Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisChemical Reactor Design and Control uses process simulators like Matlab(r), Aspen Plus, and Aspen Dynamics to study the design of chemical reactors and their dynamic control. There are numerous books that focus on steady-state reactor design. There are no books that consider practical control systems for real industrial reactors.Trade Review"This book is an excellent addition to the relevant literature…. [It] will appeal both to those already well versed in control engineering and to process development engineers." (Chemistry and Industry, December 2008) "The book could be very useful to specialists in the field of chemical engineering, professionals who work with chemical reactors and students." (Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, November/December 2008) "The book could be very useful to specialists in the field of chemical engineering, professional who work with chemical reactors and students in training in reactor design, process control and plant design." (Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, January 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Reactor Basics. 1.1 Fundamentals of Reaction Equilibrium and Kinetics. 1.1.1 Power-Law Kinetics. 1.1.2 Heterogeneous Reaction Kinetics. 1.1.3 Biochemical Reaction Kinetics. 1.1.4 References. 1.2 Multiple Reactions. 1.2.1 Parallel Reactions. 1.2.2 Series Reactions. 1.3 Determining Kinetic Parameters. 1.4 Types and Fundamental Properties of Reactors. 1.4.1 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor. 1.4.2 Batch Reactor. 1.4.3 Tubular Plug-Flow Reactor. 1.5 Heat Transfer in Reactors. 1.6 Reactor Scale-Up. 1.7 Conclusion. Chapter 2. Steady-State Design of CSTR Systems. 2.1 Irreversible, Single Reactant. 2.1.1 Jacket Cooled. 2.1.2 Internal Coil. 2.1.3 Other Issues. 2.2 Irreversible, Two Reactants. 2.2.1 Equations. 2.2.2 Design. 2.3 Reversible Exothermic. 2.4 Consecutive Reactions. 2.5 Simultaneous Reactions. 2.6 Multiple CSTR’s. 2.6.1 Multiple Isothermal CSTR’s in Series with Reaction A-B. 2.6.2 Multiple CSTR’s in Series with Different Temperatures. 2.6.3 Multiple CSTR’s in Parallel. 2.6.4 Multiple CSTR’s with Reversible Exothermic Reactions. 2.7 Auto-Refrigerated Reactor. 2.8 Aspen Plus Simulation of CSTR’s. 2.8.1 Simulation Setup. 2.8.2 Specifying Reactions. 2.8.3 Reactor Setup. 2.9 Optimization of CSTR Systems. 2.9.1 Economics of Series CSTR’s. 2.9.2 Economics of a Reactor/Column Process. 2.9.3 CSTR Processes with Two Reactants. 2.10 Conclusion. Chapter 3. Control of CSTR Systems. 3.1 Irreversible, Single Reactant. 3.1.1 Nonlinear Dynamic Model. 3.1.2 Linear Model. 3.1.3 Effect of Conversion on Openloop and Closedloop Stability. 3.1.4 Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation. 3.1.5 Effect of Jacket Volume. 3.1.6 Cooling Coil. 3.1.7 External Heat Exchanger. 3.1.8 Comparison of CSTR-in-Series Processes. 3.1.9 Dynamics of Reactor/Stripper Process. 3.2 Reactor/Column Process with Two Reactants. 3.2.1 Nonlinear Dynamic Model of Reactor and Column. 3.2.2 Control Structure for Reactor/Column Process. 3.2.3 Reactor/Column Process with Hot Reaction. 3.3 Auto-Refrigerated Reactor Control. 3.3.1 Dynamic Model. 3.3.2 Simulation Results. 3.4 Reactor Temperature Control Using Feed Manipulation. 3.4.1 Introduction. 3.4.2 Revised Control Structure. 3.4.3 Results. 3.4.4 Valve-Position Control. 3.5 Aspen Dynamics Simulation of CSTR’s. 3.5.1 Setting Up the Dynamic Simulation. 3.5.2 Running the Simulation and Tuning Controllers. 3.5.3 Results with Several Heat-Transfer Options. 3.6 Conclusion. Chapter 4. Control of Batch Reactors. 4.1 Irreversible, Single Reactant. 4.1.1 Pure Batch Reactor. 4.1.2 Fed-Batch Reactor. 4.2 Batch Reactor with Two Reactants. 4.3 Batch Reactor with Consecutive Reactions. 4.4 Aspen Plus Simulation using RBatch. 4.5 Ethanol Batch Fermentor. 4.6 Fed-Batch Hydrogenation Reactor. 4.7 Batch TML Reactor. 4.8 Fed-Batch Reactor with Multiple Reactions. 4.8.1 Equations. 4.8.2 Effect of Feed Trajectory on Conversion and Selectivity. 4.8.3 Batch Optimization. 4.8.4 Effect of Parameters. 4.8.5 Simultaneous Reaction Case. 4.9 Conclusion. Chapter 5. Steady-State Design of Tubular Reactor Systems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Types of Tubular Reactor Systems. 5.2.1 Type of Recycle. 5.2.2 Phase of Reaction. 5.2.3 Heat-Transfer Configuration. 5.3 Tubular Reactors in Isolation. 5.3.1 Adiabatic PFR. 5.3.2 Non-Adiabatic PFR. 5.4 Single Adiabatic Tubular Reactor System with Gas Recycle. 5.4.1 Process Conditions and Assumptions. 5.4.2 Design and Optimization Procedure. 5.4.3 Results for Single Adiabatic Reactor System. 5.5 Multiple Adiabatic Tubular Reactors with Interstage Cooling. 5.5.1 Design and Optimization Procedure. 5.5.2 Results for Multiple Adiabatic Reactors with Interstage Cooling. 5.6 Multiple Adiabatic Tubular Reactors with Cold-Shot Cooling. 5.6.1 Design and Optimization Procedure. 5.6.2 Results for Multiple Adiabatic Reactors with Cold-Shot Cooling. 5.7 Cooled Reactor System. 5.7.1 Design Procedure for Cooled Reactor System. 5.7.2 Results for Cooled Reactor System. 5.8 Tubular Reactor Simulation using Aspen Plus. 5.8.1 Adiabatic Tubular Reactor. 5.8.2 Cooled Tubular Reactor with Constant Temperature Coolant. 5.8.3 Cooled Reactor with Co-Current or Counter-Current Coolant Flow. 5.9 Conclusion. Chapter 6. Control of Tubular Reactor Systems. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Dynamic Model. 6.3 Control Structures. 6.4 Controller Tuning and Disturbances. 6.5 Results for Single Adiabatic Reactor System. 6.6 Multi-Stage Adiabatic Reactor System with Interstage Cooling. 6.7 Multi-Stage Adiabatic Reactor System with Cold-Shot Cooling. 6.8 Cooled Reactor System. 6.9 Cooled Reactor System with Hot Reaction. 6.9.1 Steady-State Design. 6.9.2 Openloop and Closedloop Responses. 6.9.3 Conclusion. 6.10 Aspen Dynamics Simulation. 6.10.1 Adiabatic Reactor with and without Catalyst. 6.10.2 Cooled Reactor with Coolant Temperature Manipulated. 6.10.3 Cooled Reactor with Co-Current Flow of Coolant. 6.10.4 Cooled Reactor with Counter-Current Flow of Coolant. 6.10.5 Conclusions for Aspen Simulation of Types of Tubular Reactors. 6.11 Plantwide Control of Methanol Process. 6.11.1 Chemistry and Kinetics. 6.11.2 Process Description. 6.11.3 Steady-State Aspen Plus Simulation. 6.11.4 Dynamic Simulation. 6.12 Conclusion . Chapter 7. Feed-Effluent Heat Exchangers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Steady-State Design. 7.3 Linear Analysis. 7.31 Flowsheet FS1 without Furnace. 7.3.2 Flowsheet FS2 with Furnace. 7.3.3 Nyquist Plots. 7.4 Nonlinear Simulation. 7.4.1 Dynamic Model. 7.4.2 Control Structure. 7.4.3 Results. 7.5. Hot Reaction Case. 7.6 Aspen Simulation. 7.7 Conclusion. Chapter 8. Control of Special Types of Industrial Reactors. 8.1 Fluidized Catalytic Crackers. 8.1.2 Reactor. 8.1.2 Regenerator. 8.1.3 Control Issues. 8.2 Gasifiers. 8.3 Fired Furnaces, Kilns and Driers. 8.4 Pulp Digesters. 8.5 Polymerization Reactors. 8.6 Biochemical Reactors. 8.7 Slurry Reactors. 8.8 Micro-Scale Reactors.

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Book SynopsisOrganic Reactions is a collection of chapters, each devoted to a single reaction or a definitive phase of a reaction of wide applicability, with particular attention given to limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Volume 71 includes a chapter on Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reactions under consideration Each reaction is fully referenced to the primary literature Table of ContentsChapter 1. Ionic and Organometallic-Catalyzed Organosilane Reductions (Gerald L. Larson and James L. Fry). Cumulative Chapter titles by Volume. Author Index, Volumes 1-71. Chapter and Topic Index, Volumes 1-71.

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Book SynopsisOrganic Syntheses: Volume 84 continues the tradition of providing significant and interesting procedures, which should prove worthwhile to many synthetic chemists working in increasingly diverse areas.

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Book SynopsisUpdated and expanded, the classic guide to GC/MS helps chromatographers quickly learn to use this technique for analyzing and identifying compounds. After explaining the fundamentals, it discusses optimizing, tuning, using, and maintaining GC/MS equipment; explores advances in miniaturized and field-portable GC/MS systems and microfluidic components; and more. Complete with a CD-ROM, it covers applications in the environmental laboratory and in forensics, toxicology, and space science. This is the premier resource for professionals in those fields and for students.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces drug researchers to the novel computational approaches of pathway analysis and explains the existing applications that can save time and money in the drug discovery process. It covers traditional computational methods and software for pathway analysis microarray, proteomics, and metabolomics.Trade Review"Pathway analysis will help lead to a better understanding of the chemistry of living systems and the aberrations that disrupt health. This new book will serve as a beacon to research interested in this field." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, April 9, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Introduction to Pathway Analysis (Anton Yuryev). 2 Software Infrastructure and Data Model for Pathway Analysis (Fedor Bokov and Anton Yuryev). 3 Automatic Pathway Inference in Heterogeneous Biological Association Networks (Anton Yuryev, Andrey Kalinin, and Nikolai Daraselia). 4 Algorithmic Basis for Pathway Visualization (Sergey Simakov, Iaroslav Ispolatov, Sergei Maslov, and Alexander Nikitin). 5 Pathway Analysis of High-Throughput Experimental Data (Andrey Y. Sivachenko). 6 Integrative Pathway Analysis of Disease Molecular Data (Andrej Bugrim, Zoltan Dezso, Yuri Nikolsky, and Tatiana Nikolskaya). 7 Whole-Genome Expression Profi ling of Papillary Serous Ovarian Cancer: Activated Pathways, Potential Targets, and Noise (John Farley, Laurent L. Ozbun, and Michael J. Birrer). 8 Mammalian Proteome and Toxicant Network Analysis (Sean Ekins and Craig N. Giroux). 9 Unraveling Mechanisms of Toxicity with the Power of Pathways: ToxWiz Tool as an Illustrative Example (Mark P. Kühnel, Bojana Cosovic, Goran Medic, Robert B. Russell, and Gordana Apic). 10 Impact of Chemistry Information on Pathway Analysis (Sreenivas Devidas). 11 Propagation of Concentration Perturbations in Equilibrium Protein Binding Networks (Sergei Maslov and Iaroslav Ispolatov). 12 An Adaptive System Model of the Yeast Glucose Sensor System (Todor Vujasinovic and André Siniša Žampera). 13 Present and Future of Pathway Analysis in Drug Discovery (Anton Yuryev). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the applications of coupled bioluminescence assay techniques to real-world problems in drug discovery, environmental and chemical analysis, and biodefense. It separates theoretical aspects from the applied sections in a clear and readable way. Coupled Bioluminescent Assays, explains the uses of CB technologies across drug discovery to analyze toxicity, drug receptors, and enzymes. It covers applications in environmental analysis and biodefense, including cytotoxicity, fertilizer and explosives analysis, and nerve agent and pesticide detection. This is the premier reference on coupled bioluminescent assays for chemists, biochemists, and molecular biologists.Trade Review"The chapters of the book are well balanced.... Recommended to scientist and students who want to improve their knowledge of bioluminescent coupled assays and bioluminescence in general." (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, August 2009)Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I BACKGROUND TO COUPLED BIOLUMINESCENT ASSAYS. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Introduction to Coupled Bioluminescent Assays. 1.2 Luminescent Technologies of the Life Sciences. 1.3 Varieties of Fluorometric Assays. 1.4 Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence. 1.5 Common Bioluminescence Systems. 1.6 A Coupled Bioluminescent Reaction. 1.7 Summary. 2 Coupled Bioluminescent Reactions in Practice. 2.1 Principles of Coupled Bioluminescent Reactions. 2.2 Instrumentation and Equipment for Coupled Bioluminescent Assays. 2.3 Coupled Bioluminescent Assay Procedures and Precautions. 2.4 Data Handling for Coupled Bioluminescent Assays. 2.5 Comparison of Coupled Bioluminescent Assays with Other Methods. PART II BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF COUPLED BIOLUMINESCENCE. 3 Coupled Bioluminescent Cytotoxicity Assays. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Membrane Integrity Assays. 3.3 A Coupled Bioluminescent Assay for Enzyme Release: The G3PDH-Release Assay. 3.4 Viability Assays. 4 The Role of Coupled Bioluminescent Assays in Kinase Screening and Study. 4.1 The Many Roles of Kinases in Biology. 4.2 Current Standard Kinase Assays. 4.3 Coupled Bioluminescent Kinase Assays. 4.4 Conclusions. 5 Coupled Bioluminescent Phosphatase Assays. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Phosphatases. 5.3 Contemporary Phosphatase Assay Technologies. 5.4 CB Phosphatase Assays. 5.5 Conclusions. 6 Acetylcholinesterase. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Established AChE Assay Methods. 6.3 Recent Developments in AChE Assay Methods. 6.4 Evaluation of Current AChE High-Throughput Screening Methods. 6.5 Coupled Bioluminescent Assays of AChE Activity. 6.6 Comparison of Coupled Bioluminescent and Other Methods of Measuring AChE Activity. 7 Measurement of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity by Coupled Bioluminescence. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Current NOS Assays. 7.3 Conclusions. 8 The Coupled Bioluminescent Pyrophosphorolysis Assay. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Genetic Variation in Modern Medicine. 8.3 DNA Complementarity. 8.4 The READIT® Pyrophosphorolysis Assay. 9 Coupled Luminescent Assays of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. 9.1 Introduction to G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. 9.2 GPCR Assay Methods. 9.3 Summary. 10 Coupled Bioluminescent Protease Assays. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Protease Assays. 10.3 Coupled Bioluminescent Protease Assays. 10.4 Summary. 11 Coupled Luminescent Assays Involving Aequorin. 11.1 Introduction to Aequorin. 11.2 Detection of Calcium in Practice. 12 Coupled Bioluminescent Reporter Assays. 12.1 Introduction to Reporter Assays. 12.2 Luciferases as Reporters of Promoter Activities. 12.3 Aequorin as a Reporter Enzyme. 12.4 Vectors for Use in Reporter Assays. 12.5 Summary. 13 Coupled Bioluminescent Assays: Regulatory Concerns. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Regulatory Aspects of Assay Development. 13.3 Summary. PART III OTHER APPLICATIONS OF COUPLED BIOLUMINESCENCE. 14 Coupled Bioluminescent Determination of Bioburden and Sterility. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Rapid Methods of Bioburden and Sterility Assessment. 15 Environmental Applications of Coupled Bioluminescent Assays. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Current Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Water Quality. 15.3 Methods of Monitoring Stream Water and Lake Water. 15.4 Methods of Monitoring Drinking Water. Appendix A: One-Letter Amino Acid Abbreviations. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the definitive, one-stop resource on preclinical drug evaluation for potential mitochondrial toxicity, addressing the issue upfront in the drug development process. It discusses mitochondrial impairment to organs, skeletal muscle, and nervous systems and details methodologies used to assess mitochondria function. It covers both in vitro and in vivo methods for analysis and includes the latest models. This is the authoritative reference on drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction for safety assessment professionals in the pharmaceutical industry and for pharmacologists and toxicologists in both drug and environmental health sciences.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Part I: Basic Concepts. 1. Basic Mitochondrial Physiology in Cell Viability and Death (Lech Wojtczak and Krzysztof Zabtocki). 2. Basic Molecular Biology of Mitochondrial Replication (Immo E. Scheffler). 3. Drug-Associated Mitochondrial Toxicity (Rhea Mehta, Katie Chan, Owen Lee, Shahrzad Tafazoli, and Peter J. O'Brien). 4. Pharmacogenetics of Mitochondrial Drug Toxicity (Neil Howell and Corinna Howell). Part II: Organ Drug Toxicity: Mitochondrial Etiology. 5. Features and Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Liver Injury (Dominique Pessayre, Alain Berson, and Bernard Fromenty). 6. Cardiovascular Toxicity of Mitochondrial Origin (Paulo J. Oliveira, Vilma A. Saradao, and Kendall B. Wallace). 7. Skeletal Muscle and Mitochondrial toxicity (Timothy E. Johnson). 8. Manifestations of Drug Toxicity on Mitochondria in the Nervous System (Ian J. Reynolds). 9. Lipoatrophy and Other Manifestations of Antiretroviral Therapeutics (Ulrich A. Walker). 10. Nephrotoxocity (Alberto Ortiz, Alberto Tejedor, and Carlos Caramelo). 11. Drug Effects in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases (Eric A. Schon, Michio Hirano, and Salvatore DiMauro). Part III: Assessment of Mitochondrial Function in Vitro and In Vivo. 12. Polarographic Oxygen Sensors, the Oxygraph, and High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function (Erich Gnaiger). 13. Use of Oxygen-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes for the Assesment of Mitochondrial Function (James Hynes, Tomas C. O'riordan, and Dmitri B. Papkovsky). 14. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Assessed Quantitatively in Real Time by Measuring the Extracellular Flux of Oxygen and Protons (David Ferrick, Min Wu, Amy Swift, and Andy Neilson). 15. Assessment of Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex Function In Vitro and In Vivo (Mark A. Birch -Machin). 16. OXPHOS Complex Activity Assays and Dipstick Immunoassays for Assessment of OXPHOS Protein Levels (Sashi Nadanaciva). 17. Use of Fluorescent Reporters to Measure Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (Anna Liisa Nieminen, Benkat K. Ramshesh, and John L. Lemasters). 18. Compartmentation of Redox Signaling and Control: Discrimination of Oxidative Stress in Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Nuclei, and endoplasmic Reticulum (Patrick J. Halvey, Jason M. Hansen, Lawrence H. Lash, and Dean P. Hones). 19. Assessing Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis in Drug Toxicity Screening (Edward E. McKee). 20. Mitochondrial Toxicity of Antiviral Drugs: A Challenge to Accurate Diagnosis (Michel P. de Baar and Anthony de Ronde). 21. Clinical Assessment of Mitochondrial Function via [13C]Methionine Exhalation (Laura Milazzo). 22. Assessment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Microscopy (Ingrid Pruimboom-Brees, Germaine Boucher, Amy Jakowski, and Jeanne Wolfgang). 23. Development of Animal Models of Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity (Urs A. Boelsterli and Yie Hou Lee). 24. Noninvasive Assessment of Mitochondrial Function Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Robert W. Wiseman and J.A. L. Jeneson). 25. Targeting Antioxidants to Mitochondria by Conjugation to Lipophilic Cations (Michael P. Murphy). Index.

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Book SynopsisStructure and Dynamics of Membranous Interfaces examines the structural and dynamic aspects of different membranous systems studied using state-of-the-art techniques. An introduction covers basic techniques such as AFM, FTIR, and X-Ray Diffraction methods applied to various membranes and their model systems.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Membrane Structure. 1. The Membrane Interface as a Structured Compartment and a Substrate for Enzyme Action (Ole G. Mouritsen Luis A. Bagatolli, and Adam C. Simonsen). 2. Tof-SIMS Imaging of Lipid/Protein Model Systems (Michael Seifert, Mohammed Saleem, Daniel Breitenstein, Hans-Joachim Galla, and Michaela C. Meyera). 3. Flexibility and Structure of Fluid Bilayer Interfaces (Michael Rappolt and Georg Pabst). 4. X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Lung Surfactant Membrane Structures (Marcus Larsson). 5. Neutron and X-Ray Scattering from Isotropic and Aligned Membranes (J. Katsaras, J. Pencer, M. -P. Nieh, T. Abraham, N. Kucerka, and Thad A. Harrown). Part II: Dynamics and Molecular Events At Membrane Interfaces. 6. Interaction of Plasma Proteins with Phospholipids at Interfaces (Chia-Lin Yin, D. Dorcas, Anna Dudek, and Chien-Hsiang Chang). 7. Monitoring of Membrane-Associated Protein Binkding and of Enzyme Activity in Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface by Infrared Spectroscopy (Sylvain Bussieres, Julie Boucher, Philippe Desmeules, Michel Grandbois Bernard Desbat, and Christian Salesse). 8. Chirality and Dipolar Interactions of Membrane Mimetic Amphiphilic Molecules (Nilashis Nandi, K. Thirumoorthy, and Dieter Vollhardt). 9. Organic and Inorganic Osmolytes at Lipid Membrane Interfaces (Peter Westh and Gunther H. Peters). 10. Protein Lipid Interactions from a Molecular Dynamics Simulation Point of View (Christian Kandt, Edit Matyus, and D. Peter Tieleman). Part II: Complex Membranous Systems. 11. Molecular Analysis of Bacterial Membranous Systems (Salim Sioud, Nicolas Joly, Patrick Martin, and Joseph Banoub). 12. Thermodynamics of the Nervous Impulse (Thomas Heimburg and Andrew D. Jackson). 13. Relationships Between Surface Viscosity, Monolayer Phase Behavior, and the Stability of Lung Surfactant Monolayers (Joseph A. Zasadzinski, Coralie Alonso, Junqi Ding, Frank Bringezu, Heidi Warriner, Tim Alig, Siegfried Steltenkamp, and Alan J. Waring). 14. A Cursory Glance at the Phyiscochemical Properties of Oppositely Charged Surfactants in Solution and at the Air-Water Interface (Amiya Kumar Panda and Kaushik Nag). 15. Phase Transitions, Cholesterol and Raft Structures in Films and Bilayers of a Natural Membranous System (Kaushik Nag, Mauricia Fritzen-Garcia, Ravi Devraj, Ashley Hillier, and Doyle Rose). Index.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding the dopamine transporter can lead to new therapies for neurological disorders This book consolidates current information on the dopamine transporter (DAT) in relationto medicinal chemistry and synthesis, biology and pathology, and pharmacology. Because of DAT''s role in diseases such as Parkinson''s, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, and drug abuse (in particular, cocaine addiction), DAT research is an exploding field. Tremendous advances have been made toward understanding how it impacts a variety of neurological disease states and disorders. This reference provides a broad overview of current knowledge that is detailed enough to furnish a basic understanding of the biological, chemical, and pharmacological aspects of DAT in one comprehensive reference. With contributions from eminent scientists who are experts in their particular areas, Dopamine Transporters: Chemistry, Biology, and Pharmacology:Trade Review"Much of what will be accomplished in the coming years will require an understanding of the issues and tools presented here. No doubt, those focused on other synaptic transporters will be jealous of this resource and should demand companion volumes." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, March 2010) "The book is well written and the chapters are well illustrated where appropriate. It is a valuable addition to the bookshelf of anyone interested in dopaminergic neurotransmission." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, March 2009)Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Part I: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Chapter 1: The Dopamine Transporter: An Anatomical Perspective (Hilary R. Smith, Thomas J. Beveridge, Colleen A. Hanlon, Linda J. Porrino). Chapter 2: Dopamine Transporter, Disease States and Pathology (Deborah C. Mash). Chapter 3: Cloning and Genetic Analysis of Dopamine Transporters (David J. Vandenbergh). Chapter 4: Molecular Structure and Composition of Dopamine Transporters (M. Laura Parnas and Roxanne A. Vaughan). Chapter 5: Electrochemical Characterization of Dopamine Transporters (Evgeny A. Budygin and Sara R. Jones). Part II: Medicinal Chemistry. Chapter 6: Tropane-Based Dopamine Transporter-uptake Inhibitors (Scott P. Runyon and F. Ivy Carroll). Chapter 7: The Benztropines: Atypical Dopamine-Uptake Inhibitors that Provide Clues About Cocaine's Mechanism at the Dopamine Transporter (Amy Hauck Newman and Jonathan L. Katz). Chapter 8. Structure-Activity Relationship of GBR 12909 Ligands (Thomas E. Prisinzano and Kenner C. Rice). Chapter 9: Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Piperidine Derivatives for Dopamine Transporters (Prashant S. Kharkar, Maarten E. A. Reith, and Aloke K. Dutta). Chapter 10: Non-Nitrogen-Containing Dopamine Transporter-Uptake Inhibitors (Peter C. Meltzer). Chapter 11: Dopamine-Releasing Agents (Bruce E. Blough). Part III: Pharmacology. Chapter 12: PET/SPECT Imaging Studies of the Plasma Membrane Dopamine Transporter. (Paul Cumming, Weiguo Ye, Dean F. Wong). Chapter 13: In Vitro Studies of Dopamine Transporter Function and Regulation (Brian R. Hoover, Bruce H. Mandt and Nancy R. Zahniser). Chapter 14: In Vivo Studies of Dopamine Transporter Function (Jane B. Acri). Index.

