Civil engineering, surveying and building Books

Book SynopsisWritten by global leaders and pioneers in the field, this book is a must-have read for researchers, practicing engineers and university faculty working in SHM. Structural Health Monitoring: A Machine Learning Perspective is the first comprehensive book on the general problem of structural health monitoring. The authors, renowned experts in the field, consider structural health monitoring in a new manner by casting the problem in the context of a machine learning/statistical pattern recognition paradigm, first explaining the paradigm in general terms then explaining the process in detail with further insight provided via numerical and experimental studies of laboratory test specimens and in-situ structures. This paradigm provides a comprehensive framework for developing SHM solutions. Structural Health Monitoring: A Machine Learning Perspective makes extensive use of the authors' detailed surveys of the technical literature, the experience they havTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 How Engineers and Scientists Study Damage 2 1.2 Motivation for Developing SHM Technology 3 1.3 Definition of Damage 4 1.4 A Statistical Pattern Recognition Paradigm for SHM 7 1.4.1 Operational Evaluation 10 1.4.2 Data Acquisition 10 1.4.3 Data Normalisation 10 1.4.4 Data Cleansing 11 1.4.5 Data Compression 11 1.4.6 Data Fusion 11 1.4.7 Feature Extraction 12 1.4.8 Statistical Modelling for Feature Discrimination 12 1.5 Local versus Global Damage Detection 13 1.6 Fundamental Axioms of Structural Health Monitoring 14 1.7 The Approach Taken in This Book 15 References 15 2 Historical Overview 17 2.1 Rotating Machinery Applications 17 2.1.1 Operational Evaluation for Rotating Machinery 18 2.1.2 Data Acquisition for Rotating Machinery 18 2.1.3 Feature Extraction for Rotating Machinery 19 2.1.4 Statistical Modelling for Damage Detection in Rotating Machinery 20 2.1.5 Concluding Comments about Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machinery 21 2.2 Offshore Oil Platforms 21 2.2.1 Operational Evaluation for Offshore Platforms 21 2.2.2 Data Acquisition for Offshore Platforms 24 2.2.3 Feature Extraction for Offshore Platforms 24 2.2.4 Statistical Modelling for Offshore Platforms 25 2.2.5 Lessons Learned from Offshore Oil Platform Structural Health Monitoring Studies 25 2.3 Aerospace Structures 25 2.3.1 Operational Evaluation for Aerospace Structures 28 2.3.2 Data Acquisition for Aerospace Structures 29 2.3.3 Feature Extraction and Statistical Modelling for Aerospace Structures 31 2.3.4 Statistical Models Used for Aerospace SHM Applications 32 2.3.5 Concluding Comments about Aerospace SHM Applications 32 2.4 Civil Engineering Infrastructure 32 2.4.1 Operational Evaluation for Bridge Structures 34 2.4.2 Data Acquisition for Bridge Structures 34 2.4.3 Features Based on Modal Properties 35 2.4.4 Statistical Classification of Features for Civil Engineering Infrastructure 36 2.4.5 Applications to Bridge Structures 36 2.5 Summary 37 References 38 3 Operational Evaluation 45 3.1 Economic and Life-Safety Justifications for Structural Health Monitoring 45 3.2 Defining the Damage to Be Detected 46 3.3 The Operational and Environmental Conditions 47 3.4 Data Acquisition Limitations 47 3.5 Operational Evaluation Example: Bridge Monitoring 48 3.6 Operational Evaluation Example: Wind Turbines 51 3.7 Concluding Comment on Operational Evaluation 52 References 52 4 Sensing and Data Acquisition 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Sensing and Data Acquisition Strategies for SHM 53 4.2.1 Strategy I 54 4.2.2 Strategy II 54 4.3 Conceptual Challenges for Sensing and Data Acquisition Systems 55 4.4 What Types of Data Should Be Acquired? 56 4.4.1 Dynamic Input and Response Quantities 57 4.4.2 Other Damage-Sensitive Physical Quantities 59 4.4.3 Environmental Quantities 59 4.4.4 Operational Quantities 60 4.5 Current SHM Sensing Systems 60 4.5.1 Wired Systems 60 4.5.2 Wireless Systems 61 4.6 Sensor Network Paradigms 63 4.6.1 Sensor Arrays Directly Connected to Central Processing Hardware 64 4.6.2 Decentralised Processing with Hopping Connection 65 4.6.3 Decentralised Processing with Hybrid Connection 66 4.7 Future Sensing Network Paradigms 67 4.8 Defining the Sensor System Properties 68 4.8.1 Required Sensitivity and Range 70 4.8.2 Required Bandwidth and Frequency Resolution 71 4.8.3 Sensor Number and Locations 71 4.8.4 Sensor Calibration, Stability and Reliability 72 4.9 Define the Data Sampling Parameters 73 4.10 Define the Data Acquisition System 74 4.11 Active versus Passive Sensing 75 4.12 Multiscale Sensing 75 4.13 Powering the Sensing System 77 4.14 Signal Conditioning 77 4.15 Sensor and Actuator Optimisation 78 4.16 Sensor Fusion 79 4.17 Summary of Sensing and Data Acquisition Issues for Structural Health Monitoring 82 References 83 5 Case Studies 87 5.1 The I-40 Bridge 87 5.1.1 Preliminary Testing and Data Acquisition 89 5.1.2 Undamaged Ambient Vibration Tests 90 5.1.3 Forced Vibration Tests 91 5.2 The Concrete Column 92 5.2.1 Quasi-Static Loading 95 5.2.2 Dynamic Excitation 95 5.2.3 Data Acquisition 95 5.3 The 8-DOF System 98 5.3.1 Physical Parameters 100 5.3.2 Data Acquisition 100 5.4 Simulated Building Structure 100 5.4.1 Experimental Procedure and Data Acquisition 101 5.4.2 Measured Data 102 5.5 The Alamosa Canyon Bridge 104 5.5.1 Experimental Procedures and Data Acquisition 104 5.5.2 Environmental Measurements 107 5.5.3 Vibration Tests Performed to Study Variability of Modal Properties 108 5.6 The Gnat Aircraft 108 5.6.1 Simulating Damage with a Modified Inspection Panel 109 5.6.2 Simulating Damage by Panel Removal 112 References 116 6 Introduction to Probability and Statistics 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Probability: Basic Definitions 120 6.3 Random Variables and Distributions 122 6.4 Expected Values 125 6.5 The Gaussian Distribution (and Others) 130 6.6 Multivariate Statistics 132 6.7 The Multivariate Gaussian Distribution 133 6.8 Conditional Probability and the Bayes Theorem 134 6.9 Confidence Limits and Cumulative Distribution Functions 137 6.10 Outlier Analysis 140 6.10.1 Outliers in Univariate Data 140 6.10.2 Outliers in Multivariate Data 141 6.10.3 Calculation of Critical Values of Discordancy or Thresholds 141 6.11 Density Estimation 142 6.12 Extreme Value Statistics 148 6.12.1 Introduction 148 6.12.2 Basic Theory 148 6.12.3 Determination of Limit Distributions 151 6.13 Dimension Reduction – Principal Component Analysis 155 6.13.1 Simple Projection 156 6.13.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 156 6.14 Conclusions 158 References 159 7 Damage-Sensitive Features 161 7.1 Common Waveforms and Spectral Functions Used in the Feature Extraction Process 163 7.1.1 Waveform Comparisons 164 7.1.2 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation Functions 165 7.1.3 The Power Spectral and Cross-Spectral Density Functions 166 7.1.4 The Impulse Response Function and the Frequency Response Function 168 7.1.5 The Coherence Function 169 7.1.6 Some Remarks Regarding Waveforms and Spectra 170 7.2 Basic Signal Statistics 171 7.3 Transient Signals: Temporal Moments 178 7.4 Transient Signals: Decay Measures 181 7.5 Acoustic Emission Features 183 7.6 Features Used with Guided-Wave Approaches to SHM 185 7.6.1 Preprocessing 186 7.6.2 Baseline Comparisons 186 7.6.3 Damage Localisation 188 7.7 Features Used with Impedance Measurements 188 7.8 Basic Modal Properties 191 7.8.1 Resonance Frequencies 192 7.8.2 Inverse versus Forward Modelling Approaches to Feature Extraction 194 7.8.3 Resonance Frequencies: The Forward Approach 195 7.8.4 Resonance Frequencies: Sensitivity Issues 195 7.8.5 Mode Shapes 197 7.8.6 Load-Dependent Ritz Vectors 203 7.9 Features Derived from Basic Modal Properties 206 7.9.1 Mode Shape Curvature 207 7.9.2 Modal Strain Energy 210 7.9.3 Modal Flexibility 215 7.10 Model Updating Approaches 218 7.10.1 Objective Functions and Constraints 220 7.10.2 Direct Solution for the Modal Force Error 221 7.10.3 Optimal Matrix Update Methods 222 7.10.4 Sensitivity-Based Update Methods 226 7.10.5 Eigenstructure Assignment Method 230 7.10.6 Hybrid Matrix Update Methods 231 7.10.7 Concluding Comment on Model Updating Approaches 231 7.11 Time Series Models 232 7.12 Feature Selection 234 7.12.1 Sensitivity Analysis 234 7.12.2 Information Content 238 7.12.3 Assessment of Robustness 239 7.12.4 Optimisation Procedures 239 7.13 Metrics 239 7.14 Concluding Comments 240 References 240 8 Features Based on Deviations from Linear Response 245 8.1 Types of Damage that Can Produce a Nonlinear System Response 245 8.2 Motivation for Exploring Nonlinear System Identification Methods for SHM 248 8.2.1 Coherence Function 250 8.2.2 Linearity and Reciprocity Checks 251 8.2.3 Harmonic Distortion 256 8.2.4 Frequency Response Function Distortions 261 8.2.5 Probability Density Function 264 8.2.6 Correlation Tests 266 8.2.7 The Holder Exponent 266 8.2.8 Linear Time Series Prediction Errors 271 8.2.9 Nonlinear Time Series Models 273 8.2.10 Hilbert Transform 277 8.2.11 Nonlinear Acoustics Methods 279 8.3 Applications of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Theory 280 8.3.1 Modelling a Cracked Beam as a Bilinear System 281 8.3.2 Chaotic Interrogation of a Damaged Beam 282 8.3.3 Local Attractor Variance 284 8.3.4 Detection of Damage Using the Local Attractor Variance 286 8.4 Nonlinear System Identification Approaches 288 8.4.1 Restoring Force Surface Model 288 8.5 Concluding Comments Regarding Feature Extraction Based on Nonlinear System Response 291 References 292 9 Machine Learning and Statistical Pattern Recognition 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 Intelligent Damage Detection 295 9.3 Data Processing and Fusion for Damage Identification 298 9.4 Statistical Pattern Recognition: Hypothesis Testing 300 9.5 Statistical Pattern Recognition: General Frameworks 303 9.6 Discriminant Functions and Decision Boundaries 306 9.7 Decision Trees 308 9.8 Training – Maximum Likelihood 309 9.9 Nearest Neighbour Classification 312 9.10 Case Study: An Acoustic Emission Experiment 312 9.10.1 Analysis and Classification of the AE Data 314 9.11 Summary 320 References 320 10 Unsupervised Learning – Novelty Detection 321 10.1 Introduction 321 10.2 A Gaussian-Distributed Normal Condition – Outlier Analysis 322 10.3 A Non-Gaussian Normal Condition – A Neural Network Approach 325 10.4 Nonparametric Density Estimation – A Case Study 329 10.4.1 The Experimental Structure and Data Capture 331 10.4.2 Preprocessing of Data and Features 332 10.4.3 Novelty Detection 333 10.5 Statistical Process Control 338 10.5.1 Feature Extraction Based on Autoregressive Modelling 339 10.5.2 The X-Bar Control Chart: An Experimental Case Study 340 10.6 Other Control Charts and Multivariate SPC 343 10.6.1 The S Control Chart 344 10.6.2 The CUSUM Chart 344 10.6.3 The EWMA Chart 345 10.6.4 The Hotelling or Shewhart T2 Chart 346 10.6.5 The Multivariate CUSUM Chart 347 10.6.6 The Multivariate EWMA Chart 347 10.7 Thresholds for Novelty Detection 348 10.7.1 Extreme Value Statistics 348 10.7.2 Type I and Type II Errors: The ROC Curve 354 10.8 Summary 359 References 359 11 Supervised Learning – Classification and Regression 361 11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 Artificial Neural Networks 361 11.2.1 Biological Motivation 361 11.2.2 The Parallel Processing Paradigm 364 11.2.3 The Artificial Neuron 365 11.2.4 The Perceptron 366 11.2.5 The Multilayer Perceptron 367 11.3 A Neural Network Case Study: A Classification Problem 372 11.4 Other Neural Network Structures 374 11.4.1 Feedforward Networks 374 11.4.2 Recurrent Networks 375 11.4.3 Cellular Networks 375 11.5 Statistical Learning Theory and Kernel Methods 375 11.5.1 Structural Risk Minimisation 375 11.5.2 Support Vector Machines 377 11.5.3 Kernels 381 11.6 Case Study II: Support Vector Classification 382 11.7 Support Vector Regression 384 11.8 Case Study III: Support Vector Regression 386 11.9 Feature Selection for Classification Using Genetic Algorithms 389 11.9.1 Feature Selection Using Engineering Judgement 390 11.9.2 Genetic Feature Selection 390 11.9.3 Issues of Network Generalisation 395 11.9.4 Discussion and Conclusions 397 11.10 Discussion and Conclusions 398 References 400 12 Data Normalisation 403 12.1 Introduction 403 12.2 An Example Where Data Normalisation Was Neglected 405 12.3 Sources of Environmental and Operational Variability 406 12.4 Sensor System Design 409 12.5 Modelling Operational and Environmental Variability 411 12.6 Look-Up Tables 414 12.7 Machine Learning Approaches to Data Normalisation 421 12.7.1 Auto-Associative Neural Networks 422 12.7.2 Factor Analysis 423 12.7.3 Mahalanobis Squared-Distance (MSD) 424 12.7.4 Singular Value Decomposition 424 12.7.5 Application to the Simulated Building Structure Data 425 12.8 Intelligent Feature Selection: A Projection Method 429 12.9 Cointegration 431 12.9.1 Theory 432 12.9.2 Illustration 433 12.10 Summary 436 References 436 13 Fundamental Axioms of Structural Health Monitoring 439 13.1 Introduction 439 13.2 Axiom I. All Materials Have Inherent Flaws or Defects 440 13.3 Axiom II. Damage Assessment Requires a Comparison between Two System States 441 13.4 Axiom III. Identifying the Existence and Location of Damage Can Be Done in an Unsupervised Learning Mode, but Identifying the Type of Damage Present and the Damage Severity Can Generally Only Be Done in a Supervised Learning Mode 444 13.5 Axiom IVa. Sensors Cannot Measure Damage. Feature Extraction through Signal Processing and Statistical Classification Are Necessary to Convert Sensor Data into Damage Information 446 13.6 Axiom IVb. Without Intelligent Feature Extraction, the More Sensitive a Measurement is to Damage, the More Sensitive it is to Changing Operational and Environmental Conditions 447 13.7 Axiom V. The Length and Time Scales Associated with Damage Initiation and Evolution Dictate the Required Properties of the SHM Sensing System 448 13.8 Axiom VI. There is a Trade-off between the Sensitivity to Damage of an Algorithm and Its Noise Rejection Capability 449 13.9 Axiom VII. The Size of Damage that Can Be Detected from Changes in System Dynamics is Inversely Proportional to the Frequency Range of Excitation 451 13.10 Axiom VIII. Damage Increases the Complexity of a Structure 454 13.11 Summary 458 References 459 14 Damage Prognosis 461 14.1 Introduction 461 14.2 Motivation for Damage Prognosis 462 14.3 The Current State of Damage Prognosis 463 14.4 Defining the Damage Prognosis Problem 464 14.5 The Damage Prognosis Process 465 14.6 Emerging Technologies Impacting the Damage Prognosis Process 467 14.6.1 Damage Sensing Systems 467 14.6.2 Prediction Modelling for Future Loading Estimates 467 14.6.3 Model Verification and Validation 467 14.6.4 Reliability Analysis for Damage Prognosis Decision Making 467 14.7 A Prognosis Case Study: Crack Propagation in a Titanium Plate 468 14.7.1 The Computational Model 469 14.7.2 Monte Carlo Simulation 471 14.7.3 Issues 471 14.8 Damage Prognosis of UAV Structural Components 474 14.9 Concluding Comments on Damage Prognosis 475 14.10 Cradle-to-Grave System State Awareness 476 References 476 Appendix A Signal Processing for SHM 479 A.1 Deterministic and Random Signals 479 A.1.1 Basic Definitions 479 A.1.2 Transducers, Sensors and Calibration 480 A.1.3 Classification of Deterministic Signals 481 A.1.4 Classification of Random Signals 485 A.2 Fourier Analysis and Spectra 489 A.2.1 Fourier Series 489 A.2.2 The Square Wave Revisited 493 A.2.3 A First Look at Spectra 495 A.2.4 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series 496 A.3 The Fourier Transform 497 A.3.1 Basic Transform Theory 497 A.3.2 An Interesting Function that is not a Function 499 A.3.3 The Fourier Transform of a Periodic Function 501 A.3.4 The Fourier Transform of a Pulse/Impulse 502 A.3.5 The Convolution Theorem 504 A.3.6 Parseval’s Theorem 506 A.3.7 The Effect of a Finite Time Window 506 A.3.8 The Effect of Differentiation and Integration 509 A.4 Frequency Response Functions and the Impulse Response 510 A.4.1 Basic Definitions 510 A.4.2 Harmonic Probing 511 A.5 The Discrete Fourier Transform 512 A.5.1 Basic Definitions 512 A.5.2 More About Sampling 516 A.5.3 The Fast Fourier Transform 519 A.5.4 The DFT of a Sinusoid 524 A.6 Practical Matters: Windows and Averaging 525 A.6.1 Windows 525 A.6.2 The Harris Test 527 A.6.3 Averaging and Power Spectral Density 528 A.7 Correlations and Spectra 532 A.8 FRF Estimation and Coherence 535 A.8.1 FRF Estimation I 535 A.8.2 The Coherence Function 536 A.8.3 FRF Estimators II 538 A.9 Wavelets 540 A.9.1 Introduction and Continuous Wavelets 540 A.9.2 Discrete and Orthogonal Wavelets 549 A.10 Filters 564 A.10.1 Introduction to Filters 564 A.10.2 A Digital Low-Pass Filter 566 A.10.3 A High-Pass Filter 569 A.10.4 A Simple Classification of Filters 570 A.10.5 Filter Design 571 A.10.6 The Bilinear Transformation 573 A.10.7 An Example of Digital Filter Design 576 A.10.8 Combining Filters 578 A.10.9 General Butterworth Filters 579 A.11 System Identification 583 A.11.1 Introduction 583 A.11.2 Discrete-Time Models in the Frequency Domain 586 A.11.3 Least-Squares Parameter Estimation 587 A.11.4 Parameter Uncertainty 589 A.11.5 A Case Study 590 A.12 Summary 591 References 592 Appendix B EssentialLinear StructuralDynamics 593 B.1 Continuous-Time Systems: The Time Domain 593 B.2 Continuous-Time Systems: The Frequency Domain 600 B.3 The Impulse Response 603 B.4 Discrete-Time Models: Time Domain 605 B.5 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems 607 B.6 Modal Analysis 613 B.6.1 Free, Undamped Motion 613 B.6.2 Free, Damped Motion 617 B.6.3 Forced, Damped Motion 618 References 621 Index 623

