Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisTrade ReviewRising Seas provides a comprehensive and thoughtful discussion of the science, impacts, and policy matters surrounding one of the most pressing societal threats we face today-global sea level rise. -- Michael E. Mann, director, Penn State Earth System Science Center, and author of The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines This essential and readable survey of the history and science of sea level change should be on the desk of anyone involved in coastal planning and resource management and will be extremely effective as a textbook. A great, much-needed book! -- Maureen E. Raymo, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Rising Seas: Past, Present, Future is a siren warning of the imminent and ongoing ecological catastrophe that humans are inflicting upon the planet... Highly recommended. The Midwest Book Review If you have any interest in coastal areas, impacts of global climate change and changes in sea level, Rising Seas: Past, Present, Future is a must read. Weather Doctor Blog ...Gornitz writes with articulate scholarship, which will make a lasting, positive impression on her readers. -- Alexander S. Kolker, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium BioScience This book presents a thoroughly documented, comprehensive overview of perhaps the most urgent issue closely associated with global warming... Gornitz has succeeded in presenting a complicated subject in a scholarly and captivating manner, making it accessible to both the expert and the lay person. Metascience Excellent... I can give the book the highest praise: I wish that I had written it. Reports of the National Center for Science EducationTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments 1. The Ever-Changing Ocean 2. The Causes and Detection of Sea Level Change 3. Piercing the Veil of Time: Sea Levels After the Dinosaurs 4. When the Mammoths Roamed: Sea Level During the Ice Ages 5. The Great Ice Meltdown and Rising Seas 6. The Modern Speedup of Sea Level Rise 7. Sea Level Rise on a Warming Planet 8. Shorelines at Risk 9. Coping with the Rising Waters 10. Charting a Future Course Appendix. Geologic Time Scale Notes Glossary Bibliography Credits Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewAnimals and the Human Imagination soars. Intellectually exciting, smart, and accessible, this volume will intrigue and revolt, surprise and inspire. The opening overview by Gross is a tour de force and each essay fascinates. Collectively they offer an invitation to think in new ways about what we, perhaps wrongly, call our humanity. I can't imagine a better introduction to the essential new field of critical animal studies. -- Jonathan Safran Foer [A] lively, fascinating, moving book. -- Scott Cowdell Journal of Animal Ethics This is a beautiful, profound, and important book that works through and around long-held and cherished assumptions, both within and without animal studies. -- Lindgren Johnson Journal for Critical Animal StudiesTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction: Creaturely Bodies Part 1 The Inhumanity of Literature 1. Humanity Unraveled, Humanity Regained: The Holocaust and the Discourse of Species 2. Neanderthal Poetics in William Golding's The Inheritors 3. The Indignities of Species in Marie Darrieussecq's Pig Tales Part 2 The Inhumanity of Film 4. Cine-Zoos 5. Scientific Surrealism in the Films of Georges Franju and Frederick Wiseman 6. Werner Herzog's Creaturely Poetics Conclusion: Animal Saintliness Notes Works Cited Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewScholarly readers with an interest in Coetzee's novels or philosophy's relationship to literature will find this work highly rewarding. Library JournalTable of ContentsIntroduction: Coetzee and Philosophy, by Anton Leist and Peter Singer Part I. People, Human Relationships, and Politics 1. The Paradoxes of Power in the Early Novels of J. M. Coetzee, by Robert Pippin 2. Disgrace, Desire, and the Dark Side of the New South Africa, by Adriaan van Heerden 3. Ethical Thought and the Problem of Communication: A Strategy for Reading Diary of a Bad Year, by Jonathan Lear 4. Torture and Collective Shame, by Jeff McMahan Part II. Humans, Animals, and Morality 5. Converging Convictions: Coetzee and His Characters on Animals, by Karen Dawn and Peter Singer 6. Coetzee and Alternative Animal Ethics, by Elisa Aaltola 7. Writing the Lives of Animals, by Ido Geiger 8. Sympathy and Scapegoating in J. M. Coetzee, by Andy Lamey Part III. Rationality and Human Lives 9. Against Society, Against History, Against Reason: Coetzee's Archaic Postmodernism, by Anton Leist 10. Coetzee's Critique of Reason, by Martin Woessner 11. J. M. Coetzee, Moral Thinker, by Alice Crary 12. Being True to Fact: Coetzee's Prose of the World, by Pieter Vermeulen Part IV. Literature, Literary Style, and Philosophy 13. Truth and Love Together at Last: Style, Form, and Moral Vision in Age of Iron, by Samantha Vice 14. The Lives of Animals and the Form-Content Connection, by Jennifer Flynn 15. Irony and Belief in Elizabeth Costello, by Michael Funk Deckard and Ralph Palm 16. Coetzee's Hidden Polemic with Nietzsche, by Alena Dvorakova List of Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisBy comparing practices of animal exploitation for food and resources in different societies over time, David A. Nibert finds in the domestication of animals, which he renames “domesecration,” a perversion of human ethics, the development of large-scale acts of violence, disastrous patterns of destruction, and epidemics of infectious disease.Trade Review... A book with great cross-disciplinary appeal. Highly recommended. CHOICE An impressive and extensive historical analysis of key intersections between the exploitation of animals and the oppression of human beings. The Year's Work in Critical and Cultural Theory A profoundly important book and should be widely read and discussed. AAG Review of Books One of the great virtues of Animal Oppression and Human Violence is that it holds the potential for providing the expanding but vastly interdisciplinary field of Animal Studies with a unifying theory, and is therefore a highly significant contribution to this field. -- Brian M. Lowe Society & AnimalsTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1. Nomadic Pastoralism, Ranching, and Violence 2. Domesecration and the Americas 3. Ranching and Violence in North America 4. Domesecration in the Western Plains 5. Capitalist Colonialism and Ranching Violence 6. Social Construction of the "Hamburger" Culture 7. The "Hamburger" Culture and Latin America 8. Domesecration and Impending Catastrophe 9. New Welfarism Notes Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewTo date, there has been little discussion about the possible connection between animal studies and advocacy on behalf of the welfare and well-being of animals. This volume takes as its aim the discussion of such possible connections-an important investigation, as the relationship among politics, policy, and advocacy often remains implicit or in the background in much recent work on animal studies. By foregrounding this inquiry, Marianne DeKoven and Michael Lundblad do a great service to readers who might be attracted to this literature's promise or usefulness for various kinds of activism. Likewise, it allows authors and academics interested in animal studies to give further consideration to the possible political implications of work done in this field. -- Matthew Calarco, author of Zoographies: The Question of the Animal from Heidegger to Derrida Intellectually and politically challenging, this provocative collection provides a solid introduction to the field's breadth and a contribution to the debate for those already engaged with the question of the animal.Choice ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction. Animality and Advocacy, by Michael Lundblad and Marianne DeKoven 1. Species Matters, Humane Advocacy: In the Promising Grip of Earthly Oxymorons, by Donna Haraway 2. Humane Advocacy and the Humanities: The Very Idea, by Cary Wolfe 3. Consequences of Humanism, or, Advocating What?, by Paola Cavalieri 4. Archaeology of a Humane Society: Animality, Savagery, Blackness, by Michael Lundblad 5. What Came Before The Sexual Politics of Meat: The Activist Roots of a Critical Theory, by Carol J. Adams 6. Compassion: Human and Animal, by Martha Nussbaum 7. Down with Dualism! Two Millennia of Debate About Human Goodness, by Frans de Waal Addendum to Down with Dualism! Two Millennia of Debate About Human Goodness (2010), by Frans de Waal 8. Avoid Being Abstract When Making Policies on the Welfare of Animals, by Temple Grandin Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewTo date, there has been little discussion about the possible connection between animal studies and advocacy on behalf of the welfare and well-being of animals. This volume takes as its aim the discussion of such possible connections-an important investigation, as the relationship among politics, policy, and advocacy often remains implicit or in the background in much recent work on animal studies. By foregrounding this inquiry, Marianne DeKoven and Michael Lundblad do a great service to readers who might be attracted to this literature's promise or usefulness for various kinds of activism. Likewise, it allows authors and academics interested in animal studies to give further consideration to the possible political implications of work done in this field. -- Matthew Calarco, author of Zoographies: The Question of the Animal from Heidegger to Derrida Intellectually and politically challenging, this provocative collection provides a solid introduction to the field's breadth and a contribution to the debate for those already engaged with the question of the animal.Choice ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction. Animality and Advocacy, by Michael Lundblad and Marianne DeKoven 1. Species Matters, Humane Advocacy: In the Promising Grip of Earthly Oxymorons, by Donna Haraway 2. Humane Advocacy and the Humanities: The Very Idea, by Cary Wolfe 3. Consequences of Humanism, or, Advocating What?, by Paola Cavalieri 4. Archaeology of a Humane Society: Animality, Savagery, Blackness, by Michael Lundblad 5. What Came Before The Sexual Politics of Meat: The Activist Roots of a Critical Theory, by Carol J. Adams 6. Compassion: Human and Animal, by Martha Nussbaum 7. Down with Dualism! Two Millennia of Debate About Human Goodness, by Frans de Waal Addendum to Down with Dualism! Two Millennia of Debate About Human Goodness (2010), by Frans de Waal 8. Avoid Being Abstract When Making Policies on the Welfare of Animals, by Temple Grandin Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1. The Use and Disadvantages of Nietzsche for Life 2. Postmodernism and Justice 3. "Later here signifies never": Derrida on Animals 4. Animal Rights and the Evasions of Postmodernism 5. Toward a Nonanthropocentric Cosmopolitanism 6. Cosmopolitanism and Veganism Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1. The Use and Disadvantages of Nietzsche for Life 2. Postmodernism and Justice 3. "Later here signifies never": Derrida on Animals 4. Animal Rights and the Evasions of Postmodernism 5. Toward a Nonanthropocentric Cosmopolitanism 6. Cosmopolitanism and Veganism Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewThis book not only provides a conceptual backbone but also gives particular examples and specific proposals that will be of great interest to lawyers and agency managers. The text will be a major help to legal reformers and implementers struggling with this important and timely issue. -- Robert L. Fischman, Indiana University Maurer School of Law An excellent and timely account of how the law does influence, could influence, and should influence resilience in linked social-ecological systems. I strongly recommend this volume to natural resource management researchers and practitioners. -- Brian Walker, author of Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World This pathbreaking book brings together leading scholars who offer new thinking on how law might better be reconciled with resilience science. This means more than simply tinkering with existing approaches to management of natural resources. It requires building resilience into social-ecological systems, including the law itself. This is no small undertaking, and this book sets us on the right path by raising many of the necessary questions. -- Bradley C. Karkkainen, University of Minnesota Law School Social-Ecological Resilience and Law turns compelling theories into practical suggestions for building a more resilient future and should be read by academics and policymakers alike. -- Joshua Farley BioScienceTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgments Introduction: Social-Ecological Resilience and Law Ahjond S. Garmestani, Craig R. Allen, Craig Anthony Arnold, and Lance H. Gunderson 1. Wilderness Preserves: Still Relevant and Resilient After All These Years, by Sandi Zellmer and John M. Anderies 2. Bringing Resilience to Wildlife Management and Biodiversity Protection, by Melinda Harm Benson and Matthew E. Hopton 3. Landscape Level Management of Parks, Refuges, and Preserves for Ecosystem Resilience, by Robert L. Glicksman and Graeme S. Cumming 4. Marine Protected Areas, Marine Spatial Planning, and the Resilience of Marine Ecosystems, by Robin Kundis Craig and Terry P. Hughes 5. Resilience and Water Governance: Addressing Fragmentation and Uncertainty in Water Allocation and Water Quality Law, by Barbara A. Cosens and Craig A. Stow 6. Institutionalized Cooperation and Resilience in Transboundary Freshwater Allocation, by Olivia Odom Green and Charles Perrings 7. Ecosystem Services, Ecosystem Resilience, and Resilience of Ecosystem Management Policy, J. B. Ruhl and F. Stuart Chapin III 8. Maintaining Resilience in the Face of Climate Change, by Alejandro E. Camacho and T. Douglas Beard 9. Matching Scales of Law with Social-Ecological Contexts to Promote Resilience, by Jonas Ebbesson and Carl Folke 10. Incorporating Resilience and Innovation into Law and Policy: A Case for Preserving a Natural Resource Legacy and Promoting a Sustainable Future, by Tarsha Eason, Alyson C. Flournoy, Heriberto Cabezas, and Michael A. Gonzalez 11. Adaptive Law, Craig Anthony Arnold and Lance H. Gunderson 12. The Integration of Social-Ecological Resilience and Law, by Ahjond S. Garmestani, Craig R. Allen, J. B. Ruhl, and C. S. Holling Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewThis book not only provides a conceptual backbone but also gives particular examples and specific proposals that will be of great interest to lawyers and agency managers. The text will be a major help to legal reformers and implementers struggling with this important and timely issue. -- Robert L. Fischman, Indiana University Maurer School of Law An excellent and timely account of how the law does influence, could influence, and should influence resilience in linked social-ecological systems. I strongly recommend this volume to natural resource management researchers and practitioners. -- Brian Walker, author of Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World This pathbreaking book brings together leading scholars who offer new thinking on how law might better be reconciled with resilience science. This means more than simply tinkering with existing approaches to management of natural resources. It requires building resilience into social-ecological systems, including the law itself. This is no small undertaking, and this book sets us on the right path by raising many of the necessary questions. -- Bradley C. Karkkainen, University of Minnesota Law School Social-Ecological Resilience and Law turns compelling theories into practical suggestions for building a more resilient future and should be read by academics and policymakers alike. -- Joshua Farley BioScienceTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgments Introduction: Social-Ecological Resilience and Law Ahjond S. Garmestani, Craig R. Allen, Craig Anthony Arnold, and Lance H. Gunderson 1. Wilderness Preserves: Still Relevant and Resilient After All These Years, by Sandi Zellmer and John M. Anderies 2. Bringing Resilience to Wildlife Management and Biodiversity Protection, by Melinda Harm Benson and Matthew E. Hopton 3. Landscape Level Management of Parks, Refuges, and Preserves for Ecosystem Resilience, by Robert L. Glicksman and Graeme S. Cumming 4. Marine Protected Areas, Marine Spatial Planning, and the Resilience of Marine Ecosystems, by Robin Kundis Craig and Terry P. Hughes 5. Resilience and Water Governance: Addressing Fragmentation and Uncertainty in Water Allocation and Water Quality Law, by Barbara A. Cosens and Craig A. Stow 6. Institutionalized Cooperation and Resilience in Transboundary Freshwater Allocation, by Olivia Odom Green and Charles Perrings 7. Ecosystem Services, Ecosystem Resilience, and Resilience of Ecosystem Management Policy, J. B. Ruhl and F. Stuart Chapin III 8. Maintaining Resilience in the Face of Climate Change, by Alejandro E. Camacho and T. Douglas Beard 9. Matching Scales of Law with Social-Ecological Contexts to Promote Resilience, by Jonas Ebbesson and Carl Folke 10. Incorporating Resilience and Innovation into Law and Policy: A Case for Preserving a Natural Resource Legacy and Promoting a Sustainable Future, by Tarsha Eason, Alyson C. Flournoy, Heriberto Cabezas, and Michael A. Gonzalez 11. Adaptive Law, Craig Anthony Arnold and Lance H. Gunderson 12. The Integration of Social-Ecological Resilience and Law, by Ahjond S. Garmestani, Craig R. Allen, J. B. Ruhl, and C. S. Holling Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisConducting the first systematic examination of the place of animals in scholarly and popular thinking about nature, Anna L. Peterson builds a nature ethic that conceives of nonhuman animals as active subjects simultaneously a part of nature and human society.Trade ReviewBeing Animal is a wonderful and most welcomed book in which noted author Anna Peterson convincingly argues that, "The separation between nature and animals is both strange and destructive." Animals, domesticated and wild, are not 'Others', and human constructed boundaries that invariably trump our interests over theirs put us on a very slippery slope that leads us away from whom other animals really are and what they want and need from us. The safety, well-being, and very lives of individual animals count and these beings must be factored into decisions that center more on holistic and broader environmental matters. -- Marc Bekoff, author of Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals (with Jessica Pierce) and editor of Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation In this provocative and beautifully written book, Anna L. Peterson challenges us to think about real animals, not abstractions of them, as part of nature and, therefore, as a necessary consideration for a complete environmental ethic and theology. For too long, environmental and animal ethicists, philosophers and theologians have been taking different paths, rarely interacting directly with each other. Peterson calls for an alternative nature ethic, one that is holistic and includes serious consideration of animals. As she claims and supports through carefully researched examples, and a fascinating reinterpretation of Marx, nonhuman animals are the 'proletariat of environmental thought' and as such they 'demand and embody the negation of human exceptionalism.' Peterson makes a powerful contribution to environmental and animal ethics, building a necessary bridge between these two natural allies. -- Laura Hobgood-Oster, Southwestern University, author of The Friends We Keep: Unleashing Christianity's Compassion for Animals [A]n excellent introduction to the issues surrounding animal rights... Peterson weaves clear, down-to-earth writing with extensive knowledge of the philosophical debates in animal rights... Engaging, stimulating, and well written... Quarterly Review of Biology Marvelous and insightful. Journal of Society and Animals Being Animal offers many important contributions to the current debate. It is thought-provoking and is an important book for both environmental and animal ethics. -- Andrew Woodhall Ethical Theory and Moral PracticeTable of ContentsAcknowledgments 1. Introduction: Animals and Nature 2. Animals in Environmental Perspective 3. Animal Ethics 4. Wild Animals 5. Domesticated Animals 6. The Debate Between Environmentalism and Animal Advocacy 7. Between Animals and Nature: Finding Common Ground 8. Being Animal Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewFoundations of the Earth serves as a primer to our planet's natural and anthropological history, prompted by questions raised in the book of Job. With his ingenious use of Job, H. H. Shugart effectively bridges ancient issues and modern ones. -- William P. Brown, Columbia Theological Seminary, author of "The Seven Pillars of Creation: The Bible, Science, and the Ecology of Wonder" H. H. Shugart compiles a wide knowledge of history and archeology to show how humans have addressed some of the questions first posed by God in the Book of Job-what is the origin of our planet, how does it function, what is the role and impact of humans on the Earth, and what is our likely future? He posits biblical origin for these current questions in earth-system science and global-change biology. -- William H. Schlesinger, president, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies H. H. Shugart provides valuable insights into the foundational ecological issues we are grappling with today, using the 'whirlwind' questions to illustrate his points and including Job's message of 'man in nature' instead of 'master of nature,' a distinction that is particularly relevant in today's world of climate change and species extinctions. It is a beautifully written and compelling overview of how the world works, and I recommend it to all! -- Brian Walker, author of Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World In this engaging and illuminating primer on environmental science, world ecosystems scholar Shugart... demonstrates that science knows a lot about the questions God asked Job, questions pertaining to the birth of the universe, the taming of wild beasts, the course of the stars and heavenly bodies... and more. Library Journal (starred review) Thoroughly documented yet easy to read... Highly recommended. CHOICE Shugart should be congratulated for writing a book which is both intellectually fascinating and easy to read - but also important. It can be recommended as a worthwhile gift for school students or aged acdemics; perhaps it should also be required reading for politicians obsessed with the immediate and short-term. British Ecological Society BulletinTable of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction 2. Laying the Foundation of the Earth 3. Taming the Unicorn, Yoking the Aurochs: Animal and Plant Domestication and the Consequent Alteration of the Surface of the Earth 4. Freeing the Onager: Feral and Introduced Animals 5. Bounding the Seas, Freezing the Face of the Deep: When the Sea Is Loosed from Its Bonds 6. The Ordinances of the Heavens and Their Rule on Earth: Adaptation and the Cycles of Life 7. The Dwelling of the Light and the Paths to Its Home: Winds, Ocean Currents, and the Global Energy Balance 8. Making the Ground Put Forth Grass: The Relationship Between Climate and Vegetation 9. Feeding the Lions: The Conservation of Biological Diversity on a Changing Planet 10. Making Weather and Influencing Climate: Human Engineering of the Earth 11. Conclusion: Comprehending the Earth Notes Index

