Civil engineering, surveying and building Books

Book SynopsisWhere the environment is concerned, regardless of scale, the logic of the Native American hummingbird which �does its part� should prevail. To act independently of others is indeed the sine qua non of the global shift towards a regenerative economy of humanity and ecosystems, expurgating the pervading pollution (particularly from oil use). Small- and medium-sized enterprises, which this book especially targets, do not need disproportionately-sized study facilities in order to reduce their impact on global warming. Climatic Impact of Activities provides valuable methodological and practical support for establishing a complete and reliable diagnosis of the greenhouse effect, and for planning the corresponding corrective actions. This book guides the reader step by step in developing an informed emissions assessment with realistic and advanced case studies, in full compliance with official methodological recommendations.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Overview of the Scientific Basis for the Greenhouse Effect and Geocycles 1 1.1. Greenhouse effect 1 1.2. The additional criteria of the emissions in the atmosphere 3 1.2.1. The carbon geocycle 3 1.2.2. The water geocycle 9 1.3. Answers to exercises in Chapter 1 11 Chapter 2. General Methodology for Quantification of a Climate Footprint 15 2.1. Description of the problem 15 2.2. Identification of the greenhouse gases to be included 15 2.3. Quantification of the impact of greenhouse gases on the climate: radiative forcing 17 2.4. Quantification of the relative climate impact: the Global Warming Potential 18 2.5. Climate impact of gases in relation to their quantity: the emission factor of greenhouse gases 23 2.6. Impact of greenhouse gas emission processes on the climate: the emissions factor of any material 23 2.7. Impact of an activity on the climate: generalization of the characterization of flows 25 2.8. Answers to the exercises in Chapter 2 27 Chapter 3. Quantification of the Climate Footprint of an Organization: Methodology of the Balance of Emissions 33 3.1. The various methods 33 3.2. The broad-spectrum greenhouse gas emission balance 34 3.3. The system at hand: processes and flows 38 3.4. Data harvesting 39 3.5. The case of the regulatory greenhouse gas emission balance in France 40 3.6. Answers to the exercises in Chapter 3 43 Chapter 4. Calculation of Emissions 47 4.1. Emissions due to the use of energy 47 4.2. Other direct emissions (excluding energy) 49 4.3. Emissions due to manufacturing of inputs 49 4.4. Emissions due to transport of merchandise 50 4.4.1. Road transport 50 4.4.2. Non-road transport 61 4.5. Emissions due to movements of people 61 4.6. Emissions due to waste treatment 62 4.7. Emissions due to the production of tangible assets 66 4.8. Emissions due to the use of products 68 4.9. Emissions due to the end of life of products 72 4.10. Calculation of uncertainties 73 4.10.1. Emissions due to the incineration of plastic waste (see section 6.1.3.7.3) 76 4.10.2. Emissions due to transportation of sawdust supplies (see section 6.1.3.5.2) 77 4.11. Answers to the exercises in Chapter 4 79 Chapter 5. Results Analysis 81 5.1. Recommended actions 81 5.2. Interpreting balances 81 5.3. Carbon dashboard 83 5.4. Answer to the exercise in Chapter 5 84 Chapter 6. Case Studies 85 6.1. Case study 1: brickworks 86 6.1.1. Description of the activity and challenge in the exercise 86 6.1.2. Activity data and emissions factors 87 6.1.3. Calculation of emissions 97 6.1.4. Recap of the quantification of emissions 117 6.1.5. Recommendations 118 6.2. Case study 2: vineyard 126 6.2.1. Description of the activity 126 6.2.2. Challenge in this exercise 126 6.2.3. Specifications about the activity and questions 127 6.2.4. Activity data 127 6.2.5. Answer to case study 2: winemaking industry 132 6.3. Case study 3: factory for production of animal feed 137 6.3.1. Description of the activity 137 6.3.2. Challenge in this exercise 139 6.3.3. Specific activity data 139 6.3.4. Answer to case study 3: factory for production of animal feed 140 Conclusion 163 Appendices 165 Appendix 1. For a Physical Economy 167 Appendix 2. Explanation of the Calculation Methods for Emissions due to Transport of Merchandise 183 Appendix 3. Accounting of Emissions due to the Production of Fixed Assets 191 Appendix 4. Emissions Related to Journeys Made Between the Brickworks and Employees’ Places of Residence: Analysis of Sensitivity to Calculation Hypotheses (Case Study 1) 203 References 209 Index 217

Read more less

Book SynopsisAsian and European countries have adopted different approaches to the conflicting priorities of economic growth and low carbon emissions. In this volume – based on the revised versions of papers presented at the 24th International Euro-Asia Research Conference held in 2019 – the contrasts between the schools of thought of each continent are explored thoroughly. Ranging from topics as diverse as city logistics, shareholder value and management practices, the EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement, China�s geopolitical insights, sustainable agricultural development in India and the empowerment of women in Vietnam via microfinance, this book addresses sustainable development policies in China and Southeast Asia from many different perspectives.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiRobert TAYLOR Chapter 1. The Role of Microfinance in Women Empowerment: Global Sustainable Perspectives in the Case of Vietnam 1Long Bui THANH, Lucía MORALES and Bernadette ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. MF and women empowerment 3 1.3. Data and research methods 6 1.4. Research findings and discussion 10 1.4.1. Economic empowerment 11 1.4.2. Feminist and legal empowerment 14 1.5. Conclusion 16 1.6. References 17 Chapter 2. Is China’s Dependency on Coal a Threat to Its Economic Development? 23Miroslava ZAVADSKA, Lucía MORALES and Bernadette ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 2.1. Introduction 24 2.2. Coal consumption and environmental implications in China 26 2.3. Coal demand and economic growth in China 29 2.4. Methodological framework and findings 34 2.5. Conclusion 41 2.6. References 42 Chapter 3. China’s “Ecological Civilization”: Geopolitical and Geo-economic Insights 45Daniel RAJMIL, Lucía MORALES and Bernadette ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. A tale of explosive economic growth 50 3.2.1. China’s economic model 51 3.2.2. Critiques to China’s growth strategy 54 3.3. China’s environmental degradation 56 3.4. The battle for “blue skies” and the BRI 59 3.5. Conclusion 60 3.6. References 61 Chapter 4. City Logistics Foundation: Japan at the Forefront 65Gilles PACHÉ 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. City logistics: issues and stakeholders 67 4.2.1. Economic and societal stakes 67 4.2.2. Diversity of stakeholders 70 4.2.3. A potential development for the wholesaler? 72 4.3. Japan: a favorable context for research on city logistics 74 4.3.1. Main areas of logistics innovation 75 4.3.2. From logistics innovations to theoretical formalizations 80 4.4. Conclusion 85 4.5. Acknowledgments 87 4.6. References 87 Chapter 5. The EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement as a Norm Model for Sustainable Development Issues in the Future EU FTAs in Asia 93Erja KETTUNEN and Claes G. ALVSTAM 5.1. Introduction 94 5.2. The EU as a norm promoter in sustainable development 95 5.3. EU-Japan trade and investment imbalances 97 5.4. The context of the EU’s free trade negotiations with Asia 98 5.5. The EU-Japan EPA and sustainable development issues 100 5.5.1. The EU’s aims in the EPA negotiations 101 5.5.2. Trade and sustainable development issues 102 5.5.3. Other issues in the negotiations and reflections from the field 104 5.6. Conclusion 106 5.7. Acknowledgments 107 5.8. References 107 Chapter 6. The Relationship Between Shareholder Value and International Transfer of Environmental Management Practices 111Kazuma MURAKAMI and Tatsuo KIMBARA 6.1. Introduction 111 6.2. Literature review 113 6.2.1. Shareholder value and environmental performance 113 6.2.2. Environmental management transfer 114 6.3. Methodology 115 6.3.1. Data 115 6.3.2. Analytical framework and hypothesis 116 6.3.3. Variables 118 6.4. Results of analysis 120 6.5. Discussion 123 6.6. Conclusion 125 6.7. References 125 Chapter 7. Global Crisis of Sustainable Development and Global Warming: A Case Analysis of Indonesia and Laos 129Jasmeet LAMBA, Bhumika GUPTA and Sam DZEVER 7.1. Introduction 129 7.2. Background for climate change policy 130 7.3. Literature review 132 7.4. Research objectives 133 7.4.1. Major objectives of the research 134 7.5. Case studies 134 7.5.1. The case of Indonesia 134 7.5.2. The case of Laos 136 7.6. The 2015 Paris climate agreement 138 7.7. Regression analysis 139 7.8. Conclusion 140 7.9. References 142 Chapter 8. Southeast Asian Energy Transformation: Is It Enough and Sustainable? 145Lucía MORALES and Bernadette ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 8.1. Introduction 146 8.2. Southeast Asia’s energy strategy 147 8.3. Energy consumption – dependency on fossil fuels 150 8.4. The Southeast Asia energy dilemma 155 8.5. Conclusion 159 8.6. References 159 Chapter 9. Analyzing the Reasons for the Low Ratio of Female Researchers in Japan: An Exploration of the Issue of Diversity and Sustainability in Japanese Academia 165Shiho FUTAGAMI 9.1. Current situation of female researchers in Japan 166 9.2. Research method 167 9.2.1. Survey 167 9.2.2. Profile of respondents 167 9.3. Analysis 168 9.3.1. Purpose of analysis 168 9.3.2. Reasons for the low ratio of female researchers 168 9.3.3. Reasons for the low ratio of female researchers in leading positions 171 9.3.4. Remedial actions for the low ratio of female researchers 173 9.3.5. Research performance to be evaluated in the recruitment process 176 9.4. Conclusion 179 9.5. References 180 Chapter 10. Sustainable Agricultural Development and Rural Poverty in India 183Jasmeet LAMBA, Bhumika GUPTA and Sam DZEVER 10.1. Introduction 184 10.2. Objective and methodology of the research 185 10.3. Review of literature on agricultural development, credit flows, and rural poverty 186 10.4. Pattern of agricultural development in India 187 10.5. Classification of Indian States in context with CIAD and rural poverty 191 10.6. The model: relationship between agricultural development and rural poverty in India 192 10.7. Suggestions 194 10.8. References 194 Chapter 11. European and Chinese Consumers’ Attitude for Food with Reduced Use of Chemicals: Results from a Survey 197Martina MAZZAROLO, Giacomo FERRARO, Ilda MANNINO and M. Bruna ZOLIN 11.1. Introduction 198 11.2. Background 199 11.3. Data and methodology 201 11.3.1. The sample 202 11.4. Results 204 11.4.1. Descriptive analysis on consumers’ behavior on food choice 205 11.4.2. Regression analysis 207 11.4.3. Descriptive analysis on different patterns of behavior on food choice between European and Chinese respondents 210 11.5. Discussion and conclusion 212 11.6. References 213 Conclusion 217Bernadette ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN, Sam DZEVER, Jacques JAUSSAUD and Robert TAYLOR List of Authors 219 Index 221

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is aimed at companies, researchers, consultants, consumers, students and any interested public interested in the subject, the reflections and practices of the circular economy. As part of the draft law on the circular economy in France, the authors (researchers and experts) analyze the data and the reflections and base their arguments on real examples in order to propose solutions and recommendations for a green economy. It gives an updated overview of the reflections and practices around the circular economy. The book is divided into three parts: - The company and its functions, innovative business models - The institutional, legislative and normative framework - Some sectors of activity with the prism of the circular economyTable of ContentsForeword xiiiFrançois-Michel LAMBERT Introduction xviiKaren DELCHET-COCHET Part 1. The Circular Economy, Between Framework and Stakes 1 Chapter 1. The Circular Economy: Historical Perspective and Contemporary Issues 3Franck AGGERI 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. From the origins of the reflections on the circular economy to its inclusion on the public agenda 4 1.2.1. The reasons for the enthusiasm 5 1.2.2. Circular economy as a new rational utopia 7 1.3. Is the circular economy really a new practice? 8 1.3.1. Circular economy, mode 1 8 1.3.2. Circular economy, mode 2 9 1.4. Obstacles to the circular transition to mode 2 10 1.4.1. Local value creation 11 1.4.2. The need for a new industrial policy 11 1.5. References 12 Chapter 2. The Circular Economy and Lifecycle 13Christian BRODHAG 2.1. Resources 14 2.2. Environmental context 16 2.2.1. The global question 18 2.3. Methods to address the circular economy 20 2.3.1. Historical background: from industrial ecology to circular economy 20 2.3.2. The lifecycle approach 20 2.3.3. Eco-design 22 2.4. Political and normative processes 22 2.4.1. The European and French approaches. 22 2.4.2. ISO standardization 24 2.5. Conclusion 25 2.6. References 26 Chapter 3. Circular Economy: Transformation of the Labor Market and Change in Human Resources Management Practices 29David MORIEZ 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. The circular economy, labor market and jobs 31 3.2.1. The circular economy: a response to the regionalization of unemployment 32 3.2.2. The circular economy: a response to structural unemployment 35 3.2.3. The circular economy: “green jobs” and “greening jobs” 36 3.3. The circular economy and human resources management practices 38 3.3.1. Green human resources management (green HRM) 38 3.3.2. Green human resources management practices39 3.4. Conclusion 41 3.5. Appendix 1 42 3.6. Appendix 2 43 3.7. Appendix 3 47 3.8. References 48 Chapter 4. The Role of Education in the Ecological and Circular Transition: Current Situation and Prospects 53Dominique BONET FERNANDEZ 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Findings and challenges for universities and companies 54 4.2.1. Multidisciplinary challenges, requiring a review of training courses 55 4.2.2. The companies and universities concerned 55 4.3. How to meet the skills and training needs of the circular economy? 56 4.3.1. From Green Plan to education for sustainable development 56 4.3.2. A wide range of skills 57 4.3.3. Towards new practices 57 4.4. An initiative provided by the French Virtual University for Environment and Sustainable Development 60 4.5. The proposed 2019 law on the generalization of education on issues related to the preservation of the environment and biological diversity and climate change within the framework of global boundaries 61 4.6. Legislative proposals to be closely monitored 62 4.7. Conclusion 64 4.8. References 65 Chapter 5. Boosting the Circular Economy through Proximity: The New Competences of Local Authorities 67Karine FABRE and Alexis POKROVSKY 5.1. What scale for proximity? 68 5.2. Understanding the territorial levels: sharing of competences in the context of waste management 70 5.2.1. Historical expertise in waste management acquired by municipalities 70 5.2.2. Territorial tiering of competences 71 5.3. The levers for steering the circular economy 74 5.3.1. An increasingly environmentally oriented public procurement 75 5.3.2. Some examples of public practices or policies: between responsible purchasing and waste reduction at source 76 5.4. Conclusion 77 5.5. References 77 Part 2. Circular Economy: A Few Tools and Approaches 79 Chapter 6. Example of a Pioneering Approach to the Circular Economy: Cradle to Cradle 81Anne DE BÉTHENCOURT 6.1. The origins of Cradle to Cradle 82 6.1.1. Thus, Cradle to Cradle was born82 6.1.2. The founding principle: design differently and “upcycle” to create “positive loops” 83 6.1.3. Counter false good ideas 85 6.2. Creating resilient models 85 6.2.1. High-performance business models 85 6.2.2. The material passport, a key factor in traceability 86 6.2.3. Promoting the abundance of renewable energies 86 6.2.4. A recognized approach 86 6.2.5. A demanding approach 87 6.3. Some examples of C2C certified products 88 6.3.1. Carpets 88 6.3.2. Buildings 88 6.3.3. Fashion 89 6.3.4. Cleaning products 90 6.4. Conclusion 91 6.5. References 91 Chapter 7. From the Circular Economy to Industrial and Territorial Ecology Approaches: What Modes of Governance to Ensure their Sustainability? 93Valérie FERNANDES 7.1. Introduction 93 7.2. Leverages and obstacles to the sustainability of ITE approaches: findings and analysis 94 7.2.1. Circular economy and ITE approaches: definition and key elements 94 7.2.2. Success factors and obstacles to the sustainability of ITE approaches 96 7.3. The modes of governance of ITE approaches 99 7.3.1. Key elements 99 7.3.2. The modes of governance of ITE approaches 100 7.4. Articulation of ITE approaches on the same territory: the example of the La Rochelle territory 102 7.4.1. Presentation of the three approaches 102 7.4.2. Challenges, risks and opportunities 104 7.5. Conclusion 108 7.6. References 108 Chapter 8. Sharing Economy, a Driving Force of the Circular Economy? 111Catherine LEJEALLE 8.1. Introduction 111 8.2. Web 2.0 disrupts consumption practices 112 8.2.1. Arguments over definitions 112 8.2.2. Mapping the sharing economy 114 8.3. The circular economy in Moore’s chasm 115 8.3.1. The pillars of the circular economy and the role of consumption 115 8.3.2. Adoption of the circular economy: consumer behavior 116 8.3.3. Moore’s chasm to cross 117 8.4. The uses of the sharing economy 118 8.4.1. Motivations 118 8.4.2. Percolation of uses 120 8.5. Conclusion 121 8.6. References 122 Chapter 9. The Circular Economy from the Perspective of Voluntary Standardization 125Anne BENADY, Melodie MERENDA and Mérylle AUBRUN 9.1. Why and how has voluntary standardization appropriated the concept of the circular economy? 125 9.1.1. A need expressed by economic actors 125 9.1.2. Towards an ISO standard 128 9.2. The main principles of the XP X30-901 standard 129 9.2.1. Structure and content of the reference framework 130 9.3. The circular economy project management standard, a suitable tool for evaluating, enhancing and improving projects 133 9.3.1. Towards a “Circular Economic Assessment” 133 9.3.2. First feedback from users 134 9.4. References 135 Part 3. Activity Sectors through the Prism of the Circular Economy 137 Chapter 10. Circular Economy and Construction 139Vincent AUGISEAU 10.1. Introduction 139 10.2. Global environmental issues related to construction 139 10.3. Sixteen elements of definition 141 10.3.1. Three principles of the circular economy according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation 143 10.3.2. Definitions from the six levers for a transition to a circular economy according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation 144 10.3.3. Definitions according to a strategy similar to an R scale 145 10.3.4. Definitions according to the stages of a building’s lifecycle 146 10.3.5. Definitions of the circular economy close to that of sustainable development 147 10.3.6. Cross-referenced analysis of definitions 148 10.4. Policies and projects aiming to apply the concept of the circular economy to construction 148 10.4.1. Policies 148 10.4.2. Research and development projects 149 10.4.3. Construction and urban development projects 150 10.5. Four main limitations 150 10.5.1. An uncertain delimitation of the scope of the circular economy between waste management and sustainable development 151 10.5.2. Low consideration of the territorial context 152 10.5.3. A scale for the application of the circular economy concept that is too narrow 153 10.5.4. Insufficient coordination between the circular economy and spatial planning 153 10.6. Conclusion 154 10.7. References 154 Chapter 11. Understanding the Concept of Waste to Avoid its Production 159Yvon PESQUEUX 11.1. Introduction 159 11.2. Waste defined as that which crosses a boundary 161 11.3. The ambiguity of waste 163 11.4. Institutional definitions of waste 164 11.5. Lifecycle analysis 169 11.6. Conclusion: arguing about boundaries 171 11.7. References 173 Chapter 12. When Fashion Brands Try to Adopt a Circular Economy 175Bénédicte BOURCIER-BÉQUAERT, Karen DELCHET-COCHET and Valérie FERNANDES 12.1. Introduction 175 12.2. State of play 177 12.2.1. The circular economy: main principles and application in companies 177 12.2.2. CE in textile companies in France: a waste-based approach 179 12.3. Methodology 182 12.4. Results 183 12.4.1. There is a collector and… a collector 183 12.4.2. A still partial implementation of the CE 184 12.5. The limits of the actions implemented 187 12.6. Conclusion 189 12.7. References 190 Chapter 13. The Circular Economy and Packaging: Challenges and Avenues for Reflection 193François CABARET 13.1. Division function 195 13.1.1. Bulk goods 196 13.1.2. The sale in unit packaging 197 13.1.3. Sales in the so-called family or “giant” promotional packaging 197 13.2. Protection function 197 13.3. Marketing and communication functions 200 13.4. Service functions 201 13.5. Reflection points 202 13.6. Conclusion 202 13.7. References 203 Chapter 14. The Circular Economy and Toy Sector 205Karen DELCHET-COCHET and Coralie DAMAY 14.1. The toy sector between impact and innovation 206 14.1.1. The main characteristics of the toy sector 206 14.1.2. The circular economy in the toy sector: a lifecycle perspective 208 14.2. A toy is more than “just a product” 213 14.2.1. Toys, the company’s flagship products 213 14.2.2. A brief historical return 214 14.2.3. The role of the toy in educating the future consumer? 215 14.2.4. Toys and environmental education 215 14.2.5. The toy, a role to be redefined 216 14.3. To conclude: proposals for rethinking our relationship with toys 218 14.4. References 219 Postface 223Jean-Louis BERGEY List of Authors 227 Index 229

Read more less

Book SynopsisElastoplastic behavior has long been part of the constitutive models incorporated in most computer codes, used in the design of civil and mechanical engineering structures. Elastoplastic Modeling offers a compact presentation of the fundamentals of classical elastoplastic modeling, the basis for many engineering applications currently implemented. This book provides a general background to enhance understanding of the modeling assumptions that govern the rationales of these applications. With this understanding comes the ability to assess their validation range and propose possible improvements. An instructive approach replaces excessive mathematical developments with a semi-phenomenological method, where mathematical modeling is driven by − and derived from − experimental observations. A logical track is followed, starting from material behavior modeling and leading to the analysis of the anelastic response of systems, subjected to quasi-static loading processes.Table of ContentsPreface xi Notations xiii Introduction xxv Chapter 1. Elastic Domains: Yield Conditions 1 1.1. Introductory remarks 1 1.2. An overview of the model 4 1.2.1. The infinitesimal transformation framework 4 1.2.2. Time variable 4 1.3. One-dimensional approach 5 1.3.1. Uniaxial tension test 5 1.3.2. Uniaxial tension-compression test 8 1.3.3. The Bauschinger effect 9 1.3.4. Other one-dimensional experiments 10 1.4. Multidimensional approach 11 1.4.1. A multidimensional experiment 11 1.4.2. Initial elastic domain 12 1.4.3. Work-hardening 13 1.4.4. Perfectly plastic material 14 1.4.5. Bui’s experimental results 14 1.5. Yield conditions 16 1.5.1. Initial yield condition and yield function 16 1.5.2. Loading function and work-hardening 18 1.5.3. Simple work-hardening models 19 1.6. Yield criteria and loading functions 22 1.6.1. Convexity 22 1.6.2. Isotropy 23 1.6.3. The Tresca yield criterion 24 1.6.4. The von Mises yield criterion 27 1.6.5. Other yield criteria for metals 30 1.6.6. Yield criteria for anisotropic materials 31 1.6.7. Yield criteria for granular materials 35 1.7. Final comments 41 Chapter 2. The Plastic Flow Rule 43 2.1. One-dimensional approach 43 2.1.1. Work-hardening material 43 2.1.2. Perfectly plastic material 45 2.2. Multidimensional approach for a work-hardening material 46 2.2.1. Loading and unloading processes 46 2.2.2. General properties of the plastic flow rule 49 2.2.3. Plastic potential: associated plasticity 51 2.2.4. Principle of maximum plastic work 54 2.2.5. Validation of the principle of maximum plastic work 55 2.2.6. Piecewise continuously differentiable loading functions 57 2.3. Multidimensional approach for a perfectly plastic material 59 2.3.1. Loading and unloading processes 59 2.3.2. Application of the principle of maximum plastic work 61 2.3.3. Drucker’s postulate 62 2.4. Plastic dissipation 64 2.4.1. Plastic dissipation per unit volume 64 2.4.2. Plastic dissipation and support function of the elastic domain 64 2.4.3. Plastic velocity jumps in the case of perfectly plastic materials 65 2.5. Generalized standard materials 66 2.6. Mises’, Tresca’s and Coulomb’s perfectly plastic standard materials 69 2.6.1. Mises’ perfectly plastic standard material 69 2.6.2. Tresca’s perfectly plastic standard material 71 2.6.3. Coulomb’s perfectly plastic standard material 72 2.6.4. About edge and vertex regimes 74 Chapter 3. Elastoplastic Modeling in Generalized Variables 77 3.1. About generalized variables 77 3.2. Elastic domains 78 3.2.1. Initial elastic domain 78 3.2.2. Work-hardening and perfect plasticity 79 3.3. The anelastic flow rule 80 3.3.1. Anelasticity or plasticity? 80 3.3.2. Principle of maximum work 81 3.3.3. The work-hardening anelastic flow rule 82 3.3.4. The “perfectly plastic” anelastic flow rule 83 3.3.5. Anelastic dissipation 84 3.4. Generalized continua 84 3.4.1. Curvilinear generalized continuum 84 3.4.2. Planar generalized continuum 90 Chapter 4. Quasi-static Elastoplastic Processes 101 4.1. Quasi-static loading processes 101 4.1.1. Mechanical evolution within the SPH framework 101 4.1.2. Quasi-static loading process within the SPH framework 104 4.1.3. Statically admissible and kinematically admissible fields 104 4.1.4. Parametric problems 105 4.2. Quasi-static elastoplastic loading processes 108 4.2.1. Problematics 108 4.2.2. Existence and uniqueness theorems 111 4.2.3. Uniqueness theorems for stress rates and strain rates 115 4.3. Response of a system made from an elastic and standard perfectly plastic material 116 4.3.1. Initial elastic domain of the system 116 4.3.2. Existence of the solution to the elastoplastic evolution problem 118 4.3.3. Solution to the elastoplastic evolution problem 119 4.3.4. Limit loads for the system 120 4.3.5. Linear elastic response of the system 121 4.3.6. Anelastic response of the system 122 4.3.7. Taking geometry changes into account 136 4.4. Response of a system made from a standard work-hardening elastoplastic material 139 4.4.1. Initial elastic domain of the system 139 4.4.2. Residual stress rates, residual strain rates 140 4.4.3. Maximum work theorem 140 4.4.4. Summing up... 141 Chapter 5. Quasi-static Elastoplastic Processes: Minimum Principles 143 5.1. Elastic and standard perfectly plastic constituent material 143 5.1.1. Minimum principle for the stress rate field 143 5.1.2. Minimum principle for the velocity field 146 5.1.3. Other expressions of the minimum principles 152 5.2. Elastic and standard positive work-hardening constituent material 153 5.2.1. Revisiting the constitutive equation 153 5.2.2. Minimum principle for the stress rate field 155 5.2.3. Minimum principle for the velocity field 156 5.2.4. Other expressions of the minimum principles 158 5.2.5. Historical comments 158 5.3. Minimum principles for the stress and strain fields 159 5.3.1. Colonnetti’s theorem 159 5.3.2. Other expressions of Colonnetti’s minimum principles 160 Chapter 6. Limit Loads: Limit Analysis 161 6.1. Limit loads and yield design (1) 161 6.2. Static approach, first plastic collapse theorem 163 6.2.1. Safe loads, interior approach 163 6.2.2. Lower bound theorem 164 6.3. Kinematic approach, second plastic collapse theorem 165 6.3.1. Plastically admissible velocity fields 165 6.3.2. Kinematic necessary condition to be satisfied by safe loads 167 6.3.3. Exterior approach, upper bound theorem 169 6.4. Combining static and kinematic approaches 170 6.4.1. Determination of a limit load 170 6.4.2. Association theorem 172 6.4.3. Duality 173 6.5. Limit analysis and the rigid, perfectly plastic material concept 173 6.5.1. Rigid and standard perfectly plastic model 173 6.5.2. The connection with limit loads 174 6.6. Limit loads and yield design (2) 176 6.6.1. Fundamentals of the yield design theory 176 6.6.2. Resistance of the constituent material 177 6.6.3. Potentially safe loads, interior approach and lower bound theorem 178 6.6.4. Maximum resisting rate of work, exterior approach and upper bound theorem 178 6.6.5. Matching limit load and yield design theories 181 6.7. Two-dimensional limit analysis 182 6.7.1. Plane strain limit analysis problems 182 6.7.2. Partial static solutions to plane strain limit analysis problems 183 6.7.3. Complete static solutions to plane strain limit analysis problems 183 6.7.4. Complete kinematic solutions to plane strain limit analysis problems 184 6.7.5. “Incomplete” solutions to plane strain limit analysis problems 188 6.7.6. Complete solutions to plane strain limit analysis problems 189 6.7.7. Comments 192 6.7.8. Plane stress limit analysis 194 6.7.9. Axially symmetric problems 196 6.8. Implementation 200 6.8.1. Analytical solutions 200 6.8.2. Analytical/numerical solutions 202 6.8.3. Numerical solutions 203 6.8.4. The example of a tantalizing problem 204 6.8.5. Final comments 208 References 211 Index 231