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Book SynopsisA real-world guide to the production and manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals While much has been written about the science of biopharmaceuticals, there is a need for practical, up-to-date information on key issues at all stages of developing and manufacturing commercially viable biopharmaceutical drug products. This book helps fill the gap in the field, examining all areas of biopharmaceuticals manufacturing, from development and formulation to production and packaging. Written by a group of experts from industry and academia, the book focuses on real-world methods for maintaining product integrity throughout the commercialization process, clearly explaining the fundamentals and essential pathways for all development stages. Coverage includes: Research and early development phase?appropriate approaches for ensuring product stability Development of commercially viable formulations for liquid and lyophilized dosage forms Trade Review"This book is intended as a comprehensive look at the growing area of producing and manufacturing biopharmaceuticals, right the way through from development to commercialisation. Each chapter is written by an expert in that area and authors hail from both industry and academia." (TCE- The Chemical Engineer, 1 December 2010)Table of ContentsIntroduction (John Carpenter). Part I Preformulation and Development of Stability Indicating Assays: Biophysical Characterization Techniques. 1. The Structure of Biological Therapeutics (Sherry Martin-Moe, Y. John Wang, Tim Osslund, Tahir Mahmood, Rohini Deshpande, and Susan Hershenson). 2. Chemical Instability in Peptide and Protein Pharmaceuticals (Elizabeth M. Topp, Lei Zhang, Hong Zhao, Robert W. Payne, Gabriel J. Evans and Mark Cornell Manning). 3. Physical Instability in Peptide and Protein Pharmaceuticals (Byeong Chang and Bernice Yang). 4. Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins (Steven J Swanson). 5. Preformulation Research: Assessing Protein Solution Behavior Early During Therapeutic Development (Bernardo Perez-Ramirez, Nicholas Guziewicz and Robert Simler). 6. Formulation Development of Phase I/II Biopharmaceuticals: An Efficient and Timely Approach (Nicholas W. Warne). 7. Late Stage Formulation Development and Characterization of Biopharmaceuticals (Adeolla O Grillo). 8. An Empirical Phase Diagram/ High Throughput Screening Approach to the Characterization and Formulation of Biopharmaceuticals (Sangeeta B. Joshi; Akhilesh Bhambhani; Yuhong Zeng; and C. Russell Middaugh). 9. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Methods to Probe Protein Structure and Stability in Ice: the Case of Azurin (Giovanni Strambini). 10. Applications of Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation (Tom Laue). 11. Field Flow Fractionation with Multi-angle Light Scattering for Measuring Particle Size of Virus-like Particles (Joyce A Sweeney and Christopher Hamm). 12. Light Scattering Techniques and their Application to Formulation and Aggregation Concerns (Philip Wyatt and Michael Larkin). Part 2 Development of a Formulation for Liquid Dosage Form. 13. Efficient Approaches to Formulation Development of Biopharmaceuticals (Rajiv Nayar and Mitra Mosharraf). 14. Prediction of Protein Aggregation Propensities from Primary Sequence Information (Mark Cornell Manning, Gabriel J. Evans, Cody M. Van Pelt and Robert W. Payne). 15. High Concentration Antibody Formulations (Steven J. Shire, Jun Liu, Wolfgang Friess, Susanne Matheus and Hanns-Christian Mahler). 16. Development of Formulations for Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Fc Fusion Proteins (Sampath kumar Krishnan, Monica M. Pallitto and Margaret S. Ricci). 17. Reversible Self-Association of Pharmaceutical Proteins: Characterization and Case Studies (Vikas K. Sharma, Harminder Bajaj and Devendra S. Kalonia). Part 3 Development of Formulation for Lyophilized Dosage Form. 18. Design of a Formulation for Freeze Drying (Feroz Jameel and Mike J. Pikal). 19. Protein Conformation and Reactivity in Amorphous Solids (Lei Zhang, Sandipan Sinha and Elizabeth M. Topp). 20. The Impact of Buffer on Solid-State Properties and Stability of Freeze-Dried Dosage Forms (Evgenyi Y. Shalaev and Larry A. Gatlin). 21. Stabilization of Lyophilized Pharmaceuticals by Control of Molecular Mobility: Impact of Thermal History (Suman Luthra and Micheal J. Pikal). 22. Structural Analysis of Proteins in Dried Matrices (Andrea Hawe, Sandipan Sinha, Wolfgang Friess and Wim Jiskoot). 23. The Impact of Formulation and Drying Processes on the Characteristics and Performance of Biopharmaceutical Powders (Vu L. Truong and Ahmad M. Abdul-Fattah). Part 4 Manufacturing Sciences. 24. Manufacturing Fundamentals for Biopharmaceuticals (Maninder Hora). 25. Protein Stability during Bioprocessing (Mark Cornell Manning, Gabriel J. Evans and Robert W. Payne). 26. Freezing and Thawing of Protein Solutions (Satish Singh and Sandeep Neema). 27. Strategies for Bulk Storage and Shipment of Proteins (Feroz Jameel, Chakradhar Padala and Theodore W. Randolph). 28. Drying Process Methods for Biopharmaceutical Products: An Overview (Ahmad M. Abdul-Fattah and Vu L. Truong). 29. Spray Drying of Biopharmaceuticals and Vaccines (Jim Searles and Govindan (Dan) Mohan). 30. Development and Optimization of Freeze Drying Process (Feroz Jameel and Jim Searles). 31. Considerations for Successful Lyophilization Process Scale-up, Technology Transfer and Routine Production (Samir Sane and Chung C. Hsu). 32. Process Robustness in Freeze-Drying of Biopharmaceuticals (D.Q. Wang, D. MacLean and X. Ma). 33. Filling Processes and Technologies for Liquid Biopharmaceuticals (Ananth Sethuraman, Xiaogang Pan, Bhavya Mehta and Vinay Radhakrishnan). 34. Leachables and Extractables (Jim Castner, Pedro Benites and Michael Bresnick). 35. Primary Container/Closure Selection for Biopharmaceuticals (Olivia Henderson). 36. Pre-filled Syringes for Biopharmaceuticals (Robert Swift and Robin Hwang). 37. Impact of Manufacturing Processes on the Drug Product Stability and Quality (Nitin Rathore, Rahul S. Rajan and Erwin Freund). Index.

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Book SynopsisReviews the science and engineering of high-temperature corrosion and provides guidelines for selecting the best materials for an array of system processes High-temperature corrosion (HTC) is a widespread problem in an array of industries, including power generation, aerospace, automotive, and mineral and chemical processing, to name a few. This book provides engineers, physicists, and chemists with a balanced presentation of all relevant basic science and engineering aspects of high-temperature corrosion. It covers most HTC types, including oxidation, sulfidation, nitridation, molten salts, fuel-ash corrosion, H2S/H2 corrosion, molten fluoride/HF corrosion, and carburization. It also provides corrosion data essential for making the appropriate choices of candidate materials for high-temperature service in process conditions. A form of corrosion that does not require the presence of liquids, high-temperature corrosion occurs due to the inteTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of High Temperature Corrosion 1 1.2 Historical Development 1 1.3 High Temperature Corrosion Phenomena 3 1.4 High Temperature Materials 3 1.5 Corrosive Environments 27 1.6 Films and Scales 31 1.7 Academic Impact of High Temperature Corrosion 33 1.8 Industrial Impact of High Temperature Corrosion 38 1.9 Questions 46 References 46 Further Reading 47 2 Metallurgical Structure and Metals 48 2.1 Imperfections in an Essentially Perfect Structure 48 2.2 Solidification 56 2.3 Alloys 62 2.4 Iron and Steel 72 2.5 Deformation and Recrystallization 79 2.6 Fracture and Fatigue 91 2.7 Questions and Problems 97 References 98 Further Reading 99 3 High Temperature Equilibria 100 3.1 Introduction 100 3.2 Thermochemical Analysis 100 3.3 Electrochemical Analysis 119 References 128 Further Reading 129 4 Lattice Defects in Metal Compounds 130 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 Defect Reactions 133 4.3 Defect Equilibria 135 4.4 Equilibrium Constants 141 4.5 Questions 144 References 144 Further Reading 145 5 Diffusion in Solid-State Systems 146 5.1 Introduction 146 5.2 General Theory of Diffusion 146 5.3 Diffusion Coefficients 150 5.4 Matano–Boltzmann Analysis 153 5.5 Kirkendall Effect 154 5.6 Darken Analysis 155 5.7 Factors Influencing Diffusion 156 5.8 Impurity Diffusion in Metals 158 5.9 Grain Boundary Diffusion in Metals 158 5.10 Diffusion in Solid Oxides 160 5.11 Morphology of Reaction Products 163 5.12 Measurement of Diffusion Parameters 164 5.13 Questions and Problems 168 References 168 Further Reading 169 6 High Temperature Electrochemistry 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Electrochemical Nature of Molten Salt Corrosion 171 6.3 The Single Potential of an Electrode 172 6.4 Equilibrium Diagrams 173 6.5 The Tafel Relationship 173 6.6 Corrosion Potential–pO2−Relationship 175 6.7 Electrochemical Polarization and Monitoring 177 6.8 Electrochemical Nature of Metal Oxidation 179 6.9 Usefulness of Electrochemical Cells 181 6.10 Current–Potential Measurements on Solid Electrodes 182 6.11 Simple Concepts of Oxide Semiconductors 183 6.12 Conduction Processes in Ionic Oxides 186 6.13 Common Solid-State Electrochemical Situations 190 References 194 Further Reading 195 7 Oxidation 196 7.1 Introduction 196 7.2 Thermodynamic Considerations 197 7.3 Kinetic Considerations 199 7.4 Defect Structures 201 7.5 Compact Scale Growth 208 7.6 Multilayered Scale Growth 212 7.7 Oxidation Resistance 214 7.8 Oxidation of Engineering Materials 224 7.9 Conclusions 228 7.10 Questions 229 References 229 Further Reading 231 8 Sulfidation 233 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 The Process of Sulfidation 233 8.3 Sulfidation Kinetics 235 8.4 Sulfidation of Selected Materials 236 8.5 Defect Structures of Metal Sulfides 240 8.6 Questions 243 References 243 Further Reading 244 9 Carburization and Metal Dusting 245 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 Carburization 245 9.3 Alloy Resistance to Carburization 251 9.4 Metal Dusting Problem 255 9.5 Metal Dusting Mechanisms 256 9.6 Alloy Resistance to Metal Dusting 260 References 262 Further Reading 263 10 Nitridation 264 10.1 Introduction 264 10.2 Nitridation Mechanisms 264 10.3 Nitridation in Industrial Media 265 10.4 Questions and Problems 273 References 274 Further Reading 275 11 Halogenation 276 11.1 Introduction 276 11.2 Metal–Halogen Reactions 277 11.3 Alloy–Halogen Reactions 279 11.4 Laboratory Studies 280 11.5 Conclusions 282 11.6 Questions 282 References 282 Further Reading 283 12 Corrosion by Hydrogen and Water Vapor 284 12.1 Introduction 284 12.2 Corrosion by Hydrogen 284 12.3 Corrosion by Water Vapor 290 12.4 Conclusions 293 References 294 Further Reading 295 13 Corrosion in Molten Salts 296 13.1 Introduction 296 13.2 Corrosion Process 296 13.3 Thermodynamic Diagrams 298 13.4 Corrosion Rate Measurements 299 13.5 Test Methods 299 13.6 Fluorides 303 13.7 Chlorides 304 13.8 Nitrates/nitrites 305 13.9 Hydroxides 309 13.10 Carbonates 309 13.11 Vanadates 312 13.12 Sulfates 314 13.13 Prevention of Molten Salt Corrosion 321 13.14 Summary 321 References 322 Further Reading 324 14 Corrosion in Molten Metals 325 14.1 Introduction 325 14.2 Corrosive Processes 326 14.3 Industrial Liquid Metals 332 14.4 Conclusions 338 References 339 Further Reading 339 15 Hot Corrosion 340 15.1 Introduction 340 15.2 Engine Description and Materials 340 15.3 Early Studies 341 15.4 Mechanisms of Hot Corrosion 349 15.5 Hot Corrosion of Gas Turbine Alloys 351 15.6 Methods of Evaluating Hot Corrosion 354 15.7 Prevention of Corrosion 356 15.8 Conclusions 358 15.9 Questions 358 References 359 Further Reading 360 16 Fireside Corrosion 361 16.1 Introduction 361 16.2 Coal-Fired Boilers 362 16.3 Coal-ash Corrosion 371 16.4 Oil-Fired Boilers 373 16.5 Corrosion in Waste Incinerators 379 16.6 Plant Experience with Fireside Corrosion 380 16.7 Conclusions 388 References 389 Further Reading 389 17 Testing and Evaluation 391 17.1 Introduction 391 17.2 Testing Equipment and Monitoring 392 17.3 Optical Microscopy 394 17.4 Thermogravimetry 395 17.5 Spectroscopy 398 17.6 Diffraction Techniques 402 17.7 Electron Microscopy 409 17.8 Electron Spectroscopy and Ion Scattering 416 17.9 Surface Microscopy 424 17.10 Optical Spectroscopy 428 17.11 Nondestructive Inspection Techniques 439 17.12 Traditional Electrochemical Methods 445 17.13 Nontraditional Electrochemical Methods 453 17.14 Combined Electrochemical Methods 459 References 472 Further Reading 475 18 Protective Coatings 477 18.1 Introduction 477 18.2 Coating Systems 477 18.3 Coating Processes 480 18.4 Coating Degradation 496 18.5 Summary and Future Trends 499 18.6 Questions 500 References 500 Further Reading 501 19 Examples of Engineering Importance 502 19.1 Introduction 502 19.2 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 504 19.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 516 19.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells 524 19.5 Nuclear Power Plants 531 References 546 Further Reading 549 20 Case Studies 551 20.1 Making Stainless Steels 551 20.2 Corrosion Protection of Turbine Blades 551 20.3 Oxidation of Silicides for VLSI Applications 556 20.4 Naphthenic Acid Corrosion in Petrochemical Plants 560 20.5 Oxidation of Ceramic Matrix Composites 562 20.6 Shell Corrosion of Rotary Cement Kilns 563 20.7 Corrosion of Steels in a Linear 𝛼Olefin Plant 564 References 565 Further Reading 565 Appendix A 566 List of Acronyms 591 Glossary of Selected Terms Used in High Temperature Corrosion 596 Author Index 615 Subject Index 629

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Book SynopsisNew opportunities to use small molecules both as probes for deciphering the control mechanism of living organisms and as potential leads for developing new therapeutics for disease treatment are ushering in a new era of chemical biology.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Chapter 1: Chemical biology based on the small molecule-protein interaction (Hiroyuki Osada). Chapter 2: Target Profiling of Small Molecules (Leonid L. Chepelev, and Michel Dumontier). Chapter 3: Novel application of affinity beads (Yasuaki Kabe, Mamoru Hatakeyama, Satoshi Sakamoto, Kousuke Nishio, and Hiroshi Handa). Chapter 4: Immolization of small molecules on solid phase (Naoki Kanoh, and Hiroyuki Osada). Chapter 5: Application of phage display technique to identify the target protein (Yoon Sun Cho and Ho Jeong Kwon). Chapter 6: Development of fluorescent probes for small molecules (Adrian P. Neal, and Carsten Schultz). Chapter 7: Development of small molecule ligands and inhibitors (Leonid L. Chepelev, Nikolai L. Chepelev, Hooman Shadnia, William G. Willmore, James S. Wright, and Michel Dumontier). Chapter 8: Interaction of biological response modifier with proteins (Yuichi Hashimoto). Chapter 9: Chemical biology of cell motility inhibitors (Tatsuro Kawamura, Mitsuhiro Kitagawa, and Masaya Imoto). Chapter 10: Chemical biology of cell surface oligosaccarides (Prabhani U. Atukorale, Sean S. Choi, Udayanath Aich, Christopher T. Campbell, M. Adam Meledeo, and Kevin J. Yarema). Chapter 11: Chemical genomics based on yeast genetics (Shinichi Nishimura, and Yoko Yashiroda Minoru Yoshida). Chapter 12: Data Fact of small molecules and their target proteins (Takeo Usui, Akiko Saito, and Hiroyuki Osada). Index.

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Book SynopsisAll regulated laboratories, including pharmaceutical, clinical testing, food and cosmetic laboratories, must properly execute the calibration of instruments and validation of analytical methods.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Overview of Risk Based Approach to Phase Appropriate Validation and Instrument Qualification. Chapter 2 Phase Appropriate Method Validation. Chapter 3 Analytical Method Verification, Method Revalidation, and Method Transfer. Chapter 4 Validation of PAT Applications. Chapter 5 The Validation of Near Infrared Systems for Raw Material Identification. Chapter 6 Cleaning Validation. Chapter 7 Risk Based Validation of laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS). Chapter 8 Performance Qualification and Verification of Balance. Chapter 9 Performance Verification of NIR Spectrophotometers. Chapter 10 Operational Qualification in Practice for Gas Chromatography Instruments. Chapter 11 Performance Verification on RI, Fluorescence, Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. Chapter 12 Instrument Qualification and Performance Verification for Particle Size Instruments. Chapter 13 Method Validation, Qualification, and Performance Verification for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analyzers. Chapter 14 Instrument Performance Verification - Micro Pipettes. Chapter 15 Instrument Qualification and Performance Verification for Automated Liquid Handling Systems. Chapter 16 Performance Qualification and Verification in Powder X-ray Diffraction.

