Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisEnvironmental understandings and actions are complex. Environmental responses include both our responses to environmental change and responses of environments induced by human actions, and cover technical measures and tools of evaluation, environmental policy and regulation, and environmental politics.Trade Review"...very inviting and user friendly...primarily for Open University students...highly attractive to a far wider readership..." (RoSPA Occupational Safety & Health Jnl, 1 March 2004) “…an informative, richly illustrated and accessible reader, which develops a number of environmental themes…” (Geography, 2004) Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Introduction (Andrew Blowers and Steve Hinchliffe). Chapter One: Environmental responses: radioactive risks and uncertainty (Steve Hinchliffe, Andrew Blowers). Chapter Two: Design for urban environments (Rod Barratt). Chapter Three: Economic Analysis and environmental responses (Paul Anand). Chapter Four: Environmental politics: society's capacity for political response (Pieter Leroy, Karin Verhagen). Chapter Five: Climate change: global responses under uncertainty (Stephen Peake). Chapter Six: Sustainable environmental futures: opportunities and constraints (Steve Hinchliffe, Andrew Blowers, Joanna Freeland). Epilogue: environmental futures (Andrew Blowers, Steve Hinchliffe). Acknowledgements. Index.

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Book SynopsisSpatial information users and providers are increasingly concerned about the legal implications relating to the use and dissemination of geographic information for which there are no right or wrong methods of practice, and no one source of information. This book fills the gap by addressing key issues in contract law, intellectual property law, rights and responsabilities and liability as they relate to the GI community. The first book to interpret the law relating to GI Science and outline its implications to a general readership Provides a comprehensive discourse in law and GI Science irrespective of jurisdiction Offers a global perspective throughout with case materials coming from the UK, North America, the EU and Australasia Table of ContentsTable of Cases. Table of Statutes. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Geographic Information Science: Legal and Policy Issues. 2. Sharing Geographic Information and Data. 3. Geographic Information and Intellectual Property Rights. 4. Geographic Information and Privacy. 5. Geographic Information and Contract Law. 6. Geographic Information and Liability Standards. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Downstream volume of this definitive reference, provides the most authoritative and up-to-date review of the latest technology used within the downstream side of the international petroleum industry. It looks at refining the raw material, and producing and supplying the end product ie from ref ineries, road tankers to service stations.Table of ContentsContributors. Volume Editor's Foreword. Introduction (P. Jones). The Oil Refinery: Types, Structure and Configuration (J. Robinson and R. Faulkner). Crude Oil (J. Davies). Crude Oil Processing (Y. Hori). Catalytic Cracking (T. Johnson). Hydrocracking: Hydrogen Processing (A. Bridge). Thermal Cracking, Visbreaking and Coking (M. McGrath). Solvent Deasphalting (H. Sloan). Gasification by Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Refinery Residues (W. Liebner). Gasoline Processes (A. Cluer). Kerosine and Gasoil Manufacture (G. Heinrich and D. Duee). Base Oil Processes (R. Savory). Bitumen Manufacture (G. van Gooswilligen). The Petrochemical Interface (D. Glass). Etherification (H. Jarvelin). Refinery Utilities (D. North). Control and Optimization (A. Ogden-Swift). Environmental Protection (E. Martin). An Introduction to Fuels Technology (D. Blackmore). Gasoline and Related Fuels (D. Blackmore). Automotive Gas Oil (J. Eyre). Distillates and Residual Fuels for Heating and Engines (J. Charlot and G. Claus). Aviation Turbine Fuels (P. Wolveridge). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (T. Ritter). General Elements of Lubricant Technology (R. Landells). Base Oil Quality (B. Deane). Gasoline Engine Lubricants (R. Mortier). Diesel Engine Oils (M. Dowling, et al.). Industrial Lubricants (J. Bolard). Gas Engine Lubricants (J. Bolard). White Mineral Oil (A. Banaszewski and J. Blythe). Grease (H. Mead). Bitumen (G. van Gooswilligen). Wax (F. Richter). Marketing Operations: Storage and Distribution (J. Richardson and C. Ward). Standards, Specifications, Test Methods and Codes of Practice (C. Bartlett). Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers the international standards that need to be implemented by companies to operate an efficient and effective environmental management system (EMS).Table of ContentsDedication Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Design and Implementation of ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. 3. Measurement Systems in Environmental Management. 4. Measurement System Errors. 5. Measurement Signal Conversion, Processing, Transmission and Recording. 6. Quantification and Effects of Air Pollution. 7. Quantification and Effects of Water Pollution. 8. Control of Air and Water Pollution. 9. Noise, Vibration and Shock Pollution. 10. Waste Management. 11. System Reliability and Risk Assessment for Environmental Protection. 12. Statistical Process Control. 13. Monitoring Process Parameter Values to Minimise Pollution Risk. Appendix 1: Summary of ISO 14000 Series Standards. Appendix 2: Typical Structure of an Environmental Management System Manual. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn Geography and GIS, surfaces can be analysed and visualised through various data structures, and topological data structures describe surfaces in the form of a relationship between certain surface-specific features. Drawn from many disciplines with a strong applied aspect, this is a research-led, interdisciplinary approach to the creation, analysis and visualisation of surfaces, focussing on topological data structures. Topological Data Structures for Surfaces: an introduction for Geographical Information Science describes the concepts and applications of these data structures. The book focuses on how these data structures can be used to analyse and visualise surface datasets from a range of disciplines such as human geography, computer graphics, metrology, and physical geography. Divided into two Parts, Part I defines the topological surface data structures and explains the various automated methods used for their generation. Part II demonstrates a number of applications Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword. Preface. INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction (Sanjay Rana). PART I CONCEPTS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS. 2. Topographic Surfaces and Surface Networks (Gert W. Wolf). 3. Algorithms for Extracting Surface Topology from Digital Elevation Models (Shigeo Takahashi). 4. Construction of Metric Surface Networks from Raster-Based DEMs (Bernhard Schneider and Jo Wood). 5. Contour Trees and Small Seed Sets for Isosurface Generation (Marc van Kreveld, Ren´e van Oostrum, Chandrajit Bajaj, Valerio Pascucci and Dan Schikore). 6. Surface Shape Understanding Based on Extended Reeb Graphs (Silvia Biasotti, Bianca Falcidieno and Michela Spagnuolo). PART II: APPLICATIONS. 7. A Method for Measuring Structural Similarity among Activity Surfaces and its Application to the Analysis of Urban Population Surfaces in Japan (Atsuyuki Okabe and Atsushi Masuyama). 8. Topology Diagram of Scalar Fields in Scientific Visualisation (Valerio Pascucci). 9. Topology-Guided Downsampling and Volume Visualisation (Martin Kraus and Thomas Ertl). 10. Application of Surface Networks for Augmenting the Visualisation of Dynamic Geographic Surfaces (Sanjay Rana and Jason Dykes). 11 An Application of Surface Networks in Surface Texture (Paul J. Scott). 12. Application of Surface Networks for Fast Approximation of Visibility Dominance in Mountainous Terrains (Sanjay Rana and Jeremy Morley). CONCLUSION. 13. Issues and Future Directions (Sanjay Rana). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAgricultural policy is undergoing a dramatic change the world over. Governmental bodies and agencies are moving away from traditional forms of intervention in agriculture and creating new policies. Essential to policy--makers in the middle of this revolution is a reference that distills the lessons of international research and experience.Table of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Agriculture and Economic Development: Basic Considerations 3 1.1 Beginnings 3 1.2 The Agricultural Sector and Economic Growth 4 1.3 Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction 9 Discussion Points for Chapter 1 12 2 Strategies and the Agricultural Policy Framework 15 2.1 Strategies and Policies 15 2.2 The Nature of Agricultural Policy Instruments 19 2.3 Objectives of Agricultural Policy 22 2.4 The Role of Government 25 2.5 Implementation of Strategies and Policies 30 Discussion Points for Chapter 2 32 3 Broad Issues of Agricultural Policy 35 3.1 Agricultural Policy and the Macroeconomic Framework 35 3.2 Fiscal Expenditures and Subsidies 37 3.3 Improving the Incomes of the Rural Poor 44 3.4 Gender and Agricultural Development 46 3.5 Selected Issues in Privatization 48 3.6 Principal Aspects of the Legal Framework 51 Discussion Points for Chapter 3 53 4 Policies that Influence Producer Incentives 55 4.1 The Setting 55 4.2 Agricultural Prices and Their Determinants 56 4.3 Trade Policy 58 4.4 Exchange Rate Policy 74 4.5 Fiscal Policy and Agricultural Prices 80 4.6 Macroeconomic Policy Options for Agriculture 82 4.7 Sectoral Policies that Influence Agricultural Prices 86 4.8 Food Security, Agricultural Prices and the Rural Poor 98 4.9 Observations on Price Stabilization and Agricultural Development 103 Discussion Points for Chapter 4 104 5 Land Tenure Policies 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 The Importance of Land Tenure 110 5.3 Objectives of Land Tenure Policies 111 5.4 Overview of Issues and Trends concerning Land Tenure 116 5.5 The Nature of Land Rights 121 5.6 Communal, Collective and Individual Rights to Land 130 5.7 Experiences with Land Reform 142 5.8 Policies for Land Markets 149 5.9 Improving Access to Land for the Poor and for Women 176 Discussion Points for Chapter 5 191 6 Water Management Policies in Agriculture 197 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Policy Objectives for the Irrigation Sector 203 6.3 Strategic Planning for Irrigation as Part of Water Resource Management 207 6.4 Strategic Issues in Irrigation Development 211 6.5 Principal Policy Issues in the Irrigation Sector 223 6.6 Institutional and Process Issues in Water Management 248 6.7 Irrigation as a Tool of Rural Development 269 Discussion Points for Chapter 6 271 7 Policies for Agricultural and Rural Finance 277 7.1 The Role of Finance in Agricultural Development 277 7.2 Policy Objectives for Rural Finance 287 7.3 Keys to the Sustainability and Efficiency of Financial Intermediation 295 7.4 The Regulatory Framework for Rural Finance 300 7.5 Structural Considerations for Rural Financial Institutions 317 7.6 Approaches to Managing Rural Financial Institutions 330 7.7 Macroeconomic Policy to Support Rural Financial Intermediation 340 7.8 Elements of a Strategy for Developing Rural Finance 346 Discussion Points for Chapter 7 351 8 Policies for Agricultural Technology 357 8.1 Introduction: The Role and Context of Agricultural Technology 357 8.2 Issues in Agricultural Research 363 8.3 Issues in Agricultural Extension 375 8.4 New Directions in Agricultural Research 390 8.5 New Approaches to Agricultural Extension 404 Discussion Points for Chapter 8 420 9 Agricultural Development Strategies: Process and Structure 425 9.1 The Roles of an Agricultural Strategy 425 9.2 Participatory Processes for Developing Strategies 428 9.3 Structure and Consistency in a Strategy 442 9.4 Substantive Orientations of an Agricultural Strategy 450 9.5 Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation 460 9.6 Implementation of a Strategy 474 9.7 Concluding Observations 475 Discussion Points for Chapter 9 476 Annex: National Economic Policies and Irrigation in Yemen 483 1 Water in Yemen’s Development Process 483 2 Demand Management vs. Water Supply Options 484 3 The Origins of the Water Crisis 485 4 Principal Policy Instruments Available for Water Demand Management 486 5 Bearing the Costs of Change 487 6 Schematic Presentation of Policy Options 488 7 Fiscal and Strategic Issues 488 8 Summary 490 Index 493

