveying 411 10.4 Seaborne EM surveying 418 10.5 Borehole EM surveying 426 11 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications 431 11.1 Introduction 431 11.2 Continuous-wave (CW) systems 431 11.3 Pulse-transient (TEM) or time-domain (TDEM) EM systems 467 12 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications II 495 12.1 Very-low-frequency (VLF) methods 495 12.2 The telluric method 502 12.3 The magnetotelluric (MT) method 505 12.4 Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) 519 13 Introduction to Ground-Penetrating Radar 535 13.1 Introduction 535 13.2 Principles of operation 537 13.3 Propagation of radiowaves 539 13.4 Dielectric properties of earth materials 546 13.5 Modes of data acquisition 552 13.6 Data processing 554 13.7 Interpretation techniques 560 14 Ground-Penetrating Radar: Applications and Case Histories 565 14.1 Geological mapping 565 14.2 Hydrogeology and groundwater contamination 571 14.3 Glaciological applications 578 14.4 Engineering applications on manmade structures 587 14.5 Voids within manmade structures 599 14.6 Archaeological investigations 603 14.7 Forensic uses of GPR 607 14.8 Wide-aperture radar mapping and migration processing 607 14.9 Borehole radar 609 14.10 UXO and landmine detection 617 14.11 Animals 618 15 Radiometrics 625 15.1 Introduction 625 15.2 Natural radiation 625 15.3 Radioactivity of rocks 628 15.4 Radiation detectors 628 15.5 Data correction methods 633 15.6 Radiometric data presentation 635 15.7 Case histories 636 Appendix 645 References 649 Index 681

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Book SynopsisBiophysics is a field that encompasses physics, biology and medicine. It is an exciting, applied area of physics and one where there is significant research activity. The authors view of biophysics is "simple biology studied by those who have a background in physics.Trade Review"...quite useful...review thoroughly enjoyed reading...it would be quite satisfactory for an introductory course..." (Health Physics, Vol. 84, No. 5, May 2003) "...essential reading for anyone putting a biophysics course together...the book brings together essential material usually omitted from the undergraduate physics curriculum..." (American Journal of Physics, November 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Chemical Binding. 3. Energies, Forces and Bonds. 4. Rates of Reaction. 5. Transport Processes. 6. Some Techniques and Methods. 7. Biological Polymers. 8. Biological Membranes. 9. Biological Energy. 10. Movement of Organisms. 11. Excitable Membranes. 12. Nerve Signals. 13. Memory. 14. Control of Movement. Appendix A: Elements of Quantum Mechanics. Appendix B: The Hydrogen Atom. Appendix C: Thermal Motion. Appendix D: Probability Distributions. Appendix E: Differential Equations. Name Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisDemography in Ecotoxicology focuses on the interface between toxicology, life history and demographic theory. This comprehensive book examines the different ways of adequately assessing the potential impact of toxic stress on populations and discusses how to obtain an insight into the underlying physiological and genetic mechanisms.Trade Review"this book will be valuable to ecotoxicologists, ecologists and wildlife conservationists..." --Water 21, February 2001Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Series Foreword Preface Introduction Demographic Approaches in Ecotoxicology: State of the Art (J. Kammenga R. Laskowski) The Toxicologists' and Ecologists' Point of View-Unification through a Demographic Approach (J. Stark J. Banks) Demographic Changes Dynamic Effects of Compounds on Animal Energetics and Their Population Consequences (B. Kooijman J. Bedaux) Life Table Response Experiments in Ecotoxicology (H. Caswell) Stochastic and Density-dependent Models in Ecotoxicology (R. Laskowski) Effects of Heavy Metals on the Badger Meles meles: Interaction between Habitat Quality and Fragmentation (C. Klok, et al.) Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation and Its Demographic Effects in Invertebrates (P. Kramarz) Small Mammal Response at Population and Community Level to Heavy Metal Pollution (Pb, Cd, Tl) (K. Dmowski, et al.) Evolution in Polluted Environments Evolution in Toxic Environments: Quantitative Versus Major Gene Approaches (R. Woods A. Hoffmann) Review of Experimental Evidence for Physiological Costs of Tolerance to Toxicants (N. van Straalen A. Hoffmann) Multi-generation Effects at the Population Level: Fitness Maximisation and Optimal Allocation in a Nematode (J. Kammenga, et al.) Optimal Allocation, Life History and Heavy Metal Accumulation: a Dynamic Programming Model (M. Janczur, et al.) Preadapted Populations in Metal-polluted Environments (A. Rozen) Relationships between Enzymatic Response and Animal Population Demography in Polluted Environments (P. Migula) Tissue Changes in Animals and Their Population Effects (R. wiergosz) Open Problems and Recommendations for Risk Assessment Demographic Approaches in Ecotoxicology-Open Problems (J. Kammenga R. Laskowski) Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment: The Risk Quotient Life-cycle Approach (J. Kammenga) Index

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive overview of direct and indirect effects of air pollutants on plant life. This book covers both physiological and biochemical impacts as well as effects at the whole plant/ecological level.Trade Review"...should be studied by many, whose interest lies in the preservation of air quality..." (International Journal of Environment Studies, Vol.60, No.2, 2003) "...Bell and Treshow have produced what I suspect will be a classic. (Times Higher Educational Supplement, 30 May 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction (Nigel Bell & Michael Treshaw) Historical Perspective (Michael Treshaw & Nigel Bell) Emissions, Dispersion, Atmospheric Transformation (Roy Colville) Deposition and Uptake by Vegetation (David Fowler) Effects of Oxidants at the Biochemical, Cell and Physiological Levels with Particular Reference to Ozone (Stephen Long and Shawna Naidu) Effects of Oxidants at the Whole Plant and Community level (Michael Ashmore) Nitrogen Oxides: Old Problems and new Challenges (Terry Mansfield) Effects of Sulphur Dioxide (Allan Legge & Sagar Krupa) Effects of Fluorides (Len Weinstein & Del McCune) Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (Christopher Collins & Nigel Bell) Effects of Particulates (Andrew Farmer) Effects of Increased Nitrogen Deposition (Roland Bobbink & Leon Laners) Effects of Wet Deposited Acidity (Trevor Ashenden) Effects of Pollutant Mixtures (Andreas Fangmeier, Juergen Bender, Hans-Joachim Weigel & Hans-Juergen Jager) Forest Decline and Air Pollution: An Assessment of "Forest Health" in the Forests of Europe, the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada (John Innes & John Skelly) Effects of Acidic Deposition on Aquatic Ecosystems (Ronald Harriman, Richard Batterbee & Don Monteith) Effects on Bryophytes and Lichens (Jeffrey Bates) Modification of Plant Response by Environmental Conditions (Gina Mills) Air Pollutant - Abiotic Stress Interactions (Alan Davison & Jeremy Barnes) Effects of Air pollutants on Biotic Stresses (Walter Fluckiger, Sabine Braun & Erika Hiltbrunner) Effects of Air Pollutants in Developing Countries (Fiona Marshall) Air Quality Guidelines and their Role in Pollution Control Policy (Michael Ashmore) Air Pollution and Climate Change (Victor Runeckles) Future Research Priorities and Directions (Nigel Bell)