Read more less

Book SynopsisUnderstanding and managing damage and cracking in concrete is essential to ensuring the integrity and durability of civil engineering structures. Both theoretical and practical, this book presents a comprehensive approach to these problems by proposing models and numerical modeling strategies that are treated in a manner that is both simplified and efficient. It proposes a wide variety of applications that are derived from research programs and engineering cases. This book also addresses many situations, such as monotonic or cyclic behavior, seismic responses, a description of fast dynamic situations and effects due to the maturation of concrete at an early age in massive structures. Numerous detailed exercises are provided to help students to understand modeling and calculation techniques. Damage and Cracking of Concrete Structures is indeed intended for students, but also for engineers and researchers in the field of mechanics of materials and structures and, more generally, in civil engineering.Table of ContentsForeword by Franz-Josef Ulm ix Foreword by Pierre Labbé xi List of Notations xiii Introduction xix Chapter 1 Mechanisms of Deformation and Failure of Concrete 1 1.1 Concrete: a material that is both widespread and misunderstood 1 1.2 Composition and behavior of concrete at an early age 4 1.2.1 Concrete curing 5 1.2.2 Consequences of curing and phenomena related to the aging of concrete 8 1.3 Main aspects of the mechanical behavior of concrete 11 1.3.1 Concrete under uniaxial loading 11 1.3.2 Concrete under multiaxial loading 19 Chapter 2 Damage Concept and Its Applicability to Concrete 29 2.1 Damage concept 29 2.1.1 Miner cumulative damage law 30 2.1.2 Katchanov’s progressive damage law 32 2.1.3 Elasticity-damage coupling 34 2.2 Theoretical bases of damage mechanics 37 2.2.1 Elasticity-damage coupling 37 2.2.2 Isotropic damage theory 40 2.2.3 Damage threshold and notion of loading surface 42 Chapter 3 Damage Modeling 45 3.1 Mazars models for monotonous loadings 45 3.1.1 Constitutive equations 45 3.1.2 Using the model (uniaxial case) 49 3.1.3 Strengths and weaknesses of the Mazars model 51 3.2 Model for cyclic loadings: the μ model 53 3.2.1 Concept of effective damage variable 53 3.2.2 Constitutive equations 55 3.2.3 Response of the μ model under various types of loading 58 3.2.4 Adaptation of the μ model to the case of confined loadings 66 Chapter 4 Numerical Calculation of Damage 71 4.1 Reminders on concepts governing the use of finite elements 71 4.2 Principle flowcharts 73 4.2.1 Flowchart for the Mazars model 73 4.2.2 Flowchart for the μ model 74 4.3 Data preparation 75 4.3.1 Identification of modeling parameters 75 4.4 Concrete fracturing energy 80 4.4.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic energy 81 4.4.2 Crack band concept, Hillerborg regularization 84 4.5 Non-local damage concept 84 Chapter 5 Applications to Common Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements Cases 89 5.1 2D FE calculation 89 5.1.1 Details of the experimental program 90 5.1.2 Numerical processing 91 5.1.3 Results 92 5.2 Calculations by Timoshenko enriched beam elements 95 5.2.1 Strengths and weaknesses of the multifiber beam description 96 5.2.2 Bias of results from the choice of material parameters 97 5.2.3 Multifiber beams and strain localization 98 5.2.4 Enriched multifiber description and use of suitable parameters 100 5.2.5 Simulations based on the enriched multifiber description 105 5.3 Multifiber calculations and access to cracking indicators 106 5.3.1 Damage fields 106 5.3.2 Opening of cracks 107 Chapter 6 Modeling of Situations Related to Specific Loadings 111 6.1 Simulation of velocity effects 111 6.1.1 Analysis resulting from the experiment 111 6.1.2 High-velocity loading: application to Spalling tests 115 6.1.3 Loading at medium velocity: impact on a reinforced concrete beam 118 6.2 Simulation of the effects of concrete maturation 121 6.2.1 Problems posed by the behavior of concrete at an early age 122 6.2.2 Case of a beam in a situation of restrained shrinkage 122 6.2.3 Thermomechanical model of concrete at an early age 124 6.2.4 RG8 test: application and results 133 Chapter 7 Structures Combining Beams and Planar Elements 145 7.1 Simulation of the behavior of a reinforced concrete wall 145 7.1.1 Model for structural walls: equivalent reinforced concrete 146 7.1.2 Application to the SAFE experiment shear wall case 147 7.2 Application to a structure combining walls, beams and columns 152 7.2.1 Enriched ERC modeling 153 7.2.2 Modeling the response of the SMART model 155 7.3 Calculation combining 2D finite elements and multifiber beams 157 7.3.1 Case study: loss of bearing capacity of a column in a structure 158 7.3.2 Calculation-experiment comparison results 160 7.4 Conclusion 162 Chapter 8 Assessment of Cracking by Limit Analysis 165 8.1 Characterization of cracking: case of homogeneous fields of tensile elements 165 8.1.1 Limit analysis and yield design theory 165 8.1.2 Case of reinforced concrete beams in bending 167 8.2 Tie rod cracking 170 8.2.1 Localized cracking and diffuse damage 170 8.2.2 Behavioral law for concrete in the diffuse scheme 176 8.2.3 Application to an experiment on tie rods carried out at EPFL 178 8.3 Homogeneous field created by concrete maturation within a cylindrical wall 181 8.3.1 VeRCoRs program and model 181 8.3.2 Mesh of the gusset and temperature conditions 184 8.3.3 Creep, shrinkage and mechanical properties 186 8.3.4 Mechanical calculation 187 8.3.5 Principal results and comparisons with in situ measurements 188 8.4 Conclusion 193 Chapter 9 Exercises and Supplements 195 9.1 Determining mechanical characteristics from experimental curves 195 9.2 Mazars model: axisymmetric triaxial loading under compression 197 9.3 Local and non-local damage 199 9.3.1 Example of a concrete bar under direct tension 199 9.3.2 Local model response: impact of the number of elements 200 9.3.3 Non-local damage problem 201 9.3.4 Objective calculation with a local model: Hillerborg method 203 9.3.5 Conclusion 205 9.4 On the μ model 206 9.4.1 Reaching the damage threshold, load-unload criterion 206 9.4.2 On the stress triaxiality factor 207 9.4.3 Response to triaxial axisymmetric compression loading 209 9.5 On the restraint degree R in situations of restrained shrinkage 215 9.6 Solving a simple structure using the PVP* 218 9.6.1 Problem position 218 9.6.2 Using PVP* (assembling the contributions of the elements): preliminary comments for solving 218 Appendix: Prerequisites in Solid Mechanics and Finite Element Methods 223 References 255 Index 265

Read more less

Book SynopsisUrban spaces are being called upon to develop a capacity for resilience and sustainability in order to meet the major challenges they face. To achieve such a goal, a practical development framework must be implemented in order to take advantage of the technological innovations that characterize the field of construction and urban engineering. Today, multi-scale BIM is bringing about significant changes that are redefining the paradigms of urban management. It facilitates simulations of the sustainability of urban spaces with respect to several criteria; most notably relating to energy, the economy and the environment. Building Information Modeling for a Smart and Sustainable Urban Space proposes a theoretical and practical framework for implementing BIM models for the creation of sustainable and intelligent urban spaces. It addresses the issues of acquisition, modeling, interoperability, and BIM and GIS integration for the production of BIM models. Case studies are presented, providing a practical dimension that demonstrates the production process of the urban model and its contribution to multiscale simulations, particularly in real estate evaluation and urban renewal.Table of ContentsPreface xiRafika HAJJI and Hassane JARAR OULIDI Acknowledgments xiii List of Acronyms xv Introduction xixRafika HAJJI and Hassane JARAR OULIDI Chapter 1. BIM: A New Paradigm 1Rafika HAJJI and Hassane JARAR OULIDI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. History of BIM 2 1.3. BIM: A meta concept 3 1.4. BIM: Between technology and process 5 1.5. BIM in the lifecycle of a building 5 1.5.1. From design to pre-construction 6 1.5.2. From construction to operation 7 1.6. Some transversal uses of BIM 7 1.6.1. Visualization 8 1.6.2. Coordination and collaboration 9 1.6.3. Construction planning: 4D simulation 9 1.6.4. Cost estimation: 5D simulation 10 1.6.5. Building management and maintenance 10 1.7. BIM dimensions and levels of detail 11 1.7.1. The “xDs” of BIM 11 1.7.2. Levels of detail 12 1.8. BIM maturity and capability 16 1.8.1. Level 0: Pre-BIM 16 1.8.2. Level 1: Object-oriented modeling 16 1.8.3. Level 2: Collaboration based on federated object-oriented models 17 1.8.4. Level 3: Collaboration around an integrated object-oriented model 17 1.9. Conclusion 18 1.10. References 18 Chapter 2. Which Data Sources for the BIM Model? 21Rafika HAJJI and Hassane JARAR OULIDI 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Multiple sources for the 3D digitization of urban space 22 2.2.1. 3D measurement techniques 22 2.2.2. Selection criteria 27 2.3. Approaches for 3D data production 28 2.3.1. Point cloud-based approaches 29 2.3.2. Image-based approaches 32 2.3.3. Hybrid approaches 32 2.4. Integration of multi-source data 33 2.5. General discussion 34 2.6. Conclusion 36 2.7. References 36 Chapter 3. Development of the BIM Model 41Rafika HAJJI and Hassane JARAR OULIDI 3.1. Introduction 41 3.2. Issues around 3D urban models 42 3.3. Semantics of 3D urban models 42 3.4. From the point cloud to the 3D model 43 3.4.1. Point cloud processing chain 44 3.4.2. Geometric modeling 50 3.5. 3D reconstruction of the BIM model 54 3.5.1. Scan-to-BIM process 54 3.5.2. Scan versus BIM process 57 3.6. Conclusion 58 3.7. References 58 Chapter 4. Open BIM Standards 63Hassane JARAR OULIDI and Rafika HAJJI 4.1. Standardization bodies 63 4.1.1. Open Geospatial Consortium 63 4.1.2. ISO TC211 64 4.1.3. buildingSMART 65 4.2. Data models for multi-scale BIM 65 4.2.1. Open BIM 65 4.2.2. CityGML 68 4.2.3. LandInfra/InfraGML 70 4.3. Conclusion 75 4.4. References 76 Chapter 5. GeoBIM: Towards a Convergence of BIM and 3D GIS 77Rafika HAJJI and Hassane JARAR OULIDI 5.1. Introduction 77 5.2. The GeoBIM concept 78 5.3. Some applications of GeoBIM 79 5.4. BIM and GIS: similarities and differences 80 5.5. BIM and GIS integration 82 5.5.1. Model interoperability 82 5.5.2. Integration approaches 83 5.6. IFC and CityGML conversion 87 5.7. BIM georeferencing 87 5.8. Conclusion 89 5.9. References 89 Chapter 6. BIM and 3D GIS Integration for Real Estate Valuation 95Siham EL YAMANI and Rafika HAJJI 6.1. Introduction 95 6.2. Real estate valuation: concepts, approaches and standards 96 6.2.1. The concept of real estate valuation 97 6.2.2. Real estate valuation approaches 97 6.2.3. Real estate valuation norms and standards 98 6.3. BIM and 3D GIS for real estate valuation 99 6.4. BIM-3D GIS integration: a new paradigm for real estate valuation 101 6.5. Examples of BIM and 3D GIS simulations for real estate valuation 103 6.5.1. Simulation of the internal factors of a property 104 6.5.2. Identification of comparable units of the property being appraised 106 6.5.3. 3D visibility analysis 107 6.5.4. Valuation of tax property elements: 3D cadastre 108 6.6. Conclusion 108 6.7. References 109 Chapter 7. Semantic Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Data for the Development of an Urban 3D Model 113Zouhair BALLOUCH and Rafika HAJJI 7.1. Introduction 113 7.2. From semantic segmentation to 3D modeling 114 7.3. Semantic segmentation by Deep Learning 118 7.3.1. Semantic segmentation methods by DL 118 7.3.2. Discussion 120 7.4. Development of an urban 3D model 121 7.4.1. Geometric modeling from the 3D point cloud 122 7.4.2. Semantic modeling 123 7.4.3. Discussion 125 7.4.4. Our approach 125 7.5. Conclusion 127 7.6. References 127 Chapter 8. BIM for the Renovation of Urban Spaces 131Oumayma MOUFID 8.1. Introduction 131 8.2. Urban space: problems and dysfunctions 132 8.3. Urban renewal approaches 134 8.4. BIM/CIM for urban renewal 135 8.4.1. Methodology 135 8.5. Renovation process 137 8.6. Conclusion 139 8.7. References 139 Conclusion 141Rafika HAJJI and Hassane JARAR OULIDI List of Authors 145 Index 147

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers an insight into how to create aesthetically pleasing, environmentally integrated, multi-functional developments in the ocean or on the coastline.Eco-design of Marine Infrastructures provides practical and realistic solutions for delivering projects that strive to minimize negative environmental impacts.Using case studies and examples, this book presents a toolkit of options, allowing decision makers and planners to see what is possible and to make informed choices about the risks and benefits of eco-design. It is intended for researchers, engineers, students and decision makers, or anyone who is curious to see how nature can be integrated into development.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1. Principles and Genesis of Maritime Eco-design 1 1.1. Principles of maritime eco-design 2 1.2. Definition of eco-design of marine infrastructures 4 1.3. Japanese inspiration 8 1.3.1. Influence of the Japanese vision for sea-friendly development projects 8 1.3.2. The Japanese Sato-umi 10 1.3.3. Artificial marine habitats: Japanese origin of inspiration for eco-design 11 1.4. Assessing the effects of a project on the environment: the impact study 12 1.4.1. Designing a better project for the environment 14 1.4.2. Informing the administrative authority on the decision to be taken 14 1.5. The “no net loss of biodiversity” objective: a regulatory obligation for developers, an opportunity for eco-design 17 1.6. Specificities of the environmental assessment related to the marine environment: the “natural” public maritime domain concept 19 1.6.1. The natural public maritime domain, an essential concept 19 1.6.2. Managing the marine environment: a necessarily integrated approach 23 Chapter 2. Maritime Civil Engineering 27 2.1. General information 28 2.2. Typology of coastlines 30 2.2.1. Coastal classification and sea-level evolution 30 2.2.2. Sea-level fluctuations and coastline erosion 33 2.2.3. Rocky shores 35 2.2.4. Soft coastlines 36 2.2.5. Fine material shorelines 38 2.2.6. Coral bioconstructed coastlines and mangroves 39 2.2.7. Assessment 41 2.3. Coastal defense works 41 2.3.1. Main transverse structures: groins and jetties 42 2.3.2. Main longitudinal structures: breakwaters and upper beach structures 43 2.4. Port structures 47 2.4.1. Criteria for establishing a port 47 2.4.2. Geographical location 48 2.4.3. Economic criteria 49 2.4.4. Operating principles of ports 51 2.4.5. Typology of port structures 56 2.5. Design approach 59 2.5.1. The design methodology 59 2.5.2. Ocean data 62 2.5.3. Service actions 70 2.5.4. The usual design criteria 73 2.5.5. Geotechnical data 74 2.5.6. Data on construction materials 79 2.5.7. Synthesis 87 Chapter 3. Eco-design of Marine Infrastructures 89 3.1. The evolution of research work towards the eco-design of marine structures 90 3.2. The modernized approach to project management 96 3.2.1. Eco-design actors 101 3.2.2. Development and maturation of an eco-designed development project 103 3.3. The methodological approach to eco-design: responding to the expressed need 109 3.3.1. Eco-design, an adapted technical response for engineers and project managers 110 3.3.2. Eco-design as a lever for modernizing the execution of works 117 3.3.3. Monitoring, control, validation and satisfaction for the user and nature 121 3.4. Infrastructure as a new support for marine life 122 3.4.1. Biophysical data of the environment 123 3.4.2. Integration of the infrastructure into an ecosystem 130 3.4.3. Bio-inspiration and design of eco-designed structures 144 3.5. Eco-design at the material level: the example of concrete 144 3.5.1. A little history 144 3.5.2. Concrete, the state of the art 150 3.5.3. Concrete formulations 156 3.5.4. The integrative eco-design of the performance approach: perspectives 159 Chapter 4. Evidence Through Experience: Examples of Eco-designed Marine Projects 163 4.1. Mayotte submarine pipeline: an initial eco-designed marine structure 167 4.2. Bio-inspiration and nature-based solutions for artificial reef design 177 4.2.1. The value of creating artificial habitats 178 4.2.2. The issue of fish habitat creation 179 4.3. The scope of port eco-design 183 4.3.1. The concept of port eco-design 183 4.3.2. Eco-design of the port of Guilvinec-Lechiagat 185 4.3.3. Ecological structures designed as natural grass beds 186 4.3.4. “Calais Port 2015” port project 187 4.4. Eco-design for coastal protection 191 4.4.1. Beneficial use of coastal sediment transport: the Sand Motor project 192 4.4.2. The experience of the ECOncrete company 194 4.4.3. Landscape redevelopment of the East Darling Harbour waterfront in Sydney 196 4.4.4. CLI’s experience with concrete dike shells: the need for eco-design 198 4.4.5. Eco-design of the Brest harbor breakwater 200 4.5. Biomimetic artificial reefs in Corsica (Ajaccio) 202 4.6. Artificial island eco-design 208 4.6.1. The Monegasque government’s vision for the Principality of Monaco’s offshore extension 208 4.6.2. The genesis of the eco-design of the Monegasque artificial peninsula project 214 4.7. Eco-design of mooring systems 216 4.7.1. Eco-design of moorings for recreational vessels in Guadeloupe 217 4.7.2. Eco-design of moorings for large vessels and yachts as a solution for the protection of the Mediterranean Posidonia meadow 225 4.8. Eco-design of offshore viaduct piles 232 4.9. Offshore wind farm project eco-design: multi-use perspectives 236 Conclusion 239 References 243 Index 259

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book - comprised of three separate volumes - presents the recent developments and research discoveries in structural and solid mechanics; it is dedicated to Professor Isaac Elishakoff. This first volume is devoted to the statics and stability of solid and structural members. Modern Trends in Structural and Solid Mechanics 1 has broad scope, covering topics such as: buckling of discrete systems (elastic chains, lattices with short and long range interactions, and discrete arches), buckling of continuous structural elements including beams, arches and plates, static investigation of composite plates, exact solutions of plate problems, elastic and inelastic buckling, dynamic buckling under impulsive loading, buckling and post-buckling investigations, buckling of conservative and non-conservative systems and buckling of micro and macro-systems. This book is intended for graduate students and researchers in the field of theoretical and applied mechanics.Table of ContentsPreface xiNoël CHALLAMEL, Julius KAPLUNOV and Izuru TAKEWAKI Chapter 1 Static Deformations of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminates by the Least-Squares Method 1Devin BURNS and Romesh C BATRA 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Formulation of the problem 3 1.3 Results and discussion 7 1.3.1 Verification of the numerical algorithm 7 1.3.2 Simply supported sandwich plate 9 1.3.3 Laminate with arbitrary boundary conditions 10 1.4 Remarks 14 1.5 Conclusion 15 1.6 Acknowledgments 15 1.7 References 15 Chapter 2 Stability of Laterally Compressed Elastic Chains 17Andrii IAKOVLIEV, Srinandan DASMAHAPATRA and Atul BHASKAR 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Compression of stacked elastic sheets 20 2.3 Stability of an elastically coupled cyclic chain 23 2.4 Elastic stability of two coupled rods with disorder 28 2.5 Spatial localization of lateral buckling in a disordered chain of elastically coupled rigid rods 31 2.6 Conclusion 39 2.7 References 40 Chapter 3 Analysis of a Beck’s Column over Fractional-Order Restraints via Extended Routh–Hurwitz Theorem 43Emanuela BOLOGNA, Mario DI PAOLA, Massimiliano ZINGALES 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Material hereditariness 44 3.2.1 Linear hereditariness: fractional-order models 48 3.3 Dynamic equilibrium of an elastic cantilever over a fractional-order foundation 51 3.4 Stability analysis of Beck’s column over fractional-order hereditary foundation 54 3.4.1 The characteristic polynomial 55 3.4.2 State-space representation of the dynamic equilibrium equation 57 3.4.3 Stability analysis of fractional-order Beck’s column via the extended Routh–Hurwitz criterion 60 3.5 Numerical application 63 3.6 Conclusion 65 3.7 References 65 Chapter 4 Localization in the Static Response of Higher-Order Lattices with Long-Range Interactions 67Noël CHALLAMEL and Vincent PICANDET 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Two-neighbor interaction – general formulation – homogeneous solution 70 4.3 Two-neighbor interaction – localization in a weakened problem 76 4.4 Conclusion 86 4.5 References 86 Chapter 5 New Analytic Solutions for Elastic Buckling of Isotropic Plates 91Joseph TENENBAUM, Aharon DEUTSCH and Moshe EISENBERGER 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Equilibrium equation 93 5.3 Solution 94 5.4 Boundary condition 96 5.5 Numerical results 98 5.6 Conclusion 105 5.7 Appendix A: Deflection, slopes, bending moments and shears 109 5.8 Appendix B: Function transformation 116 5.9 References 119 Chapter 6 Buckling and Post-Buckling of Parabolic Arches with Local Damage 121Uğurcan EROĞLU, Giuseppe RUTA, Achille PAOLONE and Ekrem TÜFEKCI 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 A one-dimensional model for arches 122 6.2.1 Finite kinematics and balance, linear elastic law 124 6.2.2 Non-trivial fundamental equilibrium path 126 6.2.3 Bifurcated path 127 6.2.4 Special benchmark examples 128 6.3 Parabolic arches 130 6.4 Crack models for one-dimensional elements 133 6.5 An application 135 6.5.1 A comparison 138 6.6 Final remarks 138 6.7 Acknowledgments 139 6.8 References 139 Chapter 7 Inelastic Microbuckling of Composites by Wave-Buckling Analogy 145Rivka GILAT and Jacob ABOUDI 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Buckling-wave propagation analogy 146 7.3 Microbuckling in elastic orthotropic composites 148 7.4 Inelastic microbuckling 150 7.5 Results and discussion 152 7.6 References 156 Chapter 8 Quasi-Bifurcation of Discrete Systems with Unstable Post-Critical Behavior under Impulsive Loads 159Mariano P AMEIJEIRAS and Luis A GODOY 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 Case study of a two DOF system with unstable static behavior 161 8.3 Exploring the static and dynamic behavior of the two DOF system 164 8.4 The dynamic stability criterion due to Lee 167 8.5 New stability bounds following Lee’s approach 170 8.6 Conclusion 174 8.7 Acknowledgments 175 8.8 References 175 Chapter 9 Singularly Perturbed Problems of Drill String Buckling in Deep Curvilinear Borehole Channels 177Valery I GULYAYEV and Natalya V SHLYUN 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Singular perturbation theory: elements and history 179 9.3 Posing the problem of a drill string buckling in the curvilinear borehole 184 9.4 Modeling the drill string buckling in lowering operation 195 9.5 References 199 Chapter 10 Shape-optimized Cantilevered Columns under a Rocket-based Follower Force 201Yoshihiko SUGIYAMA, Mikael A LANGTHJEM and Kazuo KATAYAMA 10.1 Background 201 10.2 Aims 204 10.3 Numerical analysis 206 10.3.1 Stability analysis 206 10.3.2 Optimum design 209 10.4 Experiment 213 10.4.1 General description 213 10.4.2 Rocket motor 214 10.4.3 Columns 216 10.4.4 Free vibration test 219 10.5 Flutter test 220 10.6 Concluding remarks 223 10.7 Acknowledgments 224 10.8 Appendix 224 10.9 References 225 Chapter 11 Hencky Bar-Chain Model for Buckling Analysis and Optimal Design of Trapezoidal Arches 229Chien Ming WANG, Wen Hao PAN and Hanzhe ZHANG 11.1 Introduction 230 11.2 Buckling analysis of trapezoidal arches based on the HBM 231 11.2.1 Description of the HBM 232 11.2.2 HBM stiffness matrix formulation 234 11.2.3 Governing equation considering compatibility conditions 235 11.2.4 Verification of the HBM 236 11.3 Optimal design of symmetric trapezoidal arches 239 11.3.1 Problem definition 239 11.3.2 Optimization procedure 240 11.3.3 Optimal solutions 240 11.3.4 Sensitivity analysis of optimal solutions 243 11.3.5 Comparison with the buckling load of optimal fully stressed trapezoidal arches 245 11.4 Concluding remarks 245 11.5 References 246 List of Authors 249 Index 251 Summaries of Volumes 2 and 3 255