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Book SynopsisPart of the Mastering GIS series, this invaluable one-stop reference work explores the tremendous potential that lies along the interface between GIS and remote sensing for activating seamless databases and instigating information interchange.Table of ContentsSeries Foreword. Preface. List of Contributors. 1. GIS and remote sensing integration: in search of a definition (Victor Mesev and Alexandra Walrath). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 In search of a definition. 1.2.1 Evolutionary integration. 1.2.2 Methodological integration. 1.3 Outline of the book. 1.4 Conclusions. 2. Integration taxonomy and uncertainty (Manfred Ehlers). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Taxonomy issues. 2.2.1 Taxonomy of GIS operators. 2.2.2 Taxonomy of image analysis operators in remote sensing. 2.2.3 An integrated taxonomy. 2.3 Uncertainty issues. 2.3.1 Uncertainty in geographic information. 2.3.2 Uncertainty in the integration of GIS and remote sensing. 2.4 Modelling positional and thematic error in the integration of remote sensing and GIS. 2.4.1 Positional and thematic uncertainties. 2.4.2 Problem formulation. 2.4.3 Modelling positional uncertainty. 2.4.3.1 Line errors. 2.4.3.2 Confidence region for line segments. 2.4.3.3 Positional uncertainty of boundary line features. 2.4.3.4 Positional uncertainty of area objects. 2.4.4 Thematic uncertainties of a classified image. 2.4.5 Modelling the combined positional and thematic uncertainties. 2.5 Conclusions. 3. Data fusion related to GIS and remote sensing (Paolo Gamba and Fabio Dell'Acqua). 3.1 Introduction . 3.2 Why do we need GIS–remote sensing fusion? 3.2.1 Remote sensing output to GIS. 3.2.2 GIS input to remote sensing interpretation algorithms. 3.2.3 Example: urban planning check and update. 3.3 Problems in GIS–remote sensing data fusion. 3.3.1 Lack of consistent standards. 3.3.2 Inconsistency of GIS–remote sensing accuracy, legends and scales. 3.3.3 Different nature of the two sources. 3.3.4 Need for information rather than data fusion. 3.3.5 Example: population mapping through remote sensing. 3.4 Present and future solutions. 3.4.1 Multiscale analysis. 3.4.2 Fusion techniques. 3.4.2.1 Fuzzy-based framework retaining accuracy information. 3.4.2.2 Non-parametric approaches. 3.4.2.3 Knowledge-based approaches. 3.5 Conclusions. 3.5.1 Integration of remote sensing and GIS into a change detection module 4. The importance of scale in remote sensing and GIS and its implications for data integration (Peter M. Atkinson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Data models and scales of measurement. 4.2.1 Raster imagery. 4.2.1.1 Raster imagery and the RF model. 4.2.1.2 Scales of measurement in remotely sensed imagery. 4.2.2 Vector data. 4.2.2.1 Vector data and the object-based model. 4.2.2.2 Scales of measurement. 4.3 Scales of spatial variation. 4.3.1 Spatial variation in raster data. 4.3.1.1 Characterizing scales of spatial variation. 4.3.1.2 Characterizing error. 4.3.1.3 Upscaling and downscaling. 4.3.2 Scales of variation in vector data. 4.3.3 Processes in the environment. 4.3.3.1 Processes and forms. 4.3.3.2 Process modelling. 4.3.3.3 Scales of representation. 4.4 Remote sensing and GIS data integration. 4.4.1 Overlay and regression. 4.4.1.1 Scales of measurement. 4.4.1.2 Transformation. 4.4.1.3 Geometric error. 4.4.2 Remote sensing classification of land cover. 4.4.1.1 Per-field classification. 4.4.1.2 Soft classification and subpixel allocation. 4.4.1.3 A note on downscaling and super-resolution mapping. 4.5 Conclusion. 5. Of patterns and processes: spatial metrics and geostatistics in urban analysis (XiaoHang Liu and Martin Herold). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Geostatistics. 5.3 Spatial metrics. 5.4 Examples. 5.4.1. Data preparation. 5.4.2 Linkage from land cover to land use. 5.4.2.1 Land use classification based on geostatistics. 5.4.2.2 Land use classification based on spatial metrics. 5.4.2.3 Land-use classification based on combined information. 5.4.3 Linking urban form to population density. 5.4.5 Linking characteristics of spatial patterns and processes. 5.5 Conclusion. 6. Using remote sensing and GIS integration to identify spatial characteristics of sprawl at the building-unit level (John Hasse). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Sprawl in the remote sensing and GIS literature. 6.2.1 Definitions of sprawl. 6.2.2 Spatial characteristics of sprawl at a metropolitan level. 6.2.3 Spatial characteristics of sprawl at a submetropolitan level. 6.3 Integrating remote sensing and GIS for sprawl research. 6.4 Spatial characteristics of sprawl at a building-unit level. 6.5 A practical building-unit level model for analysing sprawl. 6.5.1 Urban density. 6.5.2 Leapfrog. 6.5.3 Segregated land use. 6.5.4 Highway strip. 6.5.5 Community node inaccessibility. 6.5.6 Normalizing municipal sprawl indicator measures. 6.6. Future benefits of integrating remote sensing and gis in sprawl research. 7. Remote sensing applications in urban socio-economic analysis (Chiangshan Wu). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principles of urban socio-economic studies using remote sensing technologies. 7.3 Socio-economic information estimation. 7.3.1 Population estimation. 7.3.2 Employment estimation. 7.3.3 GDP estimation. 7.3.4 Electrical power consumption estimation. 7.4 Socio-economic activity modelling. 7.4.1 Population interpolation. 7.4.2 Socio-economic index generation . 7.4.3 Understanding and modelling socio-economic phenomena. 7.4.3.1 Population segregation analysis. 7.4.3.2 Housing price modelling. 7.5 Advantages and limitations of remote sensing technologies in socio-economic applications. 7.5.1 Socio-economic information estimation. 7.5.2 Socio-economic information modelling. 7.6 Conclusions. 8. Integrating remote sensing, GIS and spatial modelling for sustainable urban growth management (Xiaojun Yang). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Research methodology. 8.2.1 Study area. 8.2.2 Data acquisition and collection. 8.2.3 Satellite image processing. 8.2.4 Change analysis. 8.2.5 Spatial statistical analysis. 8.2.6 Dynamic spatial modelling. 8.3 Results and discussion. 8.3.1 Urban growth. 8.3.2 Driving force. 8.3.2.1 High-density urban use. 8.3.2.2 Low-density urban use. 8.3.3 Future growth scenario simulation. 8.4 Conclusions. 9. An integrative GIS and remote sensing model for place-based urban vulnerability analysis (Tarek Rashed, John Weeks, Helen Couclelis and Martin Herold). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Analysis of urban vulnerability: what is it all about? 9.3 A conceptual framework for place-based analysis of urban vulnerability. 9.4 Integrating GIS and remote sensing into vulnerability analysis. 9.5 A GIS–remote sensing place-based model for urban vulnerability analysis. 9.6 An illustrative example of model application. 9.6.1 Study area. 9.6.2 Data. 9.6.3 Identifying vulnerability hot spots. 9.6.4 Deriving remote sensing measures of urban morphology in Los Angeles. 9.6.4.1 MESMA. 9.6.5 Deriving an index of wealth for Los Angeles County. 9.6.6 Spatial filtering of variables. 9.6.7 Generating place-based knowledge of urban vulnerability in Los Angeles. 9.6.7.1 Statistical models. 9.6.7.2 Results of correlation between vulnerability and wealth. 9.6.7.2 Results of regression models. 9.6.8 To what extent do model results conform to universal knowledge of vulnerability? 9.7 Conclusions. 10. Using GIS and remote sensing for ecological mapping and monitoring (Jennifer Miller and John Rogan). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Integration of GIS and remote sensing in ecological research. 10.3 GIS data used in ecological applications. 10.3.1 Gradient analysis. 10.3.2 Climate. 10.3.3 Topography. 10.4 Remotely sensed data for ecological applications. 10.4.1 Spectral enhancements. 10.4.2 Land cover. 10.4.3 Habitat structure. 10.4.4 Biophysical processes. 10.5 Species distribution models. 10.5.1 Biodiversity mapping. 10.6 Change detection. 10.6.1 Case study: using GIS and remote sensing for large-area change detection and efficient map updating. 10.6.1.1 Study area. 10.6.1.2 Data and methods. 10.6.1.3 Results. 10.6.1.4 Case study discussion. 10.7 Conclusions. 11. Remote sensing and GIS for ephemeral wetland monitoring and sustainability in southern Mauritania (Tara Shine and Victor Mesev). 11.1 Introduction. 11.1.1 Ephemeral wetlands. 11.1.2 Remote sensing of ephemeral wetlands. 11.2 Ephemeral wetlands in Mauritania. 11.2.1 Data and processing. 11.2.2 Results. 11.2.3 Implications for management. 11.3 Conclusions. Index.

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Book SynopsisGeodemographics: neighbourhood targeting and GIS provides both an introduction to and overview of the methods, theory and classification techniques that provide the foundation of neighbourhood analysis and commercial geodemographic products. Particular focus is given to the presentation and use of neighbourhood classification in GIS.Trade Review"... a book that is unique both in its approach and it s content ... a valuable contribution to this area of research..." (GIS Professional, March 2006)Table of ContentsList of Case Study Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Introducing Geodemographics 1 Learning Objectives 1 Introduction 2 1.1 The use of geodemographics 3 1.2 A simple application: opening a coffee shop in Atlantic City 5 1.3 Another application: guiding neighbourhood regeneration funding 10 1.4 Using geodemographics for retail targeting 12 1.5 How it works: a short theory of geodemographics 14 Case study: modelling price sensitivity and geodemographic categories in the restaurant market 19 Case study: using geodemographics in the public sector 21 1.6 Where next? An overview of the following chapters 24 1.7 Conclusion 26 Summary 26 Further Reading 27 2 London to Chicago and Back Again! The Origins of Geodemographics 29 Learning Objectives 29 Introduction 30 2.1 The life and labours of an early neighbourhood analyst 30 2.2 From London to Chicago and beyond! 37 2.3 A note on measuring deprivation 42 Case study: Charles Booth – yesterday once more? 45 2.4 Conclusion 49 Summary 50 Further Reading 51 3 The Evolution of Geodemographics and the Market Today 53 Learning Objectives 53 Introduction 54 3.1 From census to commerce 55 3.2 Geodemographics today 61 Case study: the US market for geodemographics 67 3.3 The role of market research linkages 70 3.4 Use of non-census data 70 3.5 Conclusion 73 Summary 75 Further Reading 75 4 Geodemographics and GIS 77 Learning Objectives 77 Introduction 78 4.1 Principles of GIS 79 4.2 Mapping geodemographic information with GIS 88 4.3 An interesting pattern? 92 4.4 Confounded by choropleths! 95 Case study: Using GIS for neighbourhood analysis and targeting – a commercial perspective 99 4.5 Spatial interaction models 103 4.6 Conclusion 106 Summary 107 Further Reading 108 5 Geodemographic Information Systems and Analysis 109 Learning Objectives 109 Introduction 110 5.1 Data collection and input 111 5.2 Data analysis 115 5.3 Data visualization and output 137 Case study: Different neighbourhoods, different policing styles 141 5.4 Conclusion 143 Summary 144 Further Reading 145 6 How Geodemographic Classifications are Built 147 Learning Objectives 147 Introduction 148 6.1 Data input – sources of data for neighbourhood classification 148 6.2 Preparing the data for classification 150 6.3 Evaluation of input variables 152 6.4 Selecting weights 159 6.5 Clustering 160 6.6 Optimization process and manual intervention 166 6.7 Forming a cluster hierarchy 168 6.8 Labels, portraits and visualization tools 171 6.9 A worked example of clustering 173 6.10 Conclusion 181 Summary 182 Further Reading 183 7 Geodemographics Around the World 185 Learning Objectives 185 Introduction 186 7.1 The internationalization of geodemographics 187 Case study: a brief comparison of selected censuses from across the world 189 7.2 Census data sources – some differences in what is asked and where 193 7.3 Differences in the availability of non-census data sources 195 7.4 Variations in the detail of the postal delivery system 196 7.5 Geographies of neighbourhood worldwide 196 7.6 Conclusion 204 Summary 205 Further Reading 206 8 ‘But Does It Work?’ Geodemographics in the Dock 207 Learning Objectives 207 Introduction 208 8.1 The case for the prosecution 209 8.2 The case for the defence 225 ‘Witness’ 1: Example of the Nottingham Youth Justice Board 228 ‘Witness’ 2: Example of Shotton Paper Company plc 230 ‘Witness’ 3: Example of The University of Central Lancashire 231 ‘Witness’ 4: Example of Camelot Group plc 233 Validating geodemographics – the Luton case study 236 8.3 Conclusion 239 Summary 240 Further Reading 241 9 New Data, New Approaches: from Geodemographics to Geolifestyles 243 Learning Objectives 243 Introduction 244 Case study: Lifestyles analysis and new approaches 246 9.1 Using GIS to map lifestyle data 249 9.2 Looking for ‘hot spots’ 257 9.3 From revelation to explanation 261 9.4 Data-handling issues 263 9.5 Conclusion 271 Summary 271 Further Reading 272 10 Postscript: There are three Is in geodemographics! 273 References 279 Index 289