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Book SynopsisOne of the world's leading geologists takes readers into Italy's Apennine Mountain Range—the Mountains of Saint Francis—on a journey to discover the fascinating secrets of the Earth's deep history.Trade Review"Alvarez brings sheer fun to the explanation of great geological phenomena." -- Kirkus Reviews

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Book SynopsisNatural disasters bedevil our planet, and each appears to be a unique event. Leading geologist Susan W. Kieffer shows how all disasters are connected.Trade Review"Anyone interested in the processes that underlie catastrophic events within Earth will welcome this book, part riveting and all informative." -- Nature"This book ought to be placed in the hands of politicians, engineers, insurance assessors and, frankly, anyone who sees sense in understanding the processes and systems that guide our planet." -- Geographical Magazine"...the clarity of Kieffer's writing, coupled with her careful choice of supporting graphics, makes the content engaging and accessible to a wide readership." -- Times Higher Education"...brisk and lucid presentation..." -- The Times Literary Supplement"Kieffer takes a novel approach that involves thinking about natural catastrophes in terms of changes to 'systems' that otherwise present no threat." -- BBC Focus"...Kieffer...uses her deep expertise in the physics of geological processes to give an unconventional and insightful treatment of natural hazards..." -- Physics World

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Book SynopsisThis state-of-the-art, research level text examines the evolution of hydroecology / ecohydrology by focusing on: process understanding, hydroecological interactions and dynamics, methodological approaches and detailed case studies. The book concludes by identifying future research needs.Trade Review"I recommend this book without reservation to any hydrologist, ecologist and water resources manager who works at the interface between hydrological and ecological sciences in riverine systems. Editors and contributors succeed in bridging the traditional subject divide between hydrology and ecology." (International Review of Hydrobiology, December 2008) "I fully agree with the editors' message" (Journal of Sedimentary Research)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1. Ecohydrology and Hydroecology: An Introduction (Paul J. Wood, David M. Hannah and Jonathan P. Sadler). 1.1 Wider Context. 1.2 Hydroecology and Ecohydrology: A Brief Retrospective. 1.3 A Focus. 1.4 This Book. 1.5 Final Opening Remarks. PART I. PROCESSES AND RESPONSES. 2. How Trees Influence the Hydrological Cycle in Forest Ecosystems (B.J. Bond, F.C. Meinzer and J.R. Brooks). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Key Processes and Concepts in Evapotranspiration – Their Historical Development and Current Status. 2.3 Evapotranspiration in Forest Ecosystems. 2.4 Applying Concepts: Changes in Hydrologic Processes through the Life Cycle of Forests. 3. The Ecohydrology of Invertebrates Associated with Exposed Riverine Sediments (Jon P. Sadler and Adam J. Bates). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 ERS Habitats. 3.3 Invertebrate Conservation and ERS Habitats. 3.4 Flow Disturbance in ERS Habitats. 3.5 The Importance of Flow Disturbance for ERS Invertebrate Ecology. 3.6 How Much Disturbance is Needed to Sustain ERS Diversity? 3.7 Threats to ERS Invertebrate Biodiversity. 4. Aquatic-Terrestrial Subsidies Along River Corridors (Achim Paetzold, John L. Sabo, Jon P. Sadler, Stuart E.G. Findlay and Klement Tockner). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 What Controls Aquatic–Terrestrial Flows? 4.3 Aquatic–Terrestrial Flows Along River Corridors. 4.4 Infl uence of Human Impacts on Aquatic–Terrestrial Subsidies. 4.5 Conclusions. 4.6 Future Research. 5. Flow-generated Disturbances and Ecological Responses; Floods and Droughts (P.S. Lake). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Defi nition of Disturbance. 5.3 Disturbances and Responses. 5.4 Disturbance and Refugia. 5.5 Floods. 5.6 Droughts. 5.7 The Responses to Floods. 5.8 Responses to Drought. 5.9 Summary. 5.10 Hydrological Disturbances and Future Challenges. 6. Surface Water-Groundwater Exchange Processes and Fluvial Ecosystem Function: An Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Scale Dependency (Pascal Breil, Nancy B. Grimm and Philippe Vervier). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Fluvial Ecosystems: The Hydrogeomorphic Template and Ecosystem Function. 6.3 Flow Variability and SGW Water Movements. 6.4 Implications of Flow Variability for SGW Exchange and Fluvial Ecosystem Structure and Function. 6.5 Conclusion. 7. Ecohydrology and Climate Change (Wendy Gordon and Travis Huxman). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Ecohydrological Controls on Streamflow. 7.3 Simulation Studies of Ecohydrological Effects of Climate Change. 7.4 Experimental Studies of Ecohydrological Effects of Climate Change. 7.5 Differing Perspectives of Hydrologists and Ecologists. 7.6 Future Research Needs. 7.7 Postscript. 8. The Value of Long-term (Palaeo) Records in Hydroecology and Ecohydrology (Tony Brown). 8.1 River–Floodplain–Lake Systems and the Limits of Monitoring. 8.2 Key Concepts. 8.3 Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology: Proxies and Transfer Functions. 8.4 Palaeoecology, Restoration and Enhancement. 8.5 Case Study I. The River Culm in South-west England. 8.6 Case Study II. The Changing Status of Danish Lakes. 9. Field Methods for Monitoring Surface/Groundwater Hydrological Interactions in Aquatic Ecosystems (Andrew J. Boulton). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Research Contexts: Questions, Scales, Accuracy and Precision. 9.3 Direct Hydrological Methods for Assessing SGW Interactions. 9.4 Indirect Hydrological Methods for Assessing SGW Interactions. 9.5 Future Technical Challenges and Opportunities. 10. Examining the Influence of Flow Regime Variability and Instream Ecology (Wendy A. Monk, Paul J. Wood and David. M. Hannah). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The Requirement for Hydroecological Data. 10.3 Bibliographic Analysis. 10.4 Importance of Scale. 10.5 River Flow Data: Collection and Analysis. 10.6 Ecological Data: Collection and Analysis. 10.7 Integration of Hydrological and Ecological Data for Hydroecolical Analysis. 10.8 River Flow Variability and Ecological Response: Future. 11. High Resolution Remote Sensing for Understanding Instream Habitat (Stuart N. Lane and Patrice E. Carbonneau). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Scale, the Grain of Instream Habitat and the Need for Remotely Sensed Data. 11.3 Depth and Morphology. 11.4 Substrate. 11.5 Discrete Grain Identification. 11.6 Ensemble Grain Size Parameter Determination. 11.7 Example Application: Substrate Mapping in a Salmon River. 11.8 Future Developments. 12. A Mathematical and Conceptual Framework for Ecohydraulics (John M. Nestler, R. Andrew Goodwin, David L. Smith and James J. Anderson). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Ecohydraulics: Where Do the Ideas Come From? 12.3 Reference Frameworks of Engineering and Ecology. 12.4 Concepts for Ecohydraulics. 12.5 Two Examples of Ecohydraulics. 12.6 Discussion. 12.7 Conclusions. 13. Hydroecology: The Scientific Basis for Water Resources.Management and River Regulation (Geoffrey Petts). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 A Scientifi c Basis for Water Resources Management. 13.3 Hydroecology in Water Management. 13.4 Applications to Water Resource Problems. 13.5 Conclusions. PART III. CASE STUDIES. 14. The Role of Floodplains in Mitigating Diffuse Nitrate Pollution (T.P. Burt, M.M. Hefting, G. Pinay and S. Sabater). 14.1 Context. 14.2 Nitrogen Removal by Riparian Buffers: Results of a Pan-European Experiment. 14.3 Landscape Perspectives. 14.4 Future Perspectives. 15. Flow-Vegetation Interactions in Restored Floodplain Environments (Rachel Horn and Keith Richards). 15.1 The Need for Ecohydraulics. 15.2 The Basic Hydraulics of Flow–Vegetation Interaction. 15.3 Drag Coeffi cients and Vegetation. 15.4 Velocity, Velocity Profi les and Vegetation Character. 15.5 Dimensionality: Flow Velocity in Compound Channels with Vegetation. 15.6 Some Empirical Illustrations of Flow–Vegetation Interactions. 15.7 Conclusions. 16. Hydrogeomorphological and Ecological Interactions in Tropical Floodplains: The Signifi cance of Confl uence Zones in the Orinoco Basin, Venezuela (J. Rosales, L. Blanco-Belmonte and C. Bradley). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Hydrogeomorphological Dynamics. 16.3 The Riparian Ecosystem. 16.4 Longitudinal Gradients at Confl uence Zones. 16.5 Synthesis and Conclusions. 17. Hydroecological Patterns of Change in Riverine Plant Communities (Birgitta M. Renöfält and Christer Nilsson). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Vegetation in Riverine Habitats. 17.3 Hydrological–Ecological Interactions. 17.4 Natural Patterns of Change. 17.5 Human Impacts. 17.6 Ways Forward. 18. Hydroecology of Alpine Rivers (Lee E. Brown, Alexander M. Milner and David M. Hannah). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Water Sources Dynamics in Alpine River Systems. 18.3 Physicochemical Properties of Alpine Rivers. 18.3.4 Hydrochemistry. 18.4 Biota of Alpine Rivers. 18.5 Towards an Integrated Hydroecological Understanding of Alpine River Systems. 18.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions. 19. Fluvial Sedimentology: Implications for Riverine Ecosystems (Gregory H. Sambrook Smith). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 The Sedimentology of Barforms. 19.3 The Evolution of Barforms. 19.4 Discussion and Conclusion. 20. Physical-Ecological Interactions in a Lowland River System: Large Wood, Hydraulic Complexity and Native Fish Associations in the River Murray, Australia (Victor Hughes, Martin C. Thomas, Simon J. Nicol and John D. Koehn). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Study Area. 20.3 Methods. 20.4 Results. 20.5 Discussion. 20.6 Conclusions. 21. The Ecological Significance of Hydraulic Retention Zones (F. Schiemer and T. Hein). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Geomorphology and Patch Dynamics Creating Retention Zones. 21.3 Retention, Hydraulics and Physiographic Conditions. 21.4 Habitat Conditions for Characteristic Biota. 21.5 Retention and Water Column Processes. 21.6 The Signifi cance of Retention Zones for the River Network. 21.7 Implications for River Management. 22. Conclusion (David M. Hannah, Jonathan P. Sadler and Paul J. Wood). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach. 22.3 Future Research Themes. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to the application of geoscience to criminal investigations. Clearly structured throughout, the text follows a path from the large-scale application of remote sensing, landforms and geophysics in the first half to the increasingly small-scale examination of rock and soils to trace amounts of material.Trade Review"The book is an excellent source of information on the applied aspect of Earth sciences. In my opinion, the book is worth reading, especially for those who are professional geologists, geographers or geophysicists. They may be surprised by the new, sometimes amazing applications of the methodology of their well-known disciplines." (Geologos, November 2010) "[The book] is concerned with evidence of crime from the world beneath our feet: it's more Time Team than Silent Witness … .This book shows that a great number of different scientific instruments and techniques are being used to provide evidence that will stand up in court." (Geomatics World, March/April 2009) "The work is an excellent introductory text, written in a very accessible style, for students and practitioners alike … .To have all this in one book is a great addition to the forensic geoscience literature." (GiS Professional, February 2009) "[This books is] an excellent coverage of the current state of knowledge in both forensics research and the practical application of these geological concepts and techniques.... The whole book is peppered with useful and appropriate examples from the authors’ wide experiences and also from the wider literature. This book is an essential purchase." (Macaulay Institute, November 2008)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ix Preamble xi 1 Background to the work, organization of the text and history of research 1 1.1 The scene 4 1.2 The victim and materials 5 1.3 The suspect 6 1.4 The scope of geoforensics 8 2 Physical geography, geomorphology, landform interpretation, archaeology, stratigraphy and hydrodynamics 13 2.1 Physical geography 13 2.2 Atmosphere 16 2.3 Types of landscapes, landscape change and human influences on the landscape (short and long term) 18 2.4 Soils 33 2.5 Hydrodynamics of rivers, lakes, estuaries, seas and oceans 47 2.6 Geography, geomorphology, geological and soil maps, and other resources 50 2.7 Groundwater 53 3 Geophysics 55 3.1 Seismic methods: macro to micro 57 3.2 Gravity/gravimetrics 64 3.3 Electrical 66 3.4 Magnetic and electromagnetic 70 3.5 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) 77 3.6 Radiometrics 85 3.7 Review of why some methods are favoured and others not 88 4 Remote sensing 91 4.1 Definitions 91 4.2 Conventional aerial photography: rural and urban examples 92 4.3 Geoscience use of light photography 93 4.4 Infrared photography 102 4.5 Elevation modelling 104 4.6 Photogrammetry 105 4.7 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and interferometry 105 4.8 Multispectral and thermal imaging 106 4.9 Hyperspectral imaging 109 4.10 Satellite mapping 109 4.11 Long-distance LiDAR (satellite, aerial) 114 4.12 Laser scanning of scenes and objects 117 4.13 X-ray imagery, X-ray tomography and neutron activation 117 4.14 Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence (FPXRF) spectrometry 122 4.15 Some conjecture on the future of remote sensing applications 124 5 Spatial location and geographic information science 125 5.1 Geographic location and crime 125 5.2 Spatial data and GIS 137 5.3 Spatial analysis within GIS 140 5.4 Use of Google Earth in criminal investigations 152 6 Scale, sampling and geostatistics 155 6.1 Scale and spatial resolution 155 6.2 Sampling for geological materials at urban and non-urban crime scenes 157 6.3 Timing of the crime 157 6.4 Sample size 157 6.5 Lateral variation 159 6.6 Use and misuse of statistics in forensic studies 160 6.7 Statistical sampling 161 6.8 Number of samples required for robust statistical analysis 164 6.9 Comparing ‘like with like’ 165 6.10 Addressing the issue of comparing related material 165 6.11 Spatial and temporal variability in nature 166 6.12 Spatial awareness and use of spatial statistics: application of geostatistics 168 6.13 Geostatistical techniques 172 6.14 GIS and geostatistics 179 7 Conventional geological analysis 183 7.1 Elementary analysis of rocks 185 7.2 Hand-specimen analysis – case studies from Murray and Tedrow (1991) 187 7.3 Sediment analysis 190 7.4 Fossils and microfossils 220 7.5 A paradigm shift in geoforensics? 237 8 Trace evidence 241 8.1 What is geological trace evidence? 241 8.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 249 8.3 Laser Raman spectroscopy 253 8.4 Inductively-coupled plasma spectroscopy 253 8.5 Isotope analysis 254 8.6 X-ray diffraction and trace evidence 254 8.7 Manufactured or processed materials that geoscience techniques can analyse 259 8.8 Some conjecture on the future of trace evidence 266 9 The search for buried materials 269 9.1 Introduction 269 9.2 Possible methodologies for non-urban underground searches 274 9.3 Underwater searches and scene mapping (remote sensing, geophysics) 276 9.4 Gas monitoring, organic remains and the decomposition of bodies 288 9.5 Weird and wonderful burial locations 290 10 Circuit complete 293 Appendix 1. Search methods 301 Appendix 2. Soil sampling 305 A.1 Sampling protocol suggestions 305 Glossary 313 References 317 Index 330

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Book SynopsisDictionary of ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY Dictionary of ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY FOURTH EDITION This superb and highly-acclaimed dictionary includes over 4000 in-depth entries on scientific and technical terminology, associated with environmental protection and resource management. In addition, it contains numerous illustrations, a wide range of international case studies and extensive cross-references to guide the reader. The fourth edition represents a major update with 30% new material, additional illustrations and a greatly expanded list of relevant web resources. Reviews of previous editions: This is a veritable Whitakers' Almanac of useful information on all aspects of science and the natural environment, and its author needs little introduction. It is as useful for dipping into being crammed with fascinating facts as it is for checking definitions. Essential for layman and specialist alike. PorteoTable of ContentsPreface to Fourth Edition ix Preface to Third Edition xi Preface to Second Edition xiii Preface xv Introduction xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxiii The Dictionary 1 Appendix I Pollution and the environment-organizations 779 Appendix II The Periodic Table 791 Table of Chemical Elements 792 Appendix III Table of prefixes for SI units 795 Appendix IV Conversion table for SI and British units 796

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Geologic Time 2. Maps 3. Minerals 4. Igneous Rocks 5. Sedimentary Rocks 6. Metamorphic Rocks 7. Weathering 8. Plate Tectonics 9. Earthquakes 10. Geologic Structures and Maps 11. Streams and Rivers 12. Groundwater 13. Slopes and Subsidence 14. Glaciers 15. Deserts 16. Coastal Processes and Problems