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Book SynopsisBecause the concept and discoveries of cancer stem cells are relatively new, scientists and researchers need an introduction to this dynamic area. Cancer Stem Cells presents a consolidated account of the research done to date and recent progresses in the studies of cancer stem cells. Such a presentation facilitates a better understanding of and draws attention to stem cell and cancer biology - two fields that enhance, move, and evolve into each other continuously. It provides an informative study in designing approaches to apply stem cell principles to cancer biology while offering an overview of the challenges in developing combination stem and cancer biology targets for therapeutics. This book serves as a primer for new researchers in the field of cancer biology.Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xiii 1 Cancer Stem Cells: Similarities and Variations in the Theme of Normal Stem Cells 1Sharmila Bapat, Anne Collins, Michael Dean, Kenneth Nephew, and Suraiya Rasheed 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Stem Cells in the Life of an Organism 2 1.2.1 Stem Cells in Early Development and Fetal Life 3 1.2.2 Stem Cells in the Adult Organism 4 1.3 Cancer Stem Cells 7 1.3.1 Activation of Stem Cells and Cancer 7 1.3.2 Isolation and Identification of Cancer Stem Cells 10 1.3.3 De Novo Generation of a New Organ (Tumor) by Transformed Stem Cells 12 1.4 Self-Renewal and Differentiation in CSCs 13 1.5 CSC Plasticity as Regulated by Intrinsic and Extrinsic Stem Cell Factors 14 1.5.1 Stem Cell Intrinsic Factors: Genetic and Epigenetic Effects 14 1.5.2 Stem Cell Extrinsic Effects: Niche Effects and Microenvironmental Signaling 16 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 18 References 20 2 Leukemic Stem Cells 27Sharmila Bapat 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Dysregulation of Hematopoiesis in Leukemia 28 2.2.1 Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Hierarchies 28 2.2.2 Understanding Aberrant Hierarchies in Leukemia 30 2.2.3 Types of Leukemia 31 2.3 Identification and isolation of Cancer-Initiating Cells in Leukemia 35 2.4 Molecular Regulation of Aberrant Hierarchies 36 2.4.1 Signaling Pathways Deregulated in Leukemia 37 2.4.2 Self-Renewal of Normal and Leukemic Stem Cells 39 2.4.3 Epigenetic Effects 40 2.4.4 MicroRNA in Leukemia Development 42 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 44 References 45 3 Isolation and Characterization of Breast and Brain Cancer Stem Cells 57Meera Saxena and Annapoorni Rangarajan 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Breast Cancer Stem Cells 58 3.2.1 Mammary Gland Architecture and Cell Types 58 3.2.2 Breast Cancer 59 3.2.3 Identification of Breast Cancer Stem Cells 59 3.2.4 Putative Breast Cancer Stem Cells that Exhibit the CD44+ CD24-/low Lin- Marker Profile 61 3.2.5 ESA+ Subpopulation of CD24-low Lin- Cells Enriched by Tumorigenicity 61 3.2.6 Tumorigenic Breast Cells Displaying Properties of Stem Cells 61 3.2.7 In Vitro Propagation of Breast Cancer Stem Cells as Mammospheres 62 3.3 Brain Cancer Stem Cells 64 3.3.1 Brain Architecture and Cell Types 64 3.3.2 Brain Cancers 65 3.3.3 Brain Stem Cells 66 3.3.4 Brain Cancer Stem Cells 66 3.3.5 Brain Cancer–Derived Cells that Generate Tumor Spheres 67 3.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 69 References 70 4 Cancer Stem Cell Side Populations 73Danuta Balicki and Raymond Beaulieu 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Stem Cell Side Populations 75 4.3 Side Populations in Normal Tissue 78 4.4 Side Populations in Tumors 79 4.5 Overcoming Side Population Limitations 80 4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 81 References 82 5 Evidence for Cancer Stem Cells in Retinoblastoma 87Gail M. Seigel 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Elusive Origins of Retinoblastoma 87 5.3 Sources of Retinoblastoma Cells for Study 88 5.4 Precedent for Cancer Stem Cells 88 5.5 Side Populations in Retinoblastoma 89 5.6 Immunoreactivity to Stem Cell Markers in Retinoblastoma 89 5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 91 References 92 6 Ovarian Stem Cell Biology and the Emergence of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells 95Anjali Kusumbe and Sharmila Bapat 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Overview of the Human Ovary 95 6.2.1 Histological Landmarks 95 6.2.2 Ovarian Development: The Story Before Birth 96 6.2.3 The Mammalian Oogenesis Dogma 98 6.3 Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Adult Mammalian Ovary 98 6.3.1 Historical Perspective 98 6.3.2 The Oogenesis Dogma Revisited 99 6.4 Is Ovarian Cancer a Stem Cell Disease? 104 6.4.1 Putative Role of Stem/Progenitor Cells in Ovarian Cancer 104 6.4.2 Tumor as an Aberrant Organ Initiated by Cancer Stem Cells 105 6.4.3 Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Isolated as a Side Population 106 6.4.4 New Challenge: Targeting Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells 106 References 107 7 Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 111Stefanie Hager, Norman J. Maitland, and Anne Collins 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Human Prostate Biology Gland Architecture, and Pathological Alterations 111 7.3 Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells 113 7.3.1 Evidence for Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells 113 7.3.2 Isolation of Human Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells and Demonstration of Their Stem Cell Character 116 7.3.3 Epithelial Stem Cells in the Murine Prostate 118 7.3.4 Other Markers of Prostate Epithelial Stem Cells 119 7.4 Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 120 7.4.1 Role of Stem Cells in Prostate Cancer 120 7.4.2 Prospective Isolation of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells from Human Tissue Samples 122 7.4.3 Role of the Stem Cell Niche in Prostate Cancer 124 7.4.4 Putative Markers of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells 124 7.5 Stem Cell Tracking in the Prostate 125 7.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 127 References 127 8 Molecular Signatures of Highly Malignant Melanoma Stem Cells 135Suraiya Rasheed 8.1 General Properties of Human Melanomas 135 8.2 Characteristics of Stem Cell–Derived Melanomas 136 8.3 The Cat Model System for Stem Cell Melanomas 137 8.3.1 Biological Characteristics of Highly Malignant Stem Cell Melanomas 138 8.3.2 Trans-differentiation of the Malignant Cat Melanoma into Neuronal Cells 139 8.3.3 Proteins Associated with Neuronal Cell Differentiation 140 8.3.4 Cell Cycle Dysregulation and Antitumorigenic Effects During Cell Differentiation 144 8.3.5 Molecular Signatures of Self Renewal and Long-Term Proliferation of Tumor Cells 145 8.3.6 Proteins Involved in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis 147 8.3.7 Expression of Germline and Embryonic Proteins in Cat Melanomas 149 8.3.8 Naturally Occurring Protein–Protein Interaction Complexes in Melanomas 149 8.3.9 Networks of Protein Interaction Pathways 152 8.4 Challenges of Research in Cancer Stem Cellsand Therapeutics 152 8.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 154 References 156 9 Invasion Program of Normal and Cancer Stem Cells 167David Olmeda, Gema Moreno-Bueno, David Sarrió, José Palacios, and Amparo Cano 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Basics of Tumor Progression: Invasion and Metastasis 168 9.3 Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Development and Its Relation to The Invasive Process 169 9.4 Regulation of EMT: From Signals to Molecular Pathways 172 9.5 EMT and Cancer Stem Cells 176 9.6 Can Stem Cell Properties Be Extensive to Invasive Tumor Cells? 177 9.7 Is There a Unique EMT Program Linked to Invasion? 178 9.8 Evidence of EMT in Human Clinical Tumors 180 9.9 Expression of Mesenchymal Markers and Cadherin Switching in Carcinomas 181 9.10 Expression of EMT Inducers in Human Tumors 183 9.11 Occurrence of EMT in a Specific Subset of Breast Carcinomas 185 9.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 186 References 187 10 Epigenetics in Cancer Stem Cell Development 197Kenneth Nephew, Curt Balch, Tim H.-M. Huang, Zhang Shu, Michael Chan, and Pearlly Yan 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Characterization of Candidate Cancer Stem Cells 198 10.3 Possible Origins of Cancer Stem Cells 198 10.4 Epigenetics in Normal Development 199 10.5 Epigenetic Regulation of the Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype 200 10.6 Contributions of Epigenetics to Drug Resistance in Cancer Stem Cells 204 10.7 Genome-Wide Interrogation of Epigenetic Modifications in Cancer Stem Cells 206 10.8 Epigenetic Therapies Against Poorly Differentiated Cancer Cells 207 10.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 208 References 209 11 Cancer Stem Cells and New Therapeutic Approaches 217Michael Dean 11.1 Cancer Stem Cells 217 11.2 Activation of Stem Cells and Cancer 218 11.2.1 Initiation and Promotion Revised 219 11.2.2 Stem Cell Activation and Specific Cancers 221 11.3 Major Cancers and Risk Factors 223 11.3.1 Liver Cancer 223 11.3.2 Lung Cancer 224 11.3.3 Gastric Cancer 224 11.3.4 Pancreatic Cancer 224 11.3.5 Cervical Cancer 225 11.4 Treatment Implications 225 11.5 Future Perspectives 227 11.6 Conclusions 228 References 243 12 Immunobiology of Cancer Stem Cells 233Shubhada V. Chiplunkar 12.1 Cancer Stem Cells 233 12.2 Cancer Stem Cells and Lymphocytes 234 12.3 Trafficking of Normal Stem Cells and Metastasis of Cancer Stem Cells 236 References 238 Index 243

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses principles and practical applications of membrane distillation and osmotic distillation, separation technologies which are gaining increasing attention due to their advantages over conventional concentration processes.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Authors xv Nomenclature xvii 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Distillation Processes 1 1.2 Membrane Distillation (MD) 5 1.2.1 Historical Perspective 5 1.2.2 MD Process 7 1.3 Osmotic Distillation (OD) 11 1.3.1 Historical Perspective 11 1.3.2 OD Process 12 1.4 MD and OD as Alternatives to Established Stripping Processes 14 1.4.1 Nonvolatile Solutes Retention 15 1.4.2 Minimization of Heat Damage to Feed Components 15 1.4.3 Organic Volatiles Retention 18 1.4.4 Production of Highly Concentrated Solutions 19 1.4.5 Utilization of Waste Heat or Heat from Natural Sources 20 1.5 Established Stripping Processes 20 1.5.1 Multistage Flash Distillation (MSF) 20 1.5.2 Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) 22 1.5.3 Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD) 25 1.5.4 Freeze Concentration (FC) 26 1.5.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) 28 1.5.6 Electrodialysis (ED) 31 1.6 Other Membrane Processes 32 1.6.1 Microfiltration (MF) 33 1.6.2 Ultrafiltration (UF) 34 1.6.3 Nanofiltration (NF) 36 1.7 Concluding Remarks 38 2 Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Distillation 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 MD Theory 40 2.2.1 Preliminary Considerations 40 2.2.2 Overall Approach to Theoretical Treatment 45 2.2.3 Overall Driving Force, Δpb 46 2.2.4 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient, K 50 2.2.5 Vapor Pressure Polarization Coefficient, ;;v 60 2.3 MD Membrane Requirements 68 2.4 Effect of Operating Conditions on MD Performance 71 2.4.1 Feed Temperature 71 2.4.2 Strip Temperature 72 2.4.3 Feed Solutes Concentration 72 2.4.4 Feed Velocity 73 2.4.5 Strip Velocity 75 2.4.6 Membrane Type 76 2.4.7 Summary of Conditions Affecting MD Performance 77 2.5 MD Process Economics 79 2.6 Concluding Remarks 82 3 Theoretical Aspects of Osmotic Distillation 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 OD Theory 87 3.2.1 Preliminary Considerations 87 3.2.2 Overall Approach to Theoretical Treatment 90 3.2.3 Overall Driving Force, Δpb 92 3.2.4 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient, K 96 3.2.5 Vapor Pressure Polarization Coefficient, ;;v 97 3.3 OD Membrane Requirements 97 3.4 Effect of Operating Conditions on OD Performance 98 3.4.1 Osmotic Agent Concentration 99 3.4.2 Feed Solutes Concentration 99 3.4.3 Feed Velocity 100 3.4.4 Strip Velocity 100 3.4.5 Feed and Strip Temperature 101 3.4.6 Membrane Type 101 3.4.7 Summary of Conditions Affecting OD Performance 103 3.5 OD Process Economics 103 3.6 Concluding Remarks 105 4 Properties of Macroporous Hydrophobic Membranes 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Hydrophobicity 108 4.3 Membrane Types 111 4.3.1 Polypropylene (PP) 113 4.3.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 115 4.3.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 118 4.3.4 Tailored PVDF-Based Membranes 118 4.3.5 Polyazole Membranes 119 4.3.6 Nanofibrous PVDF–PTFE Membranes 121 4.3.7 Surface-Modified Hydrophilic Membranes 122 4.3.8 Inorganic Membranes 122 4.4 Fouling of Hydrophobic Membranes 123 4.4.1 Inorganic Fouling or Scaling 126 4.4.2 Organic Fouling 127 4.4.3 Biological Fouling 129 4.4.4 Clean-in-Place (CIP) Operating Conditions 129 4.5 Protection Against Membrane Wet-Out 130 4.6 Hydrophobicity Restoration 132 4.7 Membrane Module Requirements 132 4.7.1 Plate-and-Frame Modules 133 4.7.2 Spiral Wound Modules 134 4.7.3 Hollow-Fiber Modules 135 4.8 Concluding Remarks 137 5 Membrane Distillation Applications 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.1.1 Water Recovery 140 5.1.2 Electrical Energy Consumption 141 5.1.3 Thermal Energy Consumption 141 5.2 Desalination 142 5.2.1 Water Pretreatment 143 5.2.2 Brine Disposal 145 5.2.3 Applications 145 5.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 147 5.3.1 Radioactive Waste Treatment 150 5.3.2 Concentration of Nonvolatile Acids 153 5.3.3 Volatile Acid Recovery from Industrial Effluents 153 5.3.4 Salt Recovery by Membrane Distillation Crystallization (MDC) 154 5.3.5 Textile Industry Applications 155 5.4 Production of Liquid Food Concentrates 156 5.5 Miscellaneous Applications 161 5.5.1 Volatiles Recovery from Fruit Juice by VMD and SGMD 161 5.5.2 Dealcoholization of Fermented Beverages Using DCMD 162 5.5.3 Enhanced Ethanol Production Using DCMD 163 5.5.4 Production of Pharmaceutical Products 164 5.6 Concluding Remarks 165 6 Osmotic Distillation Applications 167 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Fruit and Vegetable Juice Applications 176 6.2.1 Orange Juice 176 6.2.2 Apple Juice 183 6.2.3 Kiwifruit Juice 187 6.2.4 Grape Juice 190 6.2.5 Melon Juice 193 6.2.6 Camu Camu Juice 196 6.2.7 Pomegranate Juice 198 6.2.8 Tomato Juice 200 6.2.9 Passion Fruit Juice 203 6.2.10 Pineapple Juice 206 6.2.11 Cornelian Cherry, Blackthorn, and Common Whitebeam Juice 207 6.2.12 Sour Cherry Juice 207 6.2.13 Cranberry Juice 208 6.3 Other Applications 209 6.3.1 Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Olive Mill Wastewater 209 6.3.2 Recovery of Flavonoids from Orange Press Liquor 212 6.3.3 Echinacea Extract Concentration 213 6.3.4 Reconcentration of Spent Osmotic Dehydration Sucrose Solutions 215 6.3.5 Aroma Recovery from Artificial Solutions 216 6.4 Concluding Remarks 218 7 Future Prospects for Membrane Distillation and Osmotic Distillation 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Membrane Module Design 222 7.3 Membrane Protection Against Wet-Out 224 7.3.1 Reclamation of Water for Reuse During Long-Duration Human Space Missions 225 7.3.2 Production of Citrus Fruit Juice Concentrates 226 7.3.3 Whole Milk Concentration on the Farm 227 7.3.4 Concentration of Detergent-Containing Radioactive Waste Solutions 228 7.4 Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources 228 7.5 Membrane-Based Factory Processes of the Future: A Hypothetical Example 231 7.6 End Note 235 References 237 Index 261

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Book SynopsisMetabolism includes various pathways of chemical reactions; understanding these pathways leads to an improved knowledge of the causes, preventions, and cures for human diseases. Medical Biochemistry: Human Metabolism in Health and Disease provides a concise yet thorough explanation of human metabolism and its role in health and diseases. Focusing on the physiological context of human metabolism without extensive consideration of the mechanistic principles of underlying enzymology, the books serves as both a primary text and resource for students and professional in medical, dental, and allied health programs.Trade Review"All the necessary topics are accurately covered, with ample formulae and metabolic pathways, and reasonable clinical references." (ACP News, June 2009)Table of ContentsPreface vi Acknowledgments ix The Authors xi 1 Introduction to Metabolism 1 2 Enzymes 11 3 Digestion and Absorption 38 4 Glycolysis 58 5 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 77 6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 89 7 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 102 8 Glycogen 112 9 Gluconeogenesis 126 10 Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketones 141 11 Fatty Acid Synthesis 162 12 Triacylglycerol Transport and Metabolism 177 13 Ethanol 191 14 Phospholipids and Sphingolipids 199 15 Eicosanoids 218 16 Glycolipids and Glycoproteins 231 17 Cholesterol Synthesis and Transport 246 18 Steroids and Bile Acids 271 19 Nitrogen Homeostasis 290 20 Amino Acids 305 21 Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism 325 22 Folate and Vitamin B12 in One-carbon Metabolism 335 23 Purines and Pyrimidines 351 24 Heme and Iron 372 25 Integration of Metabolism 393 Index 411

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Book SynopsisThis core reference explains current strategies for immunotoxicology pharmaceutical safety assessments, which can reduce drug candidate attrition and streamline the development process.Trade Review"I would recommend this book to toxicologists wishing to develop their knowledge in the specialised field of immunotoxicology. The book provides extremely clear indication on the assessment of immunotoxicology and contains many recent references at the end of each chapter." (BTS Newsletter, Summer 2009)Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xi Introduction to Immunotoxicology xviiJack H. Dean Part I Current Regulatory Expectations For Immunotoxicity Evaluation Of Pharmaceuticals 1 1 Current Regulatory Expectations for Immunotoxicity Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals 3Kenneth L. Hastings Part II Weight of Evidence Review: A New Strategy In Immunotoxicology 11 2.1 Clinical Pathology as Crucial Insight into Immunotoxicity Testing 13Ellen Evans 2.2 Histomorphology of the Immune System: A Basic Step in Assessing Immunotoxicity 27Patrick Haley 2.3 Need for Specialized Immunotoxicity Tests 45Kazuichi Nakamura 2.4 Specific Drug-Induced Immunotoxicity: Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia 55Raj Krishnaraj Part III Nonclinical Core Immunotoxicity Testing In Drug Development 65 3.1.1 T Cell-Dependent Antibody Response Tests 67Joseph R. Piccotti 3.1.2 Natural Killer Cell Assay and Other Innate Immunity Tests 77Lisa Plitnick 3.1.3 Cellular Immune Response in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Test 87Karen Price 3.2 Evaluation of Drug Effects on Immune Cell Phenotypes 103Laurie Iciek Part IV Extended Immunotoxicology Assessment: Ex Vivo Models 125 4.1 Functional Cellular Responses and Cytokine Profiles 127Elizabeth R. Gore 4.2 Application of Flow Cytometry in Drug Development 141Padma Narayanan, Renold J. Capocasale, Nianyu Li, and Peter J. Bugelski Part V Extended Immunotoxicology Assessment: In Vivo Models 161 5.1 Animal Models of Host Resistance 163Gary R. Burleson and Florence G. Burleson 5.2 Approaches to Evaluation of Autoimmunity 179Danuta J. Herzyk Part VI Immunotoxicity Testing In Biopharmaceutical Development 189 6.1 Differentiation between Desired Immunomodulation and Potential Immunotoxicity 191Jeanine L. Bussiere and Barbara Mounho 6.2 Relevant Immune Tests across Different Species and Surrogate Models 199Jeanine L. Bussiere 6.3 Antidrug Antibody Responses in Nonclinical Studies and Their Implications 209Barbara Mounho Part VII Development of Vaccines 217 7.1 Pharmacological Immunogenicity and Adverse Responses to Vaccines 219Mary Kate Hart, Mark Bolanowski, and Robert V. House 7.2 Immunotoxicological Concerns for Vaccines and Adjuvants 229Catherine Kaplanski, Jose Lebron, Jayanthi Wolf, and Brian Ledwith Part VIII Testing For Drug Hypersensitivity 239 8.1 Systemic Hypersensitivity 241Raymond Pieters 8.2 Nonclinical Models to Assess Respiratory Hypersensitivity Potential 257Curtis C. Maier Part IX Testing For Developmental Immunotoxicity 271 9.1 Developmental Immunotoxicity in Rodents 273Rodney R. Dietert and Leigh Ann Burns-Naas 9.2 Developmental Immunotoxicity in Nonhuman Primates 299Pauline L. Martin and Eberhard Buse Part X New Methods In Assessing Immunomodulation, Immunotoxicity, and Immunogenicity 319 10.1 Alternative Animal Models for Immunomodulation and Immunotoxicity 321Peter J. Bugelski 10.2 Animal Models for Preclinical Comparative Immunogenicity Testing 345Daniel Wierda 10.3 T Cell Epitopes and Minimization of Immunogenicity 361Harald Kropshoffer and Thomas Singer Part XI Bridging Immunotoxicology To Clinical Drug Development 37311 Bridging Immunotoxicology to Clinical Drug Development 375Ian Gourley and Jacques Descotes Index 385

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Book SynopsisUp-to-date coverage of methods of emulsion polymerization This book provides a comprehensive reference on emulsion polymerization methods,focusing on the fundamental mechanisms and kinetics of each process, as well as howthey can be applied to the manufacture of environmentally friendly polymeric materials.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Free Radical Polymerization. 1.2. Emulsion Polymerization. 1.3. Colloidal Stability. 1.4. Some Performance Properties for Industrial Applications. References. 2. Interfacial Phenomena. 2.1. Thermodynamic Consideration. 2.2. Surfactants. 2.3. Colloidal Stability. 3. Particle Nucleation Mechanisms. 3.1. Micellar Nucleation. 3.2. Homogenous Nucleation. 3.3. Coagulative Nucleation. 3.4. Mixed Mode of Particle Nucleation Mechanisms. 3.5. Surfactant-Free Emulsion Polymerization. 3.6. Experimental Work on Particle Nucleation. 3.7. Nonionic and Mixed Surfactant Systems. References. 4. Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics. 4.1. Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics. 4.2. Absorption of Free Radicals by Latex Particles. 4.3. Desorption of Free Radicals Out of Latex Particles. 4.4. Growth of Latex Particles. 4.5. Polymer Molecular Weight. References. 5. Miniemulsion Polymerization. 5.1. Polymerization in Monomer Droplets. 5.2. Stability of Monomer Emulsions. 5.3. Type of Costabilizers in Miniemulsion Polymerization. 5.4. Miniemulsion Polymerization Mechanisms and Kinetics. 5.5. Versatility of Miniemulsion Polymerization. References. 6. Microemulsion Polymerization. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Formation and Microstructure of Microemulsions. 6.3. O/W Microemulsion Polymerization. 6.4. W/O Microemulsion Polymerization. 6.5. Polymerization Continuous or Bicontinuous Phases of Microemulsions. References. 7. Semibatch and Continuous Emulsion Polymerizations. 7.1. Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization. 7.2. Continuous Emulsion Polymerization. 7.3. Development of Commercial Continuous Emulsion Polymerizations Process. References. 8. Emulsion Polymerizations in Nonuniform Latex Particles. 8.1. Origin of Nonuniform Latex Particles. 8.2. Seeded Emulsion Polymerizations. 8.3. Factors Affecting Particle Morphology. 8.4. Morphology Development in Latex Particles. 8.5. Polymerization Kinetics in Nonuniform Latex Particles. 9. Applications of Emulsion Polymers. 9.1. Physical Properties of Emulsion Polymers. 9.2. Rheological Properties of Emulsion Polymers. 9.3. Film Formation of Emulsion Polymers. 9.4. Foaming and Antifoaming Agents. 9.5. Wetting. 9.6. Surface Modifications. 9.7. Stability of Latex Products. Index.

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Book Synopsis* Covers the manufacturing and processing of foods in: Bakery, Beverages, Cereals, Cheese, Confectionary, Fats, Fruits, and Functional Foods * Includes coverage of manufacturing principles * Presents details of commercial processing for each commodity including (where appropriate) a general introduction, ingredients, technologies, types and evaluation of industrial products, special problems, types and evaluation of consumer products, and processing and product trends * Includes truly international coverage with editors and contributors from all over the world.Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors List xiii Part A: Food Manufacturing: Background 1 Section I: Principles and Establishments Classification 3 1. Fundamentals of Food Manufacturing 5Wai-Kit Nip 2. Fermented Products and Their Manufacture 45Wai-Kit Nip 3. Food Manufacturing in the United States: Standard Industrial Classification 85Y.H. Hui Section II: Flavors: Food Processing, Product Developments, and Recent Advances 117 4. Food Flavorings: Principles of Applications 119Taiwo O. Omobuwajo 5. Product Development 131Taiwo O. Omobuwajo 6. Extraction Modes 147Marisa F. Mendes, Fernando L.P. Pessoa, Sı´lvio A.B. Vieira De Melo, and Eduardo M. Queiroz 7. Distillation and Drying 157Fernando L.P. Pessoa, Marisa F. Mendes, Eduardo M. Queiroz, Sı´lvio A.B. Vieira de Melo, and David Lee Nelson 8. Genetic Engineering 169Gláucia Maria Pastore and Gabriela Alves Macedo 9. Flavor Compounds Produced by Fungi, Yeasts, and Bacteria 179Carlos R. Soccol, Adriane B.P. Medeiros, Luciana P.S. Vandenberghe, and Adenise L. Woiciechowski 10. Flavor Production by Solid and Liquid Fermentation 193Carlos R. Soccol, Adriane B.P. Medeiros, Luciana P.S. Vandenberghe, and Adenise L. Woiciechowski 11. Herbs, Spices, and Essential Oils 205Alain Darriet Section III: Food Sanitation and Establishment Inspection 221 12. FDA GMPs, HACCP, and the Food Code 223Nanna Cross 13. Food Establishment Inspection 245Y.H. Hui Part B: Food Products Manufacturing 257 Section IV: Bakery Products 259 14. Manufacturing of Bread and Bakery Products 261Weibiao Zhou and Nantawan Therdthai 15. Muffins and Bagels 279Nanna Cross 16. Fundamentals of Cakes: Ingredients and Production 307Frank D. Conforti 17. Traditional Italian Products from Wheat and Other Starchy Flours 327M. Ambrogina Pagani, Mara Lucisano, and Manuela Mariotti 18. Flavor Migration in Solid Food Matrices 389Yi-Chung Fu Section V: Beverages 417 19. Carbonated Beverages 419Daniel W. Bena 20. The Beer Brewing Process: Wort Production and Beer Fermentation 443Ronnie Willaert 21. Manufacture of Whisky 507Takefumi Yoneya Section VI: Cereals: Rice and Noodles 521 22. Rice-Based Products 523C.M. Rosell and C. Collar 23. Asian (Oriental) Noodles and Their Manufacture 539Wai-Kit Nip Section VII: Cheeses 565 24. Cheddar and Related Hard Cheeses 567Stephanie Clark and Shantanu Agarwal 25. Pasteurized Process and Related Cheeses 595Stephanie Clark and Shantanu Agarwal 26. Cottage Cheese 617Stephanie Clark and David E. Potter 27. Cheese Varieties Made by Direct Acidification of Hot Milk 635Ramesh C. Chandan 28. Cream Cheese as an Acidified Protein-Stabilized Emulsion Gel 651Arjen Bot, Frank A.M. Kleinherenbrink, Michel Mellema, and Christel K. Magnani Section VIII: Confectionery 673 29. Chocolate and Cocoa 675Randall Hofberger and Nina Ann Tanabe 30. Confectionery: Inspection and Enforcement 695Y.H. Hui Section IX: Fats and Oils 703 31. Margarine and Dairy Spreads: Processing and Technology 705Pernille Gerstenberg Kirkeby 32. Cream Products 725David W. Everett 33. Influence of Processing on Virgin Olive Oil Quality 751Maria Roca, Beatriz Gandul-Rojas, and M. Isabel Mínguez-Mosquera Section X: Fruits and Fruit Juices 771 34. Apple: Production, Chemistry, and Processing 773Nirmal K. Sinha 35. Strawberries and Blueberries: Phytonutrients and Products 793Nirmal K. Sinha 36. Major Tropical Fruits and Products: Banana, Mango, and Pineapple 815Lillian G. Po 37. Fruit Juices 847Terri D. Boylston 38. Dried Banana 867Raquel Pinho Ferreira Guiné and Maria João Barroca Dias 39. Fresh-Cut Fruits 879Olga Martín-Belloso, Robert Soliva-Fortuny, and Gemma Oms-Oliu Section XI: Functional Foods 901 40. Functional Foods and Ingredients 903Chung-Ja C. Jackson and Gopinadhan Paliyath 41. Functional Foods: International Considerations 939Kelley Fitzpatrick 42. Functional Foods Based on Dairy Ingredients 957Ramesh C. Chandan and N.P. Shah 43. Functional Properties of Milk Constituents 971Ramesh C. Chandan 44. Functional Foods Based on Meat Products 989Francisco Jiménez-Comenero 45. Gluten-Free Cereal Products as a Functional Food 1017Elke K. Arendt and Michelle M. Moore Volume 1 Index 1037 Volume 1 Contents 1065 Volume 2 Contents 1069 Cumulative Index 1073

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Book SynopsisHelps you choose the right computational tools and techniques to meet your drug design goals Computational Drug Design covers all of the major computational drug design techniques in use today, focusing on the process that pharmaceutical chemists employ to design a new drug molecule. The discussions of which computational tools to use and when and how to use them are all based on typical pharmaceutical industry drug design processes. Following an introduction, the book is divided into three parts: Part One, The Drug Design Process, sets forth a variety of design processes suitable for a number of different drug development scenarios and drug targets. The author demonstrates how computational techniques are typically used during the design process, helping readers choose the best computational tools to meet their goals. Part Two, Computational Tools and Techniques, offers a series of chapters, each one dedicated to a single computation

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Book SynopsisA handbook featuring contributions from a variety of authorsEdited by Y.H. Hui, the Dairy Science and Technology Handbook: Principles and Properties covers a range of areas in dairy science, including chemistry and physics. Book chapters also address the sensory evaluation of dairy products and milk protein properties.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. Chemistry and Physics (H. D. Goff and A. R. Hill). 2. Analyses (Genevieve L. Christen). 3. Sensory Evaluation of Diary Products (Lynn V. Ogden). 4. Functional Properties of Milk Proteins (Olivier Robin, Sylvie Turgeon, and Paul Paquin). Appendix: Product Listing.