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Book SynopsisLearn the facts about recycling and discover the best way to make an impact Recycling is a simple action we can take that has an immediate positive effect. It keeps waste out of landfills, conserves natural resources, prevents pollution, and saves energy. Who wouldn't want to do this? But recycling isn't always straightforward. With so many different rules, it can be tough to work out the right thing to do. If you're worried that you're not recycling properly, or wondering whether you could be recycling more, this is the book for you. Recycling For Dummies cuts through the confusion around what you can and can't recycle. This easy-to-follow manual breaks down recycling codes, symbols, and rules in a straightforward way that anyone can understand and apply. You'll gain insight into the recycling process (where does that stuff go, anyway?) and learn tons of tips on reusing items in your daily life to cut down on waste. It also guides you on how to make smarter choices as a consumer to heTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part 1: Getting Started with Recycling 5 Chapter 1: Reviewing the Elements of Recycling 7 Chapter 2: Getting to Know Your Waste 19 Chapter 3: Understanding the Problem with Waste 29 Chapter 4: Making Sense of Recycling 53 Part 2: Grasping Curbside Recycling 77 Chapter 5: Conquering the Basics of Curbside Recycling 79 Chapter 6: Deciphering Curbside Plastic Recycling 103 Chapter 7: Mastering Paper and Cardboard Recycling 133 Chapter 8: Recognizing Recyclable Glass 155 Chapter 9: Identifying Metals and Where to Recycle Them 177 Chapter 10: Making Sense of Multilayer Materials 201 Part 3: Finding Solutions in Specialist Recycling 211 Chapter 11: Starting with Soft Plastics 213 Chapter 12: Composting to Reduce Food Waste 233 Chapter 13: Exploring E-Waste Recycling Solutions 251 Chapter 14: Scouting Other Recycling Programs 275 Part 4: Knowing That Recycling Won’t Save the Planet on Its Own 287 Chapter 15: Changing Our Behaviors for the Sake of Future Generations 289 Chapter 16: Buying Recycled: Supporting Brands Turning Trash into Treasure 303 Chapter 17: Highlighting Other Ways to Get Involved 317 Chapter 18: Considering the Future of Recycling 329 Part 5: The Part of Tens 341 Chapter 19: Ten Recycling Myths Debunked 343 Chapter 20: Ten Things You Thought You Couldn’t Recycle but Can 347 Chapter 21: Ten Things That Don’t Belong in Your Curbside Recycling Bin 353 Appendix: Waste Audit Worksheets 359 Index 363

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Book SynopsisAuthoritative roadmap to the design and construction of a carbon-positive built environment Build Like It's the End of the World stands as a compelling manifesto for the AEC industry, confronting the urgent challenges of climate change with actionable solutions. Authored by Sandeep Ahuja and Patrick Chopson, this text embarks on a journey to redefine the future of our built environment. Through a lens of decarbonization, it challenges established norms and introduces a new benchmark for sustainable design and construction. This book not only advocates for a radical shift in design and construction philosophy but also provides a concrete blueprint for achieving carbon-positivity in our projects and practices. The authors bring their extensive experience and research to the forefront, offering a guide that marries rigorous analytical methods with practical applications. It is a call to action, urging professionals and students alike to embrace innovative technologies and strategies that can lead to significant changes in how we conceive and construct our spaces. Within its pages, readers will find: A comprehensive strategy for carbon-positive design: a detailed blueprint showcases step-by-step how sustainable practices can be integrated into projects, drawing on the authors' vast experience and thorough research. Engaging tools for practical implementation: bridging the gap between high-level sustainability goals and their execution, providing readers with learning objectives, instructional activities, and compelling case studies. Insights on embedding sustainable practices: it offers valuable perspectives on incorporating carbon-positive principles into existing workflows, highlighting the simplicity and profound impact of these efforts. The economic and cultural case for sustainable buildings: demonstrating the viability and necessity of carbon-positive buildings, emphasizing the importance of a cultural shift towards decarbonization in the construction industry. Build Like It's the End of the World is an essential read for anyone in the AEC field looking to navigate the complexities of decarbonization of buildings. It serves as a powerful testament to the role of technology and strategic innovation in transforming the industry, guiding us towards a future where our buildings play a pivotal role in the health of our planet.

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Book SynopsisApproachable guide combining project management principles and proven best practices applied to transportation projects Transportation Project Management is a comprehensive and approachable work providing practical guidance on all aspects of managing transportation projects. It covers project management principles, practical applications, and proven best practices, all tailored specifically to the unique workflows of developing and designing transportation projects, from inception through to advertisement for construction. Detailed themes include technical competencies, industry constraints, organizational opportunities, and the range of soft skills necessary to be an effective leader in this role. This timely publication responds to recent trends in the industry, as transportation organizations become more project-centric in their strategic approach, to enable more efficient project and program delivery amidst increased spending on infrastructure. Some topics covered in TransportatioTable of ContentsContents 1 Project Management 101 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2Triple Constraint 3 1.3 The Project Management Plan 5 1.4 Organizational Basics 8 1.5 A Look Ahead 13 2 Project Development Process 15 2.1 Safety First 15 2.2 Overview 19 2.3 Scoping Phase 22 2.4 Preliminary Design Phase 28 2.5 Detailed Design Phase 30 2.6 Final Design and Right-of-Way Acquisition Phase 34 2.7 Advertise Plans 36 3 Budgets and Estimates 41 3.1 Overview 41 3.2 The Basics 45 3.3 Types of Estimates 50 3.4 Managing the Budget 57 3.5 Performance Metrics 62 4 Scope 67 4.1 Scoping Process 68 4.2 Schedule and Budget Baselines 74 4.3 Roles and Responsibilities 75 4.4 Scope Management 77 5 Schedule 83 5.1 Critical Path Method (CPM) 83 5.2 Schedule Management Plan 92 5.3 Scheduling Issues 94 6 Managing Risk 99 6.1 Why Risk Management Matters 99 6.2 Risk Management Plan 101 6.3 Risk Identification 102 6.4 Risk Analysis 106 6.5 Risk Responses 109 6.6 Monitoring Risks 113 7 Managing Resources 119 7.1 Developing and Managing a Team 119 7.2 Personality Assessments 125 7.3 Resource Planning 140 7.4 Managing Consultants 142 8 Managing Quality 151 8.1 Defining Quality 151 8.2 Monitoring and Controlling Quality 155 8.3 Measuring Quality 161 8.4 The Costs of Quality 164 9 Communications 169 9.1 Project Communications 169 9.2 Stakeholder Involvement and the Stakeholder Engagement Plan 175 9.3 Media Relations 185 10 Controlling the Project 195 10.1 Managing Expectations 195 10.2 Monitor/Control the Project 206 10.3 Change Management 213 10.4 Balancing Innovation – Performance-Based Design 216 10.5 Goals and OKRs 218 10.6 Project Management Methodologies 219 10.7 Performance Metrics 228 11 PM Soft Skills 243 11.1 The Importance of Soft Skills 243 11.2 Characteristics of a Successful PM 245 11.3 Meetings 247 11.4 Time Management 251 11.5 Influence Management 254 11.6 Advancing and Refuting Arguments 261 11.7 Professional Development 266 12 Real-World Challenges 269 12.1 Ethics 269 12.2Project Continuity 270 12.3 Managing Chaos 272 12.4 Surviving an Audit 274 12.5 Scaling Project Approaches 278 12.6 Guidance Pyramid 281 12.7 Planning Fallacy 283 12.8 Closing Thoughts 285 Index 287

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Book SynopsisOrganisational Ethics in the Built Environment A comprehensive analysis of the critical role played by ethics in construction organisations, and a toolkit for implementing a strong ethical culture In Organisational Ethics in the Built Environment, accomplished construction leader Jason Challender delivers an insightful and important resource for construction industry professionals contributing to the creation of safe and suitable projects. The author explains how to construct the foundation for ethical building and business practices in the construction industry, and explores the methods, motives and rationales behind successful and ethical projects from an organisational and industry perspective. You'll learn how practical improvements to organisational ethics can promote ethical standards, behaviours and practices and influence the success of projects in the built environment. You'll also discover the importance of leadership, motivational management, human resource management, corpoTable of ContentsAuthor Biography xii Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Figures xvi List of Tables xvii List of Appendices xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to the Book 1 1.2 Overarching Rationale, Synopsis and Justification: The Aim and Objectives for Writing the Book 1 1.3 The Need to Rethink the Concept of Organisational Ethics 2 1.4 The Fragmentation and Bespoke Nature of the UK Construction Industry 3 1.5 Examples of How This Area Is Used or Represented in Our Society Today 4 1.6 The Lack of Trust in Construction Contracting and Reputational Damage for the Industry and Those Organisations Associated with It 4 1.7 The Book's Value Proposition and Its Unique and Outstanding Features 5 1.8 Audience for the Book 8 1.9 Structure of the Book 8 1.10 Summary 10 2 An Introduction to Organisational Ethics 13 2.1 Introduction to Chapter 13 2.2 What Are Ethics? 14 2.3 The Importance and Relevance of Organisational Ethics in the Construction and Engineering Sectors 16 2.4 Possible Effects of Workplace Ethics on Employees and Organisational Productivity 17 2.5 Organisational Culture Linked to Ethics 18 2.6 Summary 19 3 Environmental Ethics 22 3.1 Introduction to Environmental Ethics 22 3.2 Climate Change and Sustainability 23 3.3 Context for the Discussion on Environmental Ethics 23 3.4 What Are Environmental Ethics and Sustainability? 24 3.5 The Importance of Sustainability and the Ethical Case for Participation 25 3.6 The Global and National Agenda on Sustainability 26 3.7 Environmental Social Responsibility 27 3.8 Dilemmas around Environmental Ethics 28 3.9 Examples of Environmental Ethics and Sustainability in Practice: Case Study One -- A UK Northwest College 29 3.10 Examples of Environmental Ethics and Sustainability in Practice: Case Study Two -- A UK Northwest University 36 3.11 Summary 41 4 Corporate Social Responsibility 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 What Is Corporate Social Responsibility? 46 4.3 The Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility for Businesses 46 4.4 Social Value as Part of Corporate Social Responsibility 47 4.5 Different Types and Models of Corporate Social Responsibility 50 4.6 The Considerate Constructor Scheme 52 4.7 Corporate Codes and Ethical Statements 56 4.8 Sustainable and Ethical Construction Linked to Corporate Social Responsibility 58 4.9 Summary 60 5 Relationship between Ethics and Other Factors 63 5.1 Introduction 63 5.2 The Relationship between Risk and Ethics 64 5.3 The Relationship between Ethics and Quality 67 5.4 Potential Impact of Professional Ethics on Construction Quality 69 5.5 Reputation and Ethics 69 5.6 Ethics and Trust 70 5.7 Ethics and Leadership 70 5.8 Ethics and Motivation 71 5.9 Summary 72 6 Ethical Human Resource Considerations 75 6.1 Introduction 75 6.2 Inclusivity, Equality and Diversity 75 6.3 Ethical Issues around Culture 81 6.4 Initiatives and Accreditations Available for Construction Organisations to Drive Positive Change for Diversity and Inclusion 83 6.5 A Toolkit for Change: Reflection on How the Construction Industry Can Improve Diversity and Inclusion 83 6.6 Ethical Supply Chain Management 85 6.7 Modern Slavery 86 6.8 Data Protection 91 6.9 Summary 93 7 Ethics around Construction Health and Safety 95 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Governance and Management of Health and Safety in the UK 96 7.3 The Institution of Occupational Safety (IOSH) 99 7.4 Ethical Dilemmas around Construction Health and Safety 100 7.5 The Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM) 2015 101 7.6 Procedures and Documentation around Construction Health and Safety 105 7.7 Summary 106 8 Ethical Considerations around Trust and Collaborative Working 108 8.1 Introduction 108 8.2 Professional Ethics and Duties of Trust 109 8.3 The Fragility and Robustness of Trust in a Constantly Changing and Dynamic Environment 110 8.4 The Importance of Trust for Collaboration and Professional Ethics 112 8.5 The Interdependency between Trust, Collaborative Working and Professional Ethics 117 8.6 The UK Construction Industry and Recent Reforms to Encourage Trust and Collaboration 120 8.7 Traditional Procurement of Construction Projects 121 8.8 Overall Context of Collaborative Working and Partnering within the Construction Industry 123 8.9 Trust as a Collaborative Necessity 125 8.10 Different Context for Clients to Consider in Construction Procurement 127 8.11 Summary 131 9 The Importance of Ethical Leadership in Construction and Engineering Management 137 9.1 Introduction to Chapter 137 9.2 Key Components of Ethical Leadership for Construction Professionals 138 9.3 Ethical Leadership and Best Companies 139 9.4 Leadership Identity and Relevance for Construction Professionals 142 9.5 How to Think and Behave as a Responsible Leader 143 9.6 Leadership Challenges for Construction Professionals around Professional Ethics 147 9.7 Leadership Styles and Professional Ethics as Applied to Construction Professionals 147 9.8 The Importance of Communication for Construction Professionals in Ethical Leadership 148 9.9 Adaptability of Leadership Styles for Construction Professionals 149 9.10 The Relationship between Poor Leadership and Project Failure 150 9.11 Summary 151 10 Professional Ethics as a Means for Motivating Project Teams 155 10.1 Introduction 155 10.2 The Relationship between Motivation, Professional Ethics and Trust in the Construction Industry? 156 10.3 The Bespoke and Unique Nature of the Construction Industry 157 10.4 Factors Which Affect Motivation Levels of Project Teams 158 10.5 Communication as a Motivational Factor 159 10.6 Training and Education Related to Motivation and Ethical Compliance 161 10.7 Cultural Factors Affecting Levels of Motivation for Construction-related Staff 163 10.8 The Use of Financial Incentives as a Motivational Management Tool 165 10.9 Summary and Conclusion 167 11 Case Study of How Ethics Can Be Influenced by an International Crisis 172 11.1 Introduction 172 11.2 Professional Ethics in the Context of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic 173 11.3 Positive Examples of Ethical Behaviours during the Pandemic 174 11.4 Examples of Unethical Behaviours during the Pandemic 176 11.5 Ethical Considerations around the UK Government Job Retention 'Furlough' Scheme 178 11.6 Contractual Implications Brought about by the Pandemic 179 11.7 Additional Measures to Ensure Health and Safety of Workforce during the Pandemic 179 11.8 Ethical Leadership Throughout the Pandemic 182 11.9 Reflections for the Future 184 11.10 Summary 184 12 Independent Research Study 187 12.1 Introduction 187 12.2 Review of Existing Literature and Theory 188 12.3 Research, Design and Methodology 199 12.4 Conclusion and Recommendations 217 13 Implications in Practice for Organisational Ethics in the Built Environment 223 13.1 Introduction 223 13.2 The Importance of Reputation and Image for Organisations in the Built Environment 224 13.3 The Relationship between Ethics and Quality for Organisations 225 13.4 Initiatives and Measures to Improve Organisational Ethics 225 13.5 Education, Training and Continued Professional Development (CPD) around Organisational Ethics 229 13.6 Summary 230 14 Summary of Key Points, Reflections, Overview and Closing Remarks 232 14.1 Introduction 232 14.2 Summary of the Key Issues Raised throughout the Book 232 14.3 Final Reflections, Overview and Closing Remarks 250 References 251 Appendix A Energy, Water and Carbon Management Plan 253 Appendix B Environmental and Sustainability Strategy Document 269 Appendix C Considerate Constructor Scheme Site Registration Monitors Checklist 283 Appendix D COVID-19 Project Review of Site Operating Procedures 289 Appendix E Supply Chain Communication and Coronavirus Business Continuity Planning 298 Appendix F COVID-19 Management System 299 Index 301

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Book SynopsisResearch Methodology and Strategy Provides comprehensive coverage of the entire research process, methodologies, strategies and their applications, ideal for final-year undergraduate, Masters and PhD students, academics, researchers and professionals. Research Methodology and Strategy: Theory and Practice is designed to help readers understand the research process and equip them with the skills required to successfully execute their projects. In-depth chapters describe the general research processes, different research paradigms and their applications and criticism, and more. Written by authors with decades of research experience, this authoritative textbook addresses the skills needed by all active researchers, including mixed method research design and development, data- and technology-driven research methodologies, writing and publishing research outcomes, strengthening research-practice nexus and strategies for improving research impact and citTable of ContentsForeword by Andrew Dainty vii Foreword by Chimay J. Anumba ix Foreword by Lieyun Ding xi Foreword by Dongping Fang xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Fundamentals of Research 1 2 Qualitative Research 19 3 Quantitative Research 37 4 Mixed Methods Research 85 5 Case Study Research 97 6 Technology-Enabled Experimental Research 117 7 Data-Driven Research 129 8 The Fifth Research Paradigm: Hybrid Natural-Social Sciences Methods Research 151 9 Journal Article Writing and Publishing 161 10 Thesis Writing 187 11 Research–Practice Nexus and Knowledge Coproduction 199 12 Managing the Researching–Writing–Publishing Journey 211 13 Improving Impact and Citation of Research Outcomes 225 14 Concluding Remarks and the Ways Forward 235 Index 237