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Book SynopsisEssential Image Processing and GIS for Remote Sensing is an accessible overview of the subject and successfully draws together these three key areas in a balanced and comprehensive manner. The book provides an overview of essential techniques and a selection of key case studies in a variety of application areas.Trade Review"This book will allow interpreters to approach their work with a wider and deeper understanding of what has happened to imagery before it lands on their desk or computer." (Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1 August 2011) "The authors have described the key concepts and ideas with clarity and in a logical manner and have also included numerous relevant conceptual illustrations. The book contains twenty three chapters, all of which are well written." (IAPR Newsletter, 1 July 2011) Table of ContentsOverview of the Book xv Part One Image Processing 1 1 Digital Image and Display 3 1.1 What is a digital image? 3 1.2 Digital image display 4 1.2.1 Monochromatic display 4 1.2.2 Tristimulus colour theory and RGB colour display 5 1.2.3 Pseudo colour display 7 1.3 Some key points 8 Questions 8 2 Point Operations (Contrast Enhancement) 9 2.1 Histogram modification and lookup table 9 2.2 Linear contrast enhancement 11 2.2.1 Derivation of a linear function from two points 12 2.3 Logarithmic and exponential contrast enhancement 13 2.3.1 Logarithmic contrast enhancement 13 2.3.2 Exponential contrast enhancement 14 2.4 Histogram equalization 14 2.5 Histogram matching and Gaussian stretch 15 2.6 Balance contrast enhancement technique 16 2.6.1 *Derivation of coefficients, a, b and c for a BCET parabolic function 16 2.7 Clipping in contrast enhancement 18 2.8 Tips for interactive contrast enhancement 18 Questions 19 3 Algebraic Operations (Multi-image Point Operations) 21 3.1 Image addition 21 3.2 Image subtraction (differencing) 22 3.3 Image multiplication 22 3.4 Image division (ratio) 24 3.5 Index derivation and supervised enhancement 26 3.5.1 Vegetation indices 27 3.5.2 Iron oxide ratio index 28 3.5.3 TM clay (hydrated) mineral ratio index 29 3.6 Standardization and logarithmic residual 29 3.7 Simulated reflectance 29 3.7.1 Analysis of solar radiation balance and simulated irradiance 29 3.7.2 Simulated spectral reflectance image 30 3.7.3 Calculation of weights 31 3.7.4 Example: ATM simulated reflectance colour composite 32 3.7.5 Comparison with ratio and logarithmic residual techniques 33 3.8 Summary 34 Questions 35 4 Filtering and Neighbourhood Processing 37 4.1 Fourier transform: understanding filtering in image frequency 37 4.2 Concepts of convolution for image filtering 39 4.3 Low-pass filters (smoothing) 40 4.3.1 Gaussian filter 41 4.3.2 The k nearest mean filter 42 4.3.3 Median filter 42 4.3.4 Adaptive median filter 42 4.3.5 The k nearest median filter 43 4.3.6 Mode (majority) filter 43 4.3.7 Conditional smoothing filter 43 4.4 High-pass filters (edge enhancement) 44 4.4.1 Gradient filters 45 4.4.2 Laplacian filters 46 4.4.3 Edge-sharpening filters 47 4.5 Local contrast enhancement 48 4.6 *FFT selective and adaptive filtering 48 4.6.1 FFT selective filtering 49 4.6.2 FFT adaptive filtering 51 4.7 Summary 54 Questions 54 5 RGB–IHS Transformation 57 5.1 Colour coordinate transformation 57 5.2 IHS decorrelation stretch 59 5.3 Direct decorrelation stretch technique 61 5.4 Hue RGB colour composites 63 5.5 *Derivation of RGB–IHS and IHS–RGB transformations based on 3D geometry of the RGB colour cube 65 5.5.1 Derivation of RGB–IHS Transformation 65 5.5.2 Derivation of IHS–RGB transformation 66 5.6 *Mathematical proof of DDS and its properties 67 5.6.1 Mathematical proof of DDS 67 5.6.2 The properties of DDS 68 5.7 Summary 70 Questions 70 6 Image Fusion Techniques 71 6.1 RGB–IHS transformation as a tool for data fusion 71 6.2 Brovey transform (intensity modulation) 73 6.3 Smoothing-filter-based intensity modulation 73 6.3.1 The principle of SFIM 74 6.3.2 Merits and limitation of SFIM 75 6.4 Summary 76 Questions 76 7 Principal Component Analysis 77 7.1 Principle of PCA 77 7.2 Principal component images and colour composition 80 7.3 Selective PCA for PC colour composition 82 7.3.1 Dimensionality and colour confusion reduction 82 7.3.2 Spectral contrast mapping 83 7.3.3 FPCS spectral contrast mapping 84 7.4 Decorrelation stretch 85 7.5 Physical-property-orientated coordinate transformation and tasselled cap transformation 85 7.6 Statistic methods for band selection 88 7.6.1 Review of Chavez et al.’s and Sheffield’s methods 88 7.6.2 Index of three-dimensionality 89 7.7 Remarks 89 Questions 90 8 Image Classification 91 8.1 Approaches of statistical classification 91 8.1.1 Unsupervised classification 91 8.1.2 Supervised classification 91 8.1.3 Classification processing and implementation 92 8.1.4 Summary of classification approaches 92 8.2 Unsupervised classification (iterative clustering) 92 8.2.1 Iterative clustering algorithms 92 8.2.2 Feature space iterative clustering 93 8.2.3 Seed selection 94 8.2.4 Cluster splitting along PC1 95 8.3 Supervised classification 96 8.3.1 Generic algorithm of supervised classification 96 8.3.2 Spectral angle mapping classification 96 8.4 Decision rules: dissimilarity functions 97 8.4.1 Box classifier 97 8.4.2 Euclidean distance: simplified maximum likelihood 98 8.4.3 Maximum likelihood 98 8.4.4 *Optimal multiple point reassignment 98 8.5 Post-classification processing: smoothing and accuracy assessment 99 8.5.1 Class smoothing process 99 8.5.2 Classification accuracy assessment 100 8.6 Summary 102 Questions 102 9 Image Geometric Operations 105 9.1 Image geometric deformation 105 9.1.1 Platform flight coordinates, sensor status and imaging geometry 105 9.1.2 Earth rotation and curvature 107 9.2 Polynomial deformation model and image warping co-registration 108 9.2.1 Derivation of deformation model 109 9.2.2 Pixel DN resampling 110 9.3 GCP selection and automation 111 9.3.1 Manual and semi-automatic GCP selection 111 9.3.2 *Towards automatic GCP selection 111 9.4 *Optical flow image co-registration to sub-pixel accuracy 113 9.4.1 Basics of phase correlation 113 9.4.2 Basic scheme of pixel-to-pixel image co-registration 114 9.4.3 The median shift propagation technique 115 9.4.4 Summary of the refined pixel-to-pixel image co-registration and assessment 117 9.5 Summary 118 Questions 119 10 *Introduction to Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Techniques 121 10.1 The principle of a radar interferometer 121 10.2 Radar interferogram and DEM 123 10.3 Differential InSAR and deformation measurement 125 10.4 Multi-temporal coherence image and random change detection 127 10.5 Spatial decorrelation and ratio coherence technique 129 10.6 Fringe smoothing filter 132 10.7 Summary 132 Questions 134 Part Two Geographical Information Systems 135 11 Geographical Information Systems 137 11.1 Introduction 137 11.2 Software tools 138 11.3 GIS, cartography and thematic mapping 138 11.4 Standards, interoperability and metadata 139 11.5 GIS and the Internet 140 12 Data Models and Structures 141 12.1 Introducing spatial data in representing geographic features 141 12.2 How are spatial data different from other digital data? 141 12.3 Attributes and measurement scales 142 12.4 Fundamental data structures 143 12.5 Raster data 143 12.5.1 Data quantization and storage 143 12.5.2 Spatial variability 145 12.5.3 Representing spatial relationships 145 12.5.4 The effect of resolution 146 12.5.5 Representing surfaces 147 12.6 Vector data 147 12.6.1 Representing logical relationships 148 12.6.2 Extending the vector data model 153 12.6.3 Representing surfaces 155 12.7 Conversion between data models and structures 157 12.7.1 Vector to raster conversion (rasterization) 158 12.7.2 Raster to vector conversion (vectorization) 160 12.8 Summary 161 Questions 162 13 Defining a Coordinate Space 163 13.1 Introduction 163 13.2 Datums and projections 163 13.2.1 Describing and measuring the Earth 164 13.2.2 Measuring height: the geoid 165 13.2.3 Coordinate systems 166 13.2.4 Datums 166 13.2.5 Geometric distortions and projection models 167 13.2.6 Major map projections 169 13.2.7 Projection specification 172 13.3 How coordinate information is stored and accessed 173 13.4 Selecting appropriate coordinate systems 174 Questions 175 14 Operations 177 14.1 Introducing operations on spatial data 177 14.2 Map algebra concepts 178 14.2.1 Working with null data 178 14.2.2 Logical and conditional processing 179 14.2.3 Other types of operator 179 14.3 Local operations 181 14.3.1 Primary operations 181 14.3.2 Unary operations 182 14.3.3 Binary operations 184 14.3.4 N-ary operations 185 14.4 Neighbourhood operations 185 14.4.1 Local neighbourhood 185 14.4.2 Extended neighbourhood 191 14.5 Vector equivalents to raster map algebra 192 14.6 Summary 194 Questions 195 15 Extracting Information from Point Data: Geostatistics 197 15.1 Introduction 197 15.2 Understanding the data 198 15.2.1 Histograms 198 15.2.2 Spatial autocorrelation 198 15.2.3 Variograms 199 15.2.4 Underlying trends and natural barriers 200 15.3 Interpolation 201 15.3.1 Selecting sample size 201 15.3.2 Interpolation methods 202 15.3.3 Deterministic interpolators 202 15.3.4 Stochastic interpolators 207 15.4 Summary 209 Questions 209 16 Representing and Exploiting Surfaces 211 16.1 Introduction 211 16.2 Sources and uses of surface data 211 16.2.1 Digital elevation models 211 16.2.2 Vector surfaces and objects 214 16.2.3 Uses of surface data 215 16.3 Visualizing surfaces 215 16.3.1 Visualizing in two dimensions 216 16.3.2 Visualizing in three dimensions 218 16.4 Extracting surface parameters 220 16.4.1 Slope: gradient and aspect 220 16.4.2 Curvature 222 16.4.3 Surface topology: drainage networks and watersheds 225 16.4.4 Viewshed 226 16.4.5 Calculating volume 228 16.5 Summary 229 Questions 229 17 Decision Support and Uncertainty 231 17.1 Introduction 231 17.2 Decision support 231 17.3 Uncertainty 232 17.3.1 Criterion uncertainty 233 17.3.2 Threshold uncertainty 233 17.3.3 Decision rule uncertainty 234 17.4 Risk and hazard 234 17.5 Dealing with uncertainty in spatial analysis 235 17.5.1 Error assessment (criterion uncertainty) 235 17.5.2 Fuzzy membership (threshold uncertainty) 236 17.5.3 Multi-criteria decision making (decision rule uncertainty) 236 17.5.4 Error propagation and sensitivity analysis (decision rule uncertainty) 237 17.5.5 Result validation (decision rule uncertainty) 238 17.6 Summary 239 Questions 239 18 Complex Problems and Multi-Criteria Evaluation 241 18.1 Introduction 241 18.2 Different approaches and models 242 18.2.1 Knowledge-driven approach (conceptual) 242 18.2.2 Data-driven approach (empirical) 242 18.2.3 Data-driven approach (neural network) 243 18.3 Evaluation criteria 243 18.4 Deriving weighting coefficients 244 18.4.1 Rating 244 18.4.2 Ranking 245 18.4.3 Pairwise comparison 245 18.5 Multi-criteria combination methods 248 18.5.1 Boolean logical combination 248 18.5.2 Index-overlay and algebraic combination 248 18.5.3 Weights of evidence modelling based on Bayesian probability theory 249 18.5.4 Belief and Dempster–Shafer theory 251 18.5.5 Weighted factors in linear combination 252 18.5.6 Fuzzy logic 254 18.5.7 Vectorial fuzzy modelling 256 18.6 Summary 258 Questions 258 Part Three Remote Sensing Applications 259 19 Image Processing and GIS Operation Strategy 261 19.1 General image processing strategy 262 19.1.1 Preparation of basic working dataset 263 19.1.2 Image processing 266 19.1.3 Image interpretation and map composition 270 19.2 Remote-sensing-based GIS projects: from images to thematic mapping 271 19.3 An example of thematic mapping based on optimal visualization and interpretation of multi-spectral satellite imagery 272 19.3.1 Background information 272 19.3.2 Image enhancement for visual observation 274 19.3.3 Data capture and image interpretation 274 19.3.4 Map composition 278 19.4 Summary 279 Questions 280 20 Thematic Teaching Case Studies in SE Spain 281 20.1 Thematic information extraction (1): gypsum natural outcrop mapping and quarry change assessment 281 20.1.1 Data preparation and general visualization 281 20.1.2 Gypsum enhancement and extraction based on spectral analysis 283 20.1.3 Gypsum quarry changes during 1984–2000 284 20.1.4 Summary of the case study 287 20.2 Thematic information extraction (2): spectral enhancement and mineral mapping of epithermal gold alteration, and iron ore deposits in ferroan dolomite 287 20.2.1 Image datasets and data preparation 287 20.2.2 ASTER image processing and analysis for regional prospectivity 288 20.2.3 ATM image processing and analysis for target extraction 292 20.2.4 Summary 296 20.3 Remote sensing and GIS: evaluating vegetation and land-use change in the Nijar Basin, SE Spain 296 20.3.1 Introduction 296 20.3.2 Data preparation 297 20.3.3 Highlighting vegetation 298 20.3.4 Highlighting plastic greenhouses 300 20.3.5 Identifying change between different dates of observation 302 20.3.6 Summary 304 20.4 Applied remote sensing and GIS: a combined interpretive tool for regional tectonics, drainage and water resources 304 20.4.1 Introduction 304 20.4.2 Geological and hydrological setting 305 20.4.3 Case study objectives 306 20.4.4 Land use and vegetation 307 20.4.5 Lithological enhancement and discrimination 310 20.4.6 Structural enhancement and interpretation 313 20.4.7 Summary 318 Questions 320 References 321 21 Research Case Studies 323 21.1 Vegetation change in the three parallel rivers region, Yunnan province, China 323 21.1.1 Introduction 323 21.1.2 The study area and data 324 21.1.3 Methodology 324 21.1.4 Data processing 326 21.1.5 Interpretation of regional vegetation changes 328 21.1.6 Summary 332 21.2 Landslide hazard assessment in the three gorges area of the Yangtze river using ASTER imagery: Wushan–Badong–Zogui 334 21.2.1 Introduction 334 21.2.2 The study area 334 21.2.3 Methodology: multi-variable elimination and characterization 336 21.2.4 Terrestrial information extraction 339 21.2.5 DEM and topographic information extraction 344 21.2.6 Landslide hazard mapping 347 21.2.7 Summary 349 21.3 Predicting landslides using fuzzy geohazard mapping; an example from Piemonte, North-west Italy 350 21.3.1 Introduction 350 21.3.2 The study area 352 21.3.3 A holistic GIS-based approach to landslide hazard assessment 354 21.3.4 Summary 357 21.4 Land surface change detection in a desert area in Algeria using multi-temporal ERS SAR coherence images 359 21.4.1 The study area 359 21.4.2 Coherence image processing and evaluation 360 21.4.3 Image visualization and interpretation for change detection 361 21.4.4 Summary 366 Questions 366 References 366 22 Industrial Case Studies 371 22.1 Multi-criteria assessment of mineral prospectivity, in SE Greenland 371 22.1.1 Introduction and objectives 371 22.1.2 Area description 372 22.1.3 Litho-tectonic context – why the project’s concept works 373 22.1.4 Mineral deposit types evaluated 374 22.1.5 Data preparation 374 22.1.6 Multi-criteria spatial modelling 381 22.1.7 Summary 384 Acknowledgements 386 22.2 Water resource exploration in Somalia 386 22.2.1 Introduction 386 22.2.2 Data preparation 387 22.2.3 Preliminary geological enhancements and target area identification 388 22.2.4 Discrimination potential aquifer lithologies using ASTER spectral indices 390 22.2.5 Summary 397 Questions 397 References 397 Part Four Summary 399 23 Concluding Remarks 401 23.1 Image processing 401 23.2 Geographical information systems 404 23.3 Final remarks 407 Appendix A: Imaging Sensor Systems and Remote Sensing Satellites 409 A.1 Multi-spectral sensing 409 A.2 Broadband multi-spectral sensors 413 A.2.1 Digital camera 413 A.2.2 Across-track mechanical scanner 414 A.2.3 Along-track push-broom scanner 415 A.3 Thermal sensing and thermal infrared sensors 416 A.4 Hyperspectral sensors (imaging spectrometers) 417 A.5 Passive microwave sensors 418 A.6 Active sensing: SAR imaging systems 419 Appendix B: Online Resources for Information, Software and Data 425 B.1 Software – proprietary, low cost and free (shareware) 425 B.2 Information and technical information on standards, best practice, formats, techniques and various publications 426 B.3 Data sources including online satellite imagery from major suppliers, DEM data plus GIS maps and data of all kinds 426 References 429 General references 429 Image processing 429 GIS 430 Remote sensing 430 Part One References and further reading 430 Part Two References and further reading 433 Index 437

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Book SynopsisThe new Second Edition of Glacial Geology provides a modern, comprehensive summary of glacial geology and geomorphology. It is has been thoroughly revised and updated from the original First Edition. This book will appeal to all students interested in the landforms and sediments that make up glacial landscapes. The aim of the book is to outline glacial landforms and sediments and to provide the reader with the tools required to interpret glacial landscapes. It describes how glaciers work and how the processes of glacial erosion and deposition which operate within them are recorded in the glacial landscape. The Second Edition is presented in the same clear and concise format as the First Edition, providing detailed explanations that are not cluttered with unnecessary detail. Additions include a new chapter on Glaciations around the Globe, demonstrating the range of glacial environments present on Earth today and a new chapter on Palaeoglaciology, explaining how glacialTrade Review"The book is written in an accessible manner and well-illustrated; undergraduate students will thus embrace it as a first resource." (Experimental Agriculture, 2010)"Indeed, the revised and updated text, the provision of colour and case study strategy of delivery have ensured that it will be a firm favourite with students and will be one of the first references entered on to my recommended reading lists well into the future." (The Holocene, August 2010) "The book is written in an accessible manner and well-illustrated; undergraduate students will thus embrace it as a first resource." (Geological Magazine, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi Illustrations xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 What is Glacial Geology and Why is it Important? 1 1.2 The Aim and Structure of this Book 6 Chapter 2: Glaciations Around The Globe 7 2.1 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 7 2.2 Greenland in the Greenhouse 15 2.3 Southern Hemisphere Temperate Glaciers: Patagonia and New Zealand 17 2.4 Northern Hemisphere Temperate Glaciers: Alaska and Iceland 21 2.5 High-Altitude Glaciers: The Himalaya 22 2.6 Tropical Glaciers: The Cordillera Blanca, Peru 26 2.7 Arctic Polythermal Glaciers 29 2.8 Summary 33 Suggested Reading 33 Chapter 3: Mass Balance and the Mechanisms of Ice Flow 41 3.1 Annual Mass Balance 41 3.2 The Mass Balance Gradient: The Glacial Driving Mechanism 44 3.3 Mechanisms of Ice Flow 47 3.4 The Principles of Basal Thermal Regime 55 3.5 Patterns and Rates of Ice Flow 63 3.6 Glacier Response to Climate Change 69 3.7 Summary 76 Suggested Reading 76 Chapter 4: Glacier Hydrology 81 4.1 Glacier Hydrology 81 4.2 Sources of Glacial Meltwater 82 4.3 Storage of Water in Glaciers 83 4.4 Methods of Studying Glacier Hydrology 84 4.5 Glacier Hydrological Systems 86 4.6 Subglacial Water Pressure 90 4.7 Discharge Fluctuations 97 4.8 Glacial Meltwater Erosion 102 4.9 Summary 104 Suggested Reading 104 Chapter 5: The Processes of Glacial Erosion 109 5.1 Glacial Abrasion 109 5.2 Glacial Quarrying 117 5.3 Estimating Rates of Glacial Erosion 125 5.4 Patterns of Glacial Erosion 128 5.5 Summary 131 Suggested Reading 131 Chapter 6: Landforms of Glacial Erosion 135 6.1 Microscale Features of Glacial Erosion 135 6.2 Mesoscale Features of Glacial Erosion 147 6.3 Macroscale Features of Glacial Erosion 157 6.4 Landscapes of Glacial Erosion 174 6.5 Summary 179 Suggested Reading 179 Chapter 7: Glacial Debris Entrainment and Transport 185 7.1 High-Level Debris Transport 185 7.2 Debris Entrainment 190 7.3 Low-Level Debris Transport 193 7.4 Debris Transfer Between Low and High Levels 197 7.5 Debris Transfer 198 7.6 Summary 202 Suggested Reading 203 Chapter 8: Glacial Sedimentation on Land 207 8.1 Direct Glacial Sedimentation 207 8.2 Fluvial Sedimentation 235 8.3 Summary 243 Suggested Reading 244 Chapter 9: Landforms of Glacial Deposition on Land 247 9.1 Ice-Marginal Moraines 247 9.2 Subglacial Landforms Formed by Ice or Sediment Flow 268 9.3 Glaciofluvial Ice-Marginal Landforms 289 9.4 Glaciofluvial Subglacial Landforms 296 9.5 Summary 299 Suggested Reading 299 Chapter 10: Glacial Sedimentation in Water 305 10.1 Sedimentation in Lacustrine Environments 305 10.2 Sedimentation in Marine Environments 315 10.3 Distinguishing Glaciolacustrine and Glaciomarine Diamicts from Glacial Tills 324 10.4 Summary 325 Suggested Reading 325 Chapter 11: Landforms of Glacial Deposition in Water 329 11.1 Glaciolacustrine Landforms 330 11.2 Glaciomarine Landforms 336 11.3 Summary 343 Suggested Reading 343 Chapter 12: Palaeoglaciology 347 12.1 The Methods Used in Palaeoglaciology 347 12.2 The Key Landforms Used in Palaeoglaciology 353 12.3 Former Subglacial Thermal Regimes 358 12.4 Palaeoglaciological Reconstructions 367 12.5 Summary 370 Suggested Reading 372 Index 377