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Book SynopsisPresented in a clear and straightforward manner with the minimum of technical detail, this introductory textbook introduces the basics of dating, the range of techniques available and the strengths and limitations of each of the principal methods.Trade Review"This book is a must for any Quaternary scientist." (South African Geographical Journal, September 2006) "…very well organized, clearly and straightforwardly written and provides a good overview on the wide field of Quaternary dating methods…"(Journal of Quaternary Science, January 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Dating Methods and the Quaternary 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Development of Quaternary Dating 2 1.3 Precision and Accuracy in Dating 5 1.4 Atomic Structure, Radioactivity and Radiometric Dating 7 1.5 The Quaternary: Stratigraphic Framework and Terminology 9 1.6 The Scope and Content of the Book 12 Notes 15 2 Radiometric Dating 1: Radiocarbon Dating 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Basic Principles 18 2.3 Radiocarbon Measurement 19 2.3.1 Beta Counting 20 2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 20 2.3.3 Extending the Radiocarbon Timescale 23 2.3.4 Laboratory Intercomparisons 24 2.4 Sources of Error in Radiocarbon Dating 24 2.4.1 Contamination 24 2.4.2 Isotopic Fractionation 25 2.4.3 Marine Reservoir Effects 26 2.4.4 Long-Term Variations in 14C Production 27 2.5 Some Problematic Dating Materials 29 2.5.1 Lake Sediments 29 2.5.2 Shell 30 2.5.3 Bone 31 2.5.4 Soil 31 2.6 Calibration of the Radiocarbon Timescale 32 2.6.1 Dendrochronological Calibration 32 2.6.2 The INTCAL Calibration 32 2.6.3 Extending the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve 34 2.6.4 Bayesian Analysis and Radiocarbon Calibration 35 2.6.5 Wiggle-Match Dating 37 2.7 Applications of Radiocarbon Dating 37 2.7.1 Radiocarbon Dating: Some Routine Applications 37 2.7.1.1 Dating of plant macrofossils: Lateglacial cereal cultivation in the valley of the Euphrates 38 2.7.1.2 Dating of charcoal: a Holocene palaeoenvironmental record from western Germany 38 2.7.1.3 Dating of peat: a Holocene palaeoclimatic record from northern England 41 2.7.1.4 Dating of organic lake mud: a multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental record from Lake Rutundu, East Africa 41 2.7.1.5 Dating of marine micropalaeontological records: an example of a problem from the North Atlantic 43 2.7.1.6 Dating of marine shell: a Holocene aeolianite from Mexico 45 2.7.1.7 Dating of bone: the earliest humans in the Americas 47 2.7.2 Radiocarbon Dating of Other Materials 47 2.7.2.1 Dating of textiles: the ‘Shroud of Turin’ 48 2.7.2.2 Dating of old documents: the Vinland Map 49 2.7.2.3 Dating of lime mortar: medieval churches in Finland 51 2.7.2.4 Dating of hair: radiocarbon dates and DNA from individual animal hairs 51 2.7.2.5 Dating of iron artefacts: the Himeji nail and the Damascus sword 52 2.7.2.6 Dating of pottery: the earliest pottery in Japan 52 2.7.2.7 Dating of rock art: Palaeolithic cave paintings in Spain and France 53 Notes 54 3 Radiometric Dating 2: Dating Using Long-Lived and Short-Lived Radioactive Isotopes 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Argon-Isotope Dating 58 3.2.1 Principles of Potassium–Argon Dating 58 3.2.2 Principles of Argon–Argon Dating 59 3.2.3 Some Assumptions and Problems Associated with Potassium–Argon and Argon–Argon Dating 59 3.2.4 Some Applications of Potassium–Argon and Argon–Argon Dating 61 3.2.4.1 Potassium–argon and argon–argon dating of the dispersal of Early Pleistocene hominids 62 3.2.4.2 40Ar/39Ar dating of anatomically modern Homo sapiens from Ethiopia 62 3.2.4.3 40Ar/39Ar dating of historical materials: the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 65 3.2.4.4 40Ar/39Ar dating and geological provenancing of a stone axe from Stonehenge, England 66 3.3 Uranium-Series Dating 66 3.3.1 Principles of U-Series Dating 67 3.3.2 Some Problems Associated with U-Series Dating 69 3.3.3 Some Applications of U-Series Dating 71 3.3.3.1 Dating the Last Interglacial high sea-level stand in Hawaii 71 3.3.3.2 Dating of early hominid remains from China 72 3.3.3.3 Dating of a speleothem from northern Norway 74 3.3.3.4 Dating of fluvial terraces in Wyoming, USA 74 3.4 Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating 77 3.4.1 Principles of Cosmogenic Nuclide (CN) Dating 77 3.4.2 Sources of Error in CN Dating 79 3.4.3 Some Applications of CN Dating 80 3.4.3.1 Cosmogenic dating of two Late Pleistocene glacial advances in Alaska 80 3.4.3.2 Cosmogenic dating of the Salpausselkä I formation in Finland 82 3.4.3.3 Cosmogenic dating of Holocene landsliding, The Storr, Isle of Skye, Scotland 82 3.4.3.4 Cosmogenic dating of alluvial deposits, Ajo Mountains, southern Arizona, USA 84 3.5 Dating Using Short-Lived Isotopes 84 3.5.1 Lead-210 (210Pb) 85 3.5.2 Caesium-137 (137Cs) 86 3.5.3 Silicon-32 (32Si) 86 3.5.4 Some Problems in Using Short-Lived Isotopes 87 3.5.5 Some Dating Applications Using Short-Lived Isotopes 87 3.5.5.1 Dating a record of human impact in a lake sequence in northern England 88 3.5.5.2 Dating a 500-year lake sediment/temperature record from Baffin Island, Canada 88 3.5.5.3 32Si dating of marine sediments from Bangladesh 91 Notes 92 4 Radiometric Dating 3: Radiation Exposure Dating 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Luminescence Dating 94 4.2.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) 94 4.2.2 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) 96 4.2.3 Sources of Error in Luminescence Dating 99 4.2.4 Some Applications of Luminescence Dating 100 4.2.4.1 TL dating of Early Iron Age iron smelting in Ghana 100 4.2.4.2 TL and AMS radiocarbon dating of pottery from the Russian Far East 101 4.2.4.3 TL dating of burnt flint from a cave site in France 102 4.2.4.4 TL dating of the first humans in South America 103 4.2.4.5 OSL dating of young coastal dunes in the northern Netherlands 104 4.2.4.6 OSL dating of dune sands from Blombos Cave, South Africa: single and multiple grain data 104 4.2.4.7 OSL dating of fluvial deposits in the lower Mississippi Valley, USA 107 4.2.4.8 OSL dating of marine deposits in Denmark 108 4.3 Electron Spin Resonance Dating 109 4.3.1 Principles of ESR Dating 109 4.3.2 Sources of Error in ESR Dating 110 4.3.3 Some Applications of ESR Dating 110 4.3.3.1 ESR dating of teeth from the Hoxnian Interglacial type locality, England 111 4.3.3.2 ESR dating of mollusc shells from the Northern Caucasus and the earliest humans in eastern Europe 112 4.3.3.3 ESR dating of Holocene coral: an experimental approach 113 4.3.3.4 ESR dating of quartz: the Toba super-eruption 113 4.4 Fission Track Dating 114 4.4.1 Principles of Fission Track Dating 115 4.4.2 Some Problems Associated with Fission Track Dating 116 4.4.3 Some Applications of Fission Track Dating 116 4.4.3.1 Fission track dating of glacial events in Argentina 116 4.4.3.2 Fission track dating of a Middle Pleistocene fossiliferous sequence from central Italy 117 4.4.3.3 Dating of obsidian in the Andes, South America, and the sourcing of artefacts 117 Notes 119 5 Dating Using Annually Banded Records 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Dendrochronology 122 5.2.1 Principles of Dendrochronology 122 5.2.2 Problems Associated with Dendrochronology 123 5.2.3 Dendrochronological Series 125 5.2.4 Applications of Dendrochronology 127 5.2.4.1 Dating a 2000-year temperature record for the northern hemisphere 128 5.2.4.2 Dating historical precipitation records 128 5.2.4.3 Dating volcanic events 129 5.2.4.4 Dating archaeological evidence 130 5.3 Varve Chronology 132 5.3.1 The Nature of Varved Sediments 133 5.3.2 Sources of Error in Varve Chronologies 135 5.3.3 Applications of Varve Chronologies 136 5.3.3.1 Dating regional patterns of deglaciation in Scandinavia 136 5.3.3.2 Dating prehistoric land-use changes 136 5.3.3.3 Dating long-term climatic and environmental changes 139 5.3.3.4 Varve sequences and the radiocarbon timescale 140 5.4 Lichenometry 141 5.4.1 Principles of Lichenometric Dating 142 5.4.2 Problems Associated with Lichenometric Dating 142 5.4.3 Lichenometry and Late Holocene Environments 143 5.4.3.1 Dating post-Little Ice Age glacier recession in Norway 144 5.4.3.2 Dating rock glaciers and Little Ice Age moraines in the Sierra Nevada, western USA 144 5.4.3.3 Dating Late Holocene rockfall activity on a Norwegian talus slope 146 5.4.3.4 Dating archaeological features on raised shorelines in northern Sweden 147 5.5 Annual Layers in Glacier Ice 148 5.5.1 Ice-Core Chronologies 149 5.5.2 Errors in Ice-Core Chronologies 150 5.5.3 Ice Cores and the Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Record 151 5.5.3.1 Dating climatic instability as revealed in the Greenland ice cores 151 5.5.3.2 Dating rapid climate change: the end of the Younger Dryas in Greenland 152 5.5.3.3 Dating long-term variations in atmospheric Greenhouse Trace Gases 154 5.5.3.4 Dating human impact on climate as reflected in ice-core records 155 5.6 Other Media Dated by Annual Banding 156 5.6.1 Speleothems 156 5.6.1.1 Dating a proxy record for twentieth-century precipitation from Poole’s Cavern, England 156 5.6.1.2 Dating climate variability in central China over the last 1270 years 157 5.6.2 Corals 158 5.6.2.1 Dating a 420-year-coral-based palaeoenvironmental record from the southwestern Pacific 158 5.6.2.2 Dating a 240-year palaeoprecipitation record from Florida, USA 158 5.6.3 Molluscs 160 5.6.3.1 The development of a sclerochronology using the long-lived bivalve Arctica islandica 160 5.6.3.2 The development of a ‘clam-ring’ master chronology from a short-lived bivalve mollusc and its palaeoenvironmental significance 162 Notes 162 6 Relative Dating Methods 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Rock Surface Weathering 166 6.2.1 Surface Weathering Features 166 6.2.2 Problems in Using Surface Weathering Features to Establish Relative Chronologies 167 6.2.3 Applications of Surface Weathering Dating 168 6.2.3.1 Relative dating of Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya 168 6.2.3.2 Relative dating of periglacial trimlines in northwest Scotland 168 6.2.3.3 Relative dating of archaeological features by Lake Superior, Canada 170 6.3 Obsidian Hydration Dating 172 6.3.1 The Hydration Layer 173 6.3.2 Problems with Obsidian Hydration Dating 173 6.3.3 Some Applications of Obsidian Hydration Dating 174 6.3.3.1 Dating of a Pleistocene age site, Manus Island, Papua New Guinea 174 6.3.3.2 Dating of fluvially reworked sediment in Montana, USA 176 6.4 Pedogenesis 176 6.4.1 Soil Development Indices 176 6.4.2 Problems in Using Pedogenesis as a Basis for Dating 177 6.4.3 Some Applications of Dating Based on Pedogenesis 178 6.4.3.1 Relative dating of moraines in the Sierra Nevada, California 178 6.4.3.2 Dating glacial events in southeastern Peru 178 6.5 Relative Dating of Fossil Bone 180 6.5.1 Post-Burial Changes in Fossil Bone 181 6.5.2 Problems in the Relative Dating of Bone 181 6.5.3 Some Applications of the Relative Dating of Bone 182 6.5.3.1 Fluoride dating of mastodon bone from an early palaeoindian site, eastern USA 182 6.5.3.2 Chemical dating of animal bones from Sweden 182 6.6 Amino Acid Geochronology 184 6.6.1 Proteins and Amino Acids 185 6.6.2 Amino Acid Diagenesis 186 6.6.3 Problems with Amino Acid Geochronology 187 6.6.4 Applications of Amino Acid Geochronology 188 6.6.4.1 Dating and correlation of the last interglacial shoreline (~MOI substage 5e) in Australia using aminostratigraphy 189 6.6.4.2 Quaternary aminostratigraphy in northwestern France based on non-marine molluscs 189 6.6.4.3 Dating the earliest modern humans in southern Africa using amino acid ratios in ostrich eggshell 191 6.6.4.4 Dating sea-level change in the Bahamas over the last half million years 192 Notes 195 7 Techniques for Establishing Age Equivalence 197 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 Oxygen Isotope Chronostratigraphy 198 7.2.1 Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 199 7.2.2 Dating the Marine Oxygen Isotope Record 199 7.2.3 Problems with the Marine Oxygen Isotope Record 201 7.3 Tephrochronology 202 7.3.1 Tephras in Quaternary Sediments 202 7.3.2 Dating of Tephra Horizons 204 7.3.3 Problems with Tephrochronology 205 7.3.4 Applications of Tephrochronology 207 7.3.4.1 Dating the first human impact in New Zealand using tephrochronology 207 7.3.4.2 Dating and correlating events in the North Atlantic region during the Last Glacial–Interglacial transition using tephrochronology 209 7.3.4.3 Dating Middle Pleistocene artefacts and cultural traditions in East Africa using tephrostratigraphy 209 7.3.4.4 Dating Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations in Yukon by tephrochronology 211 7.4 Palaeomagnetism 213 7.4.1 The Earth’s Magnetic Field 214 7.4.2 The Palaeomagnetic Record in Rocks and Sediments 215 7.4.3 Magnetostratigraphy 216 7.4.3.1 Polarity changes and the palaeomagnetic timescale 216 7.4.3.2 Secular variations 216 7.4.3.3 Mineral magnetic potential 219 7.4.4 Some Problems with Palaeomagnetic Dating 220 7.4.5 Applications of Palaeomagnetic Dating 221 7.4.5.1 Dating lake sediments using palaeosecular variations 221 7.4.5.2 Palaeomagnetic correlations between Scandinavian Ice Sheet fluctuations and Greenland ice-core records 222 7.4.5.3 Palaeomagnetic dating of the earliest humans in Europe 223 7.4.5.4 Palaeomagnetic dating of the Sterkfontein hominid, South Africa 224 7.5 Palaeosols 225 7.5.1 The Nature of Palaeosols 227 7.5.2 Palaeosols as Soil-Stratigraphic Units 228 7.5.3 Some Problems with Using Palaeosols to Establish Age Equivalence 229 7.5.4 Applications of Palaeosols in the Establishment of Age Equivalence 230 7.5.4.1 Buried palaeosols on the Avonmouth Level, southwest England: stratigraphic markers in Holocene intertidal sediments 230 7.5.4.2 The Valley Farm and Barham Soils: key stratigraphic marker horizons in southeast England 231 7.5.4.3 Correlation between the Chinese loess–palaeosol sequence and the deep-ocean core record for the past 2.5 million years 233 Notes 235 8 Dating the Future 237 8.1 Introduction 237 8.2 Radiometric Dating 237 8.3 Annually Banded Records 240 8.4 Age Equivalence 242 8.5 Biomolecular Dating 243 Notes 244 References 245 Index 279