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Book SynopsisHANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT FOR INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROLS Learn to effectively install and commission complex, high-performance instrumentation and controls in modern process plants In Handbook of Construction Management for Instrumentation and Controls, a team of experienced engineers delivers an expert discussion of what is required to install and commission complex, high-performance instrumentation and controls. The authors explain why, despite the ubiquitous availability of diverse international standards and instrument manufacturer data, the effective delivery of such projects involves significantly more than simply fitting instruments on panels. The book covers material including site management, administration, operations, site safety, material management, workforce planning, instrument installation and cabling, instrument calibration, loop check and controller tuning, results recording, and participation in plant commissioning exercises. It also provides an extensiveTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvi List of Figures xix List of Tables xxiv List of Forms xxv Preface xxvii Abbreviations xxix 1 Site Operations Manual – General 1 1.1 Introduction to the Handbook 1 1.2 Need for Handbook 2 1.3 Contract Types and Construction Management 2 1.4 Roadmap to Handbook 3 1.4.1 Oil and Gas Industry 3 1.4.2 Codes and Standards 3 1.4.3 Influence of Chemical Plant Nature on Construction 3 2 Construction Management – SITE Operations 7 2.1 SITE Management and Operations – Overview 7 2.2 Site Operations Manual 8 2.2.1 Site Construction Manager 8 2.2.2 Site Mobilisation 9 2.2.3 Site Organisation 9 2.2.3.1 Size 9 2.2.3.2 Organisation Structure and Manpower Resources 10 2.2.4 Engineering Administration 11 2.2.4.1 Engineering Standards On Site 12 2.2.4.2 Documents to be Available On Site 12 2.2.4.3 Material Management 12 2.2.4.4 Tools and Tackles On Site 12 2.2.4.5 Installation and Commissioning Schedule 12 2.2.4.6 Detailed Schedules for Installation and Shutdown 12 2.2.4.7 Clearance Certificates 12 2.2.4.8 Morning Meetings 13 2.2.4.9 QA Procedures 13 2.2.4.10 Safety Policy 14 2.2.4.11 Installation, Testing and Commissioning 14 2.2.5 Site Safety Practices and Rules 18 2.2.5.1 General Requirements 18 2.2.5.2 Administration 22 2.3 Site Administration and Cost Control 40 2.3.1 Plans and Schedules 40 2.3.2 Materials Management and Storage 40 2.3.2.1 Goods Receipt 40 2.3.2.2 Goods Issue 41 2.3.2.3 Spares 41 2.3.2.4 Software 42 2.3.2.5 Site Purchase 42 2.3.3 Staff Management 42 2.3.3.1 Site Organisation Structure 42 2.3.3.2 Site Working Hours 42 2.3.3.3 Charge Numbers For Site 43 2.3.3.4 Applying for Leave 43 2.3.3.5 Travel for Staff on Site 43 2.3.3.6 Discipline on Site 43 2.3.3.7 Performance Review for Staff On Site 43 2.3.3.8 Staff on Temporary Transfer to Site 43 2.3.4 Site Administration and Cost Control 43 2.3.4.1 Site Cost Monitoring 43 2.3.4.2 Site Cost Control 43 2.3.4.3 Revised Cost Estimates 44 2.3.4.4 Budget Updates 44 2.3.4.5 Corrective Action 44 2.3.4.6 Estimate at Completion (EAC) 44 2.3.4.7 Lessons Learned 44 2.3.5 Subcontractor Management 44 2.3.5.1 Subcontractor Check List 45 2.3.5.2 Obligations to the Subcontractor 45 2.3.5.3 Subcontractor Supervision 45 2.3.5.4 Quality in Work 45 2.3.5.5 Morning Meetings 45 2.3.5.6 Delays Caused by the Subcontractor 46 2.3.5.7 Breach of Contract by the Subcontractor 46 2.3.5.8 Subcontractor Safety 46 2.3.5.9 Claims by the Subcontractor 46 2.3.5.10 Progress Payment Claims 46 2.3.5.11 Delay Claims 46 2.3.5.12 Extension of Time Claims (EOT) 46 2.3.5.13 Dealing With the Client 47 2.3.6 Role of the Site Manager 47 2.3.7 Documents and Records On Site 47 2.3.7.1 Engineering Manuals 47 2.3.7.2 Engineering Drawings and Database 47 2.3.7.3 Registers / Files to be Maintained On Site 47 2.3.7.3.1 General 47 2.3.7.3.2 Contract Related 48 2.3.7.3.3 Subcontractor Related 48 2.3.8 Drawings / Documents / Manuals Issued to Subcontractor 48 2.3.8.1 System Related 48 2.3.8.2 Software on Site 48 2.3.8.3 Material Management Related 48 2.3.8.4 Safety Related 48 2.3.9 Overseas Construction Sites (Middle and Far East) 48 2.3.10 Communications and Reporting 49 2.3.10.1 Language Parlance 49 2.3.10.2 Types of Communication 49 2.3.10.3 Fortnightly Events Report 50 2.3.10.4 MPR and S-Curve 50 2.3.10.5 SIR and CWR 50 2.3.10.6 Safety Report 50 2.3.11 Project Completion and Closure 50 2.3.11.1 Check List for Project Closure 50 2.3.11.2 Formal Acceptance of Closure 50 2.3.12 PMC / Owner – Roles and Responsibilities 50 2.3.12.1 Data Sharing 50 2.3.12.2 Legal 51 2.4 Site Work Clearances and Permits 51 2.4.1 Introduction 51 2.4.2 Clearance Requirements 52 2.4.2.1 Clearance to Work Certificate 52 2.4.2.2 Types of Permits 52 2.4.2.3 Work Requiring a Clearance to Work 52 2.4.2.4 Requesting a Clearance to Work 52 2.4.2.5 Issuing a Clearance to Work 53 2.4.2.6 Changes to Scope of Work 53 2.4.2.7 Authorised Issuers 54 2.4.2.8 Documentation 54 2.5 Planning, Scheduling and Cost Control 54 2.5.1 General 54 2.5.2 Introduction to Planning 54 2.5.2.1 Wbs 54 2.5.2.2 CPD and CPM 57 2.5.2.3 Network Planning 58 2.5.3 Introduction to Scheduling (and Use of S-Curve) 61 2.5.4 Introduction to Reporting (Gantt Chart) 62 2.5.5 Introduction to Construction Cost Estimation 67 2.5.5.1 Overview 67 2.6 Technical Spec Tender and Template 72 2.6.1 Introduction 72 2.6.2 Scope of Works and Supply 73 2.6.2.1 Calibration Works 73 2.6.2.2 Supply and Installation Works 74 2.6.2.3 Cabling, Laying and Wiring Works 74 2.6.2.4 Piping and Tubing Hook-Up Works 74 2.6.2.5 Earthing Works 74 2.6.2.6 Loop Check Works 74 2.6.2.7 Documentation 75 2.6.2.8 Pre-Commissioning and Commissioning 75 2.6.2.9 Information From Tenderer 75 2.6.2.10 Mobilisation and SITE Management 75 2.6.2.11 Labour Laws and Law Requirements 76 2.6.2.12 Insurance 77 2.6.2.13 Contract Unassignable 77 2.6.2.14 Contractor’s Warranty 77 2.6.2.15 Contractor’s Guarantee 77 2.6.2.16 Inspection and Tests 78 2.6.2.17 Confidentiality 78 2.6.2.18 Contractor’s General Indemnity 78 2.6.2.19 Arbitration 78 2.6.2.20 Jurisdiction of Courts 78 2.6.2.21 Force Majeure 78 2.6.2.22 Annexure 1 to Section 2.6 78 2.6.2.23 Annexure 3 to Section 2.6 79 2.6.2.24 Annexure 4 Tender Schedule of Rates Format 79 3 Site Operations Manual – I&C 81 3.1 General 81 3.1.1 Engineering Handover 81 3.1.2 Site Structure for I&C Works Contract 85 3.1.3 Introduction to “Smart Instrumentation” Software 85 3.1.4 Preliminaries and Sequence of Works – I&C 87 3.2 Site Estimations and Preparations – I&C 90 3.2.1 Information Compilation 90 3.2.2 Man-Hour Estimate 92 3.2.3 Typical Engineering Cost Estimate Master Sheet 93 3.2.4 Documentation to be Available at Site 95 3.2.5 Tools, Tackles, Test Instruments / Equipment Miscellany 95 3.3 Field Installation 96 3.3.1 General 96 3.3.1.1 Overview 96 3.3.1.2 Equipment and Manpower Requirements 97 3.3.1.3 Instrument Mounting Locations 97 3.3.1.4 Accessibility 98 3.3.2 Field Installation – Instrument Accessories 100 3.3.2.1 Instrument Stanchion Installation 100 3.3.2.2 Instrument Sunshade Installation 103 3.3.2.3 Instrument Tag Plate Installation 106 3.3.2.4 Field Boxes and Panels Installation 106 3.3.3 Instrumentation Cabling Installation 109 3.3.3.1 Importance of Specification in Cable Laying 109 3.3.3.2 Cable Glands Installation 112 3.3.3.3 Cable Routing, Supporting and Fastening Installations 112 3.3.3.3.1 General 112 3.3.3.3.2 Cable Signal Segregation 112 3.3.3.3.3 Cable Routing Methods 114 3.3.3.3.4 Cabling From Field Junction Box to Control Room Marshalling Cabinets 115 3.3.3.3.5 Aboveground Cable Supporting System 115 3.3.3.3.6 Cable Tray-Ladder and Support Systems 115 3.3.3.3.7 Conduit and Conduit Fittings and Supports Installation 117 3.3.3.3.8 Cable Fastening 119 3.3.3.3.9 Underground Cable Supporting System 119 3.3.3.3.10 Computer False Floor 119 3.3.3.3.11 Cables in Trenches and/or Ducts 119 3.3.3.3.12 Duct Bank System Installation 122 3.3.3.3.13 Cable Entry Sealing 123 3.3.3.3.14 Cable Termination 123 3.3.3.3.15 Noise and Signal Interference Reduction 123 3.3.3.3.16 Cable Glands Installation 124 3.3.3.3.17 Connections at Field Instruments 124 3.3.3.3.18 Connections at Field Junction Boxes 124 3.3.3.3.19 Termination 125 3.3.3.3.20 Identification 126 3.3.3.3.21 Cable Supporting – Installation Detail 128 3.3.3.3.22 Cable Entry Sealing and Multi-Cable Transits (MCT) Installation 130 3.3.3.3.23 Cable End-to-End Installation 132 3.3.3.3.24 FF Cabling and Wiring – Special Note 133 3.3.3.3.25 Fibre Optic Network Cabling – Special Note 134 3.3.4 Field Instrumentation Earthing Installation 136 3.3.4.1 Grounding and Earthing Plan 136 3.3.4.2 Safety Ground Installation 139 3.3.4.3 Instrument DC and Shield Ground 140 3.3.4.4 Safety Ground Conductor Connections 140 3.3.4.5 Ground Fault Detection 140 3.3.5 Field Instrument-to-Process Installation 142 3.3.5.1 Instrument Impulse Tubing Installation 142 3.3.5.2 Pipe Manifolds and Direct Mounted Instruments – Installation 145 3.3.6 Online Instruments Installation 146 3.3.6.1 Pressure Gauges and Pressure Switches 146 3.3.6.2 Pressure and Differential Pressure Transmitters 147 3.3.7 In-Line Instruments Installation – Flow Meters 150 3.3.7.1 General Guidelines for Flow Meters 150 3.3.7.2 Orifice Plate and Flanges and Restriction Orifices 153 3.3.7.3 Venturi Tubes 154 3.3.7.4 Flow Nozzle 154 3.3.7.5 Wedge Flow Meter 154 3.3.7.6 Vortex Flow Meter 156 3.3.7.7 Ultrasonic Flow Meter Head 156 3.3.7.8 Coriolis Flow Meter 157 3.3.7.9 Electromagnetic (EM) Flow Meters 159 3.3.7.10 Variable Area Flow Meter (Rotameter) 161 3.3.7.11 Turbine Flow Meter 162 3.3.7.12 Positive Displacement or PD Flow Meter 164 3.3.7.13 Averaging Pitot Tube 165 3.3.8 In-Line instrumentation – Level Instruments on Vessels / Equipment 167 3.3.8.1 Types 167 3.3.8.2 General Guidelines For Installation 168 3.3.8.2.1 Standpipes / Stilling Well Fabrication Basics 168 3.3.8.2.2 Installation Guidelines 169 3.3.8.3 Level Gauges 169 3.3.8.3.1 Tubular / Reflex / Transparent Level Gauge / Indicators Installation 169 3.3.8.3.2 Magnetic Level Gauge / Indicators Installation 170 3.3.8.4 Guided Wave Radar (GWR) 170 3.3.8.5 Non-Contact Radar Level Transmitter Installation 172 3.3.8.6 Differential Pressure Level Instruments 174 3.3.8.7 Displacer Level Instruments 176 3.3.8.7.1 LVDT Type Displacer Level Instruments 176 3.3.8.7.2 Torque Tube Type Displacer Level Instruments 176 3.3.8.7.3 Installation Guidelines 176 3.3.8.8 Float Type Liquid Level Switches 177 3.3.8.8.1 Switch Mechanisms 177 3.3.8.8.2 Installation Guidelines 177 3.3.8.9 Magnetostrictive Level Transmitters 178 3.3.8.10 Capacitance Probe 179 3.3.8.11 Vibrating Fork Level Detector 180 3.3.8.12 Rotating Paddle Level Detector 182 3.3.8.13 Radiometric Level Detector 182 3.3.8.14 Tank Gauging – Manual 184 3.3.8.15 Automatic Tank Gauging (ATG) 184 3.3.8.15.1 Float Gauge–Servo 187 3.3.8.15.2 Hybrid Tank Gauging for Redundancy 187 3.3.9 Inline instruments – Temperature Instruments on Lines / Vessels / Equipment 187 3.3.9.1 General Guidelines for Temperature Measurements 187 3.3.9.2 Thermowells 188 3.3.9.3 Bi-Metal Thermometer 189 3.3.10 Process Analysers Installation 190 3.3.10.1 Introduction 190 3.3.10.2 Analyser Fundamentals 191 3.3.10.3 Analyser Installation Basics 201 3.3.10.3.1 Introduction to Installation 201 3.3.10.3.2 Analyser Enclosures Installation 203 3.3.10.3.3 General Sampling System Installation 205 3.3.10.4 Installation Guidelines 208 3.3.10.4.1 pH Analyser 208 3.3.10.4.2 Conductivity Analyser 209 3.3.10.4.3 Composition Analysis – Chromatographs 209 3.3.10.4.4 Oxygen Analyser 210 3.3.10.4.5 Sulphur Analyser 210 3.3.10.4.6 H2S Analyser 211 3.3.10.4.7 H2S – Oxygen Analyser 212 3.3.10.4.8 Oxygen Combustibles 212 3.3.10.4.9 Distillation Analyser 212 3.3.10.4.10 TOC Analyser 213 3.3.10.4.11 Oil-in-Water Analyser 213 3.3.10.4.12 Hydrogen-in-Gas Analyser 214 3.3.10.4.13 In-Line Hydrogen Sensor 214 3.3.10.4.14 Viscosity Analyser 214 3.3.10.4.15 Densitometer – Liquid 215 3.3.10.4.16 Densitometers – Gas and Wobbe Index 216 3.3.10.4.17 Moisture and Dew Point Analyser 216 3.3.10.4.18 Flash Point Analyser 216 3.3.10.4.19 Freeze Point and Cloud Point Analyser 217 3.3.10.4.20 RVP Analyser 218 3.3.10.4.21 Cold Filter Plug Point (CFPP) 218 3.3.10.4.22 Safety Gas Detectors 218 3.3.10.4.23 Analyser – Flare Emissions – EPA 220 3.3.10.4.24 Analyser – Others – EPA – Water 221 3.3.10.4.25 Analyser – CEM Other Than Flare Monitoring 221 3.3.10.4.26 Amadas 225 3.3.11 CV, MOV and PSV 226 3.3.11.1 Control Valves 226 3.3.11.2 Motor Operated Valves 229 3.3.11.3 Safety Valves 231 3.3.12 Instrument Air Piping and Pneumatic Transmission – Installation 233 3.3.13 Instrument Hydraulic Transmission Installation 235 3.3.14 Instrumentation Painting Requirements 237 3.4 Calibration 237 3.4.1 Introduction 237 3.4.1.1 Reference Accuracy vs. Bench Accuracy vs. Installed Accuracy 237 3.4.1.2 Accuracy in Terms of %FS (Full Scale) or % of Reading 238 3.4.2 Method or Procedure Statements 238 3.4.2.1 Method Statement 238 3.4.2.2 Guidelines 239 3.4.2.3 Calibration of HART and SMART Instruments 241 3.4.3 Calibration vs. Functional Test 242 3.4.4 Typical Hook-Ups and Calibration Steps 243 3.4.4.1 Typical Calibration Hook-Ups 243 3.4.4.2 Typical Instrument Calibration Steps 244 3.4.4.2.1 Pressure Instruments 244 3.4.4.2.2 Level Instruments 244 3.4.4.2.3 Temperature Instruments 246 3.4.4.2.4 Flow Instruments 246 3.4.4.2.5 Control Valves and Accessories 247 3.4.4.2.6 Safety – Relief Valves 250 3.4.4.2.7 Analysers – Calibration 250 3.5 Electrical Works For I&C 263 3.5.1 Scope of Works 263 3.5.2 Electrical and I&C Interface Activities 264 3.6 Control Room and Automation Works 273 3.6.1 Introduction to Control Room and Building 273 3.6.2 Introduction to System Architecture 274 3.6.3 Control Room (CR) Installation Works 276 3.6.3.1 Control Room I&C System – Installation Works 276 3.6.3.2 System Cabinet / Consoles / Workstations / Panel Installation 279 3.6.3.3 CR Conduit, Cable Tray / Ladder Installation 281 3.6.3.4 Power Cable, Signal Cable, Fibre Optic Cable Installation 281 3.6.3.5 Junction Box / FGS Panel Installation 282 3.6.3.6 FGS and Other Instruments Installation 282 3.6.4 Building Management and Access Control 282 3.6.4.1 Control Room HVAC 284 3.6.4.2 FGS for Control Room 287 3.6.4.3 Access Control 288 3.6.4.4 Rodent Control 289 3.6.4.5 Corrosion Monitoring – Control / SIH Rooms 289 3.6.4.6 Surge Protection Devices (SPD) 290 3.6.4.7 CCTV System 293 3.6.4.8 System Interfaces and Cyber Security – OT 294 3.6.4.8.1 System Interface Management 294 3.6.4.8.2 Cyber Security 295 3.6.4.8.3 Sys Interface – Contractor’s Role 295 3.6.4.8.4 MODBUS Inter System Links 297 3.7 Special Packs 298 3.7.1 Compressor I&C Packages 298 3.7.2 HVAC Systems – I&C 299 3.7.3 Satellite Instrument House (SIH) 300 3.7.4 Wireless I&C Preparations 302 3.7.5 Special Automation Packages 302 3.7.5.1 Tank Gauging Systems (TGS) 302 3.7.5.2 Tank Automation Systems (TAS) 303 3.7.5.3 Product Terminal Systems 304 3.7.5.4 Meter Prover Systems and Custody Transfers 307 3.7.5.5 Chemical and Catalyst Loading Systems 309 3.7.5.6 Variable Speed / Frequency Drive System 310 3.7.6 Emergency Isolation and Depressuring System 310 3.7.7 Special Third-Party Interfaces on Installations 312 3.7.7.1 IBR (India) 312 3.7.7.2 Nuclear Third-Party Inspections 313 3.7.7.3 Fire and Gas Third-Party Interfaces 314 3.8 QA/QC Plan – I&C 314 3.8.1 Introduction 314 3.8.2 Typical I&C QA/QC Plan 314 3.8.3 Information and Construction Check List 318 3.8.4 Loop Test 318 3.8.4.1 Loop Folder 318 3.8.4.2 Loop Test / Checks 320 3.8.4.2.1 Basics of Loop Checks 320 3.8.4.2.2 Loop Check Principles 322 3.8.4.2.3 Loop Check Methods for 4–20 mA or HART Transmitters 323 3.8.4.2.4 Detailed Loop Checks Procedure 324 3.8.5 Site Acceptance Test (SAT) Works 327 3.8.6 Site Integrated Test (SIT) Works 335 3.8.7 Pre-Commissioning Check Lists 335 3.8.7.1 Activity Log Register 335 3.8.7.2 Change Management 336 3.8.7.3 Pre-Commissioning Check List 336 3.9 Commissioning Works 338 3.9.1 Integrated Control System Commissioning 338 3.9.2 Plant Commissioning Preparation and Steps 338 3.9.3 Loop Tuning 340 3.9.3.1 Loop Tuning Basics 340 3.9.3.2 Loop Tuning – A Brief Introduction 341 3.9.3.2.1 Trial and Error Method 341 3.9.3.2.2 Open Loop Control Method 341 3.9.3.2.3 Closed Loop Control Method 342 3.9.4 Final Commissioned Plant Submissions 342 3.9.4.1 Final Activities 342 3.9.4.2 Dossier and Forms 343 3.10 Sign-Offs and Handover 346 3.10.1 Final Site Cleaning 346 3.10.2 Punch List – Final for Handover 346 3.10.2.1 Post Punch Check List for Commissioning 346 3.10.3 HAZOP and PSSR 347 3.10.4 Site Handover After I&C Works 348 4 Bulk Construction Material Specifications 349 4.1 Stanchions / Pipe Stands Specifications 349 4.2 Instrument Sunshade Specifications 351 4.3 Instrument Tag Plate Specifications 351 4.4 Junction Boxes Specifications 352 4.5 Cable Gland Specifications 355 4.6 Local Control Panel 355 4.7 Tubing and Tube Fitting Specifications 357 4.8 Valve Manifold Specifications 358 4.9 Instrument Cable Specifications 359 4.10 Network Cable Specifications 366 4.11 Instrument Concrete Duct Bank Specifications 367 4.12 Instrument Trays / Ladder Specifications 368 4.13 Conduit and Conduit Fitting Specifications 369 4.13.1 Conduits 369 4.13.2 Conduit Fittings 370 4.14 Multi-Cable Transit Specifications 370 4.15 Earthing / Grounding Material Specifications 371 5 Engineering Information 373 5.1 International Standards List 373 5.1.1 Standards Specific to I&C Construction Phase 373 5.1.2 Standards Specific to I&C Engineering Design 375 5.1.3 Associated Standards Useful to I&C 376 5.2 Useful Engineering Information 376 5.2.1 Thermocouple Tables 376 5.2.2 RTD Tables 377 5.2.3 Flange and Gasket Standards 377 5.2.3.1 Flanges 377 5.2.3.2 Gaskets 378 5.2.4 Corrosive Environment Class for Control Rooms 379 5.2.5 Hazardous Area Classification 380 5.2.6 Ingress Protection 381 5.2.7 Safety Integrity Limit (SIL) 381 5.2.8 Pressure Definitions 382 5.2.9 Typical Piping Connection Size for Instruments 382 5.2.10 Differential Pressure Level Measurement Suppression Elevation Calculation 383 5.2.11 Selected Engineering Conversions 384 5.2.12 Material Selection Table 387 5.2.13 Commonly Used Elastomers in Gaskets and Seals in Refineries 388 5.2.14 Control Valve Inherent Flow Characteristics 388 5.2.15 Physical Constants of Fluids 389 5.2.16 MODBUS – An Introduction 389 5.2.16.1 Introduction 389 5.2.16.2 How is the Data Stored in Standard MODBUS? 389 5.2.16.3 What is the Server ID? 390 5.2.16.4 What is a Function Code? 390 5.2.16.5 Error Checking 390 5.2.16.6 MODBUS Messages 390 5.2.16.7 Typical Wiring for MODBUS Communications 390 5.3 Typical Sample Drawings / Documents for Construction 392 5.4 Software in I&C Construction Management 400 5.4.1 Software Tools in Site Office Management 400 5.4.2 Field Bus Testing and Training Lab 400 5.4.3 Software Trends in Site Management 400 5.4.4 Loss and Profitability in Construction Contracts 400 6 Compendium of Forms 403 6.1 General 403 6.1.1 Site Office Personnel Forms Index 403 6.1.1.1 Employee Weekly Time Sheet Form 404 6.1.1.2 Employee Requisition Form 405 6.1.1.3 Travel Request Form 406 6.1.1.4 Position Specification Form 407 6.1.1.5 Employee Leave Request Form 408 6.1.1.6 Employee Expense Report Form – Sheets 1 and 2 409 6.1.2 Site Office Technical Forms Index 411 6.1.2.1 Customer Work Request Form – CWR 412 6.1.2.2 Internal Work Request Form – IWR 413 6.1.2.3 Information Request Form – IR 414 6.1.2.4 CHANGE Request Form – CR 415 6.1.2.5 Site Incident and Investigation Report Forms – SIR – Sheets 1 and 2 416 6.1.2.6 Goods Despatch Register Form – GDR 418 6.1.2.7 Goods Receipt Register Form – GRR 419 6.1.2.8 Stores Transaction Register Form – STR 420 6.1.2.9 SRR and SPIR Forms – Sheets 1 and 2 421 6.1.2.10 Work Permit and Clearance Forms (WCP) 425 6.2 Technical Forms – Typical 436 6.2.1 Trade Skill Test Forms 437 6.2.1.1 Instrument Fitter 437 6.2.1.2 Instrument Fabricator 438 6.2.1.3 Instrument Electrician 439 6.2.1.4 Instrument Technician (Calibration) 440 6.2.1.5 Instrument Supervisor 441 6.2.1.6 Instrument Foreman 442 6.2.2 Calibration Forms 443 6.2.2.1 Controllers and Receivers – Local 443 6.2.2.2 Control Valves – Actuators – Calibration and Inspection 444 6.2.2.3 Field Instrument – General 446 6.2.2.4 Field / Receiver Switch 447 6.2.2.5 Analyser Installation and Calibration Check 448 6.2.3 Field Installation Inspection Check Forms 450 6.2.3.1 Impulse Line Check 450 6.2.3.2 IA and Pneumatic – Piping System Check 452 6.2.3.3 IA and Pneumatic – Manifold System Check 454 6.2.3.4 Junction Box – Local Panel Check 456 6.2.3.5 Cable Drum Check 458 6.2.3.6 Cable Installation Check (Instrument and Fiber Optic Cables) 459 6.2.3.7 Cable Trunking Check 462 6.2.3.8 Field Cable Termination Check 464 6.2.3.9 Fieldbus Segment and Extension Check 465 6.2.3.10 Orifice Plate Check 468 6.2.3.11 Inline Flow Instrument Check 469 6.2.3.12 Online Flow Instrument Check 471 6.2.3.13 Level Instrument Check 472 6.2.3.14 Temperature Instrument Calibration and Check 474 6.2.3.15 MOV Installation Check 475 6.2.3.16 Safety Relief Valves Check 476 6.2.3.17 Package Instrument Installation Check 478 6.2.3.18 Analyser Shelter Installation Check 480 6.2.4 Control Room Works 480 6.2.4.1 Introduction 480 6.2.4.2 Control Room Requirements 481 6.2.4.3 Control Room Contracting Trends 481 6.2.4.4 Control Room Installation and Construction Phases 482 6.2.5 Loop Check Forms 484 6.2.5.1 Analogue Input Loop 484 6.2.5.2 Analogue Output – Control Valve Loop 485 6.2.5.3 Digital (Binary) Input Loop 487 6.2.5.4 Binary Output Loop 488 6.2.5.5 Motor and VSDS Loop 489 6.2.6 Pre-Commissioning Check Forms 490 6.2.6.1 Closed Loop Precomm Check Form 490 6.2.6.2 Open Loop Precomm Check Form 491 6.2.6.3 BPCS Precomm Check Form 492 6.2.6.4 Fire Detector Check Form 494 6.2.6.5 Gas Detector Check Form 495 6.2.7 Commissioning Check Forms 496 6.2.7.1 Instrument Commissioning Check Sheet – DCS 497 6.2.7.2 Alarm Action Commissioning Sheet 498 6.2.7.3 Interlock (Logic) Action Commissioning Check Sheet 499 6.2.7.4 Trip / Shutdown Action Commissioning Check Sheet 500 6.2.7.5 DCS Sequence Commissioning Test 501 6.2.7.6 Authorisation for Process Fluid Let In 502 Index 505