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book – comprised of three separate volumes – presents the recent developments and research discoveries in structural and solid mechanics; it is dedicated to Professor Isaac Elishakoff. This third volume is devoted to non-deterministic mechanics. Modern Trends in Structural and Solid Mechanics 3 has broad scope, covering topics such: design optimization under uncertainty, interval field approaches, convex analysis, quantum inspired topology optimization and stochastic dynamics. The book is illustrated by many applications in the field of aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, biomedical engineering and automotive engineering. This book is intended for graduate students and researchers in the field of theoretical and applied mechanics.Table of ContentsPreface xiNoël CHALLAMEL, Julius KAPLUNOV and Izuru TAKEWAKI Chapter 1. Optimization in Mitochondrial Energetic Pathways 1Haym BENAROYA 1.1. Optimization in neural and cell biology 1 1.2. Mitochondria 3 1.3. General morphology; fission and fusion 5 1.4. Mechanical aspects 9 1.5. Mitochondrial motility 13 1.6. Cristae, ultrastructure and supercomplexes 14 1.7. Mitochondrial diseases and neurodegenerative disorders 15 1.8. Modeling 16 1.9. Concluding summary 17 1.10. Acknowledgments 18 1.11. Appendix 18 1.12. References 19 Chapter 2. The Concept of Local and Non-Local Randomness for Some Mechanical Problems 23Giovanni FALSONE and Rossella LAUDANI 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Preliminary concepts 24 2.2.1. Statically determinate stochastic beams 24 2.2.2. Statically indeterminate stochastic beams 26 2.3. Local and non-local randomness 29 2.3.1. Statically determinate stochastic beams 31 2.3.2. Statically indeterminate stochastic beams 32 2.3.3. Comments on the results 36 2.4. Conclusion 36 2.5. References 37 Chapter 3. On the Applicability of First-Order Approximations for Design Optimization under Uncertainty 39Benedikt KRIEGESMANN 3.1. Introduction 39 3.2. Summary of first- and second-order Taylor series approximations for uncertainty quantification 41 3.2.1. Approximations of stochastic moments 42 3.2.2. Probabilistic lower bound approximation 43 3.2.3. Convex anti-optimization 44 3.2.4. Correlation of probabilistic approaches and convex anti-optimization 45 3.3. Design optimization under uncertainty 46 3.3.1. Robust design optimization 46 3.3.2. Reliability-based design optimization 47 3.3.3. Optimization with convex anti-optimization 48 3.4. Numerical examples 48 3.4.1. Imperfect von Mises truss analysis 48 3.4.2. Three-bar truss optimization 50 3.4.3. Topology optimization 52 3.5. Conclusion and outlook 56 3.6. References 57 Chapter 4. Understanding Uncertainty 61Maurice LEMAIRE 4.1. Introduction 61 4.2. Uncertainty and uncertainties 61 4.3. Design and uncertainty 63 4.3.1. Decision modules 63 4.3.2. Designing in uncertain 66 4.4. Knowledge entity 67 4.4.1. Structure of a knowledge entity 67 4.5. Robust and reliable engineering 70 4.5.1. Definitions 70 4.5.2. Robustness 71 4.5.3. Reliability 72 4.5.4. Optimization 72 4.5.5. Reliable and robust optimization 73 4.6. Conclusion 74 4.7. References 75 Chapter 5. New Approach to the Reliability Verification of Aerospace Structures 77Giora MAYMON 5.1. Introduction 77 5.2. Factor of safety and probability of failure 78 5.3. Reliability verification of aerospace structural systems 84 5.3.1. Reliability demonstration is integrated into the design process 86 5.3.2. Analysis of failure mechanism and failure modes 87 5.3.3. Modeling the structural behavior, verifying the model by tests 87 5.3.4. Design of structural development tests to surface failure modes 88 5.3.5. Design of development tests to find unpredicted failure modes 88 5.3.6. “Cleaning” failure mechanism and failure modes 88 5.3.7. Determination of required safety and confidence in models 89 5.3.8. Determination of the reliability by “orders of magnitude” 89 5.4. Summary 92 5.5. References 93 Chapter 6. A Review of Interval Field Approaches for Uncertainty Quantification in Numerical Models 95Matthias FAES, Maurice IMHOLZ, Dirk VANDEPITTE and David MOENS 6.1. Introduction 95 6.2. Interval finite element analysis 97 6.3. Convex-set analysis 99 6.4. Interval field analysis 100 6.4.1. Explicit interval field formulation 101 6.4.2. Interval fields based on KL expansion 103 6.4.3. Interval fields based on convex descriptors 105 6.5. Conclusion 105 6.6. Acknowledgments 106 6.7. References 106 Chapter 7. Convex Polytopic Models for the Static Response of Structures with Uncertain-but-bounded Parameters 111Zhiping QIU and Nan JIANG 7.1. Introduction 111 7.2. Problem statements 114 7.3. Analysis and solution of the convex polytopic model for the static response of structures 116 7.4. Vertex solution theorem of the convex polytopic model for the static response of structures 119 7.5. Review of the vertex solution theorem of the interval model for the static response of structures 122 7.6. Numerical examples 127 7.6.1. Two-step bar 127 7.6.2. Ten-bar truss 130 7.6.3. Plane frame 135 7.7. Conclusion 141 7.8. Acknowledgments 141 7.9. References 141 Chapter 8. On the Interval Frequency Response of Cracked Beams with Uncertain Damage 145Roberta SANTORO 8.1. Introduction 146 8.2. Crack modeling for damaged beams 148 8.2.1. Finite element crack model 148 8.2.2. Continuous crack model 149 8.3. Statement of the problem 150 8.3.1. Interval model for the uncertain crack depth 151 8.3.2. Governing equations of damaged beams 152 8.3.3. Finite element model versus continuous model 154 8.4. Interval frequency response of multi-cracked beams 162 8.4.1. Interval deflection function in the FE model 162 8.4.2. Interval deflection function in the continuous model 165 8.5. Numerical applications 167 8.6. Concluding remarks 173 8.7. Acknowledgments 173 8.8. References 173 Chapter 9. Quantum-Inspired Topology Optimization 177Xiaojun WANG, Bowen NI and Lei WANG 9.1. Introduction 177 9.2. General statements 180 9.2.1. Density-based continuum structural topology optimization formulation 180 9.2.2. Characteristics of quantum computing 181 9.3. Topology optimization design model based on quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithms 183 9.3.1. Classic procedure of topology optimization based on the SIMP method and optimality criteria 183 9.3.2. The fundamental theory of a quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm – DCQGA 186 9.3.3. Implementation of the integral topology optimization framework 189 9.4. A quantum annealing operator to accelerate the calculation and jump out of local extremum 191 9.5. Numerical examples 195 9.5.1. Example of a short cantilever 195 9.5.2. Example of a wing rib 196 9.6. Conclusion 198 9.7. Acknowledgments 198 9.8. References 199 Chapter 10. Time Delay Vibrations and Almost Sure Stability in Vehicle Dynamics 203Walter V. WEDIG 10.1. Introduction to road vehicle dynamics 203 10.2. Delay resonances of half-car models on road 205 10.3. Extensions to multi-body vehicles on a random road 209 10.4. Non-stationary road excitations applying sinusoidal models 212 10.5. Resonance reduction or induction by means of colored noise 215 10.6. Lyapunov exponents and rotation numbers in vehicle dynamics 218 10.7. Concluding remarks and main new results 221 10.8. References 222 Chapter 11. Order Statistics Approach to Structural Optimization Considering Robustness and Confidence of Responses 225Makoto YAMAKAWA and Makoto OHSAKI 11.1. Introduction 225 11.2. Overview of order statistics 226 11.2.1. Definition of order statistics 226 11.2.2. Tolerance intervals and confidence intervals of quantiles 227 11.3. Robust design 229 11.3.1. Overview of the robust design problem 229 11.3.2. Worst-case-based method 230 11.3.3. Order statistics-based method 230 11.4. Numerical examples 231 11.4.1. Design response spectrum 231 11.4.2. Optimization of the building frame considering seismic responses 232 11.4.3. Multi-objective optimization considering robustness 236 11.5. Conclusion 239 11.6. References 240 List of Authors 243 Index 245 Summaries of Volumes 1 and 2 249

Read more less

Book SynopsisCapturing, recording and broadcasting the voice is often difficult. Many factors must be taken into account and achieving a true representation is much more complex than one might think.The capture devices such as the position of the singer(s) or narrator(s), the acoustics, atmosphere and equipment are just some of the physical aspects that need to be mastered. Then there is the passage through the analog or digital channel, which disrupts the audio signal, as well as the processes that are often required to enrich, improve or even transform the vocal timbre and tessitura. While in the past these processes were purely material, today digital technologies and software produce surprising results that every professional in recording and broadcasting should know how to master.Recording and Voice Processing 2 focuses on live and studio voice recordings. It presents the various pieces of hardware and software necessary for voice recording, and details possible sound channel configurations based on recording location. An actual recording, and its various constraints, is then considered, addressing the pitfalls to avoid and the strategies to use in order to achieve a satisfactory result. Different special effects (vocoder, auto-tune, Melodyne, etc.) that can be used on the voice, whether spoken or sung, are also presented.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Processing Hardware and Software 1 1.1. The materials 1 1.1.1. The compressor 1 1.1.2. The equalizer 8 1.1.3. Reverberation and delay 11 1.1.4. The de-esser 19 1.1.5. The expander 21 1.1.6. The exciter or enhancer 23 1.2. The software 25 1.3. Conclusion 25 Chapter 2. Configuration and the Audio System 29 2.1. The capture and processing chain 29 2.1.1. Minimum configuration 29 2.1.2. Classic home studio configurations 31 2.1.3. Semi-professional configurations 32 2.2. Microphone preamplifiers 34 2.2.1. Tube preamplifiers 35 2.2.2. Transistor preamplifiers 36 2.2.3. Hybrid preamplifiers 37 2.2.4. Channel strips 38 2.2.5. The right choice 38 2.2.6. A selection of preamplifiers 38 2.3. Digital audio interfaces 41 2.4. Multi-channel headphone amplifiers 47 2.5. Monitoring speakers 49 2.5.1. Genelec 8000 series 51 2.5.2. Yamaha NS10-M 52 2.5.3. Scientelec ORTF 54 2.5.4. Studer series A 56 2.5.5. Elipson LA 4240 57 2.5.6. Focal Twin6 Be 58 2.5.7. NHT M-100 59 2.5.8. JBL 4310 60 2.5.9. Adam Audio AX series 62 2.5.10. Selecting active proximity speakers 63 2.5.11. A word about subwoofers 65 2.5.12. To conclude on the speakers 66 2.6. Amplifiers for passive speakers 67 2.6.1. Yamaha A100 68 2.6.2. Studer A68 69 2.6.3. Amcron DC 300A 69 2.6.4. Amcron D75 70 2.6.5. Yamaha PX3 71 2.7. Monitoring controllers 72 2.8. Conclusion 74 Chapter 3. Voice Recording 77 3.1. Artist, comfort and environment 77 3.2. The choice of microphone 79 3.2.1. The location 79 3.2.2. Microphone collection 93 3.2.3. Style and voice 98 3.2.4. Direction and color 99 3.3. Constraints and accessories 99 3.3.1. Nearby environment 100 3.3.2. Microphone suspension 100 3.3.3. Pop filter 101 3.3.4. Microphone stand and bracket 102 3.4. Positioning the microphone 103 3.5. Feedback 107 3.5.1. Voice feedback through headphones 108 3.5.2. Voice feedback through loudspeakers 110 3.5.3. Feedback and audio interface 111 3.6. The voice-only mix 114 3.6.1. A mix for which voice? 115 3.6.2. Comping 115 3.6.3. Editing and editing 116 3.6.4. Level balancing 116 3.6.5. Equalization 118 3.6.6. Sibilance suppression 121 3.6.7. Serial compression 122 3.6.8. Tone adjustment 124 3.6.9. Delay or reverberation 124 3.6.10. To finish with the voice-only mix 127 3.7. Recording multiple performers 128 3.8. Recording a choir 131 3.9. Recording a voice-over 133 3.10. Conclusion 134 Chapter 4. Special Effects 135 4.1. The vocoder 135 4.2. The talkbox 138 4.3. Auto-tune 140 4.4. Melodyne 142 4.5. Voice processors 144 4.6. Finally 146 Conclusion 147 Appendix 1. Sound Unit 151 Appendix 2. Audio Connectivity 159 Appendix 3. Audio Processing Plugins 169 Appendix 4. Microphone Pairs 175 Appendix 5. Types of Software Plugins 189 Glossary 191 References 199 Index 209

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe concept of digital risk, which has become ubiquitous in the media, sustains a number of myths and beliefs about the digital world. This book explores the opposite view of these ideologies by focusing on digital risks as perceived by actors in their respective contexts.Perceptions and Analysis of Digital Risks identifies the different types of risks that concern actors and actually impact their daily lives, within education or various socio-professional environments. It provides an analysis of the strategies used by the latter to deal with these risks as they conduct their activities; thus making it possible to characterize the digital cultures and, more broadly, the informational cultures at work.This book offers many avenues for action in terms of educating the younger generations, training teachers and leaders, and mediating risks.Table of ContentsForeword xiFranc MORANDI Introduction xviiCamille CAPELLE Part 1. Risk Perceptions, Education and Learning 1 Chapter 1. Digital Risks: An Obstacle or a Lever for Education? 3Camille CAPELLE 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Digital risks and education: what are we talking about? 4 1.2.1. Digital risks 4 1.2.2. What are the risks in education? 8 1.3. Questioning perceptions of digital risks among new teachers 9 1.3.1. Why was this target audience chosen? 9 1.3.2. Methodology and data collection 10 1.4. Teachers’ perceptions of digital risks 11 1.4.1. When perceptions of risk inhibit any practice 11 1.4.2. When perceptions of risk freeze practices 14 1.4.3. When risk perceptions lead us to consider them in order to overcome them 18 1.5. Reflection on the role of digital risk representations in education 21 1.6. Conclusion 24 1.7. References 25 Chapter 2. Teenagers Faced with “Fake News”: Perceptions and the Evaluation of an Epistemic Risk 27Gilles SAHUT and Sylvie FRANCISCO 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Fake news: From production to reception 28 2.2.1. Characterizing the fake news phenomenon 29 2.2.2. The potential risks associated with fake news 31 2.2.3. The credibility of fake news 32 2.3. Methodological framework of the study 34 2.4. Results of the study 36 2.4.1. A heterogeneous understanding of the concept 37 2.4.2. A blurred perception of the goals of fake news 39 2.4.3. The diversity of fake news sources 40 2.4.4. Identifying fake news: heuristic processing and analytical strategies 42 2.4.5. A remote and controlled phenomenon? 45 2.5. Discussion of the results and reflections on media and information literacy 46 2.6. Conclusion 49 2.7. References 50 Chapter 3. “A Big Nebula that is a Bit Scary” (Louise, Trainee Schoolteacher): Training through/in Digital Technology, in School and in Professional Training 55Anne CORDIER 3.1. Social beings, above all else 57 3.1.1. A “fluid identity” to be grasped 57 3.1.2. Digital technology in the actors’ personal ecosystem 61 3.2. Understanding of digital technology in the classroom 62 3.2.1. Crystallization and awareness of issues 62 3.2.2. When the socio-technical framework hinders the entry of digital technology into the classroom 64 3.2.3. Rather modest and low-risk experiments 66 3.3. Teaching with and through digital technology: Constant risks 68 3.3.1. Tensions in the classroom 68 3.3.2. Tensions in training 71 3.3.3. Desires on both sides 73 3.4. Potential courses of action 76 3.5. References 78 Part 2. Risks in the Light of Socio-Economic Issues 81 Chapter 4. Top Managers Confronted with Information Risks: An Exploratory Study within the Telecommunications Sector 83Dijana LEKIC, Anna LEZON-RIVIÈRE and Madjid IHADJADENE 4.1. Introduction 83 4.2. Information risk: The conceptual field 84 4.3. Controlling information risks: Security policy 89 4.4. Information risk and management 91 4.5. Study methodology and the stakeholder group 93 4.6. Information risk: The perspective of top telecoms managers 94 4.6.1. Top managers as responsible for information risk management 94 4.6.2. Information risk management 97 4.6.3. Operational challenges related to the information risk management approach 100 4.7. Conclusion 104 4.8 Acknowledgments 106 4.9. References 106 Chapter 5. Cell Phones and Scamming Risks in Cameroon: Users’ Experiences and Socio-Institutional Responses 111Freddy TSOPFACK FOFACK and Abdel Bernazi RENGOU 5.1. Introduction 111 5.2. Mechanisms behind cell phone scamming in Cameroon: Exhibiting credulity 115 5.2.1. Setting the scene 116 5.2.2. Enticing but misleading proposals 117 5.2.3. Disguised telephone number confusion 119 5.3. The dynamics of cell phone use in Cameroon 121 5.3.1. The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications 121 5.3.2. Agence Nationale des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication 122 5.3.3. Agence de Régulation des Télécommunications 122 5.3.4. Cell phone operators 123 5.3.5. The judicial system and cell phone scams 124 5.3.6. Cell phone users and consumer associations 125 5.4. Socio-institutional governance of cell phone use in Cameroon: Optimal or approximate mediations? 126 5.4.1. Information deficit of the users 126 5.4.2. Insufficient means of action 127 5.4.3. Mis-selling of SIM cards by mobile operators: An “ingredient” of mobile scammers 128 5.4.4. The ease of monetary transactions 129 5.4.5. Technological constraints and border porosity 129 5.5. Conclusion 130 5.6. References 131 Part 3. Digital Risks: Practices and Mediation 135 Chapter 6. Towards a Normative Prescription of Information Practices on Digital Social Networks: A Study of Documentary Pedagogical Projects in Middle School 137Adeline ENTRAYGUES 6.1. Introduction 137 6.2. Contextualization of risk 138 6.3. Issues to consider 138 6.4. Research objects 139 6.5. Research protocol 142 6.6. Risk regarding DSNs in the pedagogical approach 144 6.6.1. Raising awareness of risks: An obvious approach for teacher librarians 144 6.6.2. Considering the views of learners and teachers 145 6.6.3. Considering the risks: Learners aware of digital dangers 148 6.7. Discovering DSNs in a school context: Dealing with risks 151 6.7.1. Pedagogical projects on DSNs to prevent risks: Teachers’ perspectives 151 6.7.2. Overcoming risks: Learners’ perspectives 152 6.8. Perspectives for an information culture 153 6.8.1. Risks, standards and education 153 6.8.2. A culture of information in training 154 6.9. Conclusion 155 6.10. References 155 Chapter 7. MIL as a Tool for Teachers to Prevent Risk and Transmit Digital Culture 159Julie PASCAU 7.1. Studying digital technology in schools from the perspective of teachers’ representations 159 7.1.1. Why be interested in representations? 161 7.1.2. The social representation of digital risks through the analysis of institutional discourses 163 7.2. What do digital and media literacy evoke in teachers? 164 7.2.1. The weak presence of digital technology and MIL in elementary school 165 7.2.2. Risks in the representations of MIL among primary school teachers 166 7.2.3. A positive perception of the role of digital technology in the classroom 169 7.3. The contours of media and information literacy according to teachers 171 7.3.1. The objects of MIL from the discourse of primary school teachers 172 7.3.2. What does digital technology mean for teachers? 173 7.4. What does the requirement to transmit digital culture mean for teachers? 178 7.4.1. Digital culture: A very vague concept 178 7.4.2. What primary school teachers think digital literacy means 180 7.5. Conclusion 187 7.6. References 189 Conclusion 193Camille CAPELLE Postface 197Vincent LIQUÈTE List of Authors 201 Index 203

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe scientific field of data analysis is constantly expanding due to the rapid growth of the computer industry and the wide applicability of computational and algorithmic techniques, in conjunction with new advances in statistical, stochastic and analytic tools. There is a constant need for new, high-quality publications to cover the recent advances in all fields of science and engineering. This book is a collective work by a number of leading scientists, computer experts, analysts, engineers, mathematicians, probabilists and statisticians who have been working at the forefront of data analysis and related applications. The chapters of this collaborative work represent a cross-section of current concerns, developments and research interests in the above scientific areas. The collected material has been divided into appropriate sections to provide the reader with both theoretical and applied information on data analysis methods, models and techniques, along with related applications.Table of ContentsPreface xvKonstantinos N ZAFEIRIS, Yiannis DIMOTIKALIS, Christos H SKIADAS, Alex KARAGRIGORIOU and Christiana KARAGRIGORIOU-VONTA Part 1 1 Chapter 1 A Topological Clustering of Variables 3Rafik ABDESSELAM 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Topological context 5 1.3 Topological clustering of variables -- selective review 9 1.4 Illustration on real data of simple examples 10 1.5 Conclusion 19 1.6 Appendix 20 1.7 References 23 Chapter 2 A New Regression Model for Count Compositions 25Roberto ASCARI and Sonia MIGLIORATI 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Distributions for count vectors 26 2.2 Regression models and Bayesian inference 29 2.3 Simulation studies 30 2.4 Application to real electoral data 34 2.5 References 37 Chapter 3 Intergenerational Class Mobility in Greece with Evidence from EU-SILC 39Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU, Maria SYMEONAKI and Catherine MICHALOPOULOU 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Data and methods 41 3.3 The trends of class mobility between different birth cohorts 45 3.4 Conclusion 52 3.5 References 52 Chapter 4 Capturing School-to-Work Transitions Using Data from the First European Graduate Survey 55Maria SYMEONAKI, Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU and Dimitris PARSANOGLOU 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Data and methodology 57 4.3 Results 58 4.4 Conclusion 63 4.5 References 64 Chapter 5 A Cluster Analysis Approach for Identifying Precarious Workers 67Maria SYMEONAKI, Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU and Dimitris PARSANOGLOU 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Data and methodology 68 5.3 Results 70 5.4 Conclusion and discussion 74 5.5 References 75 Chapter 6 American Option Pricing Under a Varying Economic Situation Using Semi-Markov Decision Process 77Kouki TAKADA, Marko DIMITROV, Lu JIN and Ying NI 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 American option pricing 79 6.3 Exercising strategies 80 6.4 Conclusion 89 6.5 References 89 Chapter 7 The Implementation of Hierarchical Classifications and Cochran’s Rule in the Analysis of Social Data 91Aggeliki YFANTI and Catherine MICHALOPOULOU 7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Methods 95 7.3 Results 96 7.4 Conclusion 101 7.5 References 102 Chapter 8 Dynamic Optimization with Tempered Stable Subordinators for Modeling River Hydraulics 105Hidekazu YOSHIOKA and Yumi YOSHIOKA 8.1 Introduction 105 8.2 Mathematical model 108 8.3 Optimization problem 109 8.4 HJBI equation: formulation and solution 111 8.5 Concluding remarks 115 8.6 Acknowledgments 116 8.7 References 116 Part 2 119 Chapter 9 Predicting Event Counts in Event-Driven Clinical Trials Accounting for Cure and Ongoing Recruitment 121Vladimir ANISIMOV, Stephen GORMLEY, Rosalind BAVERSTOCK and Cynthia KINEZA 9.1 Introduction 122 9.2 Modeling the process of event occurrence 123 9.3 Predicting event counts for patients at risk 127 9.4 Predicting event counts accounting for ongoing recruitment 129 9.5 Monte Carlo simulation 133 9.6 Software development 133 9.7 R package and implementation in a clinical trial 138 9.8 Conclusion 140 9.9 References 141 Chapter 10 Structural Modeling: An Application to the Evaluation of Ecosystem Practices at the Plot Level 143Dominique DESBOIS 10.1 Introduction 143 10.2 Structural equation modeling using partial least squares 144 10.3 Material and method 150 10.4 Results and discussion 154 10.5 Conclusion 161 10.6 References 161 Chapter 11 Lean Management as an Improvement Factor in Health Services -- The Case of Venizeleio General Hospital of Crete, Greece 163Eleni GENITSARIDI and George MATALLIOTAKIS 11.1 Introduction 164 11.2 Theoretical framework 164 11.3 Purpose of the research 168 11.4 Methodology 168 11.5 Research results 168 11.6 Conclusion 175 11.7 References 176 Chapter 12 Motivation and Professional Satisfaction of Medical and Nursing Staff of Primary Health Care Structures (Urban and Regional Health Centers) of the Prefecture of Heraklion, Under the Responsibility of the 7th Ministry 179Mihalis KYRIAKAKIS and George MATALLIOTAKIS 12.1 Introduction 180 12.2 Methodology and material 180 12.3 Results 182 12.4 Discussion 194 12.5 Conclusion 196 12.6 References 197 Chapter 13 Developing a Bibliometric Quality Indicator for Journals Applied to the Field of Dentistry Pilar VALDERRAMA, Ana M AGUILERA and Mariano J VALDERRAMA 13.1 Introduction 199 13.2 Methodology 200 13.3 Discussion and conclusion 206 13.4 Acknowledgments 207 13.5 Appendix 208 13.6 References 210 Chapter 14 Statistical Process Monitoring Techniques for Covid-19 211Emmanouil-Nektarios KALLIGERIS and Andreas MAKRIDES 14.1 Introduction 211 14.2 Materials and methods 212 14.3 Behavior of Covid-19 disease in the Mediterranean region 214 14.4 Conclusion 218 14.5 Acknowledgments 221 14.6 References 221 Part 3 223 Chapter 15 Increase of Retirement Age and Health State of Population in Czechia 225Tomás FIALA, Jitka LANGHAMROVÁ and Jana VRABCOVÁ 15.1 Introduction 225 15.2 Data and methodological remarks 227 15.3 Statutory retirement age 228 15.4 Development of the state of health of population 230 15.5 Development of the state of health of population in productive and post-productive ages 232 15.6 Conclusion 234 15.7 Acknowledgment 235 15.8 References 235 Chapter 16 A Generalized Mean Under a Non-Regular Framework and Extreme Value Index Estimation 237M IVETTE GOMES, Lígia HENRIQUES-RODRIGUES and Dinis PESTANA 16.1 Introduction 237 16.2 Preliminary results in the area of EVT for heavy tails and asymptotic behavior of MOp functionals 239 16.3 Finite-sample behavior of MOp functionals 243 16.4 A non-regular adaptive choice of p and k 247 16.5 Concluding remarks 248 16.6 References 248 Chapter 17 Demography and Policies in V4 Countries 251Michaela KADLECOVÁ, Filip HON and Jitka LANGHAMROVÁ 17.1 Introduction 251 17.2 Demographic development in the V4 countries 252 17.3 Development of fertility and family policy 255 17.4 Pension systems of the Visegrad Four countries 258 17.5 Prediction of future development of V4 populations 261 17.6 Conclusion 265 17.7 Acknowledgments 266 17.8 References 267 Chapter 18 Decomposing Differences in Life Expectancy with and without Disability: The Case of Czechia 271David MORÁVEK, Tomás BELOCH and Jitka LANGHAMROVÁ 18.1 Introduction 271 18.2 Methodology and data 273 18.3 Main results 276 18.4 Conclusion 281 18.5 Acknowledgments 282 18.6 References 283 Chapter 19 Assessing the Predictive Ability of Subjective Survival Probabilities 285Apostolos PAPACHRISTOS and Georgia VERROPOULOU 19.1 Introduction 285 19.2 Methods 286 19.3 Results 292 19.4 Discussion 297 19.5 Conclusion 298 19.6 Acknowledgments 298 19.7 References 299 Chapter 20 Exploring Excess Mortality During the Covid-19 Pandemic with Seasonal ARIMA Models 303Karl-Heinz JÖCKEL and Peter PFLAUMER 20.1 Introduction 304 20.2 Binomial mortality model and the empirical distribution of daily deaths in Germany 305 20.3 Non-seasonal ARIMA model for weekly data in Germany 307 20.4 Seasonal ARIMA models of weekly deaths for Spain, Germany and Sweden 311 20.5 Measuring excess mortality, especially in Spain, Germany and Sweden 322 20.6 Forecasting daily deaths in Germany 324 20.7 Conclusion 330 20.8 Appendix 331 20.8.1 Estimation results of the other age classes 331 20.8.2 Time series decomposition 332 20.9 References 334 Chapter 21 The Impact of Cesarean Section on Neonatal Mortality in Rural--Urban Divisions in a Region of Brazil 337Carlos SANTOS and Neir PAES 21.1 Introduction 338 21.2 Materials and methods 339 21.2.1 Multilevel logistic model 340 21.3 Results and discussion 341 21.4 Conclusion 345 21.5 References 346 Chapter 22 Analysis of Alcohol Policy in Czechia: Estimation of Alcohol Policy Scale Compared to EU Countries 349Kornélia SVACINOVÁ, Markéta Majerová PECHHOLDOVÁ and Jana VRABCOVÁ 22.1 Introduction 350 22.2 Literature review 351 22.3 Methods 352 22.4 Results 354 22.5 Discussion 359 22.6 Conclusion 360 22.7 Acknowledgment 360 22.8 References 360 Chapter 23 Alcohol-Related Mortality and Its Cause-Elimination in Life Tables in Selected European Countries and USA: An International Comparison 363Jana VRABCOVÁ, Markéta Majerová PECHHOLDOVÁ and Kornélia SVACINOVÁ 23.1 Introduction 364 23.2 Data and methods 365 23.3 Alcohol consumption in European countries by the OECD 367 23.4 Czechia 369 23.5 Poland 369 23.6 Belarus 371 23.7 Russia 371 23.8 France 371 23.9 USA 371 23.10 Conclusion 374 23.11 Acknowledgment 375 23.12 References 375 Chapter 24 Labor Force Aging in the Czech Republic: The Role of Education and Economic Industry 377Martina SIMKOVA and Jaroslav SIXTA 24.1 Introduction 377 24.2 The setting of the statutory retirement age 378 24.3 The economic status of elderly workers 379 24.4 The structure of working people by factors 380 24.5 The change in the number of workers 382 24.6 Conclusion 385 24.7 Acknowledgment 385 24.8 References 386 List of Authors 387 Index 393 Summary of Volume 1 395