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Book SynopsisThe two-volume reference Wiley Critical Content: Petroleum Technology presents a collection of over 40 articles that were reprinted from the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology and Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.Trade Review"All professionals connected in any way with the science and industry of petroleum will find these incomparable volumes essential references." (CHOICE, October 2007)Table of ContentsPART I: EXPLORATION, PRODUCTION, AND REFINING Petroleum, Introduction 1 Exploration, Drilling, and Production Engineering 43 Enhanced Oil Recovery 167 Oil Shale 194 Tar Sands 222 Drilling Fluids 250 Petroleum Refinery Processes 291 Oil Refining, Environmental Considerations 334 Natural Gas 355 BTX Processing 427 Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Units, Regeneration 442 Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Catalysts and Additives 477 Catalysis 499 Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration 553 Distillation 621 Distillation, Azeotropic and Extractive 667 Separations Process Synthesis 734 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 776 Pipelines 851 Sulfur and Hydrogen Sulfide Recovery 872 Corrosion and Corrosion Control 896 Bioremediation 920 PART II: REFINED PRODUCTS AND FUELS Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1 Lubrication and Lubricants 14 Waxes 85 Asphalt 169 Petroleum Coke 205 Gasoline and Other Motor Fuels 223 Aviation Turbine Fuels 273 Heating Oil 293 Naphthenic Acids 317 Fuels, Synthetic, Liquid 329 Fuels, Synthetic, Gaseous 377 Octane Enhancers 406 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 428 Combustion Science and Technology 449 Emission Control, Automotive 493 Emission Control, Industrial 529 PART III: PETROCHEMICALS Petrochemical Feedstocks 576 Hydrocarbons 591 Acetylene 652 Ethylene 727 Propylene 799 Butadiene 820 Isoprene 849 Cyclohexane 876 Benzene 885 Toluene 914 Xylenes 944 Ethylbenzene 974 Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene 991 Naphthalene and Hydronaphthalenes 1007 Anthracene 1020 Olefins, Higher 1028 Acylation and Alkylation 1047 Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Economic Evaluation 1114 Index 1141

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Book SynopsisThis interdisciplinary resource demonstrates that the solution to numerous environmental problems lies in the combination of chemical and environmental engineering. It presents over 300 practical problems with solutions provided in a detailed programmed-institutional format.Table of ContentsPreface. PART I: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FUDNAMENTALS. Chapter 1. Units and Dimensions (UAD). Chapter 2. Conservation Law for Mass (CMA). Chapter 3. Conservation Law for Energy (CLE). Chapter 4. Conservation Law for Momentum (CLM). Chapter 5. Stoichiometry (STO). PART II: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES. Chapter 6. Fluid Flow (FFL). Chapter 7. Heat Transfer (HTR). Chapter 8. Mass Transfer Operations (MTO). Chapter 9. Thermodynamics (THR). Chapter 10. Chemical Kinetics (KIN). Chapter 11. Process Control (CTR). Chapter 12. Process Design (PRD). PART III: AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT. Chapter 13. Fluid Particle Dynamics (FPD). Chapter 14. Mechanical Collectors (MCC). Chapter 15. Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP). Chapter 16. Baghouses (BAG). Chapter 17. Venturi Scrubbers (VEN). Chapter 18. Hybrid Systems (HYB). Chapter 18. Hybrid Systems (HYB). Chapter 19. Combustion (CMB). Chapter 20. Absorption (ABS). Chapter 21. Adsorption (ADS). PART IV: SOLID WASTE. Chapter 22. Regulations (REG). Chapter 23. Characteristics (CHR). Chapter 24. Nuclear/Radioactive Waste (NUC). Chapter 25. Superfund (SUP). Chapter 26. Municipal Waste (MUN). Chapter 27. Hazardous Waste Incineration (HWI). Chapter 28. Hospital/Medical Waste (MED). PART V: WATER QUALITY AND WATEWATER TREATMENT. Chapter 29. Regulations (REG). Chapter 30. Characteristics (CHR). Chapter 31. Water Chemistry (WCH). Chapter 32. Physical Treatment (PHY). Chapter 33. Biological Treatment (BIO). Chapter 34. Chemical Treatment (CHM). Chapter 35. Sludge Handling (SLU). Chapter 36. Water Quality Analysis (QA). PART VI: POLLUTION PREVENTION. Chapter 37. Source Reduction (RED). Chapter 38. Recycle/Reuse (RCY). Chapter 39. Treatment (TRT). Chapter 40. Ultimate Disposal (ULT). Chapter 41. Energy Conservation (ENC). Chapter 42. Domestic Applications (DOM). PART VII: HEALTH SAFETY< AND ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT. Chapter 43. Toxicology (TOX). Chapter 44. Health Risk Analysis (HRA). Chapter 45. Hazard Risk Analysis (HZA). Chapter 46. Hazard Risk Assessment (HZR). Chapter 47. Industrial Applications (IAP). PART VII: OTHER TOPICS. Chapter 48. Dispersion (DSP). Chapter 49. Noise Pollution (NOP). Chapter 50. Economics (ECO). Chapter 51. Ethics (ETH). Chapter 52. Statistics (STT). Chapter 53. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Chapter 54. ISO 14000 (ISO). Chapter 55. Measurements (MEA). Index.

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Book SynopsisConsolidates information and technical calculations for a wide variety of environmental factors Operating a business facility of any size, especially a manufacturing location, requires environmental permits from a number of governmental regulatory agencies responsible for protecting human health and the environment. Environmental Calculations: A Multimedia Approach provides an essential, one-stop reference for the necessary technical calculations to obtain a broad range of such permits. Along with clear, concise, and factual explanations, the text also includes relevant equations, examples, and case studies to support and clarify the calculations. Filled with the rich experience from the author''s years of work in environmental permitting, the coverage features: An introduction to the major concepts and practice in the permitting process Key concepts in environmental chemistry such as the ideal gas law, vapor pressure, Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Who, What, Why, and How of This Book. 1.2 Potential Users. 1.3 Arrangement. 1.4 Truths and Myths About Environmental Control. 1.5 Adequate Preparation Is the Key. 1.6 A List of Do’s. 1.7 And At Least One Don’t. 1.8 Author’s Supplemental Disclaimer. References. 2. Basic Concepts. 2.1 Basic Chemistry. 2.2 The Ideal Gas. 2.3 Concentrations and Mass Flow Rates. 2.4 Vapor Pressure. 2.5 Henry’s Law. 2.6 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium. 2.7 Energy Balances and Heat Transfer. 2.8 A Smattering of Statistics. References. 3. Air Combustion. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Combustion. 3.3 Fuel. 3.4 Air. 3.5 Water. 3.6 Combustion Calculations from Basic Principles. 3.7 Flue Gas. 3.8 Combustion Calculations Based on EPA Method 19 F Factors. 3.9 Combustion Problems: Major Species in the Flue Gas. 3.10 Adiabatic Flame Temperature. 3.11 Estimation of Pollutant Emissions. 3.12 The Stack Test. 3.13 Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems. 3.14 Miscellaneous Sources of Air Emissions. References. 4. Air Control Devices. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Flares. 4.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction. 4.4 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction. 4.5 Flue Gas Recirculation. 4.6 Water/Steam Injection into Combustion Gas Turbine. 4.7 Low-Temperature Oxidation (Ozone Reaction/Scrubbing). 4.8 Particulate Removal. 4.9 Flue Gas Scrubbing. 4.10 Atmospheric Dispersion. References. 5. Water/Wastewater Composition. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Concentrations Expressed as mg/L as CaCO3. 5.3 Dissolved Oxygen. 5.4 Nonspecific Indicators of Water Pollution. 5.5 BOD, COD, and TOC in Industrial Wastewater. 5.6 Domestic Wastewater (Also known as Sewage). 5.7 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in a Receiving Stream. 5.8 Alkalinity. 5.9 The Nitrogen Cycle. 5.10 Chlorination/Dechlorination. 5.11 Petroleum Oil. 5.12 Cooling Water Operations. 5.13 Boiler Operations. References. 6. Water/Wastewater Hydraulics. 6.1 Measurement of Effluent Flow. 6.3 Meeting Water Quality Limits. 6.6 Back to the Manning Equation. References. 7. Water/Wastewater Draining of Tanks. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Time to Drain Tanks. 7.3 Trajectory of the Jet from a Leaking Tank. References. 8. Solid Waste. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Selected Waste Designations/Definitions. 8.3 Waste Analysis. 8.4 Calculations for Solid/Hazardous Waste Permitting. 8.5 Waste Incineration. References. 9. Noise. 9.1 General. 9.2 Sound Versus Noise. 9.3 Sound Properties. 9.4 Frequency Spectrum. 9.5 The Octave. 9.6 Combining Decibels. 9.7 Composite Sound Level. 9.8 Speech Interference. 9.9 A-Weighting Statistics. 9.10 Noise Regulations. 9.11 Industrial Noise. 9.12 Sound Propagation from Point Source to Receptor. 9.13 Excess Attenuation of Noise over Distance. 9.14 Highway Noise (A Line Source). 9.15 Noise Control. 9.16 The Community Noise Survey. References. 10. Radioactive Decay. 10.1 Definitions and Units. 10.2 Some Sources of Radioactivity. 10.3 Types of Radioactive Decay. 10.4 Pathways of Radioactive Decay. 10.5 Decay Series. 10.6 Longer Decay Chains. 10.7 Rate of Decay in a Radioactive Series. 10.8 A Transition from Science to the Realm of Regulatory Control. 10.9 Some Notable Accidents Involving Nuclear Materials. 10.10 Governmental Regulations and Licensing Procedures. 10.11 Radioactive Waste Disposal. References. Appendix A. Suggested Undergraduate Environmental Curriculum. Appendix B. Relationship among Expressions for Atmospheric Contaminants as Concentrations (ppm), Mass Flow Rates (lb/h), and Emission Factors (lb/MMBtu). Appendix C. Burner NOx from Ethylene Cracking Furnaces. Appendix D. What Is BOD and How Is It Measured? Appendix E. Cooling Water Calculations. Appendix F. Increase in Runoff from Industrial/ Commercial/Urban Development: The Telltale Bridge. Appendix G. Water Quality Improvement for a Small River. Appendix H. Experimental Determination of Coefficient for Draining of Tank. Appendix I. Noise Case Studies. Appendix J. Air Pollution Aspects of the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process. Appendix K. Case Studies in Air Emissions Control. Appendix L. Combustion of Refinery Fuel Gas. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reference work contains approximately 40,000 international tradenames by which more than 6000 generic chemicals are known and marketed worldwide. This set enables the user to locate the tradename equivalent of generic chemicals. They also provide extensive information about the generic chemicals and includes a separate listing of tradename products containing the chemical entry as a major constituent. Volume 1 features chemical to tradename references and volume 2 is a tradename to chemical cross reference and manufacturers directory.

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Book SynopsisThis reference work contains approximately 40,000 international tradenames by which more than 6000 generic chemicals are known and marketed worldwide. This set enables the user to locate the tradename equivalent of generic chemicals. They also provide extensive information about the generic chemicals and includes a separate listing of tradename products containing the chemical entry as a major constituent. Volume 1 features chemical to tradename references and volume 2 is a tradename to chemical cross reference and manufacturers directory.

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Book SynopsisThe pharmaceutical industry is looking for new ways to better identify populations that will react positively to new drugs, and molecular pathology can fill that need.Trade Review“Molecular Pathology in Drug Discovery and Development is a well-written book that provides both an overview of how biomarkers may be developed and detailed explanations of how to measure and analyze said biomarkers.” (The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, March 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT (Franz Fogt and J. Suso Platero). 1.1. General Pathology. 1.2. General Aspects. 1.3. Molecular Pathology, the Molecular Way. 1.4. Application of Molecular Pathology. 1.5. Molecular Pathology in Drug Development. 1.6. Pharmaceutical Drug Development. References. 2 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY IN ONCOLOGY TARGET AND DRUG DISCOVERY (Rolf-P. Ryseck, Ricardo Attar, Matthew V. Lorenzi, and Brent A. Rupnow). 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. History of Chemotherapy and Cancer Drug Discovery. 2.3. Target-Based Drug Discovery. 2.4. Utilization of Molecular Pathology in the Discovery of Novel Cancer Targets. 2.5. Hit Identifi cation and In Vitro Lead Optimization. 2.6. Implications for Molecular Pathology in Cancer Drug Development and Use. 2.7. Summary and Future Considerations. References. 3 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING IN EARLY DRUG DEVELOPMENT (Cornelia Liedtke, Lajos Pusztai, and W. Fraser Symmans). 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Biomarkers in Clinical Setting and in Early Drug Development. 3.3. Advantages of Biomarker Implementation. 3.4. Changing Paradigm in Clinical Drug and Biomarker Development. 3.5. Promises of Transcriptional Profiling. 3.6. Biomarker Development and Validation Using Microarray Analysis. 3.7. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy as an Intriguing Model for Biomarker Development. 3.8. Transcriptional Profi ling for Identifi cation of Individual Genes as Biomarkers. 3.9. Transcriptional Profi ling for the Definition of Multigene Predictors Using .Transcriptional Profiling. 3.10. Novel Tools for Pathway Analysis. 3.11. Implementation of Biomarkers into the Clinical Setting. 3.12. Conclusion. References. 4 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY IN NONCLINICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT (Richard A. Westhouse). 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Drug Development. 4.3. Drug Discovery. 4.4. Biopharmaceuticals. 4.5. Summary. References. 5 TOXICOGENOMICS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT (Wayne R. Buck and Eric A. G. Blomme). 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Brief Overview of Large-Scale Gene Expression Technologies. 5.3. Analysis of Microarray Data. 5.4. Application of Toxicogenomics in Drug Development. 5.5. Considerations for Toxicogenomic Study Design. 5.6. Overview of Major Regulatory Developments Related to Use of Toxicogenomics in Drug Discovery and Development. 5.7. Summary. References. 6 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY AS A WAY TO FIND THE RIGHT DOSE FOR A DRUG (F. Rojo, A. Rovira, S. Serrano, and J. Albanell). 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Anti-EGFR-Targeted Therapies: The Pharmacodynamic Experience. 6.3. Molecular Pathology with Small Molecules Gefitinib and Erlotinib. 6.4. Molecular Pathology with Cetuximab and Other Monoclonal Antibodies to EGFR. 6.5. Proteasome Inhibitors: Pharmacodynamics on Blood Samples. 6.6. Pharmacodynamics with Rapamycin Analogs. 6.7. Second Generation of Targeted Therapies: Multitarget Agents. 6.8. Conclusions and Perspectives: Phase 0 Clinical Trials. References. 7 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY IN LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT (Martha Quezado, Carlos A. Torres-Cabal, and David Berman). 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Molecular Pathology Techniques. 7.3. Practical Applications of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers. 7.4. Conclusion. References. 8 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR THERAPY (Hewei Li). 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Molecular Therapy Strategies. 8.3. Molecular Therapy Clinical Trials. References. 9 MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ASSAYS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT PERFORMED BY A CONTRACT RESEARCH LABORATORY (Frank Lynch and Steve Bernstein). 9.1. Immunohistochemistry Is the Technique of Microscopic Visualization of Target Proteins in Tissue Sections Using Specific Antibodies. 9.2. Basics of the IHC Assay. 9.3. Immunohistochemistry Assay Development. 9.4. Sending a Study to a Contract Laboratory vs. Running In-house. 9.5. Choosing and Working with an Outside Laboratory— Keys for a Succe.ssful Relationship—What to Do before a Slide Is Stained. 9.6. Running and Managing Outsourced Clinical Studies 9.7. Applications of IHC in Drug Discovery and Development Process. 9.8. Conclusion. References. 10 QUANTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY: COLORIMETRIC IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (Raphael Marcelpoil). 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Imaging Devices and Systems. 10.3. Quantifi cation: Introduction to Colorimetric Image Analysis. 10.4. Measuring Colorimetric Information. 10.5. Chromogen Separation. 10.6. Measuring Information. 10.7. Conclusion. References. 11 AQUA® TECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY (Mark Gustavson, Marisa Dolled-Filhart, Jason Christiansen, Robert Pinard, and David Rimm). 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. AQUA Technology—How It Works. 11.3. Standardization. 11.4. Quantification. 11.5. Localization. 11.6. Multiparametric Analysis. 11.7. Application of AQUA Technology to Drug Discovery and Companion Diagnostics. 11.8. Summary and Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book compares empirical discovery methods for biologically relevant molecules with serendipitous discovery and rational design, and highlights the general approach to empirical discovery and its advantanges/disadvantages.Trade Review"This is a valuable resource that compares empirical discovery and rational design, while also considering the strengths and limitations of empirical pathways to molecular discovery. Scientists, professionals, and students interested in general aspects of molecular discovery will find this book extremely useful." (Doody's, 19 August 2011) Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Introduction xiii 1 If It Works, It Works: Pragmatic Molecular Discovery 1 2 Empirical Miracles: Nature's Precedents for Empirical Solutions 22 3 Evolution's Gift: Natural Somatic Diversification and Molecular Design 61 4 Evolution While You Wait 103 5 The Blind Protein Maker 145 6 The Blind Shaper of Nucleic Acids 187 7 Evolving and Creating Recognition Molecules 234 8 Molecules Small and Large 275 9 An Empirical--Rational Loop Forwards 315 10 Exploring the Limits 343 Glossary 365 Bibliography 374 References in Figure Legends 440 Index 443