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Book SynopsisThe development of the Internet has changed the environment for Geographical Information Systems (GIS), with the emphasis shifting from analysis to the sharing of data and information over the Internet thus making GIS more mobile and powerful. The Geography Mark-Up Language (GML) was developed as the standard language and is emerging as the foundation for Internet GIS. Geography Mark-Up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web provides a broad coverage of the use of GML in different application areas, along with the technical means for building these applications. Starting from the basic concepts, this book works through all the important topics in both GML 2.0 and GML 3.0, with illustrations and worked examples to demonstrate its use. Organized into two sections, Volume I introduces readers to the new world of GML, and explains how it can be used across a broad range of GIS projects. It deals with the basic concepts of XML and GML, and enables readers to make decisions on the uTrade Review"…this book marks a welcome addition to GIS literature…highly recommended as a well written, well structured and reasonably detailed outline of GML..." (GIS Professional, No.2, January – February, 2005)Table of ContentsIntroduction. PART I GML: AN INTRODUCTION. 1 Once over lightly. 2 XML and GML. 3 Basic Concepts of GML. 4 GML Core and Application Schemas. 5 Technical Issues for Deploying GML. 6 GML and Geospatial Web Services. 7 Real-World Deployment Examples. PART II GML: A TECHNICAL REFERENCE GUIDE. 8 Basic Concepts. 9 Introducing the GML Model and GML Features. 10 GML Core Schemas Overview. 11 Developing and Managing GML Application Schemas. 12 GML Geometry. 13 GML Topology. 14 GML Temporal Elements and Dynamic Features. 15 GML Coordinate Referenc Systems. 16 Units of Measure, Values and Observations. 17 GML Coverages. 18 GML Default Styling. 19 GML And Geospatial Web Services. 20 GML, Relational Databases and Legacy GIS. APPENDICES.

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Book SynopsisEssential Maths for Geoscientists An Introduction Essential Maths for Geoscientists: An Introduction is an accessible, student-friendly introduction to the mathematics required by those students taking degree courses within the geosciences. Clearly structured throughout, this book carefully guides students step by step through the first mathematics they will encounter and provides numerous applied examples throughout to enhance students' understanding and to place each technique in context. Opening with a chapter explaining the need for studying mathematics within geosciences, this book then moves on to cover algebra, solving equations, logarithms and exponentials, uncertainties, errors and statistics, trigonometry, vectors and basic calculus. The final chapter helps to bring the subject all together and provides detailed applied questions to test students' knowledge. Worked applied examples are included in each chapter along with applied problemTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 How Do You Know that Global Warming is Not a Hoax? 1 2 Preamble 7 2.1 The scientific method: pushing back the frontiers of ignorance 7 2.2 Subscript and superscripts 9 2.3 Scientific number format 10 2.4 Significant figures and rounding numbers 12 2.5 Units and dimensions 13 2.6 Symbols and numbers 14 2.7 Mean, median and variance: commonly encountered statistics 15 2.8 Guesstimation 19 2.9 Exercises 21 3 Algebra 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Evaluating algebraic equations 37 3.2.1 Preamble: symbols and numbers 37 3.2.2 Powers, roots and bases 38 3.3 Simplifying algebraic equations 39 3.4 Factorization 44 3.4.1 Factorizing quadratic equations 46 3.5 Transposing formulae 46 3.6 Word problems 49 3.7 Exercises 50 4 Solving Equations 53 4.1 Solving linear equations 53 4.1.1 Graphically 54 4.1.2 Analytically 58 4.2 Solving simultaneous equations 58 4.3 Solving quadratic equations 59 4.3.1 Square roots 60 4.3.2 Completing the square 60 4.4 Exercises 62 5 Logarithms and Exponentials 67 5.1 Exponentials 67 5.2 Logarithms 67 5.2.1 Logarithm laws 68 5.2.2 Solving exponential equations 69 5.2.3 Power laws and scaling exponents 69 5.3 Log-normal and log–log plots: when and how to use them 72 5.4 Exercises 74 6 Uncertainties, Errors, and Statistics 77 6.1 Errors 77 6.1.1 Important definitions 78 6.1.2 Measures of error 80 6.2 Combining errors 83 6.2.1 Equations with one variable 83 6.2.2 Equations with two or more variables 84 6.2.3 Linear equations 84 6.2.4 Products 85 6.2.5 Combining results of different experiments 86 6.3 Statistics 87 6.3.1 Graphs 87 6.3.2 Descriptive statistics 89 6.4 Correlations 91 6.5 Exercises 93 7 Trigonometry 95 7.1 Some geoscience applications of trigonometry 95 7.2 Anatomy of a triangle 96 7.3 Angles: degrees and radians 99 7.4 Calculating angles given a trigonometric ratio 100 7.5 Cosine and sine rules for non-right-angled triangles 101 7.6 Exercises 101 8 Vectors 105 8.1 What is a vector? 105 8.2 Resolving a vector 105 8.3 Vector algebra 107 8.3.1 Adding and subtracting vectors 107 8.3.2 Multiplying a vector by a scalar 107 8.3.3 The resultant of two perpendicular vectors 107 8.4 Resolving non-perpendicular vectors 108 8.5 Exercises 110 9 Calculus 1: Differentiation 113 9.1 A graphical interpretation of differentiation 114 9.2 A general formula for differentiation 116 9.3 The derivative of some common functions 118 9.4 Differentiation of the sum and difference of functions 118 9.5 Higher derivatives 120 9.6 Maxima and minima 120 9.7 Exercises 122 10 Calculus 2: Integration 125 10.1 Introduction 125 10.2 Definite integrals 127 10.3 Numerical integration 129 10.4 Exercises 130 11 Bringing It All Together 133 A Answers to Problems 143 A.1 Chapter 2: Preamble 143 A.2 Chapter 3: Algebra 148 A.3 Chapter 4: Solving Equations 152 A.4 Chapter 5: Logarithms and Exponentials 158 A.5 Chapter 6: Uncertainties, Errors, and Statistics 162 A.6 Chapter 7: Trigonometry 166 A.7 Chapter 8: Vectors 171 A.8 Chapter 9: Differentiation 174 A.9 Chapter 10: Integration 179 A.10 Chapter 11: Bringing it all together 182 B A Brief Note on Excel 197 C Further Reading 199 Index 201

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Book SynopsisStatistics Analysis of Geographical Data: An Introduction provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the theory and practice of statistical analysis in geography.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Dealing with data 1 1.1 The role of statistics in geography 1 1.2 About this book 3 1.3 Data and measurement error 3 2 Collecting and summarizing data 13 2.1 Sampling methods 13 2.2 Graphicalsummaries 17 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 24 3 Probability and sampling distributions 37 3.1 Probability 37 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution: z]scores 39 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 43 4 Estimating parameters with confidence intervals 49 4.1 Confidence intervals on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 49 4.2 Confidence intervals in practice: the t]distribution 50 4.3 Sample size 53 4.4 Confidence intervals for a proportion 53 5 Comparing datasets 55 5.1 Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 55 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one]sample t]test 61 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 63 5.4 Comparing two samples 64 5.5 Non]parametric hypothesis testing 75 6 Comparing distributions: the Chi]squared test 81 6.1 Chi]squared test with one sample 81 6.2 Chi]squared test for two samples 84 7 Analysis of variance 89 7.1 Oneway analysis of variance 90 7.2 Assumptions and diagnostics 99 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance 101 7.4 Non]parametric methods in the analysis of variance 105 7.5 Summary and further applications 106 8 Correlation 109 8.1 Correlation analysis 109 8.2 Pearson’s product]moment correlation coefficient 110 8.3 Significance tests of correlation coefficient 112 8.4 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 114 8.5 Correlation and causality 116 9 Linear regression 121 9.1 Least]squares linear regression 121 9.2 Scatter plots 122 9.3 Choosing the line of best fit: the ‘least]squares’procedure 124 9.4 Analysis of residuals 128 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 130 9.6 Is the regression significant? 131 9.7 Coefficient of determination 135 9.8 Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters 137 9.9 Reduced major axis regression 140 10 Spatial statistics 145 10.1 Spatial data 145 10.2 Summarizing spatial data 157 10.3 Identifying clusters 159 10.4 Interpolation and plotting contour maps 162 10.5 Spatial relationships 163 11 Time series analysis 173 11.1 Time series in geographical research 173 11.2 Analysing time series 174 Appendix A: Introduction to the R package 193 Appendix B: Statistical tables 205 References 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisStatistics Analysis of Geographical Data: An Introduction provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the theory and practice of statistical analysis in geography.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Dealing with data 1 1.1 The role of statistics in geography 1 1.1.1 Why do geographers need to use statistics? 1 1.2 About this book 3 1.3 Data and measurement error 3 1.3.1 Types of geographical data: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio 3 1.3.2 Spatial data types 5 1.3.3 Measurement error, accuracy and precision 6 1.3.4 Reporting data and uncertainties 7 1.3.5 Significant figures 9 1.3.6 Scientific notation (standard form) 10 1.3.7 Calculations in scientific notation 11 Exercises 12 2 Collecting and summarizing data 13 2.1 Sampling methods 13 2.1.1 Research design 13 2.1.2 Random sampling 15 2.1.3 Systematic sampling 16 2.1.4 Stratified sampling 17 2.2 Graphical summaries 17 2.2.1 Frequency distributions and histograms 17 2.2.2 Time series plots 21 2.2.3 Scatter plots 22 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 24 2.3.1 Measures of central tendency: mean, median and mode 24 2.3.2 Mean 24 2.3.3 Median 25 2.3.4 Mode 25 2.3.5 Measures of dispersion 28 2.3.6 Variance 29 2.3.7 Standard deviation 30 2.3.8 Coefficient of variation 30 2.3.9 Skewness and kurtosis 33 Exercises 33 3 Probability and sampling distributions 37 3.1 Probability 37 3.1.1 Probability, statistics and random variables 37 3.1.2 The properties of the normal distribution 38 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution: z‐scores 39 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 43 Exercises 47 4 Estimating parameters with confidence intervals 49 4.1 Confidence intervals on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 49 4.2 Confidence intervals in practice: the t‐distribution 50 4.3 Sample size 53 4.4 Confidence intervals for a proportion 53 Exercises 54 5 Comparing datasets 55 5.1 Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 55 5.1.1 Comparing means: one‐sample z‐test 56 5.1.2 p‐values 60 5.1.3 General procedure for hypothesis testing 61 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one‐sample t‐test 61 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 63 5.4 Comparing two samples 64 5.4.1 Independent samples 64 5.4.2 Comparing means: t‐test with unknown population variances assumed equal 64 5.4.3 Comparing means: t‐test with unknown population variances assumed unequal 68 5.4.4 t‐test for use with paired samples (paired t‐test) 71 5.4.5 Comparing variances: F‐test 74 5.5 Non‐parametric hypothesis testing 75 5.5.1 Parametric and non‐parametric tests 75 5.5.2 Mann–whitney U‐test 75 Exercises 79 6 Comparing distributions: the Chi‐squared test 81 6.1 Chi‐squared test with one sample 81 6.2 Chi‐squared test for two samples 84 Exercises 87 7 Analysis of variance 89 7.1 One‐way analysis of variance 90 7.2 Assumptions and diagnostics 99 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance 101 7.4 Non‐parametric methods in the analysis of variance 105 7.5 Summary and further applications 106 Exercises 107 8 Correlation 109 8.1 Correlation analysis 109 8.2 Pearson’s product‐moment correlation coefficient 110 8.3 Significance tests of correlation coefficient 112 8.4 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 114 8.5 Correlation and causality 116 Exercises 117 9 Linear regression 121 9.1 Least‐squares linear regression 121 9.2 Scatter plots 122 9.3 Choosing the line of best fit: the ‘least‐squares’ procedure 124 9.4 Analysis of residuals 128 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 130 9.6 Is the regression significant? 131 9.7 Coefficient of determination 135 9.8 Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters 137 9.8.1 Standard error of the regression parameters 137 9.8.2 Tests on the regression parameters 138 9.8.3 Confidence intervals on the regression parameters 139 9.8.4 Confidence interval about the regression line 140 9.9 Reduced major axis regression 140 9.10 Summary 142 Exercises 142 10 Spatial statistics 145 10.1 Spatial data 145 10.1.1 Types of spatial data 145 10.1.2 Spatial data structures 146 10.1.3 Map projections 149 10.2 Summarizing spatial data 157 10.2.1 Mean centre 157 10.2.2 Weighted mean centre 157 10.2.3 Density estimation 158 10.3 Identifying clusters 159 10.3.1 Quadrat test 159 10.3.2 Nearest neighbour statistics 162 10.4 Interpolation and plotting contour maps 162 10.5 Spatial relationships 163 10.5.1 Spatial autocorrelation 163 10.5.2 Join counts 164 Exercises 171 11 Time series analysis 173 11.1 Time series in geographical research 173 11.2 Analysing time series 174 11.2.1 Describing time series: definitions 174 11.2.2 Plotting time series 175 11.2.3 Decomposing time series: trends, seasonality and irregular fluctuations 179 11.2.4 Analysing trends 180 11.2.5 Removing trends (‘detrending’ data) 186 11.2.6 Quantifying seasonal variation 187 11.2.7 Autocorrelation 189 11.3 Summary 190 Exercises 190 Appendix A: Introduction to the R package 193 Appendix B: Statistical tables 205 References 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisForest soils are the foundation of the entire forest ecosystem and complex, long-term interactions between trees, soil animals, and the microbial community shape soils in was that are very distinct from agricultural soils. The composition, structure, and processes in forest soils at any given time reflect current conditions, as well as the legacies of decades (and even millennia) of interactions that shape each forest soil. Reciprocal interactions are fundamental; vegetation alters soil physical properties, which influence soil biology and chemistry, which in turn influence the growth and success of plants. These dynamic systems may be strongly influenced by intentional and unintentional management, ranging from fire to fertilization. Sustaining the long-term fertility of forest soils depends on insights about a diverse array of soil features and changes over space and time. Since the third edition of this successful book many new interests in forest soils and their managemenTrade Review“This coherent overview of the major issues surrounding the ecology and management of forest soils will be particularly useful to students taking courses in soil science, forestry, agronomy, ecology, natural resource management, environmental management and conservation, as well as professionals in forestry dealing with the productivity of forests and functioning of watersheds.” (Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ, 1 March 2013 “Overall, a useful book for students in soil science, forest sciences, and ecology, as well as practicing foresters involved with forest management and research. Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 September 2013)Table of ContentsPreface, ix Acknowledgments, xi In Memoriam, xiii PART I INTRODUCTION TO FOREST SOILS, 1 1 History of Forest Soil Science and Management, 3 2 Global Patterns in Forest Soils, 8 PART II COMPOSITION OF FOREST SOILS, 21 3 Soil Formation and Minerals, 23 4 Soil Organic Matter, 39 5 Water, Pore Space, and Soil Structure, 58 PART III LIFE AND CHEMISTRY IN FOREST SOILS, 75 6 Life in Forest Soils, 77 7 Forest Biogeochemistry, 99 8 Chemistry of Soil Surfaces and Solutions, 138 PART IV MEASURING FOREST SOILS, 157 9 Sampling Soils Across Space and Time, 159 10 Common Approaches to Measuring Soils, 175 PART V DYNAMICS OF FOREST SOILS, 189 11 Influence of Tree Species, 191 12 Soil Management – Harvesting, Site Preparation, Conversion, and Drainage, 213 13 Fire Influences, 235 14 Nutrition Management, 254 15 Managing Forest Soils for Carbon Sequestration, 276 PART VI THINKING PRODUCTIVELY ABOUT FOREST SOILS, 289 16 Evidence-Based Approaches, 291 References, 305 Index, 343