Read more less

Book SynopsisGeotechnical engineering is now a fundamental component of construction projects. The first volume of this book therefore paves the way for the development of a lasting partnership between soil and foundations. Applied Geotechnics for Construction Projects 1 first defines, identifies and classifies soils, exploring their complexities and weaknesses, and then outlines the basic principles of stresses and strains that establish and develop within soils. The third chapter of the book introduces and develops methods of soil investigation in order to experimentally determine the geotechnical parameters that are useful in the design stage of construction projects. Each chapter of this first volume is illustrated with photographs of example construction sites and concludes with concrete examples of real projects. The result is a combination of geotechnical expertise and lessons learned from experience, both of which are highly valuable in the field of applied geotechnics for construction projects.Table of ContentsForeword ix Philippe GUILLERMAIN† and François SCHLOSSER Entrepreneur’s Tribune: Geotechnics is at the Heart of Our Projects xi Pascal LEMOINE and Eric DURAND Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix Symbols and Notations xxi Introduction lv Chapter 1 Soil: Definition, Identification and Classification 1 1.1 Definition of a soil 1 1.1.1 Characteristic sizes 1 1.2 Soil types 6 1.2.1 Granular soils 7 1.2.2 Fine soils 7 1.3 Laboratory identification tests 9 1.3.1 Parameters and standards 9 1.3.2 Definition of parameters 10 1.4 Examples of soil identification and applications 13 1.4.1 Particle size analysis 13 1.4.2 Characterization of soil plasticity 14 1.4.3 Organic material content research 14 1.4.4 Liquefaction risk analysis 15 1.4.5 Characterization of clay soils with respect to swelling and shrinkage 16 1.4.6 Soil treatment for platforms and technical backfills 17 1.5 Soil classification 22 1.6 Illustrative samples 24 1.7 Roads and carriageways fact sheet 26 1.8 Railway platforms fact sheet 28 1.9 Appendix 1.1: Classification of soft soil and rock 30 1.10 References 40 Chapter 2 Stresses, Deformations and Behavioral Laws of Soils 41 2.1 Basic concepts of mechanics of continuous media 41 2.1.1 Concept of stress 41 2.1.2 Concept of deformation 42 2.1.3 Generalization of the state of stresses 44 2.1.4 Generalization of the deformation state 51 2.1.5 Deformation–displacement relations 51 2.1.6 Deformation rate 53 2.1.7 Acceleration 54 2.2 Behavioral laws 54 2.2.1 Elastic behavior model 55 2.2.2 Elasto-plastic behavioral models 64 2.2.3 Viscoelastic behavior models 77 2.2.4 Dynamic behavior of soils 78 2.3 Soil creep phenomenon 82 2.3.1 Creep mechanism 82 2.3.2 Creep stresses and deformations 82 2.4 Mechanics of continuous media applied to soils 83 2.4.1 Terzaghi’s fundamental relation 83 2.4.2 Concepts of short term and long term 84 2.4.3 Equilibrium equations 85 2.4.4 Experimental determination of elastic parameters of soil 90 2.4.5 Order of magnitude of soil parameters 93 2.5 Practical applications to construction projects 96 2.5.1 Calculation of vertical stresses in a homogeneous soil 96 2.5.2 Steps to solving finite element calculations: simple cases 98 2.5.3 Project 1: Modeling and calculation of settlement of a road embankment 109 2.5.4 Project 2: Study of the displacements of a retaining slurry trench wall 112 2.5.5 Project 3: Modeling of rafts on vertical stiff inclusions 118 2.5.6 Some lessons to be learned from deformation calculations 119 2.6 References 121 Chapter 3 Determination of the In-situ Geotechnical Parameters of Soils 125 3.1 Introduction 125 3.1.1 The purpose of testing in geotechnical projects 125 3.1.2 On-site and laboratory tests: which to choose? 126 3.2 General methodology of geotechnical studies 127 3.2.1 Phases and types of standard geotechnical studies 127 3.2.2 Standard geotechnical missions 128 3.2.3 Blueprint of a geotechnical study 135 3.3 Inventory of field tests in France 137 3.3.1 Soil identification and classification tests 137 3.3.2 Laboratory compression tests 138 3.3.3 Laboratory shear tests 138 3.3.4 Legend for parameters measured in the laboratory 138 3.3.5 Tests to determine the mechanical properties of soils on site 139 3.3.6 Legend for parameters measured on site 139 3.3.7 Tests for the measurement of soil permeability 140 3.3.8 Tests to measure the dynamic soil parameters 140 3.3.9 Specific tests 140 3.4 On-site parameter determination tests 141 3.4.1 Vane test 141 3.4.2 Cone penetration test (CPT) 151 3.4.3 Dynamic penetrometer test (PDA and PDB) 166 3.4.4 Standard penetration test (SPT) 172 3.4.5 Ménard pressuremeter test (MPT) 179 3.4.6 Phicometer shear test 198 3.4.7 Plate-bearing test 205 3.5 French conventional soil classification 214 3.5.1 Classification according to Fascicle 62, Part V 214 3.5.2 Soil classification according to Eurocode 7 214 3.5.3 Classification according to PS92 rules 216 3.5.4 Classification according to Eurocode 8 218 3.6 Correlations between parameters 219 3.6.1 Correlations between mechanical parameters measured on site 219 3.6.2 Correlations between other parameters 221 3.7 Practical analysis of typical tests 224 3.7.1 Practical example of monotonic pressuremeter tests 224 3.7.2 Practical example of pressuremeter tests with cycles 230 3.7.3 Control procedures for pressuremeter tests 232 3.7.4 Practical example of cone penetration tests 239 3.7.5 Variations and correlations between parameters measured on site 243 3.7.6 Photos of worksites and on-site survey equipment 247 3.8 Scope of application of on-site testing 254 3.9 Test results in typical soils 256 3.9.1 Pressuremeter tests (Baud diagram) 256 3.9.2 Pressuremeter tests in backfills treated with lime 257 3.9.3 Cone penetration tests 257 3.9.4 Common diagram for geotechnical investigations 258 3.10 Wise conclusion 262 3.11 Appendix 3.1: Correlations between net creep pressures and net limit pressures 262 3.12 References 263 French, European and ISO Standards in the Field of Geotechnics 271 Index 303 Summaries of Other Volumes 307

Read more less

Book SynopsisGeotechnical engineering is now a fundamental component of construction projects. The second volume of this book addresses the fundamental principles of soil mechanics and the role of water in geotechnical projects and assessments. Applied Geotechnics for Construction Projects 2 outlines the hydraulic properties of soils and the basic concepts of water in soil, detailing the principles of permeability measurement tests and giving concrete test cases, and then goes on to outline the basic notions of soil mechanics as applied in geotechnics: from consolidation to short- and long-term notions via the swelling phenomena of clayey soils, soil shear strength and slope stability. The third chapter presents a comprehensive overview of geotechnical expertise using examples of concrete projects either with or without damage in the context of geotechnical construction works. Each chapter of this second volume provides concrete examples of applications to real projects and the rules and lessons we must remember. The result is a combination of geotechnical expertise and lessons learned from experience, both of which are highly valuable in the field of applied geotechnics for construction projects.Table of ContentsForeword ixPhilippe GUILLERMAIN† and François SCHLOSSER Entrepreneur's Tribune: Geotechnics is at the Heart of Our Projects xiPascal LEMOINE and Eric DURAND Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix Symbols and Notations xxi Introduction lv Chapter 1. Soil Hydraulics: On-Site Water Tests 1 1.1. Water in the soil: basics 1 1.1.1. General assumptions: water continuity condition in soil 1 1.1.2. Water velocity in soil 2 1.2. Darcy's law 4 1.2.1. Head of water 4 1.2.2. Hydraulic gradient 5 1.3. Generalization to flow networks 7 1.3.1. Three-dimensional medium: Laplace equation 7 1.3.2. Two-dimensional flow 8 1.4. Flow forces 10 1.4.1. Determination of flow forces 10 1.4.2. Critical gradient: boiling phenomenon 11 1.4.3. Role of pore pressures in soil 12 1.5. On-site measurement of soil permeabilities 13 1.5.1. Pumping test 14 1.5.2. Lefranc-type local permeability test 20 1.5.3. Lugeon tests: experimental analysis and practical interpretation 27 1.5.4. General conclusion 33 1.6. Practical applications 34 1.6.1. Interpretation of an actual pumping test 34 1.6.2. Interpretation of a real Lefranc-type test 38 1.6.3. Practical application of a Lugeon test 43 1.6.4. Experimental data: permeability of soils 44 1.6.5. Soil water level measurements: piezometers 47 1.6.6. Micro-reel permeability measurements 47 1.7. References 48 Chapter 2. Fundamental Principles of Soil Mechanics 51 2.1. Short-term and long-term soil behaviors 51 2.1.1. Concepts of short-term and long-term 51 2.1.2. Concepts of soil friction and cohesion 52 2.2. Soil consolidation and settlement 56 2.2.1. Preamble 56 2.2.2. Mechanical analogy 57 2.2.3. Oedometer tests 60 2.2.4. Terzaghi consolidation theory 65 2.2.5. Practical correlations between compressibility and creep parameters 76 2.3. Shear strength of soil 76 2.3.1. Preamble 76 2.3.2. Shear strength of granular soil 79 2.3.3. Shear strength of fine soil 80 2.3.4. Residual shear strength of soil 85 2.3.5. Corresponding states theorem 85 2.4. Swelling-shrinkage of clay soil 88 2.4.1. Preamble 88 2.4.2. Swelling-shrinkage mechanism 88 2.4.3. Geotechnical survey and diagnosis methodology 89 2.4.4. In the event of damage due to draught: structural solutions 95 2.5. Slope stability 99 2.5.1. Preamble 99 2.5.2. Landslide modes and their origins 100 2.5.3. Failure mechanisms 102 2.5.4. Stability calculation approaches 109 2.5.5. Studies and practical calculations of stability 114 2.5.6. Solutions for improving stability by water evacuation 116 2.6. Conventional safety coefficients 117 2.6.1. Definition of safety coefficient 117 2.6.2. Conventional values 118 2.7. Applications 122 2.7.1. Study of an embankment on soft soil: calculation of bearing capacity and settlements 122 2.7.2. Analysis of damage to a pavilion due to the swelling/shrinkage of clay 122 2.7.3. Parametric study of typical case stability 124 2.7.4. Correlations between compressibility parameters and test validity 127 2.7.5. Correlations between shear parameters 138 2.8. References 150 Chapter 3. Geotechnical Expertise 155 3.1. Preamble 155 3.2. Expertise on actual project cases 156 3.2.1. Housing project 157 3.2.2. Hospital center project 161 3.2.3. The issue of water 165 3.2.4. Predictions and measurements of the settlements of a thick raft of an HRB tower 170 3.2.5. Failure in a nailed wall of a motorway structure 178 3.3. Judicial expertise 183 3.3.1. Judicial expertise and the justice expert 183 3.3.2. Some cases of judicial expertise 186 3.4. Examples of rehabilitation (load balance) 211 3.4.1. Rehabilitation of a building on isolated footing 212 3.4.2. Rehabilitation of building on piles 213 3.5. Conclusion 216 3.6. References 218 French, European and ISO Standards in the Field of Geotechnics 221 Index 253 Summaries of Other Volumes 257

Read more less

Book SynopsisSince 1971, UNESCO''s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme has embraced a number of principles that link the political, scientific and academic spheres. Biosphere Reserves and Sustainable Development Goals 1 presents these areas as privileged spaces for experimenting with operating methods specific to cross-cutting objectives and issues. These areas encourage the development of interdisciplinary research, supported by a worldwide network to disseminate experience, approaches and knowhow. The various global and local political scales are linked here, with different consequences for the reconfiguration of local political arenas, for specific modes of development linked to a renewed relationship with knowledge, powers and institutions, and for renewed relationships between the worlds of science, education and territorial governance.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book questions the role of liquid sanitation in the development of cities in Africa. The absence of sewerage networks and treatment plants in African cities already submerged by rapid and anarchic urbanization is a major problem. To meet this challenge, it is urgent to rethink urban water governance and impose and enforce sustainable urban planning standards. In other words, sanitation issues must now be placed at the heart of urban planning.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiEsoh ELAMÉ Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1 Sustainable Cities and Domestic Wastewater Treatment: The Case of Africa 1Esoh ELAMÉ 1.1 Setting the context 1 1.2 Theoretical framework: the sustainable city in Africa 4 1.3 Methodological framework 9 1.4 Prospects for changes to be implemented 9 1.4.1 For a consensual and African definition of the city 10 1.4.2 Making the sustainable city a specific priority objective of urban planning in African cities 15 1.4.3 Sustainable African cities and Black African civilization 19 1.4.4 Making the sustainable city the symbol of the permanent fight against informal urban planning 20 1.4.5 Making the sustainable city a territory that now calls for the criminal responsibility of local officials and elected representatives 23 1.4.6 For a manifesto of African sustainable cities 24 1.4.7 Making the national urban policy (NUP) a tool for sustainable cities and the right to drinking water and decent sanitation 25 1.4.8 Making the national sanitation strategy a top priority in the process of building a sustainable city 26 1.4.9 The place of liquid sanitation in sustainable urban planning 27 1.4.10 Adopting a sustainable city approach to encourage the realization of liquid sanitation utilities 30 1.5 Conclusion 31 1.6 References 31 Chapter 2 The National Sanitation Policy in Tunisia: Successes and Limitations 33Rebei HEDI 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Urban liquid sanitation: Tunisia is ahead of the countries in the region 34 2.2.1 Early interest in urban sanitation 35 2.2.2 Evolution of sanitation indicators 36 2.2.3 Liquid sanitation in Tunisia: reasons for success 38 2.3 Wastewater treatment plants, a new polluter? 42 2.3.1 Aspects 42 2.3.2 Consequences 47 2.3.3 Case study 49 2.4 The necessary readjustments 53 2.4.1 ONAS’s strategy 54 2.4.2 Is a specialization of wastewater treatment plants possible? 55 2.4.3 Should the sewerage option be reviewed? 55 2.4.4 Opting for the circular economy? 56 2.5 Conclusion 58 2.6 References 59 Chapter 3 Cameroon’s National Liquid Sanitation Strategy: Critical Analysis and Proposals 63Esoh ELAMÉ 3.1 Background 63 3.2 Methodology 66 3.3 Theoretical framework 67 3.3.1 Strategic planning 67 3.3.2 Wastewater 69 3.4 Results 70 3.4.1 Existence of a national liquid sanitation strategy in Cameroon that is not based on a national urban policy 70 3.4.2 Existence of a national liquid sanitation strategy in Cameroon that is not based on a national sanitation policy 72 3.4.3 Cameroon’s national liquid sanitation strategy was the result of a mixed participatory process 74 3.4.4 Cameroon’s liquid sanitation strategic planning process undermines national sovereignty 75 3.4.5 Cameroon’s national liquid sanitation strategy lacks a "strategic vision" 75 3.4.6 The time horizon of Cameroon’s national sanitation strategy does not make it a strategy 76 3.4.7 The specific objectives of Cameroon’s national liquid sanitation strategy do not take collective sanitation into account 78 3.4.8 Improved sanitation facilities: not an appropriate long-term solution 81 3.4.9 Hygiene and sanitation promotion plans: an inappropriate solution 81 3.4.10 Cameroon’s national liquid sanitation strategy proposes technical solutions that are contrary to urban planning standards insofar as they encourage anarchic urbanization and urban sprawl 83 3.4.11 The strategy’s short-term action plan includes four outcomes that cannot be achieved in two years 85 3.4.12 The strategy’s medium-term action plan includes four outcomes that are difficult to achieve in five years 87 3.5 Conclusion 88 3.6 References 89 Chapter 4 State of Play of Non-Collective Sanitation in Cameroon and Compliance Solutions for Sustainable Urban Planning 93Esoh ELAMÉ and Jacques MARTEL 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Methodology 94 4.3 Results 95 4.3.1 Collective sanitation is totally absent in Cameroon 95 4.3.2 Cameroonian cities are dominated by autonomous sanitation of the informal type 97 4.3.3 Latrines are the most diffuse essential component of liquid sanitation in Cameroon 99 4.3.4 The distance between the latrines and the water points does not comply with WHO requirements: there is a risk of water table contamination 103 4.3.5 Proposing specific provisions on the depth of septic tanks and water wells 107 4.3.6 Reviewing the current legal framework for NCSs and clarifying the roles and missions of the different actors 108 4.3.7 The practice of zoning for liquid sanitation in Cameroonian cities is completely unknown 108 4.3.8 The role and missions of decentralized local authorities in liquid sanitation in Cameroon make them key actors in liquid sanitation in cities 110 4.3.9 Lack of a public sanitation service in Cameroonian cities 111 4.3.10 Cameroonian cities do not have a public sewage service 112 4.3.11 In the Cameroonian context, there is a lack of sizing and construction rules for the different types of NCS facilities 114 4.3.12 The treatment of septage is a major problem in Cameroonian cities that must be addressed 123 4.3.13 Enforcing the polluter pays principle by municipalities for liquid waste 132 4.4 Discussion 133 4.5 Conclusion 134 4.6 References 135 Chapter 5 Industrial Water Management in Sarh (Chad): Spatialization of Socio-Environmental Risks 139Yamingué BÉTINBAYE, Ngaressem Goltob MBAYE and Michel TCHOTSOUA 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Methods 140 5.2.1 Spatialization, socio-environmental risk and urban service 140 5.2.2 A dialectical approach to examining the management of industrial water in Sarh 142 5.3 Results 145 5.3.1 An economy centered on four industrial units 145 5.3.2 A health facility on the scale of industrial units 146 5.3.3 Water management in industrial units in Sarh 147 5.3.4 Water management at the Sarh regional hospital 151 5.3.5 Industrial water management model and socio-environmental risks 154 5.4 Discussion 156 5.5 Conclusion 157 5.6 References 158 Chapter 6 Summary Diagnosis of the Excreta and Domestic Wastewater Collection System in the District of Douala III (Cameroon) 161Esoh ELAMÉ, Moni Augustine NATHALIE, Tefounou Marco BIANNY and Jacques MARTEL 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Contextual framework of the study 162 6.3 Data collection 163 6.4 Results and discussions 165 6.4.1 The human capital of the Douala III district municipality does not allow for decent sanitation for the population 165 6.4.2 The incoherence of the urban fabric makes it difficult for people to access liquid sanitation 167 6.4.3 The spatial organization of the habitat does not promote decent sanitation in the district municipality of Douala III 169 6.4.4 Lack of modern technical solutions to treat domestic wastewater produced by households 171 6.4.5 Traditional latrines are the most commonly used domestic wastewater collection device in Douala III 173 6.4.6 The lack of a sanitation network in the Douala III district leads to the dumping of gray water in channels and streams 178 6.4.7 Lack of a municipal waste disposal service in the Douala III district 180 6.4.8 The construction of sanitation facilities in the district of Douala III is achieved without expertise 181 6.4.9 Industrial wastewater, as is the case with domestic wastewater, is not treated in the Douala III district 183 6.4.10 The commune of Douala III does not have a rainwater collection system 186 6.4.11 The sanitation facilities in Douala III produce significant environmental and health impacts 190 6.5 Conclusion 192 6.6 References 194 Chapter 7 The Public Sewerage System in the District Municipality of Douala I: Status of the Issue and Some Technical Guidelines 197Arnaud Akini DAMSOU, Esoh ELAMÉ and Jacques MARTEL 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 Theoretical framework: the concept of a sanitation network 199 7.2.1 Definition of the sewerage system 199 7.2.2 The components of a sewerage system 200 7.2.3 Brief history of the sewerage system 201 7.3 Results 203 7.3.1 The legislative and regulatory texts that have existed in Cameroon to date have taken into account the concept of a public sewerage system in a mixed manner 203 7.3.2 To date, there is no public sewerage system in the city of Douala, and even less so in the district of Douala I 204 7.3.3 Liquid sanitation in the commune of Douala I is essentially autonomous 206 7.3.4 The municipality of Douala I has a fairly structured urban fabric that allows for the design of a public sewer system 208 7.3.5 The district municipality of Douala I includes functional neighborhoods likely to facilitate the establishment of a sanitation network 212 7.3.6 The geomorphology of the Douala I district municipality facilitates the installation of a public sewerage system 216 7.3.7 Physical characteristics of the water table in the Douala I district 218 7.3.8 There is little land available to accommodate public sewerage works in the Douala I district municipality 220 7.4 Conclusion 221 7.5 References 222 Conclusion 225Esoh ELAMÉ List of Authors 229 Index 231

Read more less

Book SynopsisClimate change has been a central concern over recent years, with visible and highly publicized consequences such as melting Arctic ice and mountain glaciers, rising sea levels, and the submersion of low-lying coastal areas during mid-latitude and tropical cyclones. This book presents a review of the spatial impacts of contemporary climate change, with a focus on a systematic, multi-scalar approach. Beyond the facts – rises in temperature, changes in the spatial distribution of precipitation, melting of the marine and terrestrial cryosphere, changes in hydrological regimes at high and medium latitudes, etc. – it also analyzes the geopolitical consequences in the Arctic and Central Asia, changes to Mediterranean culture and to viticulture on a global scale, as well as impacts on the distribution of life, for example, in the Amazon rainforest, in large biomes on a global scale, and for birds.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiiiDenis MERCIER Chapter 1. Climate Change at Different Temporal and Spatial Scales 1Denis MERCIER 1.1. Contemporary global climate change 1 1.2. Contemporary Arctic-wide climate change 6 1.3. Future global climate change 9 1.4. Future Arctic-wide climate change 11 1.5. The causes of climate change 13 1.5.1. Solar radiation 13 1.5.2. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 14 1.5.3. Volcanism 16 1.5.4. Albedo and the radiation balance 17 1.6. Conclusion 19 1.7. References 19 Chapter 2. Climate Change and the Melting Cryosphere 21Denis MERCIER 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. The sensitivity of the cryosphere to climate change 22 2.3. Melting of the marine cryosphere 24 2.3.1. The melting of the Arctic sea ice 24 2.3.2. Antarctic sea ice 27 2.4. Melting of the Earth’s cryosphere 28 2.4.1. Melting ice sheets 28 2.4.2. The melting of mountain glaciers 32 2.4.3. Decreasing permafrost 35 2.4.4. Melting snow 35 2.5. Consequences of the melting cryosphere 36 2.5.1. On a global scale: rising sea levels 36 2.5.2. Regionally: paraglacial risks 38 2.6. Conclusion 40 2.7. References 40 Chapter 3. Between Warming and Globalization: Rethinking the Arctic at the Heart of a Stakes System 43Éric CANOBBIO 3.1. Spatial impacts of climate change in the Arctic 43 3.1.1. Clarifying the terms of the subject in their polar contexts 44 3.2. The manufacture of polar issues, between global warming and globalization 52 3.2.1. Warming and space production, a decade of confusion off the Arctic coasts 53 3.2.2. Three interacting contexts 57 3.3. The production of polar doctrines: rhetoric and frameworks for action 59 3.3.1. Factors of convergence and consensus 60 3.3.2. Differentiation factors 61 3.3.3. The strategic dimensions of Arctic policies, the complex issue of polar militarization 62 3.4. Geography of a new system of stakeholder relations in the Arctic 65 3.5. Conclusion: polar metamorphisms 67 3.6. References 68 Chapter 4. Coastlines with Increased Vulnerability to Sea-level Rise 71Axel CREACH 4.1. Introduction 71 4.2. Coastlines under the influence of sea-level rise 72 4.2.1. The pressures of climate change on coastlines 72 4.2.2. Consequences of sea-level rise on coastlines 76 4.3. Increasingly attractive coastlines for societies 78 4.3.1. The coastalization process 78 4.3.2. A densification of activities on the coastlines 79 4.3.3. A closer approach to the sea 81 4.4. Towards the necessary adaptation of coastal areas 83 4.4.1. The coastline, an area at risk 83 4.4.2. Possible coping strategies 84 4.4.3. The example of the Netherlands 86 4.5. Which coastline for tomorrow? 87 4.6. References 89 Chapter 5. The Consequences of Climate Change on the Paraglacial Sedimentary Cascade 93Denis MERCIER and Étienne COSSART 5.1. The paraglacial sedimentary cascade: elements of definition 93 5.1.1. General principles of the concept of a paraglacial sedimentary cascade 93 5.1.2. Paraglacial spatial boundaries 98 5.1.3. The temporal limits of the paraglacial sedimentary cascade 99 5.2. Sediment inputs to the paraglacial sedimentary cascade 102 5.2.1. Landslides 102 5.2.2. Remobilization of slope deposits 105 5.3. Sediment fluxes within the paraglacial sedimentary cascade 108 5.3.1. The evolution of ice margins on a decadal scale 108 5.3.2. Paraglacial fluvial metamorphoses on a secular scale 109 5.4. Sedimentary stocks or the end of the paraglacial sedimentary cascade 110 5.4.1. Temporary storage areas on a secular scale 110 5.4.2. Interglacial-scale temporary storage areas 112 5.4.3. Final storage areas 115 5.5. Conclusion 115 5.6. References 116 Chapter 6. Spatial Impacts of Climate Change on Periglacial Environments 119Denis MERCIER and Étienne COSSART 6.1. Introduction 119 6.1.1. Definition of periglacial 120 6.1.2. Present and past spatial extent of periglacial environments 121 6.2. Melting permafrost and paraperiglacial geomorphological crises 125 6.2.1. Definition of paraperiglacial 125 6.2.2. Paraperiglacial processes and forms 127 6.3. Periglacial coastal environments in high latitudes in the face of climate change 129 6.4. Periglacial environments at high altitudes in the face of climate change 131 6.4.1. Gravity dynamics and permafrost wall degradation 132 6.4.2. Gravity dynamics and permafrost degradation in loose formations 134 6.4.3. The impact of global warming on high-mountain practices 136 6.5. Conclusion 137 6.6. References 138 Chapter 7. The Impacts of Climate Change on the Hydrological Dynamics of High Latitude Periglacial Environments 143Emmanuèle GAUTIER 7.1. Periglacial regions strongly affected by recent climate change 143 7.1.1. Much warmer winters 143 7.1.2. Permafrost and its sensitivity to air temperatures 144 7.2. The influence of permafrost on hydrological functioning 146 7.2.1. Numerous wetlands in periglacial environments 147 7.2.2. The knock-on effects of climate change on slope hydrology 148 7.3. The response of Arctic fluvial hydrosystems to ongoing climate change 150 7.3.1. River ice 153 7.3.2. Increasing winter low water levels 155 7.3.3. Spring flooding and breakup 157 7.3.4. The rapid evolution of water discharge 159 7.4. Conclusion 163 7.5. References 163 Chapter 8. The Impacts of Climate Change on Watercourses in Temperate Environments 167Gilles DROGUE 8.1. What is at stake? 167 8.1.1. Spatial dynamics of climate zoning and river regimes 167 8.1.2. Watercourses: resource, vector and living environment 169 8.1.3. The (dis)equilibrium between precipitation, evapotranspiration and flow in temperate environments 171 8.1.4. The study of past climate impacts 173 8.1.5. The study of future climate impacts 173 8.1.6. Summary 174 8.2. Hydrological changes already “observable” 176 8.2.1. The case of metropolitan France 176 8.2.2. Continental trends: Western Europe 179 8.3. Hydrological projections 180 8.3.1. For French rivers 180 8.3.2. For continental Europe 181 8.4. Conclusion 184 8.5. References 184 Chapter 9. Spatial Impacts of Melting Central Asian Glaciers: towards a “Water War”? 187Alain CARIOU 9.1. Societies and economies dependent on the cryosphere 187 9.1.1. The possibility of water scarcity and “water war”? 187 9.1.2. “Water tower” mountains for arid depressions 188 9.1.3. Tensions between riparian and rival states 194 9.2. The impact of climate change on water resources 198 9.2.1. Recession of the cryosphere 198 9.2.2. The consequences of cryosphere retreat on hydrology 200 9.2.3. Human societies facing the challenge of climate change 202 9.3. Conclusion 205 9.4. References 206 Chapter 10. Spatial Impact of Climate Change on Winter Droughts in the Mediterranean and Consequences on Agriculture 209Florian RAYMOND and Albin ULLMANN 10.1. Climate variability and change in the Mediterranean basin 209 10.2. Droughts during rainy seasons 211 10.2.1. Rainfall drought: the absence of rain in time and space 211 10.2.2. Detection of very long dry events in the Mediterranean Sea 212 10.2.3. Spatial and temporal characteristics of the main event patterns of very long dry spells 213 10.3. Rainfall droughts in the Mediterranean: impacts on Spanish agrosystems 216 10.4. Rainfall droughts in the Mediterranean: projections for the future 218 10.5. Conclusion 221 10.6. References 222 Chapter 11. The Spatial Impacts of Climate Change on Viticulture Around the World 225Hervé QUÉNOL and Renan LE ROUX 11.1. Introduction 225 11.2. Recent climatic trends in the world’s wine-growing regions 226 11.3. Climate zoning in viticulture 227 11.4. Impact of climate change: anticipating changes in the spatial distribution of vines 230 11.4.1. Towards climate change modeling in wine-growing regions 231 11.4.2. The need to take into account local factors 236 11.5. Conclusion 238 11.6. References 239 Chapter 12. Climate Change in the Amazon: A Multi-scalar Approach 243Vincent DUBREUIL, Damien ARVOR, Beatriz FUNATSU, Vincent NÉDÉLEC and Neli DE MELLO-THÉRY 12.1. Introduction 243 12.2. The Amazonian climate system 244 12.2.1. Heat, humidity and regional diversity 244 12.2.2. Radiation balance and general circulation 247 12.2.3. The forest-climate interaction issue 248 12.3. A changing system: deforestation, warming and drying? 250 12.3.1. Pioneering dynamics: rise and (provisory?) decline 250 12.3.2. Increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall 252 12.3.3. The dynamics of the start and end dates of the rainy season 252 12.3.4. Local effects of land-use changes 254 12.4. Uncertainties of future changes, perceptions and adaptations 257 12.4.1. Savanization and tipping points 257 12.4.2. An overall impact which is certain, but which remains to be specified 258 12.4.3. Perceptions and adaptations by local populations 259 12.5. Conclusion: a stake in the global negotiations 261 12.6. References 263 Chapter 13. The Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Biomes 267Delphine GRAMOND 13.1. Biomes, a representation of life on a global scale 268 13.1.1. The biome, an indicator of climatic context: what are the realities? 269 13.1.2. From the roots of a globalizing concept to the emergence of an operational scale 270 13.2. Structural and functional impacts of climate change on terrestrial biomes 274 13.2.1. From bioclimatic bathing to modification of ecological processes 274 13.2.2. Identifying changes: from global diagnosis to biological responses 275 13.3. Spatializing change: biome modeling 279 13.3.1. Observed and projected global impacts 279 13.3.2. Observed and projected impacts for the Arctic region 282 13.4. Conclusion 284 13.5. References 286 Chapter 14. Spatial Impacts of Climate Change on Birds 289Laurent GODET 14.1. Introduction 289 14.2. Contemporary distributional changes 291 14.2.1. Latitudinal shifts 292 14.2.2. Altitudinal shifts 293 14.2.3. Spatial manifestations of range changes 295 14.3. Different responses for different species 297 14.3.1. Dispersion capabilities 297 14.3.2. Reproductive capacity 298 14.3.3. Generalist nature 299 14.4. Conservation implications 299 14.4.1. Ecological consequences 299 14.4.2. Conservation measures 300 14.5. Conclusion 302 14.6. References 303 List of Authors 311 Index 313