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive and current resource for understanding and working with biodegradable polymers Guides the scientist in designing new materials by exploring the relationship between structure and properties for each category of blends/composites discussed.Trade Review"Combining fundamental science with real-life applications and potential markets, this book is ideal for material and polymer scientists as well as students who are interested in studying and bringing these new environmentally friendly and bio based materials to market." (Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, April 2009)Table of ContentsPART I: NATURAL POLYMER BLENDS AND COMPOSITES. 1. Polymers from Renewable Resources (L. Yu and L. Chen). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Natural Polymers. 1.3 Synthetic Polymers from Natural Monomers. 1.4 Polymers from Microbial Fermentation. 1.5 Summary. 2. Starch - Cellulose Blends (I. S. Arvanitoyannis and A. Kassaveti). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Starch and Starch Derivatives. 2.3 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives. 2.4 Starch-Cellulose Blends. 2.5 Applications. 3. Starch Sodium Caseinate Blends (I. S. Arvanitoyannis and P. Tserkezou). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Starch and Starch Derivatives. 3.3 Sodium Caseinate Derivatives. 3.4 Starch- Sodium Caseinate Blends. 3.5 Applications. 3.6 Comparison between Sodium Caseinate and other Edible films. 4. Novel Plastics and Foams from Starch and Polyurethanes (Y. Lu and L. Tighzert). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Starch-Filled Polyurethane Elastomers and Plastics. 4.3 Starch-Filled Polyurethane Foams. 4.4 Starch Grafted with Polyurethanes. 4.5 Thermoplastic Starch/Polyurethane Blends. 4.6 Concluding Remarks. 5. Chitosan Properties and application (N. Soares). 5.1 Sources. 5.1 Structures. 5.2 Application in Food Industry. 5.3 Antimicrobial Property. 5.4 Others Properties. 5.5 Chitosan derivatives . 6. Blends and Composites Based on Cellulose/Natural Polymers (Y. Wang and L. Zhang). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Cellulose: Structure and Solvents. 6.3 Cellulose/Natural Polymers Blends. 6.4 Cellulose Derivatives/Natural Polymers Blends. 6.5 Promising Application of Cellulose Blends. PART II: ALIPHATIC POLYESTER BLENDS. 7. Stereocomplex between Enantiomeric Poly(lactide)s (H. Tsuji and Y. Ikada). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Stereocomplex formation. 7.3 Methods for inducing stereocomplexation. 7.4 Physical Properties. 7.5 Biodegradation. 7.6 Applications. 8. Polyhydroxyalkanoates Blends and Composities (G. Q. Chen and Tsinghua). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 PHA Blended with Starch or Cellulose. 8.3 PHA Blended with PLA. 8.4 PHA Blended with PCL. 8.5 Blending of Different PHA. 8.6 PHA Blending with other Polymers. 8.7 PHA Composites. PART III: HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC POLYMERIC BLENDS. 9. Starch-Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Composites and Blends (R. Shogren). 9.1 Summary of starch, PHA structure and properties. 9.2 Why blend starch with PHA's?. 9.3 Problems with starch-PHA blends. 9.4 Granular starch-PHA composites. 9.5 Gelatinized starch-PHA blends. 9.6 Thermoplastic Starch/PHA Laminates and Foams. 9.7 Biodegradability, Recycling and Sustainability. 9.8 Applications and Production. 9.9 Future Research Needs and Directions. 10. Biodegradable Blends Based on Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Natural Chitosan (C. Chen and L. Dong). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Preparation and Properties. 10.3 Conclusion. PART IV: NATURAL FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES. 11. Starch-Cellulose Fibres Composites (A. V’quez and V. Alvarez). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Starch Polymer. 11.3 Starch-Cellulose Fibre Composites. 11.4 Starch Based Blends as Polymer Matrix . 11.5 Starch Based Blend/Natural Fibre Composites . 11.6 Conclusion. 12. PLA/Cellulosic Fiber Composites (M. Shibata). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 PLA/Abaca Composites. 12.3 PLA/Wood Flour Composites. 12.4 PLA/Lyocell Composites. 12.5 Conclusions. 13. Biocomposites of Natural Fibres and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Copolymers: Improved Mechanical Properties Through Compatibilization at the Interface (S. Wong and R. A. Shanks). 13.1 Traditional Composites and Novel Biodegradable Composites. 13.2 Natural Fibres. 13.3 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibres. 13.4 Biodegradable Polymers. 13.5 Major Problems Associated with High Strength Composites. 13.6 Summary. 14. Starch-Fiber Composites (M. A. Hanna and Y. Xu). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Starch-Based Biopolymers. 14.3 Natural Fibers. 14.4 Starch-Natural Fiber Blends. 14.5 Summary. PART V: BIODEGRADABLE NANOCOMPOSITES. 15. Starch based nanocomposites using layered minerals (H.R. Fischer and J.J. de Vlieger). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Starch-montmorillonite nano-composites. 15.3 Starch based nanocomposites using different layered minerals. 15.4 Biodegradable starch-polyester nanocomposite materials. 15.5 Discussion and Conclusions. 16. Polylactide Based Nanocomposites (S. S. Ray and J. Ramontja). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 PLA Nanocomposites based on Clay. 16.3 PLA Nanocomposites based on Carbon Nanotubes. 16.4 PLA Nanocomposites based on other Nanofillers. 16.5 Properties of PLA Nanocomposites. 16.6 Biodegradability. 16.7 Melt Rheology. 16.8 Foam Processing . 16.9 Applications Possibilities and Future Prospect. 17. Advances in Natural Rubber/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites (D. Jia, L. Liu, X. Wang, B. Guo, and Y. Luo). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Materials and Process. 17.3 Characterization. 17.4 Results and Discussions. 17.5 Summary. PART VI: MULTILAYER DESIGNED MATERIALS. 18. Multilayer Coextrusion of Starch/Biopolyester (L. Av’ous). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Materials and Process. 18.3 Characterization. 18.4 Results and Discussions. 18.5 Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis one-of-a-kind reference lists information and contacts for faculty members by geography, school, and specialty at some 500 universities and technical institutes worldwide offering chemical engineering curricula. Information on placement officers and student organizations are also provided.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book to detail bioanalytical technologies and methods that have been developed using aptamers in analytical, medical, environmental, and food science applications.Trade Review?This book provides descriptions of many applications of aptamers for biosensing, and for this reason, it is very useful and an interesting read.? (JACS , August 2009)Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. I INTRODUCTION. 1 APTAMERS: LIGANDS FOR ALL REASONS (Jean-Jacques Toulme , Jean-Pierre Daguer, and Eric Dausse). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The Power of Selection and Aptamer Refinement. 1.3 The Chemistry Drives the Shape. 1.4 Aptaregulators. 1.5 Aptasensors. 1.6 Prospects. References. 2 SELEX AND ITS RECENT OPTIMIZATIONS (Beate Strehlitz and Regina Stoltenburg). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Aptamers and Their Selection by SELEX. 2.3 Modifications of SELEX Technology. 2.4 Advantages and Limitations of Aptamers and Their Selection Technology. 2.5 Applications of Aptamers Being Developed for the Market. 2.6 Future Perspectives. References. II BIOSENSORS. 3 ELECTROCHEMICAL APTASENSORS (Itamar Willner and Maya Zayats). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Redox-Active Aptamer Monolayers Linked to Electrodes. 3.3 Enzyme-Based Amplified Electrochemical Aptasensors. 3.4 Amplified Electrochemical Aptasensors Based on Nanoparticles. 3.5 Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensors. 3.6 Field-Effect Transistor–Based Aptasensors. 3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives. References. 4 APTAMERS: HYBRIDS BETWEEN NATURE AND TECHNOLOGY (Moritz K. Beissenhirtz, Eik Leupold, Walter Stocklein, Ulla Wollenberger, Oliver Panke, Fred Lisdat, and Frieder W. Scheller). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Specific Features of Aptamers. 4.3 Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids. 4.4 Cytochrome c Binding by Aptamers. 4.5 DNA Machines and Aptamers. References. 5 DETECTION OF PROTEIN–APTAMER INTERACTIONS BY MEANS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND TRANSVERSE SHEAR MODE METHOD (Tibor Hianik). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Immobilization of Aptamers on a Solid Support. 5.3 Detection of Aptamer–Ligand Interactions. 5.3.1 Electrochemical Methods. 5.3.2 Acoustic Methods. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 BIOSENSORS USING THE APTAMERIC ENZYME SUBUNIT: THE USE OF APTAMERS IN THE ALLOSTERIC CONTROL OF ENZYMES (Kazunori Ikebukuro, Wataru Yoshida, and Koji Sode). 6.1 Aptamers as Molecular Recognition Elements of Biosensors. 6.1.1 Comparing Aptamers to Antibodies. 6.1.2 Signaling Aptamers. 6.2 Homogeneous Sensing. 6.2.1 Biosensor Systems That Do Not Require Bound–Free Separation. 6.2.2 Aptameric Enzyme Subunit. 6.3 Evolution-mimicking Algorithm for the Improvement of Aptamers. References. 7 NANOMATERIAL-BASED LABEL-FREE APTASENSORS (Kagan Kerman and Eiichi Tamiya). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensors. 7.3 Field-Effect Transistor–Based Aptasensors. 7.4 Label-Free Aptasensors Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. 7.5 Forthcoming Challenges and Concluding Remarks. References. 8 APTAMER-BASED BIOANALYTICAL ASSAYS: AMPLIFICATION STRATEGIES (Sara Tombelli, Maria Minunni, and Marco Mascini). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Bioanalytical Assays Based on Aptamer-Functionalized Nanoparticles. 8.3 Aptamers and Quantum Dot–Based Assays. 8.4 Aptazymes and Aptamer-Based Machines. 8.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction as an Amplification Method in Aptamer-Based Assays. 8.6 Conclusions. References. III APPLICATIONS. 9 KINETIC CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR SELECTION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANALYTICAL UTILIZATION OF APTAMERS (Sergey N. Krylov). 9.1 Introduction. 9.1.1 Kinetic Capillary Electrophoresis. 9.1.2 The Concept of NECEEM and ECEEM. 9.2 Selection of Aptamers Using KCE Methods for Partitioning and Affinity Control. 9.2.1 NECEEM-Based Selection of Aptamers. 9.2.2 ECEEM-Based Selection of Aptamers. 9.2.3 Optimization of PCR. 9.2.4 Future of KCE Methods for Aptamer Selection. 9.3 Measurements of Binding Parameters of Target–Aptamer Interaction by KCE Methods. 9.3.1 Foundation. 9.3.2 Temperature Control Inside the Capillary. 9.3.3 Examples. 9.4 Quantitative Affinity Analysis of a Target Using Aptamer as an Affinity Probe. 9.4.1 Foundation. 9.4.2 Example. 9.5 Conclusions. References. 10 APTAMERS FOR SEPARATION OF ENANTIOMERS (Corinne Ravelet and Eric Peyrin). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Generation and Properties of Enantioselective Aptamers. 10.3 Immobilized Aptamers for Enantiomeric Separation by Liquid Chromatography. 10.3.1 Stationary-Phase Preparation and Column Packing. 10.3.2 DNA Aptamer-Based CSPs. 10.3.3 RNA Aptamer-Based CSPs and the Mirror-Image Strategy. 10.3.4 Class-Specific Aptamer-Based CSPs. 10.4 Aptamers for Analysis of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis. 10.4.1 Aptamers as Chiral Additives in the Background Electrolyte for CE Enantiomeric Separation. 10.4.2 Aptamers for the Design of an Affinity CE-Based Enantioselective Competitive Assay. 10.5 Conclusions. References. 11 APTAMER-MODIFIED SURFACES FOR AFFINITY CAPTURE AND DETECTION OF PROTEINS IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AND MALDI–MASS SPECTROMETRY (Linda B. McGown). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Aptamer-Modified Capillaries in Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis. 11.3 Aptamer-Modified Surfaces for Affinity MALDI-MS. 11.3.1 Overview. 11.3.2 Affinity MALDI-MS of Thrombin. 11.3.3 Affinity MALDI-MS of IgE. 11.3.4 Summary. 11.4 Beyond Aptamers: Genome-Inspired DNA Binding Ligands. References. 12 STRATEGY FOR USE OF SMART ROUTES TO PREPARE LABEL-FREE APTASENSORS FOR BIOASSAY USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES (Bingling Li, Hui Wei, and Shaojun Dong). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Electrochemical Aptasensors. 12.2.1 POSOALF Mode. 12.2.2 PFSOALF Mode. 12.2.3 Electrochemical Impedimetric Aptasensors. 12.2.4 Electrochemical Aptasensors with Nonlabeled Redox Probes. 12.3 Fluorescent Molecular Switches. 12.3.1 POSFALF Mode. 12.3.2 PFSFALF Mode. 12.4 Colorimetry. 12.4.1 POSFALF Mode. 12.4.2 PFSFALF Mode. 12.5 Hemin–Aptamer DNAzyme-Based Aptasensor. 12.6 Liquid Chromatography, Electrochromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications. 12.7 Other Aptasensors. 12.8 Conclusions. References. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the methodology for collection and identification of herbal materials, extraction and isolation of compounds from herbs, in vitro bioassay, in vivo animal test, toxicology, and clinical trials of herbal research. To fully understand and make the best use of herbal medicines requires the close combination of chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pharmacology, and clinical science. Although there are many books about traditional medicines research, they mostly focus on either chemical or pharmacological study results of certain plants. This book, however, covers the systematic study and analysis of herbal medicines in general including chemical isolation and identification, bioassay and mechanism study, pharmacological experiment, and quality control of the raw plant material and end products.Trade Review"This book is neither a set of herbal monographs nor a cursory discussion of research mixed with rhetoric; instead it offers concrete and insightful discussion of research methodology in traditional herbal medicine. While it does not replace reference books containing complete scientific monographs on specific herbal medicines, it is complementary, providing the research framework required to develop scientifically sound, quality products. For this important role, it is highly recommended." (Doody's, 5 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Abbreviations. 1. Introduction to Traditional Herbal Medicines and Their Study (Willow J.H. Liu). 1.1 Definition and Trends of Traditional Herbal Medicines. 1.2 Research and Development of Herbal Medicines. 1.3 Common Mistakes Seen in Research on Traditional Herbal Medicines. 1.4 Research on Traditional Herbs Should Refer to Theories and Clinical Application of Traditional Medicine. 1.5 Brief Introduction of Different Systems of Traditional Medicine. 1.6 Regulation of Herbal Medicines and Their Products. 1.7 Achievements and Challenges of Research on Chinese Herbal Medicines. References. 2. Collection and Identification of Raw Herbal Materials (Ping Li, Ling Yi, and Hui-Juan Liu). 2.1 Collection of Herbal Materials. 2.2 Methods for Species Identification of Herbal Materials. References. 3. Extraction and Isolation of Compounds from Herbal Medicines (Hong-Wei Liu). 3.1 Compounds in Plants and Their Structures and Properties. 3.2 Methods for Extraction of Herbal Medicines. 3.3 Methods for Isolation of Compounds from Herbal Extracts. 3.4 An Example of Extraction and Compound Isolation from Herbal Medicine. References. 4. Identification and Structure Elucidation of Compounds from Herbal Medicines (Xin-miao Liang, Yu Jin, Jia-tao Feng, and Yan-xiong Ke). 4.1 Structural Characteristics and Chemical Identification of Compounds in Herbal Medicines. 4.2 Brief Introduction of UV, IR, NMR, MS, and other Spectra. 4.3 Identification of Compounds by HPLC and TLC. 4.4 Identification of Compounds By Spectra. 4.5 Structure Elucidation of Unknown Compounds by Hyphenated Technique. References. 5. Bioassays for Screening and Functional Elucidation of Herbal Medicines (Willow J.H. Liu). 5.1 History of Screening Compounds from Natural Products for Drug Development. 5.2 Brief Introduction of Enzymes, Receptors, Cells, and Gene Expression. 5.3 Selection of Bioassay. 5.4 Evaluation of Bioassay Results of Herbal Samples. 5.5 Enzyme Binding Assay. 5.6 Receptor Binding Assay. 5.7 Gene Expression Assays. 5.8 New Technologies and other Bioassays for Screening and Mechanism Study. 5.9 Keys to Functional Mechanism Study of Herbal Medicines. 5.10 Example 1. Screening and Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity of Herbal Medicines. 5.11 Example 2. Functional Elucidation of Black Cohosh for Menopause Symptoms. References. 6. Functional Evaluation of Herbal Medicines by Animal Experiments (Chun-fu Wu, Fang Wang, and Chun-li Li). 6.1 Purposes and Significance of Pharmacological Research for Herbal Medicines. 6.2 Characteristics of Pharmacological Research of Herbal Medicines. 6.3 Design of Pharmacological Study on Herbal Medicines. 6.4 Examples of In Vivo Experiments for Herbal Extracts. References. 7. Safety Pharmacology and Toxicity Study of Herbal Medicines (Jing-yu Yang and Li-hui Wang). 7.1 Safety Pharmacology. 7.2 Acute Toxicity Study. 7.3 Chronic Toxicity Study. 7.4 Special Toxicity Study. 7.5 Examples of In Vivo Toxicological Experiments for Compounds or Extracts from Herbal Medicines. References. 8. Clinical Study of Traditional Herbal Medicine (Hong Yuan, Guo-ping Yang, and Zhi-jun Huang). 8.1 Introduction to Clinical Trials and Challenge of Clinical Trials on Herbal Medicines. 8.2 Essential Elements and Principles of Clinical Trial Design. 8.3 Design of Clinical Trials. 8.4 Examples of Clinical Trials. References. 9. Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Extracts and Products (Jian-guo Zeng, Man-liang Tan, Xuan Peng, and Qi Luo). 9.1 Introduction of QA, QC, and GMP. 9.2 Standardizations and SOP of Herbal Extracts. 9.3 Equipment for Quality Control of Herbal Extracts and Products. 9.4 Qualitative Analysis of Herbal Extracts and Products. 9.5 Quantitative Analysis of Herbal Extracts and Products. References. 10. Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Herbs (Willow J.H. Liu). 10.1 Understanding TCM Theories with Modern Medical Terminology. 10.2 Chemicals are Fundamental Substances Refl ecting Functions of Chinese Herbs. 10.3 Brief Introduction to the Properties of Chinese Herbs. 10.4 Modern Pharmacology of Chinese Herbal Medicine. 10.5 Chinese Herbal Formulas. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisScientists must understand carbonate reservoir geology in order to maximize oil recovery from natural reserves. This timely book provides a comprehensive explanation of carbonate reservoirs, beginning with discussions about the formation of carbonates.Trade Review?This reference presents the information scientist's need to explore and develop carbonate reservoirs in the most efficient and profitable ways.? (APADE, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. About This Book. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Definition of carbonate reservoirs. 1.1.1 Carbonates; reservoirs. 1.2 Finding and developing carbonate reservoirs. 1.2.1 Sources of data on reservoirs. 1.3 Unique attributes of carbonates. Suggestions for further reading. Review questions. 2. Carbonate Reservoir Rock Properties . 2.1 Definitions. 2.2 Fundamental Rock Properties. 2.3 Classification of Carbonate rocks. 2.4 Dependent or Derived Rock Properties. 2.5 Tertiary Rock Properties . Suggestions for Further Reading. Review Questions. 3. Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Reservoirs. 3.1 Saturation, Wettability, Capillarity. 3.2 Capillary Pressure and Reservoir Performance. 3.3 Fluid Withdrawal Efficiency. Suggestions for Further Reading. Review Questions. 4. Stratigraphic Principles. 4.1 Carbonate Depositional Platforms. 4.2 Rock, Time, and Time-Rock Units. 4.3 Correlation. 4.4 Anatomy of Depositional Units. 4.5 Sequence Stratigraphy. Suggestions for Further Reading. Review Questions. 5. Depositional Carbonate Reservoirs. 5.1 Depositional Porosity. 5.2 Depositional Environments and Processes. 5.3 Paleotopography and Depositional Facies. 5.4 Diagnosis and Mapping of Depositional Reservoirs. Suggestions for Further Reading. Review Questions. 6. Diagenetic Carbonate Reservoirs. 6.1 Diagenesis and Diagenetic Processes. 6.2 Diagenetic Porosity. 6.3 Diagenetic Environments and Facies. 6.4 Diagenetically-Enhanced Porosity. 6.5 Porosity enhancement by replacement. 6.6 Diagnosing and Mapping Diagenetic Reservoirs. Suggestions for Further Reading. Review Questions. 7. Fractured Reservoirs. 7.1 Fractures and Fractured Reservoirs. 7.2 Fracture Permeability, Porosity, and Sw. 7.3 Classification of Fractured Reservoirs. 7.4 Detecting Fractured Reservoirs. 7.5 Predicting Reservoir Fracture Spacing and Intensity. 7.6 Identifying and Developing Fractured Reservoirs. Suggestions for Further Reading. Review Questions. 8. Summary - Geology of Carbonate Reservoirs. 8.1 Rock Properties and Diagnostic Methods. 8.2 Data Requirements . 8.3 Depositional Reservoirs. 8.4 Diagenetic Reservoirs. 8.5 Fractured Reservoirs. 8.6 Conclusions. Review Questions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe latest edition of the authoritative reference to HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is today the leading technique for chemical analysis and related applications, with an ability to separate, analyze, and/or purify virtually any sample. Snyder and Kirkland''s Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography has long represented the premier reference to HPLC. This Third Edition, with John Dolan as added coauthor, addresses important improvements in columns and equipment, as well as major advances in our understanding of HPLC separation, our ability to solve problems that were troublesome in the past, and the application of HPLC for new kinds of samples. This carefully considered Third Edition maintains the strengths of the previous edition while significantly modifying its organization in light of recent research and experience. The text begins by introducing the reader to HPLC, its use in relation to other modern separation techniqTrade Review"In summary, I would strongly recommend this book for anyone working with LC and LC/MS. It is a finely crafted introduction that adequately covers nearly every aspect of the science. The emphasis on basic principles and practical aspects ensures that it will be a useful reference for many years to come." (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 2011) "This third edition is highly cross-referenced, so as to allow the reader to follow up on topics of special interest, or to clarify questions that may arise during reading. The third edition of Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography will continue to be the HPLC reference book for thousands of readers, either experienced workers who may wish to explore topics of his/her choice, or find an answer to specific problems, or beginners who would like to understand and know the possibilities offered by the technique." (Chemistry Journals, 11 April 2011) "This classic text on liquid chromatography has been thoroughly updated through the addition of information on modern instrumentation, columns, and troubleshooting. It is a valuable resource for practicing chromatographers at all levels.." (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2011) "In summary, I would strongly recommend this book for anyone working with LC and LC/MS. It is a finely crafted introduction that adequately covers nearly every aspect of the science. The emphasis on basic principles and practical aspects ensures that it will be a useful reference for any years to come." (American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 21 Januay 2011) "The text is illustrated with many figures and tables originating from authors' own work or taken from the literature . . . both groups of readers will find in this book plenty of information and inspiration." (Journal of Separation Science, 1 June 2010) "Following their highly successful second edition (1979), which appeared more than 30 years ago, Snyder (LC Resources) and Kirkland (Advanced Materials Technology) have teamed with Dolan (LC Resources) and additional collaborators to provide an excellent update of their earlier work." (CHOICE, July 2010) "It is difficult in these times to ever call a scientific book a "bargain", but this truly is. The wealth of information contained in these almost 1000 pages is invaluable. The book is comprehensive, eminently readable and approachable, and highly useful for both the skilled chromatographer and those new to the technique. Everyone using a liquid chromatographic instrument would benefit from owning a copy." (JACS, 2010) "It's current, clearly-indexed, well-referenced, and comprehensive. The inclusion of John Dolan as author has significantly expanded the sections on troubleshooting, and additional expert contributors have enhanced the coverage of the specialist chapters." - Bruce Hamilton posted on the Chromatography Forum Table of ContentsPreface xxxi Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations xxxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background Information 2 1.2 A Short History of HPLC 6 1.3 Some Alternatives to HPLC 8 1.4 Other Sources of HPLC Information 12 References 15 2 Basic Concepts and the Control of Separation 19 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 The Chromatographic Process 20 2.3 Retention 24 2.4 Peak Width and the Column Plate Number N 35 2.5 Resolution and Method Development 54 2.6 Sample Size Effects 69 2.7 Related Topics 74 References 83 3 Equipment 87 3.1 Introduction 88 3.2 Reservoirs and Solvent Filtration 89 3.3 Mobile-Phase Degassing 92 3.4 Tubing and Fittings 96 3.5 Pumping Systems 104 3.6 Autosamplers 113 3.7 Column Ovens 125 3.8 Data Systems 127 3.9 Extra-Column Effects 131 3.10 Maintenance 131 References 144 4 Detection 147 4.1 Introduction 148 4.2 Detector Characteristics 149 4.3 Introduction to Individual Detectors 160 4.4 UV-Visible Detectors 160 4.5 Fluorescence Detectors 167 4.6 Electrochemical (Amperometric) Detectors 170 4.7 Radioactivity Detectors 172 4.8 Conductivity Detectors 174 4.9 Chemiluminescent Nitrogen Detector 174 4.10 Chiral Detectors 175 4.11 Refractive Index Detectors 177 4.12 Light-Scattering Detectors 180 4.13 Corona-Discharge Detector (CAD) 184 4.14 Mass Spectral Detectors (MS) 185 4.15 Other Hyphenated Detectors 191 4.16 Sample Derivatization and Reaction Detectors 194 References 196 5 The Column 199 5.1 Introduction 200 5.2 Column Supports 200 5.3 Stationary Phases 217 5.4 Column Selectivity 227 5.5 Column Hardware 238 5.6 Column-Packing Methods 240 5.7 Column Specifications 244 5.8 Column Handling 246 References 250 6 Reversed-phase Chromatography for Neutral Sam- Ples 253 6.1 Introduction 254 6.2 Retention 256 6.3 Selectivity 263 6.4 Method Development and Strategies for Optimizing Selectivity 284 6.5 Nonaqueous Reversed-Phase Chromatography (narp) 295 6.6 Special Problems 297 References 298 7 Ionic Samples: Reversed-phase Ion-pair and Ion- Exchange Chromatography 303 7.1 Introduction 304 7.2 Acid–Base Equilibria and Reversed-Phase Retention 304 7.3 Separation of Ionic Samples by Reversed-Phase Chromatography (RPC) 319 7.4 Ion-Pair Chromatography (IPC) 331 7.5 Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) 349 References 357 8 Normal-phase Chromatography 361 8.1 Introduction 362 8.2 Retention 363 8.3 Selectivity 376 8.4 Method-Development Summary 385 8.5 Problems in the Use of NPC 392 8.6 Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) 395 References 401 9 Gradient Elution 403 9.1 Introduction 404 9.2 Experimental Conditions and Their Effects on Separation 412 9.3 Method Development 434 9.4 Large-Molecule Separations 464 9.5 Other Separation Modes 465 9.6 Problems 470 References 471 10 Computer-assisted Method Development 475 10.1 Introduction 475 10.2 Computer-Simulation Software 481 10.3 Other Method-Development Software 491 10.4 Computer Simulation and Method Development 492 References 497 11 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 499 11.1 Introduction 499 11.2 Signal Measurement 500 11.3 Qualitative Analysis 516 11.4 Quantitative Analysis 520 11.5 Summary 529 References 529 12 Method Validation 531 with Michael Swartz 12.1 Introduction 532 12.2 Terms and Definitions 534 12.3 System Suitability 542 12.4 Documentation 543 12.5 Validation for Different Pharmaceutical-Method Types 546 12.6 Bioanalytical Methods 548 12.7 Analytical Method Transfer (AMT) 554 12.8 Method Adjustment or Method Modification 561 12.9 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 564 12.10 Summary 565 References 566 13 Biochemical and Synthetic Polymer Separations 569 with Timothy Wehr, Carl Scandella, and Peter Schoenmakers 13.1 Biomacromolecules 570 13.2 Molecular Structure and Conformation 571 13.3 Special Considerations for Biomolecule HPLC 579 13.4 Separation of Peptides and Proteins 584 13.5 Separation of Nucleic Acids 618 13.6 Separation of Carbohydrates 625 13.7 Separation of Viruses 630 13.8 Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) 631 13.9 Large-Scale Purification of Large Biomolecules 641 13.10 Synthetic Polymers 648 References 658 14 Enantiomer Separations 665 with Michael Lämmerhofer, Norbert M. Maier and Wolfgang Lindner 14.1 Introduction 666 14.2 Background and Definitions 666 14.3 Indirect Method 670 14.4 Direct Method 675 14.5 Peak Dispersion and Tailing 681 14.6 Chiral Stationary Phases and Their Characteristics 681 14.7 Thermodynamic Considerations 715 References 718 15 Preparative Separations 725 with Geoff Cox 15.1 Introduction 726 15.2 Equipment for Prep-LC Separation 730 15.3 Isocratic Elution 736 15.4 Severely Overloaded Separation 748 15.5 Gradient Elution 751 15.6 Production-Scale Separation 754 References 755 16 Sample Preparation 757 with Ronald Majors 757 16.1 Introduction 758 16.2 Types of Samples 759 16.3 Preliminary Processing of Solid and Semi-Solid Samples 760 16.4 Sample Preparation for Liquid Samples 764 16.5 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 764 16.6 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) 771 16.7 Membrane Techniques in Sample Preparation 790 16.8 Sample Preparation Methods for Solid Samples 791 16.9 Column-Switching 796 16.10 Sample Preparation for Biochromatography 797 16.11 Sample Preparation for LC-MS 800 16.12 Derivatization in HPLC 802 References 805 17 Troubleshooting 809 Quick Fix 809 17.1 Introduction 810 17.2 Prevention of Problems 811 17.3 Problem-Isolation Strategies 819 17.4 Common Symptoms of HPLC Problems 821 17.5 Troubleshooting Tables 865 References 876 Appendix I. Properties of HPLC Solvents 879 I.1 Solvent-Detector Compatibility 879 I. 2 Solvent Polarity and Selectivity 882 I. 3 Solvent Safety 885 References 886 Appendix II. Preparing Buffered Mobile Phases 887 II.1 Sequence of Operations 887 II.2 Recipes for Some Commonly Used Buffers 888 Reference 890 Index 891