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive overview of the direct and indirect effects of air pollutants on plant life. This book also covers both physiological and biochemical impacts as well as larger-scale effects at the whole plant/ecological level. It is useful for students in Environmental Science, and Biological Science and Agriculture.Trade Review"...should be studied by many, whose interest lies in the preservation of air quality..." (International Journal of Environment Studies, Vol.60, No.2, 2003) "...Bell and Treshow have produced what I suspect will be a classic. (Times Higher Educational Supplement, 30 May 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction (Nigel Bell & Michael Treshaw) Historical Perspectives (Michael Treshaw & Nigel Bell) Emissions, Dispersion and Atmospheric Transformation (Roy Colville) Deposition and Uptake by Vegetation (David Fowler) Effects of Oxidants at the Biochemical, Cell and Physiological Levels with Particular Reference to Ozone (Stephen Long and Shawna Naidu) Effects of Oxidants at the Whole Plant and Community Level (Michael Ashmore) Nitrogen Oxides: Old Problems and New Challenges (Terry Mansfield) Effects of Sulphur Dioxide (Allan Legge & Sagar Krupa) Effects of Fluorides (Len Weinstein & Del McCune) Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (Christopher Collins & Nigel Bell) Effects of Particulates (Andrew Farmer) Effects of Increased Nitrogen Deposition (Roland Bobbink & Leon Laners) Effects of Wet Deposited Acidity (Trevor Ashenden) Effects of Pollutant mixtures (Andreas Fangmeier, Juergen Bender, Hand-Joachim Weigel & Hans-Juergen Jager) Forest Decline and Air Pollution: An Assessment of "Forest Health" in the Forests of Europe, the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada (John Innes & John Skelly) Effects of Acidic Deposition on Aquatic Ecosystems (Ronald Harriman, Ricahrd Battarbee & Don Monteith) Effects on Bryophytes and Lichens (Jeffrey Bates) Modifications of Plant Response by Environmental Conditions (Gina Mills) Air Pollutant - Abiotic Stress Interactions (Alan Davison & Jeremy Barnes) Effects of Air Pollutants on Biotic Stresses (Walter Fluckiger, Sabine Braun & Erika Hiltbrunner) Effects of Air Pollutants in Developing Countries (Fiona Marshall) Air Quality Guidelines and their Role in Pollution Control Policy (Michael Ashmore) Air Pollution and Climate Change (Victor Runeckles) Future Research Priorities and Directions (Nigel Bell)

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Book SynopsisVegetation Description and Data Analysis: A PracticalApproach, Second Edition is a fully revised and up-datededition of this key text. The book takes account of recent advancesin the field whilst retaining the original reader-friendly approachto the coverage of vegetation description and multivariate analysisin the context of vegetation data and plant ecology. Since the publication of the hugely popular first edition therehave been significant developments in computer hardware andsoftware, new key journals have been established in the field andscope and application of vegetation description and analysis hasbecome a truly global field. This new edition includes fullcoverage of new developments and technologies. This contemporary and comprehensive edition of this well-known andrespected textbook will prove invaluable to undergraduate andgraduate students in biological sciences, environmental science,geography, botany, agriculture, forestry and biologicalconservation. * FTable of ContentsPreface to the second edition ix Acknowledgements xi Safety in the field xiii Chapter 1 The nature of quantitative plant ecology andvegetation science 1 Chapter 2 Environmental gradients, plant communities andvegetation dynamics 23 Chapter 3 The description of vegetation in the field 49 Chapter 4 The nature and properties of vegetation data 101 Chapter 5 Basic statistical methods for understandingmultivariate analysis 139 Chapter 6 Ordination methods 171 Chapter 7 Phytosociology and the Z¨urich-Montpellier(Braun-Blanquet) School of subjective classification 273 Chapter 8 Numerical classification, cluster analysis andphytosociology 307 Chapter 9 Computer software for the analysis of vegetation andenvironmental/biotic data 359 Chapter 10 Future developments in vegetation science andquantitative plant ecology 369 References 371 Index 403

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Book SynopsisExamines the processes operating in the headwaters and main channels of ephemeral rivers in semi--arid environments and includes coverage of current fieldwork investigations, modeling approaches, and management issues.Table of ContentsPart I An Overview of Dryland Rivers Dryland River Characteristics and Concepts (L.J. Bull and M.J. Kirkby) A Global Perspective on Dryland Rivers: Perceptions, Misconceptions and Distinctions (G.C. Nanson et al) Part II Process in Dryland Catchments Runoff Generation in Semi-Arid Areas (K. Beven) Sediment Dynamics of Ephemeral Channels (I. Reid) Modelling Event-Based Fluxes in Ephemeral Streams (J. Shannon et al) Morpho-Dynamics of Ephemeral Streams (J. Hooke and J. Mant) The Relationship between Alluvial Fans and Fan Channels with Mediterranean Mountain Fluvial Systems (A.M. Harvey) Part III Channel Network Expansion Gully Erosion in Dryland Environments (J. Poesen et al) Channel Heads and Channel Extension (L.J. Bull and M.J. Kirkby) Badland Systems in the Mediterranean (F. Gallart et al) Part IV Flooding in Ephemeral Channels Floods: Magnitude and Frequency in Ephemeral Streams of the Spanish Mediterranean Region (F. Lopez-Bermudez et al) Synoptic Conditions Producing Extreme Rainfall Events along the Mediterranean Coast of the Iberian Peninsula (F. Alonso-Sarria et al) Index

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Book SynopsisThe Key to Earth History introduces students to the basic tools used by geologists to reconstruct the Eartha s history, and shows how these tools can be used to chart the pattern of global environmental change since the formation of the Earth some 4600 million years ago.Table of ContentsPreface. Illustrations. Introduction: What is Stratigraphy? PRINCIPLES. Uniformitarianism or Actualism. Establishing the Sequence of Events. Geological Time. Interpreting the Stratigraphical Record. The Evolution and Closure of Sedimentary Basins: The Role of Plate Tectonics. The Stratigraphical Tool Kit: Case Studies. Summary of Part One: The Stratigraphical Tool Kit. THE PATTERN OF EARTH HISTORY. Introduction to Part Two. The Stratigraphical Record and Global Rhythm. The North Atlantic Region: A Journey Through Time. The Precambrian: Peering into Deep Time. Pangaea: Birth of a Giant. Pangaea and the Opening of the Atlantic. Summary of Part Two: The Pattern of Earth History. Lexicon of Stratigraphical Terms. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text tackles the economic, social, and political issues that electronic commerce raises from interdisciplinary and international perspectives. It presents information for those wanting the background of e-commerce, and gives case studies related to specific services making use of e-commerce.Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface and Acknowledgements ix Introduction E-Commerce Definition, Dimensions and Constraints xiThomas R. Leinbach and Stanley D. Brunn Part 1 E-commerce: Meaning, Theory, and Impacts Chapter 1 Emergence of the Digital Economy and E-Commerce 3Thomas R. Leinbach Chapter 2 Towards an Economics of the Internet and E-Commerce 27Kenneth Button and Samantha Taylor Chapter 3 Beyond Transaction Costs: E-Commerce and the Power of the Internet Dataspace 45Martin Kenney and James Curry Chapter 4 Towards a Location Theory of Distributed Computing and E-Commerce 67Michael F. Goodchild Chapter 5 Maybe the Death of Distance, but not the End of Geography: the Internet as a Network 87Edward J. Malecki and Sean P. Gorman Part II E-Commerce in Firm, Regional, and International Context Chapter 6 The Information Society, Japanese Style: Corner Stores as Hubs for E-Commerce Access 109Yuko Aoyama Chapter 7 Internet Economics and the Outline Recruiting Industry 129Sharon Cobb Chapter 8 Grounding Global Flows: Constructing an E-Commerce Hub in Singapore 145Neil M. Coe and Henry Wai-chung Yeung Chapter 9 Finding the Source of Amazon.com: Examining the Store with the ‘Earth’s Biggest Selection’Martin Dodge Chapter 10 Electronic Banking and the City System in the Netherlands 181Marina van Geenhuizen and Peter Nijkamp Chapter 11 Global Electronic Spaces: Singapore’s Role in the Foreign Exchange Market in the Asia Pacific Region 203John Langdale Part III E-commerce: Financial, Legal, and State Dimensions Chapter 12 The Currency of Currency: Speed, Sovereignty, and Electronic Finance 223Barney Warf and Darren Purcell Chapter 13 Information and Communication Technologies and the Integration of European Derivatives Markets 241Dominic Power Chapter 14 ‘Dry Counties’ in Cyberspace: Governance and Enforcement without Geographic Borders 257Priscilla M. Regan Chapter 15 Dot com Development: Are IT Lines Better than Tractors? 277Mark I. Wilson Chapter 16 Corporate Nations: The Emergence of New sovereignties 293Thomas M. Edwards References 315 Index 345

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Book SynopsisThis innovative book exemplifies the importance of sophisticated and intelligent spatial analysis techniques in dealing with the range of location, distribution and channel management issues which face todaya s retail and service businesses.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION TRENDS IN RETAILING Introduction Demand-Side Changes Trends in Distribution and Retail Supply The Regulatory Environment Conclusion RETAIL LOCATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS:PAST,PRESENT AND FUTURE Introduction The High Street or Town Centre The Superstore and Hypermarket The Discount Store The Shopping Centre or Mall The Retail Warehouse and Retail Park New Retail Locations New Retail Formats and Distribution Channels The Old versus the New Conclusion SPATIAL RETAIL GROWTH STRATEGIES Introduction Organic Growth Mergers and Acquisitions Franchising Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances Warehouse LocationConclusion SPATIAL RETAIL GROWTH STRATEGIES Introduction What is E-Commerce/Internet Retailing? Who Makes Money from the Internet? Understanding Consumer Preferences Examples of Internet Retailing in Different Sectors Geography,the Internet and E-Commerce Conclusion TERRITORY PLANNING Introduction Territory Management Balanced Workloads Ef .cient Organization Conclusion METHODS FOR SITE SELECTION Introduction An Inductive Approach to Site Selection A Deductive Approach to Site Selection Applied Location Modelling The Simplicity Spectrum SPATIAL INTERACTION MODELS FOR RETAIL SITE ASSESSMENT The Model and its Development Estimating the Small Area Demands for Products and Services The Supply Side Customer Flows and Store Revenues Providing a Decision-Support Capability The Development of a Cross Channel Management Planfor the City of Vienna for a Major Automotive Manufacturer Conclusion NETWORK REPRESENTATION PLANNING Introduction Case Study 1:Automotive Network Optimization Case Study 2:Financial Services Network Optimization Post-merger Network Optimization Retail network optimization Conclusion DIRECT MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL MANAGEMENT Introduction Geodemographics Enhancement of Geodemographics Lifestyle Databases Other Micro-Modelling Strategies A Financial Services Channel Simulation Model MEASURING THE BENEFITS OF SPATIAL MODELLING Introduction Returns on Capital Operational Ef .ciency Improved Competitiveness Strategic Value Applications to Market RegulationConclusion CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Book SynopsisThis text uses stratigraphy, geomorphology and hydrology to explain the distribution and development of soil on a landscape. The approach is three-dimensional, considering the surface geology, geomorphology and hydrology and their combined influence on soil properties and distribution.Table of ContentsStratigraphy. Textural Characteristics of Soil Materials. Fluvial Systems. Hillslope Sediments. Transitional Environments and Terrigenous Marine ShelfSediments. Volcanic Materials. Saprolite. Geomorphology. How Landscapes Evolve. Rates of Denudation. Streams. Hillslope Processes and Mass Movement. Time and Soil Formation. Hydrology. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned to aid readers in gathering the most reliable quantitative information on forests for the least cost.Table of ContentsFocus, Fundamental Concepts, and Theory. Probabilistic Sampling Strategies. Forest Sampling--Single Level. Multi-Information Sources for Sampling. Model-Based Inference. Mensurational Aspects of Forest Inventory. Related Sampling Topics. Related Estimation Topics. Future Directions in Multiresource Sampling in Forestry. References. Answers to the Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisEmphasizing the key principles of conservation biology and showing how these principles can be applied to the management of biological resources, this text simplifies many difficult concepts. Each chapter summarizes a specific theme in the field and contains suggestions for further reading.Table of ContentsConservation History. Environmental Trends. Environmental Ethics. Ecological Economics. Policies for Conservation. Management of Natural Resources. Preservation of Biodiversity. Culture. Conclusion. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis reference work on rock mass classification contains previously unpublished material and authoritative case studies. It includes the fundamental concepts of classification schemes and critically appraises their practical applications in industrial projects such as mining.Table of ContentsRole of Rock Mass Classifications in Site Characterization andEngineering Design. Early Rock Mass Classifications. Geomechanics Classification (Rock Mass Rating System). Q-System. Other Classifications. Applications in Tunneling. Applications in Mining. Other Applications. Case Histories Data Base. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes and analyzes global causes, effects and dynamics of floods and includes methods for related environmental management. Reviews recent advances in the interdisciplinary study of floods and their effects on landforms, sediments, human works, and populations.Table of ContentsPreface. Overview. External Controls and Geomorphic Measurements. Flood Processes. Floods, Climate, Landscape. Palefloods. Environmental Management.