Read more less

Book SynopsisConsidering the uncertainties in mechanical engineering in order to improve the performance of future products or systems is becoming a competitive advantage, sometimes even a necessity, when seeking to guarantee an increasingly high safety requirement. Mechanical Engineering in Uncertainties deals with modeling, quantification and propagation of uncertainties. It also examines how to take into account uncertainties through reliability analyses and optimization under uncertainty. The spectrum of the methods presented ranges from classical approaches to more recent developments and advanced methods. The methodologies are illustrated by concrete examples in various fields of mechanics (civil engineering, mechanical engineering and fluid mechanics). This book is intended for both (young) researchers and engineers interested in the treatment of uncertainties in mechanical engineering.Table of ContentsForeword xiMaurice LEMAIRE Preface xvChristian GOGU Part 1. Modeling, Propagation and Quantification of Uncertainties 1 Chapter 1. Uncertainty Modeling 3Christian GOGU 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The usefulness of separating epistemic uncertainty from aleatory uncertainty 6 1.3. Probability theory 10 1.3.1. Theoretical context 10 1.3.2. Probabilistic approach for modeling aleatory uncertainties 13 1.3.3. Probabilistic approach for modeling epistemic uncertainties 16 1.4. Probability box theory (p-boxes) 21 1.5. Interval analysis 24 1.6. Fuzzy set theory 25 1.7. Possibility theory 27 1.7.1. Theoretical context 27 1.7.2. Comparison between probability theory and possibility theory 30 1.7.3. Rules for combining possibility distributions 34 1.8. Evidence theory 35 1.8.1. Theoretical context 35 1.8.2. Rules for combining belief mass functions 38 1.9. Evaluation of epistemic uncertainty modeling 40 1.10. References 40 Chapter 2. Microstructure Modeling and Characterization 43François WILLOT 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. Probabilistic characterization of microstructures 45 2.2.1. Random sets 45 2.2.2. Covariance 47 2.2.3. Granulometry 50 2.2.4. Minkowski functionals 51 2.2.5. Stereology 53 2.2.6. Linear erosion 53 2.2.7. Representative volume element 54 2.3. Point processes 55 2.3.1. Homogeneous Poisson point processes 56 2.3.2. Inhomogeneous Poisson point processes 58 2.4. Boolean models 59 2.4.1. Definition and Choquet capacity 59 2.4.2. Properties 61 2.4.3. Covariance 63 2.4.4. Other characteristics 63 2.5. RSA models 66 2.6. Random tessellations 67 2.6.1. Voronoi tessellation 68 2.6.2. Johnson–Mehl tessellation 69 2.6.3. Laguerre tessellation 69 2.6.4. Random Poisson tessellation 70 2.6.5. The dead-leaves model 71 2.6.6. Generalized random partition models 72 2.7. Gaussian fields 73 2.8. Conclusion 76 2.9. Acknowledgments 77 2.10. References 77 Chapter 3. Uncertainty Propagation at the Scale of Aging Civil Engineering Structures 83David BOUHJITI, Julien BAROTH and Frédéric DUFOUR 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Problem positioning 85 3.2.1. Probabilistic formulation 85 3.2.2. Thermo-hydro-mechanical-leakage transfer function 86 3.2.3. Resulting probabilistic THM-F problem 87 3.3. Random field–based modeling of material properties 88 3.3.1. Random fields 88 3.3.2. Generation methods for discretized random fields 88 3.3.3. Random fields and autocorrelations 91 3.3.4. Application: contribution to modeling the cracking of reinforced concrete works by self-correlated r.f 92 3.4. Modeling uncertainty propagation using response surface methods 98 3.4.1. Probabilistic coupling strategies 98 3.4.2. Polynomial chaos method 101 3.5. Conclusion 108 3.6. References 108 Chapter 4. Reduction of Uncertainties in Multidisciplinary Analysis Based on a Polynomial Chaos Sensitivity Study 113Sylvain DUBREUIL, Nathalie BARTOLI, Christian GOGU and Thierry LEFEBVRE 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. MDA with model uncertainty 115 4.2.1. Formalism 115 4.2.2. Solving the random MDA 119 4.2.3. Approximation of the quantity of interest using sparse polynomial chaos 122 4.3. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty reduction 124 4.3.1. Introduction 124 4.3.2. Sobol’ indices approximated by polynomial chaos 126 4.4. Application to an aeroelastic test case 128 4.4.1. Presentation 128 4.4.2. Construction of disciplinary metamodels 131 4.4.3. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty reduction 133 4.5. Conclusion 140 4.6. References 140 Part 2. Taking Uncertainties into Account: Reliability Analysis and Optimization under Uncertainties 143 Chapter 5. Rare-event Probability Estimation 145Jean-Marc BOURINET 5.1. Introduction 145 5.1.1. Mapping to the multivariate standard normal space 147 5.1.2. Copulas and correlation 149 5.1.3. Isoprobabilistic transformations 152 5.2. MPFP-based methods 159 5.2.1. First-order reliability method 159 5.2.2. Second-order reliability method 163 5.3. Simulation methods 166 5.3.1. Crude MC simulation 167 5.3.2. Subset simulation 168 5.3.3. IS and CE methods 182 5.4. Sensitivity measures 189 5.4.1. Introduction 189 5.4.2. FORM 191 5.4.3. Crude MC simulation and subset simulation 195 5.5. References 198 Chapter 6. Adaptive Kriging-based Methods for Failure Probability Evaluation: Focus on AK Methods 205Cécile MATTRAND, Pierre BEAUREPAIRE and Nicolas GAYTON 6.1. Introduction 205 6.2. Presentation of Kriging 208 6.2.1. Principle 208 6.2.2. Identification of Kriging hyperparameters 209 6.2.3. Kriging-based prediction 210 6.2.4. Illustration of Kriging-based prediction 210 6.3. Employing Kriging to calculate failure probabilities 211 6.3.1. The EFF function 212 6.3.2. The U function 212 6.3.3. The IMSET function 213 6.3.4. The SUR function 213 6.3.5. The H function 214 6.3.6. The OBJ function 214 6.3.7. The L function 214 6.3.8. Discussion 214 6.4. The AK-MCS method: presentation and generic principle 215 6.4.1. Presentation of the AK-MCS method 215 6.4.2. Illustration of the AK-MCS method 217 6.4.3. Discussion 219 6.5. The AK-IS method for estimating probabilities of rare events 219 6.5.1. Presentation of the AK-IS method 219 6.5.2. Illustration of the AK-IS method 220 6.5.3. Discussion 220 6.6. The AK-SYS method for system reliability problems 222 6.6.1. Some generalities about system reliability analysis 222 6.6.2. Presentation of the AK-SYS method 223 6.6.3. Illustration of the AK-SYS method 225 6.6.4. Alternatives to the AK-SYS method 226 6.6.5. Application to problems indexed by a subset 227 6.7. The AK-HDMR1 method for high-dimensional problems 229 6.7.1. HDMR functional decomposition 230 6.7.2. Presentation of the AK-HDMR1 method 231 6.8. Conclusion 233 6.9. References 234 Chapter 7. Global Reliability-oriented Sensitivity Analysis under Distribution Parameter Uncertainty 237Vincent CHABRIDON, Mathieu BALESDENT, Guillaume PERRIN, Jérôme MORIO, Jean-Marc BOURINET and Nicolas GAYTON 7.1. Introduction 237 7.2. Theoretical framework and notations 242 7.3. Global variance-based reliability-oriented sensitivity indices 244 7.3.1. Introducing the Sobol’ indices on the indicator function 244 7.3.2. Rewriting Sobol’ indices on the indicator function using Bayes’ Theorem 245 7.4. Sobol’ indices on the indicator function adapted to the bi-level input uncertainty 247 7.4.1. Reliability analysis under distribution parameter uncertainty 247 7.4.2. Bi-level input uncertainty: aggregated versus disaggregated types of uncertainty 249 7.4.3. Disaggregated random variables 250 7.4.4. Extension to the bi-level input uncertainty and pick-freeze estimators 251 7.5. Efficient estimation using subset sampling and KDE 253 7.5.1. The problem of estimating the optimal distribution at failure 253 7.5.2. Data-driven tensorized KDE 257 7.5.3. Methodology based on subset sampling and data-driven tensorized G-KDE 258 7.6. Application examples 258 7.6.1. Example #1: a polynomial function toy-case 261 7.6.2. Example #2: a truss structure 264 7.6.3. Example #3: application to a launch vehicle stage fallback zone estimation 267 7.6.4. Summary about numerical results and discussion 274 7.7. Conclusion 274 7.8. Acknowledgments 275 7.9. References 275 Chapter 8. Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization: A Descent Algorithm 279Quentin MERCIER and Fabrice POIRION 8.1. Introduction 279 8.2. Mathematical refresher 281 8.2.1. Stochastic processes 281 8.2.2. Convex analysis 282 8.3. Multiobjective optimization and common descent vector 288 8.3.1. Binary relations 288 8.3.2. Multiobjective optimization, Pareto preorder 290 8.3.3. Common descent vector 296 8.4. Descent algorithm for multiobjective optimization and its extension to the stochastic framework 298 8.4.1. Multiple gradient descent algorithm 298 8.4.2. Stochastic multiple gradient descent algorithm 300 8.5. Illustrations 305 8.5.1. Performance of the SMGDA algorithm 305 8.5.2. Multiobjective approach to RBDO problems 309 8.5.3. Rewriting the probabilistic constraint 310 8.6. References 316 List of Authors 319 Index 321

Read more less

Book SynopsisNatural history collections have recently acquired an unprecedented place of importance in scientific research. Originally created in the context of systematics and taxonomy, they are now proving to be fundamental for answering various scientific and societal questions that are as significant as they are current.Natural History Collections in the Science of the 21st Century presents a wide range of questions and answers raised by the study of collections. The billions of specimens that have been collected from all around the world over more than two centuries provide us with information that is vital in our quest for knowledge about the Earth, the universe, the diversity of life and the history of humankind.These collections also provide valuable reference points from the past to help us understand the nature and dynamics of global change today. Their physical permanence is the best guarantee we have of a return to data and to information sources in the context of open science.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Bruno DAVID Acknowledgments xxi Roseli PELLENS Chapter 1 Natural History Collections: An Essential Resource for Science in the 21st Century 1 Roseli PELLENS 1.1 Collections in early 21st century science 2 1.2 New explorations because of the magnitude and diversity of the collections’ data 3 1.3 Research using and driving the constitution of natural history collections 5 1.3.1 Being able to return to the object: one of the major contributions of natural history collections 6 1.3.2 Collections at the heart of highly innovative research thanks to new technologies 7 1.3.3 A resource for global change research 8 1.3.4 Designing the science of the future based on collections 9 1.4 References 11 Chapter 2 Natural History Collections: An Ancient Concept in a Present and Future Perspective 13 Philippe GRANDCOLAS 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 A tribute to curiosity and coupling with classifications 14 2.3 The structuring of our thoughts and actions by an ancient concept 16 2.4 Collections: more than species catalogues 18 2.5 Big Data collections in space and time 19 2.6 What future is there for the use of collections? 20 2.7 Conclusion 22 2.8 References 22 Chapter 3 Louis XIV’s Blue Gems: Exceptional Rediscoveries at the French National Museum of Natural History 27 François FARGES 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 A scientific investigation of color 31 3.3 The digital decoding of the creative genius of the royal gem cutter 32 3.4 Epilogue: toward a renaissance 35 3.5 References 36 Chapter 4. Rediscovering Human Mummies: Unpublished data on the Chachapoya Mummy Exhibited at the Musée de l’Homme 37 Aline THOMAS, Arnaud ANSART, Christophe BOU, Jean-Bernard HUCHET, Véronique LABORDE, Samuel MERIGEAUD and Éloïse QUETEL 4.1 Introduction 38 4.1.1 The Muséum’s collection of human mummies 38 4.1.2 Origin, discovery, donation and exhibition: a brief history of the mummy 40 4.2 Materials and methods 43 4.2.1 The MNHN-HA-30187 mummy: position of the body, measurements and external appearance 43 4.2.2 Medical imaging protocol and technique 45 4.2.3 Protocol for experimental reproduction of trepanation 45 4.3 Results 46 4.3.1 Basic biological identity 46 4.3.2 Osteo-dental status 47 4.3.3 Internal organs 48 4.3.4 Archeoentomology 50 4.3.5 Cranial trepanation: location, size and mode of operation 52 4.4 Discussion 54 4.4.1 Identity of the deceased and health status 54 4.4.2 Treatment of the corpse and embalming 55 4.4.3 Chronology of mortuary gestures 56 4.5 Conclusion 58 4.6 References 59 Chapter 5 Reconstructing the History of Human Populations: A Challenge for Biological Anthropology 63 Martin FRIESS and Manon GALLAND 5.1 Introduction 63 5.1.1 How human remains have also become scientific objects 63 5.1.2 The MNHN biological anthropology collection 64 5.1.3 Cranial morphology as an indication of biocultural processes 65 5.2 Cranial morphology and settlement history 66 5.2.1 A new look at the diversity of Native Americans 69 5.3 Cranial morphology and adaptation to the environment 71 5.3.1 Cranial diversity beyond randomness 73 5.4 The importance of cranial collection for the advancement of research in biological anthropology 75 5.5 References 76 Chapter 6 The Discovery of New Metal-Hyperaccumulating Plant Species in Herbaria 79 Vanessa R. INVERNÓN, Romane TISSERAND, Pierre JOUANNAIS, Dulce M. NAVARRETE GUTIÉRREZ, Serge MULLER, Yohan PILLON, Guillaume ECHEVARRIA and Sylvain MERLOT 6.1 Metal-hyperaccumulating plants 80 6.2 The screening of herbarium collections: from atomic absorption to X-ray fluorescence 83 6.3 The discovery of new metal-hyperaccumulating plants at the MNHN herbarium 85 6.3.1 The interest of the MNHN herbarium for the research of metal-hyperaccumulating plants 85 6.3.2 From the herbarium to the field: new nickel hyperaccumulators in the genus Orthion 87 6.3.3 Rinorea multivenosa, the first zinc hyperaccumulating species discovered in the Amazon basin 88 6.3.4 A large number of manganese hyperaccumulating species to be discovered 90 6.4 Conclusion 91 6.5 Acknowledgments 92 6.6 References 92 Chapter 7 Fossil Crustaceans in the Light of New Technologies 95 Sylvain CHARBONNIER and Marie-Béatrice FOREL 7.1 Introduction 96 7.2 Fossil crustaceans 96 7.3 The radiation of fossil crustaceans 98 7.3.1 Revealing characters with UV light (yellow fluorescence) 98 7.3.2 Revealing characters with green light (green–orange fluorescence) 99 7.3.3 X-ray radiography 100 7.4 Exceptional preservation of fossil crustaceans 102 7.5 Ostracods and paleogeography at the end of the Paleozoic 105 7.6 References 105 Chapter 8 The “Cyanobacteria and Microalgae” Collection in the Time of “-omics” 109 Sébastien DUPERRON, Charlotte DUVAL, Sahima HAMLAOUI, Katia COMTE, Claude YÉPRÉMIAN and Cécile BERNARD 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 A living collection supported by research 111 8.3 New uses of the collection in basic research 114 8.3.1 Polyphasic identification and taxonomy of cyanobacteria and microalgae 114 8.3.2 Contribution to the evolutionary sciences 114 8.3.3 Contribution to the study of interactions between organisms 115 8.4 Enhancing the value of biological resources through the search for innovative bioactive molecules 116 8.5 Expertise in environmental diagnosis 118 8.6 The living collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae of today and tomorrow 119 8.7 References 121 Chapter 9 The Collection of Cryopreserved Cells and Tissues of Vertebrates: Methods and Application 125 Michèle GERBAULT-SEUREAU and Bernard DUTRILLAUX 9.1 Introduction 126 9.2 History of the collection 126 9.3 Can all living beings be cryopreserved? 127 9.3.1 Collection, culture and freezing 128 9.4 Current applications 130 9.5 Current composition of the bank 133 9.6 Perspectives 136 9.7 References 137 Chapter 10 Herbaria, the Last Resort for Extinct Plant Species 139 Serge MULLER, Valérie PRIOLET, Éric BADEL and Stéphane BUORD 10.1 Context and objectives 140 10.2 Proposed approach and protocol 141 10.3 First results 142 10.3.1. Selection of target species and identification of affine species 142 10.3.2 Assessment of the viability of available seeds 145 10.3.3. Cultivation experiments on affine species of the target species 149 10.4 Discussion and conclusion 152 10.5 Acknowledgments 154 10.6 References 154 Chapter 11 Ocean Cores, Climate Archives 159 Eva MORENO and Annachiara BARTOLINI 11.1 Introduction 160 11.2 The MNHN’s oceanic collection 160 11.3 Development of core drilling techniques 161 11.4 Ocean cores: archives of past climate variability 163 11.5 Climate proxies 164 11.5.1 Temperature proxies 165 11.5.2 Proxies of salinity 169 11.5.3 Paleo-pH proxies and carbonate ion concentration 170 11.6 Analytical techniques 171 11.7 Conclusion 172 11.8 References 173 Chapter 12 Clarifying the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve for Ancient Egypt: The Wager of Herbaria 177 Anita QUILES, Vanessa R. INVERNÓN, Lucile BECK, Emmanuelle DELQUE-KOLIC, Myriam GAUDEUL, Serge MULLER and Germinal ROUHAN 12.1 Introduction 178 12.2 Carbon-14 (14 C) dating and Egyptian chronology 179 12.2.1 The challenge of calibration 179 12.2.2 Chronology of ancient Egypt: contribution of 14 C and historic debates 181 12.3 Specificities of the Egyptian landscape and the objective of the project 182 12.4 The flora of Egypt in the MNHN Herbarium 184 12.5 Analytical and statistical challenges 186 12.5.1 Selection of herbarium specimens 187 12.5.2 Preliminary results of 14 C dating 187 12.6 Conclusion 190 12.7 References 191 Chapter 13 Herbaria, a Window into the Evolutionary History of Crop Pathogens 195 Lionel GAGNEVIN, Adrien RIEUX, Jean-Michel LETT, Philippe ROUMAGNAC, Boris SZUREK, Paola CAMPOS, Claudia BAIDER, Myriam GAUDEUL and Nathalie BECKER 13.1 Epidemics, emergences and re-emergences 196 13.2 Development of agriculture, domestication of cultivated plants and their diseases 197 13.3 Molecular biology and genomics as a tool for studying phytopathogenic micro-organisms 199 13.4 Contributions of the herbarium samples 199 13.4.1 Direct evidence 200 13.4.2 Molecular analyses 201 13.5 How to explore a herbarium 203 13.6 Characteristics of old nucleic acids and their treatment 205 13.6.1 The particular case of viral nucleic acids 206 13.7. Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and its emergence in the Indian Ocean 208 13.8 Emergence and evolutionary history of plant pathogenic viruses: the geminivirus model 209 13.8.1 Case of a species complex responsible for an emerging disease 210 13.8.2 Case of a cryptic geminivirus 211 13.9 Discussion 212 13.10 Acknowledgments and funding 213 13.11 References 213 Chapter 14 The Yellow-Legged Asian Hornet: Prediction of the Risk of Invasion and the Study of its Color Variations 219 Claire VILLEMANT, Quentin ROME and Adrien PERRARD 14.1 Introduction 220 14.2 Vespa velutina: some elements of taxonomy and biology 222 14.2.1 A species: 13 colored forms 222 14.2.2 One nest per year 223 14.2.3 Insectivore, but not exclusively 223 14.3 Sampling of specimens 224 14.4. The origin of invasive lineages of V. velutina in France and Korea 225 14.4.1 The history of the invasion explained by genetics 225 14.4.2. A single queen at the origin of the invasive lineage in France .. 226 14.5 Expansion risks in Europe and worldwide 226 14.5.1 Data and methods for inferring range and predicting invasion risk 226 14.5.2 Strong expansion in Europe and the Northern Hemisphere 227 14.6 Origin of color and shape variations 229 14.6.1 The importance of collection specimens 229 14.6.2 Discordance between genetic lineages and colored forms 231 14.7 Conclusion 232 14.8 References 233 Chapter 15 Exploring Temporal Changes in the Composition of Macroalgal Communities by Using Collections 235 Marine ROBUCHON, Éric FEUNTEUN, Romain JULLIARD, Florence ROUSSEAU and Line Le GALL 15.1 On the constitution of macroalgal collections 236 15.1.1 Large seaweeds 236 15.1.2 Algal herbaria 236 15.1.3 Data associated with the herbaria 237 15.1.4 Specimens and scientific evidence 237 15.1.5 The herbarium of the Dinard maritime laboratory 239 15.2 Exploring temporal changes in species distribution 239 15.2.1 Perspectives for exploring temporal changes in species distribution 245 15.3 Exploring temporal changes in community composition 246 15.3.1 Example of the study of the Dinard Herbarium 246 15.3.2 Perspectives for exploring temporal changes in community composition 247 15.4 Conclusion: sampling and analysis strategies for the future 248 15.5 References 249 Chapter 16 Herbaria, Witnesses of the Stakes of Biodiversity Conservation and the Impacts of Global Changes 251 Serge MULLER, Vanessa R. INVERNÓN and Germinal ROUHAN 16.1 Introduction 252 16.2 Evaluation of the floristic richness and conservation issues of territories 254 16.3 Studies of introduction pathways and colonization of invasive exotic plants and pathogens 257 16.4 Analysis of the impact of pollution and changes in air quality 259 16.5 Study of phenological changes in flora as a result of climate change 260 16.6 Conclusion 262 16.7 References 263 Chapter 17 Digital Photography In Natura in Zoology: More Biology in Natural History Collections? 271 Romain GARROUSTE 17.1 Images and collections for comparative biology 272 17.2 Accelerating the process of the incomplete inventory of life 274 17.3 Why more biology in natural history collections? 277 17.4 Images in the natural sciences: a collection like any other? 280 17.5 The Hemiptera of France: an exemplary iconography 282 17.6 Trait databases, query automation and bio-inspiration 282 17.7 Conclusion: a new challenge for natural history 284 17.8 References 285 Chapter 18 The Use of Large Natural History Datasets to Respond to Current Scientific and Societal Issues 289 Anne-Christine MONNET, Thomas HAEVERMANS, Anne-Sophie ARCHAMBEAU, Philippe GRANDCOLAS and Roseli PELLENS 18.1 Introduction 289 18.2 Making data available: a revolution 290 18.3 Challenges for data providers 293 18.3.1 Reading labels or directories 293 18.3.2 Structure of the information related to the specimens 294 18.3.3 The taxonomic framework: moving information 295 18.3.4 The importance of tracing the source of data 296 18.4 The role of access portals 296 18.4.1 The provision standards 297 18.5 The importance of scientific analysis design in appropriating the specificities of data from collections 299 18.5.1 Detecting the biases in collection data: advantages and opportunities for scientific analyses 299 18.5.2 Toward a good balance between the question and the available data 300 18.5.3 Playing the advantage of multiple spatial scales 301 18.6 Moving from raw data to sorted data that can be used for scientific analyses 301 18.6.1 From open data to open science, a responsibility for the traceability of data and operations 303 18.6.2 Toward a necessary reorganization of collaborative work 304 18.7 Conclusion 306 18.8 References 307 Chapter 19 Is There a Need for Biocultural Collections? State of the Art and Perspectives 311 Serge BAHUCHET 19.1 Introduction 311 19.2 Origin of these collections 312 19.2.1 Ethnobotany 312 19.2.2 Ethnology 313 19.3 Collection principles and the function of collections 313 19.3.1 The role of objects in “Maussian” ethnology 313 19.3.2 Ethnobotanical collections 315 19.3.3 Biocultural collections 317 19.4 Principles for the articulation of sets 319 19.5 Description of the collections 324 19.5.1 Ethnobiological specimens 325 19.5.2 Objects and artifacts 329 19.6 What changes? 332 19.7 References 334 Chapter 20 Why Preserve? 337 Véronique ROUCHON 20.1 The museum’s collections: between study and heritage 338 20.2 Disrupting the equilibrium 339 20.3 Preparation and storage 342 20.4 The main principles of conservation 346 20.5 The main principles of conservation being undermined 347 20.6 Multiple values 349 20.7 The scientific value of the collections 351 20.8 Conclusion 357 20.9 References 357 Chapter 21. Collections for Scientific Research in the 21st Century and Beyond 359 Roseli PELLENS 21.1 Collections in the quest for knowledge 359 21.2 Three main kinds of new uses for collections 360 21.2.1 Enriching the life sciences, human sciences and the sciences of the universe with new technologies 360 21.2.2 A pool of information on the environment 360 21.2.3 The era of digital data 362 21.3 Lessons from these new uses 362 21.3.1 The importance of richness and diversity 363 21.3.2 Information at the heart of new research 363 21.3.3 Good conservation and good practices 365 21.3.4 The importance of sets 366 21.4 Collections in 21st century science and beyond 367 21.5 Conclusion 367 21.6 References 369 List of Authors 373 Index 381