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Book SynopsisPresents a unique approach of combining cause-and-effect problem solving with formulation of theoretically correct working hypotheses Solves detailed problem scenarios in chemical engineering with methodical yet very practical five-step solutions. Unlike many books full of theoretical approaches, this book is clearly based on solid experience.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Limitations to Plant Problem Solving. Chapter 3: Successful Plant Problem Solving. Chapter 4: Examples of Plant Problem Solving. Chapter 5: Formulation of Working Hypotheses. Chapter 6: Application to Prime Movers. Chapter 7: Application to Plate Processes Chapter 8: Application to Kinetically Limited Processes. Chapter 9: Application to Unsteady State. Chapter 10: Verification of Data. Chapter 11: Successful Plant Tests. Chapter 12: Utilization of Manual Computations. Chapter 13: Putting it altogether. Chapter 14: Final Words.

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Book SynopsisBiointerfaces are central to biology and medicine and crucial in research relating to implants, biosensors, drug delivery, proteomics, and many other fields.Trade Review"Ohshima (pharmaceutical science, Tokyo U. of Science) sets out a set of tools for discussing various phenomena at biological interfaces - such as cell surfaces - in terms of biophysical chemistry." (SciTech Book News, December 2010) Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Symbols xv Part I Potential and Charge at Interfaces 1 1 Potential and Charge of a Hard Particle 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation 3 1.3 Plate 6 1.3.1 Low Potential 8 1.3.2 Arbitrary Potential: Symmetrical Electrolyte 8 1.3.3 Arbitrary Potential: Asymmetrical Electrolyte 13 1.3.4 Arbitrary Potential: General Electrolyte 14 1.4 Sphere 16 1.4.1 Low Potential 17 1.4.2 Surface Charge Density-Surface Potential Relationship: Symmetrical Electrolyte 18 1.4.3 Surface Charge Density-Surface Potential Relationship: Asymmetrical Electrolyte 21 1.4.4 Surface Charge Density-Surface Potential Relationship: General Electrolyte 22 1.4.5 Potential Distribution Around a Sphere with Arbitrary Potential 25 1.5 Cylinder 31 1.5.1 Low Potential 32 1.5.2 Arbitrary Potential: Symmetrical Electrolyte 33 1.5.3 Arbitrary Potential: General Electrolytes 34 1.6 Asymptotic Behavior of Potential and Effective Surface Potential 37 1.6.1 Plate 38 1.6.2 Sphere 41 1.6.3 Cylinder 42 1.7 Nearly Spherical Particle 43 References 45 2 Potential Distribution Around a Nonuniformly Charged Surface and Discrete Charge Effects 47 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation for a Surface with an Arbitrary Fixed Surface Charge Distribution 47 2.3 Discrete Charge Effect 56 References 62 3 Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-like Divalent Cations 63 3.3 Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-like Zwitterions 70 3.4 Self-atmosphere Potential of Ions 77 References 82 4 Potential and Charge of a Soft Particle 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Planar Soft Surface 83 4.2.1 Poisson–Boltzmann Equation 83 4.2.2 Potential Distribution Across a Surface Charge Layer 87 4.2.3 Thick Surface Charge Layer and Donnan Potential 90 4.2.4 Transition Between Donnan Potential and Surface Potential 91 4.2.5 Donnan Potential in a General Electrolyte 92 4.3 Spherical Soft Particle 93 4.3.1 Low Charge Density Case 93 4.3.2 Surface Potential–Donnan Potential Relationship 95 4.4 Cylindrical Soft Particle 100 4.4.1 Low Charge Density Case 100 4.4.2 Surface Potential–Donnan Potential Relationship 101 4.5 Asymptotic Behavior of Potential and Effective Surface Potential of a Soft Particle 102 4.5.1 Plate 102 4.5.2 Sphere 103 4.5.3 Cylinder 104 4.6 Nonuniformly Charged Surface Layer: Isoelectric Point 104 References 110 5 Free Energy of a Charged Surface 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Helmholtz Free Energy and Tension of a Hard Surface 111 5.2.1 Charged Surface with Ion Adsorption 111 5.2.2 Charged Surface with Dissociable Groups 116 5.3 Calculation of the Free Energy of the Electrical Double Layer 118 5.3.1 Plate 119 5.3.2 Sphere 120 5.3.3 Cylinder 121 5.4 Alternative Expression for Fel 122 5.5 Free Energy of a Soft Surface 123 5.5.1 General Expression 123 5.5.2 Expressions for the Double-Layer Free Energy for a Planar Soft Surface 127 5.5.3 Soft Surface with Dissociable Groups 128 References 130 6 Potential Distribution Around a Charged Particle in a Salt-Free Medium 132 6.1 Introduction 132 6.2 Spherical Particle 133 6.3 Cylindrical Particle 143 6.4 Effects of a Small Amount of Added Salts 146 6.5 Spherical Soft Particle 152 References 162 Part II Interaction Between Surfaces 163 7 Electrostatic Interaction of Point Charges in an Inhomogeneous Medium 165 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Planar Geometry 166 7.3 Cylindrical Geometry 180 References 185 8 Force and Potential Energy of the Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Charged Colloidal Particles 186 8.1 Introduction 186 8.2 Osmotic Pressure and Maxwell Stress 186 8.3 Direct Calculation of Interaction Force 188 8.4 Free Energy of Double-Layer Interaction 198 8.4.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 199 8.4.2 Interaction at Constants Surface Potential 200 8.5 Alternative Expression for the Electric Part of the Free Energy of Double-Layer Interaction 201 8.6 Charge Regulation Model 201 References 202 9 Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Parallel Similar Plates 203 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Similar Plates 203 9.3 Low Potential Case 207 9.3.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 208 9.3.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 211 9.4 Arbitrary Potential Case 214 9.4.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 214 9.4.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 224 9.5 Comparison Between the Theory of Derjaguin and Landau and the Theory of Verwey and Overbeek 226 9.6 Approximate Analytic Expressions for Moderate Potentials 227 9.7 Alternative Method of Linearization of the Poisson–Boltzmann Equation 231 9.7.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 231 9.7.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 234 References 240 10 Electrostatic Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Plates 241 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Plates 241 10.3 Low Potential Case 244 10.3.1 Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 244 10.3.2 Interaction at Constant Surface Potential 251 10.3.3 Mixed Case 252 10.4 Arbitrary Potential: Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density 252 10.4.1 Isodynamic Curves 252 10.4.2 Interaction Energy 258 10.5 Approximate Analytic Expressions for Moderate Potentials 262 References 263 11 Linear Superposition Approximation for the Double-Layer Interaction of Particles at Large Separations 265 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Two Parallel Plates 265 11.2.1 Similar Plates 265 11.2.2 Dissimilar Plates 270 11.2.3 Hypothetical Charge 276 11.3 Two Spheres 278 11.4 Two Cylinders 279 References 281 12 Derjaguin’s Approximation at Small Separations 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Two Spheres 283 12.2.1 Low Potentials 285 12.2.2 Moderate Potentials 286 12.2.3 Arbitrary Potentials: Derjaguin’s Approximation Combined with the Linear Superposition Approximation 288 12.2.4 Curvature Correction to Derjaguin’ Approximation 290 12.3 Two Parallel Cylinders 292 12.4 Two Crossed Cylinders 294 References 297 13 Donnan Potential-Regulated Interaction Between Porous Particles 298 13.1 Introduction 298 13.2 Two Parallel Semi-infinite Ion-penetrable Membranes (Porous Plates) 298 13.3 Two Porous Spheres 306 13.4 Two Parallel Porous Cylinders 310 13.5 Two Parallel Membranes with Arbitrary Potentials 311 13.5.1 Interaction Force and Isodynamic Curves 311 13.5.2 Interaction Energy 317 13.6 pH Dependence of Electrostatic Interaction Between Ion-penetrable Membranes 320 References 322 14 Series Expansion Representations for the Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Particles 323 14.1 Introduction 323 14.2 Schwartz’s Method 323 14.3 Two Spheres 327 14.4 Plate and Sphere 342 14.5 Two Parallel Cylinders 348 14.6 Plate and Cylinder 353 References 356 15 Electrostatic Interaction Between Soft Particles 357 15.1 Introduction 357 15.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Soft Plates 357 15.3 Interaction Between Two Dissimilar Soft Spheres 363 15.4 Interaction Between Two Dissimilar Soft Cylinders 369 References 374 16 Electrostatic Interaction Between Nonuniformly Charged Membranes 375 16.1 Introduction 375 16.2 Basic Equations 375 16.3 Interaction Force 376 16.4 Isoelectric Points with Respect To Electrolyte Concentration 378 Reference 380 17 Electrostatic Repulsion Between Two Parallel Soft Plates After Their Contact 381 17.1 Introduction 381 17.2 Repulsion Between Intact Brushes 381 17.3 Repulsion Between Compressed Brushes 382 References 387 18 Electrostatic Interaction Between Ion-Penetrable Membranes In a Salt-free Medium 388 18.1 Introduction 388 18.2 Two Parallel Hard Plates 388 18.3 Two Parallel Ion-Penetrable Membranes 391 References 398 19 van der Waals Interaction Between Two Particles 399 19.1 Introduction 399 19.2 Two Molecules 399 19.3 A Molecule and a Plate 401 19.4 Two Parallel Plates 402 19.5 A Molecule and a Sphere 404 19.6 Two Spheres 405 19.7 A Molecule and a Rod 407 19.8 Two Parallel Rods 408 19.9 A Molecule and a Cylinder 408 19.10 Two Parallel Cylinders 410 19.11 Two Crossed Cylinders 412 19.12 Two Parallel Rings 412 19.13 Two Parallel Torus-Shaped Particles 413 19.14 Two Particles Immersed In a Medium 417 19.15 Two Parallel Plates Covered with Surface Layers 418 References 419 20 DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability 420 20.1 Introduction 420 20.2 Interaction Between Lipid Bilayers 420 20.3 Interaction Between Soft Spheres 425 References 429 Part III Electrokinetic Phenomena at Interfaces 431 21 Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles 433 21.1 Introduction 433 21.2 Brief Summary of Electrophoresis of Hard Particles 433 21.3 General Theory of Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles 435 21.4 Analytic Approximations for the Electrophoretic Mobility of Spherical Soft Particles 440 21.4.1 Large Spherical Soft Particles 440 21.4.2 Weakly Charged Spherical Soft Particles 444 21.4.3 Cylindrical Soft Particles 447 21.5 Electrokinetic Flow Between Two Parallel Soft Plates 449 21.6 Soft Particle Analysis of the Electrophoretic Mobility of Biological Cells and Their Model Particles 454 21.6.1 RAW117 Lymphosarcoma Cells and Their Variant Cells 454 21.6.2 Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel-Coated Latex 455 21.7 Electrophoresis of Nonuniformly Charged Soft Particles 457 21.8 Other Topics of Electrophoresis of Soft Particles 463 References 464 22 Electrophoretic Mobility of Concentrated Soft Particles 468 22.1 Introduction 468 22.2 Electrophoretic Mobility of Concentrated Soft Particles 468 22.3 Electroosmotic Velocity in an Array of Soft Cylinders 475 References 479 23 Electrical Conductivity of a Suspension of Soft Particles 480 23.1 Introduction 480 23.2 Basic Equations 480 23.3 Electrical Conductivity 481 References 484 24 Sedimentation Potential and Velocity in a Suspension of Soft Particles 485 24.1 Introduction 485 24.2 Basic Equations 485 24.3 Sedimentation Velocity of a Soft Particle 490 24.4 Average Electric Current and Potential 490 24.5 Sedimentation Potential 491 24.6 Onsager’s Reciprocal Relation 494 24.7 Diffusion Coefficient of a Soft Particle 495 References 495 25 Dynamic Electrophoretic Mobility of a Soft Particle 497 25.1 Introduction 497 25.2 Basic Equations 497 25.3 Linearized Equations 499 25.4 Equation of Motion of a Soft Particle 501 25.5 General Mobility Expression 501 25.6 Approximate Mobility Formula 503 References 506 26 Colloid Vibration Potential in a Suspension of Soft Particles 508 26.1 Introduction 508 26.2 Colloid Vibration Potential and Ion Vibration Potential 508 References 513 27 Effective Viscosity of a Suspension of Soft Particles 515 27.1 Introduction 515 27.2 Basic Equations 516 27.3 Linearized Equations 518 27.4 Electroviscous Coefficient 520 27.5 Approximation for Low Fixed-Charge Densities 523 27.6 Effective Viscosity of a Concentrated Suspension of Uncharged Porous Spheres 527 Appendix 27a 530 References 531 Part IV other Topics 533 28 Membrane Potential and Donnan Potential 535 28.1 Introduction 535 28.2 Membrane Potential and Donnan Potential 535 References 541 Index 543

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Book SynopsisPractical Utility of Biomarkers in Drug Discovery and Development covers all aspects of biomarker research applied to drug discovery and development and contains state-of-the-art appraisals on the practical utility of genomic, biochemical, and protein biomarkers. Case histories and lessons from successful and unsuccessful applications of biomarkers are included along with key chapters on GLP validation, safety biomarkers and proteomics biomarkers. Regulatory agency perspectives and initiatives both in the US and internationally are also discussed.Trade Review“The ability to correlate in vitro and in vivo biomarker information in the process of drug discovery and development lies at the heart of translational research. The goal is to rapidly translate basic discoveries into clinical applications. This book provides state-of-the-art information on this exciting new research approach.” (Doody’s, 8 February 2013) “The text is packed with interesting, comprehensive, and pertinent information, clearly presented with salient points reinforced by inclusion in text boxes . . . This is an admirable textbook for those dealing with drug discovery and development. I enjoyed reading through it and I would recommend it to anyone who has an interest, or is developing an interest, in the field of biomarkers and their, as yet, unfulfilled potential.” (ISSX International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics, 1 December 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv Part I Biomarkers in Drug Discovery 1 1 The Importance of Biomarkers in Translational Medicine 3 Joseph C. Fleishaker 2 Validation of Biochemical Biomarker Assays used in Drug Discovery and Development: A Review ofChallenges and Solutions 23 Gabriella Szekely-Klepser and Scott Fountain 3 Proteomic Methods to Develop Protein Biomarkers 49 Ruth A. VanBogelen and Diane Alessi 4 Overview of Metabolomics Basics 79 Qiuwei Xu and William H. Schaefer Part II Clinical Application of Biomarkers 139 5 Vascular Biomarkers and Imaging Studies 141 Karin Potthoff, Ulrike Fiedler, and Joachim Drevs 6 Cardiovascular Biomarkers as Examples of Success and Failure in Predicting Safety in Humans 163 Simon Authier, Michael K. Pugsley, Eric Troncy, and Michael J. Curtis 7 The Use of Molecular Imaging for Receptor Occupancy Decision Making in Drug Development 189 Ralph Paul Maguire 8 Biosensors for Clinical Biomarkers 203 Sara Tombelli and Marco Mascini Part III Regulatory Perspectives 229 9 Regulatory Perspectives on Biomarker Development 231 Rajanikanth Madabushi, Lawrence Lesko, and Janet Woodcock 10 Perspectives from the European Regulatory Authorities 255 Ian Hudson 11 Use of Biomarker in Drug Development—Japanese Perspectives 269 Yoshiaki Uyama, Akihiro Ishiguro, Harumasa Nakamura, and Satoshi Toyoshima Part IV Predicting in Vivo 289 12 In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations of Hepatic Drug Clearance 291 R. Scott Obach 13 The Potential of In Silico and In Vitro Approaches to Predict In Vivo Drug–Drug Interactions and ADMET/TOX Properties 307 Kenneth Bachmann and Sean Ekins 14 In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations in Drug Discovery and Development: Concepts and Applications inToxicology 331 Rex Denton, Kimberly Brannen, and Bruce D. Car 15 Assessing the Potential for Induction of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Predicting the In Vivo Response 353 Jiunn H. Lin Index 383