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Book SynopsisBioremediation and Natural Attenuation: Process Fundamentals and Mathematical Models provides, under one cover, the current methodology needed by groundwater scientists and engineers in their efforts to evaluate contamination problems, to estimate risk to human health and ecosystems, and to design and formulate remediation strategies.Trade Review"…does a very good job of bringing together material form disparate sources…readers new to the field will be well served by it." (Ground Water, March-April 2007) "The topic is important; both theory and state-of-the-art are well discussed…this is an excellent book." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, September 1, 2006) “… a reference book for practitioners, regulators, and researchers dealing with contaminant hydrogeology and correction action.” (Environmental Geology, December 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Bioremediation. 2. Geochemical Attenuation Mechanisms. 3. Biodegradation Principles. 4. Fundamentals of Ground Water Flow and Contaminant Transport Processes. 5. Fate and Transport Equations and Analytical Models for Natural Attenuation. 6. Numerical Modeling of Contaminant Transport, Transformation, and Degradation Processes. 7. Field and Laboratory Techniques to Determine Site-Specific Parameters for Modeling the Fate and Transport of Groundwater Pollutants. 8. Bioremediation Technologies. 9. Performance Assessment and Demonstration of Bioremediation and Natural Attenuation. Appendix A: Chemical Properties of Various Compounds. Appendix B: Free Energy and Thermodynamic Feasibility of Chemical and Biochemical Reactions. Appendix C: Commonly Used Numerical Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport Codes (Modified after Wiedemeier et al., 1999). Appendix D: Nonparametric Statistical Tests for Determining the Effectiveness of Natural Attenuation (after Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). Appendix E: Critical Values of the Student t-Distribution. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisPlant Breeding Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on plant genetics and the breeding of all types of crops by both traditional means and molecular methods. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base. Understanding and preserving crop genetic resources is vital to the security of food systems worldwide.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. Dedication: Stanley J. Peloquin. Potato Geneticist and Cytogeneticist (Rodomiro Ortiz, Luigi Frusciante, and Domenico Carputo). 2. Politics of Plant Breeding (Cary Fowler and Richard L. Lower). I. Introduction. II. Germplasm, Plant Breeding, and the Fight for Rights. III. The Debate Over Biotechnology. IV. Plant Breeders’ Choices. Literature Cited. 3. Doubled Haploids in Genetics and Plant Breeding (Brian P. Forster and William T. B. Thomas). I. Introduction. II. Doubled Haploid Technology. III. Doubled Haploid Populations in Genetics. IV. Doubled Haploids in Breeding. V. Prospects. Literature Cited. 4. Biochemistry and Genetics of Flower Color (R. J. Griesbach). I. Introduction. II. Flavonoid Chemistry. III. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. IV. Mendelian Inheritance. V. Transgene Technology. Literature Cited. 5. The Influence of Mitochondrial Genetics on Crop Breeding Strategies (Sally A. Mackenzie). I. Introduction. II. Structure of the Mitochondrial Genome in Plants. III. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility. IV. Occurrence and Developmental Implications of Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Incompatibility. V. Some Implications of Cytoplasmic Genetics for the Plant Breeder. Literature Cited. 6. Genetic and Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility in Sorghum (Belum V. S. Reddy, S. Ramesh, and Rodomiro Ortiz). I. Introduction. II. Genetic Male Sterility (GMS). III. Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility (CMS). IV. Molecular Characterization of Cytoplasms. V. DNA Polymorphism and Mapping Restorer Genes. VI. Factors Influencing CMS Systems Use. VII. Diversification of CMS Systems. VIII. Heterosis and Hybrid Development. IX. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 7. Improving Drought Tolerance in Maize (T. Barker, H. Campos, M. Cooper, D. Dolan, G. Edmeades, J. Habben, J. Schussler, D. Wright, and C. Zinselmeier). I. Introduction. II. Physiology of the Response of Maize Under Drought. III. Experimental Methods. IV. Applied Breeding Methods. V. Molecular Breeding. VI. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 8. The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing, and Fruit Breeding (Jules Janick). I. Introduction. II. The Horticultural Arts. III. Origin, Domestication, and Early Culture of Fruit Crops. IV. Genetic Changes and Cultural Factors in Domestication. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

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Book SynopsisThe classic reference on weeds and invasive plants has been revised and updated. The Third Edition of this authoritative reference provides an in-depth understanding of how weeds and invasive plants develop and interact in the environment so you can manage and control them more effectively.Trade Review"Overall, the changes make the third edition a worthwhile purchase even for those who already own the second. . . If one is looking for a book that covers the basics of weed science from a traditional perspective this is a fine selection: well-written and remarkably concise for a complicated topic." (Economic Botany, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Burdock (Charles Goodrich) Introduction. Chapter 1. Weeds and Invasive Plants. Chapter 2. Principles. Chapter 3. Invasibility of Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems. Chapter 4. Evolution of Weeds and Invasive Plants. Chapter 5. Weed Demography and Population Dynamics. Chapter 6. Plant-Plant Associations. Chapter 7. Weed and Invasive Plant Management Approaches, Methods and Tools. Chapter 8. Herbicides. Chapter 9. Systems Approaches for Weed and Invasive Plant Management. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe most complete text and reference on contemporary beef cattle production available. New edition merges current production technology with management and flexible marketing. Text organization reflects the industry: cow-calf (including purebred herds), stocker or growing phase, and the feedlot or finishing phase. Explains scientific basis of beef production. Describes proven management techniques for efficient production.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Commercial Cow-Calf Program. Beef Cattle Selection and Crossbreeding. Matching Cow Productivity and Resources. The Purebred Program. Pregnancy, Parturition, and Care of the Calf. Principles of Feeding Beef Cattle. Forage and Roughage Utilization. Managing the Cow Herd for Reproduction. Management of Nursing Calves. Operation of the Stocker Program. Receiving Programs for Stressed Stocker and Feeder Cattle. The Cattle Finishing Program, History, Present Situation, andFuture Trends. The Importance of Age and Sex in Growing and Finishing. The Importance of Feeder Grade to Growing and Finishing. Nutrition and Management of Finishing Program. Index.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of forestry are introduced with emphasis on actual field practices, both traditional and modern. The fourth edition includes expanded treatments of small private forest owners, reflecting changing patterns in ownership; more informtion on new advances in timber volumes, growth, cut, and management; updated coverage of forest instruments; and more on pollution damage, reflecting current problems. Each significant field practice is illustrated with photos, drawings, and tables for easier comprehension.Table of ContentsThe Forestry Challenge. Forestry: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Characteristics and Growth Requirements of Forest Trees. The Composition and Distribution of Forests. Applying Silvicultural Systems. Measuring the Forest. Forest Management and Timber Production Finance. Logging and Measuring Forest products. Protecting Forests from Fire, Insects, and Diseases. Processing and Marketing Forest Products. Managing Forest Lands for other Purposes. Organization and Administration of Forestry Programs. Appendixes. Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes the techniques and fundamental concepts underlying the production and marketing of vegetable crops, particularly those crops that contribute to the commercial vitality of the vegetable industry in the western hemisphere. Covers resources -- natural, biological and economic -- that are fundamental to successful crop production, as well as the vegetable management systems that integrate these resources. Also includes specific information on each of the major vegetable crops, such as history, botanical characteristics, production techniques, pests, harvesting, and marketing. In addition, it provides discussions of social conflicts and problems that arise from water and land use practices, pesticide application, and conservation.Table of ContentsThe Vegetable Industry. Labor, Mechanization, and Production Efficiency. The Plant and Its Environment. Modifying Plant Environment. Tillage and Crop Establishment. Pest Management. Alternative Production Systems. Quality Control and Marketing. Classification of Vegetables. Perennial Crops. Potherbs or Greens. Cole Crops. Leafy Salad Crops. Root Crops. Alliums. Tuber and Tuberous Rooted Crops. Solanaceous Crops. Legumes. Cucurbits. Sweet Corn. Miscellaneous Vegetables. Glossary. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned to work effectively both as a manual for the logging industry and as a textbook for timber harvesting courses. The sequence of the chapters on logging and associated activities coincides with the consecutive steps in logging--from acquiring the timber through its final transport. This Second Edition emphasizes environmental considerations--such as the increasing need to reduce excessive soil movement and subsequent siltation.Table of ContentsTimber Acquisition. Logging Planning. Forest Road Engineering. Forest Road Construction. Timber Production Management. Tree Processing. Skidding and Forwarding. Cable Yarding. Loading and Unloading. Final Transport. Logging Cost Analysis. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces geophysical methods used to explore for natural resources and to survey earth structure for purposes of geological and engineering knowledge. These methods include seismic refraction and reflection surveying, gravity and magnetic field surveying, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic field surveying, and geophysical well logging.Table of ContentsChapter 1 The Search 1 Chapter 2 Seismic Waves 15 Chapter 3 Refracted Seismic Waves and Earth Structure 39 Chapter 4 Reflected Seismic Waves and Earth Structure 81 Chapter 5 Seismic Surveying 117 Chapter 6 Seismic Reflection Data Processing and Interpretation 163 Chapter 7 Gravity on the Earth 221 Chapter 8 Gravity Surveying 249 Chapter 9 Bouguer Gravity and Geology 281 Chapter 10 Earth Magnetism 333 Chapter 11 Surveying the Anomalous Magnetic Field 375 Chapter 12 Magnetic Anomalies and Their Geologic Sources 401 Chapter 13 Geoelectrical Surveying 445 Chapter 14 Geophysical Well Logging 501 Index 543

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Book SynopsisAddresses reservoirs as unique ecological systems and presents research indicating that reservoirs fall into two or three highly concatenated, interactive ecological systems ranging from riverine to lacustrine or hybrid systems. Includes some controversial concepts about the limnology of reservoirs, which make for interesting reading.Table of ContentsPerspectives on Reservoir Limnology (K. Thornton). Reservoir Transport Processes (D. Ford). Sedimentary Processes (K. Thornton). Dissolved Oxygen Dynamics (T. Cole & H. Hannan). Reservoir Nutrient Dynamics (R. Kennedy & W. Walker). Reservoir Primary Production (B. Kimmel, et al.). Reservoirs as Environments for Zooplankton (G. Marzolf). Perspectives on Fish in Reservoir Ecosystems (W. O'Brien). Reservoir Ecosystems: Conclusions and Speculations (R.Wetzel). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to demonstrate that the land-based geomorphological evidence of environmental change from late Pleistocene, Holocene, historical and contemporary time periods remain central to the understanding of environmental change both at the global and regional scale.Trade Review"...a useful introduction to the topic..." (Aslib Book Guide, August 2000) "...an excellent source of information...gives an excellent insight into the ways in which human activity can affect the geomorphic process..." (Civil Engineering Surveyor, January 2001) "...the book is a well written demonstration that modern geomorphology has indeed a high potential to contribute to the study of global environmental change..." (Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie) "...There is plenty here to stimulate thought..." (The Geographical Journal, March 2002)Table of ContentsList of Contributors Preface and Acknowledgements Section A Introduction 1. Global Environmental Change: The Global Agenda (by Olav Slaymaker) Section B Tectonics, Sea Level and Climate Forcing Introduction 2. Glacial Landforms in Taiwan and a Reinterpretation of the Last Glacial Snowline Depression (by Margot Böse) 3. The Effects of Relative Sea Level Changes on the Coastal Morphology of Southern Apulia (Italy) during the Holocene (by Michela Dini, Giuseppe Mastronuzzi and Paolo Sansò) 4. Estimating Pleistocene Tectonic Uplift Rates in the Southeastern Apennines (Italy) from Erosional Land Surfaces and Marine Terraces (by Annalisa Amato) Section C Regional Hydrologic and Lacustrine Impacts of Global Environmental Change Introduction 5. Slope-Channel Linkage as a Control on Geomorphic Sensitivity in Alpine Basins, Cascade Mountains, British Columbia (by Martin Evans) 6. A Holocene Debris-Flow Chronology for an Alpine Catchment, Colorado Front Range (by Brian Menounos) 7. Holocene Paleoenvironments in Central Spain Reconstructed by Sedimentological Investigation of Playa Lake Systems (by Brigitta Schütt) 8. Rainfall Increase, Land Use and Morphodynamic Changes in Northwestern Argentina as Indicators of the Effects of Future Climatic Changes (by J.M. Sayago and M. Toledo) 9. Some Considerations Regarding Climatic Change and Specific Erosion in Central Italy (by Walter Dragoni and Daniela Valigi) Section D Human Activity and Global Environmental Change Introduction 10. Sensitivity of Fluvial Systems to Climate Change and Human Impact: A Case Study from Central Europe (by Monika Igl, Roland Mäusbacher, Heike Schneider and Jussi Baade) 11. Geomorphological Change on the Tsengwen Coastal Plain in Southwestern Taiwan (by Jul-Chin Chang) 12. Environmental Impact of Land Use Change in the Inner Alentejo (Portugal) in the 20th century (by Denise de Brum Ferreira) 13. Classification of Spatial and Temporal Changes to a Developed Barrier Island, Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey, USA (by Nancy L. Jackson, Karl F. Nordstrom, Michael S. Bruno and Valerie L. Spalding) 14. Impact of Human Activities on Geomorphic Processes in the Almora Region, Central Himalaya, India (by J.S. Rawat, Geeta Rawat and S.P. Rai) Section E Conclusion 15. Reflections on the Actual and Potential Role of Geomorphology in Global Environmental Change Research (by Olav Slaymaker) Index

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Book SynopsisThis text brings together in one single comprehensive reference, the fundamentals of radioactivity. It is timely and invaluable as the studies of environmental processes and the awareness of the impact of human activity on our environment are increasing.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2. NATURE OF RADIOACTIVITY. 3. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER. 4. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION AND RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. 5. MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE. 6. NUCLEAR POWER. 7. RELEASES OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM NON-NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRIES. 8. INSTRUMENTATION FOR RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT. 9. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES. 10. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION. 11. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. 12. RADIOACTIVE SURVEYING AND REMOTE SENSING. 13. MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING CONCEPTS. 14. MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 15. MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS. 16. ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION DOSES. APPENDIX 1. Acronyms Used in the Text. APPENDIX 2. Units, Terms and Conversion Factors for Radiation, Radioactivity and Related Areas. APPENDIX 3. Data for the Most Important Environmental Radionuclides. Bibliography. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text brings together in one single comprehensive reference, the fundamentals of radioactivity. It is timely and invaluable as the studies of environmental processes and the awareness of the impact of human activity on our environment are increasing.Trade Review"…will also serve as a handbook for workers in the fields of radiochemical analysis and environmental modelling and for scientists, consultants and environmental health and pollution officers…" (International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol.84, No.14 – 15, 10 – 20 December 2004)Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2 NATURE OF RADIOACTIVITY. 3 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER. 4 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION AND RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. 5 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE. 6 NUCLEAR POWER. 7 RELEASES OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM NON-NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRIES. 8 INSTRUMENTATION FOR RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT. 9 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES. 10 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION. 11 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. 12 RADIOACTIVE SURVEYING AND REMOTE SENSING. 13 MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING CONCEPTS. 14 MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 15 MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS. 16 ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION DOSES. APPENDIX 1 List of Acronyms used in the Text. APPENDIX 2 Units, Terms and Conversion Factors for Radiation, Radioactivity and Related Areas. APPENDIX 3 Data for the most important environmental radionuclides. References. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten with the view of geography as spatial information technology, this text is intended for undergraduate students of geography who are interested in computer applications. Following an introduction to computers, it covers uses in cartography, remote sensing and data manipulation.Table of ContentsComputers and Geographical Data. Statistical Methods. Computers in Cartography. Remote Sensing. Simulation. Geographical Information Systems. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction. Background. Mapping metamorphic rocks. Banding. Minerals, rock-types, compositions and grades. Textures, fabrics, cleavage and schistosity. Scattered entities: pods, boudins, augen, pseudomorphs, veins andpegmatites. Contacts and reaction zones. Faults, mylonites and cataclasites. Reference tables and checklists. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputerised Environmental Modelling A Practical Introduction Using Excel J. Hardisty, D. M. Taylor and S. E. Metcalfe The University of Hull, UK The study of the environment is currently developing into a rigorous and demanding analytical science that requires the use of sophisticated environmental models. The increasing demand for graduates trained to deal with complex environmental issues gives rise to the problem of how environmental modelling should be taught. Computerised Environmental Modelling, which is based upon an existing undergraduate course, addresses this problem by presenting a readable (and tested) introduction to the subject through an easy to use software environment. Simple numerical models taught through widely available spreadsheets do away with the need for language-specific training. Students now no longer need to program before they can model. Divided into three sections, the book first deals with the general principles of environmental systems modelling, then Table of ContentsENVIRONMENTAL MODELING. Environmental Systems. Introduction to Modeling. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO COMPUTER MODELING. Making a Paper Model. Making a Computer Model. Environmental Models. Presenting the Results. Process-Response Modeling. Stochastic Modeling. Feedback Modeling. Validation. EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS. An Ocean Temperature Model. Chaos. Daisy World. Faunal Extinction on an Isolated Island. Acid Deposition. Hydrological Response of Lake Basins. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook aims to clarify the links between statistics and computerized data analysis when applying the scientific method of enquiry to geography. It explains basic statistical techniques and demonstrates their application in geographical data analysis.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Nature of Geographical Data. Inputting Geographical Data on to the Computer. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS I. Descriptive Statistics. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS II. An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing. An Overview of Probability Distributions. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS III. Spatial Statistics. Appendices. References and Selected Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMetamorphic Crystallization investigates the upper regions of the crystalline Earth, where countless solid-state chemical changes have taken place during the long history of the planet. The exploration proceeds in five stages.Table of ContentsThe Geological Background. Mineral Thermodynamics. Phase Equilibrium. Chemical Kinetics. Granular Microstructures and Crystallization Mechanisms. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhile not all metals in Soil--plant systems are inherently toxic, particularly in low concentrations, there is an increasing incidence of metal pollution from aerial fallout, spoils, wastes and agricultural amendments including sewage sludge. Toxic Metals in Soil--Plant Systems discusses the processes of trace-metal cycling in contaminated ecosystems under conditions where their concentrations become toxic through high loading rates, long-term exposure or altered environmental conditions. Other environmental and pedological concentration mechanisms are discussed, including cation exchange and anion adsorption onto different soil materials. The book is divided into two sections; the first part discusses the sources and fates of metals in ecosystems, with an up-to-date review of the processes which control metal speciation in soils, metal uptake mechanisms, and plant responses to toxic metal concentrations in soils. A clear understanding of these processes and their interactions in soil Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: THEORY AND PROCESSES. Sources and Forms of Potentially Toxic Metals in Soil-Plant Systems(S. Ross). Retention, Transformation and Mobility of Toxic Metals in Soils (S.Ross). Toxic Metals: Fate and Distribution in Contaminated Ecosystems (S.Ross). CASE STUDIES. Mechanisms of Ecosystem Recovery Following 11 Years of NutrientEnrichment in an Old-Field Community (S. Brewer, et al.). The Impact and Fate of Heavy Metals in an Oak Woodland Ecosystem(M. Martin & R. Bullock). Caesium Cycling in Heather Moorland Ecosystems (A. Horrill & G.Clint). A Metal Budget for a Monsoonal Wetland in Northern Australia (C.Finlayson). Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a much-needed perspective on the geopolitical, economic and social consequences of refugees, drawing out key global themes and illustrating them with empirical and comparative material. The first section (of three) deals with the background of the refugee crisis; its effects in the countries of first asylum, predominantly in the poorer countries of the ``south''''; and the new challenges facing governments and migrants in the richer countries of the ``north''''. Prospects for future research on refugees by geographers and social scientists as well as its rising significance for economic development and social welfare in both poor and rich nations are discussed in the final section.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Geography and Refugees: Current Issues (R. Black). RECEPTION, SETTLEMENT, AND REPATRIATION OF REFUGEES IN THE THIRDWORLD. `Internal Refugees': The Case of the Displaced in Khartoum (J.Bascom). Mass Flight in the Middle East: Involuntary Migration and the GulfConflict, 1990-91 (N. Van Hear). REFUGEES AND ASYLUM-SEEKERS IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD. The `Sweden-wide Strategy' of Refugee Dispersal (T. Hammar). North and South: Resettling Vietnamese Refugees in Australia andthe UK (V. Robinson). NEW DIRECTIONS, NEW DEVELOPMENTS. Repatriation and Information: A Theoretical Model (K. Koser). Forced Migration and Ethnic Processes in the Former Soviet Union(Z. Zayonchkovskaya, et al.). CONCLUSION. Retrospect and Prospect: Where Next for Geography and RefugeeStudies? (V. Robinson). Index.