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Book SynopsisCoastal Geomorphology, Second Edition is a comprehensive and systematic introduction to this subject and demonstrates the dynamic nature of coastal landforms, providing a background for analytical planning and management strategies in coastal areas that are subject to continuing changes. This introductory textbook has been completely revised and updated, and is accompanied by a website which provides additional illustrations, global examples, case-studies and more detailed and advanced information on topics referenced in the book, together with explanations of terminology, annotated references and research material.Table of ContentsPreface to the second edition xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Figures xv List of Tables and Panels xxiii 1 Introduction 01 1.1 Coastal geomorphology 01 1.2 Terminology 02 1.3 Ancient coastlines 03 1.4 Coastline morphology 05 1.5 Coastline length 07 1.6 Coastal evolution 08 1.7 Changing coastlines 09 1.8 Summary 11 2 Coastal processes 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Waves 13 2.3 Tides 25 2.4 Storm surges 31 2.5 Tsunamis 32 2.6 Currents 34 2.7 Nearshore water circulation 35 2.8 Wind action 36 2.9 Other processes 36 2.10 Modelling coastal processes 36 2.11 Summary 37 3 Land and sea level changes 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Mean sea level 39 3.3 Causes of sea level change 40 3.4 Measuring changes of level 45 3.5 Correlation and dating of former coastlines 46 3.6 Emerged coastlines 46 3.7 Submerged coastlines 51 3.8 Sea level variations 53 3.9 Late Quaternary sea level changes 53 3.10 Modern sea level changes 58 3.11 Recent changes of land and sea level 62 3.12 Future sea level changes 65 3.13 Summary 66 4 Cliffs 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Cliff evolution 69 4.3 Cliff morphology 74 4.4 Cliff weathering in cold climates 85 4.5 Cliffs and bluffs on humid tropical coasts 86 4.6 Cliff dissection 87 4.7 Outlines in plan of cliffed coasts 95 4.8 Coastal landslides 98 4.9 Rates of cliff recession 102 4.10 Summary 106 5 Shore platforms 107 5.1 Shore processes 107 5.2 Shore platforms 113 5.3 Plunging cliffs 130 5.4 Summary 132 6 Beaches 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Beach sediments 134 6.3 Evolution of beaches 137 6.4 Provenance of beach sediments 138 6.5 Weathering of beach material 160 6.6 Beach rock 161 6.7 Nearshore processes 162 6.8 Beach morphology 162 6.9 Beach outlines in plan 164 6.10 Beach outlines in profile 171 6.11 Beach morphodynamics and beach states 179 6.12 Use of models 181 6.13 Beach compartments 182 6.14 Beach budgets 183 6.15 Tracing beach sediment flow 184 6.16 Lateral grading 187 6.17 Prograding beaches 190 6.18 Beach ridges 193 6.19 Cheniers 197 6.20 Beach lobes 198 6.21 Summary 200 7 Beach erosion 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 The multiple causes of beach erosion 217 7.3 Effects of artificial structures on beaches 218 7.4 Beach nourishment 219 7.5 Summary 221 8 Spits, barriers and bars 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Spits 223 8.3 Tombolos 229 8.4 Cuspate and lobate spits 230 8.5 Cuspate and lobate forelands 234 8.6 Coastal barriers and barrier islands 235 8.7 Intertidal sandflats 242 8.8 Bars and troughs 242 8.9 Sand shoals 245 8.10 Ripples 245 8.11 Sandstone reefs 246 8.12 Summary 246 9 Coastal dunes 247 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Foredunes 250 9.3 Backshore cliffing of dunes 252 9.4 Parallel dunes 253 9.5 Blow-outs and parabolic dunes 255 9.6 Transgressive dunes 258 9.7 Cliff-top dunes 261 9.8 Dunes on shingle 261 9.9 Rates of dune movement 262 9.10 Dune calcarenite 263 9.11 Machair 265 9.12 Coastal dunes in the humid tropics 266 9.13 Old and new dunes 267 9.14 Dune sandrock 268 9.15 Dune lakes 268 9.16 Summary 268 10 Intertidal wetlands 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Intertidal morphology 271 10.3 Sources of intertidal sediments 274 10.4 Mudflats 274 10.5 Intertidal vegetation 276 10.6 Sea-grass beds 276 10.7 Salt marshes 277 10.8 Mangroves 286 10.9 Freshwater swamps 293 10.10 Summary 294 11 Estuaries and lagoons 295 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Rias 295 11.3 Fiords 296 11.4 Fiards 298 11.5 Calanques 298 11.6 Sharms and sebkhas 298 11.7 Estuaries 299 11.8 Coastal lagoons 311 11.9 Summary 329 12 Deltas 331 12.1 Introduction 331 12.2 Delta components 331 12.3 Deltaic processes 332 12.4 The Mississippi delta 334 12.5 Delta outlines 337 12.6 Delta evolution 342 12.7 Delta shores 346 12.8 Summary 347 13 Coral and algal reefs 349 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 Coral reefs 349 13.3 Origin of coral reefs 350 13.4 Rates of growth 351 13.5 Fringing reefs 353 13.6 Barrier reefs 354 13.7 Atolls 357 13.8 Emerged coral reefs 359 13.9 Islands on coral reef platforms 360 13.10 Algal and other biogenic reefs 363 13.11 Summary 364 14 Future coasts 365 14.1 Introduction 365 14.2 Greenhouse effect and sea level rise 365 14.3 General effects of a rising sea level 366 14.4 Effects of a changing climate 369 14.5 Effects on cliffs and shore platforms 369 14.6 Effects on beaches, spits and barriers 372 14.7 Effects on coastal dunes 376 14.8 Effects on intertidal wetlands 376 14.9 Effects on estuaries and lagoons 379 14.10 Effects on deltaic coasts 380 14.11 Effects on coral and algal reefs 381 14.12 Conclusion 385 14.13 Summary 385 References 387 Index 405

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Book SynopsisCoastal Geomorphology, Second Edition is a comprehensive and systematic introduction to this subject and demonstrates the dynamic nature of coastal landforms, providing a background for analytical planning and management strategies in coastal areas that are subject to continuing changes. This introductory textbook has been completely revised and updated, and is accompanied by a website which provides additional illustrations, global examples, case-studies and more detailed and advanced information on topics referenced in the book, together with explanations of terminology, annotated references and research material.Table of ContentsPreface to the second edition xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Figures xv List of Tables and Panels xxiii 1 Introduction 01 1.1 Coastal geomorphology 01 1.2 Terminology 02 1.3 Ancient coastlines 03 1.4 Coastline morphology 05 1.5 Coastline length 07 1.6 Coastal evolution 08 1.7 Changing coastlines 09 1.8 Summary 11 2 Coastal processes 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Waves 13 2.3 Tides 25 2.4 Storm surges 31 2.5 Tsunamis 32 2.6 Currents 34 2.7 Nearshore water circulation 35 2.8 Wind action 36 2.9 Other processes 36 2.10 Modelling coastal processes 36 2.11 Summary 37 3 Land and sea level changes 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Mean sea level 39 3.3 Causes of sea level change 40 3.4 Measuring changes of level 45 3.5 Correlation and dating of former coastlines 46 3.6 Emerged coastlines 46 3.7 Submerged coastlines 51 3.8 Sea level variations 53 3.9 Late Quaternary sea level changes 53 3.10 Modern sea level changes 58 3.11 Recent changes of land and sea level 62 3.12 Future sea level changes 65 3.13 Summary 66 4 Cliffs 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Cliff evolution 69 4.3 Cliff morphology 74 4.4 Cliff weathering in cold climates 85 4.5 Cliffs and bluffs on humid tropical coasts 86 4.6 Cliff dissection 87 4.7 Outlines in plan of cliffed coasts 95 4.8 Coastal landslides 98 4.9 Rates of cliff recession 102 4.10 Summary 106 5 Shore platforms 107 5.1 Shore processes 107 5.2 Shore platforms 113 5.3 Plunging cliffs 130 5.4 Summary 132 6 Beaches 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Beach sediments 134 6.3 Evolution of beaches 137 6.4 Provenance of beach sediments 138 6.5 Weathering of beach material 160 6.6 Beach rock 161 6.7 Nearshore processes 162 6.8 Beach morphology 162 6.9 Beach outlines in plan 164 6.10 Beach outlines in profile 171 6.11 Beach morphodynamics and beach states 179 6.12 Use of models 181 6.13 Beach compartments 182 6.14 Beach budgets 183 6.15 Tracing beach sediment flow 184 6.16 Lateral grading 187 6.17 Prograding beaches 190 6.18 Beach ridges 193 6.19 Cheniers 197 6.20 Beach lobes 198 6.21 Summary 200 7 Beach erosion 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 The multiple causes of beach erosion 217 7.3 Effects of artificial structures on beaches 218 7.4 Beach nourishment 219 7.5 Summary 221 8 Spits, barriers and bars 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Spits 223 8.3 Tombolos 229 8.4 Cuspate and lobate spits 230 8.5 Cuspate and lobate forelands 234 8.6 Coastal barriers and barrier islands 235 8.7 Intertidal sandflats 242 8.8 Bars and troughs 242 8.9 Sand shoals 245 8.10 Ripples 245 8.11 Sandstone reefs 246 8.12 Summary 246 9 Coastal dunes 247 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Foredunes 250 9.3 Backshore cliffing of dunes 252 9.4 Parallel dunes 253 9.5 Blow-outs and parabolic dunes 255 9.6 Transgressive dunes 258 9.7 Cliff-top dunes 261 9.8 Dunes on shingle 261 9.9 Rates of dune movement 262 9.10 Dune calcarenite 263 9.11 Machair 265 9.12 Coastal dunes in the humid tropics 266 9.13 Old and new dunes 267 9.14 Dune sandrock 268 9.15 Dune lakes 268 9.16 Summary 268 10 Intertidal wetlands 271 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Intertidal morphology 271 10.3 Sources of intertidal sediments 274 10.4 Mudflats 274 10.5 Intertidal vegetation 276 10.6 Sea-grass beds 276 10.7 Salt marshes 277 10.8 Mangroves 286 10.9 Freshwater swamps 293 10.10 Summary 294 11 Estuaries and lagoons 295 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Rias 295 11.3 Fiords 296 11.4 Fiards 298 11.5 Calanques 298 11.6 Sharms and sebkhas 298 11.7 Estuaries 299 11.8 Coastal lagoons 311 11.9 Summary 329 12 Deltas 331 12.1 Introduction 331 12.2 Delta components 331 12.3 Deltaic processes 332 12.4 The Mississippi delta 334 12.5 Delta outlines 337 12.6 Delta evolution 342 12.7 Delta shores 346 12.8 Summary 347 13 Coral and algal reefs 349 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 Coral reefs 349 13.3 Origin of coral reefs 350 13.4 Rates of growth 351 13.5 Fringing reefs 353 13.6 Barrier reefs 354 13.7 Atolls 357 13.8 Emerged coral reefs 359 13.9 Islands on coral reef platforms 360 13.10 Algal and other biogenic reefs 363 13.11 Summary 364 14 Future coasts 365 14.1 Introduction 365 14.2 Greenhouse effect and sea level rise 365 14.3 General effects of a rising sea level 366 14.4 Effects of a changing climate 369 14.5 Effects on cliffs and shore platforms 369 14.6 Effects on beaches, spits and barriers 372 14.7 Effects on coastal dunes 376 14.8 Effects on intertidal wetlands 376 14.9 Effects on estuaries and lagoons 379 14.10 Effects on deltaic coasts 380 14.11 Effects on coral and algal reefs 381 14.12 Conclusion 385 14.13 Summary 385 References 387 Index 405

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of Arid Zone Geomorphology aims to encapsulate the advances that have been made in recent years in the investigation and explanation of landforms and geomorphological processes in drylands.Trade Review"I highly recommend the landmark and important book Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands by David S. G. Thomas, to any students, specialists in the field, policy makers, business leaders, and anyone interested in this critical and fascinating field. This book will guide both students and professionals in many disciplines and professionals toward a deeper and richer understanding of the importance of arid regions, and the processes at work in these amazing areas of our planet." (Blog Business World, 27 October 2011) Table of ContentsList of contributors. Preface to the first edition. Preface to the second edition. Preface to the third edition. I Large-scale controls and variability in drylands. 1 Arid environments: their nature and extent (David S.G. Thomas). 1.1 Geomorphology in arid environments. 1.2 Arid zone distinctiveness and the quest for explanation. 1.3 Arid zones: terminology and definitions. 1.4 The age of aridity on Earth. 1.5 The distribution of arid zones. 1.6 Causes of aridity. 1.7 Climate variability. 1.8 Dryland ecosystems. 1.9 Arid zone geomorphology and people. 1.10 Organisation of this book. 2 Tectonic frameworks (Helen Rendell). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Tectonic setting of drylands. 2.3 Uplift and erosion, subsidence and sedimentation. 2.4 Lengths of record. 2.5 Existing erosional and depositional records in arid environments. 2.6 Selected examples of the geomorphological impact of active tectonics in arid environments. 2.7 Conclusions. 3 Climatic frameworks: legacies from the past (David S.G. Thomas and Sallie L. Burrough). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The significance of arid zone fluctuations in the past. 3.3 Dating arid zone fluctuations. 3.4 Climatic interpretations and issues. 3.5 Conclusions. 4 Dryland system variability (David S. G. Thomas). 4.1 A framework for dryland diversity. 4.2 Geomonotony: how unvarying are the ‘flat’ drylands of the world? 4.3 Within-dryland diversity. 4.4 Summary issues. 5 Extraterrestrial arid surface processes (Jonathan Clarke). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 What does ‘aridity’ mean beyond Earth? 5.3 Why should planetary scientists understand terrestrial arid geomorphology? 5.4 What can terrestrial geomorphologists learn from a solar system perspective? 5.5 Mars: water-based aridity. 5.6 Titan: methane-based aridity? 5.7 Venus: extreme aridity. 5.8 Future Directions. II Surface processes and characteristics. 6 Weathering systems (Heather A. Viles). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 What makes arid environments unusual in terms of weathering systems? 6.3 Theoretical underpinnings of weathering systems research. 6.4 Current weathering study methods. 6.5 Linking processes to form in arid weathering systems. 6.6 Explaining the development of weathering landforms in arid environments. 6.7 Weathering rates in arid environments. 6.8 Arid weathering and landscape evolution. 6.9 Scale and arid weathering systems. 7 Desert soils (David L. Dunkerley). 7.1 Introduction: the nature and significance of desert soils. 7.2 Taxonomy of desert soils. 7.3 Some distinctive aspects of desert soil development. 7.4 Stone-mantled surfaces and desert pavements. 7.5 Inorganic seals at the soil surface. 7.6 Vesicular soil structures. 7.7 Conclusions. 8 Desert crusts and rock coatings (David J. Nash). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sodium nitrate deposits. 8.3 Halite crusts. 8.4 Gypsum crusts. 8.5 Calcrete. 8.6 Silcrete. 8.7 Desert rock coatings. 8.8 Palaeoenvironmental significance of crusts. 9 Pavements and stone mantles (Julie E. Laity). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Surface types: hamadas and stony surfaces. 9.3 General theories concerning stony surface formation. 9.4 Stone pavement characteristics. 9.5 Processes of pavement formation. 9.6 Processes of clast size reduction in pavements. 9.7 Secondary characteristics of pavement surfaces and regional differences in pavement formation. 9.8 Secondary modifications to pavement surfaces. 9.9 Ecohydrology of pavement surfaces. 9.10 Relative and absolute dating of geomorphic surfaces based on pavement development. 9.11 Conclusions. 10 Slope systems (John Wainwright and Richard E. Brazier). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Badlands. 10.3 Rock slopes. 10.4 Conclusion. III The work of water. 11 Runoff generation, overland flow and erosion on hillslopes (John Wainwright and Louise J. Bracken). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Infiltration processes. 11.3 Factors affecting infiltration. 11.4 Runoff generation. 11.5 Erosion processes on hillslopes. 11.6 Conclusions. 12 Distinctiveness and diversity of arid zone river systems (Stephen Tooth and Gerald C. Nanson). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Distinctiveness of dryland rivers. 12.3 Diversity of dryland rivers. 12.4 Reassessing distinctiveness and diversity. 12.5 Conclusions. 13 Channel form, flows and sediments of endogenous ephemeral rivers in deserts (Ian Reid and Lynne E. Frostick). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Rainfall and river discharge. 13.3 Ephemeral river channel geometry. 13.4 Fluvial sediment transport. 13.5 Desert river deposits. 13.6 Conclusions. 14 Dryland alluvial fans (Adrian Harvey). 14.1 Introduction: dryland alluvial fans – an overview. 14.2 Process and form on dryland alluvial fans. 14.3 Factors controlling alluvial fan dynamics. 14.4 Alluvial fan dynamics. 14.5 Discussion: significance of dry-region alluvial fans. 15 Pans, playas and salt lakes (Paul A. Shaw and Rob G. Bryant). 15.1 The nature and occurrence of pans, playas and salt lakes. 15.2 Pan hydrology and hydrochemistry. 15.3 Influences of pan hydrology and hydrochemistry on surface morphology. 15.4 Aeolian processes in pan environments. 15.5 Pans and playas as palaeoenvironmental indicators. 16 Groundwater controls and processes (David J. Nash). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Groundwater processes in valley and scarp development. 16.3 Groundwater and pan/playa development. 16.4 Groundwater and aeolian processes. IV The work of the wind. 17 Aeolian landscapes and bedforms (David S.G. Thomas). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Aeolian bedforms: scales and relationships. 17.3 The global distribution of sand seas. 17.4 The global distribution of loess. 17.5 Dynamic aeolian landscapes in the Quaternary period. 17.6 Conclusions. 18 Sediment mobilisation by the wind (Giles F. S. Wiggs). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 The nature of windflow in deserts. 18.3 Sediment in air. 18.4 Determining the threshold of grain entrainment. 18.5 Surface modifications to entrainment thresholds and transport flux. 18.6 Modes of sediment transport. 18.7 Ripples. 18.8 Prediction and measurement of sediment flux. 18.9 The role of turbulence in aeolian sediment transport. 18.10 Conclusions. 19 Desert dune processes and dynamics (Nick Lancaster). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Desert dune morphology. 19.3 Dune types and environments. 19.4 Airflow over dunes. 19.5 Dune dynamics. 19.6 Dune development. 19.7 Controls of dune morphology. 19.8 Dune patterns. 19.9 Conclusions. 20 Desert dust (Richard Washington and Giles S. F. Wiggs). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Key source areas. 20.3 Temporal changes in dust. 20.4 Future climate change. 20.5 Conclusions. 21 Wind erosion in drylands (Julie E. Laity). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 The physical setting: conditions for wind erosion. 21.3 Conclusions. V Living with dryland geomorphology. 22 The human impact (Nick Middleton). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Human impacts on soils. 22.3 Human impacts on sand dunes. 22.4 Human impacts on rivers. 22.5 Cause and effect: the arroyo debate continues. 22.6 Conclusions. 23 Geomorphological hazards in drylands (Giles F. S. Wiggs). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Aeolian hazards. 23.3 The aeolian dust hazard. 23.4 Agricultural wind erosion. 23.5 Drainage of inland water bodies. 23.6 Fluvial hazards. 23.7 Conclusions. 24 Future climate change and arid zone geomorphology (Richard Washington and David S. G. Thomas). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Climate change projections: basis and uncertainties. 24.3 Overview of global climate change projections in the context of arid zones. 24.3.1 Methods of establishing climate change impacts in arid zones. 24.4 Climate change and dunes. 24.5 Climate change and dust. 24.6 Climate change and fluvial systems. 24.7 Conclusions. Index.