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Book SynopsisThe focus of early drug development has been the submission of an Investigational New Drug application to regulatory agencies. Early Drug Development: Strategies and Routes to First-in-Human Trials guides drug development organizations in preparing and submitting an Investigational New Drug (IND) application.Trade Review"As such, it may serve both as an introduction for newcomers but also as a reference for the more experienced ... The reader will find valuable advice on how to find the best strategy towards entry into the clinic." (ChemMedChem, 2011)Table of ContentsContributors. Foreward. Preface. PART I INTRODUCTION. 1 Drug Discovery and Early Drug Development (Mitchell N. Cayen). 1.1 The Drug Discovery and Development Scene. 1.2 Drug Discovery. 1.3 Pre-FIH Drug Development. 1.4 The FIH Trial. 1.5 The Regulatory Landscape. 1.6 Contract Research Organizations. 1.7 Concluding Remairs to Introductory Perspectives. References. PART II LEAD OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES. 2 ADME Strategies in Lead Optimization (Amin A. Nomeir). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Absorption. 2.3 Distribution. 2.4 Metabolism. 2.5 Excretion. 2.6 Pharmacokinetics. 2.7 Prioritizing ADME Screens. 2.8 In Silico ADME Screening. 2.9 The Promise of Metabolomics. 2.10 Conclusions. References. 3 Prediction of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Safety in Humans (Peter L. Bullock). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Behavior. 3.3 Prediction of Drug Safety. 3.4 Conclusions. References. 4 Bioanalytical Strategies (Christopher Kemper). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic Bioanalytical Techniques and Method Development. 4.3 Bioanalytical Method Validation. 4.4 Special Issues with Ligand-Binding Assays. 4.5 Partial and Cross-Validations. 4.6 Application of Validated Methods to Sample Analyses: Some Perspectives. 4.7 Risk-Based Paradigms: Discovery and Development Support. 4.8 Road to "First in Human". 4.9 International Perspectives. 4.10 Conclusions. References. PART III BRIDGING FROM DISCOVERY TO DEVELOPMENT. 5 Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls: The Drug Substance and Formulated Drug Product (Örn Almarsson and Christopher J. Galli). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Pre-NCE Activities and CMC Development. 5.3 CMC Consideration at the NCE Stage. 5.4 NCE-to-GLP Transition (Bridging from Discovery to Pre-FIH Development). 5.5 CMCs to Meet Clinical Trial Material Requirements. 5.6 CMC Strategic Considerations. 5.7 Case Studies. 5.8 Evolution of Drug Development: Implications for CMCs in the Future. Resources. References. 6 Nonclinical Safety Pharmacology Studies Recommended for Support of First-in-Human Clinical Trials (Duane B. Lakings). 6.1 Introduction and Overview. 6.2 Timing of Safety Pharmacology Studies. 6.3 CNS Safety Pharmacology. 6.4 Cardiovascular Safety Pharmacology. 6.5 Respiratory System Safety Pharmacology. 6.6 Renal/Urinary Safety Pharmacology. 6.7 Gastrointestinal System Safety Pharmacology. 6.8 Autonomic Nervous System Safety Pharmacology. 6.9 Other Systems. 6.10 Discussion and Conclusion. References. PART IV PRE-IND DRUG DEVELOPMENT. 7 Toxicology Program to Support Initiation of a Clinical Phase I Program for a New Medicine (Hugh E. Black, Stephen B. Montgomery and Ronald W. Moch). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Toxicology Support of Discovery. 7.3 Goals of the Pre-FIH Toxicology Program. 7.4 Importance of a Clinical Review of the Nonclinical Pharmacology Data. 7.5 Take the Time to Plan Appropriately. 7.6 The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. 7.7 Timely Conduct of In Vitro Assays. 7.8 Development of Validated Bioanalytical and Analytical Assays. 7.9 Planning for the Conduct of Toxicity Studies. 7.10 GLP Toxicology Program. 7.11 Pre-IND Meeting. 7.12 Conclusion. References. 8 Toxicokinetics in Support of Drug Development (Gary Eichenbaum, Vangala Subrahmanyam and Alfred P.Tonelli). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Historical Perspectives. 8.3 Regulatory Considerations. 8.4 Factors to Consider in the Design of Toxicokinetic Studies. 8.5 Toxicokinetic Parameter Estimates and Calculations. 8.6 Interpretation of Toxicokinetic Data. 8.7 Role of Toxicokinetics in Different Types of Toxicity Studies. 8.8 Role of Toxicokinetics in Integrated Safety Assessment. 8.9 Conclusion. References. 9 Good Laboratory Practices (Anthony B. Jones, Kathryn Hackett-Fields and Shari L. Perlstein). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Hazard and Risk. 9.3 US GLP Regulations. 9.4 GLPs in the Bioanalytical Laboratory. 9.5 Moving Into the Future: A Closing Overview. 9.6 Appendixes. References. PART V PLANNING THE FIRST-IN-HUMAN STUDY AND REGULATORY SUBMISSION. 10 Estimation of Human Starting Dose for Phase I Clinical Programs (Lorrene A. Buckley, Parag Garhyan, Rafael Ponce and Stanley A. Roberts). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Characteristics of Well-Behaved Therapeutic Candidates. 10.3 Regulatory Guidances for FIH-Enabling Preclinical Safety Assessment: General Principles. 10.4 Nonclinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for Human Dose Projection. 10.5 Establishing the First-in-Human Dose. 10.6 Phase I Clinical Trial Support: Use of MABEL or Pharmacologically Active Dose. 10.7 Support of Exploratory Clinical Studies. 10.8 Considerations in the Design of Phase I Trials. 10.9 Interdisciplinary Partnerships. 10.10 Beyond the FIH Dose. 10.11 Concluding Perspective. 10.12 Four Case Studies. References. 11 Exploratory INDs/CTAs (Mitchell N. Cayen). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Regulatory Background. 11.3 Experience and Various Perspectives on ExpINDs or ExpCTAs. 11.4 Some Reactions and Perspectives on the ExpIND/ExpCTA Initiative. 11.5 What Is an Ideal Candidate for an ExpIND/ExpCTA? 11.6 Conclusions. References. 12 Unique Considerations for Biopharmaceutics (Laura P. Andrews and James D. Green). 12.1 Introduction and Background. 12.2 Selection of the Molecule: Contrasts to Small-Molecule Considerations. 12.3 Production and Process Considerations in Pre-FIH Development. 12.4 Bioanalytical Assay Considerations. 12.5 Objectives and Implementation of Pre-FIH Safety Assessment Programs. 12.6 Post-IND Considerations: Support of Phase II and III and Registration. 12.7 The TeGenero Incident and Implications for Biopharmaceutic Nonclinical Safety Evaluation Programs. 12.8 Conclusions. References. 13 Project Management and International Regulatory Requirements for First-in-Human Trials (Carolyn D. Finkle and Judith Atkins). 13.1 Introduction: Initiate Product Development with the End in Mind. 13.2 Importance of Project Management. 13.3 FDA Input Early and Often. 13.4 IND Submission in the United States. 13.5 Global Clinical Trials. 13.6 Clinical Trial Application. 13.7 Conclusion. References. 14 First-in-Human Regulatory Submissions (Mary Sommer, Mark Ammann, Ulf B. Hillgren, Kathleen J. Kovacs and Keith Wilner). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Submission Strategies. 14.3 First-in-Human Dossiers. 14.4 United States: Investigational New Drug Application. 14.5 European Union: Clinical Trial Application. 14.6 Japan: Clinical Trial Protocol Notification. 14.7 Emerging Regions. 14.8 Biopharmaceuticals. 14.9 Final Considerations. Appendix 1: Abbreviations and Acronyms. Appendix 2: Definitions and Glossary of Terms. Appendix 3: Some Relevant Government and Regulatory Documents. Appendix 4: Some Relevant Resources with Web Sites. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Comprehensive, Single-Source Reference on Multiple Emulsions In theory, multiple emulsions have significant potential for breakthrough applications in food, agricultural, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries in which they can facilitate the sustained release and transport of active material. However, in practice, multiple emulsions are thermodynamically unstable. This book presents recent findings that can help formulators understand how to enhance their stability. With chapters contributed by leading experts from around the world, it covers the definition and properties of multiple emulsions, their formation and stability, and potential applications, with an emphasis on medical and pharmaceutical applications. In one definitive resource, it presents recent findings and achievements in the field, including: New theoretical approaches and modeling to characterize the transport mechanism Droplet size reduction and increased sheTable of Contents1. Multiple Emulsion Stability: Pressure Balance and Interfacial Film Strength by J. Jiao and DJ Burgess 2. Structure and Rheology of Stable Multiple Emulsions by P. Perrin, F. Prigent, and Ph. H’ebraud 3. Visualization of Stability and Transport in Double Emulsions by Louise Braud Lawson and Kyriakos Papadopoulos 4. Effect of an Oil-insoluble Solute on the Stability of Multiple Water-Oil-Water Emulsions by Mouhcine Kanouni and Henri Rosano 5. Multiple Emulsions Stabilized by Biopolymers by Rachel Lutz and Abraham Aserin 6. Recent Developments in Manufacturing Particulate Products from Double Emulsion Templates Using Membrane and Microfluidic Devices by Goran T. Vladisavljevic and Richard A. Williams 7. Recent Developments in O/W/O Multiple Emulsions by A. Benichou and A. Aserin 8. Potentialities of W/O/W Multiple Emulsions in Drug Delivery and Detoxification by Jean-Louis Grossiord and Moncef Stambouli 9. Surface-Modified Fine Multiple Emulsions for Anticancer Drug Delivery by Ajay J. Khopade and N.K. Jain 10. Application of Emulsion Technology to Transarterial Injection Chemotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Double Emulsion Enclosing Vesicles of Anticancer-Drug Solution by Shushi Higashi 11. Lipiodol W/O/W Emulsion for Transcatheter Arterial Embolization Therapy Prepared with Two-step Pumping Emulsification Method by Tomoaki Hino and Takayuki Ohwaki 12. Multiple Emulsions: Delivery System for Antigens by Asuman Bozkir and Ongun Mehmet Saka

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Book SynopsisA practical and science-based approach for addressing toxicological concerns related to leachables and extractables associated with inhalation drug products Packaging and device components of Orally Inhaled and Nasal Drug Products (OINDP)?such as metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nasal sprays?pose potential safety risks from leachables and extractables, chemicals that can be released or migrate from these components into the drug product. Addressing the concepts, background, historical use, and development of safety thresholds and their utility for qualifying leachables and extractables in OINDP, the Leachables and Extractables Handbook takes a practical approach to familiarize readers with the recent recommendations for safety and risk assessment established through a joint effort of scientists from the FDA, academia, and industry. Coverage includes best practices for the chemical evaluation and management of leachables and extractables throughout the pharmaceuTrade Review“However, since this handbook provides clear, relevant information across both toxicology and pharmaceutical analysis/development, it is probably most useful for practicing toxicologists or chemists, providing both a detailed reference to dip into and a means of better understanding the requirements and contributions of colleagues working in the other discipline.” (British Toxicology Society, 1 July 2013) “However, the book is extremely well written and is a compelling read. The book accomplishes its goal to provide a state of the art review with respect to mercury . . . The book serves as an excellent educational resource.” (International Journal of Toxicology, 31 May 2012)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Dedication. Preface. Part I. Development of Safety Thresholds, Safety Evaluation, and Qualification of Extractables and Leachable in Orally Inhaled Nasal Drug Products. 1. Chapter 1. Overview of Leachables and Extractables in Orally Inhaled and Nasal Products (Douglas J. Ball, Daniel L. Norwood, Lee M. Nagao). 2. Chapter 2. A General Overview of the Suitability for Intended Use Requirements for Materials Used in Pharmaceutical Systems (Dennis Jenke). 3. Chapter 3. Concepts and Application of Safety Thresholds in Drug Development (David Jacobson-Kram and Ronald D. Snyder). 4. Chapter 4. The Development of Safety Thresholds for Leachables on Orally Inhaled and Nasal Drug Products (W. Mark Vogel). 5. Chapter 5. The Analytical Evaluation Thresholds (AET) and its Relationship to Safety Thresholds (Daniel L. Norwood, James O. Mullis, Scott Pennino). 6. Chapter 6. Safety Thresholds in the Pharmaceutical Development Process for OINDP: An Industry Perspective (David Alexander and James Blanchard). 7. Chapter 7. The Chemistry and Toxicology Partnership: Extractables and Leachables Information Sharing Among the Chemists and Toxicologists (Cheryl L. M. Stults, Ronald Wolff, Douglas J. Ball). 8. Chapter 8. Use of Safety Thresolds in the Pharmaceutical Development Process for OINDP: US Regulatory Perspectives (Timothy J. McGovern). 9. Chapter 9. The Application of Safety Thresholds to Quality Leachables from Plastic Container Closure Systems Intended for Pharmaceutical Products: A Regulatory Perspective (Kumudini Nicholas). Part 2. Best Practices for Evaluation and Management of Extractables and Leachables in Orally Inhaled and Nasal Drug Products. 10. Chapter 10. Analytical Best Practices for the Evaluation and Management of Extractables and Leachables in Orally Inhaled and Nasal Drug Products (Dan Norwood, Cheryl Stults and Lee Nagao). 11. Chapter 11. Chemical and Physical Attributes of Plastics and Elastomers: Impact on the Extractables Profile of Container Closure Systems (Michael A Ruberto and Diane Paskiet). 12. Chapter 12. Pharmaceutical Container Closure System – Selection & Qualification of Materials (Douglas J. Ball, William P. Beierschmitt, and Arthur J. Shaw). 13. Chapter 13. Analytical Techniques for Identification of Extractables and Leachables (Dan Norwood, Thomas N. Feinberg, James O. Mullis, and Scott Pennino). 14. Chapter 14. Extractables – The Controlled Extraction Study (Thomas N. Feinberg, Daniel L. Norwood, Alice T. Granger, and Dennis Jenke). 15. Chapter 15. Extractables – Case Study of a Sulfur Elastomer (Daniel L. Norwood, Fenghe Qiu, James Coleman, James O. Mullis, Alice T. Granger, Keith McKellop, Michelle Raikes, John Robson, David Olenski, John Hand, Sr., Melinda K. Munos, Tianjing Deng, Xiaochun Yu, Derek Wood, Shauang Li, Song Klapoetke and Xiaoya Ding). 16. Chapter 16. Extractables – Case Study of a Polypropylene (Diane Paskiet, Laura Stubbs, and Alan D. Hendricker). 17. Chapter 17. Leachables – Analytical Leachables Studies (Andrew D. Feilden and Andy Rignall). 18. Chapter 18. Development and Optimization of Methods for Routine Testing (Cheryl L. Stults and Jason M. Creasey). 19. Chapter 19. Critical Component Quality Control and Specification Strategies (Terrence Tougas, Suzette Roan, and Barbara Falco). 20. Chapter 20. Inorganic Leachables (Diane Paskiet, Ernest L. Lippert, Brian D. Mitchell, and Diego Zurbriggen). 21. Chapter 21. Foreign Particulate Matter (James Coleman, John A. Robson, John A. Smoliga, and Cornelia B. Field).

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Book SynopsisExamines the emerging therapeutic role of TRPV1 TRPV1 is considered an integrator of noxious stimuli and therefore may be at a crossroads for pain transmission pathways. Because of its potential for managing multiple pain types, including osteoarthritis, chronic low back pain, neuropathic pain, and cancer pain, some consider it the holy grail of pain management. This dedicated reference summarizes available data related to the potential therapeutic utility for TRPV1 ligands. With contributions from many of the world''s leading experts on TRP channels, Vanilloid Receptor TRPV1 in Drug Discovery covers the important TRPV1 target for drugs to treat painful conditions such as inflammation, arthritis, and cancer pain. The book discusses: Recent advances in biology, chemistry, and pharmacology at both the preclinical and clinical stage of the dynamic area of TRPV1 drug discovery research The potential for drugs targeting TRPV1 in paTable of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments. Foreword. Contributors. PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE TRP CHANNELS. 1 TRP Channels and Human Diseases (Bernd Nilius and Rudi Vennekens). 2 Role of TRP Channels in Pain: An Overview (Arpad Szallasi). 3 Biochemical Pharmacology of TRPV1: Molecular Integrator of Pain Signals (Carol S. Surowy, Philip R. Kym, and Regina M. Reilly). 4 TRPV1 Genetics (Ruslan Dorfman, Hubert Tsui, Michael W. Salter, and H.-Michael Dosch). PART II ROLE FOR TRPV1 IN PAIN STATES. 5 TRPV1 and Inflammatory Pain (Anindya Bhattacharya, Sonya G. Lehto, and Narender R. Gavva). 6 Role of TRPV1 Receptors in Osteoarthritic Pain (Shailen K. Joshi and Prisca Honore). 7 TRPV1 and Bone Cancer Pain (Juan Miguel Jimenez-Andrade and Patrick Mantyh). 8 TRPV1 in Visceral Pain and Other Visceral Disorders (António Avelino and Francisco Cruz). 9 TRPV1 Receptors and Migraine (Philip R. Holland and Peter J. Goadsby). 10 TRPV1 in Neuropathic Pain and Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Enza Palazzo, Katarzyna Starowicz, Sabatino Maione, and Vincenzo Di Marzo). PART III TRPV1 ANTAGONISTS AND AGONISTS AS NOVEL ANALGESIC DRUGS. 11 Aryl-Urea Class and Related TRPV1 Antagonists (Arthur Gomtsyan). 12 2-Pyridinylpiperazine Carboxamide Class and Related TRPV1 Antagonists (Natalie A. Hawryluk and Nicholas I. Carruthers). 13 TRPV1 Agonist Approaches for Pain Management (Keith R. Bley). PART IV ROLE FOR TRPV1 IN OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BESIDES PAIN TRANSMISSION. 14 The TRPV1 Channel in Normal Thermoregulation: What Have We Learned from Experiments Using Different Tools? (Andras Garami, Maria C. Almeida, Tatiane B. Nucci, Tamara Hew-Butler, Renato N. Soriano, Eszter Pakai, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Shaun F. Morrison, and Andrej A. Romanovsky). 15 The Role of TRPV1 in Respiratory Diseases (Serena Materazzi, Alain Tchoimou, Romina Nassini, Marcello Trevisani, and Pierangelo Geppetti). 16 The Role of TRPV1 in Diabetes (Hubert Tsui, Ruslan Dorfman, Michael W. Salter, and H.-Michael Dosch). Afterword. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to water supply pipe system analysis and design This authoritative resource consolidates information on the analysis and design of water supply systems into one practical, hands-on reference.Trade Review"Accessible and comprehensive, this is an excellent reference for civil and environmental engineers involved in the planning, deign, operation, and maintenance of water systems; water supply managers and planners; and postgraduate students in civil and environmental engineering." (MCEER Information Service, January 2009)Table of ContentsTable of Tables. Table of Figures. Notations. Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Basic Principles of Pipe Flows. Chapter 3: Pipe Network Analysis. Chapter 4: Cost Considerations. Chapter 5: General Principles of Network Synthesis. Chapter 6: Water Transmission Lines. Chapter 7: Water Distribution Mains. Chapter 8: Single Input Source Branched Systems. Chapter 9: Single Input Source Looped Systems. Chapter 10: Multi-Input Sources Branched Systems. Chapter 11: Multi-Input Sources Looped Systems. Chapter 12: Decomposition of A Large Water System And Optimal Zone Size. Chapter 13: Reorganisation of Water Distribution Systems. Chapter 14: Transportation of Solids Through Pipelines. Appendix A1: Linear Programming. Appendix A2: Geometric Programming. Appendix A3: Water Distribution Network Analysis Program. Book Drawings - Art Work. Notations.

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Book SynopsisThis book furthers readers' understanding of the amazing features of six-membered transition states in stereoselective organic reactions. Comprehensive and logically organized, it covers reactions classified in four categories: [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements, aldol reactions, metal allylation reactions, and stereoselective reductions. There is a thorough discussion of each reaction category, along with computational studies that support a proposal of a six-membered state. The book assists professors, researchers, and students in proposing reasonable transition states for the description of newly discovered stereoselective reactions.Trade ReviewFifty years ago, Zimmerman and Traxler put forth an audacious suggestion that in a reaction they were studying six of the atoms were oriented in a ring as the two components approached each other. This was at a time when no one considered the detailed orientation of molecules during reactions. This Zimmerman-Traxler hypothesis is now known to be not only correct for their reaction, but in fact true in many other chemical processes. As such, the idea is one of the fundamental organizing principles of organic chemistry. Yang (Montana State Univ.) has provided a useful collection of all reactions currently understood to proceed in such fashion. These reactions are contained in 4 chapters: "[3,3] - Sigmatrophic Rearrangements," "Aldol Reactions," "Metal Allylation Reactions," and "Stereoselective Reductions." This small book should be useful for both synthetic chemists and those studying mechanisms, particularly stereochemistry, of organic reactions. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduate through professional collections. -- A. Fry, Wesleyan University (CHOICE, March 2009) It is an interesting, well-written, and carefully researched book, full of useful details for practioners and students of organic chemistry. (Journal of the American Chemical Association, July 2, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. 1 [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements. General Considerations. Reactions. 1.1 Claisen Rearrangement. 1.2 Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement. 1.3 Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement. 1.4 Cope Rearrangement. 1.5 Anionic Oxy-Cope Rearrangement. 1.6 Aza-Cope–Mannich Reaction. 2 Aldol Reactions. General Considerations. Reactions. 2.1 Asymmetric Syn-Aldol Reaction. 2.2 Asymmetric Anti-Aldol Reaction. 2.3 Proline-Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction. 3 Metal Allylation Reactions. General Considerations. Reactions. 3.1 Boron Allylation Reaction. 3.2 Silicon Allylation Reaction. 4 Stereoselective Reductions. General Considerations. Reactions. 4.1 Diastereoselective Syn-Reduction of β-Hydroxy Ketones. 4.2 Diastereoselective Anti-Reduction of β-Hydroxy Ketones. 4.3 Asymmetric Reduction. List of Copyrighted Materials. Abbreviations. Subject Index. Scheme Index of Natural Products.