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Book SynopsisUpdated guidance for accurately interpreting graphic and written construction documents, including commercial ones Print and Specifications Reading for Construction is an easy-to-understand yet comprehensive manual on how to interpret construction documents, including the often quite complicated construction specifications for commercial building projects, covering both the graphic and written sets and demonstrating how they relate to each other. Complete sets of construction documents for three actual building projects are available on the book companion website. Practice questions and exercises are included throughout the text to aid in seamless reader comprehension and information retention. Written by a highly qualified author with more than three decades of experience in the field, Print and Specifications Reading for Construction includes information on: Basics of construction plan reading and relevant terminology, including architectural

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Book SynopsisComprehensive resource on the finite element method in structural steel connection design through verification with AISC 360 provisions Steel Connection Design by Inelastic Analysis covers the use of the finite element method in structural steel connection design. Verification with AISC 360 provisions is presented, focusing on the Component-Based Finite Element Method (CBFEM), a novel approach that provides the global behavior and verification of resistance for the design of structural steel connections. This method is essential for fast and practical design and evaluation of connections with different levels of geometry and complexity. Detailed modeling and verification examples with references to AISC and other relevant publications are included throughout the text, along with roughly 250 illustrations to aid in reader comprehension. Readers of this text will benefit from understanding at least the basics of structural design, ideally through civil, structural, or mechanical engineering programs of study. Written by a team of six highly qualified authors, Steel Connection Design by Inelastic Analysis includes information on: T-stub connections, single plate shear connections, bracket plate connections, beam over column connections, and end-plate moment connectionsBolted wide flange splice connections, temporary splice connections, and chevron brace connection in a braced frame Brace connections at beam-column connection in a braced frame and double angle simple beam-to-column connectionsSemi-rigid beam-to-column connections, covering code design calculations and comparisons, IDEA StatiCa analysis, and ABAQUS analysis Steel Connection Design by Inelastic Analysis is an authoritative reference on the subject for structural engineers, Engineers of Record (EORs), fabrications specialists, and connection designers involved in the structural design of steel connections in the United States or any territory using AISC 360 as the primary design code.

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Book SynopsisThe main goal of Smart Agritech: Robotics, AI, and Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture is to explore how emerging technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and IoT can be leveraged to improve efficiency, sustainability, and productivity in agriculture. Agriculture has always been a vital sector of the global economy, providing food and raw materials for industries and households. However, with the growing population, changing climate conditions, and limited resources, the agriculture sector faces numerous challenges. To address these challenges, farmers and agricultural companies are turning to advanced technologies such as Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT). This exciting new volume provides a comprehensive overview of the latest technological advances in agriculture, focusing on these three cutting-edge technologies. The book will explore the potential benefits of these technologies in improving agricultural efficiency, pro

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Book SynopsisWhole life-cycle costing (WLCC) is rapidly becoming the standard method for the long-term cost appraisal of buildings and civil infrastructure projects. With clients now demanding buildings that demonstrate value for money over the long term, WLCC has become an essential tool for those involved in the design, construction, operation and risk analysis of construction projects. Whole-life costing: risk and risk responses offers a thorough grounding in both the theory and practical application of WLCC. Part I deals with the fundamentals, providing the general background to appreciate WLCC concepts and whole life risk management techniques at the key decision-making milestones through a project's life. Part II covers the design stage, including service life forecasting and environmental life-cycle assessment techniques in WLCC. Practical frameworks both for assessing whole life risks and risk responses, as well as guidance on developing WLCC budget estimates are also dTrade ReviewThis book provides useful material for those not involved in the field. Building Services JournalTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii Part I: Fundamentals of Whole Life-cycle Costing 1 Towards an Understanding of Whole Life-cycle Costing 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Whole life-cycle costing: a brief history 4 1.3 Defining whole life-cycle costing 7 1.4 Risk and uncertainty in WLCC 9 1.5 Subjectivity in WLCC 9 1.6 Summary 10 References 10 2 Whole Life-cycle Costing Risk Management 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Why has the construction industry failed to embrace WLCC? 12 2.3 Why risk assessment in whole life costing? 13 2.4 Data requirements in whole life-cycle costing and risk assessment 15 2.5 Specifying a comprehensive set of objectives and measures for each WLCC component 17 2.6 A framework for whole life costing risk management 22 2.7 Summary 26 References 26 3 Key Decisions in the Whole Life-cycle Costing Process 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Justification for investment and extraction of client requirements 29 3.3 Key decisions at the conceptual development stage 31 3.4 Key decisions at the detailed design stage 32 3.5 Key decisions at the production stage 33 3.6 Decisions at the operational stage 34 3.7 Decisions at the end of economic life stage 35 3.8 Summary 35 References 36 4 Fundamentals of Whole Life-cycle Cost Analysis 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Concepts of the time value of money 37 4.3 WLCC calculation models 38 4.4 Measuring economic performance in whole life-cycle costing 41 4.5 WLCC forecasting methods 49 4.6 Benchmarking and key performance indicators 52 4.7 WLCC key performance indicators 53 4.8 Summary 54 References 54 5 Whole Life Risk Analysis Techniques 56 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Risk analysis 56 5.3 Qualitative risk analysis 58 5.4 Risk matrices 58 5.5 Risk registers 60 5.6 Event trees 61 5.7 Influence diagrams 62 5.8 SWOT analysis 63 5.9 Brainstorming sessions 63 5.10 Quantitative risk analysis 64 5.11 Probabilistic approaches to risk 64 5.12 Simulation 71 5.13 Sensitivity analysis 74 5.14 Markov theory 74 5.15 Deterministic measures of risk 75 5.16 Mathematical and analytical techniques 77 5.17 Artificial intelligence and fuzzy set theory 78 5.18 Summary 81 References 82 Part II: Whole Life-cycle Costing: The Design Stage 6 Design Service Life Planning 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Estimation of service life for new structures 88 6.3 Estimation of the remaining service life for existing structures 95 6.4 Summary 103 References 104 7 Design Environmental Life-cycle Assessment 106 7.1 Introduction 106 7.2 Life-cycle assessment 107 7.3 Life-cycle assessment for design optimisation 110 7.4 LCA tools 112 7.5 Environmental life-cycle cost 114 7.6 Case study 117 7.7 Summary 120 Reference 121 8 Whole Life-cycle Cost Planning at the Design Stage 122 8.1 Introduction 122 8.2 Design whole life-cycle cost planning 122 8.3 An integrated framework for WLC budget estimation 123 8.4 Benchmarking WLC budgets 126 8.5 Whole life cost planning 128 8.6 Summary 141 References 141 9 Whole Life Risk and Risk Responses at Design Stage 142 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Design whole life risk 143 9.3 WLC risk identification and risk response measures at design/precontract stages 146 9.4 WLCC risk categorisation 154 9.5 Design WLCC risk quantification 154 9.6 Design risk response measures 159 9.7 Summary 161 References 162 10 Whole Life-cycle Costing of Mechanical and Electrical Services: a Case Study 163 10.1 Introduction 163 10.2 Modelling the whole life cost of air-conditioning systems 164 10.3 Data and methodology 166 10.4 Results and discussion 170 10.5 Summary 174 References 174 Part III: Whole Life-cycle Costing: Construction and Occupancy Stages 11 Whole Life Risk and Risk Responses at Construction Stage 179 11.1 Introduction 179 11.2 WLCC at the construction stage 179 11.3 WLCC risk during the construction stage 180 11.4 Typology of WLCC risk at the construction stage 180 11.5 Tools for allocating WLCC construction risk 187 11.6 Significance of WLCC risk at the construction stage 188 11.7 Monitoring WLCC risk throughout the construction programme 188 11.8 Construction WLCC risk responses 189 11.9 Summary 190 References 190 12 Whole Life Risk and Risk Responses at Operational Stage 191 12.1 Introduction 191 12.2 WLCC risks at operation stage 191 12.3 Identifying the WLCC operational risks 192 12.4 The maintenance cost centre 193 12.5 The energy cost centre 195 12.6 The facilities management cost centre 195 12.7 Identifying the operational stage WLCC drivers 199 12.8 Operational stage WLCC: risks and risk responses 199 12.9 Summary 204 References 204 13 Whole Life-cycle Costing during Operational Stage 205 13.1 Introduction 205 13.2 Operational stage WLCC models 206 13.3 The importance of operational costs in WLCC 206 13.4 Conceptualising the WLCC model 206 13.5 Existing WLCC models 207 13.6 Recording WLCC data during occupancy stage 208 13.7 Forecasting energy WLCC: a case study 210 13.8 New WLCC models for operational stage WLCC analysis 216 13.9 WLCC for an existing building: a case study of facilities management cost modelling 220 13.10 Summary 222 References 222 14 Whole Life Costing of Building Assets Occupancy: a Case Study 223 14.1 Introduction 223 14.2 Sources of occupancy costs 223 14.3 Set-up costs 225 14.4 Non-controllable occupancy costs 226 14.5 Controllable occupancy costs 226 14.6 Disruption costs 227 14.7 Data and methodology 229 14.8 Results and analysis 234 14.9 Summary 241 References 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisThis Directory means that a whole range of built environment professionals need never be caught out by the perversities of policy - in its formulation or on its journey into the real life of you and me.Trade ReviewThis Directory means that a whole range of built environment professionals need never be caught out by the perversities of policy – in its formulation or on its journey into the real life of you and me. To have in one place the means of not only burrowing down into any one policy, but also of exploring the interconnections is a precious resource for any professional - ‘sustainability literate’ or not... Today, nobody who delivers our built environment can be excused from taking responsibility for the future. Armed with this Directory their contribution can only be made more effective. Sara Parkin OBE, Forum for the FutureTable of ContentsForeword by Sara Parkin OBE (Co-founder and Programme Director, Forum for the Future). Preface. 1 Contextual Background. 1.1 Sustainable Development Context. 1.1.1 Origins of Sustainable Development. 1.1.2 The WCED ‘Bruntland’ Report7. 1.1.3 Earth Summit. 1.1.4 Local Agenda. 1.1.5 UK Response to Sustainable Development. 1.1.6 Earth Summit II. 1.2 The Built Environment. 1.2.1 The Built Environment Professions. 1.2.2 The Built Environment and Sustainable Development. 1.2.3 Corporate and Individual Sustainability Responsibilities. 1.3 Chapter Structure and Style. 1.4 Directory Explanatory Notes. 1.5 Webpage Caveat. 2 Biodiversity. 2.1 Biodiversity and the Built Environment. 2.2 Key Biodiversity Elements. 2.3 Sustainability Challenges for Biodiversity. 2.4 Biodiversity Theme Index. 2.5 Biodiversity Policy Tables. 3 Climate Change. 3.1 Climate Change and the Built Environment. 3.2 Key Climate Change Elements. 3.3 Sustainability Challenges for Climate Change. 3.4 Climate Change Theme Index 59. 3.5 Climate Change Policy Tables. 4 Construction. 4.1 Construction Context. 4.2 Key Construction Elements. 4.3 Sustainability Challenges for Construction. 4.4 Construction Theme Index. 4.5 Construction Policy Tables. 5 Energy. 5.1 Energy and the Built Environment. 5.2 Key Energy Elements. 5.3 Sustainability Challenges for Energy. 5.4 Energy Theme Index. 5.5 Energy Policy Tables. 6 Environment. 6.1 Environment and the Built Environment. 6.2 Key Environment Elements. 6.3 Sustainability Challenges for the Environment. 6.4 Environment Theme Index. 6.5 Environment Policy Tables. 7 Planning. 7.1 Planning and the Built Environment. 7.2 Key Planning Elements. 7.3 Sustainability Challenges for Planning. 7.4 Planning Theme Index. 7.5 Planning Policy Tables. 8 Pollution. 8.1 Pollution and the Built Environment. 8.2 Key Pollution Elements. 8.3 Sustainability Challenges for Pollution. 8.4 Pollution Theme Index. 8.5 Pollution Policy Tables. 9 Social Issues. 9.1 Social Issues and the Built Environment. 9.2 Key Elements of Social Issues. 9.3 Sustainability Challenges for Social Issues. 9.4 Social Issues Theme Index. 9.5 Social Issues Policy Tables. 10 Sustainable Development Policy and Practice. 10.1 Sustainable Development Policy and Practice and the Built Environment. 10.2 Key Sustainable Development Policy and Practice Elements. 10.3 The Sustainability Challenge. 10.4 Sustainable Development Policy and Practice Theme Index. 10.5 Sustainable Development Policy and Practice Tables. 11 Transport. 11.1 Transport and the Built Environment. 11.2 Key Transport Elements. 11.3 Sustainability Challenges for Transport. 11.4 Transport Theme Index. 11.5 Transport Policy Tables. 12 Urban Development. 12.1 Urban Development and the Built Environment. 12.2 Key Urban Development Elements. 12.3 Sustainability Challenges for Urban Development. 12.4 Urban Development Theme Index. 12.5 Urban Development Policy Tables. 13 Waste Management. 13.1 Waste Management and the Built Environment. 13.2 Key Waste Management Elements. 13.3 Sustainability Challenges for Waste Management. 13.4 Waste Management Theme Index. 14 Water. 14.1 Water and the Built Environment. 14.2 Key Water Elements. 14.3 Sustainability Challenges for Water. 14.4 Water Theme Index. 14.5 Water Policy Tables. Index

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Book SynopsisThis manual for civil and structural engineers aims to simplify as much as possible a complex subject which is often treated too theoretically, by explaining in a practical way how to provide uncomplicated, buildable and economical foundations. It explains simply, clearly and with numerous worked examples how economic foundation design is achieved. It deals with both straightforward and difficult sites, following the process through site investigation, foundation selection and, finally, design. The book: includes chapters on many aspects of foundation engineering that most other books avoid including filled and contaminated sites mining and other man-made conditions features a step-by-step procedure for the design of lightweight and flexible rafts, to fill the gaTrade ReviewThis book is very well illustrated and has adequate reference to thoer reference books. this book should be on the book shelf of every practising engineer' THe Institution of Structural Engineers.Table of ContentsPart 1 Approach and First Considerations: Principles of foundation design; Soil mechanics, lab testing and geology; Ground investigation; Part 2 Special and Further Considerations:Topography and its influence on site development; Contaminated and derelict sites; Mining and other subsidence; Fill; Ground improvement methods; Part 3 Foundation Types – Selection and Design: Foundation types; Foundation selection and design procedures; Design of pads, strips and continuous foundations; Tied and balanced foundations; Raft foundations; Piles; Retaining wall, basement walls, slip circles and underpinning; Appendices; Index