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Book SynopsisThis text considers forest insects occurring in forest ecosystems, specialized forestry settings, and urban forests, with an approach and coverage that make it suitable for use in both undergraduate and graduate courses in forest entomology and forest protection. Early chapters introduce entomology, middle chapters provide the first comprehensive treatment of the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of forest insects, and later chapters discuss the pest insects according to their feeding group.Table of ContentsGENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. Introduction to Insects. Insect Structure and Function. Insect Classification. Insect Damage and Sign Categories. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT. Concepts of Integrated Pest Management. Population Dynamics of Forest Insects. Population Dynamics of Forest Trees in Relation to PhytophagousInsects. Principles of Population Modification and Regulation UsingArtificial and Natural Agents. Impact Assessment. Monitoring Pest Populations and Forest Stands. INSECT FEEDING GROUPS. Defolating Insects. Sapsucking Insects and Mites. Terminal, Shoot, Twig, and Root Insects. Seed and Cone Insects. Phloem Boring Insects. Wood Boring Insects. Gall Makers. Arthropod Pests in Recreational Areas.

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Book SynopsisA contemporary successor to the Louis V. Pirsson and Adolph Knopf editions, providing a guide and reference that explains how rocks occur, their commercial usage, and how to identify them through macroscopic, handspecimen features.Table of ContentsMinerals and Their Properties. The Rock-Forming Minerals. Determination of Rock-forming Minerals. Igneous and Pyroclastic Rocks. Sedimentary and Diagenetic Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks and Migmatites. Other Rocks and Pseudo-Rocks. Identification Tables for Rocks. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive introduction of the application of geologic fundamentals to civil engineering. Explains the theory and applied aspects of engineering geology, and the impact geology has on civil engineering planning, design, construction, and monitoring.Table of ContentsENGINEERING GEOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW. Geologic Fundamentals. Mechanics Fundamentals. Strain. INVESTIGATION FUNDAMENTALS. The Role of an Engineering Geologist. Elements of an Investigation. Types of Investigation. ENGINEERING SOIL. Describing Soil for Engineering Purposes. The Engineering Properties of Soil. Uses of Soil Science Classification. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCKS. Intact Rock. Rock Masses. Engineering Classification of Rocks. SUBSURFACE WATER. Occurrence and Influence of Subsurface Water. Engineering Significance. Control of Subsurface Water. INSTRUMENTATION. Instrument Components. Instrument Types and Applications. Planning an Instrumentation Program. EXPLORATION. Maps. Remote Sensing. Subsurface Exploration. CONSTRUCTION USES OF ROCKS. Aggregates. Riprap and Other Large Rock Materials. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND EARTH PROCESSES. Safety, Risk, and Geologic Forecasting. Earthquake-Induced Processes. Volcanic Processes. Landslide Processes. Subsidence. Expansive Soils. Shoreline Processes. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThe completely revised and updated edition of the classic guide to soil physics The revised edition of an environmental soil science classic, Soil Physics, Sixth Edition presents updated and expanded material on the latest developments in the industry, providing the best preparation for students and a state-of-the-art reference for professionals. Through a systemic use of physical principles, Soil Physics, Sixth Edition demonstrates how to simplify the general theory used in transport processes for specific applications. With broad coverage of the role soil plays in the environment, this Sixth Edition offers more than seventy worked problems illustrating specific lessons in the book, and features: * New material on soil''s influence on the health of an ecosystem * Expanded coverage of modern in-site and noninvasive field-scale subsurface measurement techniques * Discussions on the latest advances in regional and watershed hydrology * Up-to-date information on the use of algorithms and computers in the study and modeling of soil processes * New coverage of preferential flow Soil Physics, Sixth Edition is an essential volume for students and professionals in soil science, natural resource management, forestry, agriculture, hydrology, and civil and environmental engineering.Trade Review“This new and revised edition offers complete coverage of the physical and chemical properties of soil, including noninvasive and remotely sensed measurement techniques, regional and watershed hydrology, and water conservation practices.” (Landtechnik, 1 October 2012)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Soil Solid Phase. 2. Water Retention in Soil. 3. Water Movement in Soil. 4. Water Flow Under Natural Conditions. 5. Soil Thermal Regime. 6. Soil Aeration. 7. Chemical Transport in Soil. Appendix A: Methods of Analyzing Spatial Variations of Soil Properties. Solutions to Problems. References. Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisBrings together the principles of ecology, population biology, wildlife conservation and management. Examines wildlife in the context of ecosystems and the factors which determine population levels. Considers the problems of conservation and management from national and international points of view. Shows why single-species approaches often fail.Table of Contents1 What Good Are Wild Animals 3 Wildlife Values 5 Commercial values 5 Game Values 7 Aesthetic values 8 Ethical values 9 Scientific values 9 Ecological values 10 Wildlife As a Natural Resource 11 The Status of Wildlife Conservation 13 2 The Ten-Thousand Year War 19 3 Everything Tied Together 29 Functioning of Ecosystems 30 Energy flow 30 Nutrient cycling 33 Hydrologic cycles 34 Food chains and webs 35 Ecosystem Development 35 Change and Degradation 39 Distribution of Biotic Communities 44 Faunal regions 44 Biomes 46 Biotic provinces 47 Ecologic Niches 48 4 A Place to Live 55 Enough to Eat 57 Effects on plants 59 Dietary needs 60 Seasonal changes in food values 60 Soils and nutrition 63 Other factors affecting food supply 64 Cover 66 Water 68 Quantity versus Interspersion 71 Limiting Factors 71 5 Introducing Wildlife Populations 75 Density and Biomass 76 Population Structure 81 Natality 83 Clutch size and litter size 89 Length of breeding season and numbers of clutches or litters per year 85 Breeding age 86 Sex ratio and mating habits 87 Density 87 Maximum natality 88 Mortality 89 Predation 89 Diseases and parasites 90 Poisoning 92 Accidents 94 Weather 94 Starvation 95 Stress 95 Hunting 96 Overall effects of mortality 96 Interaction of Population Characteristics 98 Turnover 99 Productivity 100 6 Territory and Travels 103 Movements Internal to the Population Area 104 Home range 104 Migration 106 Movements External to the Population Area 109 Group Size and Spacing 111 Territory 112 Significance of Spacing and Movements 115 7 Too Many Mice, Too Few Elephants 119 New Populations In New Habitats 120 Some Real Life Problems 125 Exponential growth 125 Slow growth 127 The Annual Cycle of Populations 130 “Shootable Surplus” 132 Stocking of Game 133 Stability of Populations 133 Stable populations 133 Stable populations 135 Cyclic populations 135 The 3-4 year cycle 135 The 10-year cycle 139 Irruptive populations 143 Evolutionary Strategies 146 8 Levelling Off 151 The Many Meanings of Carrying Capacity 151 Subsistence density 152 Optimum density 155 Security density 155 Tolerance density 158 Intermediate situations 161 9 Declining Diversity 167 Species Extinction and Area Size 169 Destruction of Habitat 171 Nature Reserves 174 Animal Trade 177 International Assistance 178 10 The Controllers 181 References 195 Index 204

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Book SynopsisRegional Silviculture of the United States, 2nd Edition John W. Barrett This is the only regional silviculture text now on the market. It assesses the significant biological, physical, and economic qualities of forest regions in the continental U.S., and their effect on silviculture practices. The first chapter provides an overview of the forests of the U.S. and introduces the topic of social and institutional constraints on silviculture. Subsequent chapters each deal with a specific forest region, are written by a person intimately acquainted with the locality, and follow a regular outline to provide cohesion and facilitate regional comparisons. 1980 551 pp. Forest Ecology, 3rd Edition Stephen H. Spurr and Burton V. Barnes The growing interest and literature in this field created a need for a fresh updating of this classic text. It remains a comprehensive yet highly readable account of real world forests, including ecological aspects of successful forest management. Broad coverage embTable of ContentsTemperature and Heat Effects. Soil and Water Properties. Wildlife. Grasslands. Semidesert Grass-Shrub. Sagebrush-Grass. Chaparral and Oakbrush. Pinyon-Juniper. Ponderosa Pine. Douglas Fir and Associated Communities. Spruce-Fir. Red and White Pine. Coastal Redwood and Giant Sequoia. Southeastern Forests. Prescribed Burning.

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Book SynopsisThis six-volume set offers a comprehensive, unified and integrated treatment of all major rivers and estuaries of the contiguous United States. Describes the hydrology, chemistry and biology of rivers in natural circumstances. Includes numerous photographs, maps and graphs.Table of ContentsTopography of the Landscape. Pattern and Form of Riverine Systems. Sources of River Flow. Characteristics of Flowing Water. Sediments and Sediment Loads. Wetlands. Chemicals in Riverine Water. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is on oil and natural gas well logging, and is based on the author's lectures at the University of Southern California. The first seven chapters discuss logging techniques and devices: spontaneous potential, gamma rays, resistivity, density, neutron logs, and acoustic logs.Table of ContentsSome Reasons for Logging Wells. The Spontaneous Potential. The Gamma Ray Log. Resistivity Measurements. The Density Log. The Neutron Log. The Acoustic Log. Introduction to Crossplots. A Look at Formation Factor and Saturation Theory. Development of a Dual-Water Logic. Clay Types and Mineral Distributions. Characteristics of Invasion and Resistivity Profiles. Organic Matter in Source Rocks. Saturations, and Thin Beds. A Method for Calculating Pore Pressures from Well Logs. Secondary Porosity. Pulsed-Neutron Capture Cross-Section Logs. Temperature Surveys. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs fundamental changes in supplier-purchaser relationships are sweeping the industry, this newly revised handbook offers timely analysis and practical strategies for operating in this new environment.Written by electric regulation specialists from the Washington law firm of Reid & Priest, this edition includes all new coverage of least-cost planning, emissions allowances and trading, transmission access and energy imports. Explains the development of power purchasing options; provides sample power purchase agreements and describes key provisions; and reviews the current state of law in the field.Table of ContentsCompetition and Market Pricing for Power (F. Norton, et al.). Least Cost Planning and Competitive Bidding (F. Norton & W. Dudley). Energy Imports (J. McGrane & D. Huston). Emission Allowances and Trading (J. McGrane). Purchase Options for Wholesale Customers (J. Mitchell). Purchases by Industrial Customers (K. McIntyre & M. Paul). Transmission Access (F. Norton, et al.). Opportunities Provided by the National Energy Policy Act (J. Mitchell & W. Dudley). Appendices.