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Book SynopsisEarth Resources and Environmental Impacts uses everyday examples and current issues to help readers understand how mineral, water and energy resources and the impacts of their use and extraction affect their daily lives. A historical perspective makes the material in this text fascinating by showing readers that the earth's resources have always been fundamental to society, even as far back as the Stone Age. Environmental impacts and sustainable use of energy and mineral resources are emphasized. With the increase of public interest surrounding environmental impacts, readers will appreciate the knowledge gained from this text.Table of ContentsPreface vii Part 1 Earth Systems and Earth Materials 1 Introduction 2 2 Earth-System Science 31 3 Earth Materials I—Minerals 63 4 Earth Materials II—Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks 98 Part 2 Mineral Resources 5 Ore Deposits and Mineral Exploration 132 6 Abundant and Scarce Metal Resources 167 7 Nonmetals and Industrial Minerals 211 8 Environmental Impacts of Metal Resources 248 Part 3 Energy Resources 9 Energy Perspectives 274 10 Carbon-Based Energy Resources 293 11 Environmental Impacts of Carbon-Based Energy 346 12 Noncarbon-Based Energy Resources 383 13 Environmental Impacts of Noncarbon-Based Energy 430 Part 4 Freshwater Resources 14 Water Resources 464 15 Environmental Impacts on Water Resources 506 Index 529

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Book SynopsisRescuing wild animals in distress requires a unique set of skills, very different from those used in handling domestic animals. The equipment, degree of handling, the type of caging and level of care a wild animal receives can mean the difference between life and death.Trade Review“Wildlife Search and Rescue: A Guide for First Responders is a compact and practical introduction to the considerations and practicalities of wildlife capture . . . I would suggest this text as a companion to the BSAVA Wildlife Manual which provides complementary and more in-depth information on a number of British wildlife species.” (Animal Welfare, 1 November 2012) “It will also prove useful for students looking at applied ecology scenarios. And, even for a plant ecologist like me, it is a very good, fascinating read.” (British Ecological Society Bulletin, 1 August 2012) Table of ContentsForeword Jay Holcomb xiii Preface xvii 1 Overview of wildlife rescue 1 2 Characterizing wildlife search and rescue 3 3 Laws and regulations governing wildlife rescue in the USA 7 4 Code of practice 10 5 The components of wildlife search and rescue 11 Human safety 11 Environmental hazards 11 Human factor hazards 12 Equipment hazards 13 Health risks 13 Zoonotic diseases 15 Bacterial infections 15 Fungal infections 18 Viruses 19 Parasites 19 Personal protective equipment 22 Protection from hazardous materials 24 Basic safety and preparedness guidelines 26 Operational risk management 27 Outfitting 32The welfare of the animal 34 Understanding stress 35 Minimizing stress during rescue operations 38 Potential for success 40 The mindset of the hunter and the hunted 42 The importance of natural history 42 The fundamentals of the search 43 The fundamentals of the capture 45 6 Anatomy of a response team 52 7 Overview of wildlife capture equipment 55 The towel 55 Herding boards 55 Nets and netting 57 The hoop net 57 The open-ended hoop net 58 The throw net 60 Land seine 60 Mechanical nets 60 Active land seine 60 The bow net and Q-net 61 The whoosh net 62 Driving, funnel, and walk-in traps 63 The dho-gaza 66 Drop traps 66 Cage traps 68 Projectile-powered nets 68 Lures 69 Catchpole 70 8 Capture, handling, and confinement of wild birds 71 Techniques for capturing wild birds 71 Enticing wild birds using lures 71 The Bartos trap 76 Snare-type traps 76 Bal-chatri 76 The phai trap 78 Noose carpets 79 The single snare 79 Leg snare pole 84 Swan hook 85 Pit traps 85 Mist nets 86 On the water 86 Floating gill nets 88 Floating barriers and submersible pens 89 Spotlighting 90 Special circumstances and particular methods 92 Hummingbirds 92 Loons (Gaviiformes) 93 Grebes (Podicipediformes) 94 Rails and coots (Rallidae) 94 Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) 95 Cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) 97 Waders 97 Alcids 98 Birds trapped in structures 98 Hummingbirds in skylights 99 Window strikes 100 Ducklings in a pool 100 Birds entangled in fishing tackle 104 Rodenticide poisoning 105 Shot through with a projectile 105 Glue traps 109 Avian botulism 110 Lead poisoning 111 Domoic acid poisoning (DAP) 111 ‘‘Sea slime’’ 113 Oil and petroleum products 113 Handling and restraint of wild birds 117 Processing from nets and housing 124 Short-term and temporary housing for wild birds 124 9 Capture, handling, and confinement of land mammals 130 Techniques for capturing wild mammals 130 Chemical immobilization 131 Special circumstances and particular methods 131 Small rodents 131 Large rodents, porcupines, beaver 132 Lagomorphs, rabbits and hares 132 Xenarthrans, anteaters, armadillos 132 Skunks 133 Canids 133 Deer 133 Physical restraint of land mammals 134 Bats 134 Small rodents 135 Talpids, moles and relatives 136 Squirrels 137 Opossums 137 Porcupines 137 Lagomorphs, rabbits and hares 138 Small and medium-sized carnvores 138 Mustelids, badger, otter, weasels 139 Skunks 139 Coyotes and foxes 139 Felids 140 Processing mammals from nets and cages 140 Temporary confinement of land mammals 142 10 Capture and handling of reptiles and amphibians 145 11 Marine mammal rescue 146 Rescuing seals and sea lions 146 Young seals and sea lions 147 Hoop nets 149 Modified open-ended hoop net 149 Wraps, slings, and stretchers 151 The towel wrap 151 Flat webbing cargo net 152 The floating net 153 Physical restraint of seals and sea lions 153 Confinement and transport of pinnipeds 153 Cetaceans 156 12 Basic wildlife first aid and stabilization 158 Performing a cursory physical examination 159 Bleeding 161 Dehydration 161 Fluid therapy 162 Oral fluid administration (mammals) 164 Oral fluid administration (birds) 165 Subcutaneous injections 168 Treating hypothermia 170 Treating Hyperthermia 171 Basic wound care 172 Stabilizing fractures 173 Robert Jones bandage 174 Figure-eight wrap 174 Bird body wrap 176 The ball bandage 176 13 Transporting wildlife 177 14 Field euthanasia 179 15 Life, liberty, and euthanasia 182 16 Rescuing baby birds and land mammals 184 17 Reuniting, re-nesting, and wild-fostering 185 Returning altricial chicks to the wild 187 Returning precocial chicks to the wild 193 Returning baby mammals to the wild 195 Nutritional support 198 18 Offering public service 200 Public relations and the art of shapeshifting 202 Contracting with municipalities 203 Appendix 1 Ready packs 204 Appendix 2 Wildlife observation form 206 Appendix 3 Wildlife trauma equipment and supplies 207 Appendix 4 Instructions for tying nooses 209 Appendix 5 Barn owl box plans and instructions 211 Appendix 6 Sample contract 213 Further reading 220 Index 222

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Book SynopsisFollowing the much acclaimed success of the first volume of Key Topics in Conservation Biology, this entirely new second volume addresses an innovative array of key topics in contemporary conservation biology.Trade Review“The synthesis chapter is one of the highlights of this valuable multidisciplinary contribution to the field of conservation biology and should be mandatory reading material for both students of conservation biology and policymakers.” (Quarterly Review Biology, 1 March 2015) “The editors deserve credit for having assembled and coordinated such a rich and diverse group of authors and for having produced such an innovative and very useful work.” (Biological Conservation, 1 January 2015) “This excellent documentation will help readers see the connection between several subdisciplines of biology. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 December 2013)Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xiii About the companion website xvii Part I The framework 1 1 Conservation priorities: identifying need, taking action and evaluating success 3 Andrew S. Pullin, William Sutherland, Toby Gardner, Valerie Kapos and John E. Fa 2 Levels of approach: on the appropriate scales for conservation interventions and planning 23 Jonathan E.M. Baillie, Dav id Raffa elli and Claudio Sillero-Zubiri 3 Five paradigms of collective action underlying the human dimension of conservation 42 Laurent Mermet, Katherine Homewood, Andrew Dobson and Raphaël Billé 4 Economic instruments for nature conservation 59 Christopher B. Barrett, Erwin H. Bulte, Paul Ferraro and Sven Wunder 5 Tackling unsustainable wildlife trade 74 Adam J. Dutton, Brian Gratwicke, Cameron Hepburn, Emilio A. Herrera and Dav id W. Macdonald 6 Leadership and listening: inspiration for conservation mission and advocacy 92 Andrew Gosler, Shonil Bhagwat, Stuart Harrop, Mark Bonta and Sonia Tidemann 7 The human dimension in addressing conflict with large carnivores 110 Amy Dickman, Silvio Marchini and Michael Manfredo 8 Citizen science and nature conservation 127 Jonathan Silvertown, Christina D. Buesching, Susan K. Jacobson and Tony Rebelo 9 Nature as a source of health and well-being: is this an ecosystem service that could pay for conserving biodiversity? 143 Joelene Hughes, Jules Pretty and Dav id W. Macdonald Part II Habitat case studies 161 10 Ocean conservation: current challenges and future opportunities 163 Alex D. Rogers, Dan Laffoley, Nick Polunin and Derek P. Tittensor 11 Lost in muddy waters: freshwater biodiversity 184 Nic Pacini, David M. Harper, Peter Henderson and Tom LeQuesne 12 Habitat case studies: islands 204 Carolyn King, Mark Lomolino, Gary Roemer and Brendan Godley 13 Conservation of tropical forests: maintaining ecological integrity and resilience 222 Owen T. Lewis, Robert M. Ewers, Margaret D. Lowman and Ya dvinder Malhi Part III Taxonomic case studies 237 14 A global perspective on conserving butterflies and moths and their habitats 239 Thomas Merckx, Blanca Huertas, Yves Basset and Jeremy Thomas 15 Bird conservation in tropical ecosystems: challenges and opportunities 258 Joseph A. Tobias, Çaðan H. Þekercioðlu and F. Hernan Vargas 16 Conserving large mammals: are they a special case? 277 David W. Macdonald, Luigi Boitani, Eric Dinerstein, HervE Fritz and Richard Wrangham 17 Plant conservation: the seeds of success 313 Timothy Wa lker, Stephen A. Harris and Kingsley W. Dixon Part IV Safeguarding the future 327 18 The ‘why’, ‘what’ and ‘how’ of monitoring for conservation 329 Julia P.G. Jones, Gregory P. Asner, Stuart H.M. Butchart and K. Ullas Karanth 19 Effective conservation depends upon understanding human behaviour 344 Freya A.V. St John, Aidan M. Keane and Eleanor J. Milner-Gulland 20 Designing effective solutions to conservation planning problems 362 Andrew T. Knight, Ana. S.L. Rodrigues, Niels Strange, Tom Tew and Kerrie A. Wilson 21 Biological corridors and connectivity 384 Samuel A. Cushman, Brad McRae, Frank Adriaensen, Paul Beier, Mark Shirley and Kathy Zeller 22 Righting past wrongs and ensuring the future: challenges and opportunities for effective reintroductions amidst a biodiversity crisis 405 Axel Moehrenschlager, Debra M. Shier, Tom P. Moorhouse and Mark R. Stanley Price 23 Rewilding 430 Chris Sandom, C. Josh Donlan, Jens-Christian Svenning and Dennis Hansen 24 Disease control 452 Peter D. Walsh Part V A synthesis 467 25 Elephants in the room: tough choices for a maturing discipline 469 David W. Macdonald and Katherine J. Willis Index 495

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Book Synopsis* Review and synthesis of the occurrence and strategic importance of critical metals * Deals with each of the key metals in a separate chapter * Does not assume high level of geological knowledge * Co-published with the British Geological survey .Trade Review“In general, this is an excellent edition, with high quality figures, readable tables, clearly written texts, well-organized structure, and precisely aimed at a broad range of non-specialists in policy, environment pollution, remediation, and economy domains; but professionals and researchers working in exploration and mining sectors, including mining finance and investment, as well as in mineral processing and manufacturing, will be greatly satisfied to have this Handbook on their bookshelves.” (Pure Appl. Geophys, 1 January 2015) "This is a highly recommended volume for anyone with an interest in the economics of the critical metals and their basic geology and mineralogy; it also belongs in any major earth sciences library. As these commodities have grown in importance during the past decade, bits and pieces of relevant material have been made available in various articles and government reports, but this is the first volume out the door to comprehensively bring all this material together, and it is a welcomed, well-produced, and data-rich book." Economic Geology, July 2014Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Metal resources use and criticality 1 T.E. Graedel Gus Gunn and Luis Tercero Espinoza The geology and technology of metals 1 Key concepts 1 Definitions and terminology 3 Will we run out of minerals? 5 Geological assessment 6 Considerations of supply and demand 6 Recycling and reuse of metals 9 The concept of criticality 10 Assessments of criticality 11 Improving criticality assessment 14 Implications of criticality for corporate and governmental policy 16 Outlining this book 16 Acknowledgements 17 Note 18 References 18 2 The mining industry and the supply of critical minerals 20 David Humphreys Suppliers of minerals – miners and explorers 21 Industry dynamics 23 Constraints on mineral supply response 27 Natural constraints 27 Economic constraints 29 Institutional constraints 31 Critical minerals and the role of China 34 Policy issues 38 Notes 39 References 39 3 Recycling of (critical) metals 41 Christian Hagelüken Rationale and benefits 41 The urban mine 41 Recycling benefits 43 Status and challenges of recycling critical metals 45 The metals life cycle 45 Waste and resource legislation 47 The recycling value chain 47 Recycling challenges 48 The seven conditions for effective recycling 50 Recycling technologies 51 Collection and pre-processing 52 Metallurgical recovery 54 Status of recycling of the EU critical metals 57 The significance of life-cycle structures 58 Case study 1: Industrial PGM applications 59 Case study 2: Automotive PGM applications 60 Case study 3: Electronic PGM applications 60 Global flows of old products 60 Differences in recycling rates and pathways for improvement 61 Conclusion and the way forward 62 Innovation needs 62 Resource security as a societal driver for recycling 64 Mining and recycling as complementary systems 64 Conclusions 66 Notes 66 References 67 4 Antimony 70 Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera Introduction 70 Definitions and characteristics 70 Abundance in the Earth 71 Mineralogy 71 Major deposit classes 72 Gold–antimony (epithermal) deposits 74 Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein and carbonate replacement deposits 77 Reduced magmatic gold systems 78 Extraction methods and processing 78 Mining 78 Ore processing beneficiation and conversion to metal 79 Specifications 82 Uses 82 Antimony trioxide 84 Sodium antimonate 84 Other non-metallurgical uses 85 Antimony metal 85 Recycling 85 Substitution 86 Resources and reserves 86 Production 87 Projects under development 90 World trade 91 Prices 92 Environmental aspects 94 Outlook 95 References 96 5 Beryllium 99 David L. Trueman and Phillip Sabey Introduction 99 Properties of beryllium 99 Distribution and abundance in the Earth’s crust 100 Uses of beryllium 100 Alloys containing less than 2% beryllium especially copper–beryllium 101 Pure beryllium metal and alloys containing over 60% beryllium 102 Beryllia (BeO) ceramics 103 World production 103 World trade 105 World resources 106 Mineralogy of beryllium 106 Beryllium deposits 107 Pegmatite deposits 107 Hydrothermal deposits 110 Mining and processing of beryllium 110 Beryl ores 110 Bertrandite ores 110 Processing of beryl and bertrandite to beryllium hydroxide 111 Production of metal and alloys from beryllium hydroxide 113 Production of beryllium oxide from beryllium hydroxide 113 Recycling 115 Substitution 116 Environmental aspects 116 Prices 118 Outlook 118 Note 119 References 119 6 Cobalt 122 Stephen Roberts and Gus Gunn Introduction 122 Physical and chemical properties 122 Distribution and abundance in the Earth 122 Mineralogy 122 Deposit types 123 Hydrothermal deposits 123 Magmatic deposits 129 Laterites 130 Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on the seafloor 132 Extraction processing and refining 134 Cobalt from nickel sulfide ores 134 Contentsvii Cobalt from nickel laterite ores 134 Cobalt from copper–cobalt ores in DRC and Zambia 135 Other sources of cobalt 136 World production and trade 138 Resources and reserves 139 uses 140 Recycling 142 Substitution 142 Environmental issues 143 Prices 144 Outlook 144 Acknowledgements 146 Notes 146 References 146 7 Gallium 150 Thomas Butcher and Teresa Brown Introduction 150 Physical and chemical properties 150 Mineralogy and distribution 150 Sources of gallium 151 Bauxite 151 Sphalerite (ZnS) 151 Other geological settings 152 Recovery methods and refining 152 Primary recovery 152 Secondary recovery 153 Refining and purification 155 Gallium in GaAs semiconductors 155 Specifications and uses 157 Gallium metal 157 Gallium antimonide 157 Gallium arsenide 157 Gallium chemicals 159 Gallium nitride 160 Gallium phosphide 162 Photovoltaics 162 Substitution 163 Environmental aspects 163 World resources and production 164 Production in 2010 164 Future supplies 166 World trade 167 Prices 167 Outlook 170 Acknowledgements 171 References 172 8 Germanium 177 Frank Melcher and Peter Buchholz Introduction 177 Physical and chemical properties 177 Distribution and abundance in the Earth 177 Mineralogy 178 Deposit types 179 Accumulation of germanium in sulfide deposits 181 Enrichment of germanium in lignite and coal 185 Extraction methods processing and beneficiation 186 Extraction 186 Processing 186 Specifications 188 Germanium tetrachloride GeCl 4 188 Germanium dioxide GeO 2 188 First reduction metal 188 Production of zone-refined metal (‘intrinsic’ metal) 188 Single crystals 188 Uses 189 Recycling re-use and resource efficiency 189 Substitution 191 Environmental aspects of the life cycle of germanium and its products 192 Resources and reserves 192 Production 194 Future supplies 196 World trade 197 Prices 197 Outlook 198 Supply challenges 198 Demand drivers 199 Supply and demand scenario 200 Acknowledgments 200 Notes 200 References 200 9 Indium 204 Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera Introduction 204 Physical and chemical properties 204 Abundance in the Earth’s crust 205 Mineralogy 205 Major deposit classes 206 Base-metal sulfide deposits 209 Polymetallic vein-type deposits 209 Base-metal-rich tin–tungsten and skarn deposits 210 Base-metal-rich epithermal deposits 210 Extraction methods and processing 210 Mining 210 Processing beneficiation and conversion to metal 212 Indium production from copper ores 213 Indium production from tin ores 214 Indium recovery from secondary sources 214 Specifications and uses 214 Indium–tin oxide (ITO) 215 Alloys and solders 215 Semiconductors 216 Others 216 Resources and reserves 217 Production 218 Production from residues and scrap 220 Projects under development 221 Abandoned production 221 World trade 222 Prices 223 Recycling and substitution 224 Environmental aspects 225 Outlook 226 References 227 10 Lithium 230 Keith Evans Introduction 230 Properties and abundance in the Earth 230 Mineralogy and deposit types 230 Pegmatites 232 Continental brines 232 Geothermal brines 234 Oilfield brines 234 Hectorite 234 Jadarite 235 Extraction methods and processing 236 Specification and uses 238 Recycling 240 Substitution 240 Environmental factors 241 World resources and production 241 Reserves and resources 241 Production 244 Current producers 245 Production costs 248 Future supplies 249 Pegmatite-based projects 249 Continental brines 250 Geothermal brine 251 Oilfield brine 251 Hectorite 252 Jadarite 253 World trade 253 Prices 254 Outlook 255 Acknowledgements 258 Notes 258 References 258 11 Magnesium 261 Neale R. Neelameggham and Bob Brown Introduction 261 Physical and chemical properties 261 Distribution and abundance in the Earth 262 Mineralogy 262 Deposit types 263 Extraction methods processing and beneficiation 263 Nineteenth-century magnesium production processes 266 Commercial magnesium production processes of the twentieth century 266 Specifications and uses 267 Recycling re-use and resource efficiency 269 Substitution 271 Environmental aspects 272 Non-greenhouse-gas regulations – electrolytic magnesium production 272 Non-greenhouse-gas regulations – thermal magnesium 273 Greenhouse-gas emission studies 273 Contentsix World resources and production 275 Future supplies 277 World trade 277 Prices 277 Outlook 279 References 281 12 Platinum-group metals 284 Gus Gunn Introduction 284 Properties and abundance in the Earth 284 Mineralogy 285 Major deposit classes 285 PGM-dominant deposits 286 Nickel–copper-dominant deposits 292 Other deposit types 293 Extraction and processing 294 Extraction methods 294 Processing 294 Specifications and uses 297 Uses of platinum palladium and rhodium 297 Uses of ruthenium iridium and osmium 300 Recycling re-use and resource efficiency 300 Substitution 301 Environmental issues 301 World resources and production 302 Resources and reserves 302 Production 302 World trade 304 Prices 306 Outlook 306 Acknowledgements 309 Note 309 References 310 13 Rare earth elements 312 Frances Wall Introduction 312 Physical and chemical properties 312 Distribution and abundance in the Earth’s crust 313 Mineralogy 315 Deposit types 317 Carbonatite-related REE deposits 319 Alkaline igneous rocks 323 Other hydrothermal veins 324 Iron oxide–apatite deposits including iron-oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposits 324 Placer deposits (mineral sands) 324 Ion adsorption deposits 324 Seafloor deposits 325 By-products co-products and waste products 325 Extraction methods processing and beneficiation 325 Mining 325 Beneficiation 325 Extraction and separation of the REE 327 Specifications and uses 328 Recycling re-use and resource efficiency 328 Substitution 330 Environmental aspects 330 World resources and production 331 Future supplies 332 World trade 333 Prices 334 Outlook 336 Note 337 References 337 14 Rhenium 340 Tom A. Millensifer Dave Sinclair Ian Jonasson and Anthony Lipmann Introduction 340 Physical and chemical properties 340 Distribution and abundance 341 Mineralogy 341 Deposit types 342 Porphyry deposits 342 Vein deposits 345 Sediment-hosted copper deposits 345 Uranium deposits 346 Magmatic nickel–copper–platinumgroup element (PGE) deposits 346 World resources and production 346 Future supplies 348 Extraction methods processing and beneficiation 350 Specifications and uses 352 Recycling and re-use 354 Catalysts 354 Superalloys 355 Substitution 355 Environmental issues 356 World trade 356 Prices 357 Outlook 358 References 359 15 Tantalum and niobium 361 Robert Linnen David L. Trueman and Richard Burt Introduction 361 Physical and chemical properties 361 Distribution and abundance in the Earth 361 Mineralogy 362 Deposit types 363 Carbonatite deposits 363 Alkaline to peralkaline granites and syenites 367 Peraluminous pegmatites 368 Peraluminous granites 370 Extraction methods and processing 371 Specifications and uses 374 Recycling re-use and resource efficiency 375 Substitution 375 Environmental aspects of niobium and tantalum 376 Geopolitical aspects 376 World resources and production 377 Future supplies 379 Prices 380 Outlook 381 Note 382 References 382 16 Tungsten 385 Teresa Brown and Peter Pitfield Introduction 385 Physical and chemical properties 385 Distribution and abundance in the Earth’s crust 385 Mineralogy 386 Deposit types 386 Vein/stockwork deposits 387 Skarn deposits 389 Disseminated or greisen deposits 390 Porphyry deposits 390 Breccia deposits 391 Stratabound deposits 391 Pegmatite deposits 392 Pipe deposits 392 Hot-spring deposits 392 Placer deposits 392 Brine/evaporite deposits 392 Extraction methods processing and beneficiation 392 Extraction 392 Processing 393 Specifications and uses 395 Specifications 395 Uses 396 Recycling re-use and resource efficiency 398 Old scrap 398 New scrap 398 Unrecovered scrap 399 Recycling methods 399 Substitution 399 Environmental aspects of the life cycle of the metal and its products 399 World resources and production 400 Resources and reserves 400 Production 401 Future supplies 402 World trade 404 Prices 406 Outlook 406 Acknowledgements 409 References 409 Appendices 414 Glossary of technical terms 419 Index 431