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Book SynopsisFrom the Foreword by Rob Smith, Director of Estates and Facilities (NHS England), Department of Health The built environment for the delivery of Healthcare will continue to change as it responds to new technologies and modalities of care, different expectations and requirements of providers and consumers of care.Trade Review"This book has a wide attraction across a range of interests in the delivery of better supporting infrastructure to the health sector. From a property management perspective it addresses the entire lifecycle of asset provision and draws the important link between good design, operation and the health outcomes that the facility underpins. The book has a good balance between industry and academic contributions and I recommend it to anyone with an interest in this specialised area of infrastructure provision and management." (Emerald Journal: Property Management, 2011)Table of ContentsNote on Editors Contributors Biographies Forward (Rob Smith) Chapter 1: Introduction: Improving healthcare through built environment infrastructure (Mike Kagioglou and Patricia Tzortzopoulos) Session 1: Practitioner contributions Chapter 2: Planning healthcare environments (Duane Passman, Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust Brighton, UK) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Background and history 2.2.1. The Hospital Plan of the 1960’s 2.2.2. The Economic Crisis of the 1970’s 2.2.3. Change in the 1980’s 2.2.4. Further change in the 1990’s 2.3. The Planning Landscape 2.4. Policy Developments since 1997 2.4.1. The NHS Plan, 2000 2.4.2. Delivering the NHS Plan, 2002 2.4.3. The NHS Improvement Plan, 2004 2.4.4. Our health, our care, our say: a new direction for community services, 2006 2.4.5. Our health, our care, our community, 2006 2.4.6. Healthcare for London, 2007 2.4.7. High Quality Care for All, 2008 2.5. Capital Procurement Methodologies and NHS Organisations 2.5.1. Overall Capital Investment in the NHS 2.5.2. The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) 2.5.3. NHS LIFT 2.5.4. ProCure 21 2.5.5. NHS Foundation Trusts 2.5.6. NHS Trusts 2.5.7. PCTs 2.6. Settings for Healthcare 2.6.1. The Home 2.6.2. General Practitioner (GP) Surgery 2.6.3. Larger Health Centres 2.6.4. One stop shops/polyclinics 2.6.5. Community Hospitals 2.6.6. District General Hospitals (DGHs) 2.7. Supply-Side Considerations 2.7.1. Beds 2.7.2. A & E 2.7.3. Outpatients 2.7.4. Imaging 2.7.5. Other Factors 2.8. Demand side 2.9. Design and The Physical Environment 2.10. Conclusion 2.11. References Chapter 3: Plan for uncertainty: design for change (Sue Francis, CABE - Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment London, UK) 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Context 3.3. Impact on the built environment 3.4. Optimising design 3.5. Futureproofing design 3.6. Design Matters 3.7. Measuring Design Quality 3.8. Final remarks: Making places 3.9. References Chapter 4: Designed with care? The role of design in creating excellent community healthcare buildings (Kate Trant) CABE - Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment London, UK 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Why does design matter? 4.3. Building healthy neighbourhoods 4.4. Access to health 4.5. Surprise and delight 4.6. Designed with care 4.7. Open all hours 4.8. Better isn’t good enough 4.9. Must try harder 4.10. What makes a good healthcare building? 4.10.1. Good integrated design 4.10.2. Public open space 4.10.3. A clear accessible plan with one main reception 4.10.4. An environmentally sensitive approach to building design, materials, construction and management 4.10.5. Circulation and waiting areas 4.10.6. Materials, finishes and furnishings 4.10.7. Natural light and ventilation 4.10.8. Storage 4.10.9. Adapting to future changes 4.10.10. Out of hours community use 4.11. Final remarks 4.12 References Chapter 5: The stages of LIFT - Local Finance Improvement Trust - for the development and delivery of primary healthcare facilities (Richard Groome) John Laing plc Manchester, UK 5.1. Introduction 5.2. The LIFT Process 2.1. Project Inception 2.2. Project Set up 2.3. Feasibility 2.4. Stage 1 Approval 2.5. Outline Design 2.6. Final Scheme Design 2.7. Financial Close 2.8. Construction Management Set Up 2.9. Facilities Maintenance (FM) 5.3. Cultural Differences 5.4. Conclusions 5.5. References Chapter 6: The Integrated Agreement for Lean Project Delivery (William A. Lichtig, McDonough, Holland & Allen California, USA) 6.1. Introduction to Sutter Health 6.2. Integrated form of agreement 6.3. Traditional Responses to Owner Dissatisfaction with the Status Quo 6.4. What is Lean? 6.5. The Application of TPS Principles to Design and Construction 6.6. Sutter Health’s Formulation of a Lean Project Delivery Strategy 6.7. Development of the Integrated Agreement for Lean Project Delivery 6.7.1. Relationship of the Parties 1.7.1. Creating a Collaborative Design and Construction Environment 1.7.2. Articulating and Activating the Network of Commitments 1.7.3. Optimizing the Project, not the Pieces 1.7.4. Tightly Couple Learning With Action 6.8. Conclusion 6.9. References Chapter 7: The Sutter Health Prototype Hospital Initiative (Dave Chambers, Sutter Health California, USA) 7.1. Getting Started 7.2. Goals and Metrics 7.3. Design 7.4. Results and conclusion 7.5. References Session 2: Academic contributions Chapter 8: The Strategic Service Development Plan: An Integrated Tool for Planning Built Environment Solutions for Primary Health Care Services (Ged Deveraux Manchester Joint Health Unit Manchester City Council, UK) 8. Introduction 9. Background 10. The Development of Primary Care 11. The Role of the built environment in delivering primary health care 12. The Origins of the Strategic Service Development Plan 13. A Comparative Case Study of the MAST LIFT SSDP 13.1. Partnership Working 13.2. Planning Process 13.3. Benefits Realisation 13.4. What was learnt? 13.5. Common Themes of the Document Analysis 13.5.1. Partnership Working 13.5.2. Planning Process 13.5.3. Benefits Realisation 13.6. Common Themes from the Interviews 13.6.1. Partnership Working 13.6.2. Planning Process 13.6.3. Benefits Realisation 13.7. Discussion 13.7.1. Partnership Working 13.7.2. Planning Process 13.7.3. Benefits Realisation 14. Conclusion 15. Recommendations 16. References Chapter 9: From care closer to home to care in the home. The potential impact of telecare (James Barlow, Steffen Bayer, Richard Curry, Jane Hendy and Laurie McMahon Imperial College London and Loop2 London, UK) 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Key trends 9.3. What is telecare? 9.4. The impact of telecare on care services 9.5. Implications for the healthcare built infrastructure 9.6. Conclusion 9.7. Acknowledgments 9.8. References Chapter 10: Risk Management and Procurement (Nigel Smith, Denise Bower, Bernard Aritua School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds Leeds, UK) 10.1. Introduction 10.2. General Principles of Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement 10.2.1. Risk Planning 10.2.2. Risk Identification 10.2.3. Risk Assessment 10.2.4. Risk Response 10.3. Risk and Procurement routes 10.4. Risk in NHS Procurement 10.5. Multi-project procurement 10.6. Sustainable NHS procurement options 10.7. References Chapter 11: Supporting evidence-based design (Ricardo Codinhoto, Bronwyn Platten, Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Mike Kagioglou University of Salford Salford, UK) 11.1. Definitions 11.2. the built environment and health Outcomes: considerations about evidence-based Design 11.3. Searching for Evidence 11.4. healthcare environments and impacts on health 11.5. Organising information 11.5.1. Framework 1: Patient groups framework 11.5.2. Framework 2: Route cause and effects 11.5.3. Framework 3: Specific built environment characteristic framework – Colour 11.5.4. Framework 4: Built Environment and Health Outcomes – Overview 11.5. Organising Inforamtion 11.6. Conclusions 11.7. References Chapter 12: Benefits Realisation: Planning and evaluating healthcare infrastructures and services (Stylianos Sapountzis, Kathryn Yates, Jose Barreiro Lima, Mike Kagioglou Uiversity of Salford Salford, UK) 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Benefits realisation 12.2.1. Benefits taxonomies 12.3. Research methodology 12.4. BeReal model overview 12.4.1. BeReal Usability and Controlling Structure 12.4.2. Investment Appraisal Approaches: General, Healthcare Specific and BeReal Mode 12.5. Case Studies 12.5.1. Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals (BSUH) Tertiary, Trauma and Teaching (3Ts), Case Study 12.5.2. Manchester, Salford and Trafford (MaST) Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) Case study characterisation and discussion 12.6. Conclusions 12.7. References Chapter 13: Towards the achievement of Continuous Improvement in the UK Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) initiative (A.D. Ibrahim, A.D.F. Price and A.R.J. Dainty Dpartment of Quantity Surveying, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Department of Civil and Building Engineering, University of Loughborough, UK) 13.1. INTRODUCTION 13.2. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT CONCEPT 13.3. RESEARCH METHOD 13.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 13.4.1 CI concept 13.4.2 Essential Requirements of Continuous Improvement in LIFT 13.4.2.1 Preconditions and success factors for CI 13.4.2.2 CI driving values 13.4.2.3 CI enabling values 13.4.2.4 CI infusing values 13.4.2.5 Barriers to achieving CI in LIFT projects 13.5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERIC CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT FRAMEWORK (CIF) FOR LIFT 13.5. APPLICATION OF CIF WITHIN LIFT PROCUREMENT 13.5.1 Contextual analysis 13.5.2 CI strategy formation 13.5.3 CI implementation 13.6. CONCLUSIONS 13.7. REFERENCES Chapter 14:Performance Management in the Context of Healthcare Infrastructure (Therese Lawlor-Wright and Mike Kagioglou www.mace.manchester.ac.uk School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK) Abstract 14.1. Introduction 14. Organisational Performance Measurement Systems 14.3. Building Performance Assessment 14.3.1. Performance of Healthcare Facilities 14.3.2. Assessing Performance at the Design Stage 14.3.3. Assessing Performance at Operational Stage 14.4. Contribution of Infrastructure to Performance of Healthcare Organisation 14.5. Conclusions 14.6. References Chapter 15: Hard FM and performance management in hospitals (Igal Sohet and Sarel Lavy Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, USA) 15.1. Components of Healthcare Facilities Management 15.1.1. Maintenance Management 15.1.2. Performance Management 15.1.3. Risk Management 15.1.4. Supply Services Management 15.1.5. Development 15.1.6. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 15.1.7 Summary 15.2. Key Performance Indicators in Hospital Facilities 15.2.1. Asset Development 15.2.2. Performance management 15.2.3. Maintenance 15.2.4. Organization and Management 15.3. Research Methods 15.3.1. Structured Field Survey 15.3.2. Statistical Analysis 15.3.3. Model Development and Computing 15.3.4. Validation 15.4. Analysis of a Hospital Using the Indicators Developed – A Case Study 15.4.1. Profile of the Hospital 15.4.2. Data Analysis 15.4.3. Conclusions 15.5. Discussion 15.6. Toward a Maintenance Performance Toolkit 15.7. References Chapter 16: Community Clinics - Hard Facilities management and performance management (Igal Sohet Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel) Synopsis 16.1. Introduction 16.1.1. Healthcare Facilities Management 16.1.2. Alternative Architectures of Healthcare Service Provision 16.2. Clinic Facilities 16.2.1. Key Performance Indicators in Clinic Facilities 16.3. PROFiLE OF CLINIC FACILITIES 16.3.1. Case Study 16.4. Hospital Facilities vs. Clinic Facilities – Comparative Perspective 16.5. Concluding Remarks 16.6. References Index

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Book SynopsisThe Joint Contracts Tribunal issued a new Design and Build Form in 2005, a successor to the JCT Standard Form of Building Contract with Contractor's Design. It looks substantially different from its predecessor and it is different in structure and often in its wording. This major new edition of David Chappell's well regarded book has been substantially revised to take account of the new contract terms and different structure. It also considers the standard novation agreements from the CIC and City of London Law Society and more then 70 additional cases. It discusses areas where problems frequently arise: the allocation of design responsibility discrepancies the role of the employer's agent payment provisions the approval of drawings Trade Review"A thoroughly good read and exceptionally good guidance on the latest JCT design and build contact. I would thoroughly recommend this book to any of the parties for whom it was intended." (Expert and Dispute Resolver, Winter 2008) "an immensely competent book which every site owner and contractor should read before entering into the contract" (Construction Law Digest) "well illustrated and easy to read" (Chartered Surveyor Monthly) "an enjoyable and essential read for professionals and lawyers involved in design & build" (Building Magazine) "a first rate commentary on JCT 98 With Contractor's Design." (Construction Law)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Definitions. 1.2 Advantages and disadvantages. 1.3 The architect's role. 1.4 Standard forms available. 1.5 Tendering procedures. 2. CONTRACT DOCUMENTS. 2.1 The documents. 2.2 Completing the form. 2.3 Employer's Requirements. 2.4 Contractor's proposals. 2.5 Contract sum analysis. 2.6 Supplementary provisions. 2.7 Priority, discrepancies, errors. 2.8 Custody and copies. 2.9 Notices. 3. DESIGN LIABILITY. 3.1 General principles of design liability. 3.2 Liability under the contract. 3.3 Design liability optional arrangements and consequences. 3.4 Consultant switch and novation. 3.5 Novation agreements. 3.6 In house or sub let. 3.7 Consultant warranties. 4. THE CONTRACTOR'S OBLIGATIONS. 4.1 Express and implied terms. 4.2 Implied terms. 4.3 Express terms. 4.4 Other obligations. 5. THE EMPLOYER'S POWERS AND DUTIES. 5.1 Employer's agent. 5.2 Express and implied terms. 5.3 Instructions. 5.4 Powers. 5.5 Employer's duties. 6. SUB CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS. 6.1 General. 6.2 Sub contractors. 6.3 Statutory requirements. 6.4 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007. 6.5 Work not forming part of the contract. 6.6 Third party rights and collateral warranties. 7. POSSESSION, PRACTICAL COMPLETION AND RECTIFICATION. 7.1 Possession and deferment. 7.2 Progress. 7.3 Practical completion. 7.4 Partial possession. 7.5 Defects liability period. 8. EXTENSION OF TIME. 8.1 Principles. 8.2 Contract procedure. 8.3 Relevant events. 8.4 Liquidated damages. 9. FINANCIAL CLAIMS. 9.1 Types of claim. 9.2 Application for direct loss and/or expense. 9.3 Supplementary provision procedures (S7). 9.4 Grounds for direct loss and/or expense. 9.5 Antiquities. 10. PAYMENT. 10.1 The contract sum. 10.2 Interim payments. 10.3 Applications. 10.4 Employer's right to withhold payment or to deduct. 10.5 Retention. 10.6 Final payment. 10.7 Advance payment. 10.8 Changes. 10.9 Valuation of changes under the supplementary provisions. 10.10 Fluctuations. 10.11 VAT. 11. INSURANCE AND INDEMNITIES. 11.1 Injury to persons and property. 11.2 Employer's liability. 11.3 Insurance of the Works. 11.4 Insurance of the Works: new building. 11.5 Insurance of the Works: existing building. 11.6 Terrorism cover. 11.7 The Joint Fire Code. 11.8 Professional indemnity insurance. 12. TERMINATION. 12.1 Common law position. 12.2 Termination generally. 12.3 Termination by the employer. 12.4 Termination by the contractor. 12.5 Termination by either party. 13. DISPUTE RESOLUTION. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Adjudication. 13.3 Arbitration. 13.4 Litigation. Table of cases. Clause index. Subject index.

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Book Synopsis'Architects and other designers inhabit a curious borderland between the virtual and the physical. They have always been concerned with conjuring up things that don't exist but might, imagining them in detail, and eventually finding ways to translate these visions into physical reality.Trade Review"For the knowledgeable reader in ICT research it is a must to confirm where technology is now and moreover to see where it is going in the future." Building EngineerTable of ContentsNote on editors page vii List of contributors viii Note on Think Lab xii Acknowledgements xiii Foreword – Virtual worlds, virtual prototypes, and design xivWilliam J. Mitchell Introduction – Virtually there. . . ? xxiPeter Brandon PART 1 DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES 1 1 Emerging paradigms and models in digital design – Performance-based architectural design 3Rivka Oxman 2 Algorithmic design optimization 21Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann 3 VR or PR: Virtual or physical reality? 35Anthony Thorpe, Richard A. Buswell, Rupert C. Soar and Alistair G. F. Gibb 4 Digital affordances: Emerging knowledge and cognition in design 47Tuba Kocatürk PART 2 CHALLENGES FOR IMPLEMENTATION: FROM VIRTUAL THROUGH TO CONSTRUCTION 57 5 One Island East, Hong Kong: A case study in construction virtual prototyping 59Martin Riese 6 The virtual building: A designer’s perspective 72Martin Simpson PART 3 CHALLENGES FOR VISUALIZATION AND SIMULATION 87 7 Planning and scheduling in a virtual prototyping environment 89Andrew Baldwin, C. W. Kong, T. Huang, H. L. Guo, K. D. Wong and Heng Li 8 Reshaping the life cycle process with virtual design and construction methods 104Martin Fischer 9 Virtual prototyping from need to pre-construction 113Robin Drogemuller 10 The need for creativity enhancing design tools 131Souheil Soubra PART 4 CHALLENGES FOR INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MODELLING 145 11 Context-aware virtual prototyping 147Chimay J. Anumba and Zeeshan Aziz 12 nD modelling, present and future 158Ghassan Aouad, Song Wu and Angela Lee 13 Interoperable knowledge: Achievements and future challenges 171Yacine Rezgui and Simona Barresi 14 Knowledge management systems in the future 192Matthew Bacon PART 5 OTHER CHALLENGES: AGENT TECHNOLOGIES, SECURITY, REGULATIONS AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL 211 15 Future agent-driven virtual prototyping environments in construction 213Joseph H. M. Tah 16 The nature of virtuality and the need for enhanced security in the virtual world 230Grahame S. Cooper 17 The future of virtual construction and regulation checking 241Nicholas Nisbet, Jeffrey Wix and David Conover 18 Virtual prototyping of financial flows as a form of management control 251Richard J. Boland, Jr, Fred Collopy, Julia Grant and Lin Zhao PART 6 VISIONS, ROADMAPS AND FUTURE SCENARIOS 259 19 VR – Roadmap: A vision for 2030 in the built environment 261Nashwan Dawood, R. Marasini and John Dean 20 Future collaborative workspaces for the construction industry 278Terrence Fernando 21 The future organization: Sustainable competitiveness through virtual prototyping 290Mustafa Alshawi Index 305