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Book SynopsisUrban forestry includes not only the city -street, it includes city parks and recreation areas as well as suburban areas. It involves city planning, forestry for development, construction of an infrastructure to care and nurture trees, funding, and community action. This title deals with the aspects of managing all facets of these areas.Table of ContentsComprehensive Management: The Concept and Requirements. A Responsible Organization. The Urban Forestry Environment. Determining What the Urban Forest Needs. Planning and Budgeting for Urban Forestry. Program Implementation. Leveraging Your Efforts. Summary. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the practical aspects of forest diseases and on practical measures to minimize damage and loss. Forest Pathology is a reference book that deals with the study of the problems and damage to forests due to: plant diseases, insects, fire, weather, and animals. It is both a forestry book and a plant pathology book.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: PRINCIPLES OF FOREST PATHOLOGY. Disease in Concept. Biotic Causes of Disease. Inoculum. Inoculation and Penetration. Colonization and Pathogenesis. Epidemiology. BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST DISEASES. Root Pathology. Feeder Root Diseases. Feeder Root Symbioses: Mycorrhizae. Root System Decay. Foliage Pathology. Stem, Foliage, and Cone Rusts. Canker Diseases. Stem Pathology: Systemic Diseases. Diebacks and Declines. Mistletoes. Wood Decay. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom windswept tundra to humid subtropical everglades, from gracious coniferous forests to austere deserts, North America is blessed with an incredibly diverse array of natural environments, each supporting a unique system of plant and animal life.Table of ContentsTundra. Boreal Forest. Eastern Deciduous Forest. Grasslands: Plains and Prairies. Other Grasslands and Related Areas. Deserts. Chaparral and Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands. Montane Forests. Temperate Rain Forest. A Selection of Special Environments. Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisPlant ecophysiology is the study of the ways in which plants interact with their environment, and how they adapt to it. This work is divided into two parts. The first deals with abiotic, natural environmental factors and the second deals with anthropogenic factors.Table of ContentsNATURAL, ABIOTIC FACTORS. Light (Y. Tang). UV-B Radiation (G. Kulandaivelu, et al.). Chilling and Freezing (L.-P. Vézina, et al.). High Temperature (S. Singla, et al.). Drought (H. Freitas). Flooding (R. Arteca). Salt (J. Hagemeyer). Trace Metals (M. Prasad). ANTHROPOGENIC, BIOTIC FACTORS. Allelochemicals (S. Devi, et al.). Herbicides (G. Merlin). Polyamines (M. Rajam). Air Pollutants (B. Smith & C. Lytle). Carbon Dioxide (K. Strzaka & P. Ketner). Radionuclides (N. Momoshina). Fire (P. Ramakrishnan, et al.). Indexes.

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Book Synopsis"an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.Table of ContentsPreface viii Chapter One Wilderness and the American West 1 Chapter Two History and Management of Wilderness 20 Chapter Three Ecosystem Management and Beyond 35 Chapter Four What About Native Americans and Their Lands 52 Chapter Five Why Not See Off America’s Wildlands? 72 Chapter Six How Does the American Public Want Wilderness Managed? 91 Chapter Seven Wilderness and the Communities of the American West 104 Chapter Eight Wilderness and Economies of the Old and New West 123 Chapter Nine “It’s My West, Not Yours” 143 Chapter Ten Future Directions for Wilderness 173 Notes 195 Index 215

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Book SynopsisThis book provides applied biologists and ecologists with the mathematical tools they need to understand the ever increasingly mathematical and complex area of population ecology.Table of ContentsSampling in Applied Population Ecology. The Role of Abiotic Factors. Life Tables. Resource Acquisition in Predator-Prey Systems. Resource Acquisition and Allocation. MODELING: A PREVIEW. Simple Single-Species Models. Simple Models of Multitropic Interactions. Single-Species Models with Age Structure. Realistic Age-Structured Multitrophic Models. Regional Dynamics. Ecosystem Sustainability. Appendices. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisAt the time of European discovery, the ancient North American forests stretched across nearly half the continent. And while today little remains of this past glory, efforts are underway to bring back some of the diverse ecosystems of that era.Trade Review"Despite these misgivings, I think America's Ancient Forests is amuch needed text, written by a skilled forest ecologist and hishistorian. It deserves a place in every restorationist's libraryalongside Gordon Whitney's From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plainand Michael Willams' comprehensive Americans and Their Forests: AHistorical Geography." (Ecological Restoration, Vol. 19, No. 4,11/01) "What a wonderful synthesis of information from fields as widelyvaried as botany, ecology, geology, archaeology, anthropology, andhistory! Thomas Bonnicksen has produced a work that will capturethe imagination of anyone interested in the grandeur and beauty ofthe forests of North America."(Botanical Research Institute ofTexas, March 2002)Table of ContentsPART ONE: THE MAKING OF AMERICA'S ANCIENT FORESTS. The Great Cold. Glacial Ages. Climate and Ice. Land of the Great Cold. End of the Ice Age. Ice Age Forests. Life Near the Ice. The Spruce Forest. Western Forests. Southern Forests. Finding the Lost Prairies. Creatures of the Ice Age. The Birth of Modern Forests. Trees Begin to Move. Pioneer and Settler Trees. Spruce Migration. Trees Abandon the Great Plains. Trees Advance in the Midwest and East. Trees Advance in the West. The Great Drought. The Next Ice Age. Ancient People in a New World. First Footprint. Passage South. Setting the West. The Way East. Trail to Florida. Journey to Another Continent. Taming a Wilderness. Mammoth Hunters. Ice Age Extinctions. The Holocene. Bison Hunters. Hunter-Gatherers. Decline and Return of the Bison. Settlement and the Seasonal Round. Harvesting the Forest. Nourishment and Healing. Temporary and Portable Shelter. Plank Houses and Canoes. Enhancing Nature's Bounty. Wild Gardens. Agriculture and Forests in the Southwest. The Hohokam. The Anasazis. Agriculture and Forests in the East. Early Mound Builders. The Adena. The Hopewell. The Mississippians. Warfare and Forests. Historical Times. Fire Masters. A World of Fire. Hissing, Roaring Flames. Fire People. Country Very Smoky. Their Fires are Left Burning. The Ominous Smoke Signal. Firing the Forests of Their Enemies. Fire Hunters. Circles of Fire. Their Wings are Scorched. That Necessity May Drive Them. Green and Fair Pasturage. To Render Hunting Easier. Just Set Your Teepee Up There. They Knew Where to Burn. Little Hair (Pelillo). To Dry and Cook. Straight and Slender. Burned Places in the Forest (Go-ley-day). Keeping the Country Open. A Pleasant Meadow. Prairies and Open Grounds along the Coast. Little Knots of Deer. To Prepare the Ground. They Cleared the Way with Fire. Because the Woods Were Not Burnt. PART TWO: FORESTS AT DISCOVERY. Timeless Qualities of Ancient Forests. Patches. Succession. Shifting Mosaics. Mutual Dependence. The Spanish Explorer's Forests. Southern Pine Forests. Pi?on-Juniper and Juniper Woodlands. Pacific Oak Woodlands. Valley Woodlands. Foothill Woodlands. Coastal Woodlands. Northern Woodlands. Coast Redwood Forest. Forests of the Colonies. Oak-Chestnut Forest. Eastern White Pine Forest. Beech-Maple Forest. Red Spruce--Fir and Balsam Fir Forests. Southern Red Spruce--Fir Forest. Northern Red Spruce--Fir Forest. High Mountain Balsam Fir Forest. Forests of the Fathers. White Spruce Forest. Great Lakes Pine Forests. Jack Pine Forest. Red and White Pine Forests. Oak-Hickory Forest. Oak Savannas. Bottomland and Protected Forests. Oak Woodlands. The Trapper's Forests. Ponderosa Pine Forest. Lodgepole Pine Forest. Pacific Douglas-Fir Forest. Giant Sequoia Forest. Notes and Citations. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe New York Public Library Incredible Earth Discover ancient fossils and vast oceans. Explore devastating earthquakes and explosive volcanoes. Find the answers to your questions about our incredible Earth. How was Earth formed? See page 3. When did life begin? See page 30. If you dug a hole to the center of Earth, what would you find? See page 46.Table of ContentsThe Beginning of the Universe. The Beginning of Life. Earth Inside and Out. Volcanoes. Earthquakes. Oceans. Freshwater. Weather. Extreme Weather. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisRelates the physical and geometric elegance of geologic structures within the Earth's crust and the ways in which these structures reflect the nature and origin of crystal deformation through time. The main thrust is on applications in regional tectonics, exploration geology, active tectonics and geohydrology.Table of ContentsP A R T 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 CHAPTER 1 Nature of Structural Geology 2 Motivation and Context 2 Practical Applications 5 Field Work 7 “Deformation” is the Heart of the Matter 7 Architecture and Structural Geology 16 Plate Tectonics and Structural Geology 18 The Fundamental Structures 21 Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis 29 The Time Factor 32 CHAPTER 2 Displacement and Strain 34 Transformations 34 Displacement Vectors and Deformation 35 Kinematics 36 Deformation and Kinematics in Active Tectonic Settings 40 Translation 44 Rotation 53 Strain 59 Coaxial and Noncoaxial Strain 78 Three-Dimensional Strain Analysis 84 On to Dynamics 89 CHAPTER 3 Force, Stress, and Strength 90 Introduction 90 Dynamic Analysis 91 Force 95 Tractions 101 Stress 106 Determining Relationships between Stress and Strain 120 Conducting Deformation Experiments in the Laboratory 128 Evaluating Mechanical Behavior During Testing 138 Conclusions 147 CHAPTER 4 Deformation Mechanisms and Microstructures 148 Exploring at the Fine Scale 148 Crystalline Structure and the Strength of Solids 149 Slip Systems and Bonding 152 Deformation Mechanisms 157 Deformation Experiments 181 The BrittleDuctile Transition 188 A Few Final Thoughts 191 P A R T 2 STRUCTURES 192 CHAPTER 5 Joints 193 Definitions and Distinctions 193 Glimpse of Joint Formation in Response to Loading and Stress 201 Detailed Look at Individual Joint Surfaces 204 Growth of Joint Sets 212 Joint Spacing in Relation to a Single Bed 216 Joint Saturation and Joint In-Filling 223 Creation of Joints in the Laboratory 226 Influence of Pore Fluid Pressure on Jointing 230 A Microscopic Look at the Mechanics of Jointing 236 Examples of Interpreting Regional Joint Patterns 239 Opportunities in Fracture Analysis 247 CHAPTER 6 Faults 249 Introduction 249 Recognizing Faults: The Physical Character of Faults 251 Brittle Fault Rocks 260 Map and Subsurface Expressions of Faults 267 The Naming and Classification of Faults 272 Determination of Slip on Faults 278 Strain Significance of Faults 281 Mechanics of Faulting 286 Thrust Fault Systems 305 Normal Faulting 321 Strike-Slip Faulting 334 Concluding Remarks 343 CHAPTER 7 Folds 344 Incentives for Study 344 Anticlines and Synclines 351 Geometric Analysis of Folds 358 Transition from Geometry to Dynamics 383 Buckling 384 Flexural Folding 390 Kink Folding 397 Passive Folding 401 Regional Tectonic Folding 403 Conclusions 404 CHAPTER 8 Fault-Fold Interactions 405 Incentives for Even Further Study 405 General Model of Fault-Related Folding 407 Assumptions About Dip Domains and Fault-Related Folds 408 Fault-Bend Folds 409 Fault-Propagation Folds 414 Fault-Related Folding Created Through Stretching 428 Salt-Related Structures 433 Structural Inversion 443 Folds Associated With Strike-Slip Faulting 447 Role of Structural Development in Sedimentation 449 Structural Balance 452 Small-Scale Structures, and Scaling 459 Concluding Thoughts 461 CHAPTER 9 Foliation and Lineation 463 Nature of Foliation and Lineation 463 Nature of Cleavage 465 Microscopic Properties of Cleavage and Schistosity 472 Strain Significance of Cleavage 475 Relationship of Cleavage to Other Structures 487 Foliation 492 Lineation 501 Descriptive/geometric Analysis of Foliation and Lineation 511 Strain, Shearing, and Fabric Development 515 Estimating Strain 520 “Tectonite-Forming” Geologic Settings 526 On to Shear Zones 529 CHAPTER 10 Shear Zones and Progressive Deformation 530 The Nature of Shear Zones 530 Types of Shear Zones 540 Why Shear Zones Form, Thin, and Thicken 546 Strain in Shear Zones 548 Determining Sense of Shear 556 Fabric Development and its Relation to the Amount of Strain in Shear Zones 577 Inside the Ellipse: Progressive Deformation 586 On to Active Tectonics 598 CHAPTER 11 Active Tectonics 599 Structural Geology and Active Tectonics 599 Plan of Action for This Chapter 600 Western United States 603 The San Andreas Fault 606 The Los Angeles Basin 616 The Eastern California Shear Zone 627 Relation To Cascadia, American Northwest 649 The Basin and Range 656 The Wasatch Front 666 The Hurricane Fault 673 Finishing Up 677 Summing Up 680 P A R T 3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS: HOW TO FUNCTION IN THE FIELD, AND HOW TO REDUCE THE DATA 683 A. Nature of Descriptive Analysis 684 B. Geologic Mapping 687 C. Mapping Contact Relationships 697 D. Identifying Primary Structures 706 E. Measuring the Orientations of Structures 711 F. Preparing Geologic Cross-Sections 718 G. Preparing Subsurface Contour Maps 726 H. Using Orthographic Projection 728 I. Carrying Out Stereographic Projection 735 J. Evaluating Rotation Using Stereographic Projection 751 K. Determining Slip on a Fault through Orthographic and Stereographic Projection 757 L. Carrying Out Strain Analysis 760 M. Determining the Relationship of Faults to Principal Stress Directions 767 N. Carrying Out Joint Analysis 769 O. Engaging in Fault Analysis 778 P. Carrying Out Fold Analysis 779 Q. Deciphering Structure in Boreholes 785 R. Studying Shear Zones in the Field 790 S. Determining Focal Mechanisms for Earthquakes 793 REFERENCES 799 AUTHOR INDEX 823 SUBJECT INDEX 829