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe idea of socioecosystems answers the growing need to understand, in the context of the Anthropocene, how adaptive processes interact, and how that interplay results in the coevolution of living beings. Studying socioecosystems means taking into account the diversity of temporal and physical scales in order to grasp how ecological, social and economic forces are interwoven. Based on these drivers, the complex dynamics that determine the habitability of the Earth emerge. This book analyzes, through concrete cases from regional socioecosystems on several continents, how research action has provided answers to problems related to agriculture, health and the conservation of biodiversity. It demonstrates that these undertakings could not have succeeded without the combined efforts of the communities of living beings and objects, the community of knowledge and the communities of action. These examples are accompanied by a reflection on the conditions that make it possible to bring this research to completion.Table of ContentsForeword: The Knowledge Community at the Service of Communities xiArnaud MACÉ Preface xixPatrick GIRAUDOUX Chapter 1. Agricultural Changes and Population Outbreaks of Grassland Voles 1Patrick GIRAUDOUX 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. The European Common Agricultural Policy and its national implementation, voles and their predators 4 1.2.1. Establishment of practices and landscape 4 1.2.2. Which measurement tools for which observations? 6 1.2.3. Landscapes and practices 7 1.2.4. Synchronies 10 1.2.5. Predation 12 1.2.6. Bacteria and other vole parasites 16 1.3. Controlling outbreaks and their consequences: from correlations to action 18 1.3.1. Rodenticide treatments as a quasi-experiment 18 1.3.2. The toolkit 20 1.3.3. Anthropology to the rescue of the application 25 1.3.4. The status and contribution of models 28 1.3.5. Conceptual models 28 1.3.6. Quantitative models 30 1.3.7. Toward new questions 33 1.4. What methodological lessons can be drawn from this experience? 35 1.5. Acknowledgments 43 1.6. References 43 Chapter 2. The Pollution of a River: A Sociological Investigation of Knowledge and Expertise 51Simon CALLA 2.1. Introduction 51 2.2. Different types of knowledge to qualify the situation 55 2.2.1. At the water’s edge, indexical knowledge 55 2.2.2. In the laboratories, scientific knowledge 60 2.2.3. In the administrations, legal knowledge 65 2.3. Several groups of scientists investigating the same situation 70 2.3.1. The construction of the content of expert reports 70 2.3.2. The cohabitation of two groups of experts 73 2.3.3. River advocates and experts 76 2.4. Conclusion 81 2.5. References 83 Chapter 3. Farm Environment, Raw Milk and Immunity: A "Field" Study of Tolerance Learning 87Dominique Angèle VUITTON, Jean-Jacques LAPLANTE and Amandine DIVARET-CHAUVEAU 3.1. Introduction: from farm disease to farm protection, a rural environmental story 88 3.2. Atopic allergic diseases: multifactorial, multidisciplinary and, paradoxically, not very rural 90 3.3. The increasing prevalence of atopic allergic diseases in the population of developed countries: an enigma of the second half of the 20th century 92 3.4. The role of the farm environment in protecting children from atopic allergic diseases 96 3.4.1. Observations from cross-sectional epidemiological studies 96 3.4.2. Farm life: a protective factor against the occurrence of allergic diseases? 98 3.5. Setting up the PASTURE cohort in Germany, Austria, Finland, Switzerland and Franche-Comté 102 3.5.1. Protection against allergic diseases by the farm environment: a confirmation 107 3.5.2. Exposure to animals and the farm microbial ecosystem 108 3.5.3. Consumption of raw milk and dairy products and exposure to the microbial ecosystem of raw milk 112 3.5.4. Dietary diversification in the first year of life and cheese consumption 116 3.6. At the crossroads: assessment and avenues still to be explored by the PASTURE cohort 117 3.6.1. The scientific achievements of nearly 20 years of the PASTURE adventure 118 3.6.2. Intestinal microbiota: the missing link? First results from the PASTURE study 119 3.6.3. Debates on the "benefit-risk" ratio and the possible contribution of the human and social sciences 120 3.7. Acknowledgments 125 3.8. References 126 Chapter 4. Ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis Transmission 137Patrick GIRAUDOUX, Dominique Angèle VUITTON and Philip Simon CRAIG 4.1. Introduction 138 4.2. The Jura transmission system 140 4.2.1. Seasonality and microfoci in rodents 140 4.2.2. Vole outbreaks and distribution of human cases 142 4.2.3. Infection in definitive hosts 143 4.2.4. Conclusion 145 4.3. Ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China and Kyrgyzstan 146 4.3.1. The background 146 4.3.2. Transmission and biodiversity on a continental scale 148 4.3.3. The Tibetan plateau 150 4.4. The mountains of southern Gansu and Ningxia 155 4.4.1. Gansu 155 4.4.2. Ningxia 162 4.5. Alpine meadows from Altai to Pamir 164 4.6. Conclusion 165 4.7. Acknowledgment 172 4.8. References 172 Chapter 5. "Indigenous" Views of the Disease and Risks Associated with Alveolar Echinococcosis 181Dominique JACQUES-JOUVENOT 5.1. Introduction 181 5.2. Building scientific cooperation 184 5.3. Collaborating: working with others 186 5.4. Indigenous visions of social reality 189 5.5. Lessons learned allow us to think differently about prevention 192 5.6. Proximity to a sick person reinforces preventive behavior 195 5.7. References 198 Chapter 6. Conservation of the Black-and-White Snub-nosed Monkey 201Eve AFONSO, Cécile CALLOU, Céline CLAUZEL, Patrick GIRAUDOUX and Li LI 6.1. Introduction 201 6.2. Historical context and issues 202 6.3. Habitat connectivity and population genetics 207 6.4. In search of lost place names 213 6.5. Animal tourism: what are the consequences for the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey? 219 6.5.1. Ecotourism feeding sites: ready-to-see animals 220 6.5.2. Ecotourism in Xiangguqing: what are the consequences for the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey? 221 6.5.3. Genetic consequences of human intervention 223 6.5.4. Feeding sites: hotspots of parasitic transmission? 226 6.6. References 230 Chapter 7. Cholera in Africa, from Fatalism to the Hope of Elimination: The Story of the Revolt Against a Status Quo 235Didier BOMPANGUE 7.1. How can we engage in a collective approach to actionresearch in health? 236 7.2. The first years of the fight against cholera and the disillusionment of humanitarianism 241 7.3. From unpredictable to predictable cholera 251 7.3.1. A metapopulation mode of operation linked to the Great Lakes 255 7.3.2. Seasonality of cholera epidemics in lake areas 257 7.3.3. The role of lake areas in the persistence of cholera epidemics 260 7.3.4. Other determinants 262 7.3.5. The other face of cholera 264 7.4. Toward the elimination of cholera and the discovery of governance issues 265 7.5. References 271 Conclusion: Cooperation at Work: Sociology of a Scientific Standpoint 273Dominique JACQUES-JOUVENOT and Simon CALLA List of Authors 295 Index 297

Read more less

Book SynopsisStructural Design of Buildings: Holistic Design is the essential reference for structural engineers involved in the design of buildings and other structures. It forms part of the Structural Design of Buildings series and introduces the concepts and principles involved in holistic structural design of a building.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPrinciples of Basic Construction Economics in the 21st Century unravels and takes account of the widening and more sophisticated cost management and control services required by the discerning client in today's construction industry.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Smart Building Advantage introduces and explores the fascinating world of cutting-edge technology, sustainable design, and the incredible potential of smart buildings. This book is a roadmap to understanding the transformative power of smart building technologies and how they can deliver an astonishing return on investment for those who can harness their power. The world of real estate and building management is rapidly evolving, with the adoption of smart technologies becoming increasingly essential. The concept of a smart building goes far beyond mere convenience; it''s a strategic investment that promises substantial financial gains and environmental benefits. From reducing energy consumption and optimising space usage to enhancing occupant comfort and reducing productivity leakage, the benefits of smart buildings are far-reaching and compelling.Drawing on a wealth of real-world experiences, global reach, and practical guidance, this bookdemystifi

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis important collection presents an authoritative selection of papers on public private partnerships. The literature is relatively new, and draws on the disciplines of both economics and engineering. As well as examining the recent experience of these schemes - whose evolution has accelerated in recent years - this insightful collection also considers the intellectual origins of the concept, and investigates the organisational and risk management aspects of PPPs. It will be an essential source of reference for all those with an interest in this topical subject.Trade Review'A seminal body of work, The Economics of Public Private Partnerships is a welcome addition to the growing body of international economic literature and a core addition to professional and academic library Economic Studies reference collections and supplemental reading lists.' -- Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Acknowledgements Introduction Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn K. Lewis PART I THE CHANGING MARKET FOR PUBLIC SERVICES 1. Michael B. Gerrard (2001), ‘Public-Private Partnerships’ 2. Paul Starr (1988), ‘The Meaning of Privatization’ 3. Christopher Hood (1995), ‘The “New Public Management” in the 1980s: Variations on a Theme’ 4. Simon Domberger and Stephen Rimmer (1994), ‘Competitive Tendering and Contracting in the Public Sector: A Survey’ 5. Stephen H. Linder (1999), ‘Coming to Terms With the Public-Private Partnership’ PART II THE PRIVATE FINANCING MODEL 6. G.J. Hodgson (1995), ‘Design and Build – Effects of Contractor Design on Highway Schemes’ 7. Martin Stewart-Smith (1995), ‘Private Financing and Infrastructure Provision in Emerging Markets’ 8. Paulina Beato and Antonio Vives (1996), ‘Private-Sector Participation in Infrastructure: Risk, Fiscal, and Efficiency Issues in Public-Private Arrangements for the Provision of Services’ 9. Eduardo Engel, Ronald Fischer and Alexander Galetovic (1997), ‘Highway Franchising: Pitfalls and Opportunities’ PART III ORGANIZATION OF PPPS 10. A.J. Smith (1999), ‘Philosophical Aspects of the Public/Private Sector Partnership’ 11. David Campbell and Donald Harris (1993), ‘Flexibility in Long-term Contractual Relationships: The Role of Co-operation’ 12. J.J.A.M. Reijniers (1994), ‘Organization of Public-Private Partnership Projects: The Timely Prevention of Pitfalls’ 13. Ronald J. Daniels and Michael J. Trebilcock (1996), ‘Private Provision of Public Infrastructure: An Organizational Analysis of the Next Privatization Frontier’ 14. Nicholas Gould (1998), ‘Dispute Resolution Mechanisms to Address Unforeseen Circumstances in Long Term BOT Contracts’ 15. José A. Trujillo, Remy Cohen, Xavier Freixas and Robert Sheehy (1998), ‘Infrastructure Financing with Unbundled Mechanisms’ 16. A.M. Abdel-Aziz and A.D. Russell (2001), ‘A Structure for Government Requirements in Public-Private Partnerships’ 17. Oliver Hart (2003), ‘Incomplete Contracts and Public Ownership: Remarks, and an Application to Public-Private Partnerships’ 18. David Parker and Keith Hartley (2003), ‘Transaction Costs, Relational Contracting and Public Private Partnerships: A Case Study of UK Defence’ PART IV THE UK EXPERIENCE 19. G. Owen and A. Merna (1997), ‘The Private Finance Initiative’ 20. Paul A. Grout (1997), ‘The Economics of the Private Finance Initiative’ 21. Michael Klein (1997), ‘The Risk Premium for Evaluating Public Projects’ 22. John Hall (1998), ‘Private Opportunity, Public Benefit?’ 23. David J. Mayston (1999), ‘The Private Finance Initiative in the National Health Service: An Unhealthy Development in New Public Management?’ 24. Amira Mustafa (1999), ‘Public–Private Partnership: An Alternative Institutional Model for Implementing the Private Finance Initiative in the Provision of Transport Infrastructure’ 25. Paul A. Grout (2003), ‘Public and Private Sector Discount Rates in Public-Private Partnerships’ PART V EXPERIENCE ELSEWHERE 26. Joseph E. Stiglitz and Scott J. Wallsten (1999), ‘Public–Private Technology Partnerships: Promises and Pitfalls’ 27. Paul G. Apen, Brian C. Benicewicz and Joseph R. Laia (1994), ‘A New Model for Public–Private Partnerships’ 28. Stephen C. Lockwood (1995), ‘Public–Private Partnerships in U.S. Highway Finance: ISTEA and Beyond’ 29. Anne Larason Schneider (1999), ‘Public–Private Partnerships in the U.S. Prison System’ 30. David Haarmeyer and Ashoka Mody (1997), ‘Private Capital in Water and Sanitation’ 31. Anne Ribault (2001), ‘Lessons from the French Experience in Public and Private Partnership’ PART VI RISK MANAGEMENT 32. S.C. Ward, C.B. Chapman and B. Curtis (1991), ‘On the Allocation of Risk in Construction Projects’ 33. Anthony Forshaw (1999), ‘The U.K. Revolution in Public Procurement and the Value of Project Finance’ 34. S. Faruqi and N.J. Smith (1997), ‘Karachi Light Rail Transit: A Private Finance Proposal’ 35. Raphael Henry Arndt (1998), ‘Risk Allocation in the Melbourne City Link Project’ 36. Darrin Grimsey and Mervyn K. Lewis (2002), ‘Evaluating the Risks of Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Projects’ Name Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisGeoProc2008 collects the proceedings of the International Conference on Coupled T-H-M-C (thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, chemical) Processes in Geosystems.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Keynote Lectures 1 Physical Mechanics of In-Pore Phase Transition – O. Coussy 3 Localized Failure in Brittle Rock – J. W. Rudnicki 25 Coupled Analysis of Chemo-Mechanical Processes – A. Gens, L. do N. Guimarães, A. M. Fernández, S. Olivella, M. Sánchez 41 Drilling Into the San Andreas Fault – T.-F. Wong 59 Section 1 Fundamentals of Mechanics of Porous Media 75 A Numerical Model for CO2 Wells Ageing through Water/Supercritical CO2/Cement Interactions – J. Corvisier, A. Fabbri, F. Brunet, Y. Leroy, B. Goffé, G. Rimmelé, V. Barlet-Gouédard 77 Study on Shear Stress-Strain Model for Unsaturated Soil – W. Wang, T. Lu, L. Ji 85 How Lead Affects the Hydraulic and Microscopic Properties of a Smectite H. Souli, J-M Fleureau 93 Study of Settlements in a Granular Medium by a Probabilistic Approach D. Boumezerane, L. Herzine, F. Ouali, B. Tabti 101 Mechanics of a Soil, a Dynamically Coupled Solid-Water Gas System Conceptual Aspects – J. P. Oostveen 113 Mechanics of a Soil, a Dynamically Coupled Solid-Water Gas System Undrained Compression – J. P. Oostveen 121 Mechanics of a Soil, a Dynamically Coupled Solid-Water Gas System Shear Compression Interaction – J. P. Oostveen 131 Simulation and Contrastive Analysis of Typical Pollutant Transporting L. Chen, Y. Liang 141 Section 2 Experimental Characterization of Coupled T-H-M-C Processes in Porous Media 149 Gas Retention Phenomenon in Dry or Partially-Saturated Concrete: Permeability Assessment – X. Chen, F. Robert, C. Davy, F. Skoczylas, M. Moranville 151 Simultaneous Measurement of Expansion and Water Humidity Sorption on Montmorillonitic Clays – I. Kolarikova, R. Hanus 161 Effect of Temperature on Migration of Gas and Brine in Compacted Salt Y. Cinar, H. Alkan, O. Olafuyi 171 The effect of Wetting Conditions on the Mechanical Strength of Chalk B. Zangiabadi, T. A. Davidian, R. I. Korsnes, K. A. N. Vorland, T. G. Kristiansen, M. V. Madland 179 Induced Geometry in Chalk during Hydrochloric Acid Stimulation – E. Omdal, E. Dirdal, K. Ormark, K.A.N. Vorland, R.I. Korsnes, T.G. Kristiansen, T.L. Knutsen, T. Hildebrand-Habel, M.V. Madland 187 An Experimental Investigation of the Evolution of Rock Poromechanical Properties Associated with Chemical Alteration Processes – E. Bemer, J-M. Lombard 195 Electrokinetic Treatment of a Natural Silt in Saturated and Unsaturated Conditions – L. Gabrieli, C. Jommi, G. Musso, E. Romero 203 Normal Stress-Induced Permeability Reduction of a Fracture in a Large Granite Cylinder – A.P.S Selvadurai 211 Experimental Study of the Water Permeability of a Partially Saturated Argillite – P. Semete, C. Imbert, P. Desgree, B. Février, A. Courtois, G. Touzé 219 Application of the Maturity Concept for the Prediction of Restrained Autogenous Shrinkage of Cement Pastes – A. Pertué, P. Mounanga, A. Khelidj 231 Laboratory Experiments on Thermal Effects on Clay Rocks – C-L Zhang, T. Rothfuchs, K. Su 239 Mechanical Compaction of Porous Sandstone: an Experimental Study using Acoustic Emission (AE) Monitoring – J. Fortin, S. Stanchits, G. Dresen, Y. Guéguen 251 An Analysis of the Pulse Test and the Light of Residual Hydraulic Potentials A.P.S Selvadurai 259 Section 3 Constitutive Models for T-H-M-C Coupling and Multi-scale Approaches 267 Formulating Material Properties in Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Modeling G. Ziefle, J. Maßmann, M. Kohlmeier, W. Zielke 269 Partially Coupled Fluid Flow Modeling for Stress Sensitive Naturally Fractured Reservoirs – A.R Shaik, N.H. Tran, M.A. Aghighi, A.H. Syed, S.S. Rahman 277 Poromechanical Modeling of Hygric Shrinkage and Crystallization Swelling in Layered Porous Materials – H. Derluyn, A.S. Poupeleer, D. Van Gemert, J. Carmeliet 289 Fan-shaped Model of Clay Swelling Process – M. G. Khramchenkov 297 Early Age Autogenous Deformations of Cement-Based Materials M. Bouasker, F. Grondin, P. Mounanga, A. Khelidj 305 Identification of the Hydro-Mechanical in-Situ Properties of Tournemire Argillite from Mine-by-test Experiment – A. Millard, A. Rejeb 313 Model of Coupled Thermo-Hydraulic Transport in Bentonite Based on Mobile and Immobile Water Phase – M. Hokr, D. Frydrych 321 Orthotropic Anisotropic Damage Coupled Modeling of Saturated Porous Rock – Y.F. Lu, D.F. Liu 329 Numerical Evaluation of Effective Transport Properties of Random Cell Models: Two-Point Probability Approach – A. Rozanski, D. Lydzba, J. F. Shao 345 Section 4 Numerical Modeling of T-H-M-C Processes 353 Numerical Analysis of the Desaturation Process at the Argillaceous Tournemire Site (France) – J. Maßmann, G. Ziefle, M. Kohlmeier, W. Zielke, H. Shao, A. Rejeb 355 Numerical Study of the Influence of Fractures on the EDZ around a Nuclear Waste Emplacement Drift – X-T Feng, J. Rutqvist, P-Z Pan 363 Modeling THM Processes in Rocks with the Aid of Parallel Computing – R. Blaheta, P. Byczanski, R. Kohut, J. Starý 373 Influence of Excavation of Disposal Tunnel on the Near-Field Coupled Thermal, Hydraulic and Mechanical Phenomena – M. Chijimatsu, Y. Tsukada, A. Kobayashi, T. Fujita 381 The Probabilistic Method: An Efficient Tool to Take into Account the Parameters Variability of Modeling for Durability Design Process F. Deby, M. Carcasses, A. Sellier 391 The Influence of Fractures in the Wall-Block Model Domain in the EDZ using an EPCA Code – P-Z Pan, X-T Feng, X-H Huang, H. Zhou 399 Simulations of the Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of an Annular Reinforced Concrete Structure Heated up to 200°C – M. V. G. De Morais, B. Bary, G. Ranc, S. Durand, A. Courtois 409 Hydraulic Modeling of Unsaturated Zones Around Three Openings at the Argillaceous Tournemire Site (France) – S. Uehara, A. Kobayashi, M. Chijimatsu, Y. Ohnishi, T. Fujita, A. Rejeb 419 Modeling of Non-Isothermal THM Coupled Processes In Multi-Phase Porous Media – W. Wang, H. Shao, O. Kolditz 427 Scale and Stress Effects on Permeability Tensor of Fractured Rocks with Correlated Fracture Length and Aperture – A. Baghbanan, L. Jing 439 3D Fully Coupled Multiphase Modeling of Ekofisk Reservoir – C. Ringlet, R. Charlier, Ch. Schroeder, F. Collin 447 Evolution of Permeability in Siliceous Rocks by Dissolution and Precipitation Under Hydrothermal Conditions – H. Yasuhara, N. Kinoshita, H. Kurikami, S. Nakashima, K. Kishida 457 Are Uncertainties on the Spatial Distribution of Rock Properties Influential in Coupled Reservoir/Geomechanical Modeling? – T. Hu, F. Fournier, J-J. Royer 465 Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of Concrete at High Temperature C. Melhem, H. Boussa, H. Dumontet 473 Development of Loads in a Shaft Foundation in Salt Rock due to Seasonal Temperature Changes – S. Krug, J. Hesser, H. Shao 481 An Analytical Model to Calculate the Stress Field Induced by a Thin Axisymmetric Producing Reservoir – M. Chertov, M. Thiercelin 489 Time and Chemical Effects on Rock Sample Failure – M. Rinne, B. Shen, T. Backers 499 Effects of Pore Pressure on Failure Process and Acoustic Emissions of Rock Specimen with Pre-existing Random Imperfections – X.B.Wang 507 Modeling the Three-dimensional Hydraulic Performance of a Prototype Repository System within Fractured Crystalline Rock – P. Vardon, H.R. Thomas, P. Cleall 517 Numerical Simulation of laboratory coupled shear-flow tests for Rock Fractures – T. Koyama, T. Tsukahara, L. Jing, H. Kawamura, Y. Ohnishi 525 Section 5 - T-H-M-C Processes in Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Structures 533 Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Activation Energy A. Kamen, H. Sadouki 535 Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete in a Chemical Evolution Context – G. Camps, A. Turatsinze, A. Sellier, G. Escadeillas, X. Bourbon 543 A Model for Hydration-Drying Interactions in the Concrete Cover M.D. Nguyen, M. Thiery, P. Belin 553 Performance Assessment of a Mortar Added with High Calcareous Filler Amounts – Y. Benachour, C. A. Davy, F. Skoczylas, H. Houari 563 Modeling of Isothermal Drying Process in Cementitious Materials – M. Thiery, P. Belin, V. Baroghel-Bouny, M. D. Nguyen 571 Separation of Damage Mechanisms in Concrete at High Temperature C. De Sa, F. Benboudjema, J. Sicard 581 Experimental Analysis of Concrete Structures Affected by DEF – R.-P. Martin, D. Siegert, F. Toutlemonde 589 Percolation and Early Age Behavior of Concrete – L. Stefan, F. Benboudjema, J.M. Torrenti, B. Bissonnette 597 How can a Crack Opening be Extracted from a Continuous Damage Finite Element Computation? Application for the Estimation of Permeability M. Choinska, F. Dufour, G. Pijaudier-Cabot, A. Huerta, A. Khelidj 605 Effect of Carbonation on the Hydro-Mechanical Properties of Portland Cement A. Fabbri, J. Corvisier, A. Schubnel, F. Brunet, J. Fortin, B. Goffé, V. Barlet- Gouédard, G. Rimmele, Y. Leroy 613 Assessing the Long-Term Behavior of a Radioactive Waste Disposal Tunnel with a Damage Model Incorporating Chemical Degradation Effects A. Kobayashi, M. Chijimatsu, T. Fujita, K. Yamamoto 621 Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of a Petroleum Cement Paste: Chemical Degradation Effects – I. Yurtdas, S. Xie, J. Secq, N. Burlion, J.-F. Shao, J. Saint-Marc 629 Experimental Study of Water Desorption and Shrinkage in Mortars and Cement Pastes – T. Rougelot, F. Skoczylas, N. Burlion 637 Section 6 T-H-M-C in Engineering Applications and In-situ Investigations 647 Hydro-Mechanical Response of the Tournemire Argillite to the Underground Openings Excavation: Unsaturated Zones and Mine-by-test Experiment A. Rejeb, K. Ben Slimane, J. Cabrera, J.M. Matray, S. Savoye 649 The Belgian Supercontainer Concept for Radioactive Waste Geological Disposal – S. Poyet 657 Comparative Simulation Study on THM-induced Changes in Hydrological Properties of Fractured Rock near Nuclear Waste Repositories – J. Rutqvist, D. Barr, J.T. Birkholzer, K. Fujisaki, O. Kolditz, Q.-S. Liu, T. Fujita, W. Wang, C.-Y. Zhang 669 Long-term Response of Near-Field BMT Models around a Deposition Hole by BEM – H.S. Lee, M. Rinne, B. Shen 679 Assessment of Modeling Approaches for Analysis of Coupled THMC Processes in the EDZ of Geological Nuclear Waste Repositories – J. Rutqvist, A. Bäckström, M. Chijimatsu, X-T Feng, P-Z Pan, J. Hudson, L. Jing, A. Kobayashi, T. Koyama, H-S Lee, X.-H Huang, M. Rinne, B. Shen, E. Sonnenthal 687 Hydro–Mechanical Modeling of Seepage in Gotvand Dam Foundation M. Sharifzadeh, R. Nateghi, M. Kiyani 697 Atomized Rainfall Effect on Stability of Coupling Hydraulic-Mechanical Unsaturated Rock Slope – Q. Ren, W Y.Xu 707 Index of Authors 715

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides an inventory of organic materials and products, the major components of all civil engineering projects, in terms of their scientific and technical background, including the regulations that cover their use and their predicted useful life. Such materials include: bitumen on the roads; geotextiles for retaining walls; membranes for bridges; tunnel and reservoir waterproofing; paint binders to protect metallic and concrete structures or to realize road markings; injection resins; gluing products; concrete admixtures; and composite materials. The presentation is based on a physicochemical approach, which is essential if these products are to be considered as part of sustainable development: as such, those studying or working in these fields will find this an invaluable source of information.Trade Review"The work provides practical information for engineers and numerous tables, illustrations and formulas are provided throughout. Contributors are leading French engineers from a variety of firms and research groups." (Booknews, 1 June 2011Table of ContentsIntroduction xxiii Yves MOUTON PART 1. PROBLEMS REGARDING ORGANIC MATERIALS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1 Chapter 1. Organic materials used in Construction at the Dawn of the Third Millennium 3 Michel DE LONGCAMP and Yves MOUTON Chapter 2. Sustainable Development Issues Regarding Organic Materials used in Civil Engineering 15 Agnès JULLIEN Chapter 3. Health Risks of Organic Materials used in Construction: What is the Situation Today? 37 Guy AUBURTIN Chapter 4. Ecological Impacts of Organic Construction Materials: What is the Situation Today? 51 Yves PERRODIN PART 2. ORGANIC POLYMERS AS BUILDING MATERIALS 63 Chapter 5. Organic Polymers 65 Jacques VERDU and Bruno FAYOLLE Chapter 6. Formulation of Plastics 121 Michel de LONGCAMP Chapter 7. Ageing and Durability of Organic Polymers 131 Jacques VERDU and Bruno FAYOLLE Chapter 8. Fireproofing polymeric materials: problems and solutions 179 Serge BOURBIGOT Chapter 9. Organic Materials, Waste and Recycling 189 Vincent VERNEY PART 3. MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS 203 Chapter 10. Geosynthetics and Waterproofing 205 Philippe MESTAT Chapter 11. Waterproofing Buildings: The Point of View of an Expert 269 Gérard HÉMOND Chapter 12. Elastomers and Rubbers used in Civil Engineering 283 Michel FRAGNET PART 4. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, TENSILE STRUCTURES, TEXTILE ARCHITECTURE AND TIMBER 313 Chapter 13. Composite Materials and Construction 315 Jean-François CARON Chapter 14. Textile Materials: Architectural Applications 339 Bernard MAURIN and Romain FERRARI Chapter 15. Wood 353 Rémy MOUTERDE PART 5. ORGANIC BINDER-BASED MATERIALS 389 Chapter 16. Bitumen, Road Construction and Sustainable Development 391 Bernard LOMBARDI Chapter 17. Industrial Mortars and Repairing Concrete Products 407 Pierre BOULANGER and Paulo GONCALO Chapter 18. Waterborne Paints to Limit VOC Emissions: Interests and Limits 419 Emmanuel ARAGON and André MARGAILLAN PART 6. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BUILT-IN INTO CEMENT MATRICES 431 Chapter 19. Rheological Admixtures 433 Nicolas ROUSSEL Chapter 20. Contributions of Organic Admixtures in Construction Processes 447 François CUSSIGH Chapter 21. Organic Fibers in Cementitious Materials 457 Laetitia D'ALOIA-SCHWARTZENTRUBER PART 7. PROBLEMS SPECIFIC TO ORGANIC MATERIALS: ADHESIVE BONDING AND CHARACTERIZATION METHODS 483 Chapter 22. Adhesive Bonding, a Method for Construction 485 Thierry CHAUSSADENT Chapter 23. Strengthening Concrete Structures by Externally Bonded Composite Materials 503 Marc QUIERTANT Chapter 24. Durability of FRP Strengthened Concrete Specimens under Accelerated Ageing 529 Karim BENZARTI, Marc QUIERTANT, Sylvain CHATAIGNER and Christophe AUBAGNAC Chapter 25. Characterization of Organic Materials used in Civil Engineering by Chemical and Physico-chemical Methods 553 Fabienne FARCAS PART 8. ORGANIC MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, ARCHITECTURE, CREATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 583 Chapter 26. Organic Materials and Sustainable Architectural Design 585 Michel PAULIN Chapter 27. Specific Contributions of Viscous Behavior Materials in Construction 599 Bernard HALPHEN Chapter 28. Organics in Construction – How Far? 609 Henri VAN DAMME Chapter 29. Thoughts on the Futurology in Research and Development of Innovative Materials 617 Jean BILLARD Conclusion 631 François BUYLE-BODIN Acronyms and Initials 639 List of Authors 645 Index 649