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Book SynopsisLikely to be the first textbook to be published on XFEM Concise, without completeness being compromised Emphasis on practical applications Comprehensive numerical examples in each chapter.Table of ContentsDedication. Preface . Nomenclature . Chapter 1 Introduction. 1.1 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES. 1.2 ANALYSIS OF DISCONTINUITIES. 1.3 FRACTURE MECHANICS. 1.4 CRACK MODELLING. 1.4.1 Local and non-local models. 1.4.2 Smeared crack model. 1.4.3 Discrete inter-element crack. 1.4.4 Discrete cracked element. 1.4.5 Singular elements. 1.4.6 Enriched elements. 1.5 ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES. 1.6 A REVIEW OF XFEM APPLICATIONS. 1.6.1 General aspects of XFEM. 1.6.2 Localisation and fracture. 1.6.3 Composites. 1.6.4 Contact. 1.6.5 Dynamics. 1.6.6 Large deformation/shells. 1.6.7 Multiscale. 1.6.8 Multiphase/solidification. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE BOOK. Chapter 2 Fracture Mechanics, a Review. 2.1 INTRODUCTION. 2.2 BASICS OF ELASTICITY. 2.2.1 Stress–strain relations. 2.2.2 Airy stress function. 2.2.3 Complex stress functions. 2.3 BASICS OF LEFM. 2.3.1 Fracture mechanics. 2.3.2 Circular hole. 2.3.3 Elliptical hole. 2.3.4 Westergaard analysis of a sharp crack. 2.4 STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR, K . 2.4.1 Definition of the stress intensity factor. 2.4.2 Examples of stress intensity factors for LEFM. 2.4.3 Griffith theories of strength and energy. 2.4.4 Brittle material. 2.4.5 Quasi-brittle material. 2.4.6 Crack stability. 2.4.7 Fixed grip versus fixed load. 2.4.8 Mixed mode crack propagation. 2.5 SOLUTION PROCEDURES FOR K AND G . 2.5.1 Displacement extrapolation/correlation method. 2.5.2 Mode I energy release rate. 2.5.3 Mode I stiffness derivative/virtual crack model. 2.5.4 Two virtual crack extensions for mixed mode cases. 2.5.5 Single virtual crack extension based on displacement decomposition. 2.5.6 Quarter point singular elements. 2.6 ELASTOPLASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS (EPFM). 2.6.1 Plastic zone. 2.6.2 Crack tip opening displacements (CTOD). 2.6.3 J integral. 2.6.4 Plastic crack tip fields. 2.6.5 Generalisation of J . 2.7 NUMERICAL METHODS BASED ON THE J INTEGRAL. 2.7.1 Nodal solution. 2.7.2 General finite element solution. 2.7.3 Equivalent domain integral (EDI) method. 2.7.4 Interaction integral method. Chapter 3 Extended Finite Element Method for Isotropic Problems. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 A REVIEW OF XFEM DEVELOPMENT. 3.3 BASICS OF FEM. 3.3.1 Isoparametric finite elements, a short review. 3.3.2 Finite element solutions for fracture mechanics. 3.4 PARTITION OF UNITY. 3.5 ENRICHMENT. 3.5.1 Intrinsic enrichment. 3.5.2 Extrinsic enrichment. 3.5.3 Partition of unity finite element method. 3.5.4 Generalised finite element method. 3.5.5 Extended finite element method. 3.5.6 Hp-clouds enrichment. 3.5.7 Generalisation of the PU enrichment. 3.5.8 Transition from standard to enriched approximation. 3.6 ISOTROPIC XFEM. 3.6.1 Basic XFEM approximation. 3.6.2 Signed distance function. 3.6.3 Modelling strong discontinuous fields. 3.6.4 Modelling weak discontinuous fields. 3.6.5 Plastic enrichment. 3.6.6 Selection of nodes for discontinuity enrichment. 3.6.7 Modelling the crack. 3.7 DISCRETIZATION AND INTEGRATION. 3.7.1 Governing equation. 3.7.2 XFEM discretization. 3.7.3 Element partitioning and numerical integration. 3.7.4 Crack intersection. 3.8 TRACKING MOVING BOUNDARIES. 3.8.1 Level set method. 3.8.2 Fast marching method. 3.8.3 Ordered upwind method. 3.9 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. 3.9.1 A tensile plate with a central crack. 3.9.2 Double edge cracks. 3.9.3 Double internal collinear cracks. 3.9.4 A central crack in an infinite plate. 3.9.5 An edge crack in a finite plate. Chapter 4 XFEM for Orthotropic Problems. 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.2 ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY. 4.2.1 Elasticity solution. 4.2.2 Anisotropic stress functions. 4.2.3 Orthotropic mixed mode problems. 4.2.4 Energy release rate and stress intensity factor for anisotropic. materials. 4.2.5 Anisotropic singular elements. 4.3 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR NEAR CRACK TIP. 4.3.1 Near crack tip displacement field (class I). 4.3.2 Near crack tip displacement field (class II). 4.3.3 Unified near crack tip displacement field (both classes). 4.4 ANISOTROPIC XFEM. 4.4.1 Governing equation. 4.4.2 XFEM discretization. 4.4.3 SIF calculations. 4.5 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. 4.5.1 Plate with a crack parallel to material axis of orthotropy. 4.5.2 Edge crack with several orientations of the axes of orthotropy. 4.5.3 Single edge notched tensile specimen with crack inclination. 4.5.4 Central slanted crack. 4.5.5 An inclined centre crack in a disk subjected to point loads. 4.5.6 A crack between orthotropic and isotropic materials subjected to. tensile tractions. Chapter 5 XFEM for Cohesive Cracks. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 COHESIVE CRACKS. 5.2.1 Cohesive crack models. 5.2.2 Numerical models for cohesive cracks. 5.2.3 Crack propagation criteria. 5.2.4 Snap-back behaviour. 5.2.5 Griffith criterion for cohesive crack. 5.2.6 Cohesive crack model. 5.3 XFEM FOR COHESIVE CRACKS. 5.3.1 Enrichment functions. 5.3.2 Governing equations. 5.3.3 XFEM discretization. 5.4 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. 5.4.1 Mixed mode bending beam. 5.4.2 Four point bending beam. 5.4.3 Double cantilever beam. Chapter 6 New Frontiers. 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 6.2 INTERFACE CRACKS. 6.2.1 Elasticity solution for isotropic bimaterial interface. 6.2.2 Stability of interface cracks. 6.2.3 XFEM approximation for interface cracks. 6.3 CONTACT. 6.3.1 Numerical models for a contact problem. 6.3.2 XFEM modelling of a contact problem. 6.4 DYNAMIC FRACTURE. 6.4.1 Dynamic crack propagation by XFEM. 6.4.2 Dynamic LEFM. 6.4.3 Dynamic orthotropic LEFM. 6.4.4 Basic formulation of dynamic XFEM. 6.4.5 XFEM discretization. 6.4.6 Time integration. 6.4.7 Time finite element method. 6.4.8 Time extended finite element method. 6.5 MULTISCALE XFEM. 6.5.1 Basic formulation. 6.5.2 The zoom technique. 6.5.3 Homogenisation based techniques. 6.5.4 XFEM discretization. 6.6 MULTIPHASE XFEM. 6.6.1 Basic formulation. 6.6.2 XFEM approximation. 6.6.3 Two-phase fluid flow. 6.6.4 XFEM approximation. Chapter 7 XFEM Flow. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 AVAILABLE OPEN-SOURCE XFEM. 7.3. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. 7.3.1 Defining the model. 7.3.2 Creating the finite element mesh. 7.3.3 Linear elastic analysis. 7.3.4 Large deformation. 7.3.5 Nonlinear (elastoplastic) analysis. 7.3.6 Material constitutive matrix. 7.4 XFEM. 7.4.1 Front tracking. 7.4.2 Enrichment detection. 7.4.3 Enrichment functions. 7.4.4 Ramp (transition) functions. 7.4.5 Evaluation of the B matrix. 7.5 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION. 7.5.1 Sub-quads. 7.5.2 Sub-triangles. 7.6 SOLVER. 7.6.1 XFEM degrees of freedom. 7.6.2 Time integration. 7.6.3 Simultaneous equations solver. 7.6.4 Crack length control. 7.7 POST-PROCESSING. 7.7.1 Stress intensity factor. 7.7.2 Crack growth. 7.7.3 Other applications. 7.8 CONFIGURATION UPDATE. References . Index

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Book SynopsisThis highly illustrated manual provides practical guidance on structural steelwork detailing. It: describes the common structural shapes in use and how they are joined to form members and complete structures explains detailing practice and conventions provides detailing data for standard sections, bolts and welds emphasises the importance of tolerances in order to achieve proper site fit-up discusses the important link between good detailing and construction costs Examples of structures include single and multi-storey buildings, towers and bridges. The detailing shown will be suitable in principle for fabrication and erection in many countries, and the sizes shown will act as a guide to preliminary design. The third edition has been revised to take account of the new Eurocodes on structural steel work, together with their National Annexes. The new edition also takes account of developments in 3-D modelling techniques and it inclTable of ContentsList of Figures vii List of Tables ix Preface xi 1 Use of Structural Steel 1 1.1 Why steel? 1 1.2 Structural steels 2 1.2.1 Requirements 2 1.2.2 Recommended grades 3 1.2.3 Weather resistant steels 4 1.3 Structural shapes 6 1.4 Tolerances 8 1.4.1 General 8 1.4.2 Worked examples – welding distortion for plate girder 12 1.5 Connections 15 1.6 Interface to foundations 16 1.7 Welding 16 1.7.1 Weld types 16 1.7.2 Processes 17 1.7.3 Weld size 18 1.7.4 Choice of weld type 19 1.7.5 Lamellar tearing 19 1.8 Bolting 20 1.8.1 General 20 1.8.2 High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts 22 1.8.3 Tension control bolts 22 1.8.4 European bolting standards 23 1.9 Dos and don’ts 24 1.10 Protective treatment 24 1.11 Drawings 30 1.11.1 Engineer’s drawings 30 1.11.2 Workshop drawings 33 1.11.3 Computer aided detailing 33 1.12 Codes of practice 33 1.12.1 Buildings 34 1.12.2 Bridges 34 2 Detailing Practice 36 2.1 General 36 2.2 Layout of drawings 36 2.3 Lettering 36 2.4 Dimensions 36 2.5 Projection 37 2.6 Scales 37 2.7 Revisions 37 2.8 Beam and column detailing conventions 37 2.9 Erection marks 38 2.10 Opposite handing 39 2.11 Welds 39 2.12 Bolts 39 2.13 Holding down bolts 39 2.14 Abbreviations 40 3 Design Guidance 41 3.1 General 41 3.2 Load capacities of simple connections 41 3.3 Sizes and load capacity of simple column bases 42 4 Detailing Data 52 5 Connection Details 84 6 Computer Aided Detailing 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Steelwork detailing 95 6.3 Constructing a 3-D model of a steel structure 97 6.4 Object orientation 99 6.5 CNC/rapid prototyping 99 6.6 Future developments 101 7 Examples of Structures 102 7.1 Multi-storey frame buildings 102 7.1.1 Fire resistance 105 7.2 Single-storey frame buildings 106 7.3 Portal frame buildings 107 7.4 Vessel support structure 110 7.5 Roof over reservoir 114 7.6 Tower 117 7.7 Bridges 121 7.8 Single-span highway bridge 128 7.9 Highway sign gantry 135 7.10 Staircase 139 Table of Standards 141 References 143 Further Reading 144 Appendix 146 Index 167

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Book SynopsisCivil and environmental engineers need an understanding of mathematical statistics and probability theory to deal with the variability that affects engineers' structures, soil pressures, river flows and the like. Students, too, need to get to grips with these rather difficult concepts. This book, written by engineers for engineers, tackles the subject in a clear, up-to-date manner using a process-orientated approach. It introduces the subjects of mathematical statistics and probability theory, and then addresses model estimation and testing, regression and multivariate methods, analysis of extreme events, simulation techniques, risk and reliability, and economic decision making. 325 examples and case studies from European and American practice are included and each chapter features realistic problems to be solved. For the second edition new sections have been added on Monte Carlo Markov chaiTable of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Preliminary data analysis. Basic probability concepts. Random variables and their properties. Probability distributions. Model estimation and testing. Methods of regression and multivariate analysis. Frequency analysis of extreme events. Simulation techniques for design. Risk and reliability analysis. Bayesian decision methods and parameter uncertainty. Appendixes Further mathematics Glossary of symbols Tables of selected distributions Brief answers to selected problems . Data lists. Index

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Book SynopsisThe latest research is presented here on both contractual and conceptual collaborative practices in construction. The editors identify common problems faced by the industry and draw out practical implications.Trade Review“I recommend that libraries in graduate schools obtain it and that scholars read it as if it were a special issue in a journal.” (Construction Management and Economics, 1 July 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. Forword (Stephen Brown). Introduction Managing Collaborative Relationships and the Management of Projects (Hedley Smyth and Stephen Pryke). Section I Collaborative Relationships in Contractual Frameworks. Chapter 1 Specialist Contractors and Partnering (Jim Mason). Chapter 2 Change in the Quantity Surveying Profession (Keith Potts). Chapter 3 Client Requirements and Project Team Knowledge in Refurbishment Projects (Cynthia ChinTian Lee and Charles Egbu). Chapter 4 Contractual Frameworks and Cooperative Relationships (Mohan Kumaraswamy, Aaron Anvuur and Gangadhar Mahesh). Section II Collaborative Relationships and Conceptual Frameworks. Chapter 5 Better Collaboration through Cooperation (Aaron Anvuur and Mohan Kumaraswamy). Chapter 6 Developing Trust (Hedley Smyth). Section III Collaborative Relationships and Networks. Chapter 7 Infrastructure Lifecycles and Disaster Mitigation (Richard Haigh, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Kaushal Keraminiyage and Chaminda Pathirage). Chapter 8 Early Design Management in Architecture (Leentje Volker). Chapter 9 Government Policies and Collaborative Relationships in Public Sector Supply Chains (Kerry London and Jessica Chen). Chapter 10 Construction and Women (Dilanthi Amaratunga, Menaha Shanmugam, Richard Haigh and David Baldry). Conclusion (Hedley Smyth and Stephen Pryke).

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Book SynopsisThis handbook introduces engineers, project and construction managers, and senior technicians to a methodology for the management of quality on a process plant construction site. The eleven chapters of the handbook define the roles and appellations of the parties involved in a project as well as outlining the fundamental strategic and contractual orientations to be decided. The ISO 9000 series of standards are examined within the context of the process plant construction site. A study is then made of the roles of the organizations involved and of the interfaces between them. Special attention is given to document and materiel control, followed by a review of the various monitoring and feedback systems to keep the project on track moving towards the ultimate goal of satisfactory construction completion leading to turnover. Model procedures are proposed, complete with forms attached, and a number of case studies are included to illustrate the practical application of the princiTrade Review"Process Plant Construction introduces engineers, project and construction managers, and senior technicians to methodology for the management of quality in a process plant constructions site." (Building Engineer, February 2009)Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1. AN OVERVIEW. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Materials, Equipment, Materiel & Works. 1.3 Interested Parties. 1.4 Project Strategy. 1.5 Contractual Environment. CHAPTER 2. ISO 9000. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Quality Assurance. 2.3 Difficulties Met. 2.4 The Rationale for Formal Quality Management Systems. 2.5 Certification of a Quality Management System. 2.6 Quality / Occupational Health & Safety / Environment. CHAPTER 3. ON-SITE RESPONSIBILITIES & INTERFACES. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Owner. 3.3 The EPCM Contractor. 3.4 Construction Contractors. 3.5 Suppliers’ Representatives. 3.6 Special Service Providers. 3.7 Utility Companies. 3.8 The Insurer. 3.9 Authorities. 3.10 The Architect. 3.11 Plant Extensions & Modifications. 3.12 Small Construction Sites. CHAPTER 4. THE EPCM CONTRACTOR. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Corporate Quality Manual. 4.3 Creating the Site Quality Plan. 4.4 The Organization Chart. 4.5 The Site Director. 4.6 The Site Quality Assurance Manager. 4.7 Responsibilities for Quality Control. CASE STUDY. CHAPTER 5. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Selecting the Construction Contractors. 5.3 The Initial Site Meeting with Each Construction Contractor. 5.4 Site Quality Plan. 5.5 Inspection & Test Plan. 5.6 Procedures & Method Statements. 5.7 Inspection & Test Records. 5.8 Construction Quality File. 5.9 Inspection, Measuring & Test Equipment. CASE STUDY. CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION / ENGINEERING INTERFACE . 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Types & Origins of Engineering Documents. 6.3 EPCM Contractor Specifications & Drawings. 6.4 Suppliers’ Documentation. 6.5 Construction Contractors’ Specifications & Drawings. 6.6 Engineering Standards & Codes of Practice. 6.7 Document Control. 6.8 Engineering Site Queries. 6.9 “As-Built” Drawings. 6.10 Information Technology Infrastructure. CASE STUDY. CHAPTER 7. MATERIAL MANAGEMENT. 7.1 Sources of Materiel. 7.2 Purchase Orders. 7.3 Materiel Storage Facilities. 7.4 Materiel Control Procedure. 7.5 Incoming Inspection, Ongoing Inspection & Maintenance. 7.6 Traceability. 7.7 Spare Parts. CASE STUDY. CHAPTER 8. NONCONFORMITIES. 8.1 What Are Nonconformities and How Do We Manage Them?. 8.2 Resolution. 8.3 Model Procedure. 8.4 Few or Many Nonconformity Reports. CASE STUDY. . CHAPTER 9. QUALITY AUDITS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Guidelines for Auditing, Including a Model Procedure. 9.3 Typical Audit Questions. CASE STUDY. CHAPTER 10. MANAGEMENT REVIEWS & COMPLETION REPORT. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Management Reviews on Site during Construction. 10.3 Construction Completion Report. . CHAPTER 11. CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION & TURNOVER. 11.1 Activity Phases on Site. 11.2 Contractual Milestones. 11.3 Responsibilities of Parties Present. 11.4 Construction Completion Procedure. 11.5 Procedure for Turnover to the Owner. 11.6 Construction Completion & Turnover by Functional Systems. 11.7 Conclusions. CASE STUDY. APPENDIX A. CIVIL WORKS & BUILDINGS. APPENDIX B. MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. APPENDIX C. HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING. APPENDIX D. WELDING. APPENDIX E. STRUCTURAL STEELWORK. APPENDIX F. PIPING. APPENDIX G. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS. APPENDIX H. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL. APPENDIX I. PAINTING. APPENDIX J. THERMAL INSULATION. . INDEX

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the concepts and practicalities that lead to sustainable construction. It breaks new ground by providing the reader with the underlying principles of how to build sustainably and then assesses many of the tools required for the task. From energy to materials and from procurement to operation, all aspects play their part in turning a theoretically sustainable building project into a reality. There are many guidelines for the designer on how to maximise the sustainability of buildings but this resource text supplements these by focusing on the construction and operational aspects of sustainable buildings, as well as some of the more fundamental design-related considerations. ?Offers an excellent text for those learning to construct, design and operate sustainable buildings. ?Covers the drivers for sustainable construction, definitions, historical impacts, climate change and global, regional and individual responses. ?enables the construcTable of ContentsPreface viii About the author ix Acknowledgments x 1 Introduction to sustainable construction 1 1.1 Why a book focused on sustainable construction? 1 1.2 Why construct sustainably? 2 1.3 How can we define sustainability? 2 1.4 The environmental importance of design, construction, and care of buildings 19 1.5 Where next? 19 References 19 2 Procurement and sustainability 22 2.1 Procurement and construction 22 2.2 Drivers for and concepts behind sustainable procurement 23 2.3 BREEAM 2011 and sustainable procurement 30 2.4 Organisational values, risk, and stakeholder goodwill 31 2.5 Contracts and sustainable construction 38 2.6 The RIBA plan of work 39 2.7 The sustainable procurement of materials and equipment 40 2.8 Summary 42 References 42 3 Energy, water, refurbishment, and sustainable building design 45 3.1 Design‐related sustainability 45 3.2 Sustainable design 46 3.3 Energy and design: Building fabric 48 3.4 Energy and design: Renewable energy and sustainable technologies 78 3.5 Water 96 3.6 Design for sustainable refurbishment 102 3.7 Summary 105 References 106 4 Materials and sustainable building design 110 4.1 Materials and design 110 4.2 Responsible sourcing of materials 111 4.3 Life cycle assessment 112 4.4 Whole‐life carbon (embodied energy and embodied carbon) 114 4.5 Materials and recycle/reuse 129 4.6 Sustainable construction materials 132 4.7 Summary/what next? 140 References 140 5 Construction‐related sustainability 143 5.1 Sustainable construction 143 5.2 Site operations and organisation 145 5.3 Materials 167 5.4 Summary 183 References 183 6 Assessment and performance evaluation of buildings and construction processes 188 6.1 Building assessment 188 6.2 Introduction and rationale for the assessment of current and future building performance 188 6.3 Categories of sustainability and building assessment systems 189 6.4 Building‐ and project‐specific tools 201 6.5 Post-occupancy assessments 216 6.6 Commissioning and technical assessment 223 6.7 Building simulation 238 6.8 Summary 244 References 244 7 Behaviour, sustainable construction, and the performance gap 249 7.1 People, sustainable construction, and buildings 249 7.2 The building performance gap 249 7.3 occupant behaviour: the performance gap 251 7.4 Modelling using occupant behaviour 257 7.5 Behaviour in the design process 257 7.6 Behaviour and sourcing materials 260 7.7 Sustainability and the business of construction 261 7.8 Commissioning 263 7.9 Facilities management 264 7.10 Summary 266 References 266 8 The practicalities of building with sustainable technologies 270 8.1 Building with sustainable technologies and innovations 270 8.2 General operational issues 275 8.3 Solar systems and technologies 278 8.4 Wind generation 287 8.5 Biomass 290 8.6 Ground/water/air source heat pumps 293 8.7 Micro CHP 298 8.8 Control systems and smart home energy management 299 8.9 Overheating and controlled ventilation systems 300 8.10 Rainwater and greywater collection systems 301 8.11 Summary 307 References 308 9 Future of sustainable construction 313 9.1 Future directions and policies 313 9.2 Future technologies 321 9.3 Future energy 324 9.4 Future materials 327 9.5 Future construction practices 329 9.6 Future norms and expectations 331 9.7 Chapter summary 332 References 333 Index 336

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Book SynopsisHistory of Experimental Structural Mechanics.- Sensors .- Instrumentation.- Applied Digital Signal Processing.- Basic Measurements.- Structural Measurements.- Environmental Measurements.- Design of Tests.- Modal Parameter Estimation.- Modal Analysis of Rotating Systems.- Operating Modal Analysis.- Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics.- Finite/Boundary Element Modeling and Model Reduction.- FE Model Correlation.- Model Updating.- Damping of Materials and Stuctures.- Model Validation/Verification/Calibration.- Uncertainty Quantification and Statistical Issues.- Nonlinear System Analysis.- Rotating System Analysis.- Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection.- System Modeling.- Modal Modeling.- Impedance Modeling.- Acoustics of Structural Systems-VibroAcoustics.- Automotive Structural Testing.- Civil Structural Testing.- Aerospace Structural Testing.- Sports Equipment Testing.Table of ContentsHistory of Experimental Structural Mechanics.- Sensors .- Instrumentation.- Applied Digital Signal Processing.- Basic Measurements.- Structural Measurements.- Environmental Measurements.- Design of Tests.- Modal Parameter Estimation.- Modal Analysis of Rotating Systems.- Operating Modal Analysis.- Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics.- Finite/Boundary Element Modeling and Model Reduction.- FE Model Correlation.- Model Updating.- Damping of Materials and Stuctures.- Model Validation/Verification/Calibration.- Uncertainty Quantification and Statistical Issues.- Nonlinear System Analysis.- Rotating System Analysis.- Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection.- System Modeling.- Modal Modeling.- Impedance Modeling.- Acoustics of Structural Systems-VibroAcoustics.- Automotive Structural Testing.- Civil Structural Testing.- Aerospace Structural Testing.- Sports Equipment Testing.