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Book SynopsisThis book covers forest mensuration--the process of counting, measuring, and estimating the economic value of a stand of trees. This process also involves measuring non-timber, landscape values such as soils, wildlife habitat, and hydrology.Table of ContentsCONTEXT. Landscape Components. ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT. Geology. Soil. Climate. Hydrology. BIOTIC RESOURCES. Vegetative Community. Forest Overstory. Wildlife Resources. SOCIAL CONTEXT. Legal and Regulatory Environment. Recreation and Aesthetics. Prehistoric and Historic Land Use. INTEGRATION AND SYNTHESIS. Geographic Information Systems. Integrated Environmental Assessment. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. Basic Statistical Sampling Methods. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSolving the pulp and paper industries'' environmental problems is essential to maintaining the forest industry and accommodating the changing economic needs of forest communities. This book explores the construction of new mills--operating on new technology that does not produce pollutants--which are vital to the pulp and paper industry.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Need for New Technologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry (M.Akhtar & R. Young) CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS TO PULP AND PAPERPROCESSING. Developments in Organosolv Pulping--An Overview (H. Hergert). Catalyzed Alcohol Organosolv Pulping (L. Paszner). Steam Explosion Pulping (B. Kokta & A. Ahmed). BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS TO PULP AND PAPER PROCESSING. Taxonomy of Industrially Important White-Rot Fungi (H.Burdsall). Engineering, Scale-Up, and Economic Aspects of Fungal Pretreatmentof Wood Chips (G. Scott, et al.). Fungal Pretreatment for Organosolv Pulping Dissolving PulpProduction (A. Ferraz, et al.). Biological Approach for Pulping and Bleaching of Nonwoody Plants(H. Sabharwal). Bleaching Kraft Pulps with White-Rot Fungi (I. Reid). Fungal Treatment of Wood Chips to Remove Extractives (C. Breuil, etal.). Index.

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Book SynopsisIdentifying trees and shrubs by their scientific name is an essential component of the professional skills of foresters and other types of environmental scientists. This book is an ideal guide for learning procedures as well as a reference book for field use.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Taxonomy. 2. Introduction to Forest Ecology. Part I: Taxonomic Concepts and Methodology. 3. Plant Classification. 4. Nomenclature. 5. Collecting and Preserving Specimens. 6. Key Construction and Use. Part II: Gymnosperms (Division Pinophyta). 7. The Gymnosperms: An Overview. 8. Gymnosperm Vegetative and Reproductive Structures. 9. Order: Pinales I: Pinaceae: Pinus. 10. Order: Pinales II: Pinaceae: Larix, Picea, Abies, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga. 11. Order: Pinales III: Cupressaceae. 12. Order: Taxales, Ginkgoales, and Cycadales. Part III Woody Angiosperms (Division Magnoliophyta)13. The Woody Angiosperms: An Overview. 14. The Woody Angiosperm Leaf. 15. The Woody Angiosperm Twig. 16. Angiosperm Flower and Fruit Structures. 17. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Magnoliidae. Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Calycanthaceae, Aristolochiaceae,Illiciaceae, Schisandraceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae. 18. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Hamamelidae I. Platanaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Juglandaceae,Myricaceae, Casuarinaceae. 19. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Hamamelidae II. Fagaceae, Betulaceae. 20. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Dilleniidae. Tiliaceae, Salicaceae, Ericaceae, Clethraceae, Cyrillaceae, Sapotaceae,Ebenaceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Clusiaceae. 21. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Rosidae IRosaceae, Fabaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Hydrangeaceae,Grossulariaceae, Iteaceae, Cornaceae, Garryaceae, Nyssaceae,Aquifoliaceae, Celastraceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Araliaceae. 22. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass Rosidae IIAceraceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Hippocastanaceae,Staphyleaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae. 23. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: AsteridaeOleaceae, Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rubiaceae,Caprifoliaceae, Adoxaceae. 24. Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledoneae)Arecaceae, Poaceae, SmilacaceaePart IV: Forest Community Ecology: Combining Species into Communities. 25. Introduction to Forest Ecology and Classification. 26. Forest Environment and Cover Types Regions 1 and 2: Northern Conifer-Hardwoodand Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests. 27. Forest Environment and Cover Types Region 3: Central Hardwood Forest. 28. Forest Environment and Cover Types Region 4: Southern Pine-Hardwood Forest. 29. Forest Environment and Cover Types Regions 5 and 6: Rocky Mountain Conifer Forests. 30. Forest Environment and Cover Types Region 7: Northern and Southern Coastal Conifer Forests. Glossary of Technical Terms. Glossary of Genus and Species Names. References. Index of Species. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive exploration of the effects of fires--in forests and other environments--on soils, watersheds, vegetation, air and cultural resources.Table of ContentsFIRE DYNAMICS. Combustion Processes and Heat Transfer. Fuels and Fire Behavior. SOIL REPONSES. Soil Resource. Physical Soil System. Chemical Soil System. Biological Soil System. RESPONSES OF OTHER RESOURCES. Water. Vegetation. Wetlands and Riparian Ecosystems. Air. Cultural Resources. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS. Economic Considerations. Fire in Ecosystem Management. Index.

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Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and updated, this new edition of the text that helped define the field continues to present important methods in the quantitative analysis of geologic data, while showing students how statistics and computing can be applied to commonly encountered problems in the earth sciences.Table of ContentsPreface v 1 Introduction 1 2 Elementary Statistics 11 3 Matrix Algebra 123 4 Analysis of Sequences of Data 159 5 Spatial Analysis 293 6 Analysis of Multivariate Data 461 Appendix 601 Index 621

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Book SynopsisEarth science is one of the most popular science fair project subjects. The 30 Earth science experiments featured in this latest volume of the bestselling Janice VanCleave's A+ Science Fair Projects were specially designed to help junior high and high school students develop their own ideas for blue-ribbon science fair projects.Table of ContentsMAPPING THE EARTH. Maps and Globes: Terrestrial Guides. Topography: Highs and Lows of the Earth's Surface. THE EARTH AND SPACE. Rotation: The Spinning of the Earth on Its Axis. Heliocentric: The Earth's Solar System. Night Light: The Structure and Movement of the Earth's Moon. Mobile Stars: The Apparent Movement of Stars. Time: Day Lengths and Time Zones. Early Methods: Ancient Techniques of Determining the Earth's Sizeand Shape. PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH. Elements: The Earth's Building Blocks. The Earth's Layers: Chemical and Physical Properties of theEarth. THE EARTH'S LITHOSPHERE. Minerals: Distinguishing Physical Characteristics ofMinerals. Crystals: Distinguishing Physical Characteristics ofCrystals. The Rock Cycle: Processes That Change One Rock Type intoAnother. Erosion: The Breakdown and Movement of Crustal Material. Rock Sandwiches: Layering of Regolith Particles. Soil Texture: Effects of Regolith Size. Crustal Bending: Deformation of the Earth's Crust. Faulting: The Earth's Crustal Breaking Point. Plate Tectonics: Floating Crustal Sections. THE EARTH'S HYDROSPHERE. Soundings: Mapping a Profile of the Ocean Floor. Water Waves: Surface Disturbances Due to Energy Transfer. Percolating Water: The Movement of Water Beneath the Earth'sSurface. The Hydrologic Cycle: The Movement of Water from Place toPlace. THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE. Atmospheric Energy: Unequal Heating by the Earth's Surface. The Greenhouse Effect: Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere. Convection: Air in Motion. Fronts: Moving Air Masses. Barometric Changes: The Cause and Measurement of AirPressure. Hygrometers: Ways to Measure the Atmosphere's Water Content. Precipitation: Phases of Atmospheric Water. Appendices. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn active approach to learning the basics of geosystems Geosystems Today: An Interactive Casebook provides a comprehensive introduction to the field using a more engaging format that promotes active learning. This six-volume set includes an additional 650 new and updated peer-reviewed articles that complement the original text, providing insight into the latest advances while suggesting directions for future work. Expert instruction coupled with engaging narrative and challenging scenarios makes this set an invaluable tool for mastering GeoSystems fundamentals.

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Book SynopsisFeaturing completely updated chapters, additional authors, and an increased emphasis on alternatives to traditional pesticides, the second edition of Ecological Entomology is the field''s leading reference on the role of insects in ecosystems. The authors cover insect growth and development, what they eat, how they reproduce, and how they move in various environments. The book also examines how insects interact with the plant community and how to control insect populations naturally.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Ecological Entromology (C. Huffaker, et al.). The Concept of the Ecosystem (P. Price). BASIC BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS, PROPERTIES, BEHAVIORS,AND PROCESSES. Growth and Development of Insects (H. Gordon). The Food of Insects (R. Barbehenn, et al.). Reproduction in Insects (F. Engelmann). Adaptations to Hazardous Seasonal Conditions: Dormancy, Migration,and Polyphenism (J. Nechols, et al.). Adaptations of Insects to Modes of Life (L. Caltagirone). Biogeography and Evolutionary History: Wide-Scale and Long-TermPatterns in Insects (S. Peck & E. Munroe). NATURAL CONTROL OF INSECT POPULATIONS. Dynamics and Regulation of Insect Populations (C. Huffaker, etal.). Weather and Insects (W. Wellington, et al.). Interspecific Competition in Insects (N. Mills). Dynamics of Insect Predator-Prey Interactions (A. Berryman & A.Gutierrez). Insect Invasions and Community Assembly (S. Schreiber & A.Gutierrez). Migration and Movement (P. Turchin & K. Omland). Mathematical Models for Age-Structured Population Dynamics (G. DiCola, et al.). ROLES OR EFFECTS OF INSECTS IN ECOSYSTEMS. Insect Diversity and the Trophic Complexity of Communities (J.Thompson & D. Althoff). Insects on Flowers (P. Kevan & H. Baker). The Influence of Insects on Plant Populations and Communities (R.Nowierski, et al.). APPLICATION OF ECOLOGY TO INSECT POPULATION MANAGEMENT. Modeling Tritrophic Field Populations (A. Gutierrez). Applications of Ecology for Integrated Pest Management (M. Kogan,et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is part of a set presenting descriptions of all major rivers and estuaries found in the USA. The hydrology, chemistry and biology of each river system is described. This volume focuses on the biological productivity of estuaries.Table of ContentsPhysical Characteristics of Estuaries. Northern New England Estuaries. Southern New England Estuaries. Middle Atlantic Estuaries. Southeastern Estuaries. South Florida Seagrasses. Mangrove Estuaries: South Florida, Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Estuaries: Florida, Louisiana. Southern California Estuaries. Puget Sound. Species Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of a series that provides an integrated treatment of all the major rivers and estuaries of the contiguous United States. Both the physical and biological characteristics of pristine river environments are presented in detail. This volume covers the Colorado River.Table of ContentsGeneral Description of the Colorado River. Tributaries of the Colorado River. Tributaries in the Gila River System. Water Quality Problems. Management of Water Quality Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisA volume for studying water related issues of the region. It includes information on the impact of pollution and development on the health of rivers, and how conservation and reclamation efforts can repair past damage.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Sabine River 1 Chapter 2 Guadalupe River 61 Chapter 3 Rio Grande 102 Chapter 4 Pecos Riverine System 172 Index 237

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Book SynopsisThis new revision reflects the many changes and approaches to forestry that have occurred in the field of forestry over the last decade. This book is intended to provide students with a comprehensive introduction to the important aspects of the field of forestry. Treatment is comprehensive and more advanced than other forestry textbooks, featuring a new section on Forests and Society to reflect the increasing human influences on forestry.Table of Contents* Forest Policy Development in the United States * Forestry: The Profession and Career Opportunities * Forest Biomes of the World * Forest Ecophysiology * Forest Soils * Forest Ecosystem Ecology * Landscape Ecology * Forest Trees: Disease and Insect Interactions * Forest Management and Stewardship * Non-industrial Private Forests * Measuring and Monitoring Forest * Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Natural Resource Management * Silviculture and Ecosystem Management * Forest Wildlife Management * Rangeland Management * Watershed Management: A Regional to Global Perspective * Managing Recreation Behavior * Behavior and Management of Forest Fires * Timber Harvesting * Wood Products * Economics and the Management of Forests for Wood and Amenity Values * Urban Forestry * Social Forestry: Community Management of Natural Resources