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Book SynopsisSeismology is an important branch of earth science and geophysics, providing most of our knowledge of the structure of the Earth and is used in investigations of the sub-surface, being essential in the modern exploration for oil and gas, an area In which most seismotegists are employed. The study of earthquakes is a fascinating subject both for the professional and the fayperson, and has increasing importance as populations expand and spread. Seismology continues to grow and become more sophisticated with the development of better instruments and surveys, and the impact of the computer. Providing an introduction to the subject, this volume looks at general seismology, seismic waves, earthquakes and their effects, the structure of the Earth, and exploration seismology, in particular hydrocarbon exploration. This highly illustrated book includes a survey of principles and applications with a non-mathematical approach, together with an historical section and a large reference list. SuitabTable of ContentsSeismic Waves. The Seismograph. Earthquake Properties. Earthquake Frequency and Distribution (Seismicity). Earthquake Mechanism. Earthquake Engineering. Earthquake Prediction. Other Seismic Phenomena. Earth Structure and the Continental Crust. Oceanic Areas and Margins. Lithosphere and Mantle. The Core. Seismic Exploration and the Refraction Method. Seismic Reflection Surveys. Seismic Surveys at Sea. Corrections and Processing of Reflection Data. Seismic Velocities. Multiple Reflections. Seismic Migration. Presentation and Interpretation of Data. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe development of agriculture has caused rapid changes to the rural environment. Today, with growing awareness and concern for environmental issues, there is a movement to stem further damage to the countryside and replace some of the values which have been lost.Table of ContentsSETTING THE SCENE. The Changing Rural Context and the Place of CollectiveAction. Changing Interests in Rural Land. Collective Action and the Public Interest. The Control of Rural Land. CARTs Today. TRUSTS IN ACTION. Conserving Tradition: The National Trusts. From Grassroots to Federation: The Wildlife Trusts. Single-Objective-Led Sucess: The Royal Society for the Protectionof Birds. Private Land Trusts: Philanthropy or Survival? Local Community Inspired CARTs. Trusts from the Public Sector. LAND MANAGEMENT: PROBLEMS AND POTENTIAL. Actions for the Environment. Finance. Competition or Co-Operation - An Ecology of CARTs. The Role of Public Policy. Implications and the Future. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisGlobal watming through the enhanced greehouse effect is one of themajor and most uncertain forces of global environmental changepresently facing the earth. This book is a guide to the scientificand policy debate concerning the roles of agriculture, forestry andother activities leading to global warming. The influence of landuse on the greehouse effect is important, not only in terms of netemissions of greenhouse gases, but also in the potential to reduceemissions through changing land use policies. Land Use and the Causes of Global Warming reviews the globalemissions of greenhouse gases from land use sources, highlightingthe undertainties in estimating both the magnitude of the fluxesand the scale of land use change. Policies of afforestation,policies to encourage the halting of deforestation and changingmanagement pravctices in agriculture are all examined from theperspectives of feasibility, cost and equity. The authorsillustrate how all land use policies are multi-objectiveTable of ContentsLand Use and Global Environmental Change: A Social SciencePerspective. THE LAND USE CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING. Assessing Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from the Terrestrial Biota. The Role of Tropical Forests in the Carbon Cycle. Soils, Bogs and Wetlands: Greenhouse Gas Fluxes. POLICY ANALYSIS. An Investigation of the Causes of Tropical Deforestation. Agricultural Policy to Reduce Methane Emissions. Forestry Options for Offsetting Emissions. The International Policy Dimension. Land Use Options for Greenhouse Gas Abatement: Prospects andConstraints. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFormer industrial and urban land is increasingly being recycled, a practice which follows current political policy and is appropriate in the more heavily populated areas of Europe. The contamination which soils and water below such land may have suffered due to past industrial activities could pose future risks to new occupiers, or to the environment as a whole, and therefore it is important that an assessment of the risk is undertaken before such land is re-used. This volume has been written specifically to assist developers, consultants and planners who are involved in the reclamation of contaminated land in ensuring that such recycling does not expose the public or the wider environment to unacceptable risks. It provides a clear rationale for why such risk assessments are needed, outlines the current legislation regulating such activities, and indicates where the responsibilities lie for control of this development. Inevitably, the assessment approach of this book draws mainly on UKTable of ContentsNEED FOR AND BASICS OF RISK ASSESSMENTS. The Need for Risk Assessments When Contaminated Land isRe-Used. Risk Assessment Methods. Hazard Identification. Pathway and Exposure Assessments. The Semi-Quantified Risk Assessment Approach. ASSESSING THE MORE IMPORTANT RISKS. Assessing the Risks of Surface Water Pollution. Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment. Area-Wide Air Pollution Risks. Risks to Site Users from Gases and Vapours. Risk of Attack on Construction Materials. Risks to Plant Populations. Risks to Human Health. Conclusions. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Polar Regions is a systematic investigation of both the geopolitical commonalties and the differences between the Arctic and the Antarctic. It is the first book to integrate polar studies of this nature with teaching and research on political geography and geopolitics. Based on the premise that geopolitical isolation of the polar regions stands substantially eroded today, the book argues that the contemporary polar scene should be approached and understood in terms of its broader regional as well as global context. It also argues that in the 21st century the two polar regions will be increasingly valued not only for their intrinsic polar merits, but also for their contribution to an understanding of global problems. A critical evaluation of the promise and the performance of the Antarctic Treaty System is provided. The book also examines the ongoing debate about Antarctica, which underlines the need to look beyond the present agreement on the Antarctic and to address the geopoliticTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: The New Geopolitics. Environment at the Poles. Colonization and Demarcation: A Bipolar Geohistory. The Arctic and the Cold War. The Antarctic Treaty System and Multinational Governance. The Post-Cold War Arctic: International Cooperation and DisputeManagement. Conservation and Management of the Environment in theAntarctic. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisTropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme (TSBF) TSBF was established in 1984 under the patronage of the Man and Biosphere programme of Unesco and the Decade of the Tropics initiative of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS).Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Soil Fertility Research in Response to the Demand forSustainability (M. Scholes, et al.). The Importance and Management of Soil Organic Matter in the Tropics(P. Woomer, et al.). Soil Physics and Fertility: The Effects of Water, Temperature andTexture (R. Scholes, et al.). Biological Management of Tropical Soils: Integrating ProcessResearch and Farm Practice (M. Swift, et al.). Appendices. Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn developed countries, the pervasive view of floods is that science and technology have largely brought these unpredictable disasters under safe control. This book shows that this is simply not so, and that floods are anything but controlled.Trade Review"...the book represents a comprehensive view of flood hazard,vulnerability and mitigation which will form an invaluable guidefor undergraduate teaching...", , , Earth Surface Processes &Landforms, Volume 24, Number 6#"...a broad and very readabletext.....", , , Transactions of the Institute of BritishGeographers#Table of ContentsTHE FLOOD HAZARD IN CONTEXT. Floods: Physical Events and Natural Hazards. Impacts and Interpretations of Flood Hazard. PROCESSES OF FLOODING. River Floods: Geophysical Processes. River Floods: Spatial Characteristics. Coastal Floods. Flood Estimation. RESPONSES TO THE FLOOD HAZARD. Flood Defence. Flood Forecasting and Warning. Mitigating and Managing Flood Losses. Outlook. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a comprehensive book which tackles the important ecological issues including the ethics of woodland creation, the types of woodland, species considerations, the influence of new woodlands on the diversity and distribution of plant and animal species, and how ecological principles can be integrated with the planning process.Table of ContentsTo What Extent Can We Recreate Woodland? (J. Spencer). Planning and Designing New Woodlands for People (M.Sangster). New Woodlands in the Landscape (S. Bell). Biogeography and Woodland Design (I. Spellerberg). Vegetation Classification Systems as an Aid to Woodland Creation(J. Rodwell G. Patterson). Soils and Restoration Ecology (A. Moffat G. Buckley). Soil Biotic Communities and New Woodland (J. Harris T. Hill). Creating Woodlands: To Plant Trees or Not? (R. Harmer G. Kerr). Introduction of Plants and Manipulation of Field Layer Vegetation(J. Packham, et al.). Invertebrate Conservation and New Woodland in Britain (R.Key). Bird Populations in New Lowland Woods: Landscape, Design andManagement Perspectives (R. Fuller, et al.). Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in New Woodlands (J. FlowerdewR. Trout). Do Woodland Mammals Threaten the Development of New Woods? (R. Gill, et al.). Ecological Planning in New Woodlands (R. Ferris-Kaan). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental Management: Issues and Solutions has grown from a series of seminars on environmental management organized by the UNEP Environmental Education and Training Unit with input from some 25 governments of developing countries. This volume is a compilation of presentations made at these seminars by over 50 specialist authors from all over the world, and by participants who are executives and key cadres in ministries or organizations from a wide range of developing countries concerned with the environment. Looking at the foundations and policies of sustainable development, the book describes the principles and processes of ecosystems and the basic environmental management tools, including funding possibilities, that are required for environmental management, particularly in developing countries. Thus, covering the basic concepts and principles, together with the tools necessary for such management, a wide range of issues of environmental concern are discussed, with an eye on howTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: SOME FOUNDATIONS OF AND POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Human Ecology and Environment Ethics (L. Dangana & S.Tropp). Environmental Awareness, Education and Training (M. Atchia, etal.). ECOSYSTEMS: PROCESSES, PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES. Efforts to Combat Land Degradation (T. Maukonen). Genetic Resources (H. Zedan). CASE STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. A Brief Overview of Forests (R. Olembo). The Built-Up Ecosystems (N. Gebremedhin). The Global Environmental Monitoring Systems (GEMS) (M.Gwynne). The Role of Law in Environmental Management at the National Level(I. Rummel-Bulska). The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) (M. Pyhala). Toxic Chemical: The UNEP International Register (J.Huismans). Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe author presents the argument that it is the trade-off between the irregular, chaotic dynamics at the level of populations and the spatio-temporal organization at the level of the system as a whole that shapes ecological systems. This book combines the topics of theoretical analysis, natural science, philosophy and fundamental ecology in a synthetic treatment. Outlines a coherent framework to delineate the internal structure of ecological networks along the dimensions of time, space and function in the network context. Introduces mathematical tools to describe and quantify the functional importance of spatial and temporal patterns in ecological networks for ecosystem organization.Table of ContentsSetting the Stage. Ideas of Stability and Equilibrium in Ecological Thought. Evolution and Ecology. Spatio-Temporal Organization. (Spatio-) Temporal Organization in Simple Communities. On How to Delineate the Structure of Ecological Networks. Attempt at a Synthesis and Some Speculations. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph provides a synopsis of developments in the solute modelling of catchment ecosystems. The volume stresses the influences of weathering, ecosystems processes and hydrological processes as well as the application of models and modelling principles.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: OVERVIEWS. Overview of Solute Modelling (J. Ball & S. Trudgill). Basic Principles of Frequently Used Models (P. Warfvinge). WEATHERING AND SOILS IN SOLUTE MODELLING. Biogeochemical Modelling of Small Catchments Using PROFILE and SAFE(H. Sverdup, et al.). Methods for Modelling Solute Movement in Structured Soils (A.Armstrong, et al.). ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN SOLUTE MODELLING. Predicting Nitrate Concentrations in Small Catchment Streams (M.Whelan, et al.). Interactions of Ecosystem Processes and Weathering Processes (M.Velbel). HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN SOLUTE MODELLING. Soil Water Isotopic Residence Time Modelling (P. Unnikrishna, etal.). Isotope Tracers of Water and Solute Sources in Catchments (C.Kendall, et al.). SOLUTE MODELS. Linking Mixing Techniques to a Hydrological Framework--An UplandApplication (A. Robson, et al.). Contaminant Transport Component of the Catchment Modelling SystemSHETRAN (J. Ewen). MODEL UTILITY. Catchment-Scale Solute Modelling in a Management Context (M.Newson). Appendix. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisSteepland geomorphology concerns landscapes which are either active tectonically or influenced by volcanism. Using case studies, this text illustrates the differing conceptual frameworks that can be used to model and manage such unstable and variable regions.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: On Appraising Classical Models of Landscape Evolution for PassiveContinental Margins (A. Gilchrist). Debris Transfer and Sedimentary Environments: Alpine GlaciatedAreas (P. Johnson). Slope Erosion Processes in the Alps (M. Becht). The Dynamics of Rock Glaciers: Data From Trollaskagi, North Iceland(W. Whalley, et al.). Stratified Slope Deposits: The Stone-Banked Sheets and Lobes Model(P. Bertran, et al.). Neotectonics and Large-Scale Gravitational Phenomena in theUmbria-Marche Apennines, Italy (F. Dramis, et al.). Surface Erosional Environment and Pond Sediment Information (K.Kashiwaya, et al.). Estimating Long-Term Rockfall Accretion Rates by Lichenometry (B.Luckman & C. Fiske). Index.

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Book SynopsisGeomorphology and Groundwater is an up-to-the-minute collection dealing with the overlap between geomorphology and hydrogeology. These two disciplines have much to offer each other in several fields such as river groundwater interactions, the location and evolution of aquifers, karst and landform evolution. There is increasing realisation that groundwater plays an important role in many geomorphological processes and of the utility of geomorphological techniques and ideas in the analysis of groundwater systems. The authors contributing to this volume are drawn from a wide variety of backgrounds and include research geomorphologists, engineers and consulting hydrogeologists. Much of the work reported here applies to or has immediate applications to such environmental problems as arid-zone water supply, groundwater pollution, wetland conservation, fisheries management and landscape protection. As such this book will be of value not only to researchers in the respective fields, but to allTable of ContentsGeomorphology and Groundwater: Convergence and Diversification (A.Brown & C. Bradley). Groundwater Flow and Quality in an Alluvial Aquifer Recharged fromRiver Bank Infiltration, Torgau Basin, Germany (T. Grischek, etal.). Shallow Groundwater Modelling and the Overbank Contribution to aSmall Floodplain Bog (C. Bradley & A. Brown). Assessing River-Aquifer Interactions Within the Hyporheic Zone (I.Maddock, et al.). Landform-Groundwater Interactions in the Gwenlais Karst, SouthWales (P. Hardwick & J. Gunn). The Origin and Age of Karstic Depressions in the Darwin-KoolpinyahArea of the Northern Territory of Australia (M. McFarlane, etal.). Karst and Pseudokarst: An Artificial Distinction? (P. Younger & J. Stunell). Bils and the Barind Aquifer, Bangladesh (K. Ahmed & W.Burgess). Groundwater Recharge and Outflow Patterns in a Dunefield of NorthEast Nigeria (R. Carter). Hydrogeological Provinces in Central Sudan: Morphostructural andHydrogeomorphological Controls (J. Burke). Index.

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