Read more less

Book SynopsisConventional topographic databases, obtained by capture on aerial or spatial images provide a simplified 3D modeling of our urban environment, answering the needs of numerous applications (development, risk prevention, mobility management, etc.). However, when we have to represent and analyze more complex sites (monuments, civil engineering works, archeological sites, etc.), these models no longer suffice and other acquisition and processing means have to be implemented. This book focuses on the study of adapted lifting means for “notable buildings”. The methods tackled in this book cover lasergrammetry and the current techniques of dense correlation based on images using conventional photogrammetry.Table of Contents1. Specific Requirements for the 3D Digitization of Outstanding Sites. 2. 3D Digitization Using Images. 3. 3D Digitization by Laser Scanner. 4. Complementarity of Techniques. 5. Point Cloud Processing. 6. Management and Use of Surveys.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFeaturing real world examples of how risk information affects public choices, The Economics of Environmental Risk expertly demonstrates that policymakers need to consider how people learn about those risks. Offering insights into examples such as hazardous waste, radon, smoking, hurricanes and terrorist threats over the past four decades, this intuitive book illustrates environmental risks and the choices made to mitigate the potential effects.Providing a deep dive into how public policies and information affect private choices, this book highlights the successes and failings of these choices, recognising how decisions made can have an influence on the hazards that are faced. It also focuses on important lessons to be learnt by officials providing information on risk and designing policies for managing them. Further consideration is also given to how experts understand these risks and how the public interprets the information provided.Scholars and students of public policy, risk analysis and environmental and resource economics will value the useful examples found in this informative volume. Policymakers in risk and insurance, and risk management programs will also find this an instructive guide on the ever-changing environmental risks we face.Trade Review‘Kerry Smith is a Renaissance Man of Economics. This book represents the master at work, drawing implications from research that traverses four decades of scholarship, the economics of environmental risk comes alive in ideas that scale, policies that are cost-effective, and insights that generalize to situations beyond risk. Anyone who wants to learn, or is just curious about pathbreaking economic work, should pick up this insightful and encyclopedic collection of articles.’ -- John List, University of Chicago, US‘Much of what I know about risk I learned from reading Kerry Smith’s papers in this volume. He is the master of understanding how microeconomic theory and real world behavior meld together to provide insights into how to communicate risk, value risk, and improve policies designed to help manage risk.’ -- Richard T. Carson, University of California, San Diego, US‘How much is it worth to decrease pollution? Kerry Smith, a pioneer in using surveys to understand the public’s perception and valuation of environmental health risks, brings together the insights he and his colleagues gleaned as they developed the methods that have become fundamental to evaluating environmental policy.’ -- James K. Hammitt, Harvard University, USTable of ContentsContents: I SETTING THE STAGE 1 ‘Introducing The Economics of Environmental Risk’, December 2022 2 II VALUING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK REDUCTIONS 2 ‘The Valuation of Environmental Risks and Hazardous Waste Policy’, with William H. Desvousges, Land Economics, 64 (3), August, 1988, 211–219 30 3 ‘An Empirical Analysis of the Economic Value of Risk Changes’, with William H. Desvousges, Journal of Political Economy, 95 (1), February, 1987, 89–114 39 4 ‘The Welfare Cost of Uncertainty in Policy Outcomes’, with Edward E. Schlee, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 98, September, 2019, 1–12 65 5 ‘Complementarity and the Measurement of Individual Risk Tradeoffs: Accounting for Quantity and Quality of Life Effects’, with Mary F. Evans, Environmental and Resource Economics, 41, November, 2008, 381–400 77 6 ‘VSL Reconsidered: What do Labor Supply Estimates Reveal about Risk Preferences?’ with Subhrendu K. Pattanayak and George L. Van Houtven, Economics Letters, 80 (2), 2003, 147–153 97 III RISK PERCEPTION AND CONTEXT 7 ‘How Do Risk Perceptions Respond to Information? The Case of Radon’, with F. Reed Johnson, Review of Economics and Statistics, 70 (1), February, 1988, 1–8 105 8 ‘Subjective Versus Technical Risk Estimates: Do Risk Communication Policies Increase Consistency?’, with William H. Desvousges, Economics Letters, 31, December, 1989, 287–291 113 9 ‘Risk Communication and Attitude Change: Taiwan’s National Debate over Nuclear Power’, with Jin Tan Liu, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 3, December, 1990, 331–349 118 10 ‘Information, Addiction, and “Bad Choices”: Lessons from a Century of Cigarettes’, with Frank A. Sloan and Donald H. Taylor, Jr., Economics Letters, 77, September, 2002, 147–155 137 11 ‘Longevity Expectations and Death: Can People Predict Their Own Demise?’ with Donald H. Taylor, Jr. and Frank A. Sloan, American Economic Review, 91 (4), September, 2001, 1126–1134 146 IV DO RISK INFORMATION PROGRAMS ‘WORK’? 12 ‘Learning About Radon’s Risk’, with William H. Desvousges, Ann Fisher and F. Reed Johnson, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1, June, 1988, 233–258 156 13 ‘Can Public Information Programs Affect Risk Perceptions?’ with William H. Desvousges, F. Reed Johnson and Ann Fisher, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 9 (1), Fall, 1990, 41–59 182 14 ‘Do Risk Information Programs Promote Mitigating Behavior?’, with William H. Desvousges and John W. Payne, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 10, May, 1995 203–221 201 15 ‘Communicating Radon Risks Effectively: The Maryland Experience’, with William H. Desvousges and Hiller H. Rink III, Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 11 (1) Fall, 1992, 68–78 220 16 ‘Terrorist Threats, Information Disclosures, and Consumer Sovereignty’, with Carol Mansfield and H. Allen Klaiber, Information Economics and Policy, 25, December, 2013, 225–234 231 V BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO RISK 17 ‘The Value of Avoiding a LULU: Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites’, with William H. Desvousges, Review of Economics and Statistics, 68 (2), May, 1986, 293–299 242 18 ‘Risk Communication and the Value of Information: Radon as a Case Study’, with William H. Desvousges, Review of Economics and Statistics, 72 (1), February, 1990, 137–142 249 19 ‘Do Smokers Respond to Health Shocks?’, with Donald H. Taylor, Jr., Frank A. Sloan, F. Reed Johnson and William H. Desvousges, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83 (4), November, 2001, 675–687 255 20 ‘Valuing a Homeland Security Policy: Countermeasures for the Threats from Shoulder Mounted Missiles’, with Carol Mansfield and Laurel Clayton, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38, June, 2009, 215–243 268 21 ‘Adjusting to Natural Disasters’, with Jared C. Carbone, Jaren C. Pope, Daniel G. Hallstrom, and Michael E. Darden, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 33, 2006, 37–54 297 22 ‘Who Lives in Flood Prone Areas?’, with Ben Whitmore, 2022 315 VI POLICY DESIGN FOR RISKS 23 ‘Can Environmental Bonds Manage Policy-Induced Risks?’ Prepared for the Environment Canada Research Network through the University of Ottawa, October 2014 332 24 ‘Pre-positioned Policy as Public Adaptation to Climate Change’, June 2010 366

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book includes recommendations prepared by members of the French Society for Trenchless Technology (FSTT), based on their recent national multi-year project. Comprehensive guidelines, techniques and theories in the areas of both microtunneling and horizontal drilling are given, encompassing the fields of application for each method, what investigations should be undertaken, which machines and equipment should be used, how the work should be managed and potential problems that may arise. The recommendations, the analytical methods used and their verification with laboratory and field data should not only improve the rate of success of trenchless projects, but will also be of great value to engineers in other countries, who can compare the results with their own findings and assess the international state of the art.Table of ContentsPreface 17 André COLSON Introduction 19 Michel MERMET PART I. MICROTUNNELING 23 Chapter 1. Introduction to Guidelines: Subject and Fields of Application 25 1.1. General introduction of “trenchless technology” 25 1.2. History and characteristics of microtunneling methods 27 1.3. Purpose of the guidelines 28 Chapter 2. Techniques and Theory of Operation for the Installation of Pipes by Microtunneling 31 2.1. General information 31 2.2. Different functions of a boring machine 32 2.2.1. Mechanized excavation of the soil 32 2.2.1.1. Blasting the soil 32 2.2.1.2. Confinement of the face 33 2.2.2. Discharge of excavated earth (or mucking) 34 2.2.2.1. Hydraulic mucking 34 2.2.2.2. Mucking with a screw conveyor 35 2.2.2.3. Pneumatic mucking 36 2.2.3. Guidance and trajectory correction 36 2.2.4. Installation of pipelines by jacking 37 2.3. Various types of pipes 37 2.3.1. Materials used 38 2.3.2. Joints between pipes 38 2.3.3. Resistance capacity of pipes 39 Chapter 3. Summary of Parameters Affecting Work at the Site 41 3.1. Summary of parameters affecting the microtunneling. 41 3.1.1. Rate of penetration 42 3.1.1.1. Duration for pipe jacking only 43 3.1.1.2. Total duration for the installation of a pipe in the ground 46 3.1.2. Alignment deviations 46 3.1.2.1. Human factors 46 3.1.2.2. Technological factors 48 3.1.2.3. Factors linked to the soil 50 3.1.3. Frictional forces 51 3.1.3.1. Principle of analysis for experimental data 52 3.1.3.2. Effect of the overcut 53 3.1.3.3. Impact of the downtimes 54 3.1.3.4. Impact of lubrication 57 3.1.3.5. Impact of misalignment 64 3.1.3.6. Impact of granulometry 64 3.1.4. Stresses at the head 64 3.1.4.1. Presentation of general results 64 3.1.4.2. Influence of blasting and mucking 67 3.1.4.3. Influence of trajectory deviations 68 3.2. Description of the main hitches that can occur when constructing a microtunneling site 69 3.2.1. Blocking of the machine 69 3.2.1.1. Various boulders and obstacles 69 3.2.1.2. Excessive friction 70 3.2.1.3. Abrasiveness of the soil 71 3.2.1.4. Sticking of clay 72 3.2.2. Damaged pipes 72 3.2.3. Surface disturbances 73 3.2.3.1. Settlement caused by the annular space 74 3.2.3.2. Instability of the face, poor balancing of the pressure at the face 74 3.2.4. Excessive roll 75 Chapter 4. Guidelines for Investigations 77 4.1. General approach of the investigations 77 4.1.1. General objectives 77 4.1.2. Progress of the investigations 78 4.1.3. Cost of investigations 79 4.2. Data to be acquired 80 4.2.1. Geological configuration of the site 80 4.2.2. Hydrogeological conditions 81 4.2.3. Geotechnical characteristics of the ground 81 4.2.4. Cavities and artificial obstacles 82 4.2.5. Environmental conditions 82 4.3. Methodology and means of investigation 82 4.3.1. Documentary survey 83 4.3.2. Geophysical investigations 83 4.3.2.1. Objectives 83 4.3.2.2. Usefulness of different methods 84 4.3.2.3. General guidelines 86 4.3.3. In situ boreholes and geotechnical tests 87 4.3.3.1. Objectives of boreholes 87 4.3.3.2. Layout of boreholes 87 4.3.3.3. Types of in situ tests 87 4.3.3.4. Guidelines on the choice of boreholes and tests 88 4.3.4. Geotechnical tests at the laboratory 89 4.4. Contents of the geological record 89 Chapter 5. Guidelines for the Choice of Machines and Attachments 93 5.1. General information 93 5.2. The choice of machines according to their mucking process 94 5.3. Choice of attachments 95 5.3.1. The heads: opening, cutting tools 96 5.3.2. The overcut 98 5.3.3. The crusher 99 5.3.4. Bore fluids 99 Chapter 6. Guidelines for Project Design, Dimensions of Pipes and the Pipe Jacking System 101 6.1. Design of shafts 101 6.2. Calculation of pipe jacking stresses 105 6.2.1. Definition of friction between the soil and the pipes 105 6.2.1.1. General definition 105 6.2.1.2. Specific friction values 106 6.2.2. Experimental results relating to unit friction 106 6.2.2.1. Results of the French National Research Project “Microtunnels” 106 6.2.2.2. Results of other studies 110 6.2.3. Calculation methodology for frictional forces 111 6.2.3.1. Verification of the stability of the excavation 112 6.2.3.2. Ground convergence effect 113 6.2.3.3. Calculation of frictional forces for unstable excavation in granular soil 114 6.2.3.4. Calculation of frictional forces for unstable excavation in cohesive soil 118 6.2.3.5. Calculation of frictional forces for a stable excavation 119 6.2.4. Comparison of various approaches with experimental values 120 6.2.4.1. Calculations-measurements comparison: granular soil without lubrication 120 6.2.4.2. Calculations-measurements comparison: granular soil with lubrication 121 6.2.4.3. Calculations-measurements comparison: cohesive soil without lubrication 123 6.2.4.4. Calculations-measurements comparison: cohesive soil with lubrication 124 6.2.5. Guidelines for the calculation of pipe jacking stresses 124 6.2.5.1. Dynamic friction: non-cohesive soil 125 6.2.5.2. Dynamic friction: cohesive soil 126 6.2.5.3. Additional friction caused by stoppage in jacking 128 6.2.5.4. Stress on the cutter head 129 6.2.5.5. Estimate of the maximum pipe jacking stress 129 6.3. Calculation of the maximum acceptable thrust by the pipes during jacking 130 6.3.1. Calculation principle 130 6.3.2. Permissible stress in the pipes 132 6.4. Calculation of the cross-section of pipes 133 6.4.1. Various verifications of the calculation of the size of pipes 133 6.4.2. General calculation principles: basic Terzaghi model 134 6.4.3. Vertical loads to the soil alone 135 6.4.3.1. The experimental Terzaghi model 135 6.4.3.2. The ATV A161 method 137 6.4.3.3. Leonards’ model 137 6.4.3.4. Guidelines for the calculation of vertical loads 138 6.4.4. Horizontal loads of the ground 140 6.4.5. Surface loads 141 6.4.5.1. Permanent surface loads 141 6.4.5.2. Traffic loads 142 6.4.6. Water pressure: presence of groundwater 145 6.4.7. Permissible stress in the pipes 147 6.5. Bore fluids 148 6.5.1. General information 148 6.5.2. Selection criteria 150 6.5.3. Products used 151 6.5.4. Recycling and processing 152 6.5.5. Implementation at the site 153 6.5.6. Slurry treatment: technical and regulatory aspects 153 6.5.6.1. General considerations 153 6.5.6.2. Current regulations 156 6.5.6.3. Lines for removal of drilling residues 156 6.5.6.4. Prospects for reclamation 158 Chapter 7. Guidelines for the Site Supervision 159 7.1. Guidelines for guidance 159 7.1.1. Necessity of controlling trajectory deviations 159 7.1.2. Guidelines for the measurement of deviations 160 7.1.3. Guidelines for the monitoring of deviations 160 7.1.3.1. Initial adjustments and starting of jacking 161 7.1.3.2. Corrections during jacking 161 7.1.3.3. Adjustment of the overcut 162 7.2. Guidelines on the drilling parameters 162 7.2.1. Avoid instability of the face 163 7.2.2. Avoid excessive thrust on the head and the blocking of the cutterhead 164 7.2.3. Checking the roll 164 7.3. Guidelines on lubrication 165 7.4. Guidelines regarding stoppages during jacking166 7.4.1. Provision for the increase in the thrust during restarting 166 7.4.2. Limit the increase of the thrust during restarting 167 7.5. Data acquisition during the project 167 Chapter 8. Socio-Economic and Contractual Aspects 169 8.1. Social and economic aspects: concept of social cost 169 8.1.1. Value of modern urban sites 170 8.1.1.1. Total cost of the work 170 8.1.1.2. Direct cost 170 8.1.1.3. Overhead cost 170 8.1.1.4. Social cost 171 8.1.2. Traditional urban sites: nuisance factors 171 8.1.2.1. Traffic disruption 171 8.1.2.2. Damage to the environment 172 8.1.2.3. Risk of accidents 172 8.1.2.4. Economic impacts 173 8.1.3. Reduction in nuisance by trenchless techniques 174 8.1.4. Methods for evaluating the social cost 176 8.1.4.1. Methods used in a context other than that of urban sites 177 8.1.4.2. Approaches as part of urban underground sites 179 8.1.4.3. Comparison methodology for the costs of trench and trenchless techniques 181 8.1.5. Other suggestions to reduce the social cost 187 8.1.5.1. Susceptibility maps 188 8.1.5.2. Financial incentives 188 8.1.6. Conclusions 188 8.2. Contractual aspects: objectives and success factors 189 8.2.1. Proper contractualisation of a microtunneling project 190 8.2.1.1. Well defined respective roles 190 8.2.1.2. Appropriate risk management 192 8.2.1.3. Knowledge of the structure and underground use 195 8.2.1.4. Suitable allotment and contracting 195 8.2.2. Establishment of appropriate tender documents and a consultation regulation 196 8.2.2.1. Tender documents based on a defined strategy 196 8.2.2.2. Specifications adapted to every item of the tender documents 197 8.2.2.3. A properly described project 197 8.2.2.4. Correctly sized and adapted products 201 8.2.2.5. Well defined and controlled microtunneling procedures 201 8.2.3. Presentation of compliant and pertinent offers by the contractor 202 8.2.3.1. Appropriate qualifications 202 8.2.3.2. Adequate and adapted references 203 8.2.3.3. A complete and definite technical submission 204 PART II. HORIZONTAL DRILLING 207 Chapter 9. Introduction to Guidelines: Purpose and Fields of Application 209 9.1. General introduction of “the trenchless technology” 209 9.2. History and characteristics of drilling methods 211 9.3. Purpose of the recommendations and fields of application 219 Chapter 10. Techniques and Principles of Operation for Horizontal Drilling 223 10.1. General information 223 10.2. Different stages of horizontal drilling 225 10.2.1. Pilot drilling 225 10.2.2. Reaming 226 10.2.3. Guidance and trajectory corrections 228 10.2.3.1. Walk-over systems 228 10.2.3.2. Downhole systems or wireline steering systems 230 10.2.4. Site organization 230 10.2.4.1. Administrative authorizations 230 10.2.4.2. Access, site installation 230 10.2.4.3. Water 230 10.2.4.4. Slurry transfers 231 10.2.4.5. Work areas 231 10.3. Different types of pipes or conduits 231 10.3.1. Thermoplastic pipelines 232 10.3.1.1. Polyethylene pipes 232 10.3.1.2. Polyvinylchloride pipes 238 10.3.2. Metal pipelines 240 10.3.2.1. Steel pipes 240 10.3.2.2. Pipes in ductile cast iron 242 Chapter 11. Summary of Parameters Affecting the Start of a Building Site 247 11.1. Summary of parameters affecting the execution of horizontal drilling 247 11.2. Parameters related to the ground 247 11.3. Parameters related to groundwater and soil permeability 248 11.4. Parameters related to obstacles 249 11.5. Parameters related to the nature of the pipeline to be installed 249 11.6. Parameters related to the drive length 249 11.7. Parameters related to the radius of curvature 251 11.8. Parameters related to the characteristics of the drilling mud 251 11.9. Parameters related to the characteristics of the drilling rig 251 11.10. Parameters related to the regularity of the profile, the piloting and the guidance 251 11.11. Parameters related to preliminary exploration 251 11.12. Parameters related to the (overall dimensions) congestion of the site 251 11.13. Parameters related to delays 252 11.14. Parameters related to weather conditions 252 Chapter 12. Guidelines for Explorations 253 12.1. General theory of explorations 253 12.1.1. General objectives 253 12.1.2. Stages of explorations 254 12.1.3. Cost of explorations 254 12.2. Data to be acquired 255 12.2.1. Geological configuration of the site 255 12.2.2. Hydrogeological conditions 257 12.2.3. Geotechnical characteristics of the soils 257 12.2.4. Pockets and artificial obstacles 258 12.2.5. Environmental parameters 258 12.3. Methodology and means of explorations 259 12.3.1. Documentary survey 259 12.3.2. Geophysical investigations 260 12.3.2.1. Objectives 260 12.3.2.2. Advantage of various methods 260 12.3.2.3. General recommendations 263 12.3.3. Drilling and in situ geotechnical tests 264 12.3.3.1. Test drilling objectives 264 12.3.3.2. Setting up investigations boreholes 264 12.3.3.3. Test drilling methods 265 12.3.3.4. Samples for laboratory tests 267 12.3.3.5. In situ tests 268 12.4. Contents of the geological-geotechnical dossier of a project 269 Chapter 13. Guidelines for the Choice of Drilling Rigs and Equipment 273 13.1. General information 273 13.2. Choice of drilling rigs according to their power 274 13.2.1. Mini drilling rigs 275 13.2.2. Medium drilling rigs 276 13.2.3. Maxi drilling rigs 276 13.2.4. Mega drilling rigs 277 13.3. Choice of drilling rigs according to their technical characteristics 277 13.3.1. Chassis 277 13.3.1.1. Base 277 13.3.1.2. Trailer 278 13.3.1.3. Track mounted chassis 278 13.3.1.4. Wheeled chassis 278 13.3.2. Transmission of forces 278 13.3.2.1. Chain driven 278 13.3.2.2. Rack and pinion 279 13.3.2.3. Hydraulic jacks 279 13.3.3. Power limits 279 13.4. Drilling rods 279 13.5. Tools 281 13.5.1. Wing cutters 281 13.5.2. Spiral compactor bells 282 13.5.3. Fluted reamers 282 13.5.4. Rock reamers 282 13.5.5. Barrel reamers 283 Chapter 14. Guidelines for a Project Design 285 14.1. Basic principles of a pilot pattern 285 14.1.1. Rack angle and exit angle 285 14.1.2. First and last part of the drilling 286 14.1.3. Radius of curvature 286 14.1.3.1. Radius of curvature of the pilot hole 287 14.1.3.2. Combined radii 288 14.1.4. Roofing 288 14.1.5. Relation between the diameters of the pipeline and the borehole 289 14.2. Drilling plans 289 14.2.1. Longitudinal profile 289 14.2.2. Plan view 290 14.2.3. Cross-sections 290 14.2.4. Work site installation plans 291 14.2.5. Catenary and launching ramp 291 14.3. Design notes 291 14.3.1. Calculation for the work stage 292 14.3.1.1. Pulling forces at the level of the drilling head 292 14.3.1.2. Tractive forces at the level of the drilling machine 292 14.3.1.3. Calculation methods of pulling forces 293 14.3.1.4. Calculation of the drilling machine dimensions 293 14.3.1.5. Supports 293 14.3.1.6. Stresses suffered by the tubes 294 14.3.1.7. Protection against collapse 294 14.3.2. Calculation of operations stage 294 14.4. Work planning 294 14.5. Drilling fluids 295 14.5.1. General information 295 14.5.2. Selection criteria 297 14.5.3. Products used 298 14.5.4. Recycling and processing 299 14.5.5. Implementation at the site 301 14.5.6. Sludge treatment: technical and regulatory aspects 301 14.5.6.1. General considerations 301 14.5.6.2. Drilling wastes eliminations solutions 303 14.5.6.3. Development prospects 306 Chapter 15. Guidelines for the Management of the Site 307 15.1. Guidelines on lubrication, drilling fluids 307 15.1.1. General information 307 15.1.2. Selection criteria 308 15.1.3. Products used 308 15.1.4. Implementation at the site 308 15.1.5. Polluted sites, environment, slurry 308 15.2. Recommendations on reaming 309 15.2.1. Reaming diameter 309 15.2.2. Choice of the reamer 309 15.2.3. Multiple bores 310 15.2.4. Reaming sequences 310 15.2.5. Reaming speed 312 15.2.6. Installing a protective sleeve 313 15.3. Guidelines on safety and protection of environment 314 15.3.1. Safety at the work station (at the site) 314 15.3.1.1. Work on inclines 314 15.3.1.2. Work on rotating mechanical parts and tools 314 15.3.1.3. Risk of slipping increased by the presence of drilling mud 314 15.3.1.4. Respiratory risks related to the inhalation of bentonite powder 315 15.3.1.5. Handling of loads during lifting (drilling rod, reamers, etc.) 315 15.3.1.6. Significant torsional moments during the tightening or loosening of drilling rod/tool unions 315 15.3.1.7. Communication between the control cab, the drilling rig and the pipeline side 315 15.3.1.8. Work under thoroughfares 315 15.3.1.9. Risks of aggressions on underground structures 315 15.3.2. Security of machines 316 15.3.3. Security of drilling tools 316 15.3.4. Protection of the environment 316 Appendix 1. Glossary of Symbols Used 319 Appendix 2. Glossary of Horizontal Drilling 323 Bibliography 333 Index 341

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisAvailable for the first time in English, this two-volume course on theoretical and applied mechanics has been honed over decades by leading scientists and teachers, and is a primary teaching resource for engineering and maths students at St. Petersburg University.The course addresses classical branches of theoretical mechanics (Vol. 1), along with a wide range of advanced topics, special problems and applications (Vol. 2). This first volume of the textbook contains the parts “Kinematics” and “Dynamics”. The part “Kinematics” presents in detail the theory of curvilinear coordinates which is actively used in the part “Dynamics”, in particular, in the theory of constrained motion and variational principles in mechanics. For describing the motion of a system of particles, the notion of a Hertz representative point is used, and the notion of a tangent space is applied to investigate the motion of arbitrary mechanical systems. In the final chapters Hamilton-Jacobi theory is applied​ for the integration of equations of motion, and the elements of special relativity theory are presented.This textbook is aimed at students in mathematics and mechanics and at post-graduates and researchers in analytical mechanics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- SECTION I. KINEMATICS.- Point kinematics.- Kinematics of the rigid solid.- Composite motion.- SECTION II. DYNAMICS.GENERAL ASPECTS OF THEORETICAL MECHANICS. FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL MECHANICS.- Particle dynamics.- System dynamics.- Constrained motion.- Small oscillations of systems.- Dynamics of the rigid solid.- Variational.- principles in mechanics.- Statics.- Integration of equations in mechanics.- Elements of the special relativity theory.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book deals with the present adverse effects of using precarious building materials on the ecology and human health. Also, the detailed discussions on the novel and greener construction materials and their utilization as an alternative to the conventional harmful existing methods and materials are also presented in the subsequent chapters. This book helps to fill the research gaps in the existing prior-art knowledge in the field of sustainable construction and green building materials and methods giving due importance to ecology and health, specifically to the fields of sustainable structural engineering, sustainable geotechnical engineering, sustainable road engineering, etc.This book helps in achieving a sustainable environment through possible adoption of innovative and ecological construction practices. Hence, this book acts as a practical workbook, mainly for the academicians and practicing engineers who are willing to work toward the consecrated building industry.It is a well-established fact that the constructions of the engineering structures consume more and more earth resources than any other human activities in the world. In addition, the construction-related activities will produce several million tons of greenhouse gases, toxic emissions, water pollutants, and solid wastes. This creates a huge impact on environment and causes severe health issues on humans and animals. It is thus important to create an eco-friendly construction environment which can satisfy the ecological and health requirements.Table of ContentsForeword by Prof. Munir OzturkPreface 1. Potentially toxic construction materials: An Introduction 2. The main ecological health hazards from building materials 3. Atmospheric emissions from construction sector 4. PVC (The poison plastic), Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE), Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride (CPVC), Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSPE), Polychloroproprene Rubber (CR)- Chemistry, Applications and ecological impacts 5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emission and its adverse health effects from building sector 6. Heavy metal contaminations from construction materials 7. Nanoparticles in construction industry and their toxicity 8. Traditional and novel thermal insulation materials and their implications 9. Sulfo-Aluminate cement and magnesium phosphate cement in eco-conservation 10. Exposure to airborne concrete, stone, brick and granite dust 11. Carpets and textiles: Effect on indoor environment and health 12. Soil contaminations from the construction projects 13. Water pollution from construction industry 14. Construction sector, biodiversity and wildlife conservation 15. Embodied carbon in constructions and its ecological implications 16. Building Material Assessment System (BMAS) and its determination 17. Advances in Environmental impact assessment methods/tools in construction engineering 18. Special Concretes for Ecological Preservations. 19. Use of industrial waste materials in Civil Engineering Applications 20. Utilization of waste water for the construction projects 21. Use of Construction and Demolition wastes in Civil Engineering for Ecological preservation 22. Sustainable Techniques for building waste disposals 23. Ecological and sustainable Road constructions 24. Health impacts of thee Construction Workers 25. Sustainable Geotechnical practices in the Constructions 26. Sustainable infrastructural Development through Ecological Conservations

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis innovative book investigates the concept of collapse in terms of our built environment, exploring the future transition of modern cities towards scenarios very different from the current promises of progress and development. This is not a book about the end of the world and hopeless apocalyptic scenarios. It is about understanding change in how and where we live. Collapse is inevitable, but in the built environment collapse could imply a manageable situation, an opportunity for change or a devastating reality. Collapsing gracefully means that there might be better ways to coexist with collapse if we learn more about it and commit to rebuild our civilisations in ways that avoid its worst effects. This book uses a wide range of practical examples to study critical changes in the built environment, to contextualise and visualise what collapse looks like, to see if it is possible to buffer its effects in places already collapsing and to propose ways to develop greater resilience.The book challenges all agents and institutions in modern cities, their designers and planners as well as their residents and users to think differently about built environment so as to ease our coexistence with collapse and not contribute to its causes. .Trade Review“The authors take their readers on a journey … a well-rounded exploration of the issues, both past and present … . Collapsing Gracefully encourages architects, designers and those in the construction industry to reflect on what we consider to be best for the built environment … . I thoroughly enjoyed Collapsing Gracefully. Regardless of your background, the book offers a great opportunity in which to stop and reflect on your work and consider its wider impacts.” (James McLean, Architecture New Zealand, March - April, 2022)Table of ContentsWhat Do We Mean by Collapsing Gracefully?.- Current Ideas for Future Built Environments.- What Can We Learn From the Collapse of Societies in the Past?.- The Modern Built Environment and its Relationship to Collapse.- Technology and Collapse.- A Case Study of Technology and Climate Change.- Inequality, Collapse and the Built Environment.- Inequality in the Urban Landscape of New Zealand: From the Country to the Plot.- Growth and Collapse.- Growth and Resources.- Epidemics, Pandemics, and Collapse.- The Architecture of Wealth.- What Should We Do?