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Book SynopsisHistorically, the conservation of forests and wildlife has focused on the creation of national parks and reserves. However, only 9% of protected areas are larger than 14,000 hectares, likely making them too small to conserve ecosystem services and prevent loss of wide-ranging keystone species such as elephant and leopard.Trade Review“In summary, the book presents methods for integrating the private sector into partnerships (with NGOs and government) with the combined aim of protecting biodiversity beyond protected area boundaries and expanding conservation activities across multiuse landscapes.” (Ecological Management & Restoration, 19 May 2014) “This book has much to offer to this discussion and should be widely read by conservation practitioners and those in the business world interested in contributing to biodiversity conservation through good business practices.” (Oryx, 1 October 2012) Table of ContentsContributors vii Foreword xi Preface xv List of Acronyms xix 1 Introduction 1 Connie J. Clark and John R. Poulsen 2 Building Partnerships for Conservation 21 John R. Poulsen and Connie J. Clark 3 Land-use Planning in a Co-management Context: Establishing Access Regulations that Promote Biodiversity Conservation and Support Local Livelihoods 63 Connie J. Clark, John R. Poulsen, Germain A. Mavah, Antoine Moukassa, Dominique Nsosso, Kibino Kimbembe and PaulW. Elkan 4 Reducing Pressure on Wildlife and Biodiversity 86 John R. Poulsen, Connie J. Clark, Paul W. Elkan, Sarah Elkan,Marcel Ngangou´e, Pierre Kama, Jean-Claude Dengui, Jean Ibara and Olivier Mbani 5 Assessing the Impact of Logging on Biodiversity in the CIB Concessions 128 Connie J. Clark, John R. Poulsen, Richard Malonga and Paul W. Elkan 6 Impact of Industrial Logging on Human Demography and Patterns of Wildlife Harvest and Consumption 174 John R. Poulsen, Connie J. Clark, Germain A. Mavah and Paul W. Elkan 7 Conclusions and Lessons Learned 199 John R. Poulsen and Connie J. Clark References 217 Index 231

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Book SynopsisSustainable Development in Practice: Case Studies for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition explores the concept of sustainable development and its implications for science and engineering. It looks at how sustainability criteria can be combined with traditional scientific and engineering considerations to design and operate industrial systems in a more sustainable manner. Taking a life cycle approach to addressing economic, environmental and social issues, the book presents a series of new practical case studies drawn from a range of sectors, including mining, energy, food, buildings, transport, waste, and health. Written in an accessible style, the book opens with a general introduction to the concept of sustainable development and explores its practical implications for technical experts. Recognising that practical application of sustainable development depends on the context, the second part of the book is devoted to case studies. The case studies explore scientific aTable of ContentsAbout the Editors ix List of Contributors xi Preface xiii Part 1 1 The Concept of Sustainable Development and its Practical Implications 3 Slobodan Perdan 2 Measuring Sustainable Development: An Overview 26 Slobodan Perdan and Adisa Azapagic 3 Assessing Environmental Sustainability: Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment 56 Adisa Azapagic Part 2 4 Translating the Principles of Sustainable Development into Business Practice: An Application in the Mining and Minerals Sector 83 Adisa Azapagic and Slobodan Perdan 5 Climate Change and Policy: The Case of Germany 117 Wolfram Krewitt and Hans Mu¨ller-Steinhagen 6 Sustainability Assessment of Biofuels 142 Adisa Azapagic and Heinz Stichnothe 7 Scenario Building and Uncertainties: Options for Energy Sources 170 Richard Darton 8 Fuel Cells in Stationary Applications: Energy for the Future? 189 Martin Pehnt 9 Sustainability of Nuclear Power 211 Adisa Azapagic and Slobodan Perdan 10 Municipal Solid Waste Management: Recovering Energy from Waste 261 Adisa Azapagic 11 Sustainability Issues in Food Provisioning Systems 326 Adisa Azapagic, Heinz Stichnothe and Namy Espinoza-Orias 12 Providing Sustainable Sanitation 348 Richard Fenner and Amparo Flores 13 Sustainable Process Design: The Case of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) 374 Adisa Azapagic 14 Urban Sustainability: The Case of Transport 420 Slobodan Perdan and Adisa Azapagic 15 Aviation and its Response to Environmental Pressure 449 Alice Bows and Kevin Anderson 16 Health Impact Assessment of Urban Pollution 467 Zaid Chalabi and Tony Fletcher 17 Social and Ethical Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Mining in Kakadu National Park 483 Slobodan Perdan Index 511

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Book SynopsisFirst book focusing on tidal stream power systems Reviews the tidal resources around the world Complete analysis of tidal stream power systems Includes historical information on tidal science and biographical information on major figures Concentrates on engineering physical geography rather than engineering specifics.Table of ContentsPreface. Website contents. Origin of online images. Copyright acknowledgements. Symbols. Part I Theory. 1 History of tidal and turbine science. 1.1 Introduction. Part 1 Tidal science. 1.2 Antiquity: Aristotle and Ptolemy. 1.3 Middle Ages: Copernicus to Galileo. 1.4 Isaac Newton and the equilibrium theory. 1.5 Measurement after Moray. 1.6 Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: Laplace to Kelvin. 1.7 Tide-predicting machines. 1.8 Tidal currents. Part 2 Turbine science. 1.9 Antiquity: the Romans and Chinese. 1.10 Middle Ages: the Syrians and Agricola. 1.11 Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: Smeaton to Kaplan. 1.12 Modern turbines. 1.13 Summary. 1.14 Bibliography. 2 Tidal hydraulics. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Elementary fluid flow. 2.3 Hydraulic power. 2.4 Turbulence and the Reynolds number. 2.5 Critical flow and the Froude number. 2.6 Bernoulli’s equation. 2.7 von Kármán’s equation. 2.8 Properties of the Airy wave. 2.9 Tides in estuaries. 2.10 Harmonic prediction of tidal currents. 2.11 Turbulent characteristics of tidal currents. 2.12 Redundancy and intermittency. 2.13 Summary. 2.14 Bibliography. 3 Principles of tidal power devices. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Tidal wheels, mills, and barrages. 3.3 Efficiency, capacity factor, and solidity ratio. 3.4 Hydraulic processes, Part I: Tidal stream power. 3.5 Hydraulic processes, Part II: Ducts and diffusers. 3.6 Turbine processes, Part I: Drag and lift forces. 3.7 Turbine processes, Part II: Shaft power. 3.8 Electrical processes, Part I: Overview and generators. 3.9 Electrical processes, Part II: Cabling and grid connection. 3.10 Categories of turbines. 3.11 Horizontal-axis devices. 3.12 Vertical-axis devices (crossflow turbines). 3.13 Summary. 3.14 Bibliography. 4 Tidal power technologies. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Blue Energy. 4.3 Clean Current. 4.4 Engineering Business. 4.5 Gorlov helical turbine. 4.6 Hammerfest Strøm. 4.7 Lunar Energy. 4.8 Marine Current Turbines. 4.9 Neptune Renewable Energy. 4.10 OpenHydro. 4.11 Ponte di Archimede (Kobold). 4.12 Pulse Generation. 4.13 SeaPower. 4.14 SMD Hydrovision. 4.15 Underwater electric kite. 4.16 Verdant Power. 4.17 Other proposals. 4.18 Early-stage proposals. 4.19 Bibliography. 5 Modelling tidal stream power. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Global tidal streams. 5.3 Tidal datum and tidal heights. 5.4 British Admiralty tidal diamonds. 5.5 Harmonic decomposition. 5.6 STEM display screen. 5.7 Running STEM. 5.8 Case study at Flat Holm in the Bristol Channel. 5.9 Case study at Hull St Andrews in the Humber Estuary. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 Bibliography. Part II Practice. 6 Economics and finance. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Renewable Energy Business. 6.3 Costs. 6.4 Revenue. 6.5 Economic result. 6.6 Conclusions. 6.7 Bibliography. 7 North-west Europe. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Geography of north-west Europe. 7.3 Oceanography of north-west Europe. 7.4 Mediterranean. 7.5 Spain and Portugal. 7.6 France. 7.7 Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. 7.8 Denmark and Norway. 7.9 United Kingdom. 7.10 The estuaries. 7.11 Bibliography. 7.12 Appendix: STEM outputs for north-west Europe. 8 North America. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Geography of North America. 8.3 Oceanography of North America. 8.4 East coast of Canada. 8.5 East coast of the United States. 8.6 West coast of Canada. 8.7 West coast of the United States. 8.8 Bibliography. 8.9 Appendix. 9 Australia and New Zealand. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Timor Sea. 9.3 Arafura Sea. 9.4 Coral Sea. 9.5 Bass Strait. 9.6 New Zealand. 9.7 Bibliography. 9.8 Appendix: STEM outputs for Australia and New Zealand. 10 Rest of the world. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Barents Sea. 10.3 Western South Atlantic. 10.4 Western Indian Ocean. 10.5 East Arabian Sea. 10.6 Indonesia and the Java Sea. 10.7 East China and Yellow Seas. 10.8 Bibliography. 10.9 Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten at a practical level, suited to the business audience, this exceptional book explores the business environment of making GIS successful. It applies academic rigor to practical and commercial implementation issues and offers viewpoints from all parties involved in GIS implementation.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 2 The Spatial Information Industry 7 2.1 Background to the Survey 8 2.2 Value of the SI Industry 9 2.3 GIS Product Usage 13 2.4 Spatial Applications 17 2.5 Training 19 2.6 Spatial Data 21 2.7 Imagery 26 2.8 Mobile Computing 28 2.9 Regional SI Initiatives 29 2.10 Summary 30 3 Introducing the Elements of a GIS Strategy 33 3.1 The Traditional IT Strategy Approach 34 3.2 The SI Strategy Approach 36 3.3 Influences of Disruptive and Distractive Technology 37 4 Developing the Business Focus 41 5 Developing the Data/Information Focus 47 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Metadata 48 5.3 Data/System Architectures 49 5.4 Defining the ‘Data Gap’ 53 5.5 GIS Data Standards and Related Issues 59 5.6 GIS Data Interoperability 61 5.7 Summary – Data Interoperability 64 5.8 Summary – the Data/Information Focus 64 6 Developing the Organisational Focus 65 6.1 Introduction 65 6.2 Impact of Organisational Structure on GIS 66 6.3 Achieving an Organisational Focus for GIS 67 6.4 Business Process Mapping and Re-engineering 69 6.5 Training and Support Issues 71 6.6 SWOT Analysis 72 6.7 Summary – Organisational Focus 73 7 Developing the Application and Technology Focus 75 7.1 GIS Issues 75 7.2 IT Issues 83 7.3 System/Data Integration Issues 85 7.4 Developing the Functional Requirements Specification 87 8 Developing a GIS Strategy 91 8.1 Functional Requirements Specification (FRS) 91 8.2 Correlating against the CSFs 92 8.3 Developing the GIS Strategy 93 8.4 Summary 93 9 Cost/Benefit Analysis/Return on Investment 95 9.1 Broad Costs 97 9.2 Broad Benefits 107 9.3 Broad Cost/Benefit Summary 113 9.4 Business Case 117 9.5 Conclusion 117 10 Selecting a GIS 119 10.1 Introduction 119 10.2 Selecting a GIS using a Tendering Process 121 10.3 The Final Stage of the Selection Process 136 11 Implementing GIS 139 11.1 Staff Training 139 11.2 Data Capture and/or Conversion 141 11.3 Defining the KPIs (Goalposts) for Successful Implementation 143 11.4 Implementing and ‘Setting to Work’ of the GIS 143 11.5 Undertaking a Post Implementation Review 144 11.6 Benchmarking 144 11.7 Summary 145 12 The Best and the Worst 147 12.1 And the Best is . . . Google Earth 147 12.2 And the Best is (also) . . . Web 2.0 148 12.3 And the Worst is . . . 149 13 Closing Remarks 151 Glossary 153 Index 155