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Book SynopsisCreators of the modern industrial state, engineers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were part of a rising force or urban, middle-class experts. The vanguard of this élite, engineers embraced a vision of a new social order and believed that as society's natural leaders their special destiny was to solve social problems with engineering methods. Unfortunately, this perception of engineers was not adopted by others, and engineers felt unrecognized and unrewarded. While they possessed expertise essential to industry, as salaried employees living on fixed incomes they could neither control their professional lives nor protect themselves from competition. Unlike the practice of law and medicine, engineering had no legal standing; anyone could practise. In this study of the profession as it evolved in Canada, J. Rodney Millard explores the issues that shaped engineers' perceptions of their work and its place in society. He explains how engineers, determined to rais

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Book SynopsisStabilizing the world’s climates means cutting carbon dioxide pollution. There’s no way around it. But what if that’s not enough? What if it’s too difficult to accomplish in the time allotted or, worse, what if it’s so late in the game that even cutting carbon emissions to zero, tomorrow, wouldn’t do? Enter solar geoengineering. The principle is simple: attempt to cool Earth by reflecting more sunlight back into space. The primary mechanism, shooting particles into the upper atmosphere, implies more pollution, not less. If that doesn’t sound scary, it should. There are lots of risks, unknowns, and unknowables. In Geoengineering: The Gamble, climate economist Gernot Wagner provides a balanced take on the possible benefits and all-too-real risks, especially the so-called “moral hazard” that researching or even just discussing (solar) geoengineering would undermine the push to cut carbon emissions in the first place. Despite those risks, he argues, solar geoengineering may only be a matter of time. Not if, but when. As the founding executive director of Harvard’s Solar Geoengineering Research Program, Wagner explores scenarios of a geoengineered future, offering an inside-view of the research already under way and the actions the world must take to guide it in a productive direction.Trade Review“An important read.”The Sunday Times “A stark warning.”Bibi van der Zee, The Guardian “For better and for worse, geoengineering will be part of the world’s attempts to stave off climate catastrophe — let’s hope we treat this technology with the same thoughtfulness in practice as Wagner has in this book.”Ian Bremmer, President and Founder of Eurasia Group and GZERO Media “This book is both a great way in to the issue for newcomers and a fun, informative read from which even those immersed in it will learn something new.”Edward A. Parson, UCLA School of Law “This is a useful book for broadening the much needed conversations about the emerging approach of solar geoengineering. It is written in an accessible style, asking and providing the views of the author to many key – and some really profound – questions about these techniques that could alter the climate.”Janos Pasztor, Carnegie Climate Governance Initiative (C2G) “Humanity is gambling on climate change. Gernot Wagner skillfully weaves everyday observations, game-theory, and politics into this clear, pithy introduction to carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation modification – cards that may soon be added to the gambling deck.”Matthias Honegger, Perspectives Climate Research “Wagner offers an accessible and to-the-point introduction to the potential—and peril—of solar geoengineering. He is unafraid to confront head-on the governance challenges of this gamble, one that humanity may have to take to prevent dangerous climate change.”Jesse Reynolds, author of The Governance of Solar Geoengineering: Managing Climate Change in the AnthropoceneTable of ContentsPreface: Start here—But don’t start with geoengineering Part I: Incentives 1. Not if, but when 2. What could possibly go wrong? 3. The drive to research Part II: Scenarios 4. ‘Rational’ climate policy 5. A humanitarian cyclone crisis 6. Millions of geoengineers Part III: Governance 7. Green moral hazards 8. Research governance Epilogue: The inevitable gamble Bibliography Notes

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Book SynopsisStabilizing the world’s climates means cutting carbon dioxide pollution. There’s no way around it. But what if that’s not enough? What if it’s too difficult to accomplish in the time allotted or, worse, what if it’s so late in the game that even cutting carbon emissions to zero, tomorrow, wouldn’t do? Enter solar geoengineering. The principle is simple: attempt to cool Earth by reflecting more sunlight back into space. The primary mechanism, shooting particles into the upper atmosphere, implies more pollution, not less. If that doesn’t sound scary, it should. There are lots of risks, unknowns, and unknowables. In Geoengineering: The Gamble, climate economist Gernot Wagner provides a balanced take on the possible benefits and all-too-real risks, especially the so-called “moral hazard” that researching or even just discussing (solar) geoengineering would undermine the push to cut carbon emissions in the first place. Despite those risks, he argues, solar geoengineering may only be a matter of time. Not if, but when. As the founding executive director of Harvard’s Solar Geoengineering Research Program, Wagner explores scenarios of a geoengineered future, offering an inside-view of the research already under way and the actions the world must take to guide it in a productive direction.Trade Review“An important read.”The Sunday Times “A stark warning.”Bibi van der Zee, The Guardian “For better and for worse, geoengineering will be part of the world’s attempts to stave off climate catastrophe — let’s hope we treat this technology with the same thoughtfulness in practice as Wagner has in this book.”Ian Bremmer, President and Founder of Eurasia Group and GZERO Media “This book is both a great way in to the issue for newcomers and a fun, informative read from which even those immersed in it will learn something new.”Edward A. Parson, UCLA School of Law “This is a useful book for broadening the much needed conversations about the emerging approach of solar geoengineering. It is written in an accessible style, asking and providing the views of the author to many key – and some really profound – questions about these techniques that could alter the climate.”Janos Pasztor, Carnegie Climate Governance Initiative (C2G) “Humanity is gambling on climate change. Gernot Wagner skillfully weaves everyday observations, game-theory, and politics into this clear, pithy introduction to carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation modification – cards that may soon be added to the gambling deck.”Matthias Honegger, Perspectives Climate Research “Wagner offers an accessible and to-the-point introduction to the potential—and peril—of solar geoengineering. He is unafraid to confront head-on the governance challenges of this gamble, one that humanity may have to take to prevent dangerous climate change.”Jesse Reynolds, author of The Governance of Solar Geoengineering: Managing Climate Change in the AnthropoceneTable of ContentsPreface: Start here—But don’t start with geoengineeringPart I: Incentives1. Not if, but when2. What could possibly go wrong?3. The drive to researchPart II: Scenarios4. ‘Rational’ climate policy5. A humanitarian cyclone crisis6. Millions of geoengineersPart III: Governance7. Green moral hazards8. Research governanceEpilogue: The inevitable gambleBibliographyNotes

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Book SynopsisBACnet is a set of data communication protocols, developed jointly by ASHRAE, ANSI and ISO, for how the automatic control systems in a building--from heating, to ventilation to lighting to fire control and alarm systems - can communicate with one another and, in turn, offer a centralized way for controlling all systems in a building. The author of this book H. Michael Newman presided as the chairman of the first effort to create this standard, and has been involved with updates and improvements ever since. The BACnet protocols are made use of in central control systems manufactured by companies like Honeywell, Siemens, and Johnson Controls, among many others. BACnet is widely used throughout the world today for commercial and institutional buildings with complex mechanical and electrical systems. Contractors, architects, building systems engineers, and facilities managers must all be cognizant of it and its applications. This book will offer those readers the 'inside wisdom' from the person who actually helped to create this standard specification...making it easier to understand the intent and use of each of the data sharing protocols, the controller requirements, and the opportunities for inter-operability between different proprietary controllers and systems. Readers will appreciate: The review of history of BACnet and its essential features, including the 'object model,' data links, network layers, and BACnet systems Coverage such services as alarm and event services, file access services, and remote device management services Insight into future directions for BACnet, including wireless networking and network security

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Book SynopsisThis pocket-sized book is a concise guide to the basics of estimating construction costs for residential and light commercial building projects. It provides a step-by-step guide to estimating the total cost of a construction project. It takes readers through five phases that lead to a successful estimate: initial assessment, work analysis, programming, costing and cost distribution and summarization. The book's primary targets are small contractors; however, the principles set forth in the book are applicable to all contractors. The book could also serve as a textbook for estimating classes in construction management programs at universities and community colleges. The last section of the book provides useful but not readily available information for estimators on diverse topics, e.g., detailed information about Value Engineering, scheduling, subcontractor selection, bid summarization, and so on. An extensive glossary of construction terms is also included. Readers in all construction capacities will find: A new, fresh look at the often baffling and deceptive job of estimating construction costs for residential and light commercial construction How to assess plans, review bonds, and evaluate the site and the project schedule before beginning a cost take-off How to integrate a cost estimate into a general accounting program for cost management and eventual billing

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Book SynopsisFacilities management is a broad-based discipline that calls into play architectural, construction, engineering and management skills, particularly for running and maintaining commercial, institutional, academic, and industrial buildings. This book will cover the essential role and responsibilities of the facilities manager, both as manager of existing building inventory as well as future planning and risk-based maintenance. Newcomers to facilities management will find this an excellent introduction, while established professionals will be able to brush up on the latest technological and regulatory trends affecting how complex facilities should be successfully maintained by way of risk assessment. For the classroom, the book contains ample exercises, useful ready-to-use forms and resources for extended study and instruction. Highlights include: Coverage of key components of facilities management including maintenance, risk management , building safety, operations and purchasing, staffing, and more. Guidance on new trends including 'lean building maintenance' and Green Building specs (Green Spec) like LEED. Guidance on legal contracts, safety regulations, energy efficiency, and more. Specific management guidance by building type including apartments, office buildings, hotels and resorts, government buildings, schools, transport facilities and many others.

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Book Synopsis"This standard assumes that the structure, after completion, is used as intended in the project and subject to planned inspection and maintenance to meet the expected project lifetime and to detect any unforeseen weakness or behavior" (EN 13670 §4.1) An important decision factor in the design of new structures and repairs to existing structures is the lifetime or expected service life. This concept, which is common for civil engineering works, has been extended to all engineering and building works by applying the European Structural Design Codes. This book tries to take stock of the inspection methodologies related to each type of civil engineering work, the various pathologies of concrete structures, and gives examples of the writing of reports.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Inspection of Structures: Methodologies 1 1.1 Bridges 1 1.1.1 General information 1 1.1.2 Regulatory documents 4 1.1.3 Human resources 6 1.1.4 Material resources 6 1.1.5 The project file 8 1.1.6 How an inspection is carried out 9 1.1.7 The inspection report 10 1.1.8 Points to look out for 11 1.1.9 Classification example 11 1.2 Structures for the retention and transportation of liquids 11 1.2.1 General information 11 1.2.2 Regulatory documents 14 1.2.3 Human resources 14 1.2.4 The material means 15 1.2.5 The project file 16 1.2.6 How the inspection is carried out 16 1.2.7 The inspection report 17 1.2.8 Points to look out for 19 1.3 Storage structures for petroleum products 24 1.3.1 General information 24 1.3.2 How the inspection is carried out 27 1.3.3 Specificities for this type of structure 28 1.3.4 Points to look out for 31 1.4 Maritime structures 34 1.4.1 General information 34 1.4.2 Principles of the CSV method 36 1.4.3 Determination of the strategic index SI 38 1.4.4 Frequency of visits 39 1.4.5 Defining the priorities 39 1.4.6 Summary of the CSV method 40 1.4.7 Points to look out for 41 1.5 Silos 50 1.5.1 General information 50 1.5.2 Reminder on the regulations for the mechanical operation of silos 51 1.5.3 Principle of inspection 52 1.5.4 Follow-up file 55 1.5.5 Inspection procedure 55 1.5.6 The inspection report 56 1.5.7 Points to look out for 57 1.6 Gantry, metal hanger and high masts 59 1.6.1 General information 59 1.6.2 Principle of inspection 59 1.6.3 The inspection report 60 1.6.4 Points to look out for 61 Chapter 2 Concept of Resistance of Materials: Application to Reinforced Concrete 67 2.1 General information on reinforced concrete 67 2.2 Concrete material 68 2.2.1 Cement 68 2.2.2 Aggregates 69 2.2.3 Mixing water 69 2.2.4 Admixture 69 2.2.5 Mechanical properties of concrete 70 2.2.6 Eurocode 2 provisions for concrete 74 2.3 Steels 81 2.3.1 The mechanical properties of steels 81 2.3.2 Steel-concrete bonding 85 2.4 Concept of strength of materials 87 2.4.1 Compression/traction 88 2.4.2 Pure flexion 89 2.4.3 Shear stress 91 2.4.4 Torsion 93 Chapter 3 Pathology of Structures 95 3.1 Pathology of concrete structures 95 3.1.1 Cracking 95 3.1.2 The degradation of concrete 106 3.2 The pathology of masonry structures 139 3.2.1 General information 139 3.2.2 Major disorders that may affect masonry 139 3.3 The pathology of composite material structures 145 3.3.1 General information on composite materials 145 3.3.2 Main pathologies of composite materials 150 Chapter 4 Techniques for Repairing Civil Engineering Works 161 4.1 Repair of concrete structures 161 4.1.1 The glued metal plates technique 161 4.1.2 The technique of glued composite fabrics or plates 170 4.1.3 The technique of additional prestressing 178 4.1.4 The shotcrete technique 183 4.1.5 Repair of superficially degraded concretes 191 4.2 Protection of concrete structure 198 4.2.1 Cathodic protection of reinforcements 198 4.3 Underground recovery 203 4.3.1 Principle of the technique 203 4.3.2 Regulations 203 4.3.3 Principle for sizing of reinforcements 203 4.3.4 Implementation of reinforcements 204 Chapter 5 Inspection and Maintenance of Structures in the United States: Methodologies 209 5.1 Engineering structures 209 5.1.1 General information 209 5.1.2 Regulations 210 5.1.3 Human resources 211 5.1.4 Material resources 211 5.1.5 The inspection report 212 5.1.6 Points to look out for 213 5.2 Storage structures for petroleum products 214 5.2.1 General information 214 5.2.2 Inspection procedure 215 5.2.3 Points to look out for 216 Appendices 217 Appendix 1 Examples of Diagnosis on a Drinking Water Storage Structure Based on the CEMAGREF Method 219 Appendix 2 Examples of Diagnosis on a Petroleum Products Storage Tank According to the DT 92 Method 251 Appendix 3 Examples of Diagnosis of a Marine Structure Using the CETMEF VSC Method 261 Appendix 4 Inspection Report “Gantries, Metal Hangers and High Masts” 305 Appendix 5 Measuring Equipment 315 Appendix 6 Inspections of Bridges 317 Bibliography 321 Index 325

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Book SynopsisUsing a general approach, this book supports the student to enable mastery of the methods of analysis of isostatic and hyperstatic structures. To show the performance of the methods of analysis of the hyperstatic structures, selected beams, gantries and reticular structures are selected and subjected to a comparative study by the different methods of analysis of the hyperstatic structures. Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Concept of a structure 2 1.3. Structural analysis 2 1.4. History of structural analysis 3 1.5. Classification of structures 4 1.5.1. Plane trusses 4 1.5.2. Beams 6 1.5.3. Frames 7 1.5.4. Crossbeams 8 1.5.5. Arches 8 1.6. Static indeterminacy of structures 8 1.6.1. Trusses 9 1.6.2. Beam and frames 11 1.7. Sign convention 14 1.8. Conclusion 15 1.9. Problems 16 Chapter 2. Actions on Structures 21 2.1. Loads 21 2.2. Permanent loads 22 2.3. Live loads 23 2.4. Snow loads 26 2.5. Wind loads 29 2.6. Seismic loads 40 2.7. Thermal loads 47 2.8. Hydrostatic loads and land thrust 48 2.9. Conclusion 49 2.10. Problems 49 Chapter 3. External Analysis of Plane Structures 55 3.1. External equilibrium of structures 55 3.2. External and internal actions 57 3.2.1. External actions 58 3.2.2. Internal actions 58 3.3. Types of plane structure supports 59 3.4. Static determinacy, static indeterminacy and structural stability 59 3.4.1. External analysis 59 3.4.2. Internal analysis 61 3.5. Calculation of support reactions 63 3.6. Superposition principle 71 3.7. Matrix formulation 72 3.8. Concept of displacement 76 3.9. Concept of work 77 3.10. Principle of virtual work 80 3.11. Calculation of reactions by the virtual work method 81 3.12. Conclusion 84 3.13. Problems 85 Chapter 4. Analysis of Trusses 91 4.1. Definition of a truss 91 4.2. Hypothesis of analysis 92 4.3. Sign convention and representation of internal forces 93 4.4. Degree of static indeterminacy and stability of trusses 94 4.4.1. External analysis 94 4.4.2. Internal analysis 95 4.5. Analysis methods of trusses 96 4.5.1. Method of joint equilibrium 97 4.5.2. Method of sections 100 4.5.3. Matrix method 104 4.5.4. Graphic or Cremona method 109 4.6. Composite trusses 111 4.7. Complex trusses 118 4.8. Space trusses 120 4.8.1. Space truss analysis 121 4.9. Conclusion 127 4.10. Problems 127 Chapter 5. Internal Analysis of Beams and Frames 135 5.1. Normal force, shear force and bending moment 135 5.2. Sign convention 137 5.3. Beam analysis procedure 138 5.4. Diagrams of internal actions 143 5.5. Relationship between loading, shear force and bending moment 146 5.6. Static determinacy, static indeterminacy and instability of beams and frames 147 5.7. Plane frame analysis procedure 148 5.8. Conclusion 160 5.9. Problems 160 Chapter 6. Deflections of Elastic Beams: Energy Methods 167 6.1. Elastic deflection of beams 167 6.2. Calculation of deflections 169 6.2.1. Method of the differential equation of the elastic line 169 6.2.2. Direct integration method 173 6.2.3. Moment-area method. 176 6.2.4. Conjugate beam method 181 6.3. Superposition principle 185 6.4. Conclusion 188 6.5. Problems 189 Chapter 7. Structural Deflections: Energy Methods 193 7.1. Work of external actions 193 7.2. Internal or strain energy 200 7.3. Principle of energy conservation 204 7.4. Principle of virtual work 208 7.4.1. Method of virtual work: trusses 211 7.4.2. Method of virtual work: beams 217 7.4.3. Method of virtual work: frames 225 7.5. Conservation of energy and strain energy 231 7.6. Castigliano’s theorem 231 7.6.1. Displacement theorem statement 232 7.6.2. Slope theorem statement 232 7.6.3. Application of Castigliano’s theorem to truss analysis 234 7.6.4. Using Castigliano’s theorem to analyze beams and frames 236 7.7. Maxwell–Betti law 241 7.8. Conclusion 245 7.9. Problems 246 Chapter 8. Cable Analysis 253 8.1. Introduction 253 8.2. Mechanical characteristics of cables 254 8.3. Hypothesis of cable analysis 255 8.4. Cable analysis 255 8.4.1. Cables subject to concentrated force 255 8.4.2. Cables subject to distributed forces 263 8.4.3. Cables subject to any force 272 8.5. Cables with an inflection point outside the cable 275 8.6. Suspension bridges 280 8.7. Conclusion 283 8.8. Problems 284 Chapter 9. Analysis of Arches 289 9.1. Introduction 289 9.2. Three-hinged arch 290 9.2.1. Semicircular arch under concentrated load 291 9.2.2. Semicircular arch under uniformly distributed load 299 9.2.3. Parabolic arch under concentrated load 302 9.2.4. Parabolic arch under uniformly distributed load 309 9.2.5. Semicircular arch with support settlements 314 9.3. Bi-hinged arch 319 9.4. Conclusion 323 9.5. Problems 323 Chapter 10. Influence Lines 329 10.1. Introduction 329 10.2. Influence line definition 330 10.3. Influence lines of a beam using the equilibrium method 330 10.3.1. Influence lines of a support reaction 331 10.3.2. Influence line of a shear force 332 10.3.3. Influence line of a bending moment 333 10.4. Influence lines of a frame using the equilibrium method 338 10.4.1. Influence line of support reaction VA 339 10.5. Analysis steps 344 10.6. Influence lines of trusses 353 10.7. Influence lines using the Muller–Breslau principle 356 10.7.1. Influence lines of a support reaction 356 10.7.2. Influence line of a shear force 360 10.7.3. Influence line of a bending moment 366 10.9. Conclusion 375 10.10. Problems 376 Appendices 381 Bibliography 383 Index 387