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Book SynopsisThis is a lively, narrative history of the world's great weather tragedies - the greatest storms in history - and the epic quest by pioneering scientists to figure out how to accurately predict the weather. It tells the story of the development of meterology from the time of Aristotle up to current-day breakthroughs in weather prediction.Trade Review"A fascinating volume in which John D. Cox looks at both thescience and the personalities of the men who made modernmeteorology." (The Associated Press) "...a fascinating volume in which John D. Cox looks both atthe science and personality of the men who made modernmeteorology..." (The Associated Press, 14 October 2002) "...This lively, inspiring account reveals thecourage and bravery of the early weather pioneers..."(Firstscience.com, 15 May 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction. PART I: A Newborn Babe. 1. Benjamin Franklin: Chasing the Wind. 2. Luke Howard: Naming the Clouds. 3. James Glaisher: Taking to the Air. PART II: American Storms. 4. William C. Redfield: Walking the Path of Destruction. 5. James P. Espy: "The Storm Breeder". 6. Elias Loomis: Mapping the Storm. 7. Joseph Henry: Setting the Stage. 8. Matthew Fontaine Maury: A Storm of Controversy. 9. William Ferrel: A Shy Genius. PART III: The Main Artery. 10. Robert FitzRoy: Prophet Without Honor. 11. Urbain J. J. Le Verrier: Clouds over Crimea. 12. Cleveland Abbe: "Ol' Probabilities". 13. John P. Finley: Down Tornado Alley. 14. Mark W. Harrington: Civilian Casualty. 15. Isaac Monroe Cline: Taking Galveston by Storm. 16. Gilbert Walker: The Southern Oscillation. 17. C. LeRoy Meisinger: Death by Daring. PART IV: Together at the Front. 18. Vilhelm Bjerknes: The Bergen Schoolmaster. 19. Lewis Fry Richardson: The Forecasting Factory. 20. Jacob Bjerknes: From Polar Front to El Ni?o. 21. Tor Bergeron: A Gifted Vision. 22. Carl-Gustaf Rossby: Conquering the Weather Bureau. 23. Sverre Petterssen: Forecasting for D-Day. PART V: Suddenly New Science. 24. Jule Gregory Charney: Mastering the Math. 25. Jerome Namias: The Long Ranger. 26. Edward N. Lorenz: Calculating Chaos. 27. Tetsuya Theodore Fujita: Divining the Downburst. 28. Ants Leetmaa: Out on a Limb. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisCovering radiogenic, radioactive, and stable isotopes, this comprehensive text contains five sections that present fundamentals of atomic physics; dating methods for terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks by means of radiogenic isotopes; geochemistry of radiogenic isotopes; dating by means of U, Th-series and cosmogenic radionuclides; and the fractionation of the stable isotopes of H, C, N, O, and S, as well as Li, B, Si, and Cl. Additionally, this edition provides: Expanded coverage of the U-Pb methods the most accurate available dating technique Applications to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks Summaries of the use of isotopic data for study of the oceans New examples from the fields of archeology and anthropology Radiation-damage methods of dating including fission tracks, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance (ESR) Information on the dispersal of fission-product radionuclides and the disposal of radioactive waste Table of ContentsPreface xxv Part I Principles of Atomic Physics 1 1 Nuclear Systematics 3 1.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 3 1.2 Internal Structure of Atoms 4 1.3 Origin of the Elements 12 1.4 Summary 14 References 14 2 Decay Modes of Radionuclides 15 2.1 Beta-Decay 15 2.2 Alpha-Decay 24 2.3 Spontaneous and Induced Fission 28 2.4 Summary 33 References 33 3 Radioactive Decay 34 3.1 Law of Radioactivity 34 3.2 Radiation Detectors 37 3.3 Growth of Radioactive Daughters 39 3.4 Units of Radioactivity and Dosage 42 3.5 Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation 43 3.6 Sources of Environmental Radioactivity 46 3.7 Nuclear Reactions 47 3.8 Neutron Activation Analysis 47 3.9 Summary 53 References 53 4 Geochronometry 55 4.1 Growth of Radiogenic Daughters 55 4.2 Assumptions for Dating 57 4.3 Fitting of Isochrons 60 4.4 Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution 64 4.5 Summary 71 References 71 Part II Radiogenic Isotope Geochronometers 73 5 The Rb–Sr Method 75 5.1 Geochemistry of Rb and Sr 75 5.2 Principles of Dating 76 5.3 Rb–Sr Isochrons 80 5.4 Dating Metamorphic Rocks 89 5.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 95 5.6 Summary 106 References 107 6 The K–Ar Method 113 6.1 Principles and Methodology 113 6.2 Retention of 40Ar by Minerals 115 6.3 K–Ar Isochrons 120 6.4 Volcanic Rocks of Tertiary Age 121 6.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 126 6.6 Metamorphic Veil 132 6.7 Precambrian Timescales 134 6.8 Summary 138 References 138 7 The 40Ar*/ 39Ar Method 144 7.1 Principles and Methodology 144 7.2 Incremental Heating Technique 147 7.3 Excess 40Ar 151 7.4 Argon Isotope Correlation Diagram 153 7.5 Laser Ablation 157 7.6 Sedimentary Rocks 159 7.7 Metasedimentary Rocks 162 7.8 Metamorphic Rocks: Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia 166 7.9 Thermochronometry: Haliburton Highlands, Ontario, Canada 1 7.10 Summary 171 References 172 8 The K–Ca Method 180 8.1 Principles and Methodology 180 8.2 Isotope Geochemistry of Calcium 183 8.3 Summary 190 References 191 9 The Sm–Nd Method 194 9.1 Geochemistry of Sm and Nd 194 9.2 Principles and Methodology 197 9.3 Dating by the Sm–Nd Method 202 9.4 Meteorites and Martian Rocks 207 9.5 Lunar Rocks 209 9.6 Summary 211 References 211 10 The U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Methods 214 10.1 Geochemistry of U and Th 214 10.2 Decay of U and Th Isotopes 215 10.3 Principles and Methodology 218 10.4 U,Th–Pb Dates, Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado 221 10.5 Wetherill’s Concordia 223 10.6 Alternative Pb Loss Models 227 10.7 Refinements in Analytical Methods 230 10.8 Dating Detrital Zircon Grains 233 10.9 Tera–Wasserburg Concordia 236 10.10 U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Isochrons (Granite Mountains, Wyoming) 240 10.11 Pb–Pb Dating of Carbonate Rocks 242 10.12 U–Pb and Th–Pb Isochrons of Carbonate Rocks 245 10.13 Summary 249 References 250 11 The Common-Lead Method 256 11.1 The Holmes–Houtermans Model 256 11.2 Dating Common Lead 261 11.3 Dating K-Feldspar 268 11.4 Anomalous Leads in Galena 270 11.5 Lead–Zinc Deposits, Southeastern Missouri 274 11.6 Multistage Leads 279 11.7 Summary 280 References 281 12 The Lu–Hf Method 284 12.1 Geochemistry of Lu and Hf 284 12.2 Principles and Methodology 286 12.3 CHUR and Epsilon 288 12.4 Model Hf Dates Derived from CHUR 289 12.5 Applications of Lu–Hf Dating 290 12.6 Summary 294 References 294 13 The Re–Os Method 297 13.1 Rhenium and Osmium in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Rocks 297 13.2 Principles and Methodology 301 13.3 Molybdenite and 187Re–187Os Isochrons 302 13.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Os 305 13.5 The Cu–Ni Sulfide Ores, Noril’sk, Siberia 310 13.6 Origin of Other Sulfide Ore Deposits 312 13.7 Metallic PGE Minerals 313 13.8 Gold Deposits of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 314 13.9 The Pt–Os Method 316 13.10 Summary 317 References 317 14 The La–Ce Method 322 14.1 Geochemistry of La and Ce 323 14.2 Principles and Methodology 324 14.3 La–Ce Isochrons 327 14.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Ce 329 14.5 Volcanic Rocks 331 14.6 Cerium in the Oceans 332 14.7 Summary 337 References 338 15 The La–Ba Method 340 15.1 Geochemistry of La and Ba 340 15.2 Principles and Methodology 341 15.3 Amitsoq Gneiss, West Greenland 342 15.4 Mustikkamaki Pegmatite, Finland 343 15.5 Summary 343 References 343 Part III Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes 345 16 Mixing Theory 347 16.1 Chemical Compositions of Mixtures 347 16.2 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr 350 16.3 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr and Nd 352 16.4 Three-Component Isotopic Mixtures 355 16.5 Applications 356 16.6 Summary 361 References 361 17 Origin of Igneous Rocks 363 17.1 The Plume Theory 363 17.2 Magma Sources in the Mantle 364 17.3 Midocean Ridge Basalt 365 17.4 Basalt and Rhyolite of Iceland 369 17.5 The Hawaiian Islands 375 17.6 HIMU Magma Sources of Polynesia 380 17.7 Subduction Zones 382 17.8 Continental Flood Basalt 389 17.9 Alkali-Rich Lavas 394 17.10 Origin of Granite 399 17.11 Summary 405 References 406 18 Water and Sediment 412 18.1 Strontium in Streams 412 18.2 Sediment in Streams 419 18.3 Zaire and Amazon Rivers 426 18.4 Summary 433 References 433 19 The Oceans 436 19.1 Strontium in the Phanerozoic Oceans 436 19.2 Strontium in the Precambrian Oceans 447 19.3 Neodymium in the Oceans 451 19.4 Lead in the Oceans 463 19.5 Osmium in Continental Runoff 470 19.6 Osmium in the Oceans 475 19.7 Hafnium in the Oceans 480 19.8 Summary 486 References 487 Part IV Short-Lived Radionuclides 495 20 Uranium/Thorium-Series Disequilibria 497 20.1 238U/234U–230Th-Series Geochronometers 498 20.2 Radium 508 20.3 Protactinium 516 20.4 Lead-210 521 20.5 Archeology and Anthropology 527 20.6 Volcanic Rocks 531 20.7 Magma Formation 535 20.8 Summary 539 References 540 21 Helium and Tritium 546 21.1 U–Th/He Method of Dating 546 21.2 Thermochronometry 551 21.3 He Dating of Iron-Ore Deposits 554 21.4 Tritium–3He Dating 555 21.5 Meteorites and Oceanic Basalt 560 21.6 Continental Crust 566 21.7 Summary 571 References 572 22 Radiation-Damage Methods 577 22.1 Alpha-Decay 577 22.2 Fission Tracks 580 22.3 Applications of Fission-Track Dates 592 22.4 Thermoluminescence 595 22.5 Electron-Spin Resonance 603 22.6 Summary 606 References 608 23 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 613 23.1 Carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) 614 23.2 Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 (Atmospheric) 625 23.3 Exposure Dating (10Be and 26Al) 633 23.4 Cosmogenic and Thermonuclear 36Cl 639 23.5 Meteorites 641 23.6 Other Long-Lived Cosmogenic Radionuclides 646 23.7 Summary 646 References 647 24 Extinct Radionuclides 654 24.1 The Pd–Ag Chronometer 655 24.2 The Al–Mg Chronometer 657 24.3 The Hf–W Chronometer 659 24.4 FUN in the Solar Nebula 662 24.5 Summary 663 References 664 25 Thermonuclear Radionuclides 667 25.1 Fission Products and Transuranium Elements 667 25.2 Strontium-90 in the Environment 672 25.3 Cesium-137 in the Environment 678 25.4 Arctic Ocean: 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am 682 25.5 Summary 686 References 687 Part V Fractionation of Stable Isotopes 691 26 Hydrogen and Oxygen 693 26.1 Atomic Properties 693 26.2 Mathematical Relations 695 26.3 Meteoric Precipitation 697 26.4 Paleothermometry (Carbonates) 704 26.5 Silicate Minerals and Rocks 709 26.6 Water–Rock Interactions (Rocks) 714 26.7 Water–Rock Interactions (Water) 718 26.8 Clay Minerals 725 26.9 Marine Carbonates 727 26.10 Marine Phosphates 730 26.11 Biogenic Silica and Hydroxides of Fe and Al 735 26.12 Chert (Phanerozoic and Precambrian) 736 26.13 Extraterrestrial Rocks 738 26.14 Summary 743 References 744 27 Carbon 753 27.1 Biosphere 754 27.2 Life in the Precambrian Oceans 757 27.3 Fossil Fuel 761 27.4 Carbon-Isotope Stratigraphy (Phanerozoic) 763 27.5 Precambrian Carbonates 768 27.6 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 774 27.7 Extraterrestrial Carbon 785 27.8 Search for Life on Mars 790 27.9 Summary 792 References 793 28 Nitrogen 803 28.1 Geochemistry 803 28.2 Isotope Fractionation 805 28.3 Nitrogen on the Surface of the Earth 806 28.4 Fossil Fuels 808 28.5 Igneous Rocks and the Mantle 811 28.6 Ultramafic Xenoliths 812 28.7 Diamonds 813 28.8 Meteorites 815 28.9 Moon 817 28.10 Mars 818 28.11 Summary 820 References 820 29 Sulfur 824 29.1 Isotope Geochemistry 824 29.2 Biogenic Isotope Fractionation 825 29.3 Sulfur in Recent Sediment 827 29.4 Fossil Fuels 828 29.5 Native Sulfur Deposits 830 29.6 Sedimentary Rocks of Precambrian Age 831 29.7 Isotopic Evolution of Marine Sulfate 833 29.8 Igneous Rocks 835 29.9 Sulfide Ore Deposits 840 29.10 Sulfur in the Environment 843 29.11 Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation 846 29.12 Summary 847 References 849 30 Boron and Other Elements 854 30.1 Boron 855 30.2 Lithium 859 30.3 Silicon 863 30.4 Chlorine 868 30.5 Postscript 870 References 870 Index 875 International Geological Timescale (2002) 897

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