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Book SynopsisThermal Physics of the Atmosphere offers a concise andthorough introduction on how basic thermodynamics naturally leadson to advanced topics in atmospheric physics. The book starts by covering the basics of thermodynamics and itsapplications in atmospheric science.Table of ContentsPreface ix Useful data xi 1 Ideal gases 1 1.1 Thermodynamic variables 1 1.2 Microscopic viewpoint 6 1.3 Ideal gas mixtures 10 Problems 14 2 The first and second laws 17 2.1 Work 17 2.2 Energy conservation: the first law 21 2.3 Entropy and the second law 23 2.4 Boltzmann entropy 27 2.5 Entropy and probability: a macroscopic example 30 2.6 Entropy and probability: a stochastic example 34 Problems 36 3 General applications 39 3.1 Thermodynamic potentials 39 3.2 Heat capacity 44 3.3 Properties of ideal gases 47 3.4 van der Waals’ gases 50 3.5 Open systems: enthalpy flux 53 3.6 Latent heat 55 3.7 Turbulent energy fluxes 57 3.8 Potential temperature 60 Problems 63 4 The atmosphere under gravity 67 4.1 Geopotential 67 4.2 Hydrostatic balance 69 4.3 Adiabatic lapse rate 74 4.4 Buoyancy 77 4.5 Dry static energy and Bernoulli function 81 4.6 Statistical mechanics 84 Problems 89 5 Water in the atmosphere 93 5.1 The Clausius–Clapeyron equation 94 5.2 Calculation of saturated vapour pressure 97 5.3 Humidity variables 100 5.4 Moist static energy 104 Problems 106 6 Vertical structure of the moist atmosphere 109 6.1 Adiabatic lapse rate for moist air 109 6.2 Entropy budget for saturated air 112 6.3 Finite amplitude instabilities 115 6.4 Vertical structure in thermodynamic diagrams 117 6.5 Convective available potential energy 121 7 Cloud drops 125 7.1 Homogeneous nucleation: the Kelvin effect 125 7.2 Heterogeneous nucleation: the Raoult effect 131 7.3 K¨ohler theory 132 7.4 Charge-enhanced nucleation 137 7.5 Droplet growth 141 Problems 151 8 Mixtures and solutions 153 8.1 Chemical potentials 153 8.2 Ideal gas mixtures and ideal solutions 155 8.3 Raoult’s law revisited 158 8.4 Boiling and freezing of solutions 159 Problems 162 9 Thermal radiation 165 9.1 Thermal radiation and Kirchhoff’s law 165 9.2 The Stefan–Boltzmann and Wien displacement laws 168 9.3 Global energy budget and the greenhouse effect 170 9.4 Horizontal variations 175 9.5 Radiative intensity 177 9.6 Radiative transfer 180 9.7 Radiative-convective equilibrium 185 9.8 Thermodynamics of a photon gas 191 9.9 Derivation of the Planck law 195 Problems 200 10 Non-equilibrium processes 203 10.1 Energetics of motion 203 10.2 Diabatic effects and the second law 208 10.3 Thermodynamics of forced dissipative systems 213 10.4 Climate thermodynamics 215 Problems 220 Appendix A Functions of several variables 221 Appendix B Exergy and thermodynamic stability 223 Appendix C Thermodynamic diagrams 227 Appendix D Relationship between energy density and energy flux 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisSimulation models are an established method used to investigate processes and solve practical problems in a wide variety of disciplines. Central to the concept of this second edition is the idea that environmental systems are complex, open systems.Trade Review“Those caveats aside, this book will provide an interesting and stimulating read for scientists with some familiarity with modelling who want to extend their understanding and to see how modelling has been usefully applied across a very wide range of problems in environmental science.” (European Journal of Soil Science, 1 December 2013) “Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 January 2014) “To conclude, the book offers important information on how to use models to develop our understanding of the processes that form the environment around us.” (Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 1 April 2013)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv List of Contributors xvii Part I Model Building 1 1 Introduction 3John Wainwright and Mark Mulligan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Why model the environment? 3 1.3 Why simplicity and complexity? 3 1.4 How to use this book 5 1.5 The book’s web site 6 References 6 2 Modelling and Model Building 7Mark Mulligan and John Wainwright 2.1 The role of modelling in environmental research 7 2.2 Approaches to model building: chickens, eggs, models and parameters? 12 2.3 Testing models 16 2.4 Sensitivity analysis and its role 18 2.5 Errors and uncertainty 20 2.6 Conclusions 23 References 24 3 Time Series: Analysis and Modelling 27Bruce D. Malamud and Donald L. Turcotte 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Examples of environmental time series 28 3.3 Frequency-size distribution of values in a time series 30 3.4 White noises and Brownian motions 32 3.5 Persistence 34 3.6 Other time-series models 41 3.7 Discussion and summary 41 References 42 4 Non-Linear Dynamics Self-Organization and Cellular Automata Models 45David Favis-Mortlock 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Self-organization in complex systems 47 4.3 Cellular automaton models 53 4.4 Case study: modelling rill initiation and growth 56 4.5 Summary and conclusions 61 4.6 Acknowledgements 63 References 63 5 Spatial Modelling and Scaling Issues 69Xiaoyang Zhang Nick A. Drake and John Wainwright 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Scale and scaling 70 5.3 Causes of scaling problems 71 5.4 Scaling issues of input parameters and possible solutions 72 5.5 Methodology for scaling physically based models 76 5.6 Scaling land-surface parameters for a soil-erosion model: a case study 82 5.7 Conclusion 84 References 87 6 Environmental Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics 91N.G. Wright and D.M. Hargreaves 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 CFD fundamentals 92 6.3 Applications of CFD in environmental modelling 97 6.4 Conclusions 104 References 106 7 Data-Based Mechanistic Modelling and the Emulation of Large Environmental System Models 111Peter C. Young and David Leedal 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Philosophies of science and modelling 113 7.3 Statistical identification, estimation and validation 113 7.4 Data-based mechanistic (DBM) modelling 115 7.5 The statistical tools of DBM modelling 117 7.6 Practical example 117 7.7 The reduced-order modelling of large computer-simulation models 122 7.8 The dynamic emulation of large computer-simulation models 123 7.9 Conclusions 128 References 129 8 Stochastic versus Deterministic Approaches 133Philippe Renard, Andres Alcolea and David Ginsbourger 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 A philosophical perspective 135 8.3 Tools and methods 137 8.4 A practical illustration in Oman 143 8.5 Discussion 146 References 148 Part II The State of The Art in Environmental Modelling 151 9 Climate and Climate-System Modelling 153L.D. Danny Harvey 9.1 The complexity 153 9.2 Finding the simplicity 154 9.3 The research frontier 159 9.4 Online material 160 References 163 10 Soil and Hillslope (Eco)Hydrology 165Andrew J. Baird 10.1 Hillslope e-c-o-hydrology? 165 10.2 Tyger tyger. . . 169 10.3 Nobody loves me everybody hates me. . . 172 10.4 Memories 176 10.5 I’ll avoid you as long as I can? 178 10.6 Acknowledgements 179 References 180 11 Modelling Catchment and Fluvial Processes and their Interactions 183Mark Mulligan and John Wainwright 11.1 Introduction: connectivity in hydrology 183 11.2 The complexity 184 11.3 The simplicity 196 11.4 Concluding remarks 201 References 201 12 Modelling Plant Ecology 207Rosie A. Fisher 12.1 The complexity 207 12.2 Finding the simplicity 209 12.3 The research frontier 212 12.4 Case study 213 12.5 Conclusions 217 12.6 Acknowledgements 217 References 218 13 Spatial Population Models for Animals 221George L.W. Perry and Nick R. Bond 13.1 The complexity: introduction 221 13.2 Finding the simplicity: thoughts on modelling spatial ecological systems 222 13.3 The research frontier: marrying theory and practice 227 13.4 Case study: dispersal dynamics in stream ecosystems 228 13.5 Conclusions 230 13.6 Acknowledgements 232 References 232 14 Vegetation and Disturbance 235Stefano Mazzoleni, Francisco Rego, Francesco Giannino Christian Ernest Vincenot, Gian Boris Pezzatti and Colin Legg 14.1 The system complexity: effects of disturbance on vegetation dynamics 235 14.2 The model simplification: simulation of plant growth under grazing and after fire 237 14.3 New developments in ecological modelling 240 14.4 Interactions of fire and grazing on plant competition: field experiment and modelling applications 242 14.5 Conclusions 247 14.6 Acknowledgements 248 References 248 15 Erosion and Sediment Transport: Finding Simplicity in a Complicated Erosion Model 253Richard E. Brazier 15.1 The complexity 253 15.2 Finding the simplicity 253 15.3 WEPP – The Water Erosion Prediction Project 254 15.4 MIRSED – a Minimum Information Requirement version of WEPP 256 15.5 Data requirements 258 15.6 Observed data describing erosion rates 259 15.7 Mapping predicted erosion rates 259 15.8 Comparison with published data 262 15.9 Conclusions 264 References 264 16 Landslides Rockfalls and Sandpiles 267Stefan Hergarten References 275 17 Finding Simplicity in Complexity in Biogeochemical Modelling 277Hördur V. Haraldsson and Harald Sverdrup 17.1 Introduction to models 277 17.2 The basic classification of models 278 17.3 A ‘good’ and a ‘bad’ model 278 17.4 Dare to simplify 279 17.5 Sorting 280 17.6 The basic path 282 17.7 The process 283 17.8 Biogeochemical models 283 17.9 Conclusion 288 References 288 18 Representing Human Decision-Making in Environmental Modelling 291James D.A. Millington, John Wainwright and Mark Mulligan 18.1 Introduction 291 18.2 Scenario approaches 294 18.3 Economic modelling 297 18.4 Agent-based modelling 300 18.5 Discussion 304 References 305 19 Modelling Landscape Evolution 309Peter van der Beek 19.1 Introduction 309 19.2 Model setup and philosophy 310 19.3 Geomorphic processes and model algorithms 313 19.4 Model testing and calibration 318 19.5 Coupling of models 321 19.6 Model application: some examples 321 19.7 Conclusions and outlook 324 References 327 Part III Models for Management 333 20 Models Supporting Decision-Making and Policy Evaluation 335Mark Mulligan 20.1 The complexity: making decisions and implementing policy in the real world 335 20.2 The simplicity: state-of-the-art policy-support systems 341 20.3 Addressing the remaining barriers 345 20.4 Conclusions 347 20.5 Acknowledgements 347 References 347 21 Models in Policy Formulation and Assessment: The WadBOS Decision-Support System 349Guy Engelen 21.1 Introduction 349 21.2 Functions of WadBOS 350 21.3 Decision-support systems 351 21.4 Building the integrated model 351 21.5 The integrated WadBOS model 354 21.6 The toolbase 359 21.7 The database 359 21.8 The user-interface 360 21.9 Discussion and conclusions 362 21.10 Acknowledgments 363 References 363 22 Soil Erosion and Conservation 365Mark A. Nearing 22.1 The problem 365 22.2 The approaches 367 22.3 The contributions of modelling 369 22.4 Lessons and implications 375 22.5 Acknowledgements 376 References 376 23 Forest-Management Modelling 379Mark J. Twery and Aaron R. Weiskittel 23.1 The issue 379 23.2 The approaches 379 23.3 Components of empirical models 383 23.4 Implementation and use 386 23.5 Example model 390 23.6 Lessons and implications 390 References 391 24 Stability and Instability in the Management of Mediterranean Desertification 399John B. Thornes 24.1 Introduction 399 24.2 Basic propositions 400 24.3 Complex interactions 403 24.4 Climate gradient and climate change 408 24.5 Implications 409 24.6 Plants 410 24.7 Lessons and implications 411 References 411 25 Operational European Flood Forecasting 415Hannah Cloke, Florian Pappenberger, Jutta Thielen and Vera Thiemig 25.1 The problem: providing early flood warning at the European scale 415 25.2 Flood forecasting at the European scale: the approaches 416 25.3 The European Flood Alert System (EFAS) 422 25.4 Lessons and implications 429 References 430 26 Assessing Model Adequacy 435Michael Goldstein Allan Seheult and Ian Vernon 26.1 Introduction 435 26.2 General issues in assessing model adequacy 435 26.3 Assessing model adequacy for a fast rainfall-runoff model 438 26.4 Slow computer models 446 26.5 Acknowledgements 449 References 449 Part IV Current and Future Developments 451 27 Pointers for the Future 453John Wainwright and Mark Mulligan 27.1 What have we learned? 453 27.2 Research directions 459 27.3 Technological directions 459 27.4 Is it possible to find simplicity in complexity? 463 References 463 Index 465

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Book SynopsisThis handy pocket-sized field guide provides practical information and assistance to anyone engaged in small-scale surveys on the ground. Fully revised and updated throughout, the Fourth Edition includes comprehensive updates on the use of GPS and new sections on surface wave seismics, borehole geophysics and towed array systems.Trade Review“Overall, Field Geophysics—one of several published by Wiley-Blackwell in their Geological Field Guide Series—is a good practical introductory reference book for a geophysical technician beginning their career or a quick refresher for someone using an instrument they haven’t picked up for many years.” (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 2 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition x Preface to the Third Edition xii Preface to the Fourth Edition xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Geophysics Measures 1 1.2 Fields 1 1.3 Geophysical Survey Design 9 1.4 Geophysical Fieldwork 14 1.5 Geophysical Data 19 1.6 Bases and Base Networks 29 1.7 Real-Time Profiling 32 2 Gravity Method 39 2.1 Physical Basis of the Gravity Method 39 2.2 Gravity Meters 41 2.3 Gravity Reductions 49 2.4 Gravity Surveys 52 2.5 Field Interpretation 61 3 Magnetic Method 65 3.1 Magnetic Properties 65 3.2 The Magnetic Field of the Earth 67 3.3 Magnetic Instruments 72 3.4 Magnetic Surveys 75 3.5 Simple Magnetic Interpretation 81 4 Radiometric Surveys 85 4.1 Natural Radiation 85 4.2 Radiation Detectors 90 4.3 Radiometric Surveys 92 5 Electric Current Methods: General Considerations 97 5.1 Resistivity and Conductivity 97 5.2 Varying Currents 102 6 Resistivity Methods 109 6.1 DC Survey Fundamentals 109 6.2 DC Practicalities 117 6.3 Resistivity Profiling 122 6.4 Resistivity Depth-Sounding 125 6.5 Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) 128 6.6 Capacitive Coupling 133 7 SP and IP 137 7.1 SP Surveys 137 7.2 Polarisation Fundamentals 140 7.3 Time-Domain IP Surveys 143 7.4 Frequency-Domain Surveys 144 7.5 IP Data 146 8 Electromagnetic Methods 149 8.1 Two-Coil CW Systems 149 8.2 CWEM Conductivity Mapping 158 8.3 Fixed-Source Methods 161 8.4 Transient Electromagnetics 165 9 Remote-Source Electromagnetics 171 9.1 Natural Electromagnetic Radiation 171 9.2 Controlled-Source Audio-Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) 180 10 Ground Penetrating Radar 185 10.1 Radar Fundamentals 185 10.2 GPR Surveys 199 10.3 Data Processing 205 11 Siesmic Methods: General Considerations 211 11.1 Seismic Waves 211 11.2 Seismic Sources 216 11.3 Detection of Seismic Waves 222 11.4 Recording Seismic Signals 226 12 Seismic Reflection 229 12.1 Reflection Theory 229 12.2 Reflection Surveys 233 13 Seismic Refraction 241 13.1 Refraction Surveys 241 13.2 Interpretation 247 13.3 Limitations of the Refraction Method 257 14 Seismic Surface Wave Methods 261 14.1 Surface Wave Surveys 261 14.2 Data Processing 266 14.3 Limitations of the Method 270 15 Maps, Mapping and GPS 273 15.1 Maps and Mapping 273 15.2 Satellite Navigation 276 Appendix: Terrain Corrections for Hammer Zones B to m 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisBiological Diversity takes a fresh, innovative approach to the teaching of biodiversity. Rather than detailing and cataloguing the major taxa and their evolutionary relationships, the authors have selected 18 groups of organisms and used these as a framework in which to discuss the species and their interactions with man and each other. There is a strong narrative theme throughout the exploited and the exploiters - and, in many cases, there is emphasis on the historical context. A wide range of organisms are covered, from the unicellular to birds and mammals and with an equal consideration of plants and animals. Species have been chosen for their ability to best illustrate particular biological principles, and for their strong interaction with other species. After an introduction the book is divided into two parts: ''Exploited'' and ''Exploiters''. Each of the chapters, although linked to each other, forms a stand-alone essay. They are scientifically rigorous, up-to-dTrade Review“Overall, this is a collection of papers that are realistic yet optimistic about the future and proposes positive solutions to the many problems of current fisheries.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March2013) "In conclusion, this sizeable book is worth every page. It demands slow, steady reading. The writing style is very easy for even a non-science student to read and understand, especially those concerned with environmental conservation and protection. The figures are helpful with caricatures drawn to make the reading more fun. And the best thing about the book is that it satisfies all the related queries one may have about the topic, from its history to politics to biology to physics." (International Journal of Environmental Studies, 21 February 2012) "I cannot imagine anyone being disappointed by it, and feel it should find a place in the non-fiction best-seller lists." (Biodivers Conserv, 2011) "Paul Hatcher and Nick Battey have clearly taken the significance of this role to heart, putting a great deal of thought into how to engage their target audience; namely under-graduates wishing to learn about their topic." (Taylor & Francis, 24 November 2011) "This title is appropriate for undergraduate students in many disciplines, including biology. It will also be useful for readers interested in the ways human interact with other species. Summing Up: Recommended. All readership levels." (Choice, 1 November 2011)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Chapter 1 Introduction. PART 1 EXPLOITED. Chapter 2 Sargassum and the Sargasso Sea. Chapter 3 Cephalopods. Chapter 4 The Honey Bee. Chapter 5 Sericulture: Silkworms and Mulberries. Chapter 6 Sugar Cane. Chapter 7 Legumes. Chapter 8 The Grapevine. Chapter 9 The Salmon. Chapter 10 Oak. Chapter 11 The Rabbit. PART 2 EXPLOITERS. Chapter 12 Malaria. Chapter 13 Biofouling and the Barnacle. Chapter 14 Bracken. Chapter 15 The Locust. Chapter 16 Plague. Chapter 17 The Red Kite. Chapter 18 Parasitic Plants: Mistletoes. Chapter 19 The Wolf. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book gives a coherent development of the current understanding of the fluid dynamics of the middle latitude atmosphere. It is primarily aimed at post-graduate and advanced undergraduate level students and does not assume any previous knowledge of fluid mechanics, meteorology or atmospheric science. The book will be an invaluable resource for any quantitative atmospheric scientist who wishes to increase their understanding of the subject. The importance of the rotation of the Earth and the stable stratification of its atmosphere, with their implications for the balance of larger-scale flows, is highlighted throughout.Clearly structured throughout, the first of three themes deals with the development of the basic equations for an atmosphere on a rotating, spherical planet and discusses scale analyses of these equations. The second theme explores the importance of rotation and introduces vorticity and potential vorticity, as well as turbulence. In the third theme, the conTable of ContentsSeries foreword ix Preface xi Select bibliography xv The Authors xix 1 Observed flow in the Earth’s midlatitudes 1 1.1 Vertical structure 1 1.2 Horizontal structure 4 1.3 Transient activity 11 1.4 Scales of motion 14 1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones 15 Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere 25 2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference 27 2.1 Definition of fluid 27 2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis 29 2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow 30 2.4 Governing physical principles 35 2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives 36 2.6 Mass conservation equation 38 2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics 40 2.8 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 41 2.9 Bernoulli’s Theorem 45 2.10 Heating and water vapour 47 3 Rotating frames of reference 53 3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference 53 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration 55 3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame 56 3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force 57 3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force 59 3.6 The Taylor–Proudman theorem 61 4 The spherical Earth 65 4.1 Spherical polar coordinates 65 4.2 Scalar equations 67 4.3 The momentum equations 68 4.4 Energy and angular momentum 70 4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation 73 4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth 74 5 Scale analysis and its applications 77 5.1 Principles of scaling methods 77 5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere 79 5.3 The horizontal momentum equations 81 5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance 83 5.5 Vertical motion 87 5.6 The vertical momentum equation 89 5.7 The mass continuity equation 91 5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation 92 5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small 95 6 Alternative vertical coordinates 97 6.1 A general vertical coordinate 97 6.2 Isobaric coordinates 100 6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates 103 6.4 Isentropic coordinates 106 7 Variations of density and the basic equations 109 7.1 Boussinesq approximation 109 7.2 Anelastic approximation 111 7.3 Stratification and gravity waves 113 7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number 115 7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets 121 7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions 122 Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere 125 8 Rotation in the atmosphere 127 8.1 The concept of vorticity 127 8.2 The vorticity equation 129 8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations 131 8.4 The solenoidal term 132 8.5 The expansion/contraction term 134 8.6 The stretching and tilting terms 135 8.7 Friction and vorticity 138 8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates 144 8.9 Circulation 145 9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation 149 9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation 149 9.2 Poisson’s equation and vortex interactions 151 9.3 Flow over a shallow hill 155 9.4 Ekman pumping 159 9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane 160 9.6 Rossby group velocity 166 9.7 Rossby ray tracing 170 9.8 Inflexion point instability 172 10 Potential vorticity 177 10.1 Potential vorticity 177 10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel’s theorem 180 10.3 The principle of invertibility 182 10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity 186 11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow 189 11.1 The Reynolds number 189 11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number 194 11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number 196 11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid 201 11.5 Reynolds stresses 203 Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow 209 12 Quasi-geostrophic flows 211 12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows 211 12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation 215 12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity 219 12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities 221 13 The omega equation 225 13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form 225 13.2 Sutcliffe Form 231 13.3 Q-vector form 233 13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance 238 13.5 Balance and initialization 240 14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability 245 14.1 Qualitative discussion 245 14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow 247 14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions 256 14.4 The Eady model 264 14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models 271 14.6 More realistic basic states 275 14.7 Initial value problem 281 15 Frontogenesis291 15.1 Frontal scales 291 15.2 Ageostrophic circulation 294 15.3 Description of frontal collapse 299 15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model 305 15.5 The confluence model 307 15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis 309 16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves 311 16.1 The nonlinear domain 311 16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves 312 16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jets on the sphere 320 16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes 323 16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves 332 17 The potential vorticity perspective 337 17.1 Setting the scene 337 17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity 340 17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves 342 17.4 Alternative perspectives 346 17.5 Midlatitude blocking 350 17.6 Frictional and heating effects 352 18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing 361 18.1 Rossby wave propagation 361 18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere 363 18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium 365 18.4 The Eliassen–Palm flux and group velocity 370 18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves 372 18.6 Variations of amplitude 373 18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps 375 18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale 381 Appendices 389 Appendix A: Notation 389 Appendix B: Revision of vectors and vector calculus 393 B.1 Vectors and their algebra 393 B.2 Products of vectors 394 B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator 396 B.4 The divergence and curl operators 397 B.5 Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems 398 B.6 Some useful vector identities 401 Index 403