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Book SynopsisJapan is one of those countries most often affected by powerful natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, heavy rains, heavy snowfall, tornadoes, etc. The Archipelago is considered a very advanced country in terms of forecasting, prevention and management of natural disasters. A detailed analysis of the reality of recent years is however necessary. In the run-up to the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, among others, a publication on the subject will inform a large number of people wanting to know more about the risks of natural disasters in Japan.Table of ContentsForeword xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction xv Part 1. Hazards, Risks and Disasters 1 Chapter 1. From Hazard to Disaster 3 1.1. Hazard, vulnerability and risk 3 1.2. Disaster 4 Chapter 2. Earth and Fire 7 2.1. Earthquakes 7 2.1.1. Japan, principal seismic country 8 2.1.2. The effects of earthquakes 9 2.2. Volcanoes 13 2.2.1. Japan, principal volcanic country 14 2.2.2. Volcanic risks 16 2.2.3. The benefits of volcanoes 17 Chapter 3. Air and Water 21 3.1. Strong winds 21 3.1.1. Typhoons, spring winds and tornados 22 3.1.2. Risks related to wind 24 3.1.3. The benefits of wind 24 3.2. Rainfall and snowfall 25 3.2.1. Intense rains and flood risk 25 3.2.2. Snow 31 3.3. Heat waves 33 3.3.1. The heat island phenomenon 33 3.3.2. Damage related to heat 34 Part 2. Risk Management 37 Chapter 4. Disaster Prevention 39 4.1. Concepts related to disaster prevention 39 4.2. Laws, plans and budgets 40 4.3. Business continuity plans 43 Chapter 5. Risk Mitigation 45 5.1. Hazard-proof buildings and residences 45 5.1.1. In modern Japan 45 5.1.2. The present day 46 5.2. Securing critical infrastructure 51 5.2.1. A predominantly overhead electrical grid 52 5.2.2. The gas distribution network 53 5.2.3. A water distribution system that is difficult to replace 54 5.2.4. Securing shinkansen high-speed lines 54 5.3. The battle against fires 56 5.3.1. A variable risk 56 5.3.2. Tokyo: a giant tinderbox 58 5.3.3. Taking into account the risk of factory fires 59 5.4. The fight against flooding 59 5.4.1. The fight against coastal flooding 59 5.4.2. The fight against flood rains 64 5.5. The fight against mass movements 66 5.6. The fight against heat islands 67 5.7. The safety of nuclear power plants 69 5.7.1. Establishing new regulations 70 5.7.2. Confronting volcanic eruptions 71 5.7.3. Facing earthquake shocks and tsunamis 72 5.7.4. Facing heavy rains 73 Chapter 6. Disaster Preparedness 75 6.1. Prevention maps and signage 76 6.2. Protection measures and storage 80 6.3. Training, exercises and commemorations 82 6.3.1. School education on disaster prevention 82 6.3.2. Education on disaster prevention for everyone 84 6.3.3. Commemorations 87 6.4. Risk awareness 88 6.4.1. Among Japanese people 88 6.4.2. Among foreigners 89 Chapter 7. Prediction, Monitoring, Warning and Preventive Evacuation 91 7.1. Long-term forecasting 91 7.1.1. Forecasting earthquakes: an impossible dream? 91 7.1.2. Eruptions: limited forecasting 93 7.1.3. The long-term forecasting of meteorological phenomena 95 7.2. Monitoring and short-term forecasting 96 7.2.1. Meteorological monitoring and forecasting 97 7.2.2. Monitoring waterways 98 7.2.3. Monitoring mass movements 99 7.2.4. The detection of seismic and tsunami waves 99 7.2.5. Monitoring volcanic activity 100 7.3. Warnings 102 7.3.1. Earthquake warnings 102 7.3.2. Tsunami warnings 104 7.3.3. Warning in case of volcanic eruption 105 7.3.4. Warnings in case of meteorological phenomena 107 7.3.5. The new emergency warning system 109 7.4. Preventive evacuation 111 7.4.1. Before a violent earthquake 111 7.4.2. Hesitation to evacuate after a violent earthquake in anticipation of tsunami or a fire 112 7.4.3. In case of risk of intense rainfall: to evacuate or not to evacuate? 114 7.4.4. Evacuating in the face of volcanic dangers 116 7.4.5. People requiring special attention 119 7.4.6. Relocation 120 Part 3. Disaster Management 121 Chapter 8. Crisis Management 123 8.1. Mobilization of the authorities . . . . . 124 8.1.1. Crisis management centers 124 8.1.2. Mobilization of rescue teams 125 8.1.3. Management of dead bodies 133 8.2. Mobilization of residents 135 8.2.1. Neighborhood communities and local associations 135 8.2.2. The actions of volunteers 136 8.3. The circulation of information 137 8.3.1. Social networks 137 8.3.2. Rumors 138 8.3.3. Media coverage 140 8.4. Evacuation 143 8.4.1. The initial period in the evacuation centers 144 8.4.2. Mental health 145 8.4.3. Temporary care of non-residents 146 Chapter 9. Restoration and Reconstruction 149 9.1. Rebuilding the lives of disaster victims 149 9.1.1. Life in evacuation centers 149 9.1.2. Security in devastated areas 151 9.1.3. Settlement in temporary housing 152 9.1.4. Prolonged stays in temporary housing 154 9.1.5. Financial tools for reconstructing the lives of disaster victims 155 9.1.6. Moral and psychological support 158 9.2. Restoration and reconstruction of infrastructure 160 9.2.1. Responsibilities and financing 161 9.2.2. Waste management 162 9.2.3. Restoration of vital infrastructure 164 9.2.4. Restoration of public institutions: the example of schools 168 9.2.5. Restoration of businesses 168 9.2.6. Managing reconstruction costs 169 9.3. Demographic and economic development 170 9.4. Political consequences 172 9.5. Memory 173 Conclusion 177 Appendix 179 References 183 Index 203

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Book SynopsisEngineering structures may be subjected to extreme high-rate loading conditions, like those associated with natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunamis, rock falls, etc.) or those of anthropic origin (impacts, fluid–structure interactions, shock wave transmissions, etc.). Characterization and modeling of the mechanical behavior of materials under these environments is important in predicting the response of structures and improving designs. This book gathers contributions by eminent researchers in academia and government research laboratories on the latest advances in the understanding of the dynamic process of damage, cracking and fragmentation. It allows the reader to develop an understanding of the key features of the dynamic mechanical behavior of brittle (e.g. granular and cementitious), heterogeneous (e.g. energetic) and ductile (e.g. metallic) materials. Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Some Issues Related to the Modeling of Dynamic Shear Localization-assisted Failure 1Patrice LONGÈRE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Preliminary/fundamental considerations 3 1.2.1. Localization and discontinuity 3 1.2.2. Isothermal versus adiabatic conditions 6 1.2.3. Sources of softening 9 1.2.4. ASB onset 22 1.2.5. Scale postulate 26 1.3. Small-scale postulate-based approaches 27 1.3.1. Material of the band viewed as an extension of the solid material behavior before ASB onset 28 1.3.2. Material of the band viewed as a fluid material 29 1.3.3. ASB viewed as a damage mechanism 31 1.3.4. Assessment 32 1.4. Embedded band-based approaches (large-scale postulate) 33 1.4.1. Variational approaches 34 1.4.2. Enriched finite element kinematics 38 1.4.3. Enriched constitutive model 41 1.4.4. Discussion 43 1.5. Conclusion 44 1.6. Acknowledgments 45 1.7. References 45 Chapter 2. Analysis of the Localization Process Prior to the Fragmentation of a Ring in Dynamic Expansion 53Skander EL MAÏ, Sébastien MERCIER and Alain MOLINARI 2.1. Introduction 53 2.1.1. Fragmentation experiments 54 2.1.2. Fragmentation theories 54 2.2. An extension of a linear stability analysis developed in [MER 03] 59 2.2.1. Position of the problem 59 2.2.2. Classical linear stability analysis 60 2.2.3. Evolution of the cross-section perturbation 62 2.2.4. Analysis of the potential sites of necking 65 2.3. Outcomes of the approach 70 2.3.1. Effects of the loading velocity on neck spacing distribution 70 2.3.2. Effects of an imposed dominant mode in the initial perturbation 72 2.3.3. Comparison of the approach with numerical simulations 83 2.4. Conclusion 89 2.5. References 90 Chapter 3. Gradient Damage Models Coupled with Plasticity and Their Application to Dynamic Fragmentation 95Arthur GEROMEL FISCHER and Jean-Jacques MARIGO 3.1. Introduction 95 3.2. Theoretical aspects 96 3.2.1. Gradient damage models 96 3.2.2. Damage coupled with plasticity 106 3.2.3. Dynamic gradient damage 117 3.3. Numerical implementation 122 3.4. Applications 123 3.4.1. 1D fracture 124 3.4.2. Material behavior 124 3.4.3. Dimensionless parameters 126 3.4.4. 1D period bar 131 3.4.5. Cylinder under internal pressure 135 3.5. Conclusion 138 3.6. References 139 Chapter 4. Plastic Deformation of Pure Polycrystalline Molybdenum 143Geremy J. KLEISER, Benoit REVIL-BAUDARD and Oana CAZACU 4.1. Introduction 143 4.2. Quasi-static and dynamic data on a pure polycrystalline Mo 144 4.2.1. Analysis of the quasi-static uniaxial tension test results on smooth specimens 147 4.2.2. Split Hopkinson pressure bar data 154 4.2.3. Taylor cylinder impact data 155 4.3. Constitutive model for polycrystalline Mo 158 4.4. Predictions of the mechanical response 162 4.4.1. FE. predictions of the quasi-static uniaxial tensile response for notched specimens 162 4.5. Conclusions 172 4.6. References 173 Chapter 5. Some Advantages of Advanced Inverse Methods to Identify Viscoplastic and Damage Material Model Parameters 177Bertrand LANGRAND, Delphine NOTTA-CUVIER, Thomas FOUREST and Eric MARKIEWICZ 5.1. Introduction 177 5.2. Experimental devices for material characterization over a large range of strain rates 180 5.3. Identification of elasto-viscoplastic and damage material Parameters 184 5.3.1. Direct approach for material parameter identification 184 5.3.2. Inverse approaches for material parameter identification 192 5.4. Conclusions 204 5.5. Acknowledgments 205 5.6. References 205 Chapter 6. Laser Shock Experiments to Investigate Fragmentation at Extreme Strain Rates 213Thibaut DE RESSÉGUIER, Didier LOISON, Benjamin JODAR, Emilien LESCOUTE,Caroline ROLAND, Loïc SIGNOR and André DRAGON 6.1. Introduction 214 6.2. Phenomenology of laser shock-induced fragmentation 215 6.3. Spall fracture 217 6.4. Microspall after shock-induced melting 222 6.5. Microjetting from geometrical defects 225 6.6. Conclusion 230 6.7. References 231 Chapter 7. One-dimensional Models for Dynamic Fragmentation of Brittle Materials 237David CERECEDA, Nitin DAPHALAPURKAR and Lori GRAHAM BRADY 7.1. Introduction 237 7.2. Methods 242 7.3. Results 244 7.3.1. Mono-phase materials 244 7.3.2. Multi-phase materials 251 7.4. Conclusions 258 7.5. References 259 Chapter 8. Damage and Wave Propagation in Brittle Materials 263Quriaky GOMEZ, Jia LI and Ioan R. IONESCU 8.1. Introduction 263 8.2. Short overview of damage models 264 8.2.1. Effective elasticity of a cracked solid 266 8.2.2. Damage evolution 268 8.3. 1D wave propagation 275 8.3.1. Problem statement 276 8.3.2. A single family of micro-cracks 278 8.3.3. Three families of micro-cracks 280 8.4. Two-dimensional anti-plane wave propagation 280 8.4.1. Anisotropic damage under isotropic loading 281 8.4.2. Anisotropic loading of an initial isotropic damaged material 284 8.5. Blast impact and damage evolution 286 8.6. Conclusions and perspectives 291 8.7. Acknowledgments 292 8.8. References 292 Chapter 9. Discrete Element Analysis to Predict Penetration and Perforation of Concrete Targets Struck by Rigid Projectiles 297Laurent DAUDEVILLE, Andria ANTONIOU, Ahmad OMAR, Philippe MARIN, Serguei POTAPOV and Christophe PONTIROLI 9.1. Introduction 297 9.2. Discrete element model 299 9.2.1. Definition of interactions 299 9.2.2. Constitutive behavior of concrete: Discrete element model 300 9.2.3. Linear elastic constitutive behavior 301 9.2.4. Nonlinear constitutive behavior 302 9.2.5. Strain rate dependency 305 9.3. Simulation of impacts 307 9.3.1. Impact experiments 307 9.3.2. Modeling of impact experiments 308 9.4. Conclusion 311 9.5. References 311 Chapter 10. Bifurcation Micromechanics in Granular Materials 315Antoine WAUTIER, Jiaying LIU, François NICOT and Félix DARVE 10.1. Introduction 315 10.2. Application of the second-order work criterion at representative volume element scale 318 10.3. From macro to micro analysis of instability 322 10.3.1. Local second-order work and contact sliding 322 10.3.2. Role of strong contact network in stable and unstable loading directions 323 10.3.3. From contact sliding to mesoscale mechanisms 326 10.3.4. Micromechanisms leading to bifurcation at the representative volume element scale 329 10.4. Diffuse and localized failure in a unified framework 331 10.4.1. Diffuse and localized failure pattern 331 10.4.2. Common micromechanisms and microstructures 332 10.5. Conclusion 334 10.6. References 335 Chapter 11. Influence of Specimen Size on the Dynamic Response of Concrete 339Xu NIE, William F. HEARD and Bradley E. MARTIN 11.1. Introduction 339 11.2. Materials and specimens 341 11.3. Experimental techniques 343 11.3.1. Kolsky compression bar theory and set-up 343 11.3.2. Pulse shaping technique 345 11.4. Results and discussion 350 11.4.1. Pulse shaper design for Kolsky compression bar systems 350 11.4.2. Rate and specimen size effect on failure strength 355 11.5. Conclusion 360 11.6. Acknowledgments 362 11.7. References 362 Chapter 12. Shockless Characterization of Ceramics Using High-Pulsed Power Technologies 365Jean-Luc ZINSZNER, Benjamin ERZAR and Pascal FORQUIN 12.1. Introduction 365 12.1.1. Presentation of the silicon carbide grades 367 12.2. Principle of the GEPI generator 368 12.3. Dynamic compression of ceramics 370 12.3.1. Lagrangian analysis of velocity profiles 371 12.3.2. Experimental results 372 12.4. Dynamic tensile strength of ceramics 374 12.4.1. Experimental methodology and data processing 375 12.4.2. Characterization of two silicon carbide grades 377 12.4.3. Post-mortem analyses of damaged samples 378 12.5. Conclusions 380 12.6. Acknowledgments 381 12.7. References 381 Chapter 13. A Eulerian Level Set-based Framework for Reactive Meso-scale Analysis of Heterogeneous Energetic Materials 387Nirmal KUMAR RAI and H.S. UDAYKUMAR 13.1. Introduction 387 13.2. Numerical framework 390 13.2.1. Governing equations 390 13.2.2. Constitutive model for HMX 390 13.2.3. Reactive modeling of HMX 393 13.2.4. Level set representation of embedded interface 395 13.2.5. Image processing approach: Representing real geometries 395 13.3. Results 398 13.3.1. Grid refinement study 400 13.3.2. Collapse behavior of voids present in the pressed HMX material 401 13.3.3. Criticality conditions for Class III and Class V samples 403 13.3.4. Meso-scale criticality conditions for pressed energetic materials 405 13.4. Conclusions 411 13.5. Acknowledgments 412 13.6. References 412 Chapter 14. A Well-posed Hypoelastic Model Derived From a Hyperelastic One 417Nicolas FAVRIE and Sergey GAVRILYUK 14.1. Introduction 417 14.2. A general hyperelastic model formulation 418 14.3. Evolution equation for the deviatoric part of the stress tensor: neo-Hookean solids 420 14.3.1. Expression of tr(b) as a function of the invariants of S 421 14.3.2. Hypoelastic formulation 423 14.4. Conclusions 424 14.5. Acknowledgments 425 14.6. References 425 Appendix A: Case a = 0.5 429 List of Authors 433 Index 437

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together a selection of the scientific results of the RI ADAPTCLIM project (International Network on Risk Assessment and Climatic Adaptation of Civil Engineering and Buildings Works). Funded by the Pays de la Loire region in France as part of the 2014 Stratégie Internationale call for projects, research teams from the scientific group LiRGeC (ECN, UN, IFSTTAR, CSTB) and several international partners contributed their human, experimental and digital resources. RI-ADAPTCLIM was established to study the short- and medium term effects of climatic conditions on buildings, infrastructures and the ground. Following an integrated, interdisciplinary and multi-physics approach, the researchers proposed decision support tools that would increase the resilience of structures and buildings against the impact of hazards due to climate change.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Consideration of Seasonal Temperature Changes in the French Pavement Design Method 1 Rahma KTARI, Ferhat HAMMOUM, Pierre HORNYCH, Denis ST-LAURENT, Paul MARSAC, Mai Lan NGUYEN and Jean-Michel PIAU 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. The experimental road structures 6 1.2.1. The A63 highway (Bordeaux, France) 9 1.2.2. The A75 highway (Saint-Chély-d'Apcher, France) 11 1.2.3. Laval University Experimental Road Site (SERUL) (Montmorency forest, Canada) 14 1.3. The French pavement design method 18 1.3.1. Structural calculation: design criteria 18 1.3.2. Principle for calculating the equivalent temperature of bituminous materials 22 1.4. Incremental method for calculating the equivalent temperature using the “Alize-LCPC Recherche” software 25 1.5. Results and discussion 35 1.5.1. A63 Highway: effects of the time intervals, the law of thermal susceptibility ε6(θ), and the calculation year on equivalent temperature 35 1.5.2. A75 Highway: effects of the type of structure, the type of climate, the width of vertical discretization of measured temperatures, and the calculation year (2004—2012) on equivalent temperature 38 1.5.3. SERUL: effects of the daily distribution of traffic and thermal susceptibility ε6(θ) on equivalent temperature 41 1.5.4. Consequences for the design of bituminous pavements 47 1.6. Conclusion 50 1.7. Acknowledgments 52 1.8. References 52 Chapter 2. Study of the Behavior of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles under Monotonic and Cyclic Lateral Loading 57 Sanae AHAYAN, Panagiotis KOTRONIS, Zhen-Yu YIN, Benjamin CERFONTAINE and Frédéric COLLIN 2.1. Introduction 58 2.2. Behavior of natural clays 62 2.2.1. Cyclic constitutive law 62 2.2.2. Calibration of the constitutive law 65 2.3. Pile under lateral loading 67 2.3.1. Two-dimensional modeling 67 2.3.2. Monotonic loading 71 2.3.3. Cyclic loading 76 2.4. Conclusion 80 2.5. References 81 Chapter 3. Carbonation of Concrete in a Climate Change Context 85 Mounia FARAH, Frédéric GRONDIN, Menghuan GUO, Ahmed LOUKILI and Emmanuel ROZIÈRE 3.1. Introduction 86 3.2. The climate in 200 years according to the IPCC 87 3.3. How to analyze the risks related to excessive CO2 93 3.3.1. The actions of CO2 in concrete 93 3.3.2. Examples of testing on common concretes 96 3.4. Influence of concrete mixture on carbonation 99 3.4.1. Analysis of ordinary concrete 99 3.4.2. The effect of recycled aggregates on the carbonation of concrete 100 3.5. Conclusion 101 3.6. References 102 Chapter 4. A Method for Estimating Suffusion Susceptibility of a Compacted Dam Core from Construction Data 105 Lingran ZHANG, Rachel GELET, Didier MAROT, Marc SMITH and Jean-Marie KONRAD 4.1. Introduction 106 4.2. Description of the method 109 4.2.1. Estimation of the suffusion susceptibility 109 4.2.2. Estimation of the hydraulic conductivity 113 4.2.3. Estimation of the suffusion potential at the scale of a structure 115 4.3. Application to an existing structure 117 4.3.1. Description of the dam 117 4.3.2. Estimate of the suffusion resistance index Iα 121 4.3.3. Estimating hydraulic conductivity 129 4.3.4. Estimation of the relative suffusion potential 135 4.4. Conclusion 139 4.5. Acknowledgments 141 4.6. References 141 List of Authors 147 Index 151

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