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book explores the fundamental issues of robot mechanics for both the analysis and design of manipulations, manipulators and grippers, taking into account a central role of mechanics and mechanical structures in the development and use of robotic systems with mechatronic design. It examines manipulations that can be performed by robotic manipulators. The contents of the book are kept at a fairly practical level with the aim to teach how to model, simulate, and operate robotic mechanical systems. The chapters have been written and organized in a way that they can be red even separately, so that they can be used separately for different courses and purposes. The introduction illustrates motivations and historical developments of robotic mechanical systems. Chapter 2 describes the analysis and design of manipulations by automatic machinery and robots; chapter 3 deals with the mechanics of serial-chain manipulators with the aim to propose algorithms for analysis, simulation, and design purposes; chapter 4 introduces the mechanics of parallel manipulators; chapter 5 addresses the attention to mechanical grippers and related mechanics of grasping.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction to Automation and Robotics.- Chapter 2: Analysis of Manipulations.- Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Mechanics of serial Manipulators.- Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Mechanics of Parallel Manipulators.- Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Mechanics of Grasp.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe status of America’s infrastructure is graded every four years by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and reports are provided on the various categories. In this book, prominent women engineers discuss many of the eighteen infrastructure categories from the 2021 ASCE Infrastructure Report Card providing background, analysis of the issues facing the category and projections for the future. Categories covered include aviation, bridges, dams, water and wastewater, energy, hazardous waste, inland waterways, levees, ports, public parks, rail, roads, solid waste, and transit. Case studies from the authors’ work are included throughout. These topics touch on many of the challenges facing the world today and these solutions by women researchers and practitioners are valuable for their technical excellence and their non-traditional perspective. As an important part of the Women in Engineering and Science book series, the work highlights the contribution of women leaders in many of the infrastructure categories, inspiring women and men, girls and boys to enter and apply themselves to secure our future infrastructure.Table of ContentsChapter1. Introduction.- Chapter2. The American Society of Civil Engineers’ Report Card on America’s Infrastructure.- Chapter3. Infrastructure Pioneers.- Part1. Moving People and Things.- Chapter4. Airport Infrastructure.- Chapter5. Roadway Infrastructure.- Chapter6. Roadway Lighting and “Smart Poles”.- Chapter7. Community Engagement + Community Partnerships = Community Projects: Implementing Successful Rail Transit Projects.- Chapter8. Public Transportation Ridership Patterns: Past, Present and Possible Future Trends.- Part2. Making Connections.- Chapter9. Creating Bridges as Art.- Chapter10. Inland Waterway Transportation System .- Chapter11. Seaports.- Chapter12. Tunnels.- Part3. Controlling Water.- Chapter13. Dams.- Chapter14. Managing Levees in the Modern Age.- Part4. Cleaning Up.- Chapter15. Contaminated Sites.- Chapter16. Solid Waste Management.- Chapter17. Water and Wastewater Infrastructure.- Part5. Improving the Quality of Life.- Chapter18. Preparing for the Electric Grid of the Future.- Chapter19. Infrastructure in a Park and Recreation Setting: the example of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area – “The teams behind the partnership brand”.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents selected, peer-reviewed contributions from the 9th International Conference on Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES 2021), organized by the University of Tokyo and Saitama University from September 17-20, 2021 on the Hongo campus of the University of Tokyo, and hosted in an online format. The event brought together engineers, scientists, researchers, and practitioners, providing a forum for discussing and disseminating the latest developments and achievements in all major aspects of dynamic testing for civil engineering structures, including instrumentation, sources of excitation, data analysis, system identification, monitoring and condition assessment, in-situ and laboratory experiments, codes and standards, and vibration mitigation. The topics of EVACES 2021 included but were not limited to: damage identification and structural health monitoring; testing, sensing and modeling; vibration isolation and control; system and model identification; coupled dynamical systems (including human–structure, vehicle–structure, and soil–structure interaction); and application of advanced techniques involving the Internet of Things, robot, UAV, big data and artificial intelligence.Table of ContentsIn-situ Monitoring of Vibrations Emitted by Tunnel Boring Machines in Urban Areas.- Damage Assessment of Civil Structures Using Wave Propagation Analysis and Transmissibility Functions.- SHM Campaign on 138 Spans of Railway Viaducts by Means of OMA and Wireless Sensors Network.- Effect of Damage on Vibration Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Deck Slabs in an Existing Steel Girder Bridge.- Assessing Structural Health State by Monitoring Peridynamics Parameters in Operational Conditions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book publishes contributions of the 1st Olympiad in Engineering Science (OES 2023), an international congress and contest aiming to disseminate and evaluate the recent advances in Engineering Science. The book is divided in several parts. In 'Materials Science,' readers delve into nanostructural correlations in thermochromic VO2 thin films for smart windows, as well as microstructural observations of super duplex stainless steel. The 'Marine Technology' part explores riverbed scour, wave reflection, and innovative nature-based solutions for coastal protection. 'Additive Manufacturing and Welding Technology' delves into studies on carbon fiber-reinforced polymers and fatigue properties of 3D-printed specimens. 'Structural Integrity and Structural Health Monitoring' offers insights into offshore pipeline fatigue life prediction and risk-informed decision-making for existing structures. The 'Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation' part encompasses stress monitoring, rail profile measurement, and health-monitoring approaches for debonding diagnosis. 'Dynamics and Vibrations' ventures into investigations on combined viscous and Coulomb damped systems and seismic signal analysis for landslides. 'Materials Engineering' delves into strengthening reinforced concrete members and dynamic properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers. 'Building Materials and Concrete Structures' cover topics like minibar reinforced concrete, impact response of reinforced columns, and residual strength of cement-based composites. 'Electronic Sensors and Intelligent Systems' showcase simulations under high voltage transmission lines, synthesis of BaxSr(1-x)TiO3, and antenna catheter modeling. 'Asset Integrity' discusses analytical and experimental analyses of buckling in aluminum columns and I-beams, lateral-torsional buckling capacity, and modulation of fluid streams. Finally, 'Climate Change and Circular Economy' addresses climate-adaptive design, circular economy integration, and eco-innovative concrete applications with recycled materials. This book provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge research and advancements in mechanical and civil engineering, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts in the field.Table of ContentsCivil Engineering Structures.- Offshore and Marine Structures.- Pipelines and Risers.- Building Information Technology (BIM).-Bridges, Tunnels, Highrise Buildings.- Subsea Technology.- Offshore Field Development.- Autonomous submarines.- Pipelines Materials Science.- Corrosion and Corrosion Protection.- Non-Destructive Evaluation.- Magnetic Materials.- Thermoelectric Materials.- Nanomaterials.- Electron Microscopy.- Building Physics.- Sustainable Cities.- Green Energy Transition.- Biomechanics and Bioengineering.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book presents a theoretical and technical background for applying MAS (Multi Agent Systems) in Architecture, Engineering and Construction. It focuses in the early design stage and makes use of domain specific data which relate to different design domains (structural, environmental, architectural design) to inform the agent behaviors. The proposed framework is applicable especially to design problems which traditionally require the close collaboration of engineers and architects.　

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book compares two buildings with different technologies and distinct environment from the combined viewpoints of civil engineering and architecture. The first is the most recent building of Columbia University in New York, the Northwest Science Building, a project designed by Rafael Moneo and Dan Brodkin of Ove Arup. The second one is the Burgo Tower in Oporto, by Eduardo Souto Moura and Rui Furtado of AFA, a building that brings a new perspective to the use of prefabrication technologies with local traditional construction systems. With the detailed analyses of recognized researchers in civil engineering and architecture, this book is a reflection upon the problems and solutions in the design and construction process of a prefabricated building system. This volume, like those to follow, brings together, building research and building design practice to enhance the knowledge of complementarity areas involved in construction, engineering and architecture. This is the first book in a new series "Building Research: Design, Construction and Technologies" which aims to bridge scientific research and professional practice to understand the Building Design problems. In each edition, one or two case studies (recognized buildings in the international design panorama) are analyzed with their authors to assess the design process and the construction development. To understand the problems involved, researchers, engineers and architects, are asked to contribute to this analysis with essays on building research issues, as building technology, construction management, acoustics, maintenance or prefabrication.Table of ContentsPreface, by Bárbara Rangel, José Manuel Amorim Faria, and Vitor Abrantes.- Case Study 1, Burgo Tower, by Eduardo Souto Moura.- Images.- Sketch models, by Eduardo Souto Moura Studio.- Construction images, by Eduardo Souto Moura Studio.- Final images, by Luís Ferreira Alves, Photographer.- Interview, by Bárbara Rangel, José Amorim Faria, and João Pedro Poças Martins.- Drawings.- Concept sketches, by Eduardo Souto Moura.- General Arrangement Drawings, by Eduardo Souto Moura Studio.- Production Information Set, by Eduardo Souto Moura Studio.- Articles.- Northwest Science Building: circumstantial evidence, by Joan Ockman.- Acoustics and noise control within school buildings, by Diogo Mateus, Andreia Pereira and Vítor Abrantes.- Maintenance and maintainability of university buildings, by Rui Calejo.- Drawings in the air, by Jeffrey M. Brock.- Case Study 2, Northwest Science Building of the University of Columbia, by Rafael Moeno.- Images.- Sketch models, by Rafael Moeno Studio.- Construction images, by Rafael Moeno Studio.- Final images, by Michael Moran Photographer.-Interview, by Bárbara Rangel, José Amorim Faria, and João Pedro Poças Martins.- Drawings.- Concept sketches, by Rafael Moeno.- General Arrangement Drawings, by Rafael Moeno Studio.- Architectural Production Information Set, by Rafael Moeno Studio.- Articles.- Building facades prefabrication. The lesson of the Burgo Building, by José Amorim Faria.- The traditional urban square: a vital organ in the city or a “thing” of the past?, by Fernando Brandão Alves.- Design of facades, Hipólito de Sousa and Rui Sousa.- The importance of design in the prevention of accidents in the construction, by Alfredo Soeiro.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBei der Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Baustoffen laufen chemische Prozesse ab. Bauingenieure und Architekten müssen diese Vorgänge zumindest ansatzweise kennen. "Baustoffchemie" vermittelt grundlegende Kenntnisse zur Beurteilung der Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Baustoffen, ihres Verhaltens gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen, der Verträglichkeit verschiedener Baustoffe untereinander und zur Diagnose und Behandlung von Bauschäden.Trade ReviewDas Buch zeichnet sich aus durch anschauliche Darstellung und leichte Verständlichkeit. Es kann vor allem denjenigen Architekten und Ingenieuren empfohlen werden, die kein Spezialwissen auf diesem Gebiet besitzen, sich aber rasch in die wichtigsten Grundlagen einarbeiten wollen. Beton und Stahlbeton Das Buch wird allen, die in Baustofffragen etwas tiefer gehen und mehr verstehen wollen, bei der Baudurchführung und Schadenserklärung eine große Hilfe sein. Die BautechnikTable of ContentsAllgemeine Grundlagen für die Baustoffchemie - Chemie des Wassers - Chemie der metallischen Baustoffe - Chemie der nichtmetallisch-anorganischen Baustoffe - Chemie der organischen Baustoffe - Bearbeitung baustoffchemischer Aufgaben

Read more less

Book SynopsisGrundlagen und Arbeitsschritte sind unter Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Randbedingungen von Bausparten, Baustellen und Vertragsarten dargestellt - verdeutlicht durch viele durchgängige Beispiele. Die Fachkonzeption ist bestätigt durch breiteste Akzeptanz in der Bauwirtschaft. Das Buch ist Grundlage der baubetrieblichen Ausbildung, musterhafter Leitfaden zum Auf- und Ausbau der Arbeitsweisen im Unternehmen sowie Handbuch des Praktikers im Berufsalltag. Es ist das umfassende Standardwerk für das Baustellen-Controlling.Table of ContentsStrukturelle Grundlagen des Baustellen-Controlling - Vom Angebot zum Auftrag, Gesamtübersicht und theoretische Grundlagen - Baustellen-Controlling in der Projektphase der Ausführung: Ausgangssituation, Leistungsumfang - Baustellen-Controlling in der Projektphase der Ausführung: Die Planungsschritte - Baustellen-Controlling in der Projektphase der Ausführung: Verfolgung der Bauausführung - Baustelle mit begrenztem Volumen und kurzer Bauzeit ('Kleinbaustelle')

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn alphabetischer Reihenfolge werden alle wichtigen Begriffe des bautechnischen Brandschutzes und des Explosionsschutzes erläutert. Das Lexikon deckt die Schnittstelle zwischen Bauwesen und Brandschutzwesen sowie zwischen Explosionsschutz und Betriebssicherheit ab. Dadurch wird das gegenseitige Verständnis der Akteure insbesondere im Baugenehmigungsverfahren und bei der Erfüllung der Betriebssicherheitsverordnung gefördert. In vielen Tabellen wurden umfangreiche brandschutztechnische und sicherheitstechnische Kennzahlen zusammengestellt und für die Praxis leicht nutzbar aufbereitet. Die Tabellen liefern den Praktikern z. B. Zahlenmaterial für die Brandlastberechnung im Baugenehmigungsverfahren, aber auch für die Erstellung der Explosionsschutzdokumente. Das Buch ist ein wichtiges Nachschlagewerk für alle im Brand- und Explosionsschutz sowie in deren Randbereiche Tätigen.Table of ContentsBegriffserläuterungen - Tabellen für Explosionsdruck, Explosionsgrenzen, Explosionspunkte - Flammpunkte - Heizwerte bezogen auf die Masse, das Volumen und auf das Stück

Read more less

Book SynopsisIm Buch werden die Standardleistungsbeschreibungen nach DIN 276, die für den Rohbau relevant sind, detailliert dargestellt. Hinweise und einzelne Beispiele innerhalb der Standardleistungsbeschreibungen machen darüber hinaus den Anwender auf wichtige zu beachtende Punkte bei der Ausschreibung aufmerksam. Im Anschluss an jede Standardleistungsbeschreibung werden zu den Einzelpositionen Baupreise angegeben, die bei Berücksichtigung der angegebenen Korrekturfaktoren einen sehr guten und nachweisbaren Hinweis auf die anfallenden Kosten pro Position geben. Zusätzlich liefert das umfangreiche Firmenverzeichnis die entsprechenden Hersteller zu den Produkten, die ausgeschrieben werden. Die Kontaktaufnahme wird dadurch erheblich vereinfacht.Table of ContentsKorrekturfaktoren für Abweichungen vom Mittelwert der Bauleistungspreise - LB 000 Baustelleneinrichtung - LB 001 Gerüstarbeiten - LB 002 Erdarbeiten - LB 012 Mauerarbeiten - LB 013 Beton- und Stahlbetonarbeiten - LB 014 Naturwerksteinarbeiten, Betonwerksteinarbeiten - LB 016 Zimmer- und Holzbauarbeiten - LB 017 Stahlbauarbeiten - LB 018 Abdichtungsarbeiten - LB 020 Dachdeckungsarbeiten - LB 021 Dachabdichtungsarbeiten - LB 022 Klempnerarbeiten - Zuordnung der Positionen der Standardleistungsbeschreibung zu den Firmencodes der Produkthersteller - Firmenverzeichnis

Read more less

Book SynopsisAusgehend und aufbauend auf gemeinsame Arbeitsergebnisse in Lehre und Forschung am Lehrstuhl für Baukonstruktion III - Bauphysik und Bauschadensfragen -an der R.-W. Technischen Hochschule Aachen haben die Verfasser des Buches als Architekten, Fachingenieure für Bauphysik und Gutachter Erfahrungen auf den Gebieten der Bauphysik und Baukonstruktion gesammelt, die in das vorliegende Buch eingegangen sind. Die Ar beitsergebnisse sind in Veröffentlichungen und Fortbildungssemina ren für bereits praktisch tätige Architekten verbreitet worden.Der Inhalt des Buches gliedert sich in die Hauptabschnitte Wärmes chutz, Wasserdampfdiffusion und Formänderungen, Belichtung und So nnenschutz, Raumakustik und Schallschutz. Ausgehend von den Planu ngsaufgaben der Architekten, werden in jedem Abschnitt Grundüberl egungen angestellt und die sich hieraus ergebenden Konstruktions- und Planungsempfehlungen aufgeführt. Nach der Zusammenstellung d er Forderungen und Bewertung folgen jeweils Anwendungsbeispiele. Nach dem Grundsatz "So wenig Theorie wie möglich und so viel wie nötig" ist das Schwergewicht auf die systematischen Schritte der Anwendung gerichtet.In die 4. Auflage wurden die DIN 4108 "Wärmeschutz im Hochbau" (8 /81) und die novellierte Wärmeschutzverordnung (2/82) einschließl ich der Empfehlung zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz eingearbeitet.Auf dem Gebiet des Schallschutzes ist der neueste Stand der Regel werke berücksichtigt. Dies gilt sowohl für die Neufassung der DIN 4109 "Schallschutz im Hochbau" als auch für die Neufassung der D IN 18 005 "Schallschutz im Städtebau" (5/87) und die DIN 52 21 0 "Bauakustische Prüfungen - Luft- und Trittschalldämmung" (8/84).Table of ContentsBauphysik — Planung und Anwendung.- zur 4., überarbeiteten Auflage.- Motivation zur Erstellung des Buches.- und Zweck des Buches.- Auswahl des Stoffes.- Stellenwert der Bauphysik.- Bauphysikalische Berechnungen.- Verantwortungsbereiche — Rechtsfragen.- Hinweise zur Benutzung des Buches.- Wärmeschutz.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Wärmedämmfähigkeit von Einzelbauteilen.- 2 Wärmeverlust der Außenhülle eines Bauwerkes.- 3 Bedeutung der Innenoberflächentemperatur.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- 1 Wärmedämmung eines Einzelbauteils (Mindestwärmeschutz — DIN 4108).- 2 Wärmeschutz der Außenhülle des Bauwerks (Erhöhter Wärmeschutz — Wärmeschutzverordnung).- 3 Gewährleistung einer optimalen Innenoberflächentemperatur (Vollwärmeschutz).- 4 Anmerkungen zu den Forderungen 1–3.- Beispiele.- Wasserdampfdiffusion.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 1.1 Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Wasserdampfes.- 1.2 Dampfdiffusion durch Bauteile.- 2 Dampfdrücke und Temperaturen im Bauteilquerschnitt.- 3 Tauwasserbildung im Bauteilquerschnitt.- 3.1 Einschichtige Bauteile.- 3.2 Mehrschichtige Bauteile.- 4 Abtrocknung ausgefallenen Tauwassers im Sommer.- 4.1 Einschichtige Bauteile.- 4.2 Mehrschichtige Bauteile.- 5 Einfluß des Tauwassers auf die Wärmedämmfähigkeit.- 5.1 Feuchtigkeitszunahme.- 5.2 Veränderung der Wärmeleitzahl der durchfeuchteten Schicht.- 6 Tauwasser an der Innenoberfläche von Außenbauteilen.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Vermeidung von Oberflächentauwasser.- 2 Vermeidung von Tauwasser im Bauteilquerschnitt.- 2.1 Allgemeines.- 2.2 Wände.- 2.3 Das einschalige nichtbelüftete Dach (Warmdach).- 2.4 Das zweischalige belüftete Dach (Kaltdach).- 2.5 Das Umkehrdach.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- 1 Das Verfahrender DIN 4108.- 2 Die Berechnung mit Monatsmittelwerten.- 3 Oberflächentauwasser.- 4 Anmerkungen zu den Forderungen 1...3.- Beispiele.- Überprüfung der Tauwasserbildung.- A im Querschnitt der Dachkonstruktion.- B im Querschnitt der Wandkonstruktion.- C an den Innenoberflächen der Außenwand.- Formänderungen.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 2 Abschätzung der Formänderungen.- 2.1 Formänderungen angrenzender Bauteile.- 2.2 Durchbiegung von Stahlbetondecken.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Vermeidung zu großer Längenänderungen.- 1.1 Wärmedehnung.- 1.2 Schwinddehnung.- 1.3 Dachdeckenauflager.- 2 Vermeidung zu großer Deckendurchbiegungen.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- 1 Klimatische Randbedingungen.- 2 Zulässige Dehnungsdifferenzen ?? und horizontale Verschiebewinkel tan ?.- 3 Begrenzung der Deckendurchbiegung.- 4 Anmerkungen zu den Forderungen 1...3.- Beispiele.- Überprüfung der Verformungen am Dachdeckenauflager.- A Dehnungsdifferenzen zwischen Wand und Dachdecke.- B Verschiebung zwischen Dachdecke und darunterliegender Geschoßdecke.- C Rißsicherheit der nichttragenden Trennwand.- Tageslichtbeleuchtung.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 1.1 Sonnenstrahlung.- 1.2 Tageslicht — Kunstlicht.- 1.3 Lichttechnische Grundbegriffe.- 1.4 Gleichmäßigkeit.- 1.5 Blendung.- 1.6 Schattigkeit.- 1.7 Meteorologische Gegebenheiten.- 1.8 Tageslichtquotient.- 2 Berechnung des Tageslichtquotienten für Räume mit klarverglasten Seitenfenstern.- 2.1 Himmelslichtanteil TH.- 2.2 Außenreflexionsanteil TV.- 2.3 Innenreflexionsanteil TR.- 2.4 Lichtschwächungsfaktoren.- 3 Vereinfachte Bestimmung lichttechnisch ausreichender Fensterabmessungen.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Fensteranordnung.- 2 Verbauung.- 3 Raumabmessungen.- 4 Tageslichtquotient.- 5 Gleichmäßigkeit der Beleuchtung.- 6 Blendungsfreiheit.- 7 Schattigkeit und Lichteinfallsrichtung.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- 1 Größe des Tageslichtquotienten.- 2 Gleichmäßigkeit.- Beispiel.- Überprüfung der ausreichenden Beleuchtung mit Tageslicht für Räume mit einseitiger Fensteranordnung und klarer Verglasung.- Besonnung.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Sonnenstandsdiagramm.- 2 Schattenwinkelmesser.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Orientierung des Gebäudes.- 2 Grundrißgestaltung.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- Beispiel.- Beurteilung der Besonnungs- bzw. Verschattungs-verhältnisse einer Fassade und eines Platzes.- A Beurteilung der Besonnungs- bzw. Verschattungsverhältnisse der Fassade F.- B Beurteilung der Besonnungs- bzw. Verschattungsverhältnisse des Platzes P.- Sonnenschutz.- Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 1.1 Einfluß der Orientierung von Fenstern auf die Temperaturverhältnisse in Räumen.- 1.2 Sonnenschutzmaßnahmen.- 2 Energiedurchlässigkeit des Glases.- 3 Wärmeaufnahme der raumumschließenden Bauteile unter stationären Bedingungen.- 4 Instationäre Wärmeleitung von nichttransparenten Außenbauteilen.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Gebäudeorientierung und Grundrißgestaltung.- 2 Fensterfläche.- 3 Raumumschließende Bauteile.- 4 Energiedurchlässigkeit des Fensters.- 5 Sonnenschutzmaßnahmen.- 5.1 Allgemeine Anforderungen an Sonnenschutzeinrichtungen.- 5.2 Konstruktive Ausbildung von Sonnenschutzsystemen.- 5.3 Außenliegende Sonnenschutzeinrichtungen.- 5.4 Sonnenschutzeinrichtungen in der Fensterebene.- 5.5 Innenliegende Sonnenschutzeinrichtungen.- 6 Natürliche Lüftung.- 7 Klimatisierung.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- 1 Wärmebelastung des Innenraumes.- 2 Ermittlung notwendiger Sonnenschutzmaßnahmen.- 3 Temperaturamplitudendämpfung und Phasenverzögerung.- Beispiel.- Überprüfung der Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung zu großer Raumaufheizungen im Sommer.- Schallschutz.- Physik — Physiologie.- 1 Schall als Wellenbewegung.- 2 Schall als Energieübertrager.- 3 Schall als physiologisch-psychologische Größe.- Außenlärm.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 2 Lärmquellen und Lärmerfassung.- 3 Lärmausbreitung.- Planungshinweise.- 1 Schutzabstände.- 2 Abschirmmaßnahmen.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- Beispiel.- Ermittlung der Lärmbelastung durch eine Straße mit Wall.- Raumakustik.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 2 Elemente zur Regulierung der Raumakustik.- 2.1 Reflektoren.- 2.2 Diffusoren.- 2.3 Absorber.- 2.4 Abschirmwände und Teilkapseln.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Räume der Gruppe 1.- 1.1 Raumvolumen.- 1.2 Raumform.- 1.3 Raumbegrenzungsflächen.- 1.4 Nachhallzeit.- 2 Räume der Gruppe 2.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- Beispiele.- Entwurf eines kleinen Hörsaals.- Akustische Planung eines Büroraumes.- Luftschallschutz.- Planungsaufgaben.- Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 2 Luftschalldämmung einschaliger Bauteile.- 3 Luftschalldämmung zweischaliger Bauteile.- 4 Luftschalldämmung mehrschaliger Bauteile.- 5 Einfluß von schlechtdämmenden Teilflächen.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Grundrißkonzeption.- 2 Einschal ige Wände.- 3 Zweischal ige Wände.- 4 Fugen und Öffnungen.- 5 Fenster.- 6 Türen.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- Beispiel.- Planung des Schallschutzes einer Arztpraxis.- Trittschallschutz.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 2 Trittschalldämmung einschaliger Bauteile.- 3 Trittschalldämmung mehrschaliger Bauteile.- 3.1 Schwimmende Estriche.- 3.2 Weichfedernde Gehbeläge.- 3.3 Unterdecken.- 3.4 Balkendecken.- 3.5 Einfluß von Schallbrücken.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Estriche.- 2 Fußböden.- 3 Unterdecken.- 4 Holzbalkendecken.- 5 Treppen, Laubengänge und Balkone.- Tabellen für den schalltechnischen Nachweis.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- Beispiele.- A Nachweis durch Prüfzeugnis.- B Nachweis mit Hilfe der Deckengruppen.- C Nachweis mit Hilfe der Einzahlangaben.- D Nachweis mit Hilfe der Norm-Trittschallpegel-und Pegelminderungskurven.- Nebenwegübertragung.- Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Begriffe und Einflußgrößen.- 2 Flankenschalldämmung von Bauteilen.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1. Wände.- 2 Unterdecken.- 3 Doppelböden, schwimmende Estriche.- 4 Teppichböden.- 5 Treppen, Laubengänge, Loggien und Balkone.- Tabellen für den schalltechnischen Nachweis.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- Haustechnik.- Planungsaufgaben Grundüberlegungen.- 1 Geräuschentstehung.- 2 Körperschalldämmung von Maschinen lärm.- 3 Schalldämmung bei Lüftungskanälen, Schächten und Rohrleitungen.- Konstruktions- und Planungshinweise.- 1 Grundrißkonzeption.- 2 Sanitärinstallation.- 3 Schächte und Kamine.- 4 Heizungs-und Lüftungsanlagen.- 5 Maschinenräume.- 6 Aufzugs-und Müllschluckanlagen.- Merkliste.- Forderungen und Bewertung.- Tabellenanhang.- Materialdaten.- Wärme- und Feuchtigkeitsschutz.- Klimatische Randbedingungen für Innenräume in Abhängigkeit von der Nutzung.- Monatsmittelwerte der Außenlufttemperatur für verschiedene Standorte.- Schallschutz.- Anhaltswerte für Innengeräuschpegel.- Schallschutzforderungen nach DIN 4109.- Schallabsorptionsgradtabellen.- Schallpegelminderung durch Abschirmwände.- Stoßstellendämmaße verschiedener Bauweisen.- Luftschalldämmung verschiedener Wände.- Luftschalldämmung von Türen und Fenstern.- Schalldämmung von Gesamtdeckenkonstruktionen.- Schalldämmung von Rohdecken.- Verbesserung der Trittschalldämmung durch Deckenauflagen.- Stichwortverzeichnis.

Read more less