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Book SynopsisGeosimulation is hailed as 'the next big thing' in geographic modelling for urban studies. This book presents readers with an overview of field by introducing the spatial modelling environment and describing the research and development using cellular automata and multi agent systems. It also covers urban geosimulation.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Foreword. 1. Introduction to urban Geosimulation. 1.1 A new wave of urban geographic models is coming. 1.2 Defining urban Geosimulation. 1.3 Automata as a basis of Geosimulation. 1.4 High-resolution GIS as a driving force of Geosimulation. 1.5 The origins of support for Geosimulation. 1.6 Geosimulation of complex adaptive systems. 1.7 Book layout. 2. Formalizing Geosimulation with Geographic Automata Systems (GAS). 2.1 Cellular Automata and Multi-Agent Systems – Unite! 2.2 Geographic Automata Systems (GAS). 2.3 GAS as a tool for modelling Complex Adaptive Systems. 2.4 From Gas to software environment for urban modelling. 2.5 Object Based Environment for Urban Simulation (OBEUS) – a minimal implementation of GAS. 2.6 Universality of GAS. 2.7 Verifying GAS models. 3. System Theory, Geography, and Urban Modelling. 3.1 The basic notions of system theory. 3.2 The 1960s, geography meets system theory. 3.3 ‘Stocks and flows’ urban modelling. 3.4 Critics of comprehensive modelling. 3.5 What next? Geosimulation of collective dynamics! 4. Modelling urban land usage with cellular automata. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Cellular Automata as a framework for modelling complex spatial systems. 4.3 Urban Cellular Automata. 4.4 From Markov models to urban Cellular Automata. 4.5 Integration of the CA and Markov approaches at a regional level. 4.6 Conclusions. 5. Modelling Urban Dynamics with Multi-Agent Systems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 MAS as a tool for modelling complex human-driven systems. 5.3 Interpreting agency. 5.4 Urban agents, urban agency, and multi-agent cities. 5.5 Agent behaviour in urban environments. 5.6 General models of agents’ collectives in urban interpretation. 5.7 Abstract MAS models of urban phenomena. 5.8 Real-world agent-based simulations of urban phenomena. 5.9 MAS models as planning and assessment tools. 5.10 Conclusions. 6. Finale: Epistemology of Geosimulation. 6.1 Universal questions. 6.2 The future of Geosimulation. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers information on sampling, field techniques, stream analysis, the hydrodynamics of moving water, channel form, sediment transport and commonly used statistical methods such as flow duration and flood frequency analysis. This book includes sections on environmental flows, rehabilitation, measuring stream health and stream classification.Table of ContentsPreface for the Second Edition Preface for the First Edition. 1. Introducing the Medium. 1.1 Water as a fluid. 1.2 The physics of fluids. 1.3 Physical properties of water. 2. How to Study a Stream. 2.1 Focusing on physical habitat. 2.2 The planning process. 2.3 Strategic sampling. 2.4 Know your limitations. 2.5 Examples of how and how not to conduct a study. 3. Potential Sources of Data (How to Avoid Reinventing the Weir). 3.1 Data types. 3.2 Physical data sources, format, and quality. 3.3 Maps: finding those spatial places. 3.4 Photographs and other remotely sensed data. 4. Getting to Know Your Stream. 4.1 General character. 4.2 Catchment characteristics. 4.3 Streamflow hydrographs. 4.4 How does this stream measure up? 5. How to Have a Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. 5.1 Venturing into the field. 5.2 Surveying: a brief introduction. 5.3 Methods of measuring areal extent. 5.4 Surveying streams. 5.5 Measurement of water level or stage. 5.6 Measurement of discharge (streamflow). 5.7 Substrates and sediments: sampling and monitoring methods. 5.8 Substrates and sediments: analysis of physical properties. 5.9 Water quality. 6. Water at Rest and in Motion. 6.1 General. 6.2 Hydrostatics: the restful nature of water. 6.3 Studying the flow of fluids. 6.4 Narrowing the focus: flow of a viscous fluid. 6.5 The microenvironment: flow near solid surfaces. 6.6 Open-channel hydraulics: the macro-environment. 7. It's Sedimentary, Watson! 7.1 Introduction to stream channels, streambeds and transported materials. 7.2 Stream-shaping processes. 7.3 The ins and outs of channel topography. 7.4 Sediment motion. 7.5 Sediment yield from a catchment. 8. Dissecting Data with a Statistical Scope. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Streamflow frequency analysis. 8.3 Flow-duration curves. 8.4 Flow-spell analysis. 8.5 Extrapolating from the known to the unknown. 8.6 Numerical taxonomy: multivariate analysis techniques. Appendix 1: Basic Statistics. References.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a common language for improving communication between researchers, biologists, environmental engineers and others managing or studying riverine environments. It summarises stream classification, stream rehabilitation and methods for determining instream flow requirements.Table of ContentsPreface for the Second Edition. Preface for the First Edition. 1. Introducing the Medium. 1.1 Water as a Fluid. 1.2 The Physics of Fluids. 1.3 Physical Properties of Water. 2. How to Study a Stream. 2.1 Focusing on Physical Habitat. 2.2 The Planning Process. 2.3 Strategic Sampling. 2.4 Know Your Limitations. 2.5 Examples of How and How not to Conduct a Study (by M. Keough). 3. Potential Sources of Data (How to Avoid Reinventing the Weir). 3.1 Data types. 3.2 Physical Data Sources, Format, and Quality. 3.3 Maps: Finding those Spatial Places. 3.4 Photographs and other remotely sensed data. 4. Getting to Know Your Stream. 4.1 Gene ral character. 4.2 Catchment Characteristics. 4.3 Streamflow Hydrographs. 4.4 How Does This Stream Measure Up? 5. How to Have a Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. 5.1 Venturing into the Field. 5.2 Surveying: A Brief Introduction. 5.3 Methods of Measuring Areal Extent. 5.4 Surveying Streams. 5.5 Measurement of Water Level or Stage. 5.6 Measurement of Discharge (Streamflow). 5.7 Substrates and Sediments: Sampling and Monitoring Methods. 5.8 Substrates and Sediments: Analysis of Physical Properties. 5.9 Water Quality. 6. Water at Rest and in Motion. 6.1 General. 6.2 Hydrostatics: The Restful Nature of Water. 6.3 Studying the Flow of Fluids. 6.4 Narrowing the Focus: Flow of a Viscous Fluid. 6.5 The Microenvironment: Flow Near Solid Surfaces. 6.6 Open-channel Hydraulics: The Macro-environment. 7. It’s Sedimentary, Watson! 7.1 Introduction to Stream Channels, Streambeds and Transported Materials. 7.2 Stream-shaping Processes. 7.3 The Ins and Outs of Channel Topography. 7.4 Sediment Motion. 7.5 Sediment Yield from a Catchment. 8. Dissecting Data with a Statistical Scope. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Streamflow Frequency Analysis. 8.3 Flow-duration Curves. 8.4 Flow-Spell Analysis. 8.5 Extrapolating from the Known to the Unknown. 8.6 Numerical Taxonomy: Multivariate Analysis Techniques. 9. "Putting It All Together": Assessing Stream Health, stream Classification, Environmental Flows and Rehabilitation. 9.1 Putting Theories into Practice. 9.2 understanding Stream Values. 9.3 Assessing Streamn Health. 9.4 The Use of Steam Classification in Management. 9.5 Assessing Instream Environmental Flows. 9.6 Steam Rehabilitation. Appendix: Basic Statistics. References. Index. Appendix 1 Basic Statistics. References.

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Book SynopsisPublic and private sector organisations look towards spatial analysis and what it can do for their business or organisation. This book, structured in two complementary parts to convey this public private focus, provides readers with various global applications from business and local/national government.Trade Review"...essential reading...highly recommended...valuable reference for those engaged in using GIS..." (GEO Connexion, June 2004) "…the text and monochrome figures are clear and very well edited…a highly readable resource across a number of disciplines..." (Environment & Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol.31, No.6, 2004)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction (Graham Clarke and John Stillwell). PART 1: GEOBUSINESS 2. Retail Applications of Spatial Modelling (Ken Jones and Tony Hernandez). 3. Using Spatial Models to Solve Difficult Retail Location Problems (Mark Birkin, Graham Clarke, Martin Clarke and Richard Culf). 4. Location-based Services for WAP Phone Users in a Shopping Centre (António Câmara and António Eduardo Dias. 5. Mass Appraisal and Noise: the use of Lifestyle Segmentation Profiles to Define Neighbourhoods for Hedonic Housing Price Mass Appraisal Models (Steve Laposa and Grant Thrall.. PART 2: SOCIAL DEPRIVATION 6. Target Clusters of Deprivation within Cities (Richard Harris and Paul Longley). 7. Assessing Deprivation in English Inner City Areas: Making the Case for EC Funding for Leeds City (Paul Boyle and Seraphim Alvanides). 8. GIS for Joined-up Government: the Case Study of the Sheffield Children Service Plan (Massimo Craglia and Paola Signoretta). 9. The Application of New Spatial Statistical Methods to the Detection of Geographical Patterns of Crime (Peter Rogerson). PART 3: TRANSPORT AND LOCATION 10. Modelling and Assessment of Demand-Responsive Passenger Transport Services (Mark Horn). 11. The South and West Yorkshire Strategic Land-use/Transportation Model (David Simmonds and Andy Skinner). 12. The Relocation of Ambulance Facilities in Central Rotterdam (Stan Geertman, Tom de Jong, Coen Wessels and Jan Bleeker). 13. A probability-based GIS Model for Identifying Focal Species Linkage Zones across Highways in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (Shelley Alexander, Nigel Waters and Paul Paquet. PART 4: NATIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING 14. Modelling Migration for Policy Analysis (Philip Rees, A. Stewart Fotheringham and Tony Champion). 15. Modelling Regional Economic Growth by Means of Carrying Capacity (Leo van Wissen). 16. Planning a Network of Sites for the Delivery of a New Public Service in England and Wales (Mike Coombes and Simon Raybould). 17. New Methods of Assessing Service Provision in Rural England (Martin Frost and John Shepherd). 18. Forecasting River Stage with Artificial Neural Networks (Pauline Kneale and Linda See). 19. Undertaking Applied GIS and Spatial Analysis Research in an Academic Context (Robin Flowerdew and John Stillwell). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisConsidering peatlands as a whole ecosystem, Peatland Systems and Environmental Change provides a unique, timely look at the consequences of the functioning of peatlands to the paleoenvironmental record, carbon cycling, and conservation issues.Trade Review"...an ideal introduction to peatlands..." (Journal of Soils &Sediments, Vol.2, No.3, 2002) "...a welcome and timely addition..." (Land Degradation andDevelopment, November/December 2002) "...a comprehensive summary of peatland science...it willbroaden specialists' and students' knowledge..." (InternationalJournal of Environment Studies, Vol.60, No.2, 2003) "...certainly a book that should be on the shelves of allpeatland researchers..." (Environmental Conservation, Vol.30,No.1, 2003) ...."Overall, this is an outstanding book. Peatlands and Environmental Change is very highlyrecommended both for personal and library use, and should be on arange of reading lists...." (The Holocene,July 2003) ..."All in all this is a very good and well produced book.... and will become a widely cited reference text ..." (EarthSurface Processes & Landforms, Spetember 2003)Table of ContentsPreface and acknowledgements ix Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Peat and Peatlands 3 1.1 Introduction: wetlands and peatlands 3 1.2 Peat and peatland definitions and terminology 3 1.3 Scientific classification systems 5 1.4 Fens and bogs: a key concept 6 1.5 Hydromorphological peatland classification 7 1.6 Mire distribution 15 1.7 Summary 23 Chapter 2 Peat Landforms and Structure 24 2.1 Introduction: peat landforms 24 2.2 Landform development: form, process and time 24 2.3 Description of peat landforms 26 2.4 Landform survey techniques 28 2.5 Peat landform survey: an example from Scotland 32 2.6 Hydrology and peat landforms: the groundwater mound hypothesis 35 2.7 Summary 38 Part 2 Peat land Processes 39 Chapter 3 Peatland Hydrology and Ecology 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Hydrology and water balance 41 3.3 Water movement within peatlands 43 3.4 Outflows 44 3.5 Hydrochemistry 51 3.6 Chemical processes within peatlands 53 3.7 Ecology and ecohydrology 57 3.8 Limiting factors for plants and animals 57 3.9 Environmental gradients 60 3.10 Summary 72 Chapter 4 Origins and PeatInitiation 73 4.1 Introduction: time and peat growth 73 4.2 Frameworks for peat growth 73 4.3 Pathways to peal growth: terrestrialisation and paludification 74 4.4 Evidence for the origins of peatlands 74 4.5 Examples of peat initiation 80 4.6 Blanket mire initiation in the British Isles 80 4.7 Causes of paludification in other mires 84 4.8 Human impact as a cause of peat growth in other peatlands 86 4.9 Tropical peat initiation 87 4.10 Beavers and peat initiation 90 4.11 Summary 91 Chapter 5 Peat Accumulation 92 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Peatland cycles one peat accumulation 92 5.3 Productivity 94 5.4 Decay 100 5.5 Models of peat accumulation 104 5.6 Variability in long-term accumulation rates 110 5.7 Summary 113 Part 3 Changes in Peat lands 115 Chapter 6 The Peatland Archive Palaeoenvironmental Evidence 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 The range of evidence and some general principles 117 6.3 Reasons for Palaeoenvironmental studies on peatlands 120 6.4 Measuring time peatland chronologies 121 6.5 Survey and stratigraphy 129 6.6 Biological evidence of past changes 130 6.7 Physical and chemical characteristics 137 6.8 Multi-proxy approaches 141 6.9 Summary 141 Chapter 7 Autogenic Change 143 7.1 Introduction: long-term change 143 7.2 Autogenic anti allogenic causes of change 143 7.3 Hydroseral succession 145 7.4 Reversals and other successions 149 7.5 Processes of terrestrialisation and the transition to bog peat 150 7.6 Lateral expansion and the development of peal land landscapes 153 7.7 ‘Mature’ peatlands and erosion 155 7.8 Cyclic regeneration 156 7.9 Pattern development 156 7.10 Plant-mediated changes 161 7.11 Physical processes in cold climate peatlands 164 7.12 Summary 165 Chapter 8 Allogenic Change 166 8.1 Introduction 166 8.2 Climate 166 8.3 Fire 169 8.4 Hydrological factors 173 8.5 Volcanic influences 175 8.6 Climate reconstruction from peat 176 8.7 Summary 133 Chapter 9 Peatland-Environment Feedbacks 184 9.1 Introduction 184 9.2 Catchment hydrology 184 9.3 Water quality 186 9.4 Peatlands and global climate 192 9.5 Carbon budgets and gas exchange 194 9.6 Impacts of management and climate change on carbon cycling 198 9.7 Summary 203 Part 4 Resource Management 205 Chapter 10 Values Exploitation and Human Impacts 207 10.1 Introduction: peatland values 207 10.2 Economic values mid exploitation 207 10.3 Wildlife conservation values 209 10.4 Functional values 210 10.5 Value to society 210 10.6 Conservation and ‘wise use’ of peatlands 210 10.7 Impacts of recent human disturbance: drainage as a key process 212 10.8 Peat extraction 214 10.9 Forestry 219 10.10 Agricultural reclamation 225 10.11 Effects of fragmentation 225 10.12 Pollution 227 10.13 Recreation and other disturbance 229 10.14 Long-term anthropogenic disturbance 229 10.15 Summary 230 Chapter 11 Conservation Management and Restoration 231 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Naturalness disturbance and conservation 231 11.3 Management options for disturbed peatlands 233 11.4 Semi-natural peatlands habitat management 234 11.5 Restoration and rehabilitation 242 11.6 Restoration of cutover ombrotrophic mires 244 11.7 Restoring other damaged systems 253 11.8 The future for peatlands in the twenty-first century 255 References 258 Index 289

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Book SynopsisA fascinating and vital area of research, the geography of information describes the role of information as both economic and commercial product and its distribution and movement across boundaries of cyberspace and conventional geography. Written by a pioneer in telecommunications geography research, this prize winning title (AAG award 2003) applies information geography to the world of high-tech, examining the latest wrinkles in the Internet, Silicon Valley, mobile telephony, and other key areas. the first book to provide both a context for the geography of information and a critical overview of recent research. Includes location-specific references and case studies. Examines the information society, information economy, telecommunications and its geographical impact. Trade Review"...an excellent textbook...provides very rich descriptions...should be congratulated for presenting 'hot-button' issues..." (New Media & Society, Vol 6(3), June 2004) "...a useful book that synthesises a great deal of contemporary literature..." (Environment & Planning B: Planning and Design, Vo. 31, No.3 2004) "Its collection and subsequent organization of references, as well as the clarity of its presentation, should make it highly appealing to a wide audience." (Urban Studies, July 2005)Table of ContentsContexts Information and Knowledge The Information Society The Information Economy Information Politics Information Law Conclusion Basics The Scope of Information Geography Space Place Conclusion Technology Information and Technology Technology and Flows Knowledge Innovation Technology Information Technology Regions Conclusion Information Volumes and Origins The Internet: Evolution and Structure A Conceptual Framework for Information Production Ranking Urban Centers of Information Production Global Centers: New York and Los Angeles IT R&D Information Production Conclusion Contents Content Demand and Location Capital as Information E-Commerce and Location Geographic Language Conclusion Transmission The Internet Backbones Flows US Leadership in Telecommunications Conclusion Media Leading Nations The Digital Divide Conclusion Consumption Social Uses of the Internet Internet Consumption in Cities Use and Location Broadband Conclusion Beyond Challenges Geography of Information

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Book SynopsisA one-stop resource for quantitative environmental science methodology, this guide walks readers through their research project from the initial stages of choosing a suitable topic, conducting the relevant experiments, and interpreting the data through an effective presentation of the results.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgement 1. General strategies for completing your research project successfully. 1.1 Introduction – why is this book necessary? 1.2 What on earth am I going to do for my research project? 1.3 Fundamentals of scientific research, the generation and testing of hypotheses (see also Chapter 3). 1.4 What constitutes research? Distinguishing between monitoring and research 1.5 Project planning 1.6 Conducting your project safely 1.7 How to conduct a literature review (see also chapter 7) 1.8 How to be a research student 1.9 How to manage your supervisor 1.10 Summary 2. Gathering your data. 2.1 Different types of data 2.2 Designing an experimental research project 2.3 How reliable are your data? 3. How to summarise your data. 3.1 Descriptive statistics 3.2 Probabilities and data distributions 3.3 Choosing the appropriate statistical test 4. Testing hypotheses. 4.1 Coincidence or causality? 4.2 Relationships and differences 4.3 Testing for differences 5. Spotting relationships. 5.1 Linear regression – to what extent does one factor influence another? 5.2 Multiple linear regression – to what extent is a given variable influenced by a range of other variables? 5.3 Non-linear regression 5.4 Pattern recognition 6. Making sense of past, present and future systems – mathematical modelling. 6.1 What is a model? 6.2 Functions of models 6.3 Which type of model should I use? 6.4 How do I build a model? 6.5 Steps in developing a model 6.6 Illustrative case study 7. Presenting your work. 7.1 Getting started – strategies for successful writing 7.2 How to write your dissertation 7.3 How to represent graphically your data 7.4 How to cite references 7.5 How to defend your work in an oral exam 7.6 How to make effective oral presentations 7.7 Summary Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a coherent introduction to intermediate and advanced methods for environmental data analysis and is based on a course which the author has taught for many years. It prepares students for careers in environmental analysis centered on statistics and allied quantitative methods of evaluation.Trade Review"This book covers an impressive range of topics . . . The book can be used as a basis for courses of different levels." (Stat Papers, 2010) "Some of the unique aspects of Piegorsch and Bailer’s treatment are benchmark dose estimation for toxicants, statistical issues in risk assessment, the assessment of trend and step changes in temporal data, and the discussion of sampling." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 2008) "I enjoyed reading this book and I recommend it to those readers interested in the field of environmental statistics." (Journal of Applied Statistics, January 2009) "This highly recommended book will provide the background for the proper application of statistical methods. These will make an invaluable contribution to the realistic assessment of the damage to the environment to be expected as a result of global warming. The subject and author indexes are both excellent." (Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, August 2006) "This highly recommended book will provide the background for the proper application of statistical methods. These will make an invaluable contribution to the realistic assessment of the damage to the environment to be expected as a result of global warming. The subject and author indexes are both excellent." (Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Aug 2008) "...This is a substantial and thorough book...a handy reference book for any statistician's bookshelf..." (International Statistical Institute, January 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Linear regression. 1.1 Simple linear regression. 1.2 Multiple linear regression. 1.3 Qualitative predictors: ANOVA and ANCOVA models. 1.4 Random-effects models. 1.5 Polynomial regression. Exercises. 2 Nonlinear regression. 2.1 Estimation and testing. 2.2 Piecewise regression models. 2.3 Exponential regression models. 2.4 Growth curves. 2.5 Rational polynomials. 2.6 Multiple nonlinear regression. Exercises. 3 Generalized linear models. 3.1 Generalizing the classical linear model. 3.2 Theory of generalized linear models. 3.3 Specific forms of generalized linear models. Exercises. 4 Quantitative risk assessment with stimulus-response data. 4.1 Potency estimation for stimulus-response data. 4.2 Risk estimation. 4.3 Benchmark analysis. 4.4 Uncertainty analysis. 4.5 Sensitivity analysis. 4.6 Additional topics. Exercises. 5 Temporal data and autoregressive modeling. 5.1 Time series. 5.2 Harmonic regression. 5.3 Autocorrelation. 5.4 Autocorrelated regression models. 5.5 Simple trend and intervention analysis. 5.6 Growth curves revisited. Exercises. 6 Spatially correlated data. 6.1 Spatial correlation. 6.2 Spatial point patterns and complete spatial randomness. 6.3 Spatial measurement. 6.4 Spatial prediction. Exercises. 7 Combining environmental information. 7.1 Combining P-values. 7.2 Effect size estimation. 7.3 Meta-analysis. 7.4 Historical control information. Exercises. 8 Fundamentals of environmental sampling. 8.1 Sampling populations – simple random sampling. 8.2 Designs to extend simple random sampling. 8.3 Specialized techniques for environmental sampling. Exercises. A Review of probability and statistical inference. A.1 Probability functions. A.2 Families of distributions. A.3 Random sampling. A.4 Parameter estimation. A.5 Statistical inference. A.6 The delta method. B Tables. References. Author index. Subject index.

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