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Book Synopsis* The first book to bring together the large and growing body of literature on the utilization and development of carbonaceous materials in catalysis * Covers all aspects of the use of carbon materials in catalysis, including innovative materials such as xerogels, aerogels, and nanotubes.Table of ContentsContributors xv Preface xix 1 Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials: A Brief Overview 1 Ljubisa R. Radovic 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Formation of Carbons 2 1.2.1. Gas Phase 2 1.2.2. Liquid Phase 3 1.2.3. Solid Phase 4 1.3. Structure and Properties of Carbons 5 1.3.1. Macrostructure 5 1.3.2. Microstructure 8 1.3.3. Nanostructure 8 1.3.4. Bulk Properties 16 1.3.5. Surface Properties 19 1.4. Reactions of Carbons 23 1.4.1. Gas Phase 23 1.4.2. Liquid Phase 25 1.4.3. Solid Phase 27 1.5. Conclusions 33 References 34 2 Surface Chemistry of Carbon Materials 45 Teresa J. Bandosz 2.1. Introduction 45 2.2. Surface Functionalities 47 2.2.1. Oxygen-Containing Functionalities 48 2.2.2. Nitrogen-Containing Functionalities 50 2.2.3. Hydrogen–Carbon Species 51 2.2.4. Sulfur Phosphorus and Halogen Functionalities 51 2.3. Surface Modifications 54 2.3.1. Oxidation 54 2.3.2. Introduction of Nitrogen-Containing Species 55 2.3.3. Introduction of Sulfur Functionality 55 2.3.4. Halogenization 56 2.3.5. Impregnation and Dry Mixing 56 2.3.6. Heat Treatment 56 2.4. Characterization of Surface Chemistry 58 2.4.1. Elemental Analysis 58 2.4.2. Titration 58 2.4.3. pH of Carbons Point of Zero Charge and Isoelectric Point 61 2.4.4. Spectroscopic Methods 63 2.4.5. Calorimetric Techniques 72 2.4.6. Inverse Gas Chromatography 75 2.4.7. Temperature-Programmed Desorption 75 2.4.8. Characterization of Surface Functionalities by Electrochemical Techniques 78 2.5. Role of Surface Chemistry in the Reactive Adsorption on Activated Carbons 78 2.6. Role of Carbon Surface Chemistry in Catalysis 80 References 82 3 Molecular Simulations Applied to Adsorption on and Reaction with Carbon 93 Zhonghua (John) Zhu 3.1. Introduction 93 3.2. Molecular Simulation Methods Applied to Carbon Reactions 94 3.2.1. Electronic Structure Methods (or Quantum Mechanics Methods) 94 3.2.2. Molecular Dynamics Simulations 97 3.2.3. Monte Carlo Simulations 98 3.3. Hydrogen Adsorption on and Reaction with Carbon 98 3.3.1. Atomic Hydrogen Adsorption on the Basal Plane of Graphite 98 3.3.2. Reactivities of Graphite Edge Sites and Hydrogen Reactions on These Sites 101 3.3.3. Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes 104 3.4. Carbon Reactions with Oxygen-Containing Gases 105 3.4.1. Carbon Reactions with Oxygen-Containing Gases and the Unified Mechanism 106 3.4.2. Catalyzed Gas–Carbon Reactions 110 3.4.3. More Specific Studies on NOx, H2, CO2, and O2–Carbon Reactions 118 3.5. Metal–Carbon Interactions 122 3.6. Conclusions 125 References 126 4 Carbon as Catalyst Support 131 Francisco Rodríguez-Reinoso and Antonio Sepúlveda-Escribano 4.1. Introduction 131 4.2. Properties Affecting Carbon’s Role as Catalyst Support 132 4.2.1. Surface Area and Porosity 132 4.2.2. Surface Chemical Properties 134 4.2.3. Inertness 136 4.3. Preparation of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 137 4.3.1. Impregnation 137 4.3.2. Other Methods 139 4.4. Applications 140 4.4.1. Ammonia Synthesis 141 4.4.2. Hydrotreating Reactions 143 4.4.3. Hydrogenation Reactions 147 4.5. Summary 150 References 150 5 Preparation of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts 157 Johannes H. Bitter and Krijn P. de Jong 5.1. Introduction 157 5.2. Impregnation and Adsorption 157 5.2.1. Interaction Between Support and Precursor 158 5.2.2. Role of Pore Structure 164 5.3. Deposition Precipitation 165 5.3.1. Increase in pH 166 5.3.2. Change of Valency 169 5.3.3. Ligand Removal 170 5.4. Emerging Preparation Methods 171 5.5. Conclusions 172 References 173 6 Carbon as Catalyst 177 José Luís Figueiredo and Manuel Fernando R. Pereira 6.1. Introduction 177 6.2. Factors Affecting the Performance of a Carbon Catalyst 178 6.2.1. Nature of the Active Sites 178 6.2.2. Concentration of the Active Sites 179 6.2.3. Accessibility of the Active Sites 179 6.3. Reactions Catalyzed by Carbons 180 6.3.1. Oxidative Dehydrogenation 181 6.3.2. Dehydration of Alcohols 186 6.3.3. SOx Oxidation 188 6.3.4. NOx Reduction 190 6.3.5. H2S Oxidation 194 6.3.6. Hydrogen Peroxide Reactions 196 6.3.7. Catalytic Ozonation 198 6.3.8. Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation 203 6.3.9. Other Reactions 205 6.4. Conclusions 207 References 208 7 Catalytic Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 219 Hanns-Peter Boehm 7.1. Introduction 219 7.2. Nitrogen Doping of Carbons 220 7.2.1. Preparation of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 220 7.2.2. Quantitative Analysis 227 7.2.3. Electron Emission Spectrometric Analysis 227 7.2.4. Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 233 7.3. Catalysis of Oxidation Reactions with Dioxygen 238 7.3.1. Oxidation of Aqueous Sulfurous Acid 238 7.3.2. Oxidation of Oxalic Acid 244 7.3.3. Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide 244 7.3.4. Oxidation of Iron(II) Ions 246 7.3.5. Oxidation of Other Compounds 247 7.4. Catalysis of Aging of Carbons 251 7.5. Catalysis of Dehydrochlorination Reactions 254 7.6. Mechanism of Catalysis by Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 257 References 259 8 Carbon-Anchored Metal Complex Catalysts 267 Cristina Freire and Ana Rosa Silva 8.1. Introduction 267 8.2. General Methods for Molecule Immobilization 268 8.3. Methods for Immobilization of Transition-Metal Complexes Onto Carbon Materials 270 8.3.1. Functionalization of Carbon Materials 271 8.3.2. Direct Immobilization of Metal Complexes 278 8.3.3. Metal Complex Immobilization via Spacers 285 8.4. Application of Coordination Compounds Anchored Onto Carbon Materials in Several Catalytic Reactions 289 8.4.1. [M(salen)]-Based Materials 290 8.4.2. [M(acac)2]-Based Materials 293 8.4.3. Metal Phthalocyanine and Porphyrin-Based Materials 294 8.5. Application of Carbon-Supported Organometallic Compounds in Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation Catalytic Reactions 296 8.5.1. Materials Based on Pd and Rh Amino Complexes 296 8.5.2. Materials Based on Rh and Pd Complexes with π-Bonding Ligands (Phosphines and Dienes) 297 8.6. Carbon-Supported Organometallic Complexes in the Polymerization Reaction of Olefins 300 8.7. Conclusions 301 References 302 9 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers in Catalysis 309 Philippe Serp 9.1. Introduction 309 9.2. Catalytic Growth of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes 312 9.2.1. Catalytic Carbon Deposition 312 9.2.2. Growth Mechanism 313 9.3. Why CNTs or CNFs Can Be Suitable for Use in Catalysis 324 9.3.1. Structural Features and Electronic Properties 324 9.3.2. Adsorption Properties 328 9.3.3. Mechanical and Thermal Properties 330 9.3.4. Macroscopic Shaping of CNTs and CNFs 331 9.4. Preparation of Supported Catalysts on CNTs and CNFs 333 9.5. Catalytic Performance of CNT- and CNF-Based Catalysts 340 9.5.1. Hydrogenation Reactions 340 9.5.2. Reactions Involving CO/H2 344 9.5.3. Polymerization 345 9.5.4. Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis by Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrocarbons 348 9.5.5. Ammonia Synthesis and Decomposition 349 9.5.6. Environmental Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions 350 9.5.7. Other Reactions 351 9.5.8. Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 354 9.5.9. CNTs for Enzyme Immobilization 355 9.5.10. CNTs and CNFs as Catalysts 356 9.6. Conclusions 356 References 358 10 Carbon Gels in Catalysis 373 Carlos Moreno-Castilla 10.1. Introduction 373 10.2. Carbon Gels: Preparation and Surface Properties 374 10.3. Metal-Doped Carbon Gels 376 10.3.1. Dissolving the Metal Precursor in the Initial Mixture 378 10.3.2. Introducing a Functionalized Moiety 381 10.3.3. Depositing the Metal Precursor on the Organic or Carbon Gel 382 10.4. Catalytic Reactions of Metal-Doped Carbon Gels 383 10.4.1. Environmental Applications 384 10.4.2. Fuel Cell Applications 387 10.4.3. C=C Double-Bond Hydrogenation 389 10.4.4. Skeletal Isomerization of 1-Butene 391 10.4.5. Hydrodechlorination Reaction 392 10.4.6. Other Reactions 392 10.5. Conclusions 393 References 395 11 Carbon Monoliths in Catalysis 401 Karen M. de Lathouder Edwin Crezee Freek Kapteijn and Jacob A. Moulijn 11.1. Introduction 401 11.2. Carbon 401 11.3. Monolithic Structures 402 11.4. Carbon Monoliths 402 11.5. Carbon Monoliths in Catalysis: An Overview 404 11.6. Example of Carbon Monoliths as Catalyst Support Material 405 11.6.1. Carbon Monoliths as Support Material in Biocatalysis 405 11.6.2. Selective Hydrogenation of D-Glucose over Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 405 11.6.3. Performance of Carbon Monoliths 406 11.6.4. Morphology and Porosity of Various Carbon Composites 407 11.6.5. Enzyme Adsorption and Catalyst Performance in the Msr 413 11.6.6. Performance of Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 416 11.7. Evaluation and Practical Considerations 420 11.7.1. Monolithic Biocatalysts 420 11.7.2. Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 421 11.7.3. Practical Considerations 421 11.8. Conclusions 423 References 424 12 Carbon Materials as Supports for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 429 Frédéric Maillard Pavel A. Simonov and Elena R. Savinova 12.1. Introduction 429 12.2. Structure and Morphology of Carbon Materials 433 12.2.1. Carbon Blacks 433 12.2.2. Activated Carbons 434 12.2.3. Carbons of the Sibunit Family 435 12.2.4. Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 436 12.2.5. Carbon Aerogels 436 12.2.6. Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers 437 12.3. Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials Relevant to Fuel Cell Operation 438 12.3.1. Electron Conduction 438 12.3.2. Surface Properties 440 12.4. Preparation of Carbon-Supported Electrocatalysts 443 12.4.1. Methods Based on Impregnation 444 12.4.2. Colloidal Synthesis 445 12.4.3. Electrodeposition 445 12.4.4. Other Methods 446 12.5. Structural Characterization of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts 446 12.5.1. Adsorption Studies 447 12.5.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy 448 12.5.3. Xray Diffraction and Xray Absorption Spectroscopy 449 12.5.4. Electrochemical Methods 450 12.6. Influence of Carbon Supports on the Catalytic Layers in PEMFCs 452 12.6.1. Intrinsic Catalytic Activity 452 12.6.2. Macrokinetic Parameters 456 12.6.3. Novel Carbon Materials as Supports for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 462 12.7. Corrosion and Stability of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 464 12.7.1. Influence of Microstructure on the Corrosion of Carbon Materials 464 12.7.2. Mechanism of Carbon Corrosion 466 12.7.3. Corrosion and Stability of MEAs 467 12.8. Conclusions 469 References 470 13 Carbon Materials in Photocatalysis 481 Joaquim Luís Faria and Wendong Wang 13.1. Introduction 481 13.2. Carbon Materials Employed to Modify TiO2 in Photocatalysis 482 13.2.1. Activated Carbon 482 13.2.2. Carbon Black and Graphite 483 13.2.3. Carbon Fiber 483 13.2.4. Carbon Nanotubes 483 13.2.5. Other Forms of Carbon 484 13.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon–TiO2 Composites 484 13.3.1. Mechanical Mixture of TiO2 and Carbon Materials 485 13.3.2. TiO2 Coated or Loaded on Carbon Materials 485 13.3.3. Carbon Materials Coated or Deposited on TiO2 485 13.3.4. Other Approaches and Concurrent Synthesis of TiO2–Carbon Composites 486 13.3.5. Methods of Characterization 486 13.4. Photodegradation on Carbon-Containing Surfaces 487 13.4.1. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in the Liquid Phase with Carbon–TiO2 Composites 487 13.4.2. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in the Gas Phase with Carbon–TiO2 Composites 491 13.5. Role of the Carbon Phase in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 492 13.6. Conclusions 498 References 499 14 Carbon-Based Sensors 507 Jun li 14.1. Introduction 507 14.1.1. Structure of Various Carbon Allotropes 507 14.1.2. sp2 Carbon Materials: Graphite Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 509 14.2. Physicochemical Properties of sp2 Carbon Materials Relevant to Carbon Sensors 510 14.2.1. Electrical and Electronic Properties 510 14.2.2. Chemical Properties 515 14.2.3. Electrochemical Properties 516 14.3. Carbon-Based Sensors 517 14.3.1. Carbon Materials as Loading Media 518 14.3.2. Carbon Electronic Sensors 518 14.3.3. Carbon Electrochemical Sensors 523 14.3.4. Carbon Composite Sensors 530 14.4. Summary 530 References 530 15 Carbon-Supported Catalysts for the Chemical Industry 535 Venu Arunajatesan Baoshu Chen Konrad Möbus Daniel J. Ostgard Thomas Tacke and Dorit Wolf 15.1. Introduction 535 15.2. Requirements for Carbon Materials as Catalyst Supports in Industrial Applications 536 15.2.1. Activated Carbon 536 15.2.2. Carbon Black 540 15.3. Industrial Manufacture of Carbon Supports 544 15.3.1. Activated Carbon 544 15.3.2. Carbon Black 544 15.4. Manufacture of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 545 15.4.1. Powder Catalysts 545 15.4.2. Preparation Technology 547 15.5. Reaction Technology 547 15.5.1. Batch Stirred-Tank and Loop Reactors 548 15.5.2. Fixed-Bed Reactors 550 15.6. Industrial Applications 551 15.6.1. Fatty Acid Hydrogenation 551 15.6.2. Selective Nitrobenzene Hydrogenations 554 15.6.3. Reductive Alkylation 555 15.6.4. Toluenediamine 556 15.6.5. Butanediol 558 15.6.6. Purified Terephthalic Acid 560 15.7. Testing and Evaluation of Carbon Catalysts 561 15.7.1. Current Methods for Catalyst Evaluation 561 15.7.2. High-Throughput Testing of Carbon Powder Catalysts 563 15.7.3. Catalyst Profiling 565 15.8. Conclusions 567 References 568 Index 573

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Book SynopsisVOLUME 25 Reviews in Computational Chemistry Kenny B. Lipkowitz and Thomas R. Cundari This Volume, Like Those Prior To It, Features Pedagogically Driven Reviews By Experts In Various Fields Of Computational Chemistry. Volume 25 Contains: Eight Chapters Covering The Glass Transition In Polymer Melts, Atomistic Modeling Of Friction, The Computation Of Free Volume, Structural Order And Entropy Of Liquids And Glasses, The Reactivity Of Materials At Extreme Conditions, Magnetic Properties Of Transition Metal Clusters, Multiconfigurational Quantum Methods For The Treatment Of Heavy Metals, Recursive Solutions To Large Eigenvalue Problems, And The Development And Uses Of Artificial Intelligence In Chemistry. From Reviews of the Series Reviews in Computational Chemistry remains the most valuable reference to methods and techniques in computational chemistry. -JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS AND MODELLING One cannTable of Contents1. Determining the Glass Transition in Polymer Melts (Wolfgang Paul). Introduction. Phenomenology of the Glass Transition. Model Building. Chemically Realistic Modeling. Coarse-Grained Models. Coarse-Grained Models of the Bead-Spring Type. The Bond-Fluctuation Lattice Model. Simulation Methods. Monte Carlo Methods. Molecular Dynamics Method. Thermodynamic Properties. Dynamics in Super-Cooled Polymer Melts. Dynamics in the Bead-Spring Model. Dynamics in 1,4-Polybutadiene. Dynamic Heterogeneity. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 2. Atomistic Modeling of Friction (Nicholas J. Mosey and Martin H. Muser). Introduction. Theoretical Background. Friction Mechanisms. Load-Dependence of Friction. Velocity-Dependence of Friction. Role of Interfacial Symmetry. Computational Aspects. Surface Roughness. Imposing Load and Shear. Imposing Constant Temperature. Bulk Systems. Computational Models. Selected Case Studies. Instabilities, Hysteresis, and Energy Dissipation. The Role of Atomic-Scale Roughness. Superlubricity. Self-Assembled Monolayers. Tribochemistry. Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 3. Computing Free Volume, Structural Order, and Entropy of Liquids and Glasses (Jeetain Mittal, William P. Krekelberg, Jeffrey R. Errington, and Thomas M. Truskett). Introduction. Metrics for Structural Order. Crystal-Independent Structural Order Metrics. Structural Ordering Maps. Free Volume. Identifying Cavities and Computing Their Volumes. Computing Free Volumes. Computing Thermodynamics from Free Volumes. Relating Dynamics to Free Volumes. Entropy. Testing the Adam–Gibbs Relationship. An Alternative to Adam–Gibbs? Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 4. The Reactivity of Energetic Materials at Extreme Conditions (Laurence E. Fried). Introduction. Chemical Equilibrium. Atomistic Modeling of Condensed-Phase Reactions. First Principles Simulations of High Explosives. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 5. Magnetic Properties of Atomic Clusters of the Transition Elements (Julio A. Alonso). Introduction. Basic Concepts. Experimental Studies of the Dependence of the Magnetic Moments with Cluster Size. Simple Explanation of the Decay of the Magnetic Moments with Cluster Size. Tight Binding Method. Tight Binding Approximation for the d Electrons. Introduction of s and p Electrons. Formulation of the Tight Binding Method in the Notation of Second Quantization. Spin-Density Functional Theory. General Density Functional Theory. Spin Polarization in Density Functional Theory. Local Spin-Density Approximation (LSDA). Noncollinear Spin Density Functional Theory. Measurement and Interpretation of the Magnetic Moments of Nickel Clusters. Interpretation Using Tight Binding Calculations. Influence of the s Electrons. Density Functional Calculations for Small Nickel Clusters. Orbital Polarization. Clusters of Other 3d Elements. Chromium and Iron Clusters. Manganese Clusters. Clusters of the 4d Elements. Rhodium Clusters. Ruthenium and Palladium Clusters. Effect of Adsorbed Molecules. Determination of Magnetic Moments by Combining Theory and Photodetachment Spectroscopy. Summary and Prospects. Appendix. Calculation of the Density of Electronic States within the Tight Binding Theory by the Method of Moments. Acknowledgments. References. 6. Transition Metal- and Actinide-Containing Systems Studied with Multiconfigurational Quantum Chemical Methods (Laura Gagliardi). Introduction. The Multiconfigurational Approach. The Complete Active Space SCF Method. Multiconfigurational Second-Order Perturbation Theory, CASPT2. Treatment of Relativity. Relativistic AO Basis Sets. The Multiple Metal–Metal Bond in Re2Cl2-8 and Related Systems. The Cr–Cr Multiple Bond. Cu2O2 Theoretical Models. Spectroscopy of Triatomic Molecules Containing One Uranium Atom. Actinide Chemistry in Solution. The Actinide–Actinide Chemical Bond. Inorganic Chemistry of Diuranium. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 7. Recursive Solutions to Large Eigenproblems in Molecular Spectroscopy and Reaction Dynamics (Hua Guo). Introduction. Quantum Mechanics and Eigenproblems. Discretization. Direct Diagonalization. Scaling Laws and Motivation for Recursive Diagonalization. Recursion and the Krylov Subspace. Lanczos Recursion. Exact Arithmetic. Finite-Precision Arithmetic. Extensions of the Original Lanczos Algorithm. Transition Amplitudes. Expectation Values. Chebyshev Recursion. Chebyshev Operator and Cosine Propagator. Spectral Method. Filter-Diagonalization. Filter-Diagonalization Based on Chebyshev Recursion. Low-Storage Filter-Diagonalization. Filter-Diagonalization Based on Lanczos Recursion. Symmetry Adaptation. Complex-Symmetric Problems. Propagation of Wave Packets and Density Matrices. Applications. Bound States and Spectroscopy. Reaction Dynamics. Lanczos vs. Chebyshev. Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 8. Development and Uses of Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry (Hugh Cartwright). Introduction. Evolutionary Algorithms. Principles of Genetic Algorithms. Genetic Algorithm Implementation. Why Does the Genetic Algorithm Work? Where Is the Learning in the Genetic Algorithm? What Can the Genetic Algorithm Do? What Can Go Wrong with the Genetic Algorithm? Neural Networks. Neural Network Principles. Neural Network Implementation. Why Does the Neural Network Work? What Can We Do with Neural Networks? What Can Go Wrong? Self-Organizing Maps. Where Is The Learning? Some Applications of SOMs. Expert Systems. Conclusion. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis definitive reference consolidates current knowledge on dihydrogen bonding, emphasizing its role in organizing interactions in different chemical reactions and molecular aggregations. After an overview, it analyzes the differences between dihydrogen bonds, classical hydrogen bonds, and covalent bonds. It describes dihydrogen bonds as intermediates in intramolecular and intermolecular proton transfer reactions. It describes dihydrogen bonding in the solid-state, the gas phase, and in solution. This is the premier reference for physical chemists, biochemists, biophysicists, and chemical engineers.Trade Review"Bahmutov has filled 240 pages with useful and accurate information about this interaction, and this alone justifies the appearance of the book." (Angewandte Chemie, September 28, 2008)Table of ContentsChapter I. Introduction: weak non-covalent interactions. I.2. References. Chapter II. Brief summery on hydrogen-bonded systems: definitions and general view. II.1. Conventional hydrogen bonds: the theoretical and experimental criteria of the hydrogen bond formation. II.1.1. Energy and geometry of conventional hydrogen bonds. II.1.2. Cooperative and anti-cooperative energy effects in systems with classical hydrogen bonds. II.1.3. Dynamics of classical hydrogen bonds. II. 2. Non-conventional hydrogen bonding a part of hydrogen-bonded systems: definition and classification. II.3. Hydrogen bonds and chemical bonds: do they completely different. II.4. Concluding remarks. II.5. References. Chapter III. Concept of dihydrogen bonding. III.1. General view: from a H2 molecule to a dihydrogen bond via a dihydrogen ligand. III.2. The nature of dihydrogen bonding: the topology of the electron density and contributions to the total bonding energy. III.3. Scalar spin-spin coupling through dihydrogen bonds as an evidence for their partly covalent character. III.4. Field effects on dihydrogen bonding. III.5. Pressure effects on dihydrogen bonding. III.6. The difference between hydrogen and dihydrogen bonds. III.7. Concluding remarks. III.8. References. Chapter IV. How to find a dihydrogen bond: experimental criteria of the dihydrogen bond formation. IY. 1. Dihydrogen-bonded complexes in the solid-state: the X-ray and neutron diffraction arguments. IY. 1. 1. The topology of the electron density from the diffraction data. IY. 2. The gas-phase experiments with dihydrogen-bonded complexes. IY. 3. The experiments with dihydrogen-bonded complexes in solutions. IY. 3. 1. The IR spectral criteria for the formation of dihydrogen-bonded complexes in solutions. IY. 3. 2. How to determine the stoichiometry of dihydrogen-bonded complexes in solutions by the IR spectra. IY. 3. 3. Energy parameters of dihydrogen-bonded complexes from the IR spectra in solutions: the room-temperature and variable-temperature IR experiments. IY. 3. 4. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance evidences for dihydrogen bonding in solutions. IY. 3. 5. Energy parameters of dihydrogen bonds in solutions from the 1H NMR spectra. IV.4. Concluding remarks. IV. 5. References. Chapter V. Intramolecular dihydrogen bonds: the theory and experiments. V. 1. Weak intramolecular bonding C-H?H-C in systems with slightly polarized bonds. V. 2. The intramolecular dihydrogen bonds in solid amino acids: bond C-H as weak proton acceptors. V 3. Intramolecular dihydrogen bonds C-H?H-B. V. 4. Intramolecular bonding N-H?H-B and O-H?H-B. V. 5. Intramolecular dihydrogen bonds in metal hydride complexes. V. 5. 1. Intramolecular dihydrogen binds in metal hydride clusters. Y.6. Connection of intramolecular dihydrogen bonding with dehydrogenation reactions. V.7. Concluding remarks. V.8. References. Chapter VI. Intermolecular dihydrogen-bonded complexes: from group 1A to group 4A and the xenon dihydrogen-bonded complexes. YI.1. Group 1A: dihydrogen bonds X-H?H-Li and X-H?H-Na (X=F, Cl, NH3, CN, NC, HO, HS, ClCC, FCC, HCC). YI.2. Bonding to hydrides of the elements in group 2A: dihydrogen X-H?H-Mg and X-H?H-Be (X=F, Cl, Br, NH3, NNN, CN, NC, ClCC, FCC, HCC, CH3CC, F2Be, FKr, FAr). YI.3. Group 3A: dihydrogen bonds X-H?H-B, X-H?H-Al and X-H?H-Ga (X = FCC, HCC, LiCC, CH3OH, PriOH, CF3OH, CF3CH2OH, CFH2CH2OH, (CF3)2CHOH, (CF3)3COH, CN, CH3, Indole, imidazole, pyrrole, FKr, FAr). YI.4. Hydrides of the elements of group 4A acting as proton acceptors and proton donors: very weak dihydrogen bonds. YI.4.1. Bonds C-H, Si-H and Ge-H in dihydrogen bonding. YI.4.2. H-H Bonding. VI.5. The xenon dihydrogen-bonded complexes. VI.6. Concluding remarks. VI.7. References. Chapter VII. Intermolecular dihydrogen bonding in transition metal hydride complexes: bonds. M-H?H-X (X = F, HO, CH3OH, PriOH, CF3OH, CF3CH2OH, CFH2CH2OH, (CF3)2CHOH, (CF3)3COH, Indole, CF3COOH). YII.1. Theoretical view on intermolecular dihydrogen bonding in transition metal hydride complexes. YII.2. Energy and structural parameters of intermolecular dihydrogen-bonded complexes in solutions of transition metal hydrides. YII.3. Unusual bonds M-H?H-M. YII.4. Concluding remarks. VII.5. References. Chapter VIII. Correlation relationships for intermolecular dihdyrogen bonds. YIII.1. The general classification of the negatively-polarized hydrogen atoms as proton accepting sites: basicity factors. YIII. 2. Correlation relationships ?energy of the formation versus H?H distance? established for intermolecular dihydrogen bonds. YIII. 3. Correlation relationships between energetic, structural and electron density parameters for intermolecular dihydrogen-bonded complexes. VIII.4. Proton affinity of hydridic hydrogens. VIII.5. Concluding remarks. VIII.6. References. Chapter IX. Perspectives of dihydrogen bonding in supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering. IX. 1. Concluding remarks. IX.2 References. Chapter X. Dihydrogen bonds as intermediates in intermolecular proton transfer reactions. X.1. Methods applied in kinetic studies of proton transfer to hydridic hydrogens. X.1.1. Electrochemical experiments. X.1.2. Time-dependent IR spectra. X.1.3. The NMR spectra. X.1.4. Stopped-flow experiments. X.1.5. Theoretical approaches. X.2. Proton transfer to a hydridic hydrogen in the solid state. X.3. Proton transfer to a hydride ligand in solutions of transition metal hydride complexes: theory and experiments. X.3.1. Kinetic experiments with proton transfer to hydride ligands in solutions. X.3.2. Proton/hydride exchanges as a measure of proton transfer to a hydride ligand in solutions. X.3.3. Proton transfer to a hydride ligand in solutions: experimental observations of intermediates. X.4. Energy profile of proton transfer to hydride ligands in solutions. X.5. Energy, intermediates and transition states in intermolecular proton transfer to hydridic hydrogens: theoretical data. X.5.1. Proton transfer to hydrides of the 3A elements. X.5.2. The theory of proton transfer to transition metal hydrides. X.6. Concluding remarks. X.7. References. XI. General conclusion. XI.1. How short and long can the dihydrogen bonds be? XI.2. Specific influence of the environment on dihydrogen bonding. XI.3. References. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisNew edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White''s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This Fifth Edition, with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices. Balancing theory with practice, the Fifth Edition covers such important topics as: Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment New developments and information for the production anTable of Contents Preface xxvii Authors xxix List of Contributors and Reviewers xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Acknowledgments xxxix 1 Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses 1 2 Chemistry of Aqueous Chlorine 68 3 Determination of Chlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment 174 4 Chlorination of Potable Water 230 5 Chlorination of Wastewater 326 6 Disinfection of Wastewater 363 7 Chlorine Contact Basin Design 404 8 Chlorine Feed Systems 418 9 Hypochlorination—Sodium Hypochlorite 452 10 On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation System 528 11 Dechlorination 572 12 Process Controls for Chlorination and Dechlorination 594 13 Operation and Maintenance 678 14 Chlorine Dioxide 700 15 Ozone 767 16 Bromine, Bromine Chloride, BCDMH, and Iodine 848 17 Ultraviolet Light 893 18 Advanced Oxidation Processes 976 Appendix 1003 Index